Published January 9, 2019
| Version v1
Journal article
Restricted
Revision of the genus Carybdea (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeidae): clarifying the identity of its type species Carybdea marsupialis
Description
Acevedo, Melissa J., Straehler-Pohl, Ilka, Morandini, André C., Stampar, Sergio N., Bentlage, Bastian, Matsumoto, George I., Yanagihara, Angel, Toshino, Sho, Bordehore, César, Fuentes, Verónica L. (2019): Revision of the genus Carybdea (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeidae): clarifying the identity of its type species Carybdea marsupialis. Zootaxa 4543 (4): 515-548, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4543.4.3
Files
Restricted
The record is publicly accessible, but files are restricted to users with access.
Linked records
Additional details
Identifiers
- URL
- https://www.checklistbank.org/dataset/27692
- LSID
- urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:EDFF0523-01DE-4F51-8499-ED82437EB049
- LSID
- urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:FF8D2A70FFEEF012142EFA33DF2B986A
- URL
- http://publication.plazi.org/id/FF8D2A70FFEEF012142EFA33DF2B986A
References
- Acevedo, M.J., Fuentes, V.L., Olariaga, A., Belmar, M.B., Canepa, A., Bordehore, C. & Calbet, A. (2013) Maintenance, feeding and growth of Carybdea marsupialis (Cnidaria: Cubozoa) in the laboratory. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 439, 84-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2012.10.007
- Agassiz, L. (1846) Nomenclatoris zoologici. Index universalis, continens nomina systematica classium, ordinum, familiarum et generum animalium omnium, tam viventium quam fossilium, secundum ordinem alphabeticum unicum disposita, adjectis homonymiis plantarum, nec non variis adnotationibus et emendationibus. Fasciculus XII. Jent & Gassmann, Soloduri, 393 pp.
- Agassiz, L. (1862) Second monograph. In five parts: I. Acalephs in general, II. Ctenophorae, III. Discophorae, IV. Hydroidae, V. Homologies of the Radiata. In: Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America. Fol. 5. Little, Brown & Co., Trubner & Co., Boston, London, pp. 1-380.
- Agassiz, A. & Mayer, A.G. (1902) Medusae. U.S. Fish Commission Bulletin, 1902, 169-175.
- Arneson, A.C. & Cutress, C.E. (1976) Life history of Carybdea alata Reynaud, 1830 (Cubomedusae). In: Mackie, G.O. (Ed.), Coelenterate ecology and behaviour. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 227-236. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9724-4_24
- Avian, M., Budri, N. & Rottini, S.L. (1997) The nematocysts of Carybdea marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758 (Cubozoa). In: den Hartog, J.C., van Ofwegen, L.P. & van der Spoel, S. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference in Coelenterate Biology. Nationaal Naturhistorisch Museum, Leiden, pp. 21-26.
- Bentlage, B. (2010) Carybdea alata auct. (Cubozoa): rediscovery of the Alatina grandis type. Zootaxa, 2713, 52-54.
- Bentlage, B., Cartwright, P., Yanagihara, A.A., Lewis, C., Richards, G.S. & Collins A.G. (2010) Evolution of box jellyfish (Cnidaria: Cubozoa), a group of highly toxic invertebrates. Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Science, 277, 493- 501. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1707
- Bentlage, B. & Lewis, C. (2012) An illustrated key and synopsis of the families and genera of carybdeid box jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), with emphasis on the "Irukandji family" (Carukiidae). Journal of Natural History, 46, 2595-2620. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.717645
- Berger, W.H. & Wefer, G. (1996) Expeditions into the past: paleoceano-graphic studies in the South Atlantik. In: Wefer, G., Berger, W.H., Siedler, G. & Webb, D.J. (Eds.), The South Atlantic: Pre-sent and Past Circulation. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 363-410. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80353-6_21
- Berger, W., Wefer, G. & Richter, C. (1999) Proc. ODP, Init. Repts. 175. College Station, TX. [Ocean Drilling Program]
- Bettoso, N. (2002) First record of Carybdea marsupialis (L., 1758) (Cnidaria: Cubozoa) in the Gulf of Trieste. Periodicum Biologorum, 104, 233.
- Bigelow, H.B. (1909) Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer "Albatross" from Oct. 1904 to March 1905, Lieut. Commander L.M. Garrett, U.S.N., commanding, XVI. The Medusae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 37, 1-243.
- Bigelow, H.B. (1938) Plankton of the Bermuda Oceanographic Expeditions. VIII. Medusae taken during the years 1929 and 1930. Zoologica NY, 23 (Part 2), 99-189.
- Boero, F. & Minelli, A. (1986) First record of Carybdea marsupialis (L., 1758) (Cnidaria, Cubozoa) from the Adriatic Sea. Bollettino del Museo civico di Storia naturale di Fenezia, 35, 179-180.
- Boero F. & Bouillon, J. (1993) Zoogeography and life cycle patterns of Mediterranean hydromedusae (Cnidaria). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 48, 239-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1993.tb00890.x
- Bordehore, C., Fuentes, V., Atienza, D., Barbera, C., Fernandez-Jover, D., Roig, M., Acevedo-Dudley, M., Canepa, A.J. & Gili, J.-M. (2011) Detection of an unusual presence of the cubozoan Carybdea marsupialis at shallow beaches located near Denia, Spain (South-western Mediterranean). Marine Biodiversity Records, 4 (e69), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755267211000650
- Brinkman, D.L. (2008) The molecular and biochemical characterisation of venom proteins from the box jellyfish, Chironex fleckeri. PhD thesis, James Cook University, Townsville, 195 pp.
- Canepa, A., Purcell, J.E., Belmar, M.B., Acevedo, M., Gentile, M. & Fuentes, V. (2013) Short Communication: Salinity effects on asexual reproduction of Carybdea sp. (Cnidaria: Cubozoa). Journal of Plankton Research, 36 (2), 585-590. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbt124
- Calder, D.R. (2009) Cubozoan and scyphozoan jellyfishes of the Carolinian biogeographic province, southeastern USA. Ontario (Canada): Royal Ontario Museum Contributions in Science, 3, 1-58.
- Carrette, T., Straehler-Pohl, I. & Seymour, J. (2014) Early life history of Alatina cf. moseri Populations from Australia and Hawaii with Implications for Taxonomy (Cubozoa: Carybdeida, Alatinidae). PLoS ONE, 9 (1), e84377. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084377
- Claus, C. (1878) Arbeiten aus dem Zoologischen Institute der Universitat Wien und der Zoologischen Station in Triest, 1 (5), 1- 56.
- Coll, M., Piroddi, C., Steenbeek, J., Kaschner, K., Ben Rais Lasram, F., Aguzzi, J., Ballesteros, E., Bianchi, C.N., Corbera, J., Dailianis, T., Danovaro, R., Estrada, M., Froglia, C., Galil, B.S., Gasol, J.M., Gertwagen, R., Gil, J., Guilhaumon, F., Kesner-Reyes, K., Kitsos, M.S., Koukouras, A., Lampadariou, N., Laxamana, E., Lopez-Fe de la Cuadra, C.M., Lotze, H.K., Martin, D., Mouillot, D., Oro, D., Raicevich, S., Rius-Barile, J., Saiz-Salinas, J.I., San Vicente, C., Somot, S., Templado, J., Turon, X., Vafidis, D., Villanueva, R. & Voultsiadou, E. (2010) The Biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: Estimates, Patterns, and Threats. PLoS ONE, 5 (8), e11842. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011842
- Collins, A.G. (2002) Phylogeny of Medusozoa and evolution of cnidarian life cycles. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 15, 418- 432. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00403.x
- Collins, A.G., Schuchert, P., Marques, A.C., Jankowski, T., Medina, M. & Schierwater, B. (2006) Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of the Utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology, 55 (1), 97-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150500433615
- Conant, F.S. (1897) Notes on the Cubomedusae. Johns Hopkins University Circulars, 132, 8-10.
- Cunningham, C.W. & Buss, L.W. (1993) Molecular evidence for multiple episodes of paedomorphosis in the family Hydractiniidae. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 21, 57-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(93)90009-G
- Cutress, C.E. & Studebaker, J.P. (1973) Development of the Cubomedusae, Carybdea marsupialis. Proceedings of the Association of Marine Laboratories of the Caribbean, 9, 25.
- Daly, M., Brugler, M.R., Cartwright, P., Collins, A.G., Dawson, M.N., Fautin, D.G., France, S.C., McFadden, C.S., Opresko, D.M., Rodriguez, E., Romano, S.L. & Stake, J.L. (2007) The phylum Cnidaria: A review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity 300 years after Linnaeus. Zootaxa, 1668, 127-182.
- Di Camillo, C., Bo, O. M., Puce, S., Tazioli, S. & Bavestrello, G. (2006) The cnidome of Carybdea marsupialis (Cnidaria: Cubomedusae) from the Adriatic Sea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 86, 705-709. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315406013609
- Drummond, A.J., Ashton, B., Buxton, S., Cheung, M., Cooper, A., Heled, J., Kearse, M., Moir, R., Stones-Havas, S., Sturrock, S., Thierer, T. & Wilson, A. (2011) Geneious. Version 5.4. Available from: http://www.geneious.com/ (accessed 12 November 2018)
- Edgar, R.C. (2004) MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Research, 32, 1792-1797. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkh340
- Eschscholtz, F. (1829) System der Acalephen-Eine ausfuhrliche Beschreibung aller medusenartigen Strahlthiere. F. Dummler, Berlin, 238 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.64070
- Fenner, P.J. (1997) The global problem of Cnidarian (Jellyfish) stinging. MD Thesis, University of London, London, 204 pp.
- Fischer, A.B. & Hofmann, D.K. (2004) Budding, bud morphogenesis, and regeneration in Carybdea marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758 (Cnidaria: Cubozoa). Hydrobiologia, 530/531, 331-337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-004-2658-4
- Gegenbaur, C. (1857) Versuch eines Systemes der Medusen, mit Beschreibung neuer oder wenig gekannter Formen; zugleich ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Fauna des Mittelmeeres. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 8, 202-273.
- Gershwin, L. (2005a) Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Australian Cubozoa. PhD thesis, School of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, 202 pp.
- Gershwin, L. (2005b) Carybdea alata auct. and Manokia stiasnyi, reclassification to a new family with description of a new genus and two new species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 51 (2), 501-523.
- Gershwin, L. (2006) Nematocysts of the Cubozoa. Zootaxa, 1232, 1-57.
- Gershwin, L. & Gibbons, M.J. (2009) Carybdea branchi, sp. nov., a new box jellyfish (Cnidaria: Cubozoa) from South Africa. Zootaxa, 2088, 41-50.
- Gueroun, S.K.M., Acevedo, M.J., Kefi-Daly Yahia, O., Deidun, A., Fuentes, V.L., Piraino, S. & Daly Yahia, M.N. (2015) First records of Carybdea marsupialis proliferation (Cnidaria: Cubozoa) along the eastern Tunisian coast (Central Mediterranean). Italian Journal of Zoology, 82 (3), 430-435. https://doi.org/10.1080/11250003.2015.1045945
- Gul, S., Morandini, A.C., Haussermann, V. & Porschmann, U. (2015) Checklist of cnidarians from Pakistan. Check List, 11, 1609. https://doi.org/10.15560/11.2.1609
- Gray, G.C., Martin, V.J. & Satterlie, R.A. (2009) Ultrastructure of the Retinal Synapses in Cubozoans. Biological Bulletin, 217, 35-49. https://doi.org/10.1086/BBLv217n1p35
- Haacke, W. (1886) Die Scyphomedusen des St. Vincent Golfes. In: Verlag von Gustav Fischer (Ed.), Jenaische Naturwissenschaftliche Zeitschrift, 20, pp. 588-638.
- Haeckel, E. (1880) System der Acraspeden. Zweite Halfte des Systems der Medusen. Denkschriften der Medizinisch- Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena, 2, 361-672.
- Haeckel, E. (1882) II.-Report on the deep sea medusae. In: Thomson, F.T. & Murray, J. (Eds.), Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76 under the command of Captain George S. Nares, R.N., F.R.S. and Captain Frank Tourle Thomson, R.N. Zoology, IV (Part II), pp. 1-154.
- Hrbek, T. & Meyer, A. (2003) Closing of the Tethys Sea and the phylogeny of Eurasian killifishes (Cyprinodontiformes: Cyprinodontidae). Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 16, 17-36. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00475.x
- Jarms, G., Morandini, A.C. & Silveira, F.L. da (2002) Cultivation of polyps and medusae of Coronatae (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) with a brief review of important characters. Helgoland Marine Research, 56, 203-210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10152-002-0113-3
- Kazmi, Q.B. & Sultana, R. (2008) Carybdea marsupialis (Cnidaria: Cubomedusae)-observed for the first time in Gwadar Bay waters (Arabian Sea). Marine Biodiversity Records, 1, e80. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755267207008251
- Kingsford, M.J. & Mooney, C.J. (2014) The ecology of box jellyfishes (Cubozoa). In: Pitt, K.A. & Lucas, C.H. (Eds.), Jellyfish Blooms. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 267-302. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7015-7_12
- Kishinouye, K. (1891) Zwei neue Medusen von Charybdea (Ch. brevipedalia n.sp., Ch. latigenitalia n.sp.). The monthly publication of the Zoological Society of Japan, 3, 36-45.
- Kishinouye, K. (1910) Some medusae of Japanese waters. Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, 27, 23-35.
- Kramp, P.L. (1955a) The medusae of the tropical west coast of Africa. Atlantide Report s, 3, 239-324.
- Kramp, P.L. (1961) Synopsis of the Medusae of the World. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 40, 304-310. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002531540000744X
- Lamarck, J.-B. de Monet (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres: presentant les caracteres generaux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leur genres, et al citation des principales especes qui s'y rapportent. Tome 2. Verdiere Libraire, Paris, 568 pp.
- Larson, R.J. (1976) Cubomedusae: Feeding-functional morphology, behaviour and phylogenetic position. In: Mackie, G.O. (Ed.), Coelenterate ecology and behaviour. Plenum Press, New York and London, pp. 237-245. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9724-4_25
- Larson, R.J. (1990) Scyphomedusae and Cubomedusae from the eastern Pacific. Bulletin of Marine Science, 47, 546-556.
- Larson, R.J. & Arneson, A.C. (1990) Two medusae new to the coast of California: Carybdea marsupialis (Linneaus, 1758), a Cubomedusa and Phyllorhiza punctata von Lendenfeld, 1884, a Rhizostome Scyphomedusa. Bulletin of the Southern Californian Academy of Science, 89, 130-136.
- Lesson, R.P. (1843) Histoire Naturelle des Zoophytes. Acalephes. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, 596 pp.
- Lewis, C., Bentlage, B., Yanagihara, A., Gillan, W., van Blerk, J., Keil, D.P., Bely, A.E. & Collins, A.G. (2013) Redescription of Alatina alata (Reynaud, 1830) (Cnidaria: Cubozoa) from Bonaire, Dutch Caribbean. Zootaxa, 3737 (4), 473-487. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3737.4.8
- Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Impensis L. Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp.
- Loman, R.L. (2004) Medusas del sur del Golfo de Mexico: estructura, asociaciones y su relacion con el medio (otono, 1999). M. Sc. Thesis, Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Unidad Merida, Merida, 100 pp.
- Maas, O. (1897) XXI. Die Medusen-Reports on an exploration off the West Coasts of Mexico, Central and South America, and off the Galapagos Islands, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U.S. Fish Comission Steamer "Albatross" during 1891, Lieutenant Commander Z. L. Tanner, U.S.N., Commanding. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 23 (1), 1-92.
- Maas, O. (1903) Die Scyphomedusen der Siboga-Expedition. Siboga-Expeditie, 11 (10), 1-91.
- Maas, O. (1910) Japanische Medusen-Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte Ostasiens. Abhandlungen der II. Klasse der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1 (8), 1-52.
- Marques, A.C. & Collins, A.G. (2004) Cladistic analysis of Medusozoa and cnidarian evolution. Invertebrate Biology, 123 (1), 23-42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7410.2004.tb00139.x
- Martin, V.J. (2004) Photoreceptors of cubozoan jellyfish. Hydrobiologia, 530/53, 135-144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-004-2674-4
- Matsumoto, G.I. (1995) Observations on the anatomy and behaviour of the cubozoan Carybdea rastonii Haacke. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 26, 139-148. https://doi.org/10.1080/10236249509378935
- Mayer, A.G. (1900) Some medusae from the Tortugas, Florida. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 37(2), 1-44.
- Mayer, A.G. (1906) Medusae of the Hawaiian Islands collected by the Steamer Albatross in 1902. U. S. Fish Commission Bulletin for 1903, 3, 1131-1143.
- Mayer, A.G. (1910) The Scyphomedusae. In: The Medusae of the World. Vol. III. Carnegie Institution of Washington, 109 (3), 499-735.
- Mianzan, H.W. & Cornelius, P.F.S. (1999) Cubomedusae and scyphomedusae. In: Boltovskoy, D. (Ed.), South Atlantic Zooplankton. Fol. I. Backhuys, Leiden, pp. 513-559.
- Milne-Edwards, H. (1833) Observations sur la structure de la Meduse marsupial du Charybdee marsupiale de Perou et Lesueur. Annales des sciences naturelles, 28, 248.
- Mizzan, L. (1993) Prima segnalazione di Carybdea marsupialis (L., 1758) (Cnidaria: Cubozoa) in Adriatico settentrionale (Golfo di Venezia). Societa Feneziana di Scienze Naturali, 18, 321-322.
- Modeer, A. (1791) Tentamen systematis medusarum stabiliendi. Nova acta physico-medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino- Carolinae Naturae Curiosum, 8 (Appendix), 19-34. [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/132020#page/443/mode/ 1up]
- Morandini, A.C. & Marques, A.C. (2010) Revision of the genus Chrysaora Peron & Lesueur, 1810 (Cnidaria: Schyphozoa). Zootaxa, 2464, 1-97.
- Muller, F. (1859) Zwei neue Quallen von Santa Catharina. Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Halle, 5, 1-12.
- Nei, M. & Kumar, S. (2000) Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics. Oxford University Press, New York, 333 pp.
- Peca, G., Rafanelli, S. & Galassi, G. (1997) Contact reactions to the jellyfish Carybdea marsupialis: observation of 40 cases. Contact Dermatitis, 36, 124-126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1997.tb00392.x
- Peron, F. & Lesueur, C.A. (1810) Tableau Des caracteres generiques et specifiques de toutes les especes de Meduses connues jusqu' a ce Jour. Annales du Museum d' Histoire Naturelle, 18, 325-366.
- Petersen, K.W. (1979) Development of coloniality in Hydrozoa. In: Larwood, G. & Rosen, B.R. (Eds.), Biology and systematics of colonial animals. Academic Press, New York, pp. 105-139.
- Plancus, J. (1739) De Conchis minus notis liber cui accessit specimen aestus reciproci maris superi ad littus portumque Armini. Litterarum Felicitas, Venice, 88 pp.
- Pulis (2015) Genetic Characterisation of the Mediterranean Box Jellyfish (Carybdea marsupialis). Master thesis, University of Malta, Msida, 154 pp.
- Ranson, G. (1945) Les scyphomeduses de la collection du Museum National d'Historie Naturelle Paris. II. Catalogue raisonne; origine des recoltes. Bulletin du Museum National d'Historie Naturelle, Paris, Series 2, Tome 17, 312-320.
- Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J. (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics, 19, 1572-1574. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180
- Rottini, G.D., Gusmani, L., Parovel, E., Avian, M. & Patriarca, P. (1995) Purification and properties of a cytolytic toxin in venom of the jellyfish Carybdea marsupialis. Toxicon , 33, 315-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(94)00174-7
- Sanchez-Rodriguez J., Torrens, E. & Segura-Puertas, L. (2006) Partial purification and characterization of a novel neurotoxin and three cytolysins from box jellyfish (Carybdea marsupialis) nematocyst venom. Archives of Toxicology, 80, 163-168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-005-0023-7
- Satterlie, R.A. (1979) CentraI ControI of Swimming in the Cubomedusan Jellyfish Carybdea rastonii. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 133, 357-367. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00661138
- Satterlie, R.A. & Spencer, A.N. (1979) Swimming control in a cubomedusan jellyfish. Nature, 281, 141-142. https://doi.org/10.1038/281141a0
- Satterlie, R.A. & Nolen T.G. (2001) Why do cubomedusae have only four pacemakers? The Journal of Experimental Biology, 204, 1413-1419.
- Stamatakis, A., Hoover, P. & Rougemont, J. (2008) A rapid bootstrap algorithm for the RAxML web servers. Systematic Biology, 57, 758-771. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150802429642
- Stampar, S.N., Maronna, M.M., Vermeij, M.J.A, Silveira, F.L. da & Morandini, A.C. (2012) Evolutionary Diversification of Banded Tube-Dwelling Anemones (Cnidaria; Ceriantharia; Isarachnanthus) in the Atlantic Ocean. PLoS ONE, 7 (7), e41091. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041091
- Stampar, S.N., Maronna, M.M., Kitahara, M.V., Reimer, J.D. & Morandini, A.C. (2014) Fast-Evolving Mitochondrial DNA in Ceriantharia: A Reflection of Hexacorallia Paraphyly? PLoS ONE, 9 (1), e86612. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086612
- Stampar, S.N. & Morandini, A.C. (2017) Occurrence of Isarachnanthus (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Ceriantharia) at Ascension Island: a test of hypothesis. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 97, 689-693. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025315414000423
- Segura-Puertas, L., Celis, L. & Chiaverano, L. (2009) Medusozoans (Cnidaria: Cubozoa, Scyphozoa and Hydrozoa) of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Felder, D.L. & Camp, D.K. (Eds.), Gulf of Mexico-Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas. pp. 369-379.
- Stangl, K. (1997) Zellulare Analyse von Wachstum und Morphogenese bei Carybdea marsupilalis (Cnidaria, Cubozoa). Diplomarbeit, Formal- und Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultat, Universitat Wien, Wien, 111 pp.
- Stangl, K., Salvini-Plawen, L. von & Holstein, T.W. (2002) Staging and induction of medusa metamorphosis in Carybdea marsupialis (Cnidaria, Cubozoa). Fie et Milieu, 52 (4), 131-140.
- Stiasny, G. (1919) VI.-Die Scyphomedusen-Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Reichsmuseums in Leiden, 1. Die Carybdeiden (Cubomedusen). Zoologische Mededeelingen, 5, 33-58.
- Stiasny, G (1922) Die Scyphomedusen-Sammlung von Dr. Th. Mortensen nebst anderen Medusen aus dem zoologischen Museum der Universitat in Kopenhagen. Fidenskabelige Meddelelser Naturhistorisk Forening i KObenhavn, 77, 33-558.
- Stiasny, G. (1939) Uber einige Scyphomedusen von Kamaran (Rotes Meer). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 128 (1/2), 17-23.
- Straehler-Pohl, I. (2001) Die Ferwandtschaft dreier Cubozoenarten (Tripedalia cystophora, Carybdea marsupialis und eine unbekannte Art der Cubozoa) aufgrund von Unterschieden in Morphologie, Lebenszyclus und 16s rDNS-Sequenz. Diplomarbeit, Universitat Hamburg, Hamburg, 108 pp.
- Straehler-Pohl, I. & Jarms, G. (2005) Life cycle of Carybdea marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758 (Cubozoa, Carybdeidae) reveals metamorphosis to be a modified strobilation. Marine Biology, 147, 1271-1277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0031-4
- Straehler-Pohl, I. (2009) Die Phylogenie der Rhopaliophora und die Paraphylie der 'Rhizostomeae'. Dissertation, Universitat Hamburg, Hamburg, 372 pp.
- Straehler-Pohl, I. & Jarms, G. (2011) Morphology and life cycle of Carybdea morandinii, sp. nov. (Cnidaria), a cubozoan with zooxanthellae and peculiar polyp anatomy. Zootaxa, 2755, 36-56.
- Straehler-Pohl, I. (2014) Critical evaluation of characters for species identification in the cubomedusa genus Malo (Cnidaria, Cubozoa, Carybdeida, Carukiidae). Plankton & Benthos Research, 9 (2), 83-98. https://doi.org/10.3800/pbr.9.83
- Straehler-Pohl, I. & Gul, S. (2017) Rediscovery and description of the cubomedusa Alatina grandis (Agassiz & Mayer, 1902) (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Alatinidae) from Pakistani waters. Plankton & Benthos Research, 12 (1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3800/pbr.12.1
- Straehler-Pohl, I. & Toshino, S. (2015) Carybdea morandinii-New investigations on its life cycle reveal its true genus: Carybdea morandinii Straehler-Pohl & Jarms, 2011 becomes Alatina morandinii (Straehler-Pohl & Jarms, 2011). Plankton and Benthos Research, 10 (4), 167-177. https://doi.org/10.3800/pbr.10.167
- Straehler-Pohl, I., Matsumoto, G.I. & Acevedo, M.J. (2017) Recognition of the Californian cubozoan population as a new species: Carybdea confusa n. sp. (Cnidaria, Cubozoa, Carybdeida). Plankton & Benthos Research, 12 (2), 129-138. https://doi.org/10.3800/pbr.12.129
- Studebaker, J.P. (1972) Development of the cubomedusa, Carybdea marsupialis. Master thesis, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, 60 pp.
- Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A. & Kumar, S. (2013) MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis. Version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30, 2725-2729. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197
- Tiel, M.E. (1970) Uber den zweifachen stammesgeschichtlichen ("biphyletischen") Ursprung der Rhizostomae (Scyphomedusae) und ihre Aufteilung in die zwei neuen Ordnungen Cepheida und Rhizostomida. Abhandlungen und Ferhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Fereins in Hamburg, 14, 145-168.
- Toshino, S., Miyake, H. & Shibata, H. (2015) Meteorona kishinouyei, a new family, genus and species (Cnidaria, Cubozoa, Chirodropida) from Japanese Waters. ZooKeys, 503, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.503.9047
- Toshino, S., Miyake, H. & Shibata, H. (2018) Development of Carybdea brevipedalia Kishinouye, 1891 (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida: Carybdeidae) collected from northern Japan. Plankton & Benthos Research. [in press] https://doi.org/10.3800/pbr.13.116
- Uchida, T. (1929) Studies on the Stauromedusae and Cubomedusae, with special reference to the metamorphosis. Japanese Journal of Zoology, 2, 103-192.
- Uchida, T. (1970) Revision of Japanese cubomedusae. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 17 (5), 289-297. https://doi.org/10.5134/175610
- Van den Berg, E. (2010) National Geographic, "Extranos animales de otros mares". Available from: http:// www.nationalgeographic.com.es/2010/09/08/extranos_animales_otros_mares.html (accessed 13 July 2018)
- Verrill, A.E. (1865) Classification of polyps (extract condensed from a synopsis of the Polypi of the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, under Captains Ringgold and Rodgers, U.S.N.). Proceedings of the Essex Institute, 4, 145-152. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222936508679407
- Werner, B., Cutress, C.E. & Studebaker, J.P. (1971) Life Cycle of Tripedalia cystophora Conant (Cubomedusae). Nature, 232 (5312), 582-583. https://doi.org/10.1038/232582a0
- Werner, B. (1973) New investigation on systematics and evolution of the class Scyphozoa and the phylum Cnidaria. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 20, 35-61. https://doi.org/10.5134/175791
- Werner, B. (1975) Bau und Lebensgeschichte des Polypen von Tripedalia cystophora (Cubozoa, class. nov., Carybdeidae) und seine Bedeutung fur die Evolution der Cnidaria. Helgolander wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, 27, 461-504. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01611150
- Werner, B., Chapman, D.M. & Cutress, C.E. (1976) Muscular and nervous systems of the cubopolyp (Cnidaria). Experientia, 32 (8), 155-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01933964
- WoRMS Editorial Board (2015) World Register of Marine Species. VLIZ. Available from http://www.marinespecies.org (accessed 22 June 2015)
- Yatsu, N. (1917) Notes on the physiology of Charybdea rastonii. Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, 11, 1-11.