"Power mixes in production areas, 2030",Literature used:,"DNV, “Energy Transition Norway 2022. A national forecast to 2050,” Høvik, Norway, May 2022. Accessed: Mar. 15, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.dnv.com/Publications/energy-transition-norway-2022-235535","Ministerio de Energía, Gobierno de Chile, “Carbono Neutralidad en el Sector Energía. Proyección de consumo energético nacional 2020,” Ministerio de Energía, Gobierno de Chile, Santiago de Chile, 2020. Accessed: Mar. 15, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://energia.gob.cl/sites/default/files/pagina-basica/informe_resumen_cn_2019_v07.pdf","J. Pfeifenberger et al., “Initial Report on the New York Power Grid Study,” New York Department of Public Service (NYSERDA), Jan. 2021. Accessed: Mar. 15, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/about/publications/energy-analysis-reports-and-studies/electric-power-transmission-and-distribution-reports/electric-power-transmission-and-distribution-reports---archive/new-york-power-grid-study","Y. Zhang, X. Zhang, and L. Lan, “Robust optimization-based dynamic power generation mix evolution under the carbon-neutral target,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 178, p. 106103, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.106103.","Zhang, S., Chen, W. Assessing the energy transition in China towards carbon neutrality with a probabilistic framework. Nat Commun 13, 87 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27671-0",China electricity council 2023 (https://www.cec.org.cn/upload/1/editor/1674027614710.pdf),,,
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,Source,Power mix,,,,,,,,
"China, countrywide",Zhang et al. 2022,"38%coal, 7.9% gas, 3.1% nuclear, 15.1% hydro, 14.8% wind onshore, 1.6% wind offshore, 18% solar PV, 1.4% bioenergy",,,,,,,,
"China, countrywide, Low GHG sensitivity, high share RES",Zhang & Chen 2022,"31%coal, 4.1% gas, 10.2% nuclear,18% hydropower, 17.2% wind onshore, 1.5% wind offshore, 16% solar PV, 2% bioenergy",,,,,,,,
"China, countrywide, High GHG sensitivity, low share RES",CEC 2023,"61%coal, 3.5% gas, 5% nuclear, 16.3% hydro, 8% wind onshore, 4% solar PV, 2% bioenergy",,,,,,,,
"Norway, countrywide",DNV 2022,"2.8%gas, 82% hydro, 3.3%solar, 8.4% onshore, 3.3% offshore",,,,,,,,
"Upstate New York, USA",Nyserda 2020,"30% nuclear, 0.9% waste, 43% hydro, 4%btm solar, 5% rooftop solar, 17% onshore wind, 0.6% offshore wind",,,,,,,,
"Chile, countrywide","Ministerio de Energía, Gobierno de Chile 2020",70% power from RES in 2030,,,,,,,,
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China Power Mix 2030,,,,,,,,,,
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Reference case,Source,Zhang et al. 2022,,"Low GHG sensitivity, high share RES",Source,Zhang & Chen 2022,,"High GHG sensitivity, RES share as 2021",Source,CEC 2023
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Overall mix,share in power mix 2030,,,Overall mix,"share in power mix 2030, low case",,,Overall mix,"share in power mix 2030, high sensitivity",
Hard coal,0.381,,,Hard coal,0.31,,,Hard coal,0.613,
Natural gas,0.079,,,Natural gas,0.041,,,Natural gas,0.035,
Nuclear,0.031,,,Nuclear,0.102,,,Nuclear,0.05,
Hydropower,0.151,,,Hydropower,0.18,,,Hydropower,0.163,
Wind onshore,0.148,,,Wind onshore,0.172,,,Wind onshore,0.08,
Wind offshore,0.016,,,Wind offshore,0.015,,,,,
Solar PV,0.18,,,Solar PV,0.16,,,Solar PV,0.04,
Bioenergy,0.014,,,Bioenergy,0.02,,,Bioenergy,0.02,
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"High voltage (excludes PV generation, which is fed in at low voltage level)",per kWh power mix high voltage,,,"High voltage, low sensitivity (excludes PV generation, which is fed in at low voltage level)",per kWh power mix high voltage,,,"High voltage, high sensitivity (excludes PV generation, which is fed in at low voltage level)",per kWh power mix high voltage,
"Electricity production, hard coal",0.4646,kWh,,"Electricity production, hard coal",0.369,kWh,,"Electricity production, hard coal",0.6384,kWh
"Electricity production, natural gas",0.0963,kWh,,"Electricity production, natural gas",0.0488,kWh,,"Electricity production, natural gas",0.0363,kWh
"Electricity production, nuclear, pressure water reactor",0.0378,kWh,,"Electricity production, nuclear, pressure water reactor",0.1214,kWh,,"Electricity production, nuclear, pressure water reactor",0.0516,kWh
"Electricity production, hydro, run-of-river",0.1841,kWh,,"Electricity production, hydro, run-of-river",0.2143,kWh,,"Electricity production, hydro, run-of-river",0.1696,kWh
"Electricity production, wind, onshore",0.1805,kWh,,"Electricity production, wind, onshore",0.2048,kWh,,"Electricity production, wind, onshore",0.083,kWh
"Electricity production, wind, offshore",0.019512195,kWh,,"Electricity production, wind, offshore",0.017857143,kWh,,"Electricity production, wind, offshore",,kWh
"Electricity production, ethanol production from sweet sorghum",0.017073171,kWh,,"Electricity production, ethanol production from sweet sorghum",0.023809524,kWh,,"Electricity production, ethanol production from sweet sorghum",0.020990796,kWh
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Low voltage (PV generation is fed in here),per kWh power mix high voltage,,,"Low voltage, low sensitivity (PV generation is fed in here)",per kWh power mix high voltage,,,"Low voltage, high sensitivity (PV generation is fed in here)",per kWh power mix high voltage,
Electricity from transformation high to medium to low voltage,0.82,kWh,,Electricity from transformation high to medium to low voltage,0.84,kWh,,Electricity from transformation high to medium to low voltage,0.960246544,kWh
"Electricity production, photovoltaic",0.18,kWh,,"Electricity production, photovoltaic",0.16,kWh,,"Electricity production, photovoltaic",0.039753456,kWh
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Norway Power Mix 2030,Source,DNV 2022,,,,,,,,
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Overall mix,share in power mix 2030,,,,,,,,,
Natural gas,0.028,,,,,,,,,
Hydropower,0.822,,,,,,,,,
Wind onshore,0.084,,,,,,,,,
Wind offshore,0.033,,,,,,,,,
Solar PV,0.033,,,,,,,,,
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"High voltage (excludes PV generation, which is fed in at low voltage level)",per kWh power mix high voltage,,,,,,,,,
"Electricity production, natural gas",0.029,kWh,,,,,,,,
"Electricity production, hydro",0.8501,kWh,,,,,,,,
"Electricity production, wind, onshore",0.086866598,kWh,,,,,,,,
"Electricity production, wind, offshore",0.034126163,kWh,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,
Low voltage (PV generation is fed in here),per kWh power mix high voltage,,,,,,,,,
Electricity from transformation high to medium to low voltage,9.67E-01,kWh,,,,,,,,
"Electricity production, photovoltaic",0.033,kWh,,,,,,,,
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Upstate NY Power Mix 2030,Source,Nyserda 2020,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,
Overall mix,share in power mix 2030,,,,,,,,,
Nuclear,0.3,,,,,,,,,
Hydropower,0.425,,,,,,,,,
Wind onshore,0.17,,,,,,,,,
Wind offshore,0.006,,,,,,,,,
Solar PV,0.09,,,,,,,,,
Waste,0.009,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,
"High voltage (excludes PV generation, which is fed in at low voltage level)",per kWh power mix high voltage,,,,,,,,,
"Electricity production, nuclear",0.3297,kWh,,,,,,,,
"Electricity production, hydro",0.467,kWh,,,,,,,,
"Electricity production, wind, onshore",0.1868,kWh,,,,,,,,
"Electricity production, wind, offshore",0.006593407,kWh,,,,,,,,
"Electricity production, waste",0.00989011,kWh,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,
Low voltage (PV generation is fed in here),per kWh power mix high voltage,,,,,,,,,
Electricity from transformation high to medium to low voltage,9.10E-01,kWh,,,,,,,,
"Electricity production, photovoltaic",0.09,kWh,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,
Chile Power Mix 2030,Source,"Ministerio de Energía, Gobierno de Chile 2020",,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,
Overall mix,share in power mix 2030,,,,,,,,,
RES,0.7,,,,,,,,,
Others,0.3,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,
"High voltage (excludes PV generation, which is fed in at low voltage level)",per kWh power mix high voltage,,,,,,,,,
"Electricity production, hard coal",0.2707,kWh,,,,,,,,
"Electricity production, natural gas",0.1138,kWh,,,,,,,,
"Electricity production, oil",0.0083,kWh,,,,,,,,
"Electricity production, geothermal",0.0014,,,,,,,,,
"Electricity production, hydro",0.5171,kWh,,,,,,,,
"Electricity production, wind, onshore",0.0856,kWh,,,,,,,,
"Electricity production, biogas",0.0002,,,,,,,,,
"Electricity production, woodchips",0.0029,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,
Low voltage (PV generation is fed in here),per kWh power mix high voltage,,,,,,,,,
Electricity from transformation high to medium to low voltage,0.763,kWh,,,,,,,,
"Electricity production, photovoltaic",0.24,kWh,,,,,,,,
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"Water, unspecified natural origin, CN-XJ",2.545,m3,,,,,,,,
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Materials/fuels,,,,,,,,,,
"Silicon, solar grade {CN 2030 IEA}| silicon production, solar grade, modified Siemens process | Cut-off, U",1.00E+00,kg,Frischknecht 2020,,,,,,,
"Argon, liquid {RoW}| market for argon, liquid | Cut-off, U",1.00E+00,kg,,,,,,,,
"Hydrogen fluoride {RoW}| market for hydrogen fluoride | Cut-off, U",1.00E-02,kg,,,,,,,,
"nitric acid, without water, in 50% solution state {CN}| market for nitric acid, without water, in 50% solution state | Cut-off, U",6.68E-02,kg,,,,,,,,
"Sodium hydroxide, without water, in 50% solution state {GLO}| market for | Cut-off, U",4.15E-02,kg,,,,,,,,
"Ceramic tile {GLO}| market for | Cut-off, U",1.67E-01,kg,,,,,,,,
"Lime, hydrated, packed {RoW}| market for lime, hydrated, packed | Cut-off, U",2.22E-02,kg,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,
"water, deionised {RoW}| water production, deionised | Cut-off, U",4.01E+00,kg,,,,,,,,
"Transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, euro6 {RoW}| market for transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO6 | Cut-off, U",1.13,tkm,,,,,,,,
"Transport, freight train {CN}| market for | Cut-off, U",1.41,tkm,,,,,,,,
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Electricity/heat,,,,,,,,,,
"Electricity, low voltage {SGCC 2030}| market for | Cut-off, U",32,kWh,Zhang 2022,,,,,,,
"Heat, district or industrial, natural gas {RoW}| market for heat, district or industrial, natural gas | Cut-off, U",6.82E+01,MJ,,,,,,,,
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Emissions to air,,,,,,,,,,
"Heat, waste",1.15E+02,MJ,,,,,,,,
Water,2.55E+02,,,,,,,,,
Emissions to water,,,,,,,,,,
Hydroxide,4.42E-03,kg,,,,,,,,
BOD5 (Biological Oxygen Demand),1.30E-01,kg,,,,,,,,
COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand),1.30E-01,kg,,,,,,,,
"DOC, Dissolved Organic Carbon",4.05E-02,kg,,,,,,,,
"TOC, Total Organic Carbon",4.05E-02,kg,,,,,,,,
Nitrate,8.35E-01,kg,,,,,,,,
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,Amount,Unit,Data source,Comment,,,,,,
Product,,,,,,,,,,
"Silicon, solar grade {CN 2030 IEA}| silicon production, solar grade, modified Siemens process | Cut-off, U",1,kg,Frischknecht 2020,,,,,,,
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Materials/fuels,,,,,,,,,,
"Silicon, metallurgical grade {CN 2030 IEA}| production | Cut-off, U",1.13E+00,kg,Frischknecht 2020,,,,,,,
"Hydrochloric acid, without water, in 30% solution state {RoW}| market for | Cut-off, U",1.60E+00,kg,,,,,,,,
"Hydrogen, liquid {RoW}| market for | Cut-off, U",5.01E-02,kg,,,,,,,,
"Sodium hydroxide, without water, in 50% solution state {GLO}| market for | Cut-off, U",0.34819,kg,,,,,,,,
"Transport, freight train {CN}| market for | Cut-off, U",3.65E+00,tkm,,,,,,,,
"Transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, euro6 {RoW}| market for transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO6 | Cut-off, U",2.87,tkm,,,,,,,,
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Electricity/heat,,,,,,,,,,
"Electricity, low voltage {SGCC 2030}| market for | Cut-off, U",4.90E+01,kWh,Zhang 2022,,,,,,,
"Heat, district or industrial, natural gas {RoW}| market for heat, district or industrial, natural gas | Cut-off, U",2.88E+01,MJ,,,,,,,,
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Emissions to air,,,,,,,,,,
"Heat, waste",1.76E+02,MJ,,,,,,,,
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Emissions to water,,,,,,,,,,
"AOX, Adsorbable Organic Halogen as Cl",1.26E-05,kg,,,,,,,,
BOD5 (Biological Oxygen Demand),0.00020471,kg,,,,,,,,
COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand),0.00202,kg,,,,,,,,
Chloride,0.035991,kg,,,,,,,,
Copper,1.02E-07,kg,,,,,,,,
"Nitrogen, atmospheric",0.00020751,kg,,,,,,,,
Phosphate,2.80E-06,kg,,,,,,,,
Sodium,0.03379,kg,,,,,,,,
Zinc,1.96E-06,kg,,,,,,,,
Iron,5.61E-06,kg,,,,,,,,
"TOC, Total Organic Carbon",0.00090998,kg,,,,,,,,
"DOC, Dissolved Organic Carbon",0.00090998,kg,,,,,,,,
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,Amount,Unit,Data source,Comment,,,,,,
Product,,,,,,,,,,
"Silicon, metallurgical grade {CN 2030 IEA}| production | Cut-off, U",1,kg,Frischknecht 2020,,,,,,,
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Materials/fuels,,,,,,,,,,
"Wood chips, wet, measured as dry mass {RoW}| market for | Cut-off, U",3.25E-03,kg,,,,,,,,
"Coke {GLO}| market for | Cut-off, U",2.31E+01,MJ,,,,,,,,
"Graphite {GLO}| market for | Cut-off, U",1.00E-01,kg,,,,,,,,
"Charcoal {GLO}| market for | Cut-off, U",0.17,kg,,,,,,,,
"Petroleum coke {GLO}| market for | Cut-off, U",5.00E-01,kg,,,,,,,,
"Silica sand {GLO}| market for | Cut-off, U",2.7,kg,,,,,,,,
"Oxygen, liquid {RoW}| market for | Cut-off, U",2.00E-02,kg,,,,,,,,
"transport, freight, sea, bulk carrier for dry goods {GLO}| market for transport, freight, sea, bulk carrier for dry goods | Cut-off, U",2.55E+00,tkm,,,,,,,,
"Transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, euro6 {RoW}| market for transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO6 | Cut-off, U",1.56E-01,tkm,,,,,,,,
"Transport, freight train {CN}| market for | Cut-off, U",6.90E-02,tkm,,,,,,,,
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Electricity/heat,,,,,,,,,,
"Electricity, low voltage {SGCC 2030}| market for | Cut-off, U",1.10E+01,kWh,Zhang 2022,,,,,,,
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Emissions to air,,,,,,,,,,
"Heat, waste",71.3,MJ,,,,,,,,
Arsenic,9.42E-09,kg,,,,,,,,
Aluminium,1.55E-06,kg,,,,,,,,
Antimony,7.85E-09,kg,,,,,,,,
Boron,2.79E-07,kg,,,,,,,,
Cadmium,3.14E-10,kg,,,,,,,,
Calcium,7.75E-07,kg,,,,,,,,
"Carbon dioxide, biogenic",1.6098,kg,,,,,,,,
"Carbon dioxide, fossil",3.5808,kg,,,,,,,,
"Carbon monoxide, biogenic",0.00062027,kg,,,,,,,,
"Carbon monoxide, fossil",0.0013797,kg,,,,,,,,
Chromium,7.85E-09,kg,,,,,,,,
Chlorine,7.85E-08,kg,,,,,,,,
Cyanide,6.87E-06,kg,,,,,,,,
Fluorine,3.88E-08,kg,,,,,,,,
Hydrogen sulfide,0.0005,kg,,,,,,,,
Hydrogen fluoride,0.0005,kg,,,,,,,,
Iron,3.88E-06,kg,,,,,,,,
Lead,3.44E-07,kg,,,,,,,,
Mercury,7.85E-09,kg,,,,,,,,
"NMVOC, non-methane volatile organic compounds, unspecified origin",9.60E-05,kg,,,,,,,,
Nitrogen oxides,0.0097432,kg,,,,,,,,
"Particulates, > 10 um",0.0077538,kg,,,,,,,,
Potassium,6.20E-05,kg,,,,,,,,
Silicon,0.0075134,kg,,,,,,,,
Sodium,7.75E-07,kg,,,,,,,,
Sulfur dioxide,0.012241,kg,,,,,,,,
Tin,7.85E-09,kg,,,,,,,,