Name;Category;Description;Reference;Example;Notes;
3D technology to improve experience ;Tools to improve user experience;Technologies which utilizes 3D visual appearances to create real-life or different virtual experiences. Such experiences range from overlap of technology to completely immersive reality devices. This includes for instance fotogrammatic or LIDAR-based representations of organisms to help better species identification.;;;;
Acoustic analysis;Data collection and analysis tools;Rapid acoustic surveys aim to estimate biodiversity based on the diversity of sounds produced by animal communities and to detect species by the sounds produced by animals. Different methods/algorithms are developed for the automatic sound recognition of different animal species.;"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.06.018; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2018.01.003; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-014-0567-5";birdNET (https://birdnet.cornell.edu/);;
Acoustic hardware;Hardware and infrastructure;hardware platforms used in acoustic measurements (e.g. audio interfaces such as batloggers, hydrophones) and analysis of sound (e.g. ecoacoustics for environmental sounds).;"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ohx.2019.e00073; http://dx.doi.org/10.25607/OBP-876";;;
Adaptive sampling;Data collection and analysis tools;Adaptive sampling adapts the criteria to select the sampling units as a survey progresses, accounting for spatial structure in the data. In contrast to conventional designs, in which the entire sample of units is fixed a priori, adaptive strategies allow for increased sampling intensity depending upon observations made during the survey.;"Thompson S.K. & Seber, G.A.F. (1996) Adaptive sampling. Wiley-Interscience, New York, New York; Thompson, W.L. (ed.) (2004) Sampling Rare or Elusive Species. Island Press, Washington, D. C.; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matcom.2012.09.008";"https://doi.org/10.1614/IPSM-D-11-00022.1; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11222-011-9287-3";;
Advanced natural language generation;Data collection and analysis tools;software process that produces natural language output in the context of social media automation, chatbots etc.;"https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12705; https://aclanthology.org/C12-1020.pdf";"chat GPT, BeeWatch (https://beewatch.abdn.ac.uk/); Blogging Birds (https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3231588#:~:text=The%20focal%20species%20for%20Blogging,near%20extinction%20by%20the%201940s).";;
AI analysis on sensors;Data collection and analysis tools;Integration of AI algorithms within data gathering sensors such as camera-traps, drone sensors and audio recording devices provides an attractive alternative to manually processing huge troves of data. AI integration could provide already classified data as a sensor output instead of raw data e.g. in cameras, microphones.;;https://venturebeat.com/2019/12/17/googles-ai-can-identify-wildlife-from-trap-camera-footage-with-up-to-98-6-accuracy/;;
Artificial intelligence;Data collection and analysis tools;Artificial intelligence is the set of theories and techniques used to create machines capable of simulating human intelligence. It is based on recent development in computational neurobiology, mathematical logic and computer science, with a wide range of application.;"LeCun, Y. (2019, February). 1.1 deep learning hardware: Past, present, and future. In 2019 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference-(ISSCC) (pp. 12-19). IEEE.; https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(87)90097-4; https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13256";"eBird (https://ebird.org/home); iNaturalist (http://inaturalist.org/); PlantNET (https://plantnet.org/); ObsIdentify.";;
Augmented reality;Tools to improve user experience;A real-time direct or indirect view of a physical real-world environment that has been enhanced/augmented by adding virtual computer-generated information to it. AR is both interactive and registered in 3D as well as combines real and virtual objects.;"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0064-6_1; https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.4010.3045";"Nightmares in a Bell Jar (https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/csd/app-directory/nightmares/); PAMM (https://www.pamm.org/ar); wildspot (IAS) WildSpot (https://www.wildspot.app/); google glass; Layar (https://www.gratissoftware.nu/app/layar.php)";;
Chatbot;Tools to improve user experience;Software application used to conduct an on-line chat conversation via text or text-to-speech, in lieu of providing direct contact with a live human agent. While some chatbot applications use extensive word-classification processes, natural language processors, and sophisticated AI, others simply scan for general keywords and generate responses using common phrases obtained from an associated library or database.;https://doi.org/10.2760/841551;social media (messaging) automation;;
Tools for performing collective intelligence;Data collection and analysis tools;Community-based monitoring (‘citizen sensing’) engages citizens to address social challenges, but is not linked to well-established ‘collective intelligence platforms’ that support decision-making in a more inclusive manner. There are opportunities emerging to reframe ‘citizen sensing’ as ‘collective intelligence’, using combined human and artificial intelligence, to produce collective intelligence that can be used to underpin decision making.;;"nesta (https://www.nesta.org.uk/project-updates/second-round-collective-intelligence-grants/; https://www.nesta.org.uk/feature/ai-and-collective-intelligence-case-studies/mapwithai/)";goes one step beyond citizen sensing in the way that participants are also empowered to work with crowdsourced data;
Computational infrastructure to handle big volumes of data;Hardware and infrastructure;Cyberinfrastructure, including computers, servers, databases, software, Web service protocols etc. to handle data collection, data storage, data analysis, and data visualization and output of large volumes of data.;"https://doi.org/10.1641/B580312; https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2012.62.7.9
";"https://www.gbif.org/; https://eosc-portal.eu/; https://www.idigbio.org/";this is a side condition for many other technologies;
Data aggregation software and visualisation and analysis tools;Data collection and analysis tools;;;;this probably also comprises techniques to help management and policy with signals that may reveal early invasions of IAS;
Data analysis to reveal early signals of invasion;Data collection and analysis tools;The problem of detecting early indications of invasions is the lack of sufficient data. Yet, the possibilities of early eradication may be helped when signals of establishment or spread do come through, helped by automatic pattern recognition based on statistical analysis.;https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-018-1839-4;;;
Data exchange tools;Data collection and analysis tools;machine readibility, computational interaction;;e.g. api;;
Digital twins;Tools to improve user experience;A Digital twin is a virtual representation of a physical system. In this way it might be viewed as similar to traditional models, however digital twins are usually able to ingest real-time data from sensors in the physical system to update the digital twin in near real-time.;;DECIDE (Delivering Enhanced Biodiversity Information with Adaptive Citizen Science and Intelligent Digital Engagements, https://decide.ceh.ac.uk/opts/scoremap);detailed digital replicas of physical systems;
DNA-based technologies;Data collection and analysis tools;Technologies that are based on the genetic identification of species from a range of sample types including individual specimens, bulk samples, environmental samples (such as water, soil or air, i.e. environmental DNA) and faeces. This includes technologies based on DNA barcoding and metabarcoding and other High Throughput Sequencing methods. Comprises eDNA as well as DNA barcoding. Could also be called 'Genetic detection'.;"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.11.029; https://doi.org/10.1002/edn3.301";"PondNet (https://freshwaterhabitats.org.uk/projects/edna/); 1000 Rivers Project (https://1000rivers.net/ eBioAtlas https://ebioatlas.org/)";;
Drones;Hardware and infrastructure;Drones are robotic planes, also known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) and remotely piloted aircrafts (RPAs), which operate under remote/autonomous control. They provide aerial photography and video platform for different applications, including conservation. Such “conservation drones” can be used for surveying wildlife and protected areas, and monitoring and mapping of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.;"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-132-6_2; https://doi.org/10.5141/ecoenv.2015.012; https://conservationdrones.org/what-are-conservation-drones/";"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02434-y (detection of invasive species); https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2016.1264030 (mapping of a target IAS); https://doi.org/10.3390/drones5010019 (mapping of invasive vegetation)";;
Ecological interaction approaches;Data collection and analysis tools;"Possibly ""ecological interaction approaches"" is the equivalent to “technoecology”. The latter is the hardware side of “big data” focused on the employment of cutting edge physical technology to acquire new volumes and forms of ecological data.";https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2163;Table 1 of the provided reference includes several examples;;
eNose technology;Data collection and analysis tools;1) An array of gas microsensors (a hardware) that converts chemical signal into a digital pattern which is processed and classified by algorithms based on machine learning (a software). 2) An array of sensors that gives a fingerprint response to a given odour, combined with pattern recognition software that performs odour identification and discrimination.;"1) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11633-019-1212-9; https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2021.629329; 2) https://doi.org/10.1108/02602280410525977 ";"https://www.enose.nl/rd/technology/; https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-02-13/scientists-to-build-electronic-nose-wildlife-trafficking-fight/13147692?utm_campaign=abc_news_web&utm_content=twitter&utm_medium=content_shared&utm_source=abc_news_web";;
Gamification;Tools to improve user experience;Application of game-design elements and game principles in non-game contexts, or a set of activities using or applying characteristics of game elements (Points, Badges, and Leaderboard);https://doi.org/10.1145/3209960;"iNaturalist, Obsidentify, seek and many other recording apps with badges and rankings; Invader Crusaders online game (http://iscbc-invadercrusaders.s3-website-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/)";;
Google Street view;Data collection and analysis tools;Google Street View is a library of video footage captured by cars driven down streets, processed to provide panoramic, ground-level imagery for the majority of public roads across many countries, thus representing an alternative source of data on city neighborhoods and roadside environments.;"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104159; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2010.09.034; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107020";roadside verge monitoring of invasive plants (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204621001225?via%3Dihub);also includes non-Google equivalents;
GPS tracking devices;Data collection and analysis tools;GPS tracking devices use the Global Positioning System (GPS) in remotely tracking the location of an entity or object (http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/GPS-tracking). They can pinpoint the target’s longitude, latitude, ground speed, and course direction, thus being useful for collecting spatial-temporal research data.;https://doi.org/10.3390/s90403033 ;"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-006-9011-y (in non-native species eradication programmes); https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.381 (to study IAS ecology, i.e. distribution, population boundaries, etc.)";;
Image analysis satellites ;Data collection and analysis tools;"Image analysis satellites is related to the use of satellite images to extract relevant research information (e.g. land-use; land-cover; vegetation indices, ...). This can be achieved by the analysis and processing of these images using different elements of interpretation present in them such as shape, hue, tone, texture ";https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6424-2;"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.05.012 (Combination of earth observations with social media images for invasive trees); https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12704";;
Internet of things;Data collection and analysis tools;The interconnection via the internet of computing devices embedded in everyday objects, enabling them to send and receive data, and to interact with each other.;;;;
Low earth orbit ultrafast broadband;Hardware and infrastructure;Large numbers of small satellites are being deployed in constellations at a low earth orbit (LEO) in order to provide global coverage of ultrafast internet access. LEO satellites can be much smaller, cheaper, and have much lower latency than existing satellite internet. Once commercial trials begin there will be a greater understanding of the likely costs and data speeds. This provides new opportunities for remote sensing of the environment in areas that are traditionally poorly served by internet access such as marine areas or rainforest.;;"https://www.ispreview.co.uk/index.php/2020/01/update-oneweb-and-spacex-leo-ultrafast-broadband-satellites.html; https://www.satelliteinternet.com/providers/starlink/#:~:text=Starlink%20will%20be%20capable%20of,people%20all%20around%20the%20world.&text=Customers%20will%20just%20need%20a,monthly%20internet%20plan%20from%20Starlink ";;
Machine learning;Data collection and analysis tools;A method of data analysis that automates analytical model building. It is a branch of artificial intelligence based on the idea that systems can learn from data, identify patterns and make decisions with minimal human intervention. Machine learning algorithms build a model based on sample data, known as training data, in order to make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed to do so.;;;;
Mobile-based data collection platforms;Data collection and analysis tools;"1) Application for data collection that allows tailoring to a particular project, e.g. via online form builder; 2) Apps and platforms used through mobile devices that enable citizens to provide timely information that contributes to scientific understanding and decision-making for environmental and biodiversity citizen science.";"1) Steinberg M. (2019) https://arxiv.org/pdf/1901.11053.pdf ; https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10028-1375; 2) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76445-0_2";"Epicollect (https://five.epicollect.net/); Appsheet";generic smartphone apps;
Neural marketing;Data collection and analysis tools;Neuromarketing is a new field of marketing which uses medical technologies to study consumers' sensorimotor, cognitive, and affective responses to marketing stimuli. ;;LIFE Safe crossing (https://life.safe-crossing.eu/techniques);;
Open data and open source;Data collection and analysis tools;A publicly available data, dataset, source code, application programming interface, that allows re-use of the data, code or service provided, under an open licence. Open data is the idea that some data should be freely available to everyone to use and republish as they wish, open source refers to source code that is made freely available for possible modification and redistribution.;;"Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/); zenodo (http://zenodo.org/); github (https://github.com/); Flickr (https://flickr.com/)";this is a side condition for many other technologies;
Open source hardware;Hardware and infrastructure;1) Open Source Hardware (OSHW) is a term for tangible artifacts — machines, devices, or other physical things — whose design has been released to the public in such a way that anyone can make, modify, distribute, and use those things. (https://www.oshwa.org/definition/). 2) Freely available hardware design files which can be used to manufacture, distribute, and sell the physically constructed product based on its intellectual property, design principles, and legality features.;1) https://openhardware.metajnl.com/ (Journal of open hardware) https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13652 (Broad-scale applications of the Raspberry Pi: A review and guide for biologists, June 2021). 2) Hill, A. P., Davies, A., Prince, P., Snaddon, J. L., Doncaster, C. P., & Rogers, A. (2019). Leveraging conservation action with open?source hardware. Conservation Letters, 12(5), e12661. Berger?Tal, O., & Lahoz?Monfort, J. J. (2018). Conservation technology: the next generation. Conservation Letters, 11(6), e12458.;https://www.dinalab.net/2019/09/27/panatrap/ (Panatrap – Open Source 360 Camera Traps) https://www.openacousticdevices.info/ (AudioMoth & µMoth - open spec audio recorders, usually bought rather than homemade) https://dx.doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.17511.3 (Assembling cheap, high-performance microphones for recording terrestrial wildlife: the Sonitor system) ;includes or overlaps with all the above hardware related categories, but still represents an emerging and promising type of technology;
Push Notifications;Tools to improve user experience;Clickable pop-up messages that appear on users’ browsers irrespective of the device they’re using or the browser they’re on. They serve as a quick communication channel enabling organisations to convey messages, offers, or other information to their customers. Subscribers can be anywhere on the browser and still receive these messages. Made up of several elements, typically title, message, image, and URL. (Source: vwo.com). ;"https://www.leanplum.com/blog/push-notifications-defined/ (definition); https://doi.org/10.1109/BigData.2017.8258081 (use of push notifications); https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-018-0156-0";"Spotteron (https://www.spotteron.net/citizen-science-app-features/push-messages); https://eu-citizen.science/project/239; https://geocitizen.org/; get warnings on your phone when entering a national park (after downloading their app with your walk)";;
Robots;Hardware and infrastructure;A machine (combining mechanics, electronics and computers) designed to automatically perform tasks that reproduce human actions.;"https://doi.org/10.1002/aps3.11373
";http://challenge-rose.fr/en/projet/weedelec2017-2/;e.g. automated weed removal, restoration of forests, spraying robots;
Social media;Data collection and analysis tools;Social media are interactive technologies and digital channels that facilitate the creation and sharing of information, ideas, interests, and other forms of expression through virtual communities and networks. This is about social media itself, not tools for scraping such platforms to collect data which is considered under social media mining;;Facebook, Snapchat, Instagram, Twitter;;
Social media mining;Data collection and analysis tools;"Social media mining is the process of collecting, summarizing and analyzing information contributed directly or indirectly through online social media. Social media data is characterized by its volume, real time nature and contribution by large numbers of different sources. Social media data is typically noisy, often unstructured and encompasses different types of information, such as text, image and video, but also metadata about the contributing users in the form of e.g. network connections or geolocation information.
Social media mining typically employs a broad range of neuro-linguistic programming, text analysis tools and social network analysis.";"https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139088510 (social media mining introductory book, dated); http://doi.org/10.5334/cstp.108 (social media as community of practice); 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2015.11.014 (Twitter and IAS conceptual framework)";https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74946-5 (citizen science via social media);While most existing examples of social media mining represent passive crowdsourcing, social media networks represent implicit citizen science communities. Social media mining can be used for all phases of citizen science (seeding projects by identifying problems and stakeholders, engaging new citizen scientists, mining communities for projects, running projects). An adopted methodological framework for this is lacking.;
Technologies to increase data quality and reduce uncertainty;Data collection and analysis tools;Technologies combining machine learning, statistical inference, crowdsourcing or knowledge-based approaches to detect errors in data and reduce uncertainty. This includes in particular technologies for (i) reducing species identification uncertainty, (ii) detecting geo-location/dating errors, or (iii) removing noise from raw citizen science data (e.g. houseplants, photographs with faces or people, etc.).;"https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13152 (occurrence data cleaning); https://doi.org/10.1109/TMM.2017.2653763 (species identication cleaning) ";" https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/CoordinateCleaner/index.html (occurrence data cleaning); http://theplantgame.com/ (species identification cleaning)";;
Tools for sensory impaired citizen scientists;Tools to improve user experience;Tools that can help people with vision, hearing, mobility, cognitive or speech impairments to participate in citizen science programmes e.g. audio-tactile navigation tools.;;https://www.cybertracker.org/ for illiteracy;;
Virtual reality;Tools to improve user experience;"A computer-generated simulation of a three-dimensional image or environment that seems realistic (Striner 2019). Virtual reality (VR) is a simulated experience that can be similar to or completely different from the real world. Applications of virtual reality include entertainment (e.g. video games), education (e.g. medical or military training) and business (e.g. virtual meetings). Other distinct types of VR-style technology include augmented reality and mixed reality, sometimes referred to as extended reality or XR. One may distinguish between two types of VR; immersive VR and text-based networked VR (also known as ""Cyberspace""). The immersive VR changes your view, when you move your head. While both VRs are appropriate for training, Cyberspace is preferred for distance learning. In some cases these two types are even complementary to each other.";"https://doi.org/10.13016/d9d9-y8qa; Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality)";VENU (http://venu.physics.ox.ac.uk/);;
Visual storytelling - design;Tools to improve user experience;Visual storytelling goes beyond traditional data visualisations, it seeks to use design concepts to bring a visualisation to life, often combining visual and text elements to build a narrative around the data.;"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00793-y; https://doi.org/10.1109/MCG.2012.24; https://doi.org/10.1109/IV.2014.78
";;;
Wildlife cameras;Hardware and infrastructure;Wildlife cameras are used to monitor species presence and, under specific conditions, abundance. Cameras are equipped with a motion sensor that triggers when an animal passes in front of the sensor. Cameras are left in the field and can record the presence of animals continuously.;"https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13370; https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01473.x; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1579-x";Agouti (https://www.agouti.eu/);;
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