The article in question was erroneously published twice, the final version published in Volume 14, Issue 1 of American Nineteenth Century History. The duplicate has been removed from the latest article tab.

We have been informed in our decision-making by our policy on publishing ethics and integrity and the COPE guidelines on retractions.

The retracted article will remain online to maintain the scholarly record, but it will be digitally watermarked on each page as “Retracted”.