Authors,Author(s) ID,Title,Year,Source title,Volume,Issue,Art. No.,Page start,Page end,Page count,Cited by,DOI,Link,Affiliations,Authors with affiliations,Abstract,Author Keywords,Index Keywords,Molecular Sequence Numbers,Chemicals/CAS,Tradenames,Manufacturers,Funding Details,Funding Text 1,Funding Text 2,Funding Text 3,Funding Text 4,Funding Text 5,Funding Text 6,Funding Text 7,Funding Text 8,Funding Text 9,Funding Text 10,References,Correspondence Address,Editors,Sponsors,Publisher,Conference name,Conference date,Conference location,Conference code,ISSN,ISBN,CODEN,PubMed ID,Language of Original Document,Abbreviated Source Title,Document Type,Publication Stage,Open Access,Source,EID
"Zhang Y., Ye W.M., Chen B., Chen Y.G., Ye B.","35147463400;57202081351;55723005600;8306861900;35773925700;","Desiccation of NaCl-contaminated soil of earthen heritages in the Site of Yar City, northwest China",2016,"Applied Clay Science","124-125",,,"1","10",,59,"10.1016/j.clay.2016.01.047","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84957880893&doi=10.1016%2fj.clay.2016.01.047&partnerID=40&md5=cd57ae3b953cd38460b3833610ff4e21","Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; United Research Center for Urban Environment and Sustainable Development, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200092, China","Zhang, Y., Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Ye, W.M., Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China, United Research Center for Urban Environment and Sustainable Development, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200092, China; Chen, B., Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Chen, Y.G., Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Ye, B., Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China","The Site of Yar City (formerly known as the ancient city of Jiaohe) is regarded as the largest, oldest and best-preserved earthen site in the present world. However, during the long-term exposure to the environment, remaining earthen structures suffered serious deterioration caused by many influencing factors. The shallow surfaces of the earthen walls can be fully saturated by the concentrated and heavy rains to form flowing slurry, which will be turned into strongly cracked surface crusts during the following intense evaporation and peeled off by wind deflation. In the meantime, salts could be accumulated in the remains to a quite high content, which could exacerbate the deterioration conversely. In this work, desiccation tests were conducted in laboratory on the initially saturated slurry specimens with different thicknesses and NaCl contents and thicknesses. Development of crack patterns on the surface of the specimen was monitored with a digital camera and analyzed using commercialized software. Results indicated that the evaporation process of NaCl-contaminated specimens could be identified as three stages, which has the same configuration as that of salt-free specimens. Cracking behavior of soil that closely correlates to the evaporation process was also influenced. As the NaCl content increases, the CIF values, intersection number, segment number as well as the total crack length decreases. A non-orthogonal crack pattern and orthogonal crack pattern were dominant for thin and thick specimens, respectively. © 2016 .","Conservation; Cracking; Deterioration; Earthen heritage; Evaporation; Sodium chloride","Conservation; Crack initiation; Deterioration; Driers (materials); Evaporation; Sodium chloride; Soil pollution; Contaminated soils; Cracking behavior; Earthen heritage; Earthen structures; Evaporation process; Intersection number; Long term exposure; Orthogonal cracks; Cracks; cracking; desiccation; evaporation; heritage conservation; sodium chloride; soil mechanics; China",,,,,"China Atomic Energy Authority, CAEA: [2011]1051; National High-tech Research and Development Program: 2011AA050604","The authors are grateful to the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program: 2011AA050604 ) and China Atomic Energy Authority (Project [2011]1051 ) for their financial support.",,,,,,,,,,"Abou Najm, M., Jesiek, J., Mohtar, R.H., Lura, P., Sant, G., Assessing the role of the pore solution concentration on horizontal deformations in an unsaturated soil specimen during drying (2012) Geoderma, 187, pp. 31-40; Arnold, J.G., Potter, K.N., King, K.W., Allen, P.M., Estimation of soil cracking and the effect on surface runoff in a Texas Blackland Prairie watershed (2005) Hydrol. 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"Fernandes J., Peixoto M., Mateus R., Gervásio H.","56411559800;57210962080;56119607100;54888017600;","Life cycle analysis of environmental impacts of earthen materials in the Portuguese context: Rammed earth and compressed earth blocks",2019,"Journal of Cleaner Production","241",,"118286","","",,48,"10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118286","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85072039389&doi=10.1016%2fj.jclepro.2019.118286&partnerID=40&md5=08f6d94b2e56690bce5e7ec7bcc952cf","CTAC, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal; ISISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","Fernandes, J., CTAC, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal; Peixoto, M., CTAC, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal; Mateus, R., CTAC, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal; Gervásio, H., ISISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","In the Portuguese context, the life cycle assessment of building materials is still in its infancy. So far, there is only a small number of Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) available, all target for industrially-based materials. Although vernacular earthen materials are seen as ecological materials, with low potential environmental impacts, there are no studies that allow to quantitatively compare these materials with conventional ones, according to the applicable standards. In the case of Portugal, there are no EPDs or studies for these materials and the studies available worldwide are hard to compare, since they not follow the same life-cycle assessment methodology. This paper aims at contributing to a better understanding about the environmental performance of earthen materials by presenting results from the life cycle assessment of Compressed Earth Blocks (CEBs) and Rammed earth, based on specific life cycle inventory values obtained from a producer company, following the guidance provided by the standard EN15804. Among other conclusions, results show that CEB and Rammed earth have a total Embodied Energy of 3.94 MJ/block and 596 MJ/1 m3 and a Global Warming Potential of 0.39 kg CO2 eq/block and 47.5 kg CO2 eq./1 m3, respectively. In a cradle-to-gate analysis of different walls, the use of earthen building elements can result in reducing the potential environmental impacts in about 50%, when compared to the use of conventional ones. Additionally, the advantages of using earthen materials are also discussed for the different building life-cycle stages, focusing on the possibility to recycle these materials in a closed-loop approach. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd","Compressed earth block (CEB); Earthen architecture; Environmental impacts; Life-cycle assessment; Rammed earth; Vernacular architecture","Carbon dioxide; Environmental management; Global warming; Life cycle; Compressed earth blocks; Earthen architectures; Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); Rammed earth; Vernacular architecture; Environmental impact",,,,,"Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, FCT: PD / BD/113641/2015, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029328","The authors would like to acknowledge the support granted by the FEDER funds through the Competitivity and Internationalization Operational Programme (POCI) and by national funds through FCT—Foundation for Science and Technology within the scope of the project with the reference POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029328 , and of the Ph.D. grant with the reference PD / BD/113641/2015 , that were fundamental for the development of this study. The authors also wish to thank the construction company for providing the life cycle inventory data and helping this research work.","The authors would like to acknowledge the support granted by the FEDER funds through the Competitivity and Internationalization Operational Programme (POCI) and by national funds through FCT?Foundation for Science and Technology within the scope of the project with the reference POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029328, and of the Ph.D. grant with the reference PD/BD/113641/2015, that were fundamental for the development of this study. The authors also wish to thank the construction company for providing the life cycle inventory data and helping this research work.",,,,,,,,,"Aillapán, J., Analisis de Ciclo de Vida de Bloques de Tierra Comprimida (2012), BTC. Universidade de La Frontera; Almeida, M.I., Dias, A.C., Demertzi, M., Arroja, L., Contribution to the development of product category rules for ceramic bricks (2015) J. Clean. 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Low Carbon Technol., 4, pp. 175-181; Venkatarama Reddy, B.V., Prasanna Kumar, P., Embodied energy in cement stabilised rammed earth walls (2010) Energy Build., 42, pp. 380-385; Wadel, G., Avellaneda, J., Cuchí, A., La sostenibilidad en la arquitectura industrializada : cerrando el ciclo de los materiales (2010) Inf. la Construcción, 62, pp. 37-51; Zabalza Bribián, I., Valero Capilla, A., Aranda Usón, A., Life cycle assessment of building materials: comparative analysis of energy and environmental impacts and evaluation of the eco-efficiency improvement potential (2011) Build. Environ., 46, pp. 1133-1140; Zackrisson, M., Rocha, C., Christiansen, K., Jarnehammar, A., Stepwise environmental product declarations: ten SME case studies (2008) J. Clean. Prod., 16, pp. 1872-1886","Fernandes, J.; CTAC, Portugal; email: jepfernandes@me.com",,,"Elsevier Ltd",,,,,09596526,,JCROE,,"English","J. Clean. Prod.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85072039389
"Elert K., Pardo E.S., Rodriguez-Navarro C.","6602602703;7006129003;7004396118;","Alkaline activation as an alternative method for the consolidation of earthen architecture",2015,"Journal of Cultural Heritage","16","4",,"461","469",,47,"10.1016/j.culher.2014.09.012","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84930714625&doi=10.1016%2fj.culher.2014.09.012&partnerID=40&md5=995d853d752db3409908346c5dfac0a1","Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, University of Granada, Fuentenueva S/N, Granada, 18002, Spain","Elert, K., Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, University of Granada, Fuentenueva S/N, Granada, 18002, Spain; Pardo, E.S., Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, University of Granada, Fuentenueva S/N, Granada, 18002, Spain; Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, University of Granada, Fuentenueva S/N, Granada, 18002, Spain","The majority of historic buildings and archaeological remains made of earth exhibit important conservation problems, which require consolidation. Most conventional consolidation treatments used in the past have not succeeded in providing a long-term solution because they did not tackle the main cause of degradation, the expansion and contraction of constituent clay minerals in response to humidity changes. Clay swelling could be reduced significantly by transforming clay minerals into non-expandable binding materials with cementing capacity using alkaline activation. It is demonstrated that a significant degree of clay mineral dissolution and transformation is achieved upon activation with 5. M NaOH and 5. M KOH solutions. Furthermore, adobe test blocks impregnated with either 5. M NaOH or 5. M KOH solution experience an important improvement in water resistance and mechanical strength. The influence of structural and compositional differences of clay minerals commonly present in earthen structures on their reactivity under high pH conditions and the consolidation efficacy of the various alkaline solutions are discussed. Also addressed are possible side effects of the alkaline treatment such as colour change and the formation of potentially damaging salts. © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS.","Adobe; Alkaline activation; Clay minerals; Consolidation; Earthen architecture; Geopolymers; Mechanical strength; Rammed earth; Salt damage; Zeolite synthesis",,,,,,"CGL2012-35992; Junta de Andalucía: RNM-179","This work was financially supported by the Spanish Government (Grant CGL2012-35992 ) and the Junta de Andalucía (Research Group RNM-179 ). We thank the Centro de Instrumentación Científica (University of Granada) for assistance with FESEM, TEM and TG analyses and the Instituto de Restauración y Conservación de Bienes Culturales (ICON, Fundación CICOP) for the collaboration in this research project.",,,,,,,,,,"Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Sebastian, E., Doehne, E., Ginell, W.S., The role of sepiolite-palygorskite in the decay of ancient Egyptian limestone sculptures (1998) Clays Clay Miner., 46, pp. 414-422; Houben, H., Guillaud, H., (1994) Earth Construction: a Comprehensive Guide, , CRA Terre-EAG, Intermediate Technology Publication, London; Coffman, R., Agnew, N., Austin, G., Doehne, E., Adobe mineralogy: characterization of adobes from around the world (1990) Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Conservation of Earthen Architecture: Adobe 90 preprints: October 14-19, Las Cruces, New Mexico, pp. 424-429. , The Getty Conservation Institute, Marina del Rey, California, K. Grimstad (Ed.); Doehne, E., Price, C.A., (2010) Stone Conservation - An Overview of Current Research, , The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles; Roy, D.M., Alkali-activated cements. Opportunities and challenges (1999) Cem. Concr. Res., 29, pp. 249-254; de la Torre, M.J., Sebastián, E., Rodríguez, J., A study of the wall material in the Alhambra (Granada, Spain) (1996) Cem. Concr. Res., 26, pp. 825-839; Flanigen, E.M., Mumpton, F.A., Commercial properties of natural zeolites (1977) Mineral. Geol. Nat. Zeol., 4, pp. 165-175. , (Mineralogical Society of America Short Course Notes); Barrer, R.M., (1982) Hydrothermal Chemistry of Zeolites, , Academic Press, London; Davidovits, J., Geopolymers: man-made rock geosynthesis and the resulting development of very early high strength cement (1994) J. Mater. Educ., 16, pp. 91-139; Rahier, H., Van Mele, B., Biesemans, M., Wastiels, J., Wu, X., Low-temperature synthesized aluminosilicate glasses, part I. 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Geochem., 21, pp. 977-992; Gaucher, E.C., Blanc, P., Cement/clay interactions-a review: experiments, natural analogues, and modeling (2006) Waste Manage., 26, pp. 776-788; Karnland, O., Olsson, S., Nilsson, U., Sellin, P., Experimental determined swelling pressures and geochemical interactions of compacted Wyoming bentonite with highly alkaline solutions (2007) Phys. Chem. Earth, 32, pp. 275-286; Elert, K., Sebastian, E., Valverde, I., Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Alkaline treatment of clay minerals from the Alhambra Formation: implications for the conservation of earthen architecture (2008) Appl. Clay Sci., 39, pp. 122-132; Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Doehne, E., Salt weathering: influence of evaporation rate, supersaturation and crystallization pattern (1999) Earth Surf. Processes Landform, 24, pp. 191-209; (2008) Natural Stone Test Methods - Determination of Water Absorption at Atmospheric Pressure, , CNR-ICR, Rome; Pamplona, M., Kocher, M., Snethlage, R., Aires Barros, L., Drilling resistance: overview and outlook (2007) Z. Dtsch. Ges. Geowiss., 158, pp. 665-676; (2014) Colorimetry - Part 6: CIEDE2000 Colour-Difference Formula, , International Organization for Standardization/CIE, Geneva, Switzerland; Mielenz, R.C., Schieltz, N.C., King, M.E., Thermogravimetric analysis of clay and clay-like minerals (1954) Clays Clay Miner., 2, pp. 285-314; Sasse, H.R., Snethlage, R., (1997) Methods for the Evaluation of Stone Consolidation Treatments, Saving our Architectural Heritage. The Conservation of Historic Stone Structures, pp. 223-243. , John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, N.S. Baer, R. Snethlage (Eds.); Goudie, A., Viles, H., (1997) Salt Weathering Hazards, , John Wiley & Sons, New York; Schoonheydt, R.A., Johnston, C.F., Chapter 5. Surface and interface chemistry of clay minerals (2006) Handbook of Clay Science, pp. 139-172. , Elsevier, Oxford, F. Bergaya, B.K.G. Theng, G. Lagaly (Eds.); Sposito, G., (1984) The Surface Chemistry of Soils, , Oxford University Press, New York; Umran Dogan, A., Dogan, M., Onal, M., Sarikaya, Y., Aburub, A., Wurster, D.E., Baseline studies of the Clay Minerals Society source clays: specific surface area by Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) method (2006) Clays Clay Miner., 54, pp. 62-66; Huertas, F.J., Chou, L., Wollast, R., Mechanism of kaolinite dissolution at room temperature and pressure: part II. Kinetic study (1999) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 63, pp. 3261-3275; Köhler, S.J., Bosbach, D., Oelkers, E.H., Do clay mineral dissolution rates reach steady state? (2005) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 69, pp. 1997-2006; Criado, M., Palomo, A., Fernández-Jiménez, A., Alkali activation of fly ashes. Part 1: effect of curing conditions on the carbonation of the reaction products (2005) Fuel, 84, pp. 2048-2054; Xu, H., van Deventer, J.S.J., The geopolymerisation of aluminosilicate minerals (2000) Int. J. Miner. Process., 59, pp. 247-266; Fernandez-Jimenez, A., Monzo, M., Vicent, M., Barba, A., Palomo, A., Alkaline activation of metakaolin-fly ash mixtures: obtain of zeoceramics and zeocements (2008) Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 108, pp. 41-49; Grutzeck, M., Kwan, S., DiCola, M., Zeolite formation in alkali-activated cementitious systems (2004) Cem. Concr. Res., 34, pp. 949-955; Cizer, Ö., Van Balen, K., Van Gemert, D., Competition between hydration and carbonation in hydraulic lime and lime-pozzolana mortars (2010) Adv. Mater. Res., pp. 241-246","Elert, K.; Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Fuentenueva S/N, Spain; email: kelert@ugr.es",,,"Elsevier Masson SAS",,,,,12962074,,,,"English","J. Cult. Heritage",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84930714625
"Rincón L., Carrobé A., Martorell I., Medrano M.","35800172800;57207741909;26029944400;12445501400;","Improving thermal comfort of earthen dwellings in sub-Saharan Africa with passive design",2019,"Journal of Building Engineering","24",,"100732","","",,40,"10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100732","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85062803927&doi=10.1016%2fj.jobe.2019.100732&partnerID=40&md5=353cc346af49dbbef59bbca8ee168c7f","Department of Computer Science and Industrial Engineering, CREA Building, Universitat de Lleida, Campus de Cappont, Jaume II 69, Lleida, 25001, Spain","Rincón, L., Department of Computer Science and Industrial Engineering, CREA Building, Universitat de Lleida, Campus de Cappont, Jaume II 69, Lleida, 25001, Spain; Carrobé, A., Department of Computer Science and Industrial Engineering, CREA Building, Universitat de Lleida, Campus de Cappont, Jaume II 69, Lleida, 25001, Spain; Martorell, I., Department of Computer Science and Industrial Engineering, CREA Building, Universitat de Lleida, Campus de Cappont, Jaume II 69, Lleida, 25001, Spain; Medrano, M., Department of Computer Science and Industrial Engineering, CREA Building, Universitat de Lleida, Campus de Cappont, Jaume II 69, Lleida, 25001, Spain","Earthen architecture historically has been widely used for wall construction around the world, particularly in developing countries. Most of the earthen dwellings in Burkina Faso are built traditionally with adobe walls. This construction technique is low-cost but it is easily eroded by water and often lacks satisfactory thermal comfort. In this work an alternative low-cost earthen construction system, the earthbag technique is presented and combined with passive design measures to assess the improvements in thermal comfort. Inspired in a real dome-shape earthbag dwelling constructed in a Medical Training Center in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso), free-floating building energy simulations were performed for both the traditional adobe Burkinabe dwelling and the earthbag dwelling using EnergyPlus. Besides free-floating direct temperature results, two indicators of annual comfort were used, namely the hours of discomfort and the discomfort degree days. ASHRAE Standard 55 Adaptive Comfort model was used to assess comfort conditions. Results show that the combination of night ventilation and roof solar protection in the high-inertia earthbag building leads to an almost total elimination of thermal discomfort during the year (only 209 h not meeting adaptive comfort and 3.1 ºC-days of discomfort). The same combination of passive measures in the traditional Burkinabe dwelling improves significantly thermal comfort when compared to the base case, but it is not as effective in providing comfort, with more than 3000 h and 200 degree-days of annual discomfort. © 2019 The Authors","Earthbag building; Earthen architecture; Energy simulation; Hot semi-arid climate; Superadobe; Thermal comfort","ASHRAE standards; Costs; Developing countries; Housing; Thermal comfort; Walls (structural partitions); Adaptive comfort models; Building energy simulations; Construction technique; Earthen architectures; Earthen constructions; Energy simulation; Semi-arid climate; Superadobe; Structural design",,,,,"Generalitat de Catalunya: 2017-2018; Universitat de Lleida, UdL","The authors would like to thank the “Oficina de Desenvolupament i Cooperació (ODEC)” of the University of Lleida (UdL), Spain, for the grant projects of 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017, the “Escola Politècnica Superior” of UdL, the “Consell Social” of UdL for their donatives, and Domoterra association. The authors would also thank all the students that participated in the construction of the earthbag building. Ariadna Carrobé would like to thank the Catalan Government (AGAUR- Generalitat de Catalunya) for her collaboration grant 2017-2018 in the Computer Sciences and Industrial Engineering Department at University of Lleida. The authors would like to thank the Catalan Government for the quality accreditation given to their research group (2017 SGR 659).","The earthbag building has been built in the Emsimision Training Medical Center in Ouagadougou, within a cooperation project coordinated and mainly funded by the University of Lleida. Emisimision is a Catalan NGO focused on collaborating with humanitarian initiatives in extremely poor countries, such as Burkina Faso, through volunteer work and medical professional action. The Medical Center is located in Boulmiuogou District, one of the areas of Ouagadougou with highest demand for medical infrastructures [4] . The project aimed to build a part of the residential area for the volunteers and students of the Medical Center. In addition, the project contributed with the spread of knowledge of this low cost building technique among the Burkinabe population. Within this project frame, research was developed by the University of Lleida about the compression strength of the earthbag walls, the characterization of the earthbag mixture, the analysis of cost of the construction, and the thermal behavior of the earthbag buildings.",,,,,,,,,"Ouedraogo, B.I., Levermore, G.J., Parkinson, J.B., Future energy demand for public buildings in the context of climate change for Burkina Faso (2012) Build. Environ., 49, pp. 270-282; Bolay, J.-C., Urban planning in Africa: which alternative for poor cities? The case of Koudougou in Burkina Faso (2015) Curr. Urban Stud., 3, pp. 413-431; Coch, H., Bioclimatism in vernacular architecture (1998) Renew. Sustain. 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(Accessed 19 January 2018); Fathy, H., Architecture for the Poor: An Experiment in Rural Egypt (2010), University of Chicago Press; Denyer, S.D., (1978) African Traditional Architecture: An Historical and Geographical Perspective, 72. , Heinemann; Miño-Rodríguez, I., Naranjo-Mendoza, C., Korolija, I., Thermal assessment of low-cost rural housing—a case study in the Ecuadorian Andes (2016) Buildings, 6, p. 36; Medjelekh, D., http://www.theses.fr/2006LIMO0031, Modélisation des structures en bois en environnement variable, PhD, University of Limoges, France. (Accessed 31 May 2018); http://www.osafa.org/english/images/c/c7/IST-Africa_presentation.pdf, Helge Fahrnberger, Open source architecture for Africa–A bottom-up approach to innovation building in the context of construction in rural Africa, (Accessed 31 May 2018); Minke, G., Earth Construction Handbook: The Building Material Earth in Modern Architecture (2000), Wit Press; Dayaratne, R., Reinventing traditional technologies for sustainability: contemporary earth architecture of Sri Lanka (2010) J. Green. Build., 5, pp. 23-33; Zhao, Z., Lu, Q., Jiang, X., An energy efficient building system using natural resources–superadobe system research (2015) Procedia Eng., 121, pp. 1179-1185; Martín, S., Mazarrón, F.R., Cañas, I., Study of thermal environment inside rural houses of Navapalos (Spain): the advantages of reuse buildings of high thermal inertia (2010) Constr. Build. Mater., 24, pp. 666-676; Desogus, G., Di Benedetto, S., Grassi, W., Testi, D., Environmental monitoring of a Sardinian earthen dwelling during the summer season (2014) J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 547, p. 012009; Palme, M., Guerra, J., Alfaro, S., Thermal performance of traditional and new concept houses in the ancient village of San Pedro De Atacama and surroundings (2014) Sustainability, 6, pp. 3321-3337; Zoma, F., Kader, T.D.Y., Ouedraogo, A., Koulidiati, J., Study of time lag in a bioclimatic house made of eco materials (2015) J. Mater. Sci. Eng. B., 5; Hema, C.M., Van Moeseke, G., Evrad, A., Courard, L., Messan, A., Vernacular housing practices in Burkina Faso: representative models of construction in Ouagadougou and walls hygrothermal efficiency (2017) Energy Procedia, 122, pp. 535-540; Hashemi, A., Cruickshank, H., Cheshmehzangi, A., Environmental impacts and embodied energy of construction methods and materials in low-income tropical housing (2015) Sustainability, 7, pp. 7866-7883; Wessling, F., (1975), Transient Thermal Response of Adobe, Adobe News 6 Alburquerque N. M; Dunlap, W.A., (1955), Soil analysis for earthen buildings., Tex. M Austin USA; Richard-Philippe, W., (2010), L′adobe, une solution durable pour la construction d′habitations écologiques dans une zone à forte activité sismique comme le Chili, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Khalili, E.N., (1999), https://patents.google.com/patent/US5934027A/en, Earthquake resistant building structure employing sandbags, US5934027A. (Accessed 6 April 2018); (2009), G.-Fivos Sargentis, V.C. Kapsalis, N. Symeonidis, Earth building. models, technical aspects, tests and environmental evaluation., in; Adegun, O.B., Adedeji, Y.M.D., Review of economic and environmental benefits of earthen materials for housing in Africa (2017) Front. Archit. Res., 6, pp. 519-528; Canadell, S., Blanco, A., Cavalaro, S.H.P., Comprehensive design method for earthbag and superadobe structures (2016) Mater. Des., 96, pp. 270-282; Kovářová, B., Buildings built by superadobe technology and other possibilities use of clay plaster (2013) Adv. Mater. Res., 649, pp. 227-230; Sharma, P., A study on feasibility of emergency shelter through super adobe technology (2015) Int. J. Res., 2, pp. 512-517; Barnes, B., Cao, H.T., Drab, T., Pearson, J., Design of sustainable relief housing in Ethiopia: an implementation of cradle to cradle design in earthbag construction (2009) Am. J. Environ. Sci., 5, pp. 137-144; Manzano-Agugliaro, F., Montoya, F.G., Sabio-Ortega, A., García-Cruz, A., Review of bioclimatic architecture strategies for achieving thermal comfort (2015) Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 49, pp. 736-755; Wojciechowska, P., Building With Earth: A Guide to Flexible-form Earthbag Construction (2001), Chelsea Green Publishing Company; (2012), Schéma directeur d′aménagement et d′urbanisme (SDAU) de la Ville de Koudougou (Horizon 2030), Ouagadougou: MHU., Ministère de l′Habitat et de l′Urbanisme; (1995), Basile Kéré Architecture et cultures constructives du Burkina Faso., CRATerre-EAG; Henry, S., Boyle, P., Lambin, E.F., Modelling inter-provincial migration in Burkina Faso, West Africa: the role of socio-demographic and environmental factors (2003) Appl. Geogr., 23, pp. 115-136; http://www.insd.bf/n/contenu/enquetes_recensements/rgph-bf/themes_en_demographie/Theme9-Croissance_urbaine.pdf, Ardjouma Ouattara, L. Somé La croissance urbaine au Burkina Faso. (Accessed 31 May 2018); Jiménez Delgado, M.C., Guerrero, I.C., The selection of soils for unstabilised earth building: a normative review (2007) Constr. Build. Mater., 21, pp. 237-251; Lawane Gana, A., http://www.theses.fr/2014LEHA0011, Caractèrisation des matériaux latéritiques indurés pour une meilleure utilisation dans l′habitat en Afrique, Le Havre. (Accessed 22 January 2018); https://www.codigotecnico.org/index.php/menu-catalogo-informatico-elementos-constructivos, Catálogo informático de elementos constructivos, (n.d.). (Accessed 6 April 2018); Judkoff, R., Neymark, J., Polly, B., (2011), Building Energy Simulation Test for Existing Homes (BESTEST-EX); (2018), L., Rincón, I., Martorell, A., Carrobé C., Solé M., Medrano, Thermal Monitoring on an Earthbag Building in Mediterranean Continental Climate, in: EuroSun Conference, Rapperswill (Switzerland); Mazzarella, L., Pasini, M., CTF vs FD based numerical methods: accuracy, stability and computational time's comparison (2015) Energy Procedia, 78, pp. 2620-2625; Sadineni, S.B., Madala, S., Boehm, R.F., Passive building energy savings: a review of building envelope components (2011) Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 15, pp. 3617-3631; (2013), ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2013, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy; Attia, S., Carlucci, S., Impact of different thermal comfort models on zero energy residential buildings in hot climate (2015) Energy Build., 102, pp. 117-128; http://comfort.cbe.berkeley.edu/, CBE Thermal Comfort Tool for ASHRAE-55, (n.d.). (Accessed 23 January 2018); Kordjamshidi, M., House Rating Schemes: From Energy to Comfort Base (2010), Springer Science & Business Media; (2006), Degree-days: theory and application, CIBSE Publications","Rincón, L.; Department of Computer Science and Industrial Engineering, Jaume II 69, Spain; email: lrincon@diei.udl.cat",,,"Elsevier Ltd",,,,,23527102,,,,"English","J. Build. Eng.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Hybrid Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85062803927
"Fernandes J., Mateus R., Gervásio H., Silva S.M., Bragança L.","56411559800;56119607100;54888017600;57189043166;6507844851;","Passive strategies used in Southern Portugal vernacular rammed earth buildings and their influence in thermal performance",2019,"Renewable Energy","142",,,"345","363",,39,"10.1016/j.renene.2019.04.098","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85065047400&doi=10.1016%2fj.renene.2019.04.098&partnerID=40&md5=e769fefd78bac87a1e6aad26308ec898","CTAC, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, Guimarães, 4800-048, Portugal; ISISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Rua Luís Reis Santos, Pólo II, Coimbra, 3030-788, Portugal","Fernandes, J., CTAC, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, Guimarães, 4800-048, Portugal; Mateus, R., CTAC, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, Guimarães, 4800-048, Portugal; Gervásio, H., ISISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Rua Luís Reis Santos, Pólo II, Coimbra, 3030-788, Portugal; Silva, S.M., CTAC, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, Guimarães, 4800-048, Portugal; Bragança, L., CTAC, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, Guimarães, 4800-048, Portugal","In Portugal, there is a lack of quantitative studies on the thermal performance of earthen buildings. This paper aims at contributing to this research context by studying site-specific strategies, and the thermal performance and comfort conditions of a rammed earth building located in southern Portugal. The study is based on objective and subjective assessments and consists of assessing the hygrothermal conditions, thermal comfort levels and analysing the occupants’ perception regarding thermal sensation. The results showed that the strategies used are closely related to local conditions, mitigating the effects of high summer temperatures and ensuring a good summer thermal performance by passive means alone. During the summer monitoring, results showed that the building stayed most of the time (80%) in Category I (high level of expectation) and the remaining time in Category II, according to the classification method defined by the standard EN15251. During the winter period, the building had the worst performance, being necessary a heating system to guarantee comfort conditions. Additionally, the results showed that the good thermal performance of the case study depended more on the high thermal inertia than on the U-value of the envelope. Limitations and advantages of the use of earthen construction elements are discussed. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd","Bioclimatic; Indoor comfort evaluation; Passive cooling strategies; Rammed earth; Thermal performance; Vernacular earthen architecture","Thermal comfort; Bioclimatic; Earthen architectures; Indoor comforts; Passive cooling; Rammed earth; Thermal Performance; Buildings; bioclimatology; building; cooling; heating; indoor air; perception; performance assessment; quantitative analysis; strategic approach; summer; Portugal",,,,,"Fuel Cycle Technologies, FCT; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, FCT: PD/BD/113641/2015, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029328; European Regional Development Fund, FEDER","The authors would like to acknowledge the support granted by the FEDER funds through the Competitively and Internationalization Operational Programme ( POCI ) and by national funds through FCT —Foundation for Science and Technology within the scope of the project with the reference POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029328 , and of the Ph.D. grant with the reference PD/BD/113641/2015 , that were fundamental for the development of this study. The authors also wish to thank Mr João Cordovil, Mrs Isabel Gaivão and Moura's Municipality for helping this research work.","The authors would like to acknowledge the support granted by the FEDER funds through the Competitively and Internationalization Operational Programme (POCI) and by national funds through FCT—Foundation for Science and Technology within the scope of the project with the reference POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029328, and of the Ph.D. grant with the reference PD/BD/113641/2015, that were fundamental for the development of this study. The authors also wish to thank Mr João Cordovil, Mrs Isabel Gaivão and Moura's Municipality for helping this research work.",,,,,,,,,"Berge, B., The Ecology of Building Materials (2009), second ed. Elsevier Oxford; Ürge-Vorsatz, D., Cabeza, L.F., Serrano, S., Barreneche, C., Petrichenko, K., Heating and cooling energy trends and drivers in buildings (2015) Renew. Sustain. 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Mateus Federal University of Espírito Santo & University of Minho Vitória, Brazil; Singh, M.K., Mahapatra, S., Atreya, S.K., Bioclimatism and vernacular architecture of north-east India (2009) Build. Environ. Times, 44, pp. 878-888; Philokyprou, M., Michael, A., Malaktou, E., Savvides, A., Environmentally responsive design in Eastern Mediterranean. The case of vernacular architecture in the coastal, lowland and mountainous regions of cyprus (2017) Build. Environ., 111, pp. 91-109; Fernandes, J., Pimenta, C., Mateus, R., Silva, S.M., Bragança, L., Contribution of Portuguese vernacular building strategies to indoor thermal comfort and occupants’ perception (2015) Buildings, 5, pp. 1242-1264; Fernandes, J., Mateus, R., Bragança, L., Correia da Silva, J.J., Portuguese vernacular architecture: the contribution of vernacular materials and design approaches for sustainable construction (2015) Architect. Sci. 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Livraria Letra Livre Lisboa; Doat, P., Hays, A., Houben, H., Matuk, S., Vitoux, F., Construire en terre (1979), https://craterre.hypotheses.org/319, CRATerre & Editions Alternatives Paris; Costa Carrapiço, I., Neila-González, J., Study for the rehabilitation of vernacular architecture with sustainable criteria (2013) Vernac. Herit. Earthen Archit. Contrib. Sustain. Dev, pp. 581-586. , M. Correia G. Carlos S. Rocha CRC Press/Balkema, Vila Nova da Cerveira Portugal; Gonçalves, J., Mateus, R., Ferreira, T., Continuing tradition: farms in the northeast region of Portugal (2015) Vernac. Archit. Towar. a Sustain. Futur. - Proc. Int. Conf. Vernac. Heritage, Sustain. Earthen Archit., pp. 343-348. , C. Mileto F. Vegas L. Garcia Soriano V. Cristini Taylor and Francis - Balkema Valencia; Fernandes, J., Mateus, R., Bragança, L., Correia da Silva, J., An analysis of the potentialities of Portuguese vernacular architecture to improve energy efficiency (2014) PLEA 2014 - 30th Int. PLEA Conf. 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Khadpekar CEPT UNIVERSITY PRESS Ahmedabad; ISO7726, Ergonomics of the thermal environment e instruments for measuring physical quantities (2002); ISO7730, Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment: Analytical Determination and Interpretation of Thermal Comfort Using Calculation of the PMV and PPD Indices and Local Thermal Comfort Criteria (2005); ASHRAE, ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55 – Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy (2004), Atlanta; Matias, L., TPI65 - Desenvolvimento de um modelo adaptativo para definição das condições de conforto térmico em Portugal (2010), Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil/National Laboratory of Civil Engineering Lisboa; EN15251, Indoor Environmental Input Parameters for Design and Assessment of Energy Performance of Buildings- Addressing Indoor Air Quality, Thermal Environment (2007), lighting and acoustics; Desogus, G., Felice Cannas, L.G., Sanna, A., Bioclimatic lessons from Mediterranean vernacular architecture: the Sardinian case study (2016) Energy Build., 129, pp. 574-588; Oliveira, E.V., Galhano, F., Arquitectura Tradicional Portuguesa (1992), Publicações Dom Quixote Lisboa; SNIAmb, Soil Map of Portugal - Environment Atlas - SNIAmb - Agência Portuguesa Do Ambiente https://sniamb.apambiente.pt/content/geo-visualizador?language=pt-pt, (n.d.) 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RESULTS, pp. 1-7. , http://hdl.handle.net/1822/31403, GBCe - Green Building Council España Barcelona; Morton, T., Earth Masonry – Design and Construction Guidelines (2008), HIS BRE Press Berkshire; Desogus, G., Di Benedetto, S., Ricciu, R., The use of adaptive thermal comfort models to evaluate the summer performance of a Mediterranean earth building (2015) Energy Build., 104, pp. 350-359; Grey, C.N.B., Schmieder-Gaite, T., Jiang, S., Nascimento, C., Poortinga, W., Cold homes, fuel poverty and energy efficiency improvements: a longitudinal focus group approach (2017) Indoor Built Environ., 26, pp. 902-913; Atanasiu, B., Kontonasiou, E., Mariottini, F., Alleviating Fuel Poverty in the EU: Investing in Home Renovation, A Sustainable and Inclusive Solution (2014), http://bpie.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Alleviating-fuel-poverty.pdf, Brussels (Accessed 4 December 2018); OECD/IEA, The Future of Cooling: Opportunities for Energy-Efficient Air Conditioning (2018), http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/The_Future_of_Cooling.pdf; Verbeke, S., Audenaert, A., Thermal inertia in buildings: a review of impacts across climate and building use (2018) Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 82, pp. 2300-2318","Fernandes, J.; CTAC, Campus de Azurém, Portugal; email: jepfernandes@me.com",,,"Elsevier Ltd",,,,,09601481,,,,"English","Renew. Energy",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85065047400
"Giuffrida G., Caponetto R., Nocera F.","57210415631;57207795854;7004439906;","Hygrothermal properties of raw earth materials: A literature review",2019,"Sustainability (Switzerland)","11","19","5342","","",,39,"10.3390/su11195342","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85073441806&doi=10.3390%2fsu11195342&partnerID=40&md5=bb437c2ffb318b1a4ecc5e30500d1f17","Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, 64 Santa Sofia Street, Catania, 95125, Italy","Giuffrida, G., Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, 64 Santa Sofia Street, Catania, 95125, Italy; Caponetto, R., Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, 64 Santa Sofia Street, Catania, 95125, Italy; Nocera, F., Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, 64 Santa Sofia Street, Catania, 95125, Italy","Raw earth historic and contemporary architectures are renowned for their good environmental properties of recyclability and low embodied energy along the production process. Earth massive walls are universally known to be able to regulate indoor thermal and hygroscopic conditions containing energy consumptions, creating comfortable interior spaces with a low carbon footprint. Therefore, earth buildings are de facto green buildings. As a result of this, some earthen technologies have been rediscovered and implemented to be adapted to the contemporary building production sector. Nevertheless, the diffusion of contemporary earthen architecture is decelerated by the lack of broadly accepted standards on its anti-seismic and thermal performance. Indeed, the former issue has been solved using high-tensile materials inside the walls or surface reinforcements on their sides to improve their flexural strength. The latter issue is related to the penalization of earth walls thermal behavior in current regulations, which tent to evaluate only the steady-state performance of building components, neglecting the benefit of heat storage and hygrothermal buffering effect provided by massive and porous envelopes as raw earth ones. In this paper, we show the results of a paper review concerning the hygrothermal performance of earthen materials for contemporary housing: great attention is given to the base materials which are used (inorganic soils, natural fibers, and mineral or recycled aggregates, chemical stabilizers), manufacturing procedures (when described), performed tests and final performances. Different earth techniques (adobe, cob, extruded bricks, rammed earth, compressed earth blocks, light earth) have been considered in order to highlight that earth material can act both as a conductive and insulating meterial depending on how it is implemented, adapting to several climate contests. The paper aims to summarize current progress in the improvement of thermal performance of raw earth traditional mixes, discuss the suitability of existing measurement protocols for hygroscopic and natural materials and provide guidance for further researches. © 2019 by the authors.","Green buildings; Hygrothermal characterization; Raw earth constructions; Sustainable architecture","building; carbon footprint; construction material; hygroscopicity; literature review; recycling; sheet piled wall; wall",,,,,"Università di Catania, UNICT; Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, BUCEA","Funding: This work has been financed by the University of Catania within the project “Piano della Ricerca Dipartimentale 2016–2018” of the “Civil Engineering and Architecture Department”.","This work has been financed by the University of Catania within the project ""Piano della Ricerca Dipartimentale 2016-2018"" of the ""Civil Engineering and Architecture Department"".",,,,,,,,,"(2018) 2018 Global Status Report towards a Zero-Emission, Efficient and Resilient Buildings and Construction Sector, Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction (GlobalABC), , IEA: Paris, France; Houben, H., Guillaud, H., (2006) CRATerre: Traité de Construction en Terre, , éditions Parenthèses: Marseille, France; Minke, G., (2006) Building with Earth: Design and Technology of a Sustainable Architecture, , Birkhäuser: Berlin, Germany; Maniatidis, V., Walker, P., (2003) A Review of Rammed Earth Construction, , Natural Building Technology Group Department of Architecture Civil Engineering University of Bath: Bath, UK; Rauch, M., (2015) Refined Earth Construction Design with Rammed Earth, , Kapfinger, O., Sauer, M., Eds.; Detail: Munich, Germany; (2017) Diseño y Construccion con Tierra Reforzada 2017, , Ministerio de Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento: Lima, Peru; New Zealand Standard 4298:1998 (1998) Materials and Workmanship for Earth Buildings 1998, , Standards New Zealand: Wellington, New Zealand; Burroughs, S., Recommendations for the selection, stabilization and compaction of soil for rammed earth wall construction (2010) J. 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Energy, 141, pp. 70-80; Cobreros, C., Reyes-Araiza, J.L., Manzano-Ramírez, A., Paneles Prefabricados Termo-Acústicos a Partir de Paja de Cereal Y Tierra Estabilizada (2018) Proceedings of the SIACOT 2018 Tierra, , Cultura, Hábitat Resiliente y Desarollo Sostenible, 18 Seminário Iberoamericano de Arquitecture y Construcción con Tierra, La Antigua, Guatemala, 22-25 October; Stone, C., Katunsky, D., Dynamic Thermal Properties of Uninsulated Rammed Earth Envelopes (2015) Int. J. Eng. Inf. Sci, 10, pp. 103-112; Goodhew, S., Griffiths, R., Sustainable earth walls to meet the building regulations (2005) Energy Build, 37, pp. 451-459; Saussaye, L., Boutouil, M., Baraud, F., Leleyter, L., Influence of anions on the geotechnical properties of soils treated with hydraulic binders: Individual and coupling effects (2014) Constr. Build. Mater, 65, pp. 303-309; Costanzo, V., Evola, G., Marletta, L., Nocera, F., The effectiveness of phase change materials in relation to summer thermal comfort in air-conditioned office buildings (2018) Build. Simul, 11, pp. 1145-1161; Beckett, C.T.S., Cardell-Oliver, R., Ciancio, D., Huebner, C., Measured and simulated thermal behaviour in rammed earth houses in a hot-arid climate. Part A: Structural behavior (2018) J. Build. Eng, 15, pp. 243-251","Giada, G.; Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 64 Santa Sofia Street, Italy; email: giada.giuffrida@unict.it",,,"MDPI",,,,,20711050,,,,"English","Sustainability",Review,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85073441806
"Beckett C.T.S., Jaquin P.A., Morel J.-C.","37123496700;23566529100;15923548500;","Weathering the storm: A framework to assess the resistance of earthen structures to water damage",2020,"Construction and Building Materials","242",,"118098","","",,35,"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118098","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85078564571&doi=10.1016%2fj.conbuildmat.2020.118098&partnerID=40&md5=dc1830c43f48d32ce7a2fdc6188fa7df","Institute of Infrastructure and Environment, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Buildings and Structures at WSP in Australia & New Zealand, New Zealand; Faculty Research Centre for Built & Natural Environment, Coventry University, United Kingdom","Beckett, C.T.S., Institute of Infrastructure and Environment, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Jaquin, P.A., Buildings and Structures at WSP in Australia & New Zealand, New Zealand; Morel, J.-C., Faculty Research Centre for Built & Natural Environment, Coventry University, United Kingdom","Earth building is experiencing a renaissance due to the emerging recognition of the damage the construction industry is doing to the global environment. Research over the past three decades has identified the hygroscopic nature of these materials, and our understanding of the factors governing their hydromechanical properties is now mature. However, little work has been done to unify methods to assess material durability: namely, how exposure to degrading agents, predominantly water, impacts a structure's service life. Although strength is usually of primary concern to engineers, it is undeniable that earthen structures usually fail due to durability, rather than strength, issues. As earthen architecture and demands made of the material become more ambitious, the need for robust guidelines on how to predict the longevity of these structures becomes paramount. This paper presents a framework for assessing the durability of earthen materials based on perceived routes of exposure to water. The framework is built upon the findings of a review of nearly 60 articles discussing original durability testing programmes, comprising 118 investigations and almost 700 soil and stabiliser combinations. From these works, 12 assessment methodologies were identified, encompassing a range of earthen construction techniques, e.g. mud brick, compressed earth blocks and rammed earth. Each method is described and its suitability for assessing the real world durability of a range of earthen construction techniques appraised. From this, the efficacy of each test was determined and a shortlist of suitable tests created. The derived framework provides assessors with a method to determine likely exposure routes for an earthen construction element (e.g. an internal or external wall) and, from the shortlisted methods, to specify the range of tests necessary to ensure suitable durability given the construction and environmental conditions. This work forms part of the update to the Standards Australia Earth Building Handbook: SA HB 195. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd","Durability; Earthen construction; Moisture; Review; Testing","Condition monitoring; Construction industry; Flood damage; Moisture; Reviews; Soil testing; Testing; Assessment methodologies; Compressed earth blocks; Durability testing; Earthen architectures; Earthen constructions; Environmental conditions; Global environment; Material durability; Durability",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"(2008), AENOR, UNE 41410: Compressed earth blocks for walls—Definitions, specifications and testing methods; Aguilar, R., Nakamatsu, J., Ramírez, E., Elgegren, M., Ayarza, J., Kim, S., Pando, M.A., Ortega-San-Martin, L., The potential use of chitosan as a biopolymer additive for enhanced mechanical properties and water resistance of earthen construction (2016) Constr. Build. Mater., 114, pp. 625-637; Alam, I., Naseer, A., Shah, A.A., Economical stabilization of clay for earth buildings construction in rainy and flood prone areas (2015) Constr. Build. Mater., 77, pp. 154-159; Araiza, J.L.R., Manzano-Ramírez, A., Vorobiev, Y., Bueno, J.D.J.P., Unfired bricks made of clay-gypsum: mechanical and thermal properties (2009) Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Non-Conventional Materials and Technologies (NOCMAT), , Bath University; Arrigoni, A., Beckett, C.T.S., Ciancio, D., Dotelli, G., Life cycle analysis of environmental impact vs. durability of stabilised rammed earth (2017) Constr. Build. Mater., 142, pp. 128-136; Arrigoni, A., Pelosato, R., Dotelli, G., Beckett, C.T.S., Ciancio, D., Weathering's beneficial effect on waste-stabilised rammed earth: a chemical and microstructural investigation (2017) Constr. Build. Mater., 140, pp. 157-166; Ashour, T., Wu, W., The influence of natural reinforcement fibers on erosion properties of earth plaster materials for straw bale buildings (2010) J. Build. Appraisal 5, 44, pp. 329-340; (1996), ASTM, ASTM D559-96. Standard test methods for wetting and drying compacted soil-cement mixtures; Bahar, R., Benazzoug, M., Kenai, S., Performance of compacted cement-stabilised soil (2004) Cem. Concr. Compos., 26 (7), pp. 811-820; Beckett, C.T.S., Augarde, C.E., Easton, D., Easton, T., Strength characterisation of soil-based construction materials (2018) Géotechnique, 65 (5), pp. 400-409; Beckett, C.T.S., Cardell-Oliver, R., Ciancio, D., Huebner, C., Measured and simulated thermal behaviour in rammed earth houses in a hot-arid climate. Part A: Structural behaviour (2018) J. Build. Eng., 15, pp. 243-251; Beckett, C.T.S., Ciancio, D., Effect of compaction water content on the strength of cement-stabilised rammed earth materials (2014) Can. Geotech. 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Mater., 18 (4), pp. 269-280; Hall, M., Djerbib, Y., Moisture ingress in rammed earth: Part 2 – the effect of soil particle-size distribution on the absorption of static pressure-driven water (2006) Constr. Build. Mater., 20 (6), pp. 374-383; Hall, M.R., Assessing the environmental performance of stabilised rammed earth walls using a climatic simulation chamber (2007) Build. Environ., 42 (1), pp. 139-145; Hall, M.R., Lindsay, R., Krayenhoff, M., (2012) Modern Earth Buildings, , first ed. Woodhead Publishing Cambridge, UK; Heathcote, K., Durability of earthwall buildings (1995) Constr. Build. Mater., 9, pp. 185-189; Heathcote, K., An investigation into the erodibility of earth wall units (2002), (Ph.D. thesis) University of Technology Sydney; Heathcote, K., Moor, G., The UTS durability test for earth wall construction (2007) Earth Building Research Forum Publications, pp. 1-13. , University of Technology Sydney; Jaquin, P.A., Modern earth buildings (2012) Ch. 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Struct., 47, pp. 1633-1645; Vilane, B.R.T., Assessment of stabilisation of adobes by confined compression tests (2010) Biosyst. Eng., 106 (4), pp. 551-558; Walker, P.J., Strength, durability and shrinkage characteristics of cement stabilised soil blocks (1995) Cem. Concr. Compos., 17, pp. 301-310; Walker, P.J., Strength and erosion characteristics of earth blocks and earth block masonry (2004) J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 16 (5), pp. 497-506; Walker, P.J., (2002), Standards Australia, HB 195: The Australian Earth Building Handbook; Xu, L., Wong, K.K., Fabbri, A., Champire, F., Branque, D., Loading-unloading shear behavior of rammed earth upon varying clay content and relative humidity conditions (2018) Soils Found., 58, pp. 1001-1015","Beckett, C.T.S.; Institute of Infrastructure and Environment, United Kingdom; email: christopher.beckett@ed.ac.uk",,,"Elsevier Ltd",,,,,09500618,,CBUME,,"English","Constr Build Mater",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85078564571
"Meisenberg O., Mishra R., Joshi M., Gierl S., Rout R., Guo L., Agarwal T., Kanse S., Irlinger J., Sapra B.K., Tschiersch J.","24577328900;57418533600;7202602212;56045404400;56365896500;37004287300;22333638200;37074816100;56047322500;9246103400;7003292764;","Radon and thoron inhalation doses in dwellings with earthen architecture: Comparison of measurement methods",2017,"Science of the Total Environment","579",,,"1855","1862",,31,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.170","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85027926703&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2016.11.170&partnerID=40&md5=eaef1006d91b15c84ffb3c1078ede088","Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Mumbai, 400 085, India; Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany; State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, China; ENVINET GmbH, Haar, 85540, Germany","Meisenberg, O., Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany, Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany; Mishra, R., Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Mumbai, 400 085, India; Joshi, M., Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Mumbai, 400 085, India; Gierl, S., Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany; Rout, R., Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Mumbai, 400 085, India; Guo, L., Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany, State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, China; Agarwal, T., Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Mumbai, 400 085, India; Kanse, S., Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Mumbai, 400 085, India; Irlinger, J., Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany, ENVINET GmbH, Haar, 85540, Germany; Sapra, B.K., Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Mumbai, 400 085, India; Tschiersch, J., Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany","The radioactive noble gas radon (222Rn) and its decay products have been considered a health risk in the indoor environment for many years because of their contribution to the radiation dose of the lungs. The radioisotope thoron (220Rn) and its decay products came into focus of being a health risk only recently. The reason for this is its short half-life, so only building material can become a significant source for indoor thoron. In this study, dwellings with earthen architecture were investigated with different independent measurement techniques in order to determine appropriate methods for reliable dose assessment of the dwellers. While for radon dose assessment, radon gas measurement and the assumption of a common indoor equilibrium factor often are sufficient, thoron gas has proven to be an unreliable surrogate for a direct measurement of thoron decay products. Active/time-resolved but also passive/integrating measurements of the total concentration of thoron decay products demonstrated being precise and efficient methods for determining the exposure and inhalation dose from thoron and its decay products. Exhalation rate measurements are a useful method for a rough dose estimate only if the exhalation rate is homogeneous throughout the house. Before the construction of a building in-vitro exhalation rate measurements on the building material can yield information about the exposure that is to be expected. Determining the unattached fraction of radon decay products and even more of thoron decay products leads to only a slightly better precision; this confirms the relative unimportance of the unattached thoron decay products due to their low concentration. The results of this study thereby give advice on the proper measurement method in similar exposure situations. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.","Clay dwelling; Indoor exposure; Inhalation dose assessment; Measurement method; Radon; Thoron","Building materials; Buildings; Health risks; Housing; Inert gases; Comparison of measurements; Earthen architectures; Independent measurement; Indoor exposure; Inhalation dose; Measurement methods; Radioactive noble gas; Thoron; Radon; radon 220; radon 222; radon 222 daughter; radon; radon daughter; clay; concentration (composition); health risk; indoor air; measurement method; radon isotope; Article; building material; construction work; controlled study; dosimetry; health hazard; housing; priority journal; radiation dose; radiation exposure; air pollutant; analysis; architecture; environmental exposure; exposure; half life time; housing; indoor air pollution; procedures; radiation monitoring; statistics and numerical data; Air Pollutants, Radioactive; Air Pollution, Indoor; Architecture; Environmental Exposure; Half-Life; Housing; Inhalation Exposure; Radiation Monitoring; Radon; Radon Daughters",,"radon 220, 22481-48-7; radon 222, 14859-67-7; radon, 10043-92-2; Air Pollutants, Radioactive; Radon; Radon Daughters",,,"Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF: 01DQ12032, 02NUK15B; Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz, STMUV: 96f-U8816.06-2009/3-10","The study was supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Germany (contract 01DQ12032 and 02NUK15B) and by the Bavarian State Ministry of the Environment and Consumer Protection (96f-U8816.06-2009/3-10). Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors.",,,,,,,,,,"Bi, L., Li, W.B., Tschiersch, J., Li, J.L., Age and sex dependent inhalation doses to members of the public from indoor thoron progeny (2010) J. Radiol. Prot., 30, pp. 639-658; Brudecki, K., Li, W.B., Meisenberg, O., Tschiersch, J., Hoeschen, C., Oeh, U., Age-dependent inhalation doses to members of the public from indoor short-lived radon progeny (2014) Radiat. Environ. Biophys., 53, pp. 535-549; Chen, J., Moir, D., Sorimachi, A., Janik, M., Tokonami, S., Determination of thoron equilibrium factor from simultaneous long-term thoron and its progeny measurements (2012) Radiat. Prot. Dosim., 149, pp. 155-158; Chen, J., Moir, D., Sorimachi, A., Tokonami, S., Characteristics of thoron and thoron progeny in Canadian homes (2011) Radiat. Environ. 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Environ. Radioact., 162-163, pp. 371-378; Prasad, M., Rawat, M., Dangwal, A., Kandari, T., Gusain, G.S., Mishra, R., Ramola, R.C., Variability of radon and thoron equilibrium factors in indoor environment of Garhwal Himalaya (2016) J. Environ. Radioact., 151, pp. 238-243; Ramola, R.C., Gusain, G.S., Rautela, B.S., Sagar, D.V., Prasad, G., Shahoo, S.K., Ishikawa, T., Tokonami, S., Levels of thoron and progeny in high background radiation area of southeastern coast of Odisha (2012) India. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry, 152 (1-3), pp. 62-65; Sahoo, B.K., Sapra, B.K., Kanse, S.D., Gaware, J.J., Mayya, Y.S., A new pin-hole discriminated 222Rn/220Rn passive measurement device with single entry face (2013) Radiat. Meas., 58, pp. 52-60; Schery, S.D., Whittlestone, S., Hart, K.P., Hill, S.E., The flux of radon and thoron from Australian soils (1989) J. Geophys. Res., 94, pp. 8567-8576; Shang, B., Chen, B., Gao, Y., Wang, Y.W., Cui, H.X., Li, Z., Thoron levels in traditional Chinese residential dwellings (2005) Radiat. Environ. Biophys., 44, pp. 193-199; Shang, B., Tschiersch, J., Cui, H., Xia, Y., Radon survey in dwellings of Gansu, China: the influence of thoron and an attempt for correction (2008) Radiat. Environ. Biophys., 47, pp. 367-373; Singh, P., Saini, K., Mishra, R., Sahoo, B.K., Bajwa, B.S., Attached, unattached fraction of progeny concentrations and equilibrium factor for dose assessments from 222Rn and 220Rn (2016) Radiat. Environ. Biophys., 55, pp. 401-410; Sreenath Reddy, M., Yadagiri Reddy, P., Rama Reddy, K., Eappen, K.P., Ramachandran, T.V., Mayya, Y.S., Thoron levels in the dwellings or Hyderabad city, Andhra Pradesh (2004) India. J. Environ. Radioact., 73, pp. 21-28; Steinhäusler, F., Environmental 220Rn: a review (1996) Environ. 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Total Environ., 409, pp. 3613-3619; WHO, WHO Handbook on Indoor Radon: a Public Health Perspective (2009), pp. 1-94. , World Health Organization (WHO, Eds. H. Zeeb, F. Shannoun); Wiegand, J., Feige, S., Quingling, X., Schreiber, U., Wieditz, K., Wittmann, C., Xiarong, L., Radon and thoron in cave dwellings (Yan'an, China) (2000) Health Phys., 78, pp. 438-444; Yamada, Y., Sun, Q., Tokonami, S., Akiba, S., Zhuo, W., Hou, C., Zhang, S., Yonehara, H., Radon-thoron discriminative measurements in Gansu Province, China, and their implication for dose estimates (2006) J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A, 69, pp. 723-739; Yonehara, H., Tokonami, S., Zhuo, W., Ishikawa, T., Fukutsu, K., Yamada, Y., Thoron in the living environments of Japan (2005) High Levels of Natural Radiation and Radon Areas: Radiation Dose and Health Effects, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on High Levels of Natural Radiation and Radon Areas, International Congress Series 1276, pp. 58-61; Zhuo, W., Iida, T., Estimation of thoron progeny concentrations in dwellings with their deposition rate measurements (2000) Journal of Health Physics, 35, pp. 365-370","Tschiersch, J.; Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Germany; email: tschiersch@helmholtz-muenchen.de",,,"Elsevier B.V.",,,,,00489697,,STEVA,"27939079","English","Sci. Total Environ.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85027926703
"Lercari N.","55548350300;","Monitoring earthen archaeological heritage using multi-temporal terrestrial laser scanning and surface change detection",2019,"Journal of Cultural Heritage","39",,,"152","165",,30,"10.1016/j.culher.2019.04.005","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85065412221&doi=10.1016%2fj.culher.2019.04.005&partnerID=40&md5=101bd55c74cb6648842d0a2faad9d2f0","Department of Anthropology and Heritage Studies, University of California, Merced, United States","Lercari, N., Department of Anthropology and Heritage Studies, University of California, Merced, United States","Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is a three-dimensional survey technique proven successful for in-field stratigraphic and site-wide documentation or damage assessment of archaeological heritage. This study explores the potential utility of TLS and the Multiscale Model to Model Cloud Comparison (M3C2) surface change detection method for monitoring and preserving ancient earthen architecture, and for creating comprehensive site monitoring programs in compliance with UNESCO periodic reporting guidelines. The proposed methodology was tested using 3-D TLS datasets spanning a period of six years to assess the decay of mud brick structures at Çatalhöyük, Turkey in order to understand material loss in walls and buildings, identify potential underlying causes, and create a plan for physical interventions. This paper explains how a multi-temporal laser scanning workflow using the M3C2 method can be leveraged successfully to quantify – with millimeter-level accuracy – the decay of large earthen sites and inform future conservation interventions. This approach allows for the identification of the wall features with the most immediate risk of deterioration based on the detection of patterns of change and calculation of its significance as a preventative measure. Results presented in this paper suggest that the proposed method can be used effectively to enhance site monitoring and perform preventative on-site interventions at large earthen sites earthen sites in the Middle East, Africa, Europe, and the Americas. © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS","Earthen architecture conservation; Multiscale Model to Model Cloud Comparison (M3C2); Surface change detection; Terrestrial laser scanning; Çatalhöyük",,,,,,"CA-16-376911","This work was supported by an Archaeological Institute of America Site Preservation Grant and by a University of California President's Catalyst Research Award (Grant ID: CA-16-376911). Funding sources had no involvement in the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, nor in the decision to submit the article for publication.",,,,,,,,,,"Andrews, D.D., Bedford, J., Papworth, H., English Heritage (2009) Measured and drawn: techniques and practice for the metric survey of historic buildings, , English Heritage Swindon; Mills, J., Andrews, D., 3D laser scanning for heritage: advice and guidance to users on laser scanning in archaeology and architecture (2011), 2nd ed. Historic England Publishing Swindon; Bornaz, L., Rinaudo, F., Ardissone, P., 3D high accuracy survey and modelling for cultural heritage documentation and restoration, in: Future Technologies to Empower Heritage Professionals. Presented at the Vast 2007 (2007), pp. 19-23. , Archaeolingua Hun Brighton; De Reu, J., De Smedt, P., Herremans, D., Van Meirvenne, M., Laloo, P., De Clercq, W., On introducing an image-based 3D reconstruction method in archaeological excavation practice (2014) J. 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Marciniak Routledge New York; Forte, M., Dell'Unto, N., Issavi, J., Onsurez, L., Lercari, N., 3D archaeology at Çatalhöyük (2012) Int. J. Herit. Digit. Era, 1, pp. 351-378; Landeschi, G., Dell'Unto, N., Lundqvist, K., Ferdani, D., Campanaro, D.M., Leander Touati, A.-M., 3D-GIS as a platform for visual analysis: investigating a Pompeian house (2016) J. Archaeol. Sci., 65, pp. 103-113; Levy, T.E., Cyber-archaeology and world cultural heritage: insights from the Holy Land (2013) Bull. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 66, pp. 26-33; Lezzerini, M., Antonelli, F., Columbu, S., Gadducci, R., Marradi, A., Miriello, D., Parodi, L., Lazzeri, A., Cultural heritage documentation and conservation: three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning and geographical information system (GIS) techniques for thematic mapping of facade stonework of St. Nicholas Church (Pisa, Italy) (2016) Int. J. Archit. 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Geol., 105, pp. 124-133; Lingle, A., Lercari, N., Campiani, A., Murakami, K., Terrestrial Laser Scanning and Conservation of at-risk World Heritage, in: Society for American Archaeology (2018), Washington, DC; Lercari, N., Terrestrial Laser Scanning in the Age of Sensing (2016) Digital Methods and Remote Sensing in Archaeology, Quantitative Methods in the Humanities and Social Sciences., pp. 3-33. , M Forte S Campana Springer International Publishing; Galeazzi, F., Towards the definition of best 3D practices in archaeology: Assessing 3D documentation techniques for intra-site data recording (2016) J. Cult. Herit., 17, pp. 159-169; Fassi, F., Fregonese, L., Ackermann, S., De Troia, V., Comparison Between Laser Scanning and Automated 3d Modelling Techniques to Reconstruct Complex and Extensive Cultural Heritage Areas (2013) ISPRS, XL-5/W1, pp. 73-80; Spring, A.P., Peters, C., Minns, T., Using mid-range laser scanners to digitize cultural-heritage sites (2010) IEEE Comput. Graph. 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URL https://www.cloudcompare.org/doc/wiki/index.php?title=M3C2_(plugin), (accessed 9.11.18). M3C2 (plugin) - CloudCompareWiki [; Campiani, A., Lercari, N., Lingle, A.M., Dahabra, M., Dueñas García, M., García, E., Yang, T., Reps, C., (2018) Data from: Spatial Analysis and Heritage Conservation: Leveraging 3-D Data and GIS for Monitoring Çatalhöyük Earthen Architecture; Hoppe, H., DeRose, T., Duchamp, T., McDonald, J., Stuetzle, W., (1992) Surface Reconstruction from Unorganized Points, in: Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, SIGGRAPH’ 92, pp. 71-78. , ACM, New York, NY, USA; Dahabra, M., Reps, C., Aboulhosn, J., (2018), WWW Document]. URL https://github.com/hivelab1/MaterialLoss, (accessed 10.13.18). M3C2 Material Loss Calculation for MATLAB [; Campiani, A., Lingle, A.M., Lercari, N., Spatial analysis and heritage conservation: leveraging 3-D data and GIS for monitoring earthen architecture (2019) J. Cult. Herit., p. 36; Campiani, A., Lercari, N., Lingle, A., Analytical Models for At-Risk Heritage Conservation and 3D GIS (2018) Symposium: At-Risk World Heritage and the Digital Humanities. Presented at the SAA 83th Annual Meeting, Society for American Archaeology, , Washington, DC","Lercari, N.5200 North Lake Road, United States; email: nlercari@ucmerced.edu",,,"Elsevier Masson SAS",,,,,12962074,,,,"English","J. Cult. Heritage",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85065412221
"Varum H., Costa A., Fonseca J., Furtado A.","23135674700;16400960500;56651788400;56660421200;","Behaviour Characterization and Rehabilitation of Adobe Construction",2015,"Procedia Engineering","114",,,"714","721",,28,"10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84946090283&doi=10.1016%2fj.proeng.2015.08.015&partnerID=40&md5=b2b1f29530d2f2f5b8771a645f76199e","CONSTRUCT-LESE, Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, Portugal; University of Aveiro, Department of Civil Engineering, Portugal","Varum, H., CONSTRUCT-LESE, Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, Portugal; Costa, A., University of Aveiro, Department of Civil Engineering, Portugal; Fonseca, J., University of Aveiro, Department of Civil Engineering, Portugal; Furtado, A., CONSTRUCT-LESE, Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, Portugal","Earth construction is one of the oldest and most widespread construction system. Around 30% of world population lives in earth buildings. About 50% of population in developing countries, including the majority of rural areas, and at least 20% of urban and marginal urban areas, lives in earth buildings. The main general objectives of this study are the behaviour characterisation of adobe and rammed earth constructions along with the research for the development of retrofitting and seismic performance enhancement solutions, considering the relevant earthen heritage built in Portugal. In fact, until the first half of the last century, earth was commonly adopted as a construction material in Portugal. Adobe was used in almost all types of construction in littoral centre, particularly in Aveiro region. The consolidation of the knowledge on this technique and on the mechanical behaviour of adobe masonry will play a fundamental role on the preservation of the earthen built heritage. In addition, it may contribute to the development of innovative earth construction solutions for new buildings, following current concerns but also respecting structural safety demands, which will allow accommodating the increasing interest on this type of building solutions. The mechanical properties of adobe units and mortars were studied and a series of tests for the characterization of the adobe masonry behaviour were carried out, in the Department of Civil Engineering of the University of Aveiro, namely: (i) bond strength and (ii) joint shear tests. Additionally, a full-scale adobe building model was subjected to monotonic and cyclic horizontal lateral loads until failure. The present paper present the main results and conclusions of the experimental campaign developed. © 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","Adobe masonry; Mechanical characterization; structural behaviour characterization","Building materials; Buildings; Developing countries; Masonry materials; Structural integrity; Adobe masonry; Behaviour characterization; Construction systems; Experimental campaign; Mechanical behaviour; Mechanical characterizations; Seismic Performance; Structural behaviour; Characterization",,,,,"Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, FCT","The work presented was developed within the Be+Earth project, with reference PTDC/ECM-EST/2396/2012, funded by the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Portugal. The collaboration of the engineers Rodrigo Carvalho and Bruno Lobo is acknowledged in the preparation and development of the tests on the adobe model.",,,,,,,,,,"Claude, S., Varum, H., Costa, A., Lobo, B., Contribution to the mechanical characterization of adobe masonry walls (2013) CIAV 2013-7°ATP, Versus, International Conference: Vernacular Heritage & Earthen Architecture, , Vila Nova de Cerveira, Portugal; Velosa, A., Varum, H., Adequacy of mortars for adobe building renders (2013) CIAV 2013-7°ATP, Versus, International Conference -Vernacular Heritage & Earthen Architecture, , Vila Nova de Cerveira, Portugal; Silveira, D., Varum, H., Costa, A., Influence of the testing procedures in the mechanical characterization of adobe bricks (2013) Construction and Building Materials, 40; Silveira, D., Varum, H., Costa, A., Martins, T., Pereira, H., Almeida, J., Mechanical properties of adobe bricks in ancient constructions (2012) Construction and Building Materials, 28; Figueiredo, A., Varum, H., Costa, A., Silveira, D., Oliveira, C., Seismic retrofitting solution of an adobe masonry wall (2013) Materials and Structures, 46; (1998) EN 1052-1 Methods of Test for Masonry, p. 8. , CEN Part 1: Determination of compressive strenght vol. EN 1052-1; RILEM Technical Recommendations for the testing and use of construction materials (1991) LUMB6 - Diagonal Tensile Strength Tests of Small Wall Specimens, , RILEM TC 76 - LUM, ed; (1999) BS EN1052-2: 1999 Methods of Test for Masonry, p. 14. , CEN Part 2: Determination of flexural strength, ed; (1991) RILEM Technical Recommendations for the Testing and Use of Construction Ma Terials, , RILEM LUMB 3 - Bond strength of masonry using the bond wrench method, TC76-LUM, ed; (1991) RILEM Technical Recommendations for the Testing and Use of Construction Materials, , RILEM LUMB5 - Short-term shear test for the interface between the masonry unit and mortar or moisture-insulating interlayer, TC 76 - LUM, ed; Saadatmanesh, H., Ehsani, M., Jin, L., Repair of earthquake-damaged RC columns with FRP wraps (1997) ACI Structural Journal, 94, pp. 206-214; (2002) EN 1052-3: 2002 - Methods of Test for Masonry"" in Part 3: Determination of Initial Shear Strength, p. 18. , CEN ed: European Committee for Standardization, Brussels; Pavía, S., Hanley, R., Flexural bond strength of natural hydraulic lime mortar and clay brick Materials and Structures, 43, pp. 913-922. , 2010/08/01 2010; (2005) EN 1052-5: Methods of Test for Masonry, , CEN Part 5: Determination of bond strength by the bond wrench method, ed; Venu Madhava Rao, K., Venkatarama Reddy, B.V., Jagadish, K.S., Flexural bond strength of masonry using various blocks and mortars Materials and Structures, 29, pp. 119-124. , 1996/03/01 1996; (1998) EN 1996-1-1: Design of Masonry Structures, , CEN Part 1-1: General rules for buildings - rules for reinforced and unreinforced masonry, ed; Mazzotti, C., Sassoni, E., Pagliai, G., Determination of shear strength of historic masonries by moderately destructive testing of masonry cores (2014) Construction and Building Materials, 54, pp. 421-431; Zimmermann, T., Strauss, A., Bergmeister, K., Structural behavior of low- and normal-strength interface mortar of masonry (2011) Materials and Structures, 45, pp. 829-839; Hendry, A.W., (1990) Structural Masonry, , London; 1990; Jonaitis, B., Analysis of the shear and flexural behaviour of masonry with hollow calcium silicate blocks (2009) Engineering Structures, 31, pp. 827-833","Varum, H.; CONSTRUCT-LESE, Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of PortoPortugal","Tavares P.J.Moreira P.M.G.P.","","Elsevier Ltd","1st International Conference on Structural Integrity, ICSI 2015","1 September 2014 through 4 September 2014",,,18777058,,,,"English","Procedia Eng.",Conference Paper,"Final","All Open Access, Bronze",Scopus,2-s2.0-84946090283
"Campiani A., Lingle A., Lercari N.","57207849455;57205406853;55548350300;","Spatial analysis and heritage conservation: Leveraging 3-D data and GIS for monitoring earthen architecture",2019,"Journal of Cultural Heritage","39",,,"166","176",,27,"10.1016/j.culher.2019.02.011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063262024&doi=10.1016%2fj.culher.2019.02.011&partnerID=40&md5=2415ee5a317926e26651a11dd33aa213","Department of Anthropology and Heritage Studies, University of California, Merced, United States; School of History, Archaeology and Religion, Cardiff University, John Percival Building, Colum Drive, Cardiff, CF10 3EU, United Kingdom","Campiani, A., Department of Anthropology and Heritage Studies, University of California, Merced, United States; Lingle, A., School of History, Archaeology and Religion, Cardiff University, John Percival Building, Colum Drive, Cardiff, CF10 3EU, United Kingdom; Lercari, N., Department of Anthropology and Heritage Studies, University of California, Merced, United States","This paper discusses new advances in heritage site monitoring using a geo-spatial method for assessing the state of preservation of earthen architecture overtime as a preventive conservation measure. The proposed method leverages a comprehensive (quantitative–qualitative) approach that gathers multi-temporal data including environmental information collected by means of environmental loggers, qualitative vulnerability assessment of mud-brick walls, and surface change detection information obtained by comparing terrestrial laser scanning point cloud capturing the decay of building's wall features over time. Producing a detailed spatial understanding of the conservation issues that affect mud-brick walls in large earthen sites, this method can be used by conservators to rapidly identify which buildings require immediate intervention and lay the basis for future evaluation of the conservation actions undertaken. To test the effectiveness of the proposed geospatial model in producing a comprehensive view of the environmental risk and pattern of decay that affect mudbrick structures, this paper presents analyses and results obtained in a six-year study at Çatalhöyük, Turkey. Our results corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed method and prove that it can be successfully employed to create preventive conservation measures at other earthen sites inside and outside the Near East. © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS","Digital monitoring; Earthen architecture conservation; environmental risk; GIS; Point clouds comparison; Çatalhöyük",,,,,,"CA-16-376911","This work was supported by an Archaeological Institute of America Site Preservation Grant and by a University of California President's Catalyst Research Award (Grant ID: CA-16-376911).",,,,,,,,,,"Matero, F., Mud brick metaphysics and the preservation of earthen ruins (2015) Conserv. Manage. Archaeol. Sites, 17 (3), pp. 209-223; Cancino, C.N., Recording and Documentation of Earthen Architecture (2008) Terra Literature Review: An Overview of Research in Earthen Architecture Conservation, pp. 32-44. , E. Avrami H. Guillaud M. Hardy The Getty Conservation Institute Los Angeles; Friesem, D., Boaretto, E., Eliyahu Behar, A., Shahack-Gross, R., Degradation of mud brick houses in an arid environment: a geoarchaeological model (2011) J. Archaeol. Sci., 38, pp. 1135-1147; Rainer, L., Deterioration and Pathology of Earthen Architecture (2008) Terra Literature Review: An Overview of Research in Earthen Architecture Conservation, pp. 45-61. , The Getty Conservation Institute Los Angeles; Uviña Contreras, F., Adobe architecture conservation handbook (1998); Matero, F., Moss, E., Temporary site protection for earthen walls and murals at Çatalhöyük, Turkey (2004) Conserv. Manage. Archaeol. Sites, 6 (3-4), pp. 213-227; Bornaz, L., Rinaudo, F., Ardissone, P., 3D High accuracy survey and modelling for Cultural Heritage Documentation and Restoration,” in Future technologies to empower heritage professionals (2007) Brighton, pp. 19-23; De Reu, J., De Smedt, P., Herremans, D., Van Meirvenne, M., Laloo, P., De Clercq, W., On introducing an image-based 3D reconstruction method in archaeological excavation practice (2014) J. Archaeol. Sci., 41, pp. 251-262; De Reu, J., Towards a three-dimensional cost-effective registration of the archaeological heritage (2013) J. Archaeol. Sci., 40 (2), pp. 1108-1121; Levy, T.E., Cyber-Archaeology and World Cultural Heritage: Insights from the Holy Land (2013) Bull. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 66, pp. 26-33; Lezzerini, M., Cultural Heritage Documentation and Conservation: Three-Dimensional (3D) Laser Scanning and Geographical Information System (GIS) Techniques for Thematic Mapping of Facade Stonework of St. Nicholas Church (Pisa, Italy) (2016) Int. 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Herit., 16 (2), pp. 202-209; Savage, S.H., Johnson, A., Levy, T.E., TerraWatchers, Crowdsourcing, and At-Risk World Heritage in the Middle East (2017) Heritage and Archaeology in the Digital Age, pp. 67-77. , Springer Cham; Barnard, H., Wendrich, W.Z., Winkels, A., Bos, J.E.M.F., Simpson, B.L., Cappers, R.T.J., The preservation of exposed mudbrick architecture in Karanis (Kom Aushim), Egypt (2016) J. Field Archaeol., 41 (1), pp. 84-100; Barton, J., 3D laser scanning and the conservation of earthen architecture: a case study at the UNESCO World Heritage Site Merv, Turkmenistan (2009) World Archaeol., 41 (3); Fujii, Y., Fodde, E., Watanabe, K., Murakami, K., Digital photogrammetry for the documentation of structural damage in earthen archaeological sites: the case of Ajina Tepa, Tajikistan (2009) Eng. Geol., 105 (1), pp. 124-133; Lingle, A., Lercari, N., Campiani, A., Terrestrial Laser Scanning and Conservation of at-risk World Heritage (2018) presented at the SAA 83rd Annual Meeting, , Washington, DC; Berggren, Å., Revisiting reflexive archaeology at Çatalhöyük: integrating digital and 3D technologies at the trowel’ sedge (2015) Antiquity, 89 (344), pp. 433-448; (2000), I. Hodder (Edt.), Towards Reflexive Method in Archaeology: The Example at Çatalhoyuk. Mc Donald Institute for Archaeological Research and British Institute at Ankara, Monograph 28, London; Taylor, J.S., (2016), “Making time for space at Çatalhöyük,” The University of York, York, UK; Lees, D., Geomatics,” Çatalhöyük Archive Report (2003); Forte, M., Dell'Unto, N., Jonsson, K., Lercari, N., Interpretation Process at Çatalhöyük using 3D (2015) Assembling Çatalhöyük, 1, pp. 43-57. , I. Hodder A. Marciniak Routledge New York; Forte, M., Dell'Unto, N., Issavi, J., Onsurez, L., Lercari, N., 3D archaeology at Çatalhöyük (2012) Int. J. Herit. Digit. Era, 1 (3), pp. 351-378; Lercari, N., Shiferaw, E., Forte, M., Kopper, R., Immersive visualization and curation of archaeological heritage data: Çatalhöyük and the Dig@IT App (2017) J. Archaeol. Method Theory, pp. 1-25; Lecari, N., Lingle, A., “Çatalhöyük Digital Preservation Project,” Çatalhöyük Archive Report (2015); Lecari, N., Lingle, A., Umurham, O., “Çatalhöyük Digital Preservation Project,” Çatalhöyük Archive Report (2016); Bayliss, A., Brock, F., Farid, S., Hodder, I., Southon, J., Taylor, R.E., Getting to the bottom of it all: a Bayesian approach to dating the start of Çatalhöyük (2015) J. World Prehist., 28 (1), pp. 1-26; Marciniak, A., Fragmenting times: interpreting a Bayesian chronology for the Late Neolithic occupation of Çatalhöyük East, Turkey (2015) Antiquity, 89 (343), pp. 154-176; Lingle, A., “Conservation,” Çatalhöyük Archive Report (2014); Setianto, A., Triandini, T., Comparison of Kriging and Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation methods in lineament extraction and analysis (2013) J. SE Asian Appl. Geol., 5 (1), pp. 21-29; Li, J., Heap, A.D., A review of spatial interpolation methods for environmental scientists (2008) Geosci. Australia., 23; Ikechukwu, M.N., Ebinne, E., Idorenyin, U., Raphael, N.I., Accuracy Assessment and Comparative Analysis of IDW, Spline and Kriging in Spatial Interpolation of Landform (Topography): An Experimental Study (2017) J. Geographic Information Syst., 9 (3), pp. 354-371; Bakış, R., Bayazıt, Y., Uyguçgil, H., Koç, C., Mapping of precipitation, temperature and evaporation distributions in the Porsuk basin using distant forecasting methods (2017) Comput. Water Energy Environ. Eng., 6, p. 321; Chai, H., Cheng, W., Zhou, C., Chen, X., Ma, X., Zhao, S., Analysis and comparison of spatial interpolation methods for temperature data in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China (2011) Nat. Sci., 3 (12), pp. 999-1010; Demırcan, M., Alan, İ., Şensoy, S., Increasing resolution of temperature maps by using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and topography information (2011) EMS Annual Meeting Abstracts, 8, pp. 1-13. , (no. EMS2011-182); Wu, P.-S., Hsieh, C.-M., Hsu, M.-F., Using heritage risk maps as an approach to estimating the threat to materials of traditional buildings in Tainan (Taiwan) (2014) J. Cult. Herit., 15 (4), pp. 441-447; Brizzi, M., Court, S., d'Andrea, A., Lastra, A., Sepio, D., 3D Laser Scanning as a Tool for Conservation: The Experiences of the Herculaneum Conservation Project, in The 7th International Symposium on Virtual Reality (2006) Archaeol. Cult. Herit. VAST, p. 7; Lercari, N., Terrestrial Laser Scanning in the Age of Sensing (2016) Digital Methods and Remote Sensing in Archaeology, pp. 3-33. , M. Forte S. Campana Springer Cham; Lerones, P.M., Vélez, D.O., Rojo, F.G., Gómez-García-Bermejo, J., Casanova, E.Z., Moisture detection in heritage buildings by 3D laser scanning (2016) Stud. Conserv., 61 (1), pp. 46-54; Scopigno, R., Sampled 3D models for Cultural Heritage: which uses beyond visualization? (2012) Virtual Archaeol. Rev., 3 (5), p. 109; Lague, D., Brodu, N., Leroux, J., Accurate 3D comparison of complex topography with terrestrial laser scanner: Application to the Rangitikei canyon (NZ) (2013) ISPRS J. Photogrammetry Remote Sensing, 82, pp. 10-26; (2018), https://www.wunderground.com, “Weather History Konya, Turkey, Aug2015_July2016.”; De Guichen, G., L'oggetto interrato, l'oggetto disinterrato (1986) La Conservazione sullo Scavo Archeologico, pp. 25-34. , N. Stanley-Price CCA-ICCROM Roma; Weather History Konya, Turkey Aug2015_July2016; Ridout, B.V., Moisture Monitoring in Earthen Structures (2008) Terra Literature Review: An Overview of Research in Earthen Architecture Conservation, pp. 62-68. , E. Avrami H. Guillaud M. Hardy The Getty Conservation Institute Los Angeles; Elfadaly, A., Attia, W., Lasaponara, R., Monitoring the environmental risks around Medinet Habu and Ramesseum temple at West Luxor, Egypt, using remote sensing and GIS techniques (2018) J. Archaeol. Method Theory, 25 (2), pp. 587-610; Accardo, G., Giani, E., Giovagnoli, A., The Risk Map of Italian Cultural Heritage (2003) J. Arch. Conserv., 9 (2), pp. 41-57; Andretta, M., Coppola, F., Modelli, A., Santopuoli, N., Seccia, L., Proposal for a new environmental risk assessment methodology in cultural heritage protection (2017) J. Cult. Herit., 23, pp. 22-32; Forino, G., MacKee, J., von Meding, J., A proposed assessment index for climate change-related risk for cultural heritage protection in Newcastle (Australia) (2016) Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduction, 19, pp. 235-248; Ortiz, P., Antunez, V., Martín, J.M., Ortiz, R., Vázquez, M.A., Galán, E., Approach to environmental risk analysis for the main monuments in a historical city (2014) J. Cult Herit., 15 (4), pp. 432-440; Romão, X., Paupério, E., Pereira, N., A framework for the simplified risk analysis of cultural heritage assets (2016) J. Cult. Herit., 20, pp. 696-708; Barnhart, T., Crosby, B., Comparing Two Methods of Surface Change Detection on an Evolving Thermokarst Using High-Temporal-Frequency Terrestrial Laser Scanning, Selawik River, Alaska (2013) Remote Sensing, 5 (6), pp. 2813-2837; James, M.R., Robson, S., Smith, M.W., 3-D uncertainty-based topographic change detection with structure-from-motion photogrammetry: precision maps for ground control and directly georeferenced surveys (2017) Earth Surface Processes Landforms, 42 (12), pp. 1769-1788; Dahabra, M., Reps, C., Aboulhosn, J., https://github.com/hivelab1/MaterialLoss, [Accessed: 13-Oct-2018]. “M3C2 Material Loss Calculation for MATLAB,” 12-Oct-2018. [Online]. Available:; (2018), https://library.ucsd.edu/dc/collection/bb62154893, “Spatial Analysis and Heritage Conservation: Leveraging 3-D Data and GIS for Monitoring Çatalhöyük Earthen Architecture.” Digital Data Collection, UC San Diego Library Digital Collections A. Campiani; Lingle, A., Lercari, N., Çatalhöyük Digital Preservation Project: Pilot program in integrated digital monitoring strategies (2017) ICOM-CC 18th Triennial Conference, pp. 1-8. , Copenhagen","Campiani, A.; Department of Anthropology and Heritage Studies, United States; email: ari.arinni@gmail.com",,,"Elsevier Masson SAS",,,,,12962074,,,,"English","J. Cult. Heritage",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85063262024
"Morel J.-C., Charef R., Hamard E., Fabbri A., Beckett C., Bui Q.-B.","15923548500;57202070229;22934482200;24398767600;37123496700;24773466100;","Earth as construction material in the circular economy context: Practitioner perspectives on barriers to overcome",2021,"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences","376","1834","20200182","","",,26,"10.1098/rstb.2020.0182","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85113399517&doi=10.1098%2frstb.2020.0182&partnerID=40&md5=a95b49cc41ce45af61a4ae303afa2dae","Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamiques des Systèmes, ENTPE, Vaulx en Velin, France; Faculty of Engineering and Computing, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom; Laboratoire Granulats et Procédés d'Elaboration des Matériaux, Université Gustave Eiffel, Bouguenais, France; Institute of Infrastructure and Environment, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Sustainable Developments in Civil Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam","Morel, J.-C., Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamiques des Systèmes, ENTPE, Vaulx en Velin, France; Charef, R., Faculty of Engineering and Computing, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom; Hamard, E., Laboratoire Granulats et Procédés d'Elaboration des Matériaux, Université Gustave Eiffel, Bouguenais, France; Fabbri, A., Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamiques des Systèmes, ENTPE, Vaulx en Velin, France; Beckett, C., Institute of Infrastructure and Environment, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Bui, Q.-B., Sustainable Developments in Civil Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam","The need for a vast quantity of new buildings to address the increase in population and living standards is opposed to the need for tackling global warming and the decline in biodiversity. To overcome this twofold challenge, there is a need to move towards a more circular economy by widely using a combination of alternative low-carbon construction materials, alternative technologies and practices. Soils or earth were widely used by builders before World War II, as a primary resource to manufacture materials and structures of vernacular architecture. Centuries of empirical practices have led to a variety of techniques to implement earth, known as rammed earth, cob and adobe masonry among others. Earth refers to local soil with a variable composition but at least containing a small percentage of clay that would simply solidify by drying without any baking. This paper discusses why and how earth naturally embeds high-tech properties for sustainable construction. Then the potential of earth to contribute to addressing the global challenge of modern architecture and the need to re-think building practices is also explored. The current obstacles against the development of earthen architecture are examined through a survey of current earth building practitioners in Western Europe. A literature review revealed that, surprisingly, only technical barriers are being addressed by the scientific community; two-thirds of the actual barriers identified by the interviewees are not within the technical field and are almost entirely neglected in the scientific literature, which may explain why earthen architecture is still a niche market despite embodying all the attributes of the best construction material to tackle the current climate and economic crisis. This article is part of the theme issue 'The role of soils in delivering Nature's Contributions to People'. © 2021 The Author(s).","circular economy; cob; earth construction; earthen architecture; rammed earth; soil","Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum; biodiversity; construction material; economic conditions; global warming; literature review; spatiotemporal analysis; Western Europe; analysis; biodiversity; building material; economics; Europe; greenhouse effect; soil; Biodiversity; Construction Materials; Europe; Global Warming; Soil",,"Soil",,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Edenhofer, O., (2015) Summary for Policymakers. IPCC. 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Prod., 47, pp. 368-376; Sauvage, M., Achenza, M., Correia, M., Guillaud, H., Les débuts de l'architecture de terre au Proche-Orient (2009) 1st Mediterranean Conference on Earth Architecture, pp. 189-198. , In Mediterra 2009, (eds), Cagliari, Italy: EdicomEdizioni; Hamard, E., Cazacliu, B., Razakamanantsoa, A., Morel, J.-C., Cob, a vernacular earth construction process in the context of modern sustainable building (2016) Build. Environ., 106, pp. 103-119; Díaz, S., Assessing nature's contributions to people (2018) Science, 359, pp. 270-272; Smith, P., Managing the global land resource (2018) Proc. R. Soc. 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Mater., 257, p. 119544; Van Damme, H., Houben, H., Earth concrete: Stabilization revisited (2018) Cem. Concr. Res., 114, pp. 90-102; Meunier, A., (2005) Clays, , Berlin, Germany: Springer; Kouakou, C.H., Morel, J.-C., Strength and elasto-plastic properties of non-industrial building materials manufactured with clay as a natural binder (2009) Appl. Clay Sci., 44, pp. 27-34; Hamard, E., Lemercier, B., Cazacliu, B., Razakamanantsoa, A., Morel, J.C., A new methodology to identify and quantify material resource at a large scale for earth construction - Application to cob in Brittany (2018) Construct. Build. Mat., 170, pp. 485-497; (1998), NZS 4297:1998. Engineering design and earth building. 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"Zhang Y., Ye W.M., Chen Y.G., Chen B.","35147463400;57202081351;8306861900;55723005600;","Impact of NaCl on drying shrinkage behavior of low-plasticity soil in earthen heritages",2017,"Canadian Geotechnical Journal","54","12",,"1762","1774",,26,"10.1139/cgj-2016-0403","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85035795780&doi=10.1139%2fcgj-2016-0403&partnerID=40&md5=8b5dfa305dc15b6aaf60a288c6d80dd3","Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; United Research Center for Urban Environment and Sustainable Development, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200092, China","Zhang, Y., Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Ye, W.M., Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China, United Research Center for Urban Environment and Sustainable Development, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200092, China; Chen, Y.G., Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Chen, B., Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China","Cracking of wall surface crusts on salt-laden earthen remains at the site of Yar City, northwest China, is a serious concern. This widespread pathology is closely related to the drying shrinkage behavior of soil and the fundamental mechanisms should be investigated to better interpret the deterioration of these precious heritages. In this paper, tests were conducted on specimens that were initially slurries with NaCl contents of 0%, 2%, and 5%. The soil shrinkage characteristic curve (SSCC) was measured using the fluid displacement method during a slow air-drying process. The drying branch of the soil-water retention curve was also established by combining three common techniques (pressure plate, vapor equilibrium, and filter paper). The microstructure of specimens with varying water and NaCl contents was characterized through mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) testing. Results show that NaCl had negligible impact on the SSCC, which was composed of three shrinkage zones. With increasing NaCl content, matric suction was hardly influenced while the total suction increased significantly due to the pore fluid osmotic suction. The analysis indicated that drying shrinkage was actually a process of consolidation governed predominantly by matric suction. MIP test results were consistent with the macroscale observations for specimens that were initially slurries: that the total volume of pores decreased upon drying. In addition, pore-size distribution was unimodal and no significant difference was observed among specimens with different NaCl contents. © 2017, Canadian Science Publishing. All rights reserved.","Earthen heritage; Microstructure; Shrinkage; Sodium chloride; Water retention","Air; Drying; Mercury (metal); Microstructure; Pore size; Shrinkage; Sodium chloride; Sodium compounds; Soil moisture; Soils; Drying shrinkages; Earthen heritage; Fluid displacement; Fundamental mechanisms; Mercury intrusion porosimetry; Soil water retention curves; Vapor equilibrium; Water retention; Chlorine compounds; consolidation; displacement; microstructure; pathology; plasticity; retaining wall; shrinkage; sodium chloride; soil-structure interaction; testing method; water retention; China",,,,,"Ministry of Education; European Commission, EC: FP7-PEOPLE-2013-IRSES-612665; National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC: 41527801; Tongji University; China Atomic Energy Authority: [2011]1051; Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering, Ministry of Education","The authors are grateful to the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Projects No. 41527801) and China Atomic Energy Authority (Project [2011]1051) for their financial support. The authors also wish to acknowledge the support of the European Commission via the Marie Curie IRSES project GREAT—Geotechnical and geological Responses to climate change: Exchanging Approaches and Technologies on a world-wide scale (FP7-PEOPLE-2013-IRSES-612665).","Received 22 July 2016. Accepted 24 May 2017. Y. Zhang, Y.G. Chen, and B. Chen. Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China. W.M. Ye. Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China; United Research Center for Urban Environment and Sustainable Development, the Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China. Corresponding author: Weimin Ye (email: ye_tju@tongji.edu.cn). Copyright remains with the author(s) or their institution(s). 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Geotech. J.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85035795780
"Kidder T.R., Sherwood S.C.","6701827843;14043963200;","Look to the earth: the search for ritual in the context of mound construction",2017,"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","9","6",,"1077","1099",,24,"10.1007/s12520-016-0369-1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85027724664&doi=10.1007%2fs12520-016-0369-1&partnerID=40&md5=3e48f4aa402cf4129b4f1ee7236511be","Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1114, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO  63130-4899, United States; Earth and Environmental Systems, The University of the South, 735 University Ave, Sewanee, TN  37375, United States","Kidder, T.R., Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1114, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO  63130-4899, United States; Sherwood, S.C., Earth and Environmental Systems, The University of the South, 735 University Ave, Sewanee, TN  37375, United States","In North America mound research traditionally focuses on how these earthen structures functioned -- as mortuary facilities, ceremonial platforms, observatories, and the residences of political elites and/or ritual practitioners. This paper acknowledges mound building as the purposeful selection of soils and sediments for specific color, texture, or engineering properties and the organization of deposits suggesting that the building process reflects both shared knowledge and communicates specific information. We present two examples: Late Archaic period Poverty Point site Mound A, and Mississippian period Shiloh site Mound A, in the exploration of structured deposits to identify ritual in contrast to a more mundane or purely practical origin. We argue the building of these earthen monuments was not only architecturally important as a means to serve a subsequent purpose but that the act of construction itself was a ritual process intended to serve its own religious and social purposes. In these contexts, ritual does much more than communicate underlying social relationships; it is instrumental to their production. © 2016, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","Earthen mounds; Geoarchaeology; Ritual; Southeastern US",,,,,,"New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation; Newton Public Schools, City of Newton; Washington University in St. Louis; National Park Service; University of Washington; Southeastern Transportation Research, Innovation, Development and Education Center; Dan David Prize","Acknowledgments We thank Christopher Roos and Christian Wells for organizing the SAA symposium where many of these ideas were originally presented. Thanks go to Kelly Irvin for drafting Fig. 2. The research carried out at Poverty Point was supported by the Louisiana Office of State Parks and Washington University in St. Louis. 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Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, , 74, Harvard University, Cambridge; Wings, O., A review of Gastrolith function with implications for fossil vertebrates and a revised classification (2007) Acta Palaeontol Polinica, 52 (1), pp. 1-16; Wings, O., Sander, P.M., No gastric mill in Sauropod dinosaurs: new evidence from analysis of gastrolith mass and function in ostriches (2007) Proc R Soc B Biol Sci, 274 (1610), pp. 635-640; Wright, A.P., Henry, E.R., (2013) Early and Middle Woodland landscapes of the southeast, , eds), University Press of Florida, Gainesville; Young, B.W., Fowler, M.L., (2000) Cahokia, the great native American metropolis, , University of Illinois Press, Champagne, IL","Kidder, T.R.; Department of Anthropology, Campus Box 1114, One Brookings Drive, United States; email: trkidder@wustl.edu",,,"Springer Verlag",,,,,18669557,,,,"English","Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85027724664
"Michiels T.L.G.","57192257811;","Seismic Retrofitting Techniques for Historic Adobe Buildings",2015,"International Journal of Architectural Heritage","9","8",,"1059","1068",,24,"10.1080/15583058.2014.924604","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84949236155&doi=10.1080%2f15583058.2014.924604&partnerID=40&md5=6aa3a480a3a50dc9a09e8e0c4d457387","Getty Conservation Institute, 1200 Getty Center Drive, Los Angeles, CA  90049-1684, United States","Michiels, T.L.G., Getty Conservation Institute, 1200 Getty Center Drive, Los Angeles, CA  90049-1684, United States","This article presents a comprehensive overview of the techniques available for the seismic retrofitting of adobe buildings. It analyzes these techniques viability from a structural engineering standpoint and evaluates their suitability in the context of historic preservation. Analysis was based on an exhaustive review of studies addressing retrofitting techniques of earthen structures, as well as consultation with field experts. The guiding principles of conservation relating to the structural reinforcement of monuments were taken into account. Traditional techniques that enhance the stability of the building, such as wooden ring beams, wooden ties interconnecting parallel walls, corner keys, and the addition of buttresses were found to be effective solutions since they employ compatible and low-cost materials such as earth and wood. When these techniques prove insufficient, minimally invasive measures such as introducing a plywood diaphragm, horizontal steel rods, a geomesh covered with mud rendering or a strapping system can be appropriate. Copyright © 2014, The J. Paul Getty Trust.","adobe; conservation; earthen architecture; earthquakes; historic preservation; retrofitting; structural intervention","Conservation; Earthquakes; Retrofitting; Seismology; adobe; Earthen architectures; Earthen structures; Effective solution; Seismic retrofitting; Structural interventions; Structural reinforcement; Traditional techniques; Historic preservation",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Angulo-Ibáñez, Q., Mas-Tomás, A., Galvañ-Llopis, V., Sántolaria-Montesinos, J.L., Traditional braces of earth constructions (2012) Construction and Building Materials, 30, pp. 389-399; (2000) The Burra Charter: The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance 1999 with Associated Guidelines and Code on the Ethics of Co-existence, , http://australia.icomos.org/wp-content/uploads/burra_charter.pdf, Australia ICOMOS; Barrow, J., Porter, M.D., Farneth, S., Tolles, E.L., Evolving methodology in seismic retrofit:Stabilizing the Las Flores adobe (2009) Paper Presented at Getty Seismic Adobe Project 2006 Colloquium, pp. 165-173. , http://hdl.handle.net/10020/cat871105, eds. , M. Hardy, C. Cancino, and G. Ostergren, vol. 18. Los Angeles, CA:Getty Conservation Institute; Blondet, M., Torrealva, D., Villa Garcia, G., Adobe in Peru: Tradition, research and future (2002) Paper Presented at Modern Earth Building 2002- International Conference and Fair, , Berlin, Germany, April 19-21, 2002; Cancino, C., Lardinois, S., Michiels, T., Balakrishnan, P., (2013) Earthen Architecture Initiative Seismic Retrofitting Project:A Bibliography, , http://aata.getty.edu/browse, Los Angeles, CA:Getty Conservation Institute; Charleson, A.W., Research on used car tyre strap reinforced adobe construction in Peru (2009) Paper Presented at the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 2009 Conference:Why Do We Still Tolerate Buildings That Are Unsafe in Earthquakes Christchurch, , New Zealand, April 2-5, 2009. Wellington, NZ:New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, Paper 34; D'Ayala, D., Benzoni, G., Historic and traditional structures during the 2010 Chile earthquake:Observations, codes, and conservation strategies (2012) Earthquake Spectra, 28 (S1), pp. S425-S451; Dowling, D.M., Adobe housing in El Salvador:Earthquake performance and seismic improvement (2004) Natural Hazards in El Salvador, pp. 281-300. , eds. ,W. Rose, J. Bommer, D. López, M. Carr, and J. Major. Boulder, CO:Geological Society of America, Special Paper 375; Dowling, D.M., (2006) Seismic Strengthening of Adobe-mudbrick Houses, , http://hdl.handle.net/2100/1019, Sydney, Australia:University of Technology. Doctoral Dissertation; (1995) Paper Presented at Workshop on the Seismic Retrofit of Historic Adobe Buildings, , Earthen Building Technologies. , March 10, 1995, Los Angeles, CA:J. Paul Getty Museum. Pasadena, CA:Earthen Building Technologies; Heinsen, C., Perreira, M., Maino, J., Caicedo, R., (2012) Manual de Restauración y Conservación de Construcciones Patrimoniales de Tierra, , http://fundacionaltiplano.cl/archivo/publicaciones/, Arica, Chile:Fundación Altiplano; Hurd, J., Observing and applying ancient repair techniques to pisé and adobe in seismic regions of Central Asia and Trans-Himalaya (2009) Paper Presented at the Getty Seismic Adobe Project 2006 Colloquium, 18, pp. 101-108. , http://hdl.handle.net/10020/cat865729, Getty Center, eds. , M. Hardy, C. Cancino and G. Ostergren, Los Angeles, April 11-13, 2006. Los Angeles, CA:Getty Conservation Institute; (1965) International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites(Venice Charter 1964), , http://www.international.icomos.org/charters/venice_e.pdf; (1994) The Nara Document on Authenticity, , Nara, Japan:ICOMOS, ICOMOS; (2003) ICOMOS Charter:Principles for the Analysis, Conservation and Structural Restoration of Architectural Heritage, , http://www.international.icomos.org/charters/structures_e.pdf, Paris, France:ICOMOS; (2010) Lima Declaration for Disaster Risk Management of Cultural Heritage [Declaración de Lima Para la Gestión de Riesgo Del Patrimonio Cultural], , http://www.international.icomos.org/charters/lima_declaration_2010.pdf, December 3 Paris, France:ICOMOS; Keefe, L., (1993) The Cob Buildings of Devon 2:Repair and Maintenance, , http://www.devonearthbuilding.com/leaflets/the_cob_buildings_of_devon_2.pdf, Devon, UK:Devon Historic Buildings Trust; Michiels, T., Fonseca Ferreira, F., Técnicas de estabilización sísmoresistente para mejorar el compartamiento de edificios históricos de tierra (2013) Paper Presented at Seminario Iberoamericano Arquitectura y Construcción en Tierra, , Valparaïso, Chile, August 28-30, 2013; Naderzadeh, A., Application of seismic base isolation technology in Iran (2009) Menshin, 63 (2), pp. 40-47; Pudjisuryadi, P., Lumantarna, B., Lase, Y., (2007) Base Isolation in Traditional Building, , http://wiryanto.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/131.pdf, Lesson learned from Nias March 28, 2005 earthquake. Paper presented at EACEF:1st International Conference of European Asian Civil Engineering Forum, September 26-27, 2007, Petra Christian University, Surabaya, and Civil Engineering Department, University of Indonesia, Depok; Roselund, N., Repair of cracked adobe walls by injection of modified mud (1990) Paper Presented at 6th International Conference on the Conservation of Earthen Architecture [Adobe 90 Preprint], 18, pp. 336-341. , http://hdl.handle.net/10020/cat871105, ed. , N. Agnew, Las Cruces, NM, October 14-19, 1990. Los Angeles, CA:Getty Conservation Institute; Roselund, N., Buttresses, pilasters and adobe wall stability (1995) Paper Presented at Workshop on the Seismic Retrofit of Historic Adobe Buildings, pp. 89-90. , March 10, 1995, Los Angeles, CA, J. Paul Getty Museum. Pasadena, CA:Earthen Building Technologies; Samanez Argumedo, R., Los sismos y la conservacion de los monumentos en la zona andina del Peru (1983) Paper Presented at la Protección de Monumentos Históricos en Áreas Sísmicas-Documentos y Conclusiones:Seminario Internacional, , La Antigua, Guatemala, November 4-11, 1979; Peru:Proyecto Regional de Patrimonio Cultural PNUD-UNESCO, pp. 115-128. , Lima; Silva, R., Schueremans, L., Oliveira, D., Grouting as a repair/strengthening solution for earth constructions (2009) Paper Presented at 1st WTA International PhD Symposium, 18. , https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/271338/1/Paper.pdf, Leuven, Belgium, October 8-9, 2009. Leuven, Belgium:WTA Publications; Silva, R., Schueremans, L., Oliveira, D., Dekoning, K., Gyssels, T., On the development of unmodified mud grouts for repairing earth constructions:Rheology, strength and adhesion (2012) Materials and Structures, 45 (10), pp. 1497-1512; Tolles, E.L., Survey of damage to historic adobe buildings after the January 1994 Northridge earthquake (1996) GCI Scientific Program Report, , http://hdl.handle.net/10020/cat881626, Los Angeles, CA:Getty Conservation Institute; Tolles, E.L., Kimbro, E., Ginell, W., Planning and engineering guidelines for the seismic retrofitting of historic adobe structures (2002) GCI Scientific Program Reports, , http://hdl.handle.net/10020/cat608096, Los Angeles, CA:Getty Conservation Institute; Tolles, E.L., Kimbro, E., Webster, F., Ginell, W., (2000) Seismic Stabilization of Historic Adobe Structures:Final Report of the Getty Seismic Adobe Project, , http://hdl.handle.net/10020/cat546181, Los Angeles, CA:Getty Conservation Institute; Torrealva, D., Cerrón, C., Espinoza, Y., Shear and out of plane bending strength of adobe walls externally reinforced with polypropylene grids (2008) Paper Presented at 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering:Innovation, , http://jetty.ecn.purdue.edu/spujol/Andres/files/S18-022.pdf, Practice, Safety, October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China. Beijing, PR China:World Conference on Earthquake Engineering; Torrealva, D., Vargas Neumann, J., Blondet, M., Earthquake resistant design criteria and testing of adobe buildings at Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru (2006) Proceedings of the Getty Seismic Adobe Project 2006 Colloquium, pp. 3-10. , Los Angeles, CA:Getty Conservation Institute; Vargas Neumann, J., Dandona, B., Blondet, M., Cancino, C., Iwaki, C., Morales, K., An experimental study of the use of soil-based grouts for the repair of historic earthen walls and a case study of an early period Buddhist monastery (2011) Paper Presented at Terra 2008:10th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architectural Heritage, pp. 301-306. , http://hdl.handle.net/10020/cat920066, eds. , L. Rainer, A. Bass Rivera and D. Gandreau, Bamako, Mali, February 1-5, 2008. Los Angeles, CA:Getty Conservation Institute; Walker, C., (2008) Shaky Colonialism: The 1746 Earthquake-tsunami in Lima, Peru, and Its Long Aftermath, , Durham, NC:Duke University Press; Webster, F., Development and application of stability-based retrofits of historic and older adobe buildings in California (2006) Paper Presented at the 8th US National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 13, pp. 8049-8057. , San Francisco, CA, April 18-22 2006. Red Hook, NY:Curran; Yamin, L.E., Phillips, C., Reyes, J., Ruiz, D., Seismic behavior and rehabilitation alternatives for adobe and rammed earth buildings (2004) Paper Presented at the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Conference, , http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/13_2942.pdf, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, August 1-6, 2004. July 2013. Vancouver, BC:13 WCEE Secretariat, Paper No. 2942","Michiels, T.L.G.; Getty Conservation Institute, 1200 Getty Center Drive, United States; email: timmich@gmail.com",,,"Taylor and Francis Inc.",,,,,15583058,,,,"English","Int. J. Archit. Herit.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84949236155
"Sulas F., Kristiansen S.M., Wynne-Jones S.","26221509600;7005557021;55925692700;","Soil geochemistry, phytoliths and artefacts from an early Swahili daub house, Unguja Ukuu, Zanzibar",2019,"Journal of Archaeological Science","103",,,"32","45",,23,"10.1016/j.jas.2019.01.010","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85061192636&doi=10.1016%2fj.jas.2019.01.010&partnerID=40&md5=84ba6a160e27f5c6897313e9b78de29d","Centre for Urban Network Evolutions, Aarhus University, Moesgård Allé 20, Building 4230, Højbjerg, DK-8270, Denmark; Institut for Geoscience, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 2, Building 1671, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark; Department of Archaeology, University of York - King's Manor, York, YO1 7EP, United Kingdom; Department of Archaeology, University of South Africa (UNISA), South Africa","Sulas, F., Centre for Urban Network Evolutions, Aarhus University, Moesgård Allé 20, Building 4230, Højbjerg, DK-8270, Denmark; Kristiansen, S.M., Centre for Urban Network Evolutions, Aarhus University, Moesgård Allé 20, Building 4230, Højbjerg, DK-8270, Denmark, Institut for Geoscience, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 2, Building 1671, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark; Wynne-Jones, S., Centre for Urban Network Evolutions, Aarhus University, Moesgård Allé 20, Building 4230, Højbjerg, DK-8270, Denmark, Department of Archaeology, University of York - King's Manor, York, YO1 7EP, United Kingdom, Department of Archaeology, University of South Africa (UNISA), South Africa","The organisation and use of space in domestic contexts remain challenging areas of investigation for archaeology due to the complexity and range of site formation and post-depositional processes. In tropical environments, soil processes speed up the degradation of archaeological and environmental records, and relatively ephemeral structures built of mud or clay degrade quickly after abandonment, leaving almost no traces of human activities behind. This paper presents the results of bulk soil and chemical analyses, artefact distribution, and phytolith analysis from the excavation of a daub house at the early medieval site of Unguja Ukuu (c. 7th–14th c. AD), Zanzibar. High-resolution, systematic sampling for microscopic and elemental analyses proved effective in detecting spatial variability in relatively small areas. However, soil chemical enrichment (e.g. Ca, Mg, Mn, P) usually linked to anthropogenic impact on archaeological deposits appears hardly visible in the Unguja Ukuu house deposits. Instead, measurements of a wider range of elements, including trace and rare earth elements (REEs) proved to be important for detecting elemental signatures related to human activities. Contextual sampling of artefacts and phytoliths were crucial to identify sources of chemical enrichment and, thus, build a picture of spatial organisation within the house. The combined multi-scalar sampling strategy with a multi-proxy analytical approach enabled us to define the layout of the daub structure, indoor/outdoor spaces and activity hot-spots. Although macroscopic traces of past activities were almost completely obliterated, archaeological remains of earthen architecture and the use of space can be detected even in such complex tropical settings. © 2019","Daub; Geoarchaeology; ICP-MS; Indoor vs outdoor space; Phytoliths","archaeology; artifact; inductively coupled plasma method; phytolith; soil chemistry; Tanzania; Zanzibar Island",,,,,"Aarhus Universitet, AU; British Academy; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond, DNRF: DNRF119","The research presented here was supported by the Danish National Research Foundation under the grant DNRF119 - Centre of Excellence for Urban Network Evolutions (UrbNet) , Aarhus University . We are grateful to Rubina Raja and Søren Sindbæk for their support. Additional funding was provided by the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, Uppsala , the British Academy , and the School of Culture and Society , Aarhus University . Excavations and sample export were conducted under permits from the Department of Antiquities, Zanzibar , and in collaboration with Abdallah K. Ali, Director of Antiquities. We are especially grateful to the field team and close project collaborators (Abdallah K. Ali, Thomas Fitton, Ema Bauzyté, and Wolfgang Alders) and our assistants and hosts in Unguja Ukuu, for making us welcome and for providing invaluable information and support. For laboratory analyses and software help, we are grateful to AU Geoscience staff (Charlotte Rasmussen, Trine Ravn-Jonsen, Thomas Ljungberg and David Stott), Jesper Olsen and his team at the Aarhus AMS Centre. We extend our gratitude to two anonymous reviewers and Matthew Canti for valuable comments on an earlier version of this paper.",,,,,,,,,,"Agorsah, K.E., Archaeological implications of traditional house construction among the Nchumuru of Northern Ghana (1985) Curr. Anthropol., 26 (1), pp. 103-108; Barba, L., Chemical residues in lime-plastered archaeological floors (2007) Geoarchaeology, 22, pp. 439-452; Boivin, N., Crowther, A., Prendergast, M., Fuller, D.Q., Indian ocean food globalisation and Africa (2014) Afr. Archaeol. Rev., 31, pp. 54-781; Cook, D.E., Kovacevich, B., Beach, T., Bishop, R., Deciphering the inorganic chemical record of ancient human activity using ICP-MS: a reconnaissance study of late Classic soil floors at Cancuén, Guatemala (2006) J. Archaeol. Sci., 33, pp. 628-640; Crowther, A., Prendergast, M.E., Fuller, D.Q., Boivin, N., Subsistence mosaics, forager-farmer interactions, and the transition to food production in eastern Africa (2018) Quat. 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"Henry E.R., Shields C.R., Kidder T.R.","55596632900;57202043563;6701827843;","Mapping the Adena-Hopewell Landscape in the Middle Ohio Valley, USA: Multi-Scalar Approaches to LiDAR-Derived Imagery from Central Kentucky",2019,"Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory","26","4",,"1513","1555",,20,"10.1007/s10816-019-09420-2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85075556738&doi=10.1007%2fs10816-019-09420-2&partnerID=40&md5=2caa9fada64148257b76cfcc823e2683","Department of Anthropology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Center for Research in Archaeogeophysics and Geoarchaeology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Frankfort, KY, United States; Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Geoarchaeology Laboratory, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States","Henry, E.R., Department of Anthropology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States, Center for Research in Archaeogeophysics and Geoarchaeology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Shields, C.R., Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Frankfort, KY, United States; Kidder, T.R., Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States, Geoarchaeology Laboratory, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States","Archaeologists around the world have shown that LiDAR has the potential to map a wide range of architectural features built by humans. The ability to map archaeological sites at a landscape scale provides researchers the possibility to reconstruct and assess the ways humans organized, constructed, and interacted with their surroundings. However, LiDAR can be impacted by a variety of modern development and land use practices. In this article, we confront these issues by presenting the first examination of high-resolution LiDAR-derived imagery from Central Kentucky, part of the larger heartland for late-Early and Middle Woodland-era (ca. 300 bc–ad 500) Adena-Hopewell societies. Our investigations demonstrate that multiple issues can arise when analyzing LiDAR imagery for monumental earthen architecture in this region. We outline an integrated strategy to rediscover and confirm the presence of earthen architecture made by Adena-Hopewell societies that incorporates aerial photographs, multi-instrument geophysical surveys, and geoarchaeological methods into the examination of LiDAR imagery. This methodology will be applicable in other global contexts where archaeologists are seeking to rediscover ancient forms of earthen architecture within heavily disturbed or developed landscapes. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.","Adena-Hopewell; Earthen monuments; Eastern North America; Geoarchaeology; Geophysics; LiDAR",,,,,,"National Science Foundation, NSF: 1545577; National Geographic Society, NGS: 3261-4; Waitt Foundation, WF; Natural Resources Conservation Service, NRCS; Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis","We would like to thank staff at the National Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) in Lexington, KY, in particular William (Bill) Sharp, Scott Aldridge, Karen Woodrich, and state soil scientist Steve Blanford. Several professors and staff administrators at the Kentucky Archaeological Survey, the Program for Archaeological Research, and the Webb Museum of Anthropology at the University of Kentucky helped by lending equipment, time, and thoughts on the project. We thank them for their support. Finally, we would like to thank the present landowners of the sites we worked on across Central Kentucky for providing access to their land and for taking the time to talk with us about local histories.","This work was conducted with funding from a Waitt Foundation grant provided by the National Geographic Society (grant no. 3261-4), the National Science Foundation (grant no. 1545577), and the American Philosophical Society’s Lewis and Clark Fund for Exploration and Field Research, in addition to funding from the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis.",,,,,,,,,"Abrams, E.M., Freter, A.C., (2005) The emergence of the Moundbuilders: The archaeology of tribal societies in southeastern Ohio, , (eds), Ohio University Press, Athens; Alizadeh, K., Ur, J.A., Formation and destruction of pastoral and irrigation landscapes on the Mughan steppe, North-Western Iran (2007) Antiquity, 81 (311), pp. 148-160; Anderson, D.G., Mainfort, R.C., An introduction to woodland archaeology in the southeast (2002) The woodland southeast, pp. 1-19. , Anderson DG, Mainfort RC, (eds), University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa; Applegate, D., The early–middle woodland domestic landscape in Kentucky (2013) Early and middle woodland landscapes of the southeast, pp. 19-44. , Wright AP, Henry ER, (eds), University Press of Florida, Gainesville; Aspinall, A., Gaffney, C.F., Schmidt, A., (2009) Magnetometry for archaeologists, , AltaMira Press, Lanham; Baires, S.E., Cahokia’s rattlesnake causeway (2014) Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology, 39 (1), pp. 1-18; Barnes, I., Aerial remote-sensing techniques used in the Management of Archaeological Monuments on the British Army’s Salisbury plain training area, Wiltshire, UK (2003) Archaeological Prospection, 10 (2), pp. 83-90; Barrier, C.R., Horsley, T.J., Shifting communities: Demographic profiles of early village population growth and decline in the central American bottom (2014) American Antiquity, 79 (2), pp. 295-313; Beck, R.A., Jr., Brown, J.A., Political economy and the routinization of religious movements: A view from the eastern woodlands (2011) Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, 21 (1), pp. 72-88; Bennett, R., Welham, K., Hill, R.A., Ford, A., Making the Most of airborne remote sensing techniques for archaeological survey and interpretation (2011) Remote sensing for archaeological heritage management, pp. 99-107. , http://www.pushingthesensors.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Bennett_2011_EAC5.pdf, Cowley DC, (ed), Archaeolingua, Hungary; Bewley, R.H., Crutchley, S.P., Shell, C.A., New light on an ancient landscape: LiDAR survey in the Stonehenge world heritage site (2005) Antiquity, 79 (305), pp. 636-647; Bowen, J.R., Bertossi, C., Duyvendak, J.W., Krook, M.L., (2013) European states and their Muslim citizens, , (eds), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; Brose, D.S., Greber, N., (1979) Hopewell archaeology: The Chillicothe conference, 3. , (eds), MCJA special paper, no, Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio; Brown, J.A., The archaeology of ancient religion in the eastern woodlands (1997) Annual Review of Anthropology, 26 (1), pp. 465-485; Brown, J.A., Reflections on taxonomic practice (2005) Woodland period systematics in the middle Oiho Valley, pp. 111-119. , Applegate D, Mainfort RC, (eds), University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa; Brown, J.A., The shamanic element in Hopewell period ritual (2006) Recreating Hopewell, pp. 475-488. , Charles DK, Buikstra JE, (eds), University Press of Florida, Gainesville; Burks, J., (2013) Large Area Magnetic Gradient Survey at the High Bank Works Unit, Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, Ross County, Ohio. 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"Aguilar R., Montesinos M., Uceda S.","36719908000;57192102550;56081823300;","Mechanical characterization of the structural components of Pre-Columbian earthen monuments: Analysis of bricks and mortar from Huaca de la Luna in Perú",2017,"Case Studies in Construction Materials","6",,,"16","28",,20,"10.1016/j.cscm.2016.11.003","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84997132554&doi=10.1016%2fj.cscm.2016.11.003&partnerID=40&md5=5a90d93a449c35830cb8bbd96156218e","Department of Engineering, Civil Engineering Division, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú PUCP, Av. Universitaria 1801, San Miguel, Lima, Peru; Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, National University of Trujillo, Trujillo, Peru","Aguilar, R., Department of Engineering, Civil Engineering Division, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú PUCP, Av. Universitaria 1801, San Miguel, Lima, Peru; Montesinos, M., Department of Engineering, Civil Engineering Division, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú PUCP, Av. Universitaria 1801, San Miguel, Lima, Peru; Uceda, S., Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, National University of Trujillo, Trujillo, Peru","The paper deals with the mechanical characterization of the materials that composes the structural system of the archaeological earthen complex of ‘Huaca de la Luna’ in Perú (100–900A.D.). The mechanical characterization was carried out through uniaxial compression, three-point bending and splitting tests. The results indicate differences in bricks and mortar samples in strength capacity and elastic stiffness in compression, as well as differences in rupture modulus and diametric compression strength. The study contributes to understand the linear and nonlinear behavior of archaeological earthen materials and structures and provides reference values for the structural assessment of similar buildings and monuments. © 2016 The Authors","Archaeological heritage; Bricks and mortar; Earthen buildings; Mechanical characterization","Bending tests; Brick; Mortar; Archaeological heritage; Diametric compression; Earthen buildings; Mechanical characterizations; Structural assessments; Structural component; Three point bending; Uni-axial compression; Characterization",,,,,"89-2014; 012-2013-FONDECYT; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica, CONCYTEC; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, PUCP","This research was carried out by the Engineering & Heritage Research Group at PUCP. The authors would like to acknowledge the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú PUCP and its funding office DGI-PUCP (project 89-2014) for providing funds to the project within which this work was developed. The authors would also like to thank the fellowship funding for postgraduate studies for the second author by CONCYTEC, PERU (Contract N° 012-2013-FONDECYT) . The authors finally acknowledge the support of the Laboratory of Materials at PUCP for providing access to their facilities and equipment.",,,,,,,,,,"Solis, R., Haas, J., Creamer, W., Dating Caral, a preceramic site in the Supe Valley on the central coast of Peru (2001) Science, 292 (5517), pp. 723-726; Samanez, R., El terremoto que afectó al Cusco en 1950 y los aportes de George A. Kubler (2012) Arkinka: revista de arquitectura, diseño y construcción, 16 (204), pp. 90-95; Uceda, S., Paredes, A., Arquitectura y función de la Huaca de la Luna (1994) Revista Cultural des Indes, 7, pp. 42-46; Uceda, S., El poder y la muerte en la sociedad moche (1996) De Al Final Del Camino, pp. 20-36. , L. Millones M. Lemlij SIDEA Lima; Chácara, C., Zvietcovich, F., Briceño, C., Marques, R., Perucchio, R., Castañeda, B., Uceda, S., Morales y Aguilar, R.R., On-site investigation and numerical analysis for structural assessment of the archaeological complex of Huaca de la Luna (2014) De 9th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions SAHC2014, Mexico City; PHLL, P.A.H.D.L.L., Informe Técnico (2016) Facultad De Ciencias Sociales, , Universidad Nacional de Trujillo 2008; Binda, L., Saisi, A., Tiraboschi, C., Valle, S., Colla y Forde, C.M., Application of sonic and radar tests on the piers and walls of the Cathedral of Noto (2003) Constr. Build. 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Build. Mater., 28, pp. 294-304; GOM mbH, ARAMIS User Information Hardware, Brauncshweig, Germany, 2010.; RILEM, CPC 6 tension by splitting of concrete specimen (1994) RILEM Technical Recommendations for the Testing and Use of Construction Materials; Oliveira, D., Varum, H., Silva, R., Pereira, H., Lourenço, P., Costa, A., Caracterização experimental do comportamento diferido de alvenaria de adobe (2007) De Proceedings of the ‘V Seminário De Arquitectura Em Terra Em Portugal’, Aveiro; UNE-EN 1052-1, Métodos De Ensayo Para Albañilería. Parte 1: Determinación De La Resistencia a Compresión (1999); Silveira, D., Varum, H., Costa, A., Influence of the testing procedures in the mechanical characterization of adobe bricks (2013) Constr. Build. Mater., 40, pp. 719-728; Popovics, Numerical approach to the complete stress–strain curve of concrete (1973) Cem. Concr. Res., 3 (5), pp. 583-599; ASTM C293, Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam With Center-Point Loading) (2016), de ASTM International West Conshohocken","Aguilar, R.; Department of Engineering, Av. Universitaria 1801, San Miguel, Peru",,,"Elsevier Ltd",,,,,22145095,,,,"English","Case Stud. Constr. Mater.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-84997132554
"Richards J., Zhao G., Zhang H., Viles H.","57203789134;57207469732;57865254000;7003635807;","A controlled field experiment to investigate the deterioration of earthen heritage by wind and rain",2019,"Heritage Science","7","1","51","","",,19,"10.1186/s40494-019-0293-7","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85069186500&doi=10.1186%2fs40494-019-0293-7&partnerID=40&md5=f532872bfa3983ba54e924f7096ea9b8","Oxford Rock Breakdown Laboratory, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, 736200, China","Richards, J., Oxford Rock Breakdown Laboratory, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Zhao, G., Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, 736200, China; Zhang, H., Oxford Rock Breakdown Laboratory, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Viles, H., Oxford Rock Breakdown Laboratory, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom","Earthen heritage constitutes 10% of sites on the World Heritage List and many of these sites are experiencing extensive deterioration caused by environmental forces, such as wind and rain. This study used a well-established test wall to investigate the impact of environmental conditions on the deterioration of earthen heritage at the remote and under-studied site of Suoyang Ancient City, Gansu Province, China, which is exhibiting widespread deterioration. Test walls have previously been used in earthen heritage research as they allow controlled experiments to be undertaken on complex, realistic structures without risking damage or loss of value to the historic material. This study used portable wind and rain erosion simulation devices to investigate experimentally (i) the comparative effect of wind, sediment-laden wind and wind-driven rain in causing deterioration to earthen heritage and (ii) how the incipient deterioration features produced by wind, sediment-laden wind and wind-driven rain on the test wall relate to the deterioration features recorded on the historic city walls. The test wall was subjected to low, medium and high intensities of clean wind, sediment-laden wind and wind-driven rain. The extent of deterioration produced was measured using repeat, high resolution laser scans before and after each test run. The deterioration features caused by each environmental force were notably different with clean wind removing the loose surface material, sediment-laden wind causing pitting and wind-driven rain causing incipient gullying. These incipient features compare well with more developed features seen on the historic walls. Wind-driven rain caused the greatest amount of deterioration while clean wind caused the least. However, as the frequency and duration of wind events at Suoyang is much greater than those of rain events, wind is likely to play an important role in the deterioration of earthen heritage over annual timescales. These findings show that conservation strategies at rammed earth sites like Suoyang need to address the impact of multiple environmental forces, such as clean wind, sediment laden wind and wind-driven rain. © 2019, The Author(s).","Deterioration; Earthen heritage; Field experiment; Northwest China",,,,,,"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, EPSRC: EP/L016036/1","This research was funded by UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) grant for the Centre for Doctoral Training Science and Engineering in Art, Heritage and Archaeology (EP/L016036/1) in association with the Getty Conservation Institute.",,,,,,,,,,"(2012) World Heritage: Inventory of Earthen Architecture, , http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002170/217020e.pdf, Accessed 20 Jan 2019; Pu, T., Chen, W., Du, Y., Li, W., Su, N., Snowfall-related deterioration behavior of the Ming Great Wall in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (2016) Nat Hazards, 84, pp. 1539-1550; Shao, M., Li, L., Wang, S., Wang, E., Li, Z., Deterioration mechanisms of building materials of Jiaohe ruins in China (2013) J Cult Herit., 14, pp. 38-44; Oliver, A., (2000) Fort Selden adobe test wall project: phase I: final report, , Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles; Velde, B., Formation of earthen materials (2008) Terra literature review an overview of research in earthen architecture conservation, pp. 15-20. , Avrami E, Hubert G, Hardy M, (eds), The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles; Rainer, L., Deterioration and pathology of earthen architecture (2008) Terra literature review an overview of research in earthen architecture conservation, pp. 45-61. , Avrami E, Guillaud H, Hardy M, (eds), The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles; Guerrero, L., Deteroriation of heritage built in adobe (2002) Diseño y Soc., 13, pp. 4-11; Selwitz, C., Coffman, R., Agnew, N., The getty adobe research project at Fort Selden III: An evaluation of the application of chemical consolidants to test walls (1990) Proceedings of 6th international conference conservation earthen architecture, pp. 255-260. , Agnew N, (ed), The Getty Institute, Los Angeles; Brown, P.W., Robbins, C.R., Clifton, J.R., ADOBE II: factors affecting the durability of adobe structures (1979) Stud Conserv, 24, pp. 23-39. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaE1MXksFGnurk%3D; Taylor, M.R., An evaluation of the New Mexico State monuments adobe test walls at Fort Selden (1990) Proceedings of 6th international conference conservation earthen architecture, pp. 383-389. , Agnew N, (ed), The Getty Institute, Los Angeles; Illampas, R., Ioannou, I., Charmpis, D.C., Overview of the pathology, repair and strengthening of adobe structures (2013) Int J Archit Herit., 7, pp. 165-188; Du, Y., Chen, W., Cui, K., Gong, S., Pu, T., Fu, X., A model characterizing deterioration at earthen sites of the Ming Great Wall in Qinghai Province (2017) China. 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Water., 11, p. 347; Guo, J., Huang, G., Wang, X., Li, Y., Lin, Q., Investigating future precipitation changes over China through a high-resolution regional climate model ensemble (2017) Earth’s Futur., 5, pp. 285-303; Jiang, Y., Luo, Y., Zhao, Z., Shi, Y., Xu, Y., Zhu, J., Projections of wind changes for 21st century in China by three regional climate models (2010) Chin Geogr Sci., 20, pp. 226-235","Richards, J.; Oxford Rock Breakdown Laboratory, United Kingdom; email: jennifer.richards@ouce.ox.ac.uk",,,"Springer",,,,,20507445,,,,"English","Herit. Sci.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85069186500
"Richards J., Viles H., Guo Q.","57203789134;7003635807;55377686100;","The importance of wind as a driver of earthen heritage deterioration in dryland environments",2020,"Geomorphology","369",,"107363","","",,18,"10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107363","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089389993&doi=10.1016%2fj.geomorph.2020.107363&partnerID=40&md5=6b364b31079fd8633b1274cb5a81fd1e","Oxford Resilient Buildings and Landscapes Lab, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, 736200, China","Richards, J., Oxford Resilient Buildings and Landscapes Lab, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Viles, H., Oxford Resilient Buildings and Landscapes Lab, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Guo, Q., Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, 736200, China","Dryland regions are exposed to extreme environmental conditions that create hotspots of weathering and erosion. Many earthen heritage sites are located in these dryland regions and experience extensive deterioration driven by interactions with environmental processes, however previous research has focused largely on the role of rain as a driver of deterioration. This study combines approaches from geomorphology with understandings of earthen materials from heritage science to investigate the relative importance of wind and rain in driving earthen heritage deterioration in drylands. We use geomorphological signatures to infer the environmental histories of earthen walls with a range of known ages at Suoyang Ancient City, China, using semi-quantitative deterioration assessments. We find rain-driven deterioration features to be associated with the loss of larger volumes of material and to have higher persistence than wind-driven deterioration features. However, we argue that the high frequency nature of wind events means that wind is an important initiator of deterioration across the site. In addition, walls exposed to the prevailing wind are dominated by wind-driven deterioration features. Outcomes from this study present an opportunity for earthen heritage conservation to investigate potential strategies to minimise wind speed at earthen heritage sites in drylands. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.","Deterioration; Earthen heritage; Frequency; Magnitude","chemical weathering; environmental conditions; extreme event; geomorphology; heritage conservation; wind erosion; wind velocity; China",,,,,"EP/L016036/1; Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, EPSRC; Royal Society: IE151144","This research was funded by UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) grant for the Centre for Doctoral Training Science and Engineering in Art, Heritage and Archaeology ( EP/L016036/1 ) in association with the Getty Conservation Institute. Additional funding was provided by a Royal Society International Exchange Grant ( IE151144 ).","We would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their comments that helped improve this manuscript. We are grateful to Xudong Wang for fostering the collaboration between the Dunhuang Academy and Oxford. We are also grateful to Qiangqiang Pei for his support with this work and to Hongtao Zhan, Fei Qiu, Fasi Wu, Dongpeng He, Bo Zhang, Guojing Zhao, Jingjing Huang and Wei He for their help, advice and practical assistance they provided throughout the fieldwork period. We would like to thank Hong Zhang for all her translation work and practical assistance throughout this project. Finally, we would like to thank the Dunhuang Academy for the extensive use of their equipment in the field. This research was funded by UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) grant for the Centre for Doctoral Training Science and Engineering in Art, Heritage and Archaeology (EP/L016036/1) in association with the Getty Conservation Institute. Additional funding was provided by a Royal Society International Exchange Grant (IE151144).",,,,,,,,,"Barton, J., 3D laser scanning and the conservation of earthen architecture: a case study at the UNESCO World Heritage Site Merv (2009) Turkmenistan. World Archaeol., 41, pp. 489-504; Beckett, C.T.S., Jaquin, P.A., Morel, J.-C., Weathering the storm: a framework to assess the resistance of earthen structures to water damage (2020) Constr. Build. 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Earth Environ., 1, pp. 222-270; Crosby, A., Common sources of deterioration (1983) Adobe, Practical and Technical Aspects of Adobe Conservation, pp. 13-18. , J.W. Garrison E.F. Ruffner Heritage Foundation of Arizona Prescott, AZ; Cui, K., Du, Y., Zhang, Y., Wu, G., Yu, L., An evaluation system for the development of scaling off at earthen sites in arid areas in NW China (2019) Herit. Sci., 7, p. 14; Deng, Y., Gou, X., Gao, L., Yang, M., Zhang, F., Tree-ring recorded moisture variations over the past millennium in the Hexi Corridor, northwest China (2017) Environ. Earth Sci., 76, p. 272; Du, Y., Chen, W., Cui, K., Gong, S., Pu, T., Fu, X., A model characterizing deterioration at earthen sites of the Ming Great Wall in Qinghai Province, China (2017) Soil Mech. Found. Eng., 53, pp. 426-434; Du, Y., Chen, W., Cui, K., Zhang, K., Study on damage assessment of Earthen sites of the Ming Great Wall in Qinghai Province based on Fuzzy-AHP and AHP-TOPSIS (2020) Int. J. Archit. 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Abrahams Springer Dordrecht, Netherlands; Laity, J.E., Wind Erosion in Drylands, in: Arid Zone Geomorphology: Process, Form and Change in Drylands (2011), pp. 539-568. , Wiley Blackwell; Lancaster, N., Characteristics and occurrence of wind erosion features in the Namib Desert (1984) Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 9, pp. 469-478; Lancaster, N., Geomorphology of desert dunes (1995) Routledge, London, , York New; Li, J., Dong, Z., Qian, G., Zhang, Z., Luo, W., Lu, J., Wang, M., Yardangs in the Qaidam Basin, northwestern China: distribution and morphology (2016) Aeolian Res., 20, pp. 89-99; Loughlin, G.F., Notes on the weathering of natural building stones (1931) Am. Soc. Test. Mater., 3, pp. 759-767; Luo, Y., Yin, B., Peng, X., Xu, Y., Zhang, L., Wind-rain erosion of Fujian Tulou Hakka Earth buildings (2019) Sustain. Cities Soc., 50, p. 101666; Mao, X., Zhao, D., Chen, P., Hou, W., Consolidation experiment on earthen architecture site in arid region (2008) Yanshilixue Yu Gongcheng Xuebao/Chinese J. Rock Mech. Eng., 27, pp. 7-11. , (in Chinese); Mao, X., Zhoa, D., Zhang, W., Experimental study on the effects of wind erosion and reinforcement for the rammed soil (2015) J. Xi'an Univ. Archit. Technol. Nat. Sci. Ed., 47, pp. 555-559. , (in Chinese); McKay, C.P., Molaro, J.L., Marinova, M.M., High-frequency rock temperature data from hyper-arid desert environments in the Atacama and the Antarctic Dry Valleys and implications for rock weathering (2009) Geomorphology, 110, pp. 182-187; Messenzehl, K., Viles, H., Otto, J.-C., Ewald, A., Dikau, R., Linking rock weathering, rockwall instability and rockfall supply on talus slopes in glaciated hanging valleys (Swiss Alps) (2018) Permafr. Periglac. Process., 29, pp. 135-151; Momeni, A., Khanlari, G.R., Heidari, M., Bagheri, R., Bazvand, E., Assessment of physical weathering effects on granitic ancient monuments, Hamedan (2015) Iran. Environ. Earth Sci., 74, pp. 5181-5190; Mottershead, D.N., Identification and mapping of rock weathering surface forms and features (2000) Zeitschrift fur Geomorphol. Suppl., 120, pp. 5-22; Oliver, A., Getty Adobe Project, Getty Conservation Institute, Museum of New Mexico, Fort Selden Adobe Test Wall Project: Phase I: Final Report (2000), Los Angeles CA; Peel, M.C., Finlayson, B.L., McMahon, T.A., Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification (2007) Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 11, pp. 1633-1644; Pelletier, J.D., Kapp, P.A., Abell, J., Field, J.P., Williams, Z.C., Dorsey, R.J., Controls on yardang development and morphology: 1. Field observations and measurements at Ocotillo Wells, California (2018) J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 123, pp. 694-722; Pu, T., Chen, W., Du, Y., Li, W., Su, N., Snowfall-related deterioration behavior of the Ming Great Wall in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (2016) Nat. Hazards, 84, pp. 1539-1550; Richards, J., Wang, Y., Orr, S., Viles, H., Wang, Y., Orr, S.A., Viles, H., Finding common ground between United Kingdom based and Chinese approaches to earthen heritage conservation (2018) Sustainability, 10, p. 3086; Richards, J., Zhao, G., Zhang, H., Viles, H., A controlled field experiment to investigate the deterioration of earthen heritage by wind and rain (2019) Herit. Sci., 7, p. 51; Richards, J., Mayaud, J., Zhan, H., Wu, F., Bailey, R., Viles, H., Modelling the Risk of Deterioration at Earthen Heritage Sites in Drylands (2020), (Earth Surf. Process. Landforms Ahead of print); Rothert, E., Eggers, T., Cassar, J., Ruedrich, J., Fitzner, B., Siegesmund, S., Stone properties and weathering induced by salt crystallization of Maltese Globigerina Limestone (2007) Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 271, pp. 189-198; Schaffer, R.J., The Weathering of Natural Building Stones (1932), H.M. Stationery Office London; Selwitz, C., Coffman, R., Agnew, N., The getty adobe research project at Fort Selden III: An evaluation of the application of chemical consolidants to test walls (1990) Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 255-260. , N. Agnew The Getty Institute Los Angeles; Shao, M., Li, L., Wang, S., Wang, E., Li, Z., Deterioration mechanisms of building materials of Jiaohe ruins in China (2013) J. Cult. Herit., 14, pp. 38-44; Taylor, M.R., An evaluation of the New Mexico State monuments adobe test walls at Fort Selden (1990) Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 383-389. , N. Agnew The Getty Institute Los Angeles; UNESCO, Silk Roads: Initial Section of the Silk Roads, the Routes Network of Tian-Shan Corridor (2014), (Nomination Document); Viles, H.A., Scale issues in weathering studies (2001) Geomorphology, 41, pp. 63-72; Viles, H.A., Goudie, A.S., Rapid salt weathering in the coastal Namib desert: Implications for landscape development (2007) Geomorphology, 85, pp. 49-62; Viles, H.A., Goudie, A.S., Weathering in the central Namib Desert, Namibia: controls, processes and implications (2013) J. Arid Environ., 93, pp. 20-29; Wang, X.D., Zhang, H.Y., Yan, G.S., Pei, Q.Q., Durability of ancient earthen architecture under wind erosion in the Milan Ancient City along the silk road of China (2010) Adv. Mater. Res., 163-167, pp. 3230-3236; Ward, A.W., Greeley, R., Evolution of the yardangs at Rogers Lake (1984) California. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 95, pp. 829-837; WHEAP, World Heritage: Inventory of Earthen Architecture (2012); Wright, J.S., Geomorphology and stone conservation: sandstone decay in stoke-on-trent (2002) Struct. Surv., 20, pp. 50-61; Xie, Y., Ward, R., Fang, C., Qiao, B., The urban system in West China: a case study along the mid- section of the ancient Silk Road – He-Xi Corridor (2007) Cities, 24, pp. 60-73; Xu, X., Zheng, F., Wilson, G.V., Wu, M., Upslope inflow, hillslope gradient and rainfall intensity impacts on ephemeral gully erosion (2017) L. Degrad. Dev., 28, pp. 2623-2635; Yang, B., Qin, C., Bräuning, A., Burchardt, I., Liu, J., Rainfall history for the Hexi Corridor in the arid northwest China during the past 620 years derived from tree rings (2011) Int. J. Climatol., 31, pp. 1166-1176","Richards, J.; Oxford Resilient Buildings and Landscapes Lab, United Kingdom; email: Jennifer.richards@ouce.ox.ac.uk",,,"Elsevier B.V.",,,,,0169555X,,,,"English","Geomorphology",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85089389993
"Mellaikhafi A., Tilioua A., Souli H., Garoum M., Alaoui Hamdi M.A.","57216956980;55837368600;24067780100;6603454428;57221591598;","Characterization of different earthen construction materials in oasis of south-eastern Morocco (Errachidia Province)",2021,"Case Studies in Construction Materials","14",,"e00496","","",,15,"10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00496","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85099512168&doi=10.1016%2fj.cscm.2021.e00496&partnerID=40&md5=40c6c41d65af3dff95f0a27d98f5bb1a","Research Team in Thermal and Applied Thermodynamics (2.T.A.), Mechanics, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energies Laboratory (L.M.3.E.R.), Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Errachidia, Moulay Ismaïl University of Meknès, B.P. 509, Boutalamine, Errachidia, Morocco; UMR CNRS 8579, LTDS, École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Saint Etienne, France; Materials, Energy and Acoustics TEAM, Higher School of Technology in Salé, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco; Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University of Meknes, B.P. 11201, Zitoune, Meknes, 50050, Morocco","Mellaikhafi, A., Research Team in Thermal and Applied Thermodynamics (2.T.A.), Mechanics, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energies Laboratory (L.M.3.E.R.), Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Errachidia, Moulay Ismaïl University of Meknès, B.P. 509, Boutalamine, Errachidia, Morocco; Tilioua, A., Research Team in Thermal and Applied Thermodynamics (2.T.A.), Mechanics, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energies Laboratory (L.M.3.E.R.), Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Errachidia, Moulay Ismaïl University of Meknès, B.P. 509, Boutalamine, Errachidia, Morocco; Souli, H., UMR CNRS 8579, LTDS, École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Saint Etienne, France; Garoum, M., Materials, Energy and Acoustics TEAM, Higher School of Technology in Salé, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco; Alaoui Hamdi, M.A., Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University of Meknes, B.P. 11201, Zitoune, Meknes, 50050, Morocco","The oasis of Southeast Morocco possesses outstanding earthen architecture built with a mixture of rammed earth and mud brick construction. This work is a contribution to the valorization of earth building materials used in the oases to preserve this architecture against disappearance. It is a physico-chemical, mineralogical and geotechnical investigation of five soils taken from different areas on the edge of the main valleys, Wadi Ziz and Wadi Rheris, of this large oasis. First, X-ray (XRD) and infrared analyses of the soils studied show the absence of the two clay minerals, kaolinite and illite, in the oasis soils while, quartz, calcite or calcium carbonate, Ferroan Clinochlore and Muscovite are the main minerals in these soils. Second, grain size distribution, methylene blue tests and plasticity tests show that the soils of the oasis are generally low clay content and moderately plastic. They consist mainly of sand and silt. In addition, the suitability of the studied soils for the three construction techniques: adobe, rammed earth and compressed earth blocks (CEB), was tested using the recommendations cited by several authors. Furthermore, in the case of unsuitable soils, solutions are proposed to one of these techniques. The local compaction technique of rammed earth was assessed. This technique enabled us to achieve maximum dry density compaction values similar to those obtained in the laboratory using modified Proctor tests. Finally, an evaluation of the thermal conductivity of the different samples of the rammed earth walls was carried out in order to determine and compare the effect of compaction density and soil characteristics on thermal resistance. The results of this study showed that the soils taken from areas on the edge of the valley are more consistent with the construction of rammed earth. They are satisfactory in terms of compaction and also have a higher thermal resistance. Then, the construction in adobe is only possible if these soils go through a stabilization process. In addition, the grain size distribution indicated that soils taken from the soil edge are unsuitable for the manufacture of CEB. © 2021 The Author(s)","Earth building; Geotechnical properties; Infrared; Physicochemical characterization; X-rays diffraction","Building materials; Calcite; Calcium carbonate; Chlorite minerals; Compaction; Grain size and shape; Historic preservation; Kaolinite; Mica; Plasticity testing; Size distribution; Soils; Thermal conductivity; Walls (structural partitions); Compressed earth blocks; Construction technique; Earthen architectures; Geotechnical investigations; Grain size distribution; Modified Proctor test; Mud-brick constructions; Stabilization process; Stabilization",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Khadka, B., Rammed Earth, As a Sustainable and Structurally Safe Green Building: a Housing Solution in the Era of Global Warming and Climate Change (2019), Springer Nature Switzerland AG; Rael, R., Earth Architecture (2009), 1st ed. Princeton Architectural Press New York, N.Y; Fernandes, J., Peixoto, M., Mateus, R., Gervásio, H., Life cycle analysis of environmental impacts of earthen materials in the Portuguese context: rammed earth and compressed earth blocks (2019) J. Clean. Prod., 241; Le règlement parasismique pour les constructions en terre et instituant la comité national des constructions en terre, Decret n° 2-12-666 (2013); Ben Mansour, M., Jelidi, A., Cherif, A.S., Ben Jabrallah, S., Optimizing thermal and mechanical performance of compressed earth blocks (CEB) (2016) Constr. Build. Mater., 104, pp. 44-51; Touré, P.M., Sambou, V., Faye, M., Thiam, A., Adj, M., Azilinon, D., Mechanical and hygrothermal properties of compressed stabilized earth bricks (CSEB) (2017) J. Build. Eng., 13, pp. 266-271; Kolawole, J.T., Olalusi, O.B., Orimogunje, A.J., Adhesive bond potential of compressed stabilised earth brick (2020) Structures, 23, pp. 812-820; Malkanthi, S.N., Balthazaar, N., Perera, A.A.D.A.J., Lime stabilization for compressed stabilized earth blocks with reduced clay and silt (2020) Case Stud. Constr. Mater., 12, p. e00326; Lavie Arsène, M.I., Frédéric, C., Nathalie, F., Improvement of lifetime of compressed earth blocks by adding limestone, sandstone and porphyry aggregates (2020) J. Build. Eng., 29; Muntohar, A.S., Engineering characteristics of the compressed-stabilized earth brick (2011) Constr. Build. Mater., 25, pp. 4215-4220; Burroughs, S., Soil property criteria for rammed earth stabilization (2008) J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 20, pp. 264-273; Riyono, W.A., Vincens, E., Plassiard, J.P., A hierarchical elasto-plastic constitutive model for rammed earth (2018) Constr.Build. Mater., 160, pp. 351-364; Chauhan, P., El Hajjar, A., Prime, N., Plé, O., Unsaturated behavior of rammed earth: experimentation towards numerical modelling (2019) Constr. Build. Mater., 227, p. 116646; Kariyawasam, K.K.G.K.D., Jayasinghe, C., Cement stabilized rammed earth as a sustainable construction material (2016) Constr. Build. Mater., 105, pp. 519-527; Tinsley, J., Pavía, S., Thermal performance and fitness of glacial till for rammed earth construction (2019) J. Build. Eng., 24, p. 100727; Cristelo, N., Glendinning, S., Miranda, T., Oliveira, D., Silva, R., Soil stabilisation using alkaline activation of fly ash for self compacting rammed earth construction (2012) Constr. Build. Mater., 36, pp. 727-735; Raj, S., Sharma, A.K., Anand, K.B., Performance appraisal of coal ash stabilized rammed earth (2018) J. Build. 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"Cobb C.R., Butler B.M.","7101858416;7202035416;","Mississippian Plazas, Performances, and Portable Histories",2017,"Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory","24","3",,"676","702",,13,"10.1007/s10816-016-9281-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84960117842&doi=10.1007%2fs10816-016-9281-3&partnerID=40&md5=68c119fd53c5728792aa5b436ce19adc","Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Dickinson Hall, 1659 Museum Road, Gainesville, FL  32611, United States; Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL  62901, United States","Cobb, C.R., Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Dickinson Hall, 1659 Museum Road, Gainesville, FL  32611, United States; Butler, B.M., Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL  62901, United States","Although plazas have a lengthy and variable history in southeastern North America, by the Mississippian period (ca. 1000–1500 CE), they had assumed some degree of conformity: they were square to rectangular in shape, anchored the approximate center of a settlement, often had additional inclusions such as public buildings or earthen monuments, and were the arenas of secular and religious public activities. We suggest that the importance of these architectural features to Mississippian life ways can be attributed to two characteristics that are widely shared with other cultures that also employed plazas as a form of axis mundi. First, their construction represents an event that arrests temporality and draws attention to their pivotal role in synchronizing ritual life. Second, their relatively open architecture confers them a relational flexibility that allows for the linkage of a wide variety of spaces, things, and beings. A quantitative and qualitative study of 35 Mississippian plazas demonstrates discrepancies from a linear relationship between plaza size and site size that may be related to variation in the kinds of performances that were conducted in these public places at different types of settlements. Despite this variation, the ubiquity of plazas suggests that they were pivotal to the founding of Mississippian places, and may have been important for reestablishing a sense of cosmological order for migrating communities. © 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Mississippian; Plazas; Relationality; Ritual; Temporality",,,,,,"National Science Foundation, NSF: SBR-9807157; U.S. Department of Agriculture, USDA","Portions of this study were funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF SBR-9807157) and USDA Shawnee National Forest Challenge Grants.","Thanks to T. R. Kidder and four anonymous reviewers for their constructive criticisms and for pointing out some key lapses in our literature search. We are grateful to those archaeologists who kindly shared unpublished data on plaza and site dimensions, including Susan Alt, Andrew Mickelson, Adam King, and Paul Welch. Portions of this study were funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF SBR-9807157) and USDA Shawnee National Forest Challenge Grants.",,,,,,,,,"Adair, J., (1775) (2005). In K. E. H. 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Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. 74, , Harvard University, Cambridge; Williams, M., Shapiro, G., Paired towns (1990) Lamar archaeology: Mississippian chiefdoms in the deep south, pp. 163-174. , Williams M, Shapiro G, (eds), University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa; Zedeño, M.N., Bundled worlds: the roles and interactions of complex objects from the North American Plains (2008) Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 13, pp. 362-378; Zedeño, M.N., Animating by association: index objects and relational taxonomies (2009) Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 19, pp. 407-417; Zucker, P., (1959) Town and square: from the agora to the village green, , Columbia University Press, New York","Cobb, C.R.; Florida Museum of Natural History, Dickinson Hall, 1659 Museum Road, United States; email: ccobb@flmnh.ufl.edu",,,"Springer New York LLC",,,,,10725369,,,,"English","J. Archaeol. Method and Theory",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84960117842
"Mileto C., López-Manzanares F.V., Crespo L.V., García-Soriano L.","36721933700;6603127341;57204956781;56344563400;","The influence of geographical factors in traditional earthen architecture: The case of the Iberian Peninsula",2019,"Sustainability (Switzerland)","11","8","2369","","",,12,"10.3390/su11082369","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85066927702&doi=10.3390%2fsu11082369&partnerID=40&md5=7fbd28a08db05b6ea7afe7f39fee119d","Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain","Mileto, C., Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain; López-Manzanares, F.V., Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain; Crespo, L.V., Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain; García-Soriano, L., Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain","Geographical and environmental conditions were two of the most important factors on the design and construction of traditional architecture. Traditional earthen architecture is found throughout the Iberian Peninsula in numerous constructive techniques and variants, most notably rammed-earth, adobe and half-timber. The varied morphology, climate, geology and culture of the Iberian Peninsula, together with its immediate surroundings, have a direct effect on the development and the properties of traditional architecture. Thus, the objective of this research is to establish the relationship between the geographical characteristics and the distribution of the earthen techniques. For that purpose, the authors of this text have carried out a thorough data collection throughout the whole of the Iberian Peninsula in order to identify the main characteristics of this architecture in each location and to produce maps featuring the locations for each technique. This mapping of numerous techniques has been compared with other thematic maps of the territory, establishing relationships between the different techniques and specific properties of a given area. These provide hypotheses on which factors encourage or hinder the use of earthen construction techniques. Moreover, the relationship of traditional architecture with geographical factors and its specific morphology on a given place has provided many design lessons for a sustainable architecture. Those lessons must be taken into account on rehabilitation works and new architecture. © 2019 by the authors.","Climate factors; Earthen technique location; Earthen traditional architecture; Geoclimatic features; Geographical factors; Geological factors; Iberian Peninsula traditional architecture; Sustainable architecture","architecture; canopy architecture; detection method; environmental conditions; environmental factor; geology; mapping method; sustainability; territory; Iberian Peninsula",,,,,"BIA2014-55924-R","Funding: This work is part of the research project “Restoration and rehabilitation of traditional earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula. Guidelines and tools for a sustainable intervention”, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Ref.: BIA2014-55924-R; main researchers: Camilla Mileto and Fernando Vegas López-Manzanares).",,,,,,,,,,"Mileto, C., Vegas, F., Villacampa Crespo, L., García-Soriano, L., Vernacular earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula. 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Estudio del comportamiento bioclimático y la eficiencia energética en las intervenciones, , Universitat Politècnica de Vàlencia: Valencia, Spain; Vegas, F., Mileto, C., Guimaraens, G., Navalón, V., Defining sustainable architecure (2014) Versus, Heritage for Tomorrow, pp. 35-39. , https://www.esg.pt/versus/pdf/versus_heritage_for_tomorrow.pdf, Correia, M., Dipasquale, L., Mecca, S., Eds.; Firenze University Press: Firenze, Italy (accessed on 19 December 2016); Carlos, G.D., Correia, M., Dipasquale, L., Guillaud, H., Mecca, S., Mileto, C., Vegas, F., Cannas, L., Research method and operative approach (2014) Versus-Heritage for Tomorrow, pp. 23-31. , https://www.esg.pt/versus/pdf/versus_heritage_for_tomorrow.pdf, Correia, M., Dipasquale, L., Mecca, S., Eds.; Firenze University Press: Firenze, Italy(accessed on 19 December 2016)","Crespo, L.V.; Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Spain; email: lauvilcr@arq.upv.es",,,"MDPI AG",,,,,20711050,,,,"English","Sustainability",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85066927702
"Correia M., Guerrero L., Crosby A.","56868212700;54893545000;57188990274;","Technical strategies for conservation of Earthen archaeological architecture",2015,"Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites","17","3",,"224","256",,12,"10.1080/13505033.2015.1129799","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84964686260&doi=10.1080%2f13505033.2015.1129799&partnerID=40&md5=341e4f8b7bc8a5cd25d9d6c304be3e68","Escola Superior Gallaecia, Portugal; Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Xochimilco, Mexico; Architectural Conservation LLC, United States","Correia, M., Escola Superior Gallaecia, Portugal; Guerrero, L., Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Xochimilco, Mexico; Crosby, A., Architectural Conservation LLC, United States","The preservation of earthen architectural heritage is extremely complex due to the diversity of its constituent materials and potentially rapid physical deterioration. Interventions on historic earthen architecture throughout the world have shown very distinct levels of success, but there is no single procedure or combination of conservation procedures that guarantee success. One of the problems is the lack of knowledge about the behaviour of soil as the material component, and its relationships both with other materials, and associated natural and cultural environments. This article analyses some technical considerations that have influenced the preservation of earthen archaeological remains, through critical analysis of the existing bibliographic references from the proceedings of specialized international conferences that have taken place in the last twenty years. © 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.","Conservation; Earthen architecture; Preservation; Preventive measures; Stabilisation; Structural reinforcement; Surface coating",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Alva, A., Chiari, G., Protection and conservation of excavated structures of mudbrick (1995) Conservation on Archaeological Excavations, with Particular Reference to the Mediterranean Area. Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property, pp. 101-112. , N. P. Stanley-Price & International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and the Restoration of Cultural Property, eds. Rome: ICCROM; Anger, R., Fontaine, L., (2005) Grains de Bâtisseurs. La Matière en Grains, de La Géologie à l'Architecture, [Grains Builders. The Granular Material, from Geology to Architecture], , Grenoble: CRATerre Edition; Anger, R., Fontaine, L., Houben, H., Influence of the salt and Ph content into plasticity (2009) MEDITERRA 2009: 1St Mediterranean Conference on Earth Architecture, pp. 391-397. , M. Achenza, M. Correia and H. Guillaud, eds. Monfalcone: Edicom Edizioni; Ashurst, J., Ashurst, N., Practical building conservation (1988) English Heritage Technical Handbook, 3. , Mortars, Plasters and Renders. New York, NY: Halsted Press; Avrami, E., Guillaud, H., Hardy, M., (2008) Terra Literature Review. An Overview of Research in Earthen Architecture Conservation, , Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute; Barrow, J., A century of earthen architectural conservation in American Southwest national parks (2009) MEDITERRA 2009: 1St Mediterranean Conference on Earth Architecture, pp. 337-350. , M. Achenza, M. Correia and H. Guillaud, eds. Monfalcone: Edicom Edizioni; Blondet, M., Vargas, J., Seismic protection of earthen buildings (2008) Terra 2008: 10Th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architectural Heritage, p. 154. , L.H. Rainer, A.B. Rivera and S. Valence, eds. Abstracts Bamako, Mali. 1-5 February 2008. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute; Bouwens, D., Straw stubble thatch (2000) TERRA 2000: 8Th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 208-209. , Plymouth School of Architecture, English Heritage & ICOMOS/UK, eds Torquay, England. 11-13 May 2000. London: James & James; Brown, L., (1993) The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary: On Historical Principles, p. 1152. , Oxford: Clarendon Press; Calarco, D.A., Conservation of an earthen architecture archaeological site (2000) TERRA 2000: 8Th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 20-25. , San Diego Royal Presidio Plymouth School of Architecture, English Heritage & ICOMOS/UK, eds. Torquay, England. 11-13 May 2000. London: James & James; Cancino, C., Matero, F., Assessment of grouting methods for cracks & large-scale detachment repairs casa grande national monument (2003) Terra 2003: 9Th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 395-414. , Sāzmān-i Mīrās-i Farhangī-i Kishvar, eds. PrePrints Yazd, Iran. 29 November - 3 December 2003. Tehran: Iran Cultural Heritage Organisation; Carvalho, A., Soil stabilization with lime additions (1997) Boletim ABPC, 13, p. 23; Castellanos, C., Descamps, F., (2009) Conservation Management Planning: Putting Theory into Practice: The Case of Joya de Cerén, El Salvador, , http://hdl.handle.net/10020/gci_pubs/cons_mgt_planning, [online]. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute [accessed July 2015]; Chiari, G., Rapporteur's introductions: C. Field research in conservation (1993) Post-Proceedings. Recommendations: Terra 93: 7Th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, p. 69. , A. Alva Balderrama, H. Houben & F. Pinto & DGEMN, eds. Silves, Portugal. 24-29 October 1993. Lisbon: DGEMN; Clifton, J.R., Davis, F.L., (1979) Mechanical Properties of Adobe, , Washington: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards; Cooke, L., To fill or not to fill? Retrospective backfilling at Merv, Turkmenistan (2003) Terra 2003: 9Th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 102-106. , Sāzmān-i Mīrās-i Farhangī-i Kishvar, eds. PrePrints Yazd, Iran. 29 November - 3 December 2003 Iran Cultural Heritage Organisation; Cooke, L., Earthen building materials and techniques at Merv, Turkmenistan (2004) 4th International Conference on Building with Earth, pp. 53-61. , J. Reisenberger, & Lehm Dachverband, eds. Lehm 2004 Weimar: Dachverband Lehm e.V; Correia, M., Islamic rammed earth fortresses (2004) Pedra & Cal. Revista do GECoRPA, Grémio Das Empresas de Conservação e Restauro do Património Arquitectónico, 24, p. 16. , (Oct-Dec. 2004); Correia, M., Conservation theory and its application to earthen heritage (2007) Arquitectura en Tierra, 20 (2), pp. 202-219; Correia, M., (2010) Conservation in Earthen Heritage: Assessment and Significance of Failure, Criteria, Conservation Theory, and Strategies, , PhD thesis. Oxford: Oxford Brookes University; Correia, M., Criteria and methodology for intervention in vernacular architecture and earthen heritage (2015) Seismic Retrofitting: Learning from Vernacular Architecture, pp. 29-36. , M.R. Correia, P.B. Lourenco and H. Varum, eds. 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"Richards J., Mayaud J., Zhan H., Wu F., Bailey R., Viles H.","57203789134;56201440400;56007368700;35796375200;57211129687;7003635807;","Modelling the risk of deterioration at earthen heritage sites in drylands",2020,"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","45","11",,"2401","2416",,11,"10.1002/esp.4887","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85085981109&doi=10.1002%2fesp.4887&partnerID=40&md5=9d25d95213398dc40e0460c634f1bd34","School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, 736200, China","Richards, J., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Mayaud, J., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Zhan, H., Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, 736200, China; Wu, F., Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, 736200, China; Bailey, R., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Viles, H., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom","The variable climatic and environmental conditions associated with dryland regions can cause rapid erosion to both natural and man-made earthen structures. Whilst there is a long history of research into the evolution of erosional landforms such as yardangs, little research has investigated how dryland processes influence the erosion of built structures. Earthen heritage sites located in arid and semi-arid environments experience rapid deterioration caused by exposure to environmental drivers such as wind and rain. Understanding how these environmental drivers interact with each other and cause deterioration to earthen material is vital for successful conservation strategies. To address this need, we present the Vegetation and Sediment TrAnsport model for Heritage Deterioration (ViSTA-HD) that simulates the risk of polishing, pitting and slurry on earthen heritage in a spatially specific manner. A technical description of the model is provided, and sensitivity and validation tests are reported. The model is then used to simulate the risk of deterioration occurring over centennial timescales at a Suoyang Ancient City, located in semi-arid northwest China. The modelled risk of deterioration is in good agreement with deterioration patterns found at Suoyang, with the risk of polishing predominantly occurring around the wall edges, areas at risk of pitting echoing the dune formation and the risk of slurry occurring in drape-like patterns down the wall face. Consequently, ViSTA-HD is a powerful and versatile model that can be used to help inform our understandings of long-term interactions between dryland processes and deteriorative impact on earthen structures. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd","cellular automaton model; conservation; deterioration; earthen heritage; northwest China","Erosion; Geomorphology; Landforms; Polishing; Risk assessment; Sediment transport; Walls (structural partitions); Conservation strategies; Earth surface process; Earthen structures; Environmental conditions; Long-term interaction; Sediment transport model; Semi-arid environments; Validation test; Deterioration; archaeological evidence; cellular automaton; climate variation; erosion rate; heritage conservation; historic building; landform evolution; modeling; risk assessment; semiarid region; weathering rate; China",,,,,"EP/L016036/1; Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, EPSRC","This research was funded by UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) grant for the Centre for Doctoral Training Science and Engineering in Art, Heritage and Archaeology (EP/L016036/1) in association with the Getty Conservation Institute.",,,,,,,,,,"Allen, E.J., An SDE model for deterioration of rock surfaces (2019) Stochastic Analysis and Applications, 37, pp. 1012-1027. , https://doi.org/10.1080/07362994.2019.1636659; 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Processes Landf.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Hybrid Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85085981109
"Pei Q.Q., Wang X.D., Zhao L.Y., Zhang B., Guo Q.L.","56909595700;56159218500;35212554000;57208218185;55377686100;","A sticky rice paste preparation method for reinforcing earthen heritage sites",2020,"Journal of Cultural Heritage","44",,,"98","109",,11,"10.1016/j.culher.2020.01.009","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85079053655&doi=10.1016%2fj.culher.2020.01.009&partnerID=40&md5=a5656a41099686701b4c0178bfcdb899","Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu  730000, China; National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings, Dunhuang, Gansu  736200, China; Dunhuang Academy, Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, Gansu  736200, China; Technology Service Center for the Cultural Heritage Conservation, Dunhuang Academy, Lanzhou, Gansu  730000, China","Pei, Q.Q., Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu  730000, China, National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings, Dunhuang, Gansu  736200, China, Dunhuang Academy, Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, Gansu  736200, China, Technology Service Center for the Cultural Heritage Conservation, Dunhuang Academy, Lanzhou, Gansu  730000, China; Wang, X.D., Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu  730000, China, National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings, Dunhuang, Gansu  736200, China, Dunhuang Academy, Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, Gansu  736200, China, Technology Service Center for the Cultural Heritage Conservation, Dunhuang Academy, Lanzhou, Gansu  730000, China; Zhao, L.Y., National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings, Dunhuang, Gansu  736200, China, Dunhuang Academy, Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, Gansu  736200, China, Technology Service Center for the Cultural Heritage Conservation, Dunhuang Academy, Lanzhou, Gansu  730000, China; Zhang, B., Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu  730000, China; Guo, Q.L., National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings, Dunhuang, Gansu  736200, China, Dunhuang Academy, Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, Gansu  736200, China, Technology Service Center for the Cultural Heritage Conservation, Dunhuang Academy, Lanzhou, Gansu  730000, China","Effective restoration measures are required to protect earthen sites in historical heritage locations. In this study, sticky rice paste was added to in situ site soils and the water resistance and disintegration of the modified soils were investigated. Further, the influences of freeze–thaw, dry–wet, and Na2SO4-corrosion cycles on the compressive strength of the modified soil and its morphology were assessed. The results obtained indicate that the modified soil exhibited the highest water resistance and strength after 30 freeze–thaw and dry–wet cycles and 20 Na2SO4-corrosion cycles. This work is expected to provide future guidance on improved restoration and protection of earthen sites. © 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS","Deterioration mechanism; Earthen sites; Freeze–thaw cycle; Gelatinized sticky rice paste; Sticky rice paste-modified soil; Temperature–humidity cycles",,,,,,"18YF1WA003, 20140225","This work was financially supported by the Unitized Study of Engineering Technology for Earthen Heritage Protection Based on the Scientific Cognition of Traditional Materials and Technology [grant number 20140225 ] and the Research and application of comprehensive anti-weathering technologies for earthen sites on the Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor road network along the Silk Road [grant number 18YF1WA003 ].",,,,,,,,,,"Zhao, P., Lanzhou University (2017) The Effects and Mechanism Study of Earthen Sites Reinforced by Sticky Rice Mortar, , Master's Thesis; Wang, X.D., Research and application of key technologies for protection of soil sites in arid environment (2018) Res. Heritage Preserv., 3 (1); Yang, F.W., Zhang, B.J., Ma, Q.L., Study of sticky rice-lime mortar technology for the restoration of historical masonry construction (2010) Acc. Chem. Res., 43 (6), pp. 936-944; Yang, F.W., Study of Inorganic Gelling Materials for the Conservation of Immovable Relic (2011), PhD Thesis Zhejiang University; Yang, H.S., Che, Y.J., Ye, H.H., Energy dissipation mechanism during deformation in glutinous rice-lime mortar (2018) J. Guizhou Normal Univ. (Natural Sciences), 2, pp. 54-58; Yang, F.W., Zhang, B.J., Zeng, Y.Y., Pan, C.C., He, X., Explorative study on scientific principles of traditional sticky rice mortar and its modern application (2008) Palace Museum J., 5, pp. 105-114; Li, X.A., Huang, R.Q., Peng, J.B., Experimental research on disintegration of loess (2009) Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng., 28 (s1), pp. 3207-3213; Zeng, Y.Y., Zhang, B.J., Liang, X.L., Study on characteristics and consolidation mechanism of historical mortar materials (2008) Sci. Conserv. 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Herit.; Pei, Q.Q., Wang, X.D., Guo, Q.L., Zhang, B., Zhao, G.J., Zhao, J.Z., On laboratory test of deformation mechanism of rammed roof-propping reinforcement from earthen heritage sites in arid environment (2018) Rock Soil Mech., 39 (8), pp. 2755-2764; Ye, W.J., Yang, G.S., Peng, J.B., Huang, Q.B., Xu, Y.F., Test research on mechanism of freezing and thawing cycle resulting in loess slope spalling hazards in Luochuan (2012) Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng., 31 (1), pp. 199-205; Yang, F.W., Zhang, B.J., Pan, C.C., Traditional mortar presented by sticky rice lime mortar-one of the great inventions in ancient China (2009) Sci. China Ser. E Technol. Sci., 52 (6), pp. l641-1647; Zhang, H.Q., Study on Restraining Starch Retrogradation of Buckwheat and Application, Master's (2007), Thesis Tianjin University of Science & Technology; Liu, Y.H., Shen, C.N., Fang, X.W., Xu, S.B., Zhang, W., Investigations on effect of solution concentration and temperature on rate of concrete sulfate attack (2008) J. Chongqing Jianzhu Univ., 30 (1), pp. 129-135; Li, Y.W., Experimental study on resistance of concrete to sulfate attack (2017) Dev. Guide Build. Mater., 15 (7), pp. 324-325; Wang, H.L., Dong, Y.S., Sun, X.Y., Jin, W.L., Damage mechanism of concrete deteriorated by sulfate arrack in wet-dry cycle environment (2012) J. Zhejiang Univ. (Engineering Science), 46 (7), pp. 1255-1261; Wang, L., Zhan, Y.Z., Shen, G.P., Chen, Y.L., The weathering and deteriorating mechanism of clay brick (2008) Sichuan Build. Sci., 34 (1), pp. 142-145","Wang, X.D.; Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, China; email: wangxudong@dpm.org.cn",,,"Elsevier Masson SAS",,,,,12962074,,,,"English","J. Cult. Heritage",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85079053655
"Mattone M., Rescic S., Fratini F., Del Fà R.M.","55901890800;14024798900;6602728244;56764709600;","Experimentation of Earth-Gypsum Plasters for the Conservation of Earthen Constructions",2017,"International Journal of Architectural Heritage","11","6",,"763","772",,11,"10.1080/15583058.2017.1290850","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85028542030&doi=10.1080%2f15583058.2017.1290850&partnerID=40&md5=ec238c6d411280200ff442151a48b7fd","DAD, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy; CNR, Institute for the Conservation and Valorization of Cultural Heritage, Florence, Italy","Mattone, M., DAD, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy, CNR, Institute for the Conservation and Valorization of Cultural Heritage, Florence, Italy; Rescic, S., CNR, Institute for the Conservation and Valorization of Cultural Heritage, Florence, Italy; Fratini, F., CNR, Institute for the Conservation and Valorization of Cultural Heritage, Florence, Italy; Del Fà, R.M., CNR, Institute for the Conservation and Valorization of Cultural Heritage, Florence, Italy","Widely spread in many countries, earthen architectures bear important and significant witness to knowledge, building techniques, and technological culture. The preservation of the earthen architectural heritage, as well as the use of this material in contemporary architecture, asks for the experimentation and the development of proper materials and intervention techniques in order to moderate and prevent any process of weathering which may compromise the conservation of the whole earthen heritage over time. The research aim of this article is to design and test earth-based plasters prepared mixing earth and gypsum, with the addition of natural or synthetic products, which can offer an effective means of protection against the atmospheric agents characterising the places in which the constructions are or will be built. © 2017 Taylor & Francis.","conservation; decay; earthen construction; gypsum; plaster","Architecture; Chemical industry; Conservation; Gypsum; Product design; Architectural heritage; Atmospheric agents; Building techniques; Contemporary architectures; decay; Earthen architectures; Earthen constructions; Technological culture; Plaster; building construction; construction material; cultural heritage; gypsum; weathering profile",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Aloiz, E.M., (2011) New Investigations into a Historic Treatment: The Efficacy of Gelatin as an Adhesive for Earthen Finishes at Mesa Verde National Park, , Degree thesis of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; (1993) Standard practice for wet preparation of soil samples for particle-size analysis and determination of soil constants, , West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; (2014) Standard practice for conducting black box and solar concentrating exposures of coatings, , West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; (1990) Standard test method for particle-size analysis of soils, , West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; (2015) Standard test methods for wetting and drying compacted soil-cement mixtures, , West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; (2015) Standard test methods for freezing and thawing compacted soil-cement mixtures, , West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; Bertagnin, M., Achenza, M., Munciguerra, C., (1999) Architetture di terra in Italia. 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Storia, Cultura e Paesaggio, , Spinetta Marengo, AL: Canepa; Sabbadini, S., Intonaci e finiture in terra (2010) Scritti sulla terra, pp. 56-68. , Galdieri E., (ed), Saonara, PD: Il prato; Materials and workmanship for earth buildings (1998) Appendix E, , Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Standards Organisation; Materials and workmanship for earth buildings (1998) Appendix D, , Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Standards Organisation; Stazi, F., Nacci, A., Tittarelli, F., Pasqualini, E., Munafò, P., An experimental study on earthen plasters for earthen building protection: The effect of different admixtures and surface treatments (2016) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 17, pp. 27-41; Svoboda, P., Prochazka, M., Outdoor earthen plasters. Organization, technology & management in construction (2012) An International Journal, 4 (1), pp. 420-423; Taylor, M.R., (1990) An evaluation of the New Mexico State monuments test walls at Fort Selden, pp. 383-389. , Los Angeles, CA: Adobe 90, Getty Institute; (2009) Conservation of Cultural property - Test methods.-Determination of static contact angle, , Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardization; (2010) Conservation of cultural property - Test methods - Determination of water vapour permeability (δp), , Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardization; (2010) Conservation of Cultural Property–Test Method–Colour Measurements of Surfaces, , Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardization; Uviña Contreras, F., Guerrero Baca, L., (2007) El uso de la cal en la conservación de estructuras de tierra, pp. 40-45. , Fourth International Adobe Conference of the Adobe Association of the Southwest, Los Angeles, CA: Adobe USA 2007, El Rito, May","Del Fà, R.M.; CNR, Via Madonna del Piano, 10, Italy; email: manganelli@icvbc.cnr.it",,,"Taylor and Francis Inc.",,,,,15583058,,,,"English","Int. J. Archit. Herit.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85028542030
"Zhang H.-Y., Zhu S.-B., Li M., Zhang X.-C.","56907949200;56978450300;56908377800;56237915500;","Water Repellency of Monument Soil Treated by Tung Oil",2016,"Geotechnical and Geological Engineering","34","1",,"205","216",,11,"10.1007/s10706-015-9939-8","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84957430915&doi=10.1007%2fs10706-015-9939-8&partnerID=40&md5=7e27bf4d3d806190d2d841c2811f23cb","Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; School of Civil Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin, 300401, China","Zhang, H.-Y., Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China, School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Zhu, S.-B., School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Li, M., School of Civil Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin, 300401, China; Zhang, X.-C., School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China","Earthen monuments exposed at archeological sites are afflicted by a series of diseases, such as shrinkage, cracking, and collapse, related to moisture evaporation or partially soaked in ground water. Water repellency treatment is a promising improvement to the durability of earthen monuments. To understand the hydrophobic mechanism of the soil treated by Tung oil, geotechnical tests, including permeability test and water repellency test, in the laboratory were conducted on clay soil sampled from a site where Da Bao’en Temple was in Nanjing, China. Test results indicate that Tung oil film coated on the soil particles could well decrease the surface tension and free energy, providing waterproofing property without obvious change in esthetic appearance. Laboratory tests indicate that Tung oil treatment decreases the hydraulic conductivity and increases the water repellency of the soil. Water repellent treatment with Tung oil provides a new approach for earthen monument conservation under humid weather condition. © 2015, Springer International Publishing Switzerland.","Da Bao’en Temple heritage; Earthen monument; Hydraulic conductivity; Tung oil; Water repellency","Clay; Drying oils; Free energy; Groundwater; Hydraulic conductivity; Oil well testing; Soil testing; Soils; Waterproofing; Archeological sites; Earthen monument; Geotechnical tests; Hydrophobic mechanisms; Moisture evaporation; Tung oil; Water repellency; Water repellent treatment; Water treatment; artifact; clay soil; coating; heritage conservation; hydraulic conductivity; hydrophobicity; monument; oil; permeability; China; Jiangsu; Nanjing [Jiangsu]",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Adams, S., Strain, B.R., Adams, M.S., Water-repellent soils and annual plant cover in a desert scrub community of southeastern California (1969) Proc Symp Water Rep Soils, 354, pp. 289-296; Bisdom, E.B.A., Dekker, L.W., Schoute, J.F., Water repellency of sieve fractions from sandy soils and relationships with organic material and soil structure (1993) Geoderma, 56, pp. 105-118; Blackmon, G.H., The tung-oil industry (1943) Bot Rev, 9 (1), pp. 1-40; Blom, A.V., (1949) Elsevier’s polymer series, ‘organic coating in theory and practice, V. 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Jeyakumar, P., Müller, K., Deurer, M., A novel approach to quantify the impact of soil water repellency on run-off and solute loss (2014) Geoderma, 221, pp. 121-130; Jordán, A., Zavala, L.M., Mataix-Solera, J., Soil water repellency: origin, assessment and geomorphological consequences (2013) Catena, 108, pp. 1-5; Khamehchiyan, M., Hossein Charkhabi, A., Tajik, M., Effects of crude oil contamination on geotechnical properties of clayey and sandy soils (2007) Eng Geol, 89 (3), pp. 220-229; King, P.M., Comparison of methods for measuring severity of water repellence of sandy soils and assessment of some factors that affect its measurement (1981) Soil Res, 19 (3), pp. 275-285; Kirch, P.V., Burial structures and societal ranking in Vava’u, Tonga (1980) J Polyn Soc, 89, pp. 291-308; Letey, J., Osborn, J., Pelishek, R.E., Measurement of liquid–solid contact angles in soil and sand (1962) Soil Sci, 93, pp. 149-153; Letey, J., Carrillo, M.L.K., Pang, X.P., Approaches to characterize the degree of water repellency (2000) J Hydrol, 231, pp. 61-65; 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Some studies related to field occurrence (1971) Field Stn Rec, 10, pp. 13-20; Roy, J.L., McGill, W.B., Assessing soil water repellency using the molarity of ethanol droplet (MED) test (2002) Soil Sci, 167 (2), pp. 83-97; Rufino, R.D., Rodrigues, G.I.B., Campos-Takaki, G.M., Application of a yeast biosurfactant in the removal of heavy metals and hydrophobic contaminant in a soil used as slurry barrier (2011) Appl Environ Soil Sci, 2011, pp. 1-7; Samadzadeh, M., Boura, S.H., Peikari, M., Tung oil: an autonomous repairing agent for self-healing epoxy coatings (2011) Prog Org Coat, 70 (4), pp. 383-387; Singh, S.K., Srivastava, R.K., John, S., Studies on soil contamination due to used motor oil and its remediation (2009) Can Geotech J, 46 (9), pp. 1077-1083; Tang, X.W., Lin, T.S., Luo, X., Strength and geo-environmental properties of clay improved by tung oil and sticky rice juice (2007) Geotech Eng, 29, pp. 1324-1329. , (in Chinese); Täumer, K., Stoffregen, H., Wessolek, G., Determination of repellency distribution using soil organic matter and water content (2005) Geoderma, 125, pp. 107-115; Wang, C.C., Jones, F.N., Stability and film properties of tung oil modified soybean alkyd emulsion (2000) J Appl Polym Sci, 78, pp. 1698-1706; Zhang, K., Zhang, H., Fang, S., Textual and experimental studies on the compositions of traditional Chinese organic-inorganic mortars (2014) Archaeometry, Suppl. 1, pp. 100-115; Zisman, W.A., Relation of the equilibrium contact angle to liquid and solid constitution (1964) Adv Chem Ser, 43, pp. 1-51","Zhang, H.-Y.; Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, China; email: zhanghuyuan@lzu.edu.cn",,,"Springer International Publishing",,,,,09603182,,GGENE,,"English","Geotech. Geol. Eng.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84957430915
"Fazio A.T., Cavicchioli A., Penna D.S.A., Chambergo F.S., de Faria D.L.A.","7005585221;6603666827;56613143700;6507705469;6701578466;","Towards a better comprehension of biodeterioration in earthen architecture: Study of fungi colonisation on historic wall surfaces in Brazil",2015,"Journal of Cultural Heritage","16","6",,"934","938",,11,"10.1016/j.culher.2015.04.001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84948717478&doi=10.1016%2fj.culher.2015.04.001&partnerID=40&md5=32ad9bf4a1b301b349545d5ed185065a","Laboratorio de Espectroscopia Molecular, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo (SP), 05508-000, Brazil; Escola das Artes, Ciencias e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Bettio, 1000, São Paulo (SP), 03828-000, Brazil","Fazio, A.T., Laboratorio de Espectroscopia Molecular, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo (SP), 05508-000, Brazil; Cavicchioli, A., Escola das Artes, Ciencias e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Bettio, 1000, São Paulo (SP), 03828-000, Brazil; Penna, D.S.A., Escola das Artes, Ciencias e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Bettio, 1000, São Paulo (SP), 03828-000, Brazil; Chambergo, F.S., Escola das Artes, Ciencias e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Bettio, 1000, São Paulo (SP), 03828-000, Brazil; de Faria, D.L.A., Laboratorio de Espectroscopia Molecular, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo (SP), 05508-000, Brazil","This study was aimed to describe fungal communities found in biofilms growing on earthen walls (rammed earth, wattle-and-daub and adobe) of rural and semi-urban historical buildings representative of the first phase of the Brazilian coffee cycle (1820-1880), in the upper basin of the Paraiba do Sul river, São Paulo State. The relationship between substrates and such surface-associated microbial communities was also investigated. Fungal biodiversity was significantly higher in rammed earth with respect to the other two techniques. Granulometric analysis showed that rammed earth also contained a higher percentage of coarse soil fraction which is likely to favour the accumulation of water and organic matter. Cellulolytic activity tested positive for the majority of fungi and acidification test showed that fungi exhibit elevated acidifying capacity suggesting that biodeterioration may occur through acid metabolites. © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS.","Biodeterioration; Brazil; Coffee cycle; Earthen architecture; Fungi",,,,,,"Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, FAPESP","The authors wish to thank Ms. Joseane Fontaine and Mr. Lauro Maia from Fazenda Catadupa for assistance and very useful discussions. Also research grants ( 2012/05356-5 , 2012/50038-1 and 2012/13119-3 ) from Fapesp (São Paulo, Brazil) are acknowledged.",,,,,,,,,,"Caneva, G., Nugari, M.P., Salvadori, O., (1991) Biology in the Conservation of Works of Art, , ICCROM, Roma; Arroyo, I., The role of fungi in the deterioration of movable and immovable cultural heritage (2009) E-Conserv. Mag., 9, pp. 40-50; Martins Neves, C., Borges Faria, O., (2011) Técnicas de construção com terra, , FEB-UNESP/PROTERRA, Bauru, Brazil; Cordero, J.A., Martínez, E.J., Martins Neves, C., Técnicas Mixtas de Construcción con Tierra (2003) Proyecto XIV.6 PROTERRA del CYTED; Gorbushina, A.A., Heyrman, J., Dornieden, T., Gonzalez-Delvalle, M., Krumbein, W.E., Laiz, L., Petersen, K., Swings, J., Bacterial and fungal diversity and biodeterioration problems in mural painting environments of St. Martins church (Greene-Kreiensen, Germany) (2004) Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad., 53, pp. 13-24; Ellis, M.B., (1971) Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes, , CAB, Surrey; Carmichael, J.W., Kendrick, W.B., Conners, I.L., Sigler, L., (1980) Genera of Hyphomycetes, , The University of Albert Press, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; von Arx, J.A., (1981) The Genera of Fungi Sporulating in Pure Culture, , J. Cramer, Vaduz; Samson, R.A., Hoekstra, E.S., Frisvad, J.C., Flitenborg, O., (1996) Introduction to Food-Borne Fungi, , Centraalbureau voor schimmelcultures barn delft, The Netherlands; Pardo Cardona, P.M., Bipolaris ravenelii (Curtis) Shoernaker (Hyphornycetes, Dernatiaceae), Nuevo registro para la flora de hongos fitoparásitos de Colombia (1998) Rev. Fac. Nal. Agr., 51, pp. 257-260; de, J., Mena Portales, J., (2004) Taxonomía del complejo Bipolaris, Curvularia, Drechslera y Exserohilum en Cuba, , (PhD Thesis), Instituto de Ecologia y Sistemática, Miniterio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente, Cuba; Heuchert, B., Braun, U., Schubert, K., Morphotaxonomische revision fungicoler Cladosporium-Arten (Hyphomyceten) (2005) Schlechtendalia, 13, pp. 1-78; Schubert, K., Groenewald, J.Z., Braun, U., Dijksterhuis, J., Starink, M., Hill, C.F., Zalar, P., Crous, P.W., Biodiversity in the Cladosporium herbarum complex (Davidiellaceae, Capnodiales) (2007) Stud. Mycol., 58, pp. 105-156; Samuels, G.J., Chaverri, P., Farr, D.F., McCray, E.B., Trichoderma Online, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory http://nt.ars-grin.gov//taxadescriptions/keys/TrichodermaIndex.cfm, ARS, USDA, Washington DC. (last accessed on 18/4/2015 from ); Altschul, S.F., Madden, T.L., Schäffer, A.A., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Miller, W., Lipman, D.J., Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs (1997) Nucleic Acids Res., 25, pp. 3389-3402; Zyani, M., Mortabit, D., Mostakim, M., Iraqui, M., Haggoud, A., Ettayebi, M., Koraichi, S.I., Cellulolytic potential of fungi in wood degradation from an old house at the Medina of Fez (2009) Ann. Microbiol., 59, pp. 699-704; Jaramillo, D., (2002) Introducción a la Ciencia del Suelo, , Facultad de Ciencias - Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia; Pinto, C.S., (2002) Curso básico de mecânica dos solos: com exercícios resolvidos, , Oficina de textos, São Paulo; Williams, M.E., Rudolph, E.D., The role of lichens and associated fungi in chemical weathering of rock (1974) Mycologia, 66, pp. 648-680; Videla, H.A., Guiamet, P.S., Gómez de Saravia, S.G., Biodeterioro de materiales estructurales de sitios arqueológicos de la civilización maya (2003) Rev. Mus. La Plata, 44, pp. 1-11; Domsch, K.H., Gams, W., Anderson, T., (2007) Compendium of Soil Fungi, , IHW Verlag, Eching; Hocking, A.D., Miscamble, B.F., Water relations of some Zygomycetes isolated from food (1995) Mycol. Res., 99, pp. 1113-1118; Marin, M.C., Jost, C.A., Irwin, M.S., DeCaprio, J.A., Caput, D., Kaelin, W.G., Viral oncoproteins discriminate between p53 and the p53 homolog p73 (1998) Mol. Cell. Biol., 18, pp. 6316-6324; Gupta, V.K., Schmoll, M., Herrera-Estrella, A., Upadhyay, R.S., Druzhinina, I., Tuohy, M., (2014) Biotechnology and Biology of Trichoderma, , Elsevier, Oxford; Gomez-Alarcon, G., Munoz, M.L., Flores, M., Excretion of organic acids by fungal strains isolated from decayed sandstone (1994) Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad., 34, pp. 169-180; Kuroczkin, J., Bode, K., Petersen, K., Krumbein, W.E., (1988) Some Physiological Characteristics of Fungi Isolated from Sandstones. Proceeding VI International Congress Deterioration and Conservation on Stone, pp. 21-25. , Nicolau Copernicus University, Torun; Petersen, K., Kuroczkin, J., Strzelczyr, A.B., Krumbeim, W.E., Distribution and effects of fungi on and in sandstones (1988) Biodeterioration 7, pp. 123-128. , Elsevier, London, UK, D.R. Houghton, R.N. Smith, H.O.W. Heggins (Eds.); Uckay, I., Chalandon, Y., Sartoretti, P., Rohner, P., Berney, T., Hadaya, K., van Delden, C., Invasive zygomycosis in transplant recipients (2007) Clin. Transplant., 21, pp. 577-582; Flannigan, B., Samson, R.A., Miller, J.D., (2002) Microorganisms in home and indoor work environments: diversity, health impacts, investigation and control, , CRC Press, Boca Raton; Labuda, R., Tancinova, D., Fungi recovered from Slovakian poultry feed mixtures and their toxinogenity (2006) Ann. Agric. Environ. Med., 13, pp. 193-200; Vukojevi, J., Grbic, M.L., Moulds on paintings in Serbian fine art museums (2010) Afr. J. Microbiol. Res., 4, pp. 1453-1456","Fazio, A.T.; Laboratorio de Espectroscopia Molecular, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, Brazil; email: fazio.alejandra@gmail.com",,,"Elsevier Masson SAS",,,,,12962074,,,,"English","J. Cult. Heritage",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84948717478
"Wang X.-D., Pei Q.-Q., Guo Q.-L., Li Z.-P., Wang Y.-W., Zhao J.-Z.","56159218500;56909595700;55377686100;57210827644;57200057408;57207457309;","Stress mechanism for the rammed layer interfaces of earthen heritage sites with different treatments",2019,"Journal of Cultural Heritage","39",,,"110","119",,10,"10.1016/j.culher.2019.03.010","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85071639190&doi=10.1016%2fj.culher.2019.03.010&partnerID=40&md5=21e6d1ab96c7aea47e7d1fdfd54a1348","Key laboratory of mechanics on disaster and environment in Western China, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China; national technological research center for conservation of ancient wall paintings and earthen heritage sites, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, China; Key laboratory of conservation and research for ancient murals and earthen heritage sites of Gansu Province, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, China; Dunhuang academy, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, China","Wang, X.-D., Key laboratory of mechanics on disaster and environment in Western China, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China, national technological research center for conservation of ancient wall paintings and earthen heritage sites, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, China, Key laboratory of conservation and research for ancient murals and earthen heritage sites of Gansu Province, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, China, Dunhuang academy, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, China; Pei, Q.-Q., Key laboratory of mechanics on disaster and environment in Western China, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China, national technological research center for conservation of ancient wall paintings and earthen heritage sites, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, China, Key laboratory of conservation and research for ancient murals and earthen heritage sites of Gansu Province, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, China, Dunhuang academy, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, China; Guo, Q.-L., national technological research center for conservation of ancient wall paintings and earthen heritage sites, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, China, Key laboratory of conservation and research for ancient murals and earthen heritage sites of Gansu Province, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, China, Dunhuang academy, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, China; Li, Z.-P., national technological research center for conservation of ancient wall paintings and earthen heritage sites, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, China, Key laboratory of conservation and research for ancient murals and earthen heritage sites of Gansu Province, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, China, Dunhuang academy, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, China; Wang, Y.-W., national technological research center for conservation of ancient wall paintings and earthen heritage sites, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, China, Key laboratory of conservation and research for ancient murals and earthen heritage sites of Gansu Province, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, China, Dunhuang academy, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, China; Zhao, J.-Z., national technological research center for conservation of ancient wall paintings and earthen heritage sites, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, China, Key laboratory of conservation and research for ancient murals and earthen heritage sites of Gansu Province, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, China, Dunhuang academy, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, China","Layer interfaces are the weakest parts of traditional rammed earthen structures. Different ramming technologies for the interfaces between layers were found to have a significant effect on the level of destruction. Accordingly, four interface treatment methods were simulated to reveal the mechanism and damage mode for the interfaces between different layers: no interface, fine interface, coarse interface and rammed pit interface. Moreover, elastic wave velocity, tensile strength, compressive strength and shear strength tests were performed to explore the effects of different interface treatment technologies on different layers. The results showed that the tensile and shear strengths of the rammed earthen layer interfaces were much lower than the compressive strength. The tensile strength was only 1/30 of the compressive strength, which was the decisive factor in the ultimate destruction of such sites. An effective measure to improve the shear strength of rammed earthen sites is to increase the depth and uniform area of friction of the layer interface, and the roughness of the contact surface between layers. The interface treatment with the rammed pit layer provided superior results to the coarse and fine layers. The abovementioned results provide a theoretical basis for the scientific cognition of traditional ramming and consolidation technologies of earthen sites. © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS","Coarse layer; Fine layer; Rammed earthen heritage site; Rammed earthen layer interface; Rammed pit",,,,,,"145RJIF336; National Outstanding Youth Foundation of China: 20140225","This research was supported by the Outstanding Youth Science Foundation grant number 20140225 and Gansu innovation team planning project grant number 145RJIF336.",,,,,,,,,,"Li, Z.X., Protection of the ancient ruins of the silk road (2003) Science Press; Zhao, C., Tuotu, A.J., A survey of raw soil construction (2010) Sichuan Architecture, 1, pp. 31-33; Sun, M.L., Current status and progress of research on soil heritage protection (2007) Cult. Relics Prot. 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J., 33, pp. 381-385; Li, Z.X., Wang, X.D., New advances in research on the protection and consolidation of ancient earthen sites (1997) Dunhuang Studies, 4, pp. 167-172; Li, Z.X., Zhang, H.Y., Wang, X.D., Research on the reinforcement of ancient earthen sites (1995) Dunhuang Stud., 3, pp. 1-17; Li, Z.X., Wang, X.D., Tian, L., Reinforcement experiment of the ancient sites of Jiaohe ancient city (1997) Dunhuang Stud., 3, pp. 171-188; Niu, Z.M., Lu, S.Q., Several influencing factors of uniaxial tensile strength of cohesive backfill (1983) Chin. J. Geotech. Eng., 5 (2), pp. 35-44; Luo, Y.S., Xing, Y.C., Tensile strength of loess (1998) Shaanxi Hydroelectr. Power, 4, pp. 7-10; Hasegawa, H., Ikeuti, M., On the Tensile Strength Test of Disturbed Soils, Rheology and Soil Mechanics (1966), Springer Berlin Heidelberg; Li, Z.X., Wang, X.D., Hao, L.M., Research on the conservation of indoor earth structure sites – experimentation of consolidation on ancient earth-structure site of Ban Po (1998) Dunhuang Res., 4, pp. 144-149; Hu, H.J., Jiang, M.J., Zhao, T., Peng, J.J., Li, H., Effectsof specimen-preparing methods on tensile strength of remolded loess (2009) Rock Soil Mech., 30, pp. 196-199; Wang, Y., Li, X., Hu, R.L., Wu, Y.F., Gao, W., research progress and application overviews of rock and soil ultrasonic testing (2015) J. Eng. Geol., 23 (2), pp. 287-300; Standard for soil test method (1999) China Planning Press; Chen, Y.L., Wang, M., Xu, S., Chang, L.Q., Yi, Z.Z., Tensileand compressive strength tests on artifical frozen soft clay in Shanghai (2009) Chin. J. Geotech. Eng., 31 (7), pp. 1046-1051; PRC Industry standards: Test methods of soils SL237-1999 (1999) China Water Power Press; Guo, F., He, C.R., Zhu, A.L., Liu, W.R., Wang, W., Experimental study on the tensile strength of cohesive soil by axial fracturing test (2005) Design Hydropower Station, 21 (2), pp. 66-68; Zhu, C.H., Liu, J.M., Yan, B.W., Ju, J.L., Experimental study on relationship between tensile and hear strength of unsaturated clay earth material (2008) Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng., 27, pp. 3453-3458; Zhu, J.G., Liang, B., Chen, X.M., Rong, C., Uniaxial tensile test research of compacted soil (2007) J. Hohai Univ. (Natural Science), 35 (2), pp. 186-190","Pei, Q.-Q.; Key laboratory of mechanics on disaster and environment in Western China, China; email: peiqiangq@163.com",,,"Elsevier Masson SAS",,,,,12962074,,,,"English","J. Cult. Heritage",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85071639190
"Elert K., Bel-Anzué P., Monasterio-Guillot L., Pardo S.","6602602703;57194774913;57208341056;57208346867;","Performance of alkaline activation for the consolidation of earthen architecture",2019,"Journal of Cultural Heritage","39",,,"93","102",,10,"10.1016/j.culher.2019.03.004","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85064558080&doi=10.1016%2fj.culher.2019.03.004&partnerID=40&md5=6c61a5f390a162544c3ddc4abe63d3be","Department of Mineralogy, Petrology, University of Granada, Fuentenueva S/N, Granada, 18002, Spain","Elert, K., Department of Mineralogy, Petrology, University of Granada, Fuentenueva S/N, Granada, 18002, Spain; Bel-Anzué, P., Department of Mineralogy, Petrology, University of Granada, Fuentenueva S/N, Granada, 18002, Spain; Monasterio-Guillot, L., Department of Mineralogy, Petrology, University of Granada, Fuentenueva S/N, Granada, 18002, Spain; Pardo, S., Department of Mineralogy, Petrology, University of Granada, Fuentenueva S/N, Granada, 18002, Spain","Earth has been an important building material in many cultures over the course of history. However, it is quite fragile compared with other building materials, requiring permanent maintenance and frequently consolidation. Conventional consolidation treatments often had drawbacks due to limited penetration and long-term effectiveness. In order to improve the earthen structure´s water resistance and mechanical properties, an alternative consolidation treatment based on highly alkaline KOH solution has been evaluated on outdoor-exposed adobe walls and was compared to a standard ethyl silicate treatment. The KOH treatment showed superior penetration and long-term effectiveness, causing partial dissolution of soil minerals and the formation of an amorphous phase with cementing properties. These mineralogical changes reduced the soils swelling capacity and improved its weathering resistance and mechanical properties. The consolidation treatment did not induce the formation of harmful salts but caused important color changes. Results indicate that lower concentrated KOH solution could be used, which would reduce consolidation-induced color changes, potential salt crystallization, treatment costs, and environmental risks. Overall, alkaline consolidation appears to be a valid alternative to conventional treatments. © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS","Adobe; Clay; Ethyl silicate; Mechanical strength; Rammed-earth; Weathering resistance",,,,,,"UCE-PP2016-05; Universidad de Granada, UGR","Financial support has been provided by the Junta de Andalucía (Research Group RNM-179). K. Elert was a post-doctoral research fellow in the Unidad Científica de Excelencia (UCE-PP2016-05) financed by the University of Granada.",,,,,,,,,,"Houben, H., Guillaud, H., Earth construction: a comprehensive guide (1994), ITDG Publishing London; Jimenez Delgado, M.C., Guerrero, I.C., Earth building in Spain (2006) Constr. Build. 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Cristini Taylor & Francis London; Pacheco-Torgal, F., Said, J., Earth construction: lessons from the past for future eco-efficient construction (2012) Constr. Build. Mater., 29, pp. 512-519; Heathcote, K.A., Durability of earthwall buildings (1995) Constr. Build. Mater., 9, pp. 185-189; Madsen, F.T., Müller-Vonmoos, M., The swelling behaviour of clays (1989) Appl. Clay Sci., 4, pp. 143-156; Palumbo, G., Ginell, W., Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Earthen Architecture Research Surrey: Analysis Report (1999), The Getty Conservation Institute Los Angeles; Oliver, A., Conservation of nondecorated earthen materials (2008) Terra Literature Review, pp. 108-123. , E. Avrami H. Guillaud M. 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Wiley-Blackwell Hoboken","Elert, K.; Department of Mineralogy, Spain; email: kelert@ugr.es",,,"Elsevier Masson SAS",,,,,12962074,,,,"English","J. Cult. Heritage",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85064558080
"Miño-Rodríguez I., Naranjo-Mendoza C., Korolija I.","57006785200;56125526800;36619453100;","Thermal assessment of low-cost rural housing-a case study in the ecuadorian andes",2016,"Buildings","6","3",,"","",,10,"10.3390/buildings6030036","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84990048793&doi=10.3390%2fbuildings6030036&partnerID=40&md5=8b5bd766a56e0c3e560844d10a3a6399","UCL Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, University College London, 14 UpperWoburn Place, London, WC1H 0NN, United Kingdom; DMU Institute of Energy and Sustainable Development, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, United Kingdom; Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ladrón de Guevara E11-253, Quito PO Box 17-01-2759, Ecuador; UCL Energy Institute, University College London, 14 Upper Woburn Place, London, WC1H 0NN, United Kingdom","Miño-Rodríguez, I., UCL Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, University College London, 14 UpperWoburn Place, London, WC1H 0NN, United Kingdom; Naranjo-Mendoza, C., DMU Institute of Energy and Sustainable Development, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, United Kingdom, Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ladrón de Guevara E11-253, Quito PO Box 17-01-2759, Ecuador; Korolija, I., UCL Energy Institute, University College London, 14 Upper Woburn Place, London, WC1H 0NN, United Kingdom","The aim of this research is to assess the indoor thermal performance of rural dwellings in the Ecuadorian highlands through both experimental and numerical analysis. A three-step methodology was applied to conduct the research: (a) field data collection, (b) building thermal model development and calibration, and (c) comparison analysis and assessment of traditional improvement strategies. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected from two representative rural dwellings under typical usage conditions. The first is a traditional construction, medium-exposed thermal mass dwelling (Case A). The second is a local common, uninsulated, lightweight construction (Case B). The thermal model was calibrated by comparing hourly temperature values of the observed and the predicted indoor air temperature. A high correlation level (R2) was achieved between the observed and predicted data; 0.89 in Case A and 0.94 in Case B. The results show that the roof, floor, and the airtightness are the critical building parameters affecting the indoor thermal environment. Likewise, the indoor air temperature is increased up to 4 °C through the implementation of traditional strategies. However, despite the rise in indoor air temperature, acceptable thermal comfort ranges were only reached for 25% of the total hours. © 2016 by the authors.","Earthen architecture; Indoor environment; Low-cost housing; Rural housing; Thermal performance",,,,,,"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, EPSRC: EP/K011839/1; Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, SENESCYT","Acknowledgments: The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support provided by the National Secretary of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation (SENESCTY). Furthermore, the research team is thankful for the technical support and resource coordination received by Fundación Ecuatoriana del Hábitat (FUNHABIT) and the families that participated in the data collection process and interviews.",,,,,,,,,,"(2009) The Right to Adequate Housing, 21, p. 59. , United Nations: Geneva, Switzerland; Bouillon, P., Un espacio para el desarrollo: los mercados de vivienda en América Latina y el Caribe (2012) Inter-American Development Bank, pp. 68-96. , Washington, DC, USA; Duren, L.N., Lamia, L.A., Brakarz, J., Marcano, L.M., Román-Sánchez, S., Alemán, M., De la Bastida, J.L., Lugo, M., (2012) National Social Housing Program-Stage II, , Inter-American Development Bank: Washington, DC, USA; http://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/, (accessed on 22 April 2015); (2006) Condiciones de Vida de los Ecuatorianos-Vivienda, , INEC: Quito, Ecuador; Marincic, I., Ochoa, J.M., Alpuche, M.G., González, I., Comparative analysis of the thermal behavior between cellular concrete blocks and stabilized earth blocks as wall materials (2014) Energy Procedia, 57, pp. 1783-1791; De Dear, R.J., Brager, G.S., Thermal comfort in naturally ventilated buildings: Revisions to ASHRAE Standard 55 (2002) Energy Build., 34, pp. 549-561; Li, H., Zhu, Y.X., Ouyang, Q., Cao, B., Measurement and field survey of indoor thermal comfort in rural housing of northern China in winter (2009) J. Southeast Univ., 1, pp. 245-251; Palme, M., Guerra, J., Alfaro, S., Thermal performance of traditional and new concept houses in the ancient village of San Pedro de Atacama and surroundings (2014) Sustainability, 6, pp. 3321-3337; Dear, K.B.G., McMichael, A.J., The health impacts of cold homes and fuel poverty (2011) BMJ, 342, p. D2807; Maidment, C., Jones, C., Webb, T., Hathway, A., Gilbertson, J., The impact of household energy efficiency measures on health: A meta-analysis (2014) Energy Policy, 65, pp. 583-593; Ormandy, D., Ezratty, V., Health and thermal comfort: From WHO guidance to housing strategies (2012) Energy Policy, 49, pp. 116-121; EnergyPlus: Energy Simulation Software, , https://energyplus.net/, (accessed on 30 August 2016); (2009) Handbook Fundamentals; American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, p. 30329. , Atlanta, GA, USA; Allinson, D., Hall, M., Hygrothermal analysis of a stabilised rammed earth test building in the UK (2010) Energy Build., 42, pp. 845-852; Adenaike, F.A., Brickyard practises in Nigeria: Improving the compressive strength of cement stabilised earth bricks through soil (2015) IJSER, 6, pp. 1235-1242; Adam, E., Agib, A., (2001) Compressed Stabilised Earth Block Manufacture in Sudan, , UNESCO: Paris, France; Mino-Rodriguez, I., Gaona, G., Lobato, A., Naranjo-Mendoza, C., Labus, J., Implementation of GIS methodology and passive strategies to improve the quality of social housing in the Andean region of Ecuador (2014) World Sustain. Build., 3, pp. 148-156; McMullan, R., (2012) Environmental Science in Building, , 7th ed.; Palgrave macmillan: Basingstoke, UK; Engineering Reference (2016) The Reference to EnergyPlus Calculations, , http://infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/36/35821.pdf, (accessed on 30 August; Coakley, D., Raftery, P., Keane, M., A review of methods to match building energy simulation models to measured data (2014) Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 37, pp. 123-141; Paliouras, P., Matzaflaras, N., Peuhkuri, R.H., Kolarik, J., Using measured indoor environment parameters for calibration of building simulation model-A passive house case study (2015) Energy Procedia, 78, pp. 1227-1232; Martín, S., Mazarrón, F.R., Cañas, I., Study of thermal environment inside rural houses of Navapalos (Spain): The advantages of reuse buildings of high thermal inertia (2010) Constr. Build. Mater., 24, pp. 666-676; Carnevale, E., Rakotomamonjy, B., Sevillano Gutiérrez, E., Rodas, A.M.L., (2015) Orientaciones para la conservación de inmuebles patrimoniales de Tierra en Cuenca, , UNESCO: Cuenca, Ecuador; (2003) Normas de Arquitectura y Urbanismo; Concejo Metropolitano de Quito, , Quito, Ecuador; Nicol, J.F., Humphreys, M.A., Adaptive thermal comfort and sustainable thermal standards for buildings (2002) Energy Build., 34, pp. 563-572","Miño-Rodríguez, I.; UCL Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, 14 UpperWoburn Place, United Kingdom; email: maria.mino.16@ucl.ac.uk",,,"MDPI",,,,,20755309,,,,"English","Buildings",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-84990048793
"Djamil B.","57211367862;","Sun-dried clay for sustainable constructions",2016,"International Journal of Applied Engineering Research","11","6",,"4628","4633",,10,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84963679833&partnerID=40&md5=088b0364b11ab95f1bb592daf19afc55","Department of Architecture, Dong-A University, 840 Hadan 2-Dong Saha Gu, Busan, 604 714, South Korea","Djamil, B., Department of Architecture, Dong-A University, 840 Hadan 2-Dong Saha Gu, Busan, 604 714, South Korea","Sun-dried clay is one of the oldest building materials that has been used for more than 10.000 years to build houses, mosques, churches, palaces and cities. Currently one-third of the global population lives in this vernacular architecture made with the man-made stone-like construction material. This building material, commonly made from a mix of clay and organic materials, is resisting the long span of time and weathering. Used correctly, the clay making technology has many benefits: the technique used is very simple with zero maintenance cost, local availability and affordability, and has a good thermal and acoustic insulation. Because of this, earthen architecture has many advantages from a sustain ability perspective. The use of this eco-friendly construction material nowadays could be a viable alternative to solve our 21st Century big concerns of energy and climate change. For this reason, it is important to understand this material characterization, diagnosis and suitability in construction, and to understand how can it be a good construction material for a particular site. This paper discusses earthen material and construction techniques, and their important contribution to sustainable development. © 2016, Research India Publications.","Adobe; Earth architecture; Eco-construction material; Rammed earth; Sun-dried clay; Sustainable architecture",,,,,,"Dong-A University, DAU","This work was supported by the Dong-A University Research Fund",,,,,,,,,,"(2015) World Energy Outlook 2014, Executive Summary, , http://www.iea.org/Textbase/npsum/WEO2014SUM.pdf, International Energy Agency, [Internet]. Paris: International Energy Agency, [cited 28 December 2015]; (2015) Framework Convention on Climate Change, , http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09r01.pdf, United Nations, [Internet]. Paris: United Nations, [cited 28 December 2015]; Dobson, S., Rammed earth in the modern worlda (2015) Rammed Earth Construction Cutting-Edge Research on Traditional and Modern Rammed Earth, pp. 3-10. , Western Australia: D. Ciancio & C. Beckett; (2016) Antalya City Blog. 7 Things You didn’t Know about Turkey, , http://antalya-magnificent-city.blogspot.kr/2013/08/7-things-you-didnt-know-about-turkey.html, [Internet]. Antalya-magnificent-city.blogspot .kr. [cited 6 March; (2016) Earth-Auroville.Com, , http://www.earth-auroville.com/world_techniques_introduction_en.php, Auroville Earth Institute [Internet], cited 6 March; Guillaud, H., Architectures de terre: Un patrimoine d'avenir (2002) CAES Magazine, (63), pp. 14-18; Benghida, D., CO2 reduction from cement industry (2016) Presented at the 2Nd International Conference of Advanced Materials, Mechanical and Structural Engineering, , Jeju. CRC Press/Balkema: The Netherlands; Garvey, M.O., Architect proposes sustainable, short-term housing for European refugees (2015) Notre Dame News, , http://news.nd.edu/news/62901-architect-proposes-sustainable-short-term-housing-for-european-refugees, Notre Dame University. December 01; Minke, G., (2006) Building with Earth: Design and Technology of a Sustainable Architecture, , Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser; Fathy, H., (1986) Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture: Principles and Examples with Reference to Hot Arid Climates, , USA: The University of Chicago Press; (2004) PROTOCOLLO ITACA per La Valutazione Della qualità Energetica Ed Ambientale Di Un Edificio, Le Aree Di Valutazione E Le Schede, , http://www.itaca.org/documenti/protocollo-en-amb/Protocollo%20ITACA%20finale%20SCHEDE.pdf, Gruppo di Lavoro Interregionale in materia di bioedilizia, [Internet]. Roma: Istituto per la Trasparenza l’Aggiornamento e la Certificazione degli Appalti, [cited 28 December 2015]; Sheweka, S., (2011) Using Bricks as a Temporary Solution for Gaza Reconstruction, pp. 236-240. , Energy Procedia, Elsevier Ltd; Tekuto, A., (2012) Earth Bricks, , http://www.archdaily.com/241809/earth-bricks-atelier-tekuto, [Internet]. ArchDaily, [cited 6 March 2016]; Clifton, J.R., Robbins, C.R., Brown, P.W., (1979) Adobe. II: Factors Affecting the Durability of Adobe Structures, Studies in Conservation, 24 (1), pp. 23-39. , Maney Publishing; Benghida, D., Earth architecture: An eco-compatible solution for future green buildings (2016) Presented at the International Conference on Civil, Architectural, Structural and Constructional Engineering, , Busan, CRC Press/Balkema: The Netherlands; Rust, C., (2011) Aerecura Rammed Earth Home Revisited » BEC Green, , http://becgreen.ca/2011/12/aerecura-rammed-earth-home-revisited/, [Internet]. Becgreen.ca, [cited 6 March 2016]; Partridge, S., Barn, O., (2016) Wattle & Daub - Lowimpact.Org, , http://www.lowimpact.org/lowimpact-topic/wattle-daub/, [Internet]. Lowimpact.org. [cited 6 March; Centre, U., (2010) Safeguarding Project of Hassan Fathy’s New Gourna Village, , http://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/637/, [Internet]. Whc.unesco.org, [cited 6 March 2016]; Armstrong, C., (2015) Affordable and Environmentally Sound Cob Housing, , http://www.landcentral.com/land-university-blog/affordable-and-environmentally-sound-cob-housing/#.VtvDPVSLSM8, [Internet]. Landcentral.com, [cited 6 March 2016]","Djamil, B.; Department of Architecture, 840 Hadan 2-Dong Saha Gu, South Korea",,,"Research India Publications",,,,,09734562,,,,"English","Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84963679833
"Greco F., Lourenço P.B.","57192255561;7004615647;","Seismic assessment of large historic vernacular adobe buildings in the Andean Region of Peru. Learning from Casa Arones in cusco",2021,"Journal of Building Engineering","40",,"102341","","",,9,"10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102341","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85103107044&doi=10.1016%2fj.jobe.2021.102341&partnerID=40&md5=d59ce64448f623aa60e0f36ffadaa079","ARUP, 8-13 Fitzroy St, London, W1T 4BQ, United Kingdom; ISISE, University of Minho, Azurém, Guimarães, 4800-058, Portugal","Greco, F., ARUP, 8-13 Fitzroy St, London, W1T 4BQ, United Kingdom; Lourenço, P.B., ISISE, University of Minho, Azurém, Guimarães, 4800-058, Portugal","The country of Peru has a rich tradition of historic earthen structures from ancient archaeological sites to vernacular and monumental architectures. Nowadays, still a relevant part of the world population lives in earthen houses, which are found to be quite vulnerable to horizontal loading causing considerable loss of life over time. Hence, the importance of studying the seismic performance of these buildings to predict their capacity and failure mechanisms. After the destruction caused by the 2007 Pisco earthquake, the Getty Conservation Institute initiated a project to better understand the seismic performance of four historic earthen building typologies present in Peru. This paper addresses the seismic assessment of Casa Arones, which is considered as a prototype of the typology of large vernacular houses present in many historical centres of the Andean Region of Peru. Advanced numerical analysis is used to assess the global behaviour of the building, and to identify the damage distribution and failure mechanisms. The challenges faced in the study, related to the complexity of the structure and the insufficient information on its morphology and materials properties, are discussed. Moreover, sensitivity analysis is used to understand the influence of floors and roof on the global behaviour, which is a novel contribution. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd","Casona; Earthen architecture; Historic adobe building; Pushover; Seismic assessment; Sensitivity analysis; Vernacular","Buildings; Earthquakes; Failure (mechanical); Historic preservation; Materials properties; Roofs; Seismic waves; Andean Region; Casona; Earthen architectures; Failure mechanism; Global behaviors; Historic adobe building; Pushover; Seismic assessment; Seismic Performance; Vernacular; Sensitivity analysis",,,,,,"The current work was funded by the Getty Conservation Institute as part of the Seismic Retrofitting Project .",,,,,,,,,,"Barontini, A., Lourenço, P.B., Seismic safety assessment of mixed timber-masonry historical building: an example in Lima, Peru (2018) J. Earthq. Eng., , Published online; Bianconi, F., Filippucci, M., Digital Wood Design. Innovative Techniques of Representation in Architectural Design (2019), Springer; Blondet, M., Garcia, M.G.V., Brzev, S., Rubinos, A., Earthquake-Resistant Construction of Adobe Buildings: a Tutorial (2011), EERI Oakland; Cancino, C., Farneth, S., Garnier, P., Vargas Neumann, J., Webster, F., Damage Assessment of Historic Earthen Buildings after the August 15, 2007 Pisco, Peru Earthquake (2011), Getty Conservation Institute Los Angeles Research Report; Cancino, C., Lardinois, S., D'Ayala, D., Fonseca Ferreira, C., Torrealva Dávila, D., Vicente Meléndez, E., Villacorta Santamato, L., Seismic Retrofitting Project: Assessment of Prototype Buildings (2012), Research Report Getty Conservation Institute Los Angeles; Carbajal, F., Ruiz, G., Quincha construction in Peru (2005) Pract. Period. Struct. Des. Construct., 10 (1); Ciocci, M.P., Sharma, S., Lourenço, P.B., Engineering simulations of a super-complex cultural heritage building: Ica Cathedral in Peru (2018) Meccanica, 53 (7), pp. 1931-1958; Degregori, L.N., El ombligo se pone piercing. Identidad, patrimonio y cambios en el Cuzco (2009), Cusco; DIANA Finite Element Analysis V10.2 (2018), https://dianafea.com/diana-manuals, Retrieved from Diana Manuals:; Doat, P., Hays, A., Houben, H., Matuk, S., Vitoux, F., Building with Earth (1991), The mud village society New Delhi; En 1996-1-1, Eurocode 6: Design of Masonry Structures - Part 1-1: General Rules for Reinforced and Unreinforced Masonry Structures (2005), European Committee for Standardization Brussels, Belgium; Endo, Y., Pelà, L., Roca, P., Review of different pushover analysis methods applied to masonry buildings and comparison with nonlinear dynamic (2016) J. Earthq. Eng., 21 (8), pp. 1234-1255; Evaluation of Earthquake Damaged Concrete and Masonry Wall Buildings - Basic Procedures Manual (1998), Applied Technology Council (ATC-43 Project) Redwood City, California; Karanikoloudis, G., Lourenço, P.B., Structural Assessment and seismic vulnerability of earthen historic structures. Application of sophisticated numerical and simple analytical models (2018) Eng. Struct., 160, pp. 488-509; Mendes, N., Lourenço, P.B., (2015) Seismic Vulnerability of Existing Masonry Buildings: Nonlinear Parametric Analysis. Seismic Assessment, Behavior and Retrofit of Heritage Buildings and Monuments, 37, pp. 139-164. , Springer; E.010 Reglamento nacional de edificacion (parte de las Estructuras, capitulo sobre la madera) (2006), (Peru); National Building Code - Technical Standard of Building E.030 Earthquake-Resistant Design (2016), Lima, Peru; General Criteria for the seismic zonation of the national territory and technical normative for buildings in seismic zones (2005); Lourenço, P.B., Georgios, K., Greco, F., In-situ testing and modelling of cultural heritage buildings in Peru (2016) 10th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions (SAHC), , Leuven, Belgium; Ramos, L.F., Lourenço, P.B., Advanced numerical analysis of historical centers: a case study in Lisbon (2004) Eng. Struct., 26 (9), pp. 1295-1310; Tomaževič, G., Earthquake-resistant Design of Masonry Buildings (1999); Torrealva, D., Vicente, E., Michiels, T., Greco, F., Cancino C Wong, K., Research Report (2018) Seismic Retrofitting Project: Testing of Materials and Building Components of Historic Adobe Buildings in Peru, , Getty Conservation Institute Los Angeles report; Vasconcelos, G., Experimental Investigations on the Mechanics of Stone Masonry: Characterization of Granites and Behaviour of Ancient Masonry Shear Walls (2005), PhD Thesis University of Minho Guimaraes, Portugal; Vinci, M., I tiranti in acciaio nel calcolo delle costruzioni in muratura (2014) Dario Flaccovio","Greco, F.; ARUP, 8-13 Fitzroy St, United Kingdom; email: federicagreco7@gmail.com",,,"Elsevier Ltd",,,,,23527102,,,,"English","J. Build. Eng.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85103107044
"Trizio F., Torrijo F.J., Mileto C., Vegas F.","57218993836;57220772596;36721933700;6603127341;","Flood risk in a heritage city: Alzira as a case study",2021,"Water (Switzerland)","13","9","1138","","",,9,"10.3390/w13091138","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85105226504&doi=10.3390%2fw13091138&partnerID=40&md5=af879db48d4b4608332ec90940d95cd5","Departamento de Composición Arquitectónica, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain; Research Centre PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain; Department of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain","Trizio, F., Departamento de Composición Arquitectónica, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain, Research Centre PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain; Torrijo, F.J., Research Centre PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain, Department of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain; Mileto, C., Departamento de Composición Arquitectónica, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain, Research Centre PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain; Vegas, F., Departamento de Composición Arquitectónica, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain, Research Centre PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain","Floods are natural hazards which have damaged cities and their architectural heritage over the centuries. The heritage town of Alzira (Valencia, Spain) is a major case study for the assessment of flood risk in architectural heritage. Alzira was founded by the Al-Andalus Moors on a river island within a bend of the river Júcar, which has overflowed more than 80 times during its history. The main aim of this work is to analyse the vulnerability to floods of the town’s architectural heritage, especially that of earthen architecture, a constructive tradition of which several examples can be found in the town. The proposed methodology attempts to calculate the vulnerability of the earthen architecture through the evaluation and weighting of extrinsic and intrinsic parameters. This makes it possible to identify the constructive characteristics and material weathering which worsen the behaviour of structures during floods. Maximum vulnerability values have been obtained for poorly conserved constructions without cladding. Results highlight the importance of ascertaining suitable strategies for the prevention and mitigation of risk as future lines of research. The vulnerability assessment methodology presented in this study could be applied to other case studies in other sites with architectural heritage under threat from floods. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.","Alzira; Architectural heritage; Flood hazard; Flood risk; Probability; Risk maps; Vulnerability","Architecture; Risk assessment; Architectural heritage; Case-studies; Earthen architectures; Flood risks; Intrinsic parameters; Natural hazard; Valencia; Vulnerability assessment methodologies; Floods; assessment method; flood control; natural hazard; parameterization; strategic approach; vulnerability; weathering; Valencia; Valencia",,,,,"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, MCIU: RTI2018-095302-B-I00","Funding: This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, grant number RTI2018-095302-B-I00.","Acknowledgments: The study presented in these articles has been developed as a part of the research project “Earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula: study of natural, social and anthropic risks and strategies to improve resilience. RISK-TERRA” (ref. RTI2018-095302-B-I00) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and University.",,,,,,,,,"Directive 2007/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2007 on the as-sessment and management of flood risks (2007) Off. J. Eur. Union, 8, pp. 27-34. , European Commission; (2008) Riesgos Naturales. Guía Metodológica para la Elaboración de Cartografías en España, , http://www.icog.es/files/GUIA_CARTOGRAFIAS_RIESGOS_NATURALES.pdf, COG, Ministerio de Vivienda. (accessed on 15 January 2020); Sistema Nacional de Cartografía de Zonas Inundables SNCZI, , https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/agua/temas/gestion-de-los-riesgos-de-inundacion/snczi, Gobierno de España, Ministerio Para la Transición Económica y el Reto Demográfico. (accessed on 19 January 2020); Lastrada, E., Cobos, G., Torrijo, F.J., Analysis of Climate Change’s Effect on Flood Risk. Case Study of Reinosa in the Ebro River Basin (2020) Water, 12, p. 1114. , [CrossRef]; Cantarino, I., Torrijo, F.J., Palencia, S., Gielen, E., Assessing residential building values in Spain for risk analyses—Application to the landslide hazard in the Autonomous Community of Valencia (2014) Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci, 14, pp. 3015-3030. , [CrossRef]; Camarasa, A.M., (2006) Inundaciones en España. Tipología. La Importancia de Las Avenidas Súbitas (Floods in Spain. Typology. The Importance of Flash-Floods); Riesgos Naturales y Desarrollo Sostenible. Impacto, Predicción y Mitigación. Serie Medio Ambiente. Riesgos Geológicos, 10, pp. 167-178. , Instituto Geológico y Minero: Madrid, Spain; Belmonte, A.M.C., García, J.S., Flood risk assessment and mapping in peri-urban Mediterranean environments using hydrogeo-morphology. Application to ephemeral streams in the Valencia region (eastern Spain) (2012) Landsc. 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Geográficas, 40, pp. 5-34. , [CrossRef]; Plan de Acción Territorial Sobre Prevención del Riesgo de Inundación en la Comunitat Valenciana (PATRICOVA) 2015, , http://politicaterritorial.gva.es/es/web/planificacion-territorial-e-infraestructura-verde/patricova-plan-de-accion-territorial-de-caracter-sectorial-sobre-prevencion-del-riesgo-de-inundacion-en-la-comunitat-valenciana, Generalitat Valenciana. (accessed on 11 January 2020); Mileto, C., Vegas López-Manzanares, F., García Soriano, L., Cristini, V., La restauración de la arquitectura de tapia en la pe-nínsula ibérica. 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Flood Risk Manag, 11, pp. S616-S631. , [CrossRef]; Drdacky, M., Slížková, Z., Structural strategies and measures reducing flood action on architectural heritage (2012) Risk Analysis VIII, 44, pp. 249-260. , WIT Press: Southampton, UK, [CrossRef]; Thampapillai, D.J., Musgrave, W.F., Flood Damage Mitigation: A Review of Structural and Nonstructural Measures and Alternative Decision Frameworks (1985) Water Resour. Res, 21, pp. 411-424. , [CrossRef]","Trizio, F.; Departamento de Composición Arquitectónica, Spain; email: fratri@upvnet.upv.es",,,"MDPI AG",,,,,20734441,,,,"English","Water",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85105226504
"Richards J., Bailey R., Mayaud J., Viles H., Guo Q., Wang X.","57203789134;57211129687;56201440400;7003635807;55377686100;56159218500;","Deterioration risk of dryland earthen heritage sites facing future climatic uncertainty",2020,"Scientific Reports","10","1","16419","","",,9,"10.1038/s41598-020-73456-8","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85091829455&doi=10.1038%2fs41598-020-73456-8&partnerID=40&md5=9c2e181656292ea86ac22e8d525af98a","School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QF, United Kingdom; Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, 736200, China; The Palace Museum, Beijing, 100009, China","Richards, J., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QF, United Kingdom; Bailey, R., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QF, United Kingdom; Mayaud, J., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QF, United Kingdom; Viles, H., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QF, United Kingdom; Guo, Q., Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, 736200, China; Wang, X., The Palace Museum, Beijing, 100009, China","Uncertainties over future climatic conditions pose significant challenges when selecting appropriate conservation strategies for heritage sites. Choosing effective strategies is especially important for earthen heritage sites located in dryland regions, as many are experiencing rapid environmentally-driven deterioration. We use a newly developed cellular automaton model (ViSTA-HD), to evaluate the environmental deterioration risk, over a 100-year period, under a range of potential climate and conservation scenarios. Results show increased wind velocities could substantially increase the overall deterioration risk, implying the need for wind-reducing conservation strategies. In contrast, predicted increases in rainfall are not likely to increase the overall deterioration risk, despite greater risk of rain-driven deterioration features. Of the four conservation strategies tested in our model, deterioration risk under all climatic scenarios was best reduced by increasing the coverage of natural, randomly-distributed vegetation to 80%. We suggest this approach could be an appropriate long-term conservation strategy for other earthen sites in dryland regions. © 2020, The Author(s).",,,,,,,"18ZD2FA001; Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, EPSRC: EP/L016036/1; Gansu Science and Technology Department: 18YF1WA003","This research was funded by UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) grant for the Centre for Doctoral Training Science, Engineering in Art, Heritage and Archaeology (EP/L016036/1) in association with the Getty Conservation Institute. Additional funding was provided by the Science and technology department of Gansu province, China through the Dunhuang Academy (Grant Numbers: 18YF1WA003 and 18ZD2FA001). We would like to thank all those at the Dunhuang Academy for their help, advice and expertise throughout the process of developing this model. We would particularly like to thank Linyi Zhao and Qiangqiang Pei for their work in fostering this collaboration.",,,,,,,,,,"World Heritage, W.H.E.A.P., Inventory of Earthen (2012) Architecture; Zhang, Y., Ye, W.M., Chen, B., Chen, Y.G., Ye, B., Desiccation of NaCl-contaminated soil of earthen heritages in the Site of Yar City, northwest China (2016) Appl. Clay Sci., 124-125, pp. 1-10; Cui, K., Wu, G., Du, Y., An, X., Wang, Z., The coupling effects of freeze-thaw cycles and salinization due to snowfall on the rammed earth used in historical freeze-thaw cycles relics in northwest China (2019) Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 160, pp. 288-299; Du, Y., A model characterizing deterioration at earthen sites of the Ming Great Wall in Qinghai Province, China (2017) Soil Mech. Found. Eng., 53, pp. 426-434; Cui, K., Du, Y., Zhang, Y., Wu, G., Yu, L., An evaluation system for the development of scaling off at earthen sites in arid areas in NW China (2019) Herit. 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Earth Surf., 122, pp. 875-900; Mayaud, J.R., Bailey, R.M., Wiggs, G.F.S., Modelled responses of the Kalahari Desert to 21st century climate and land use change (2017) Nat. Sci. Reports, 7, p. 3887; Mayaud, J.R., Wiggs, G.F.S., Bailey, R.M., Dynamics of skimming flow in the wake of a vegetation patch (2016) Aeolian Res., 22, pp. 141-151; Mayaud, J.R., Wiggs, G.F.S., Bailey, R.M., Characterizing turbulent wind flow around dryland vegetation (2016) Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 41, pp. 1421-1436; Mayaud, J.R., Wiggs, G.F.S., Bailey, R.M., A field-based parameterization of wind flow recovery in the lee of dryland plants (2017) Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 42, pp. 378-386; Heisler, G.M., Dewalle, D.R., Effects of windbreak structure on wind flow (1988) Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 22-23, pp. 41-69","Richards, J.; School of Geography and the Environment, United Kingdom; email: Jennifer.richards@ouce.ox.ac.uk",,,"Nature Research",,,,,20452322,,,"33009440","English","Sci. Rep.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85091829455
"Misseri G., Palazzi C., Rovero L.","57151411800;57218479496;6507855810;","Seismic vulnerability of timber-reinforced earthen structures through standard and non–standard limit analysis",2020,"Engineering Structures","215",,"110663","","",,9,"10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110663","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089262223&doi=10.1016%2fj.engstruct.2020.110663&partnerID=40&md5=c605aff2078242ef0fb1e8a04ac805d9","Department of Architecture, University of Florence, Piazza Brunelleschi, 6, Florence, Italy; Universiteti Katolik Zoja e Këshillit të Mirë, Rr. Dritan Hoxha, Tiranë, Albania; Research Center for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (CIGIDEN), CONICYT/FONDAP/15110017, Chile; Pontificia Univesidad Catolica de Chile, Avda. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile","Misseri, G., Department of Architecture, University of Florence, Piazza Brunelleschi, 6, Florence, Italy, Universiteti Katolik Zoja e Këshillit të Mirë, Rr. Dritan Hoxha, Tiranë, Albania; Palazzi, C., Research Center for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (CIGIDEN), CONICYT/FONDAP/15110017, Chile, Pontificia Univesidad Catolica de Chile, Avda. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile; Rovero, L., Department of Architecture, University of Florence, Piazza Brunelleschi, 6, Florence, Italy","Earthen architecture represents one of the most widespread built heritage and shows many advantages from both the environmental and economic points of view. Disadvantages connected to low mechanical properties of earthen structures are often overcome, in historical buildings, through the employment of timber elements, which can increase a box-type behaviour enabling both in-plane and out-of-plane mechanisms, facilitating spread damage and avoiding disastrous collapses. In this study, overturning mechanisms that can activate during earthquakes are investigated employing the tools of limit analysis. Through the kinematic approach of limit analysis, geometrical and mechanical parameters most influencing the response to horizontal actions are analysed assuming different material models for masonry, i.e. finite compressive or tensile strengths, and presence of frictional strength. Within this framework, the presence of timber reinforcing elements is modelled providing a reasonable analysis method and sound results. Aiming at validation, the church of San Judas Tadeo de Malloa (Chile), built with traditional, earth-based, timber-reinforced masonries, is analysed interpreting the damage pattern suffered after the 2010 Maule earthquake (Mw 8.8). The study adapts the robust procedures of limit analysis to the peculiarities of earth-based structures, highlights the crucial role of timber elements in the response to horizontal actions, especially in areas with high seismic hazard, and proves that the beneficial effect of timber reinforcing systems can be adequately interpreted through the proposed procedure. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd","Abobe; Earth; Earthquake; Friction; Limit analysis; Tensile strength; Timber","Earthquakes; Masonry materials; Reinforcement; Tensile strength; Earth-based structures; Earthen architectures; Frictional strength; Historical buildings; Kinematic approaches; Mechanical parameters; Reinforcing elements; Seismic vulnerability; Timber; Chile earthquake 2010; historic building; limit analysis; masonry; reinforced earth; seismic hazard; seismic response; strength; timber",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Houben, H., Guillaud, H., Earth construction: a comprehensive guide (1994), ITDG Publishing London; Minke, G., Building with earth. 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Courier Corporation;; Sacchi, G., Save, M., On the evaluation of the limit load for rigid-perfectly plastic continua (1968) Meccanica, 3 (3), pp. 199-206; (1996), Instituto Nacional de Normalización-INN. NCh433.Of96, Earthquake Resistant Design of Buildings;; Arias, P., Fercovic, G., (2011), Ficha tecnica de daño y oferta de servicios. Informe de la Evaluación Preliminar de Daños Provocados por el sismo de 2010, Chile: Ilustre municipalidad de Malloa, Departimento de Proyecto;; (2011), http://monumentos.cl, Consejo de Monumentos Nacionales, (CMN) Ministerio de 900 Educación. Chilean law of monuments 17.288 [accessed March 23, 2017]","Rovero, L.; Department of Architecture, Piazza Brunelleschi, 6, Italy; email: luisa.rovero@unifi.it",,,"Elsevier Ltd",,,,,01410296,,ENSTD,,"English","Eng. Struct.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85089262223
"Richards J., Wang Y., Orr S.A., Viles H.","57203789134;57203783270;57202676724;7003635807;","Finding common ground between United Kingdom based and Chinese approaches to earthen heritage conservation",2018,"Sustainability (Switzerland)","10","9","3086","","",,9,"10.3390/su10093086","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85052962836&doi=10.3390%2fsu10093086&partnerID=40&md5=732b3000860d7abc225ef91d007190b9","School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom","Richards, J., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Wang, Y., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Orr, S.A., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Viles, H., School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom","Earthen heritage is one of the oldest and universal forms of heritage but its conservation poses many challenges. Establishing international collaborations could provide an efficient, sustainable mechanism to increase knowledge exchange, aiding the development of earthen heritage conservation strategies around the world. However, perceived differences in how Eastern and Western countries value earthen heritage and develop conservation strategies can pose challenges for establishing collaborations. To understand these perceived differences and whether they hinder collaborations, this paper compares British and Chinese heritage conservation policy and practice and then reports the results from an innovative workshop examining the approaches of 13 Chinese and 13 UK based heritage experts and researchers towards earthen heritage conservation. Workshop participants undertook bilingual discussions and completed a co-created questionnaire available in English and Mandarin. Both groups identified historic value as the most important value and maintenance of authenticity and integrity, need for scientific research and site scale conservation as vital considerations for conservation strategies. This study found that to understand the potential for collaboration, individual perspectives need consideration as well as policies and practices. This innovative bilingual, discussion-based approach has potential to aid collaborations for diverse international issues from wildlife conservation to cross-boundary pollution and climate change. © 2018 by the authors.","Bilingual; Collaboration; Conservation; Cross-cultural; Discussion; Earthen heritage; Policy; Practice","conservation management; expert system; heritage conservation; international cooperation; knowledge; participatory approach; policy development; site investigation; China; United Kingdom",,,,,"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, EPSRC","This research was funded by UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) grant for the Centre for Doctoral Training Science and Engineering in Art, Heritage and Archaeology (EP/L016036/1) in association with the Getty Conservation Institute. The workshop was made possible by funding from the EPSRC Global Challenge Research Fund Institutional Sponsorship 2017. We are grateful to all the participants in this study for sharing their knowledge and experience with us throughout this study. We are also grateful to Hong Zhang, Faguo He and Linyi Zhao for their assistance with translation and advice which allowed the workshop to run smoothly. We thank the two anonymous reviewers for their helpful feedback on this paper",,,,,,,,,,"Houben, H., Balderrama, A.A., Simon, S., Our earthen architectural heritage: Materials research and conservation (2004) MRS Bull, 25, pp. 338-341; Balderrama, A.A., The conservation of earthen architecture (2001) Conserv. Getty Conserv. Inst. Newsl, 16, pp. 4-11; Twiss, K.C., The Neolithic of the Southern Levant (2007) Evol. 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Stud, 20, pp. 651-662; Lui, T., China's Current State and Future Challenges for the Practice of Public Participation in Cultural Heritage Conservation (2014) International Principles and Local Practices of Cultural Heritage Conservation, pp. 225-241. , ICOMOS China, Ed.; ICOMOS China: Beijing, China; Pendlebury, J., Townshend, T., The Conservation of Historic Areas and Public Participation (2014) J. Archit. Conserv, 5, pp. 72-87; Townshend, T., Pendlebury, J., Public participation in the conservation of historic areas: Case-studies from north-east England (1999) J. Urban Des, 4, pp. 313-331; Jokilehto, J., Engaging conversation: Communities, place and capacity building (2017) Heritage, Conservation and Community: Engagement, Participation and Capacity Building, pp. 17-34. , Chitty, G., Ed.; Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group: New York, NY, USA; London, UK; Wang, X., Conservation and management practices of the Mogao grottoes based on the principles for the conservation of heritage sites (2014) International Principles and Local Practices of Cultural Heritage Conservation, pp. 154-165. , ICOMOS China, Ed.; ICOMOS China: Beijing, China","Richards, J.; School of Geography and the Environment, United Kingdom; email: jennifer.richards@ouce.ox.ac.uk",,,"MDPI",,,,,20711050,,,,"English","Sustainability",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85052962836
"Gestrich N., MacDonald K.C.","57190773138;7201560121;","On the Margins of Ghana and Kawkaw: Four Seasons of Excavation at Tongo Maaré Diabal (AD 500-1150), Mali",2018,"Journal of African Archaeology","16","1",,"1","30",,9,"10.1163/21915784-20180001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85052946039&doi=10.1163%2f21915784-20180001&partnerID=40&md5=56e584f2dcebe78c86f01209d66ee544","Frobenius Institute, Frankfurt, Norbert-Wollheim-Platz 1, Frankfurt, 60629, Germany; UCL Institute of Archaeology, 31-34 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0PY, United Kingdom","Gestrich, N., Frobenius Institute, Frankfurt, Norbert-Wollheim-Platz 1, Frankfurt, 60629, Germany; MacDonald, K.C., UCL Institute of Archaeology, 31-34 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0PY, United Kingdom","This article summarises the results of four seasons of excavation at Tongo Maaré Diabal (AD 500-1150), near Douentza, Mali. Deep stratigraphic excavations were directed by MacDonald and Togola in 1993, 1995 and by MacDonald in 1996. Complementary, large exposure excavations of the abandonment layer were undertaken by Gestrich in 2010. The combined excavation results speak to topics of craft specialisation, trade, and social organisation. They provide evidence of a specialised blacksmithing community situated at the margins of early Middle Niger and Niger Bend statehood and urbanisation. This article is in English. © 2018 Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.","craft specialization; earthen architecture; Ghana Empire; Kawkaw; Mali; metallurgy; Middle Niger",,,,,,"Arts and Humanities Research Council, AHRC; British Academy; Royal Anthropological Institute, RAI; Prehistoric Society; Institute of Archaeology, University College London","Gestrich’s work presented in this paper was funded by the Royal Anthropological Institute’s Emslie Horniman Scholarship, the UCL Institute of Archaeology and the Tweedie Exploration Fellowship.","MacDonald’s research at TMD was funded by The Prehistoric Society, the British Academy and the Arts and Humanities Research Council (UK).",,,,,,,,,"Azarya, V., Economic enterprise in fulbe and mande states: Maasina and samori (1997) Peuls et Mandingues. Dialectique des Constructions Identitaires, pp. 61-84. , de Bruijn, M. & van Dijk, H. 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"Costa C.S., Rocha F., Velosa A.L.","56535511100;56400316600;22635975700;","Sustainability in earthen heritage conservation",2016,"Geological Society Special Publication","416","1",,"91","100",,9,"10.1144/SP416.22","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84982801404&doi=10.1144%2fSP416.22&partnerID=40&md5=92cb763c515a0aa6d64b2ffd79f75580","Department of Geosciences, Geobiotec, University of Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Civil Engineering, Geobiotec, University of Aveiro, Portugal","Costa, C.S., Department of Geosciences, Geobiotec, University of Aveiro, Portugal; Rocha, F., Department of Geosciences, Geobiotec, University of Aveiro, Portugal; Velosa, A.L., Department of Civil Engineering, Geobiotec, University of Aveiro, Portugal","Earth construction is the oldest building material known, with documented cases of the use of earth bricks since Mesopotamia around 10 000 BC. Earth construction exists throughout most of the world in different cultures, and for some countries it continues to be the main process of construction. Around 30% of the world's population lives in buildings made from earth materials. Earthen construction is an environmentally friendly technique with a social and cultural contribution; this advantage is increased when this type of construction is applied in developing countries where the material costs counterbalance the labour costs, and where other materials and techniques are not available. Studies of material characteristics are required in order to understand the composition and specific properties of earth buildings, their heterogeneity and their degradation mechanisms. Results from two different types of adobes that represent these material characteristics in Aveiro district are shown, owing to the importance of determining and acknowledging the main characteristics of adobe buildings in order to have sufficient information to initiate conservation and rehabilitation actions. © 2016 The Author(s).",,"building; construction material; construction method; heritage conservation; sustainability; Aveiro [Portugal]; Portugal",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Beckett, C.T.S., Augarde, C.E., The effect of relative humidity and temperature on the unconfined compressive strength of rammed earth (2012) Unsaturated Soils: Research and Applications, 1, pp. 287-292; Bui, Q.B., Morel, J.C., Reddy, V.B.V., Ghayad, W., Durability of rammed earth walls exposed for 20 years to natural weathering (2009) Building and Environment, 44, pp. 912-919; Bui, Q.-B., Morel, J.C., Hans, S., Meunier, N., Compression behaviour of non-industrial materials in civil engineering by three scale experiments: the case of rammed earth (2009) Materials and Structures, 42, pp. 1101-1116. , http://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-008-9446-y; Burroughs, S., Soil property criteria for rammed earth stabilization (2008) Journal of Materials and Civil Engineering, 20, pp. 264-273; Calabria, A.J., Vasconcelos, W.L., Boccaccini, A.R., Miscrostructure and chemical degradation of adobe and clay bricks (2009) Ceramics International, 35, pp. 665-671; Ciancio, D., Jaquin, P., Walker, P., Advances on the assessment of soil suitability for rammed earth (2013) Construction and Building Materials, 42, pp. 40-47; Costa, C.S., Rocha, F., Varum, H., Velosa, A., Influence of the mineralogical composition on the properties of adobe blocks from Aveiro, Portugal (2013) Clay Minerals, 48, pp. 749-758; http://craterre.org/?new_lang=en_GB; Dhandhukia, P., Goswami, D., Thakor, P., Thakker, J.N., Soil property apotheosis to corral the finest compression strength of unbaked adobe bricks (2013) Construction and Building Materials, 48, pp. 948-953; Galhano, C., Rocha, F., Gomes, C., Geostatistical analysis of the influence of textural, mineralogical and geochemical parameters on the geotechnical behaviour of the 'Argilas de Aveiro' formation (Portugal) (1999) Clay Minerals, 34, pp. 109-116; Heathcote, K.A., Durability of earthwall buildings (1995) Construction and Building Materials, 9, pp. 185-189; Houben, H., Guillaud, H., (1994) Earthen Architecture: A Comprehensive Guide, , Intermediate Technology Development Group, London; Jaquin, P.A., Influence of Arabic and Chinese rammed earth techniques in the Himalayan region (2012) Sustainability, 4, pp. 2650-2660. , http://doi.org/10.3390/su4102650; Jaquin, P.A., Augarde, C.E., Gallipoli, D., Toll, D.G., The strength of unstabilised rammed earth materials (2009) Géotechnique, 59, pp. 487-490. , http://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2007.00129; Lima, R.M.F., Luz, J.A.M., Análise Granulométrica por técnicas que se baseiam na sedimentação gravitacional: Lei de Stokes (2001) Escala de Minas, p. 54; Lourenço, P.B., Assessment, diagnosis and strengthening of Outeiro Church, Portugal (2005) Construction and Building Materials, 19, pp. 634-645. , http://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.01.010; Martins, H.T., (2009) Caracterização Mecânica e Patológica das Alvenarias de Adobe de Aveiro, , Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Mellinger, R.M., (1979) Quantitative X-ray Diffraction Analysis of Clay Minerals. 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Quantification and requirements (2005) Workshop Repair Mortars for Historic Masonry, TC RMH, pp. 25-28. , Delft, RILEM; Velosa, A., Coroado, J., Veiga, R., Ferreira, V., Rocha, F., Characterization of ancient pozzolanic mortars from Roman times to the nineteenth century (2010) Compatibility Issues of New Mortars with Substrates and Ancient Mortars. Materials, Technologies and Practice in Historic Structures, 2, pp. 35-257. , http://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2684-2_13","Costa, C.S.; Department of Geosciences, Portugal; email: cristianacosta@ua.pt",,,"Geological Society of London",,,,,03058719,,,,"English","Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84982801404
"Zhao D., Lu W., Wang Y., Mao X., Ai Y., Jiang H.","55253902100;56710779100;56820292600;56325645500;57188631295;57189993081;","Experimental studies on earthen architecture sites consolidated with BS materials in arid regions",2016,"Advances in Materials Science and Engineering","2016",,"6836315","","",,9,"10.1155/2016/6836315","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84961943018&doi=10.1155%2f2016%2f6836315&partnerID=40&md5=5c7b5c2f4222e3a9d22c1ae7eef0abe7","School of Science, Xi'An University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710055, China; School of Civil Engineering, Xi'An University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710055, China; Xi'An Aerorspace Remote Sensing Data Technology Co., Ltd., Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710100, China","Zhao, D., School of Science, Xi'An University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710055, China; Lu, W., School of Civil Engineering, Xi'An University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710055, China; Wang, Y., School of Civil Engineering, Xi'An University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710055, China; Mao, X., School of Science, Xi'An University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710055, China; Ai, Y., Xi'An Aerorspace Remote Sensing Data Technology Co., Ltd., Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710100, China; Jiang, H., School of Civil Engineering, Xi'An University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710055, China","This paper takes the preservation works on the archaeological sites of Gaochang Ruins, Xinjiang, as background. Based on the soil characteristics analysis on the archaeological sites, experimental studies were conducted on the consolidation effect of the BS-10 consolidation material on the archaeological sites of adobe and rammed earth. The results showed the following:, after consolidation, the wind erosion resistance of the soil on the archaeological sites was substantially increased, and the wind erosion modulus was reduced by 58 times; the soil exhibited fine grid structure and significantly reduced degree of permeability, while still maintaining the moisture exchange between inside and outside the soil; there is excellent ageing resistance; the resistance to freezing and thawing was closely related to the soil water content and had little influence in arid regions; the water resistance was improved and could satisfy the requirements for consolidating the sites in arid regions; the unconfined compressive strength was improved moderately, which was the key direction of improvement in the future, and the consolidated soil did not form duricrust on the surface and had good bonding strength with the internal parts. The BS-10 material can meet the consolidation requirements for the earthen archaeological sites in arid regions of northwest China. © 2016 Dong Zhao et al.",,"Architecture; Arid regions; Compressive strength; Erosion; Soil moisture; Water content; Archaeological site; Consolidated soils; Direction of improvement; Earthen architecture sites; Freezing and thawing; Soil characteristics; Soil water content; Unconfined compressive strength; Soils",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Fodde, E., Traditional earthen building techniques in central Asia (2009) International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 3 (2), pp. 145-168; Charnov, A.A., 100 years of site maintenance and repair: Conservation of earthen archaeological sites in the American Southwest (2011) Journal of Architectural Conservation, 17 (2), pp. 59-75; Fodde, E., Structural faults in earthen archaeological sites in central Asia: Analysis and repair methods (2008) Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historic Construction, pp. 1415-1422. , D. 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Degirmenci, N., Baradan, B., Chemical resistance of pozzolanic plaster for earthen walls (2005) Construction and Building Materials, 19 (7), pp. 536-542; Illampas, R., Ioannou, I., Charmpis, D.C., Overview of the pathology, repair and strengthening of adobe structures (2013) International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 7 (2), pp. 165-188; Bello, M.A., Martin, L., Martin, A., Butlin, R.N., Scanning electron microscopy to establish the marble weathering mechanism in the Alhambra of Granada (1991) Scanning Microscopy, 5 (3), pp. 645-652. , Spanish; Chen, W.W., Guo, Z.Q., Xu, Y.R., Chen, P.F., Zhang, S., Ye, F., Laboratory tests on rammed earth samples of earthen sites instilled by reinforcement material SH (2015) Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 37 (8), pp. 1517-1532. , Chinese; Li, X.-J., Lin, J.-H., Wan, T., Xiao, W.-B., The preparation of a new consolidation material for earthen archaeological site and the evaluation of its effectiveness (2006) Journal of ChengduUniversity of Technology, 33 (3), pp. 321-326","Lu, W.; School of Civil Engineering, China; email: 281081454@qq.com",,,"Hindawi Limited",,,,,16878434,,,,"English","Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-84961943018
"Michalopoulou A., Maravelaki N.-P., Stefanis N.-A., Theoulakis P., Andreou S., Kilikoglou V., Karatasios I.","57196354793;6603617131;57289893700;24473607700;6603381990;6701772230;16401817800;","Evaluation of nanolime dispersions for the protection of archaeological clay-based building materials",2020,"Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry","20","3",,"221","242",,8,"10.5281/zenodo.3960201","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85091435874&doi=10.5281%2fzenodo.3960201&partnerID=40&md5=78b255b6f53a2dcd2935c802f301b972","Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, Athens, 153 10, Greece; School of Architecture, Technical University of Crete, Akrotiri, Chania, 73100, Greece; Department of Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Art, University of West Attica, Egaleo Park, Athens, 122 43, Greece; Department of Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece","Michalopoulou, A., Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, Athens, 153 10, Greece, School of Architecture, Technical University of Crete, Akrotiri, Chania, 73100, Greece; Maravelaki, N.-P., School of Architecture, Technical University of Crete, Akrotiri, Chania, 73100, Greece; Stefanis, N.-A., Department of Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Art, University of West Attica, Egaleo Park, Athens, 122 43, Greece; Theoulakis, P., Department of Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Art, University of West Attica, Egaleo Park, Athens, 122 43, Greece; Andreou, S., Department of Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece; Kilikoglou, V., Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, Athens, 153 10, Greece; Karatasios, I., Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, Athens, 153 10, Greece","Clay-based building materials have been very popular in construction and common in cultural heritage sites around the Mediterranean. The excavation of the Late Bronze Age settlement of Thessaloniki Toumba (northern Greece), revealed an abundance of this type of material with apparent preservation problems mainly caused by swelling phenomena due to water absorption and/or humidity fluctuations. This led to the alteration of the structural and aesthetic integrity of the archaeological findings, jeopardizing the preservation of the site and as a consequence, the archaeological evidence that they contain. Triggered by the identification of swelling clay phases in the sixteen samples of mud-bricks, this work studies the effectiveness, in terms of anti-swelling action, of two different categories of calcium hydroxide materials: saturated solution of calcium hydroxide (limewater) and various types of laboratory produced nano-lime dispersions. The effect of the dispersion medium (water and mixed polar solvents) on the reactivity of calcium hydroxide with clays and the stabilization of their microstructure were investigated on laboratory produced clay briquettes containing different percentages of montmorillonite (1, 5 and 15 % w/w). The interpretation of mineralogical (XRD) and chemical results (FTIR) highlighted the significance of the dispersion medium for the treatments and the beneficial role of laboratory prepared nano-lime dispersions when they are used as swelling inhibitors. Nanolimes were able to react and stabilize the external layers of clays through the formation of C-S-H, thus resulting in increased durability of mud-briquettes against swelling. © 2020 Global Research Online. All rights reserved.","Adobe structures; Bronze Age Tumba; Conservation; Consolidation; Earthen Architecture; Montmorillonite; Mud bricks; Nanolime; Swelling clays","Brick; Bronze; Clay; Clay minerals; Dispersions; Historic preservation; Hydrated lime; Lime; Swelling; Adobe structure; Bronze age; Bronze age tumba; Buildings materials; Dispersion medium; Earthen architectures; Mud brick; Nano limes; Nanolime; Swelling clay; Water absorption",,,,,"European Commission, EC; European Regional Development Fund, ERDF","We acknowledge the support of this work by the project “Development of Materials and Devices for Industrial, Health, Environmental and Cultural Applications” (MIS 5002567) which is implemented under the “Action for the Strategic Development on the Research and Technological Sector”, funded by the Operational Programme ""Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation"" (NSRF 2014-2020) and co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund).",,,,,,,,,,"Abd‐Allah, R., Al‐Muheisen, Z., Al‐Howadi, S., Cleaning strategies of pottery objects excavated from Khirbet Edh‐Dharih and Hayyan al‐Mushref, Jordan: four case studies (2010) Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 10 (2), pp. 97-110; Andreou, S., Stratified Wheel made Pottery Deposits and Absolute Chronology at Thessaloniki Toumba and the EIA-LBA Transition in Thessaloniki Toumba (2007) LH III C Late and the Transition to the Early Iron Age. International Workshop held at the Austrian Academy of Sciences at Vienna, pp. 15-40. , Deger-Jalkotzy. S. and A. Bächle (eds). February 23rd and 24th 2007 Wien: Verlag der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften; Andreou, S., Fotiadis, M., Kotsakis, K., Review of Aegean Prehistory V: The Prehistoric and Bronze Age of Northern Greece (1996) American Journal of Archaeology, 100, pp. 537-597; Barbenera-Fernandez, A.M., Carmona-Qioroga, P.M., Blanco-Varela, M.T., Interaction of TEOS with cementitious materials: Chemical and physical effects (2015) Cement and Concrete Composites, 55, pp. 145-152; Borsoi, G., Lubelli., B., VanHees, R., Veiga., R., Santos Silva, A., Fedele, L., Tomasin, P., Effect of solvent on nanolime transport within limestone: How to improve in-dept deposition (2016) Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 497, pp. 171-181. , Colla. 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Protective Treatments on Natural Stones: Preliminary Results (2012) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 13 (1), pp. 40-46; Daniele, V., Taglieri, G., Gregori, A., Synthesis of Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles aqueous suspensions and interaction with silica fume (2013) Advanced Materials Research, 629, pp. 482-487; El-Derby, A., Elyamani, A., The adobe barrel vaulted structures in ancient Egypt: A study of two case studies for conservation purposes (2016) Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 16 (1), pp. 295-315; El-Gohary, M., Al‐Naddaf, M.M., Characterization of bricks used in the external casing of roman bath walls (2009) Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 9 (2), pp. 29-46; Elert, K., Pardo., E.S., Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Alkaline activation as an alternative method for the consolidation of earthen architecture (2015) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 16, pp. 461-469; Elert, K., Sebastian, E., Valverde, I., Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Alkaline treatment of clay minerals from the Al-hambra Formation: implications for the conservation of earthen architecture (2008) Construction and Building Materials, 39, pp. 122-132; Emiroğlu, M., Yalama, A., Abdekmadjid, H., Performance of ready-mixed clay plasters produced with different clay/sand ratios (2015) Applied Clay Science, 115, pp. 221-229; Galvan-Ruiz, M., Hernandez, J., Banos, L., Noriega-Montes, J., Rodrguez-Garcia, M.E., Characterization of calcium carbonate. calcium oxide. and calcium hydroxide as Starting Point to the Improvement of Lime for Their Use in Construction (2009) Journal of Materials of Civil Engineering, 21 (11), pp. 694-696; Garcia-Vera, V., Lanzon, M., Physical-chemical study. characterisation and use of image analysis to assess the durability of earthen plasters exposed to rain water and acid rain (2018) Construction and Building Materials, 187, pp. 708-717; Garcia-Vera, V.E., Tenza-Abril, J., Solak, A.M., Lanzón, M., Calcium hydroxide nanoparticles coatings applied on cultural heritage materials: Their influence on physical characteristics of earthen plasters (2020) Applied Surface Science, 504, p. 144195; Gaucher, E.C., Blanc, P., Cement/clay interactions-a review: experiments. natural analogues. and modeling (2007) Waste Management, 36 (7), pp. 776-788; Hall, M., Djerbib, Y., Rammed earth sample production: Context. recommendations and consistency (2004) Construction and Building Materials, 18 (4), pp. 281-286; Hensen, E.J.M., Smit, M., Why clays swell (2002) Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 106, pp. 12664-12667; Jimenez-Delgado, M.C., Guerrera, I.C., Earth building in Spain (2006) Construction and Building Materials, 20, pp. 679-690; Karatasios, I., Alexiou, K., Muller, N.S., Day, P.M., Kilikoglou, V., The second life of ceramics: a new home in a lime environment (2014) Craft and science: International perspectives on archaeological ceramics, , Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation. Doha. Qatar; Karatasios, I., Theoulakis, P., Kalagri, A., Sapalidis, A., Kilikoglou, V., Evaluation of consolidation treatments of marly limestones used in archaeological monuments (2009) Construction and Building Materials, 23, pp. 2803-2812; Karnland, O., Olsson, S., Nilsson, U., Sellin, P., Experimental determined swelling pressures and geochemical interactions of compacted Wyoming bentonite with highly alkaline solutions (2007) Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. Parts A/B/C, 32, pp. 275-286; Lanzon, M., De Stefano, V., Molina Gaitán, J.C., Bestué Cardiel, . I., Lourdes Gutiérrez-Carrillo, M.L., Characterisation of earthen walls in the Generalife (Alhambra): Microstructural and physical changes induced by deposition of Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles in original and reconstructed samples (2020) Construction and Buildings Materials, 232, p. 117202; Lanzon, M., Madrid, J.A., Martinez-Arredondo, A., Monaco, S., Use of diluted Ca(OH)2 suspensions and their transformation into nanostructured CaCO3 coatings: A case study in strengthening heritage materials (stucco. adobe and stone (2017) Applied Surface Science, 424 (1), pp. 20-28; Lawrence, M., Heath, A., Fourie, P., Walker, P., Compressive strength of extruded unfired clay masonry units (2009) Construction Materials and Structures, 162 (3), pp. 105-112; Lorenzon, M., Nitschke, J.L., Littman, R.J., Silverstein, J.E., Mudbricks. Construction Methods. and Stratigraphic Analysis: A Case Study at Tell Timai (Ancient Thmuis) in the Egyptian Delta (2020) American Journal of Archaeology, 124 (1), pp. 105-131; Love, S., The Geoarchaeology of Mudbricks in Architecture: A Methodological Study from Çatalhöyük (2012) Turkey. Geoarchaeology, 27 (2), pp. 140-156; Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki, P., Kallithrakas-Kontos, N., Agioutantis, Z., Maurigiannakis, S., Korakaki, S., A comparative study of porous limestones treated with silicon-based strengthening agents (2008) Progress in Organic Coatings, 62 (1), pp. 49-60; Maskell, D., Heath, A., Walker, P., Inorganic stabilisation methods for extruded earth masonry units (2014) Construction and Buildings Materials, 71, pp. 602-609; Medjo Eko, R., Dieudonné Offa, E., Yatchoupou Ngatcha, T., Seba Minsili, L., Potential of salvaged steel fibers for reinforcement of unfired earth blocks (2012) Construction and Building Materials, 35, pp. 340-346; Michalopoulou, A., Favvas, E.P., Mitropoulos, A.C., Maravelaki, P., Kilikoglou, V., Karatasios, I., A comparative evaluation of bottom-up and top-down methodologies for the synthesis of calcium hydroxide nanoparticles for the consolidation of architectural monuments (2018) Materials Today: Proceedings, 5 (14), pp. 27425-27433; Michalopoulou, A., Michailidi, E., Favvas, E., Maravelaki, N.P., Kilikoglou, V., Karatasios, I., Comparative evaluation of the morphological characteristics of nanolime dispersions for the consolidation of architectural monuments (2020) International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 14 (7), pp. 994-1007; Minke, G., (2012) Building with Earth Design and Technology of a Sustainable Architecture, , Basel. Birkhäuser; Pham, H., Nguyen, Q.M., Effect of silica nanoparticles on clay swelling and aqueous stability of nanoparticle dispersions (2014) Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 16 (2137); Otero, J., Starinieri, V., Charola, A.E., Nanolime for the consolidation of lime mortars: A comparison of three available products (2018) Construction and Building Materials, 181, pp. 394-407; Otero, J., Starinieri, V., Charola, A.E., Taglieri, G., Influence of different types of solvent on the effectiveness of nanolime treatments on highly porous mortar substrates (2020) Construction and Building Materials, 232, p. 117112; Quagliarini, E., Lenci, S., The influence of natural stabilizers and natural fibres on the mechanical properties of ancient Roman adobe bricks (2010) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 11, pp. 309-314; Quagliarini, E., D’ Orazio, M., Lenci, S., The properties and durability of adobe earth-based masonry blocks In Eco-Efficient Masonry Bricks and Blocks Design (2015) Properties and Durability, p. 361378. , Cambridge. Elsevier; Ouhandi, V.R., Yong, R.N., Amiri, M., Ouhandi, M.H., Pozzolanic consolidation of stabilized soft clays (2014) Applied Clay Science, 95, pp. 111-118; Rainer, L., (2008) Deterioration and Pathology of Earthen Architecture in Terra Literature Review: An Overview of Research in Earthen Architecture Conservation, , The Getty Conservation Institute. Los Angeles. USA; Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Suzuki, A., Ruiz-Agudo, E., Alcohol Dispersions of Calcium Hydroxide Nanoparticles for Stone Conservation (2013) Langmuir, 29 (36), pp. 11457-11470; Roy, D.N., Alkali-activated cements: Opportunities and challenges (1999) Cement and Concrete Research, 29, pp. 249-254; Sáenz-Martínez, A., San Andrés, M., Alvarez de Buergo, M., Blasco, I., Fort, R., Removing calcium carbonate deposits from archaeological ceramics. traditional methods under review (2019) Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 19 (3), pp. 107-117; Salama, K.K., Ali, M.F., El Sheikh, S.M., Comparison between nano calcium carbonate, natural calcium carbonate and converted calcium hydroxide for consolidation (2019) Scientific Culture, 5 (3), pp. 35-40; Salles, F., Douillard, J.M., Bildstein, O., Gaudin, C., Prelot, B., Zajac, J., Van Dammec, H., Driving force for the hydration of the swelling clays: Case of montmorillonites saturated with alkalineearth cations (2013) Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 395, pp. 269-276; Seco, A., Ramirez, F., Miqueleiz, L., Garcia, B., Stabilization of expansive soils for use in construction (2011) Applied Clay Science, 51, pp. 348-352; Stefanis, N.A., Chatzi, K., Zioga, K., Theoulakis, P., Study for the in situ preservation of the clay architectural elements from the excavation of the Prehistoric settlement of Dispilio. Greece (2010) 8th International Symposium on the Conservation of Monuments in the Mediterranean Basin: Monument Damage Hazards and Rehabilitation Technologies, , 31 May 2 June 2010. Patras. Greece; Tingle, J., Santoni, R., Stabilization of clay soils with non-traditional additives (2003) Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1819 (1), pp. 72-84; Xanthopoulou, V., Iliopoulod, I., Liritzis, I., Characterization techniques of clays for the archaeometric study of ancient ceramics: a review (2020) Scientific Culture, 6 (2), pp. 73-86; Wangler, T., Scherer, G.W., Clay swelling mechanism in clay-bearing sandstones (2008) Environmental Geology, 56, pp. 529-534; Zarzuela, R., Luna, M., Carrascosa, L.M., Yeste, M.P., Garcia-Lodeiro, I., Blanco-Varela, M.T., Cauqui. Rodriguez-Izquierdo, J.M., Mosquera, M.J., Producing C-S-H gel by reaction between silica oligomers and portlandite: A promising approach to repair cementitious materials (2020) Cement and Concrete Research, 130, pp. 776-788","Michalopoulou, A.; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Agia Paraskevi, Greece; email: a.michalopoulou@inn.demokritos.gr
Michalopoulou, A.; School of Architecture, Akrotiri, Greece; email: a.michalopoulou@inn.demokritos.gr",,,"University of AEGEAN",,,,,11089628,,,,"English","Mediterr. Archaeol. Archaeom.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85091435874
"Balaguer L., López-Manzanares F.V., Mileto C., García-Soriano L.","57205475048;6603127341;36721933700;56344563400;","Assessment of the thermal behaviour of rammed earthwalls in the summer period",2019,"Sustainability (Switzerland)","11","7","1924","","",,8,"10.3390/su11071924","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85064035809&doi=10.3390%2fsu11071924&partnerID=40&md5=5fa8132a5dfa6d94dfb92d60d569bd37","Institute for the Heritage Restoration, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, 46022, Spain; Deparment of Architectural Composition, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, 46022, Spain","Balaguer, L., Institute for the Heritage Restoration, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, 46022, Spain; López-Manzanares, F.V., Deparment of Architectural Composition, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, 46022, Spain; Mileto, C., Deparment of Architectural Composition, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, 46022, Spain; García-Soriano, L., Institute for the Heritage Restoration, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, 46022, Spain","The constructive solutions characteristic of vernacular architecture are the result of the convergence of geographical, cultural and climatic factors that bring about constructions characterised by adaptation to their surroundings. However, at present, Spanish regulations do not contemplate the properties of traditional materials, such as those found in earthen constructions, whose great thermal inertia is ignored despite their thermal gains and compensations. Given these limitations, the purpose of this study is to assess the thermal behaviour of traditional earthen architecture adjusting to its real performance and original surroundings. This work thus examines a methodology to assess the thermal behaviour of rammed earth walls based on on-site data specifically collected in the summer in a case study located in La Serranía, a region in the northwest of the province of Valencia (Spain). The results show the evolution of exterior and interior surface temperatures of the earthen wall, quantifying its variation frequency and thermal energy transmission. Based on these data, the thermal transmittance of the wall is calculated and compared to highlight the difference from the normalised value, showing that a review of the Spanish regulations applied to earthen architecture is needed. © 2019 by the authors.","Earthen architecture; Rammed earth; Thermal behaviour; Thermal transmittance; Vernacular heritage","architectural design; cultural tradition; heat transfer; inertia; temperature profile; traditional knowledge; wall; Comunidad Valencia; Spain",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"(2019), https://www.codigotecnico.org, accessed on 25 January; Rasulo, M., Vernacular architecture related to the climate in the Mediterranean Basin: A lesson we should learn (2003) Int. J. Hous. Sci., 27, pp. 177-188; Frey, P., (2010) Learning from Vernacular, , Actes Sud: Arles, France; Correia, M., Carlos, G., Rocha, S., (2014) Vernacular Heritage and Earthen Architecture: Contributions for Sustainable Development, , CRC Press: London, UK; Fry, M.E., Drew, J.B., Mankind's early dwellings and settlements (1982) PLEA Proceedings, , Passive and Low Energy Architecture (PLEA): Bermuda; Kimura, K., Yamazaki, K., Passive Cooling of thatched roofs in traditional Japanese vernacular homes (1982) PLEA Proceedings, , Passive and Low Energy Architecture (PLEA): Bermuda; Olgyay, V., Frontado, J., Clavet, L., (2015) Arquitectura y Clima: Manual de Diseño Bioclimático para Arquitectos y Urbanistas, , Gustavo Gili: Barcelona, Spain; Martínez-Molina, A., Tort-Ausina, I., Cho, S., Vivancos, J.L., Energy efficiency and thermal comfort in historic buildings: A review (2016) Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 61, pp. 70-85; Webb, A.L., Energy retrofits in historic and traditional buildings: A review of problems and methods (2017) Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 77, pp. 748-759; De Fino, M., Scioti, A., Cantatore, E., Fatiguso, F., Methodological framework for assessment of energy behavior of historic towns in Mediterranean climate (2017) Energy Build., 144, pp. 87-103; Barbeta, G., Pareta, M.M., Chamorro, M.A., Sabata, M., Thermal assessment of the behavior of retrofitted rammed earth in central Catalonia (2018) Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability, pp. 267-272. , Mileto, C., Vegas, F., García-Soriano, L., Cristini, V., CRC Press/Balkema: London, UK; Fernandes, J., Dabaieh, M., Mateus, R., Silva, S.M., Bragança, L., Gervásio, H., Thermal performance and comfort of vernacular earthen buildings in Egypt and Portugal (2018) Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability, pp. 95-100. , Mileto, C., Vegas, F., García-Soriano, L., Cristini, V., CRC Press/Balkema: London, UK; Mellado Mascaraque, M.A., Castilla Pascual, F.J., Oteiza, I., Martín-Consuegra, F., Thermal performance and comfort of vernacular earthen buildings in Egypt and Portugal (2018) Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability, pp. 637-644. , Mileto, C., Vegas, F., García-Soriano, L., Cristini, V., CRC Press/Balkema: London, UK; Heathcote, K., The thermal performance of earth buildings (2011) Inf. Constr., 63, pp. 117-126; Balaguer, L., En Tierra Serrana: La Restauración de la Arquitectura Tradicional de Tierra en la Comarca de La Serranía de Valencia (2018) Estudio del Comportamiento Bioclimático y la Eficiencia Energética en las Intervenciones, , Ph.D. Thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain, November; Balaguer, L., Mileto, C., Vegas López-Manzanares, F., García-Soriano, L., Bioclimatic strategies of traditional earthen architecture (2019) J. Cult. Herit. Manag. Sustain. Dev, , https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-07-2018-0054, accessed on 25 January 2019); Mileto, C., Vegas López-Manzanares, F., García-Soriano, L., Cristini, V., SOSTierra Project. Initial results (2018) Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability, pp. 185-190. , Mileto, C., Vegas, F., García-Soriano, L., Cristini, V., CRC Press/Balkema: London, UK; Balaguer, L., García-Soriano, L., Villacampa, L., Supplemented rammed earth in the northwestern regions of Valencia (2018) Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability, pp. 47-52. , Mileto, C., Vegas, F., García-Soriano, L., Cristini, V., CRC Press/Balkema: London, UK; Balaguer, L., Traver, S., Casa de los Cinteros: Constructive analysis of a traditional house in northern Valencia (2018) Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability, pp. 533-538. , Mileto, C., Vegas, F., García-Soriano, L., Cristini, V., CRC Press/Balkema: London, UK; Sabata, M., (2016) Evaluación térmica del comportamiento de tapial rehabilitado en la Cataluña central, , Master's Thesis, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain, October; (1996) UNE-EN ISO 6946: Elementos y Componentes de Edificación: Resistencia y Transmitancia térmica, , AENOR: Madrid, Spain; Rodrigo, C., (2000) La Serranía: Análisis Geográfico Comarcal, , Centro de Estudios La Serranía: Valencia, Spain; Pérez Cueva, A.J., (1994) Atlas Climàtic de la Comunitat Valenciana (1961-1990), , Generalitat Valenciana, Conselleria d'Obres Públiques, Urbanisme i Transports: Valencia, Spain","Balaguer, L.; Institute for the Heritage Restoration, Spain; email: laubagar@arq.upv.es",,,"MDPI",,,,,20711050,,,,"English","Sustainability",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85064035809
"Hepp G.D., Sandberg P.A., Aguilar J.","56153817900;55274151000;56463541000;","Death on the Early Formative Oaxaca coast: The human remains of La Consentida",2017,"Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports","13",,,"703","711",,8,"10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.11.045","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85007417159&doi=10.1016%2fj.jasrep.2016.11.045&partnerID=40&md5=4820f3eac3738af6d1fd777d25cea005","Department of Anthropology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA  92407, United States; Sam Noble Museum of Natural History, University of Oklahoma, 2401 Chautauqua Ave, Norman, OK  73072, United States; San Diego City College and Meridian Archaeological Services and Research, 1313 Park Blvd, San Diego, CA  92101, United States","Hepp, G.D., Department of Anthropology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA  92407, United States; Sandberg, P.A., Sam Noble Museum of Natural History, University of Oklahoma, 2401 Chautauqua Ave, Norman, OK  73072, United States; Aguilar, J., San Diego City College and Meridian Archaeological Services and Research, 1313 Park Blvd, San Diego, CA  92101, United States","Based on calibrated AMS radiocarbon dates from stratigraphically controlled contexts, the Early Formative period site of La Consentida was occupied between 1950 and 1550 cal BCE. In addition to evidence of early pottery and mounded earthen architecture, this site has produced fourteen sets of human remains in twelve discrete burials. The people of La Consentida lived and died during a period of key socioeconomic transitions including the establishment of sedentary villages, a shift toward agriculture, and the origins of formalized social inequality. In this paper, we discuss the archaeological context of La Consentida's burials and the results of bioarchaeological and stable isotopic analyses of human and faunal remains from the site. Stable isotope values and paleopathological data suggest significant maize consumption concurrent with increasing dental attrition. Considered alongside changes in food processing tools, this pattern suggests a culinary transition regarding maize use. Burial goods and associated features (including a ceremonial cache containing faunal remains, ceramics, and a musical instrument) shed light on mortuary practices. As some of Oaxaca's earliest known human remains the burials of La Consentida offer a rare opportunity for multidisciplinary investigation of the diet, lifestyles, and mortuary traditions of an early Mesoamerican village. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd","Bioarchaeology; Early Formative period; Mesoamerica; Mortuary practice; Oaxaca; Sedentism; Subsistence",,,,,,"National Science Foundation, NSF: 34115725, BCS-1213955; Florida State University, FSU; Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles; Graduate School, University of Colorado Boulder","This work was made possible by funding from the National Science Foundation (Grant #: BCS-1213955), the Fulbright-García Robles Scholarship committee (Grantee ID: 34115725), the University of Colorado Graduate School and the Department of Anthropology, the CU Latin American Studies Center, the Center to Advance Research and Teaching in the Social Sciences, the Colorado Archaeological Society, the Montrose Community Foundation, and the Florida State University Department of Anthropology. We thank the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia for permitting our work, and the people of coastal Oaxaca for their participation. We are grateful to Ricardo Higelín Ponce de Leon, the contributors and discussants involved with this special journal issue regarding the bioarchaeology of Oaxaca, and our anonymous reviewers for reading and commenting on drafts of this paper.",,,,,,,,,,"Adams, J.L., Use-wear analyses on manos and hide-processing stones (1988) J. F. Archaeol., 15, pp. 307-315; Aguilar, J., Archaeology of Death in the Lower Río Verde Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico During the Late and Terminal Formative Period (400 BC–AD 250) (2010), Unpublished MA thesis University San Diego State; Arnold, P.J.I., Settlement and subsistence among the early formative gulf Olmec (2009) J. Anthropol. Archaeol., 28, pp. 397-411; Ashmore, W., “Decisions and dispositions”: socializing spatial archaeology (2002) Am. 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"Gil-Piqueras T., Rodríguez-Navarro P.","55419658900;55420634500;","Tradition and sustainability in vernacular architecture of southeast Morocco",2021,"Sustainability (Switzerland)","13","2","684","1","18",,7,"10.3390/su13020684","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85099415630&doi=10.3390%2fsu13020684&partnerID=40&md5=88effba2c4704a75011ffb4b04e5aa6d","Centro de Investigación en Arquitectura, Patrimonio y Gestión para el Desarrollo Sostenible–PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Cno. de Vera, s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain","Gil-Piqueras, T., Centro de Investigación en Arquitectura, Patrimonio y Gestión para el Desarrollo Sostenible–PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Cno. de Vera, s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain; Rodríguez-Navarro, P., Centro de Investigación en Arquitectura, Patrimonio y Gestión para el Desarrollo Sostenible–PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Cno. de Vera, s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain","This article is presented after ten years of research on the earthen architecture of southeast-ern Morocco, more specifically that of the natural axis connecting the cities of Midelt and Er-Rachidia, located North and South of the Moroccan northern High Atlas. The typology studied is called ksar (ksour, pl.). Throughout various research projects, we have been able to explore this territory, documenting in field sheets the characteristics of a total of 30 ksour in the Outat valley, 20 in the mountain range and 53 in the Mdagra oasis. The objective of the present work is to analyze, through qualitative and quantitative data, the main characteristics of this vernacular architecture as a perfect example of an environmentally respectful habitat, obtaining concrete data on its traditional character and its sustainability. The methodology followed is based on case studies and, as a result, we have obtained a typological classification of the ksour of this region and their relationship with the territory, as well as the social, functional, defensive, productive, and building characteristics that define them. Knowing and puttin in value this vernacular heritage is the first step towards protecting it and to show our commitment to future generations. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.","High Atlas; Ksar; Morocco; Oasis; Rammed earth; Sustainable traditional architecture; Typologies; Vernacular architecture",,,,,,"AD1409; Universitat Politècnica de València, UPV","This research was funded by the following projects: Arquitectura Habitacional de Tierra en el Alto Atlas Septentrional. Midelt (Marruecos). PAID 06-11; Estudio de la Arquitectura Habitacional de Tierra en el Alto Atlas Septentrional. Midelt (Marruecos). Categorización, Sostenibilidad y Puesta en Valor del Patrimonio Arquitectónico para Contribuir a la Descentralización y al Desarrollo Sostenible, ADSIDEO-2011; and Arquitectura y Habitat: Investigación Para la Mejora Global de Espacios Habitacionales en la Región del Tafilalt, AD1409, under the program of Research Projects in Technology for Human of the Center for Development Cooperation of the Universitat Politècnica de València.",,,,,,,,,,"Fernandes, J., Peixoto, M., Mateus, R., Gervásio, H., Life cycle analysis of environmental impacts of earthen materials in the Portuguese context: Rammed earth and compressed earth blocks (2019) J. Clean. Prod, 241, p. 118286. , [CrossRef]; Arrigoni, A., Beckett, C., Ciancio, D., Dotelli, G., Life cycle analysis of environmental impact vs. durability of stabilised rammed earth (2017) Constr. Build. Mater, 142, pp. 128-136. , [CrossRef]; Gil-Piqueras, T., Rodríguez-Navarro, P., Lectura e interpretación de la evolución urbana del ksar Tatiouine. 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Del Oasis de Mdagra al valle del Outat, , Ph.D. Thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Foucauld, C.H., (1888) Reconnaissance au Maroc: 1883–1884, , 1st ed.; Challamel: Paris, France; Rodríguez-Navarro, P., Gil-Piqueras, T., Inventory of Outat valley ksour, Morocco. Earthen Architecture (2014) Past, Present and Future, International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture, pp. 317-322. , Valencia, Spain; Mileto, C., Vegas, F., García Soriano, L., Eds.; CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group: London, UK, [CrossRef]; Gil-Piqueras, T., Rodríguez-Navarro, P., The ksour of the mdagra oasis (Er-Rachidia, Morocco): An inventory (2020) Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci, 44, pp. 961-968. , [CrossRef]; Carta del Patrimonio Vernáculo Construido. 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(accessed on 12 December 2020); Verdugo, C., (1982) L’aménagement de la Vallée du Ziz, Maroc, , Ph.D. Thesis, Ecole Nationale d’Architecture, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Rodriguez-Navarro, P., Giannone, L., Preservation strategies for southern Morocco’s at-risk built heritage (2018) Buildings, 8, p. 16. , [CrossRef]; Gil-Piqueras, T., Rodríguez-Navarro, P., Habitat e Territorio Nel Alto Atlas Orientale del Marocco (2013) Città e Territorio. Conoscenza, Tutela e Valorizzazione dei Paesaggi Culturali, pp. 220-225. , Debatte: Massa Maritima, Italy; Ihray-Aouchar, A., (1988) Communautés Rurales de la Haute Moulouya du XVIIe Siècle à nos Jours; Administration Locale et Pouvoir Central: Hespéris Tamuda, 26 (27), pp. 171-196. , 1988; Librairie Larose: Paris, France; Marçais, W., L’Islamisme et la vie urbaine (1928) Comptes Rendues des Seances de l’Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, pp. 86-100. , Auguste Picard: Paris, France; Youssef Hoteit, A., Cultura, espacio y organización urbana en la ciudad Islámica (1993) Cuadernos de Investigación Urbanística, 5, pp. 5-49. , Instituto Juan de Herrera: Madrid, Spain; Davreux, C., (2000) Tamnougalt, une Oasis en Mutation, , Memoire Inédit: Brussels, Belgium; Laoust, E., (1932) L’habitation chez les Transhumants du Maroc Central. La Maison. Hespéris Tamuda Tome XIV, , fasc. II; Librairie Larose: Paris, France; Maldonado, D., La clasificación: Una herramienta para la inclusión de la vivienda vernácula urbana en el universo arquitectónico (2009) Rev. INVI, 24, pp. 115-157. , [CrossRef]; Kölbl, O., Boussalh, M., Fadli, B., Larbi, B., Naji, M., Fadli, A., (2010) Synthèse de L’inventaire du Patrimoine Architectural de la Vallée du Dra, , Ouarzazate; Inédit École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne et le CERKAS: Lausanne, Switzerland; Rodríguez-Navarro, P., Juan, F.J., Gil-Piqueras, T.l., Earth construction techniques in the Northern High Atlas Morocco (2012) Rammed Earth Conservation, pp. 569-574. , Taylor & Francis Group: London, UK; Fernandes, J., Mateus, R., Gervásio, H., Silva, S.M., Bragança, L., Passive strategies used in Southern Portugal vernacular rammed earth buildings and their influence in thermal performance (2019) Renew. Energy, 142, pp. 345-363. , [CrossRef]; Terrasse, H., (1949) Histoire du Maroc, des Origines à L’établissement du Protectorat Français, I. , Éditions Atlantides: Casablanca, Morocco","Gil-Piqueras, T.; Centro de Investigación en Arquitectura, Cno. de Vera, s/n, Spain; email: tgil@ega.upv.es",,,"MDPI AG",,,,,20711050,,,,"English","Sustainability",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85099415630
"Lorenzon M., Iacovou M.","56081528400;56598131100;","The Palaepaphos-Laona rampart. A pilot study on earthen architecture and construction technology in Cyprus",2019,"Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports","23",,,"348","361",,7,"10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.11.004","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85056446167&doi=10.1016%2fj.jasrep.2018.11.004&partnerID=40&md5=be4b8fa5693db4353b10787e092365e3","University of Helsinki, Centre of Excellence in Ancient Near Eastern Empires, Finland; Department of History and Archaeology, Archaeological Research Unit, University of Cyprus, Cyprus","Lorenzon, M., University of Helsinki, Centre of Excellence in Ancient Near Eastern Empires, Finland; Iacovou, M., Department of History and Archaeology, Archaeological Research Unit, University of Cyprus, Cyprus","Excavations conducted in the context of the Palaepaphos Urban Landscape Project (PULP) have revealed a defensive monument of the Cypro-Classical period (fifth and fourth centuries BCE), which had been preserved under an anthropogenic mound (tumulus) of the 3rd century BCE. Besides stone-work, the construction of the monumental rampart made extensive use of mudbricks. In 2016–2017, PULP introduced a pilot study based on analytical techniques (pXRF, SEM-EDS, granulometric and petrographic analysis) to address issues relating to the manufacture and construction of the earthen architecture of the rampart. The paper presents a description of the geoarchaeological analyses and their results, which have highlighted specific manufacturing practices in relation to the construction of the monument. Given that the rampart constituted a major investment of the royal authorities of ancient Paphos, the results provide new information on the production of earthen building materials and also on environmental choices with respect to raw material selection in the context of a public project carried out by a central authority circa the mid first millennium BCE. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd","Cyprus; Earthen architecture; Geoarchaeology; Granulometric analysis; Mudbrick; Petrography; pXRF",,,,,,"A.G. Leventis Foundation","This research was made possible due to funding received from the A.G. Leventis Foundation following the successful assessment of our application submitted to the competitive A.G. Leventis Foundation University of Cyprus research programmes for 2017-2019.","MEANING stands for the abbreviated reference to the project, From the metalliferous sources to the citadel complex of Ancient Paphos: archaeo-environmental analysis of the mining and the built environment ; the project description is available in Iacovou (2017a, 2017b) in Academia.edu. which has received funding from the University of Cyprus A.G. Leventis Research Programmes, PULP secured a two-year grant (2017–2019) with which to initiate a series of archaeo-environmental data analyses. This included the macroscopic and geochemical analyses of the Laona mudbricks, which was undertaken by Marta Lorenzon. The goal of the pilot study was to identify the mineralogical and chemical composition of the mudbricks. Procurement of raw materials and the characterisation of manufacturing and construction phases were also addressed. The ultimate goal is to establish an interdisciplinary methodology for researching mudbrick manufacturing and construction practices from excavation contexts.",,,,,,,,,"ASTM, Standard test method for particle-size analysis of soils. ASTM Stand (2007) Test Method, , https://doi.org/10.1520/D0422-63R07E01.2; Aurenche, O., La maison orientale. L'architecture du Proche Orient ancien dès origines au milieu du quatrième millénaire. Vol I–III (BAH 109). Paris (1981); Cammas, C., Micromorphology of earth building materials: toward the reconstruction of former technological processes (protohistoric and historic periods) (2018) Quat. Int., 483, pp. 160-179; Clarke, J., Site diversity in Cyprus in the late 5th millennium cal. BC: evidence from Kalavasos Kokkinoyia (2007) Levant, 39 (1), pp. 13-22; Costi De Castrillo, M., Philokyprou, M., Ioannou, I., Comparison of adobes from pre-history to-date (2017) J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep., 12, pp. 437-448; Demetriou, T., Pattiches, A., Konstantinides, A., Papadoures, G., Restoration and Maintenance of Traditional Settlements (2003), Cyprus Civil Engineers and Architects Association Nicosia; Emery, V.L., Morgenstein, M., Portable EDXRF analysis of a mud brick necropolis enclosure: evidence of work organization, El Hibeh, middle Egypt (2007) J. Archaeol. Sci., 34, pp. 111-122; Frankel, D., Webb, J.M., Pottery production and distribution in prehistoric bronze age Cyprus. An application of pXRF analysis (2012) J. Archaeol. Sci., 39 (5), pp. 1380-1387; French, C.A.I., A sediments analysis of mud brick and natural features at el-Amarna (1984) Amarna Reports I. Occasional Papers 1, 1, pp. 189-201. , B.J. Kemp Egypt Exploration Society London; Friesem, D.E., Boaretto, E., Eliyahu-Behar, A., Shahack-Gross, R., Degradation of mud brick houses in an arid environment: a geoarchaeological model (2011) J. Archaeol. Sci., 38 (5), pp. 1135-1147; Friesem, D.E., Karkanas, P., Tsartidou, G., Schahack-Gross, R., Sedimentary processes involved in mud brick degradation in temperate environments: a micromorphological approach in an ethnoarchaeological context in northern Greece (2014) J. Archaeol. Sci., 41, pp. 556-567; Ginns, A., The 2015 Season of Excavation at Kurgus. Sudan and Nubia (2015), 19, pp. 132-142; Goldberg, P., Geology of Late Bronze Age Mudbrick from Tel Lachish. Tel Aviv (1979), 61-2, pp. 60-67; Goodale, N., Bailey, D.G., Jones, G.T., Prescott, C., Scholz, E., Stagliano, N., Lewis, C., pXRF: a study of inter-instrument performance (2012) J. Archaeol. Sci., 39 (4), pp. 875-883; Hermary, A., Les foncions sacerdotales des souverains chypriotes (2014) Basileis and Poleis on the Island of Cyprus: The Cypriote Polities in Their Mediterranean Context. Proceedings of a Symposium Held in Nicosia in 2012, pp. 137-152. , M. Hatzopoulos M. Iacovou Cahier du centre d'études chypriotes; Hunt, A.M.W., Speakman, R.J., Portable XRF analysis of archaeological sediments and ceramics (2015) Journal of Archaeological Science, 53, pp. 626-638; Iacovou, M., The Basileus in the Kingdoms of Cyprus (2006) Ancient Greece from the Mycenaean Palaces to the Age of Homer, Edinburgh, Leventis Studies 3, pp. 315-335. , S. Deger-Jalkotzy I.S. Lemos University of Edinburgh Edinburgh; Iacovou, M., The Palaepaphos Urban Landscape Project: Theoretical Background and Preliminary Report 2006–2007 (2008), pp. 263-289. , Report of the Department of Antiquities Cyprus; Iacovou, M., From regional gateway to Cypriot kingdom: copper deposits and copper routes in the chora of Paphos (2012) Eastern Mediterranean Metallurgy and Metalwork in the Second Millennium BC. A Conference in Honour of James D. Muhly, Oxford/Oakville, pp. 58-69. , V. Kassianidou G. Papasavvas; Iacovou, M., Paphos before Palaepaphos. New approaches to the history of the Paphian kingdom (2013) Epigraphy, Numismatics, Prosopography and History of Ancient Cyprus. Papers in Honour of Ino Nicolaou [SIMA Pocket-book 179], Uppsala, pp. 275-291. , D. Michaelides; Iacovou, M., The Cypriot syllabary as a royal signature. The political context of the syllabic script in the Iron Age (2013) Syllabic Writing on Cyprus and its Context, pp. 133-152. , P. Steele Cambridge University Press Cambridge; Iacovou, M., Political economies and landscape transformations. The case of ancient Paphos (2014) Structure, Measurement and Meaning: Insights into the Prehistory of Cyprus. Studies on Prehistoric Cyprus in Honour of David Frankel [SIMA 143], Uppsala, pp. 161-174. , J.M. Webb; Iacovou, M., The tumulus of Palaepaphos-Laona. From identification to method of investigation (in Greek) (2017) TΕΡΨΙΣ. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology in Honour of Nota Kourou [CReA-Patrimoine Etudes d'archeologie 10], Brussels, pp. 307-319. , V. Vlachou Α. Gadolou; Iacovou, Μ., Traces of a lost memory: new evidence for the city-kingdom of Ancient Paphos (in Greek) (2017) Ancient Cyprus. Recent developments in the archaeology of the eastern, pp. 189-214. , N. Papademetriou M. Toli Museum of Cycladic Art Athens; Iacovou, M., Stylianidis, E., Sarris, A., Agapiou, A., A long-term response to the need to make modern development and the preservation of the archaeo-cultural record mutually compatible operations: the GIS contribution (2009) Proceedings of the 22nd CIPA Symposium, Kyoto, Japan, 11–15 October 2009, , https://www.ucy.ac.cy/ariel/documents/Publications/A_LONGTERM_RESPONCE_2009.pdf, στο; Illampas, R., Ioannou, I., Costi De Castrillo, M., Theodosiou, A., Earthen architecture in Cyprus (2011) Terra Europae. Earthen Architecture in European Union, pp. 97-99. , M. Correia L. Dipasquale S. Mecca Edizioni ETS Pisa; Karkanas, P., Goldberg, P., Reconstructing Archaeological Sites. Understanding the Geoarchaeological Matrix (2018), Wiley Blackwell Oxford; Liberotti, G., Quaresima, R., Building materials in the 4th and early 3rd millennium monumental architecture at Arslantepe: mudbricks and plaster (2010) Economic Centralization in Formative States. The Archaeological Reconstruction of the Economic System the 4th Millennium Arslantepe, pp. 73-80. , M. Frangipane Università di Roma “La Sapienza” Roma; Liritzis, I., Zacharias, N., Portable XRF of archaeological artifacts: current research, potentials and limitations (2011) X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) in Geoarchaeology, pp. 109-142. , M. Steven Shackley Springer New York, New York; Lorenzon, M., Earthen architecture in Bronze Age Crete. From raw materials to construction (2017) PhD Thesis, , University of Edinburgh; Love, S., The Geoarchaeology of mudbricks in architecture: a methodological study from Çatalhöyük, Turkey (2012) Geoarchaeology, 27, pp. 140-156; Love, S., An archaeology of mudbrick houses from Çatalhöyük (2013) Substantive Technologies at Çatalhöyük: Reports from the 2000–08 Seasons, pp. 81-96. , I. Hodder Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Los Angeles; Love, S., Field methods for the analysis of mud brick architecture (2017) J. Field Archaeol., 42 (4), pp. 351-363; Maier, F.G., Priest kings in Cyprus (1989) Early Society in Cyprus, Edinburgh, pp. 76-391. , E. Peltenburg; Minke, G., Building with Earth: Design and Technology of a Sustainable Architecture (2006), Birkhäuser Basel; Morgenstein, M.E., Redmount, C.A., Mudbrick typology, sources, and sedimentological composition: a case study from Tell El-Muqdam, Egyptian Delta (1998) Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 35, pp. 129-146; Munsell Soil Color Charts : with Genuine Munsell Color Chips (2010), Munsell Color Grand Rapids, MI Print; Nodarou, E., Frederick, C., Hein, A., Another (mud)brick in the wall: scientific analysis of bronze age earthen construction materials from East Crete (2008) J. Archaeol. Sci., 35, pp. 2997-3015; Oliver, A., Modified earthen materials (2008) Terra Literature Review, pp. 96-107. , E. Avrami H. Guillaud M. Hardy Getty Conservation Institute Los Angeles; Peltenburg, E., The Sotira Culture: regional diversity and cultural unity in Late Neolithic Cyprus (1978) Levant, 10, pp. 55-74; Philokyprou, M., Building Materials and Structures of Cyprus Architecture: From the Neolithic Period to the Late Chalcolithic Period (1998), University of Cyprus (PhD dissertation); Philokyprou, M., The beginnings of Pyrotechnology in Cyprus (2012) International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 6 (2), pp. 172-199; Rosen, A.M., Cities of Clay: The Geoarchaeology of Tells. (1986), The University of Chicago Press Chicago-London; Satraki, Α., Cypriot Kings from Kosmaso to Nikokreon (in Greek) (2012), Archaiognosia Athens; Shackley, M.S., An introduction to X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis in geoarchaeology (2011) X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) in Geoarchaeology, pp. 7-44. , M.S. Shackley Springer New York, USA; Thomas, G., Prehistoric Cypriot Mud Buildings and their Impact on the Formation of Archeological Sites. PhD Thesis (1995), University of Edinburgh; Todd, I.A., Vasilikos Valley project: third preliminary report, 1978 (1979) J. Field Archaeol., 6 (3), pp. 265-300; Wright, G.R.H., Ancient Building in Cyprus (1992), Brill Leiden. New York; Wright, G.R.H., Ancient Building Technology. Historical Background (2000), Brill Leiden; Wright, G.R.H., Ancient Building Technology. Materials (2005), Vol. 1–2. , Brill Leiden; Zhang, Y., Jia, L.T., Mei, H., Cui, Q., Zhang, P.G., Sun, Z.M., Fabrication, microstructure and properties of bricks fired from lake sediment, cinder and sewage sludge (2016) Constr. Build. Mater., 121, pp. 154-160; Zomeni, Z., Quaternary Marine Terraces on Cyprus: Constraints on Uplift and Pedogenesis, and the Geoarchaeology of Palaipafos. Unpublished PhD Dissertation (2012), Oregon State University","Lorenzon, M.; University of Helsinki, Finland; email: marta.lorenzon@helsinki.fi",,,"Elsevier Ltd",,,,,2352409X,,,,"English","J.Archaeol. Sci. Rep.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85056446167
"Rodríguez-Navarro P., Piqueras T.G.","55420634500;55419658900;","Preservation strategies for southern Morocco's at-risk built heritage",2018,"Buildings","8","2","16","","",,7,"10.3390/buildings8020016","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85041361810&doi=10.3390%2fbuildings8020016&partnerID=40&md5=b638723f7a830f87a6be4717a2687d03","Instituto Universitario de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain","Rodríguez-Navarro, P., Instituto Universitario de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain; Piqueras, T.G., Instituto Universitario de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain","Morocco has a vernacular architectural heritage of recognized value, which constitutes an indissoluble part of its cultural legacy. In the south of the country, specifically in the High Atlas mountain range and the pre-Saharan oases, we mainly find earth constructions of an incomparable landscape integration and plasticity. However, the political and social changes of the last decades are favoring the abandonment of these constructions, placing many of them at risk of disappearing. The objective of this contribution is to reveal the characteristics and weaknesses that the new constructions present today. The method used has consisted in analyzing the preservation actions that are being carried out, both by the Moroccan public administration and by private individuals, including those developed by the authors through documentation, cataloging, virtualization, and restoration. © 2018 by the authors.","3D modelling; At-risk heritage; Earthen architecture; Graphic surveying; Morocco",,,,,,"Universitat Politècnica de València, UPV","Acknowledgments: The research project carried out in the Outat Valley and the research project carried out in the Ferkla Oasis “Arquihabitat” were funded by the Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain.",,,,,,,,,,"Laoust, E., L'habitation Chez les Transhumants du Maroc Central. L'igerm (1934) Hespéris Tamuda, 18, p. 110. , Larose: Paris, France; Nijst, A.L.M.T., (1973) Living on the Edge of the Sahara. A study of Traditional Forms of Habitation and Types of Settlement in Morocco, , Government Publishing Office: Le Hague, France; Terrasse, H., (1938) Kasbas Berbères de l'Atlas et Des Oasis, , Editions des Horizons de France: Paris, France; Cherradi, F., Earthen Architecture in Southern Morocco (2012) Rammed Earth Conservation, pp. 487-491. , Taylor & Francis Group: London UK; Marcais, W., (1928) L' Islamisme et la Vie Urbaine, pp. 86-100. , Comptes Rendues des Seances de L'ACADEMIE des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres: Paris, France; Chueca Goitia, F., (1993) Breve Historia del Urbanismo, , Alianza Editorial: Madrid, Spain; Laoust, E., L'habitation chez les Transhumants du Maroc Central. La Maison"" (1932) Heperies, 16, p. 137. , Larose: Paris, France; (2009) Urbanisme et Dègradation de L'habitat Traditionnel des Oasis du Sud-Est Marocain: L'exemple Del Ksour u Tafilalt (Province d'Errachidia), , http://www.archi-mag.com/essai_18.php, Archi-Mag. Magazine de l'Architecture du Maghreb, (accessed on 4 December 2017); Boussalh, M., CRATerre-ENSAG; Centre de Conservation et de Réhabilitation du Patrimoine Architectural Des Zones Atlassiques et Sub-Atlassiques (2005) Conservation Manual for Earth Architetecture Heritage in the Pre-Saharan Valleys of Morocco; CERKAS-Unesco Word Heritage Centre-CRA Terre-EAG: Ouarzazate, pp. 9-17. , Morocco; http://www.mhpv.gov.ma/?page_id=960, (accessed on 4 December 2017); http://cerkas.org/wordpress/, (accessed on 4 December 2017); Kölbl, O., Boussalh, M., Fadli, B., Larbi, B., Naji, M., Fadli, A., Synthèse de L'inventaire du Patrimoine Architectural de la Vallé du Dra (2010) Ouarzazate, , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne et le CERKAS: Lausanne, Switzerland; (1999) Inventaire du Patrimoine Architectural de la Vallée du Todra, , CERKAS, Colegio de Aparejadores de Barcelona, Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña: Barcelona, Spain; Casanovas, X., (2008) Rehabilitación y Acción Social en Marrakech, Marruecos. La Mejora de las Condiciones de Vida Tradicionales, p. 8. , Centre Méditerranéen de L'environnement Marrakech (CMEM): Marrakech, Morocco; Rodríguez-Navarro, P., Gil Piqueras, T., (2015) Arquitectura de Tierra en Marruecos. El Valle del Outat en el Alto Atlas, , Almed: Granada, Spain; Gil Piqueras, T., Rodríguez-Navarro, P., El levantamiento topográfico como método de puesta en valor del patrimonio arquitectónico: Dos proyectos en dos continents (2010) X Congreso Internacional de Expresión Gráfica Aplicada a la Edificación (APEGA 2010), pp. 509-518. , Marfil S.A.: Alicante Spain; Rodríguez-Navarro, P., Gil Piqueras, T., Inventario de los ksour del Valle del Outat en Marruecos (2014) Earthen Architecture. Past, pp. 317-322. , Present and Future; Taylor & Francis Group: London, UK; Rodríguez-Navarro, P., Fantini, P.F., The interpretation of archaeological persistence to generate digital 3D architectural typologies: The case of Ksar Tatiouine in the Moroccan High Atlas (2011) Proceedings of the International Conference on Cultural Heritage and New Technologies, pp. 326-335. , Vienna, Austria, 14-16 November; Rodríguez-Navarro, P., Fantini, P.F., Gil Piqueras, T., Integrated methodology for urban survey and representation of the Morocco's High Atlas earth architecture (2012) Proceedings of the 2012 18th International Conference on Virtual Systems and Multimedia, pp. 637-640. , Milan, Italy, 2-5 September; Gil Piqueras, T., Rodríguez-Navarro, P., Lectura e interpretación de la evolución urbana del ksar Tatiouine. Hipótesis reconstructive (2014) XII Congreso Internacional de Expresión Gráfica Aplicada a la Edificación (APEGA 2014), pp. 131-139. , Editorial Rueda: Madrid Spain; Rodríguez-Navarro, P., Vidal, F.J., Gil Piqueras, T., Earth construction techniques in the Northern High Atlas Morocco (2012) Rammed Earth Conservation, pp. 569-574. , Taylor & Francis Group: London UK; Rodríguez-Navarro, P., Lillo Giner, S., Gil Piqueras, T., Arquitectura de tierra en el Palmeral de el Khorbat (Marruecos). El morabito de Sidi Bou Guertif (2015) Arquitectura en Tierra. Patrimonio Cultural. XII CIATTI; Cátedra Juan de Villanueva, pp. 60-66. , Universidad de Valladolid: Valladolid, Spain","Piqueras, T.G.; Instituto Universitario de Restauración del Patrimonio, Spain; email: tgil@ega.upv.es",,,"MDPI AG",,,,,20755309,,,,"English","Buildings",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85041361810
"Baglioni E., Rovero L., Tonietti U.","55421406500;6507855810;6505623486;","Drâa valley earthen architecture: Construction techniques, pathology and intervention criteria",2016,"Journal of Materials and Environmental Science","7","10",,"3499","3508",,7,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84991107120&partnerID=40&md5=8e8cf3c1b638d7e9e04ad6e87bcfa9b2","For a Natural, Ecological and Sustainable Architecture, Perugia, Italy; Department of Architecture (DIDA), Division Materials and Structures, University of Florence, Italy","Baglioni, E., For a Natural, Ecological and Sustainable Architecture, Perugia, Italy; Rovero, L., Department of Architecture (DIDA), Division Materials and Structures, University of Florence, Italy; Tonietti, U., Department of Architecture (DIDA), Division Materials and Structures, University of Florence, Italy","The Drâa valley is located in the south east of Morocco, near the Sahara desert, and houses one of the greatest earthen architecture heritage in the World. The present work shows the results of an investigation carried out on the earthen constructions in the Drâa valley, with the aim to know and to document the local building culture and the traditional construction techniques. The built heritage of the Drâa valley is worthy of study because it represents an excellent example of how local population was able to meet, in an excellent and sustainable way, the environmental challenges, starting from the environment and climatic features and from the availability of the construction materials. Unfortunately, the change of life style and the ""race to progress"" is producing a gradual loss of the traditional constructive culture and the related technical know-how, developed over the centuries. Such difficult situation is confirmed also by the lack of master masons and new skilled workers, jointly to the massive diffusion of the concrete construction. Consequently, many of the earthen building of the Drâa valley have been abandoned or lack the necessary maintenance. The present work tries also to investigate the main recurrent pathologies of traditional buildings and settlements in order to suggest some intervention guidelines (and related safeguarding criteria) for the conservation, preservation and enhancement of this rich heritage.","Drâa valley; Earthen bricks; Earthen building pathologies; Earthen building techniques; Rammed earth",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Baglioni, E., (2009) Tecniche costruttive in terra cruda nella Valle del Drâa, , Marocco, unpublished graduation thesis, Architecture Faculty of Florence University, Italy; Baglioni, E., Dipasquale, L., Mecca, S., Rkha Chaham, K., Cultural Landscape of the Drâa valley, Morocco (2012) Digital proceedings of XI Conferencia Internacional sobre el Estudio y Conservación de la Arquitectura Patrimonial de Tierra, , Terra 2012, April 22-27, 2012, Lima, Perù; Baglioni, E., Mecca, S., As tipologias habitacionais tradicionais no Vale do Drâa (Marrocos): a casa-pátio. In Terra em Seminário 2010, Argumentum, Lisbõa, Portugal (2010) Conference proceedings of 6° Seminario de Arquitectura de Terra em Portugal, 9° Seminario Ibero Americano de Arquitectura e Construção com Terra, , February 20-23, 2010, Coimbra, Portugal; Baglioni, E., Mecca, S., Rovero, L., Tonietti, U., Traditional building techniques of the Drâa valley,Morocco (2010) In digitals proceedings of 6° Seminario de Arquitectura de Terra em Portugal, 9° Seminario Ibero Americano de Arquitectura e Construção com Terra, , February 20-23, 2010, Coimbra, Portugal; Baglioni, E., Rovero, L., Tonietti, U., The Moroccan Drâa valley earthen architecture: pathology and intervention criteria (2012) Rammed Earth Conservation, , edit by Mileto C., Vegas F., Cristini V., CRC Press, Londra, England (2012). Conference proceedings of ""Restapia 2012_Congreso Internacional sobre Restauración de Tapia"", June 21-23, 2012, Valencia, Spain; Bounar, A., Chahid, A., Les édifices privés de l'habitat traditionnel-Le modèle architectural (2004) Trésors et merveilles de la Vallée du Drâa, pp. 46-47. , edit by Adedra, Marsam, Zagora, Maroc. Opera supported by UNESCO within the framework of ""Le Sahara des cultures et des peuples"" program; Bourgeois, L., Communal cooling: simulating the underground in a southern moroccan town (1988) Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre, 1-2, pp. 48-51. , Retrieved from ArchNet: Islamic Architecture Community database; Boussalh, M., (2005) Conservation Manual for Earth Architecture heritage in the pre-Saharan valleys of Morocco, , Opera supported by CERKAS, UNESCO World Heritage Centre, and CRATerre-EAG; Rovero, L., Tonietti, U., The diagnostic process (2011) VV. AA. Earth/Lands Earthen Architecture in Southern Italy, pp. 301-317. , Edizioni ETS, Pisa, Italy; Arulrajah, V.V., (2005) Inventaire du pâtrimoine architectural de la Vallée du Drâa, , http://photpc15.epfl.ch/draa/html2/index.php, Edit by Ministère de la Culture du Maroc (CERKAS), Bureau d'Architecture et d'Urbanisme H. Hostettler, Berne, Institut de Photogrammétrie de l'EPF-Lausanne (Access: 15/3/09); Arulrajah, V.V., Act of the Forum UNESCO-University and Heritage, University of Florence Branch Office, 1st International Research Seminar on Architetctural Heritage and Sustainable Development of Small and Medium Cities in South Mediterranean Regions, Result and strategies of research and cooperation. Ets, Florence, Italy, (2005), 107-118, 119-131, 133-144, 157-169, 171-178; Arulrajah, V.V., (2009) Terra Incognita-découvrir & préserver une Europe des architectures de terre, pp. 33-59. , Argumentum, Portugal; Mamoune, Z., Chaier de prescription technique de restauration des architectures de terre, , edit by Royaume du Maroc Ministere des Affaires Culturelles, Ouarzazate, Maroc","Baglioni, E.; For a Natural, Italy; email: elianabaglioni@gmail.com",,,"Mohammed Premier University",,,,,20282508,,,,"English","J. Mater. Environ. Sci.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84991107120
"Matero F.","26035417100;","Mud brick metaphysics and the preservation of Earthen ruins",2015,"Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites","17","3",,"209","223",,7,"10.1080/13505033.2015.1129798","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84964584670&doi=10.1080%2f13505033.2015.1129798&partnerID=40&md5=d1a9594d42611c3397322129d2738fa3","University of Pennsylvania, United States","Matero, F., University of Pennsylvania, United States","In the conservation of built heritage, earthen ruins rank as one of, if not the most, intractable of problems to be confronted. Lacking the very architectural devices originally in place to combat and control weathering, earthen ruins face rapid deterioration without constant remedial and preventive conservation. Often it is the enormous mass of many ancient earthen ruins that explain their persistence; however, even these will collapse over time from differential erosion, or eventually stabilize as formless lumps. The impossible demands of simultaneously preserving architectural form and fabric (materiality) challenge the archaeologist and conservation professional who attempt to manage both for temporary and permanent display. © 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.","Adobe; Capping; Conservation; Earthen architecture; Mud brick; Ruins; Shelter coats",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Buccellati, G., Conservation qua archaeology at tell mozan/Urkesh (2003) Of the Past, for the Future: Integrating Archaeology and Conservation, Proceedings of the Conservation Theme at the 5th World Archaeological Congress, pp. 152-156. , N. Agnew and J. Bridgland, eds. Washington, D.C., 22-26 June Getty Conservation Institute Symposium Proceedings Series. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute; Charnov, A., 100 years of site maintenance and repair: Conservation of earthen archaeological sites in the American Southwest (2011) Journal of Architectural Conservation, 17, pp. 59-75; Chiari, G., Characterization of adobe as building material: Preservation techniques (1983) Adobe: International Symposium and Training Workshop on the Conservation of Adobe, pp. 31-40. , Lima-Cusco, Peru, 10-22 September 1983. Rome: UNDP/UNESCO/ICCROM; Ferron, A., Matero, F., A comparative study of ethyl-silicate-based consolidants on earthen finishes (2011) Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, 50 (1), pp. 49-72; Hartzler, R., (1996) Acrylic-modified Earthen Mortar: A Program of Investigation and Laboratory Research into Acrylic Modified Earthen Mortars Used at Three Prehistoric Pueblo Sites, , Unpublished M.Sc. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania; Kirstenblatt-Gimblett, B., (1998) Destination Culture, , Berkeley: University of California Press; Lim, A.B., Matero, F., Henry, M.C., Greening deterioration: Soft capping as preventive conservation for masonry deterioration (2013) APT Bulletin: Journal of Preservation Technology, 44 (2-3), pp. 53-61; Loos, A., Ornament and crime (1929) Adolf Loos Ornament and Crime Selected Essays, pp. 167-176. , reprinted trans. by M. Mitchell. Riverside, CA: Ariadne Press; Matero, F., Lessons from the great house: Condition and treatment history as prologue to site conservation and management at casa grande ruins national monument (1999) Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 3 (4), pp. 203-224; Matero, F., Conservation as interpretation of an excavated past (2003) Of the Past, for the Future: Integrating Archaeology and Conservation, Proceedings of the Conservation Theme at the 5th World Archaeological Congress, pp. 55-63. , N. Agnew and J. Bridgland, eds. Washington, D.C., 22-26 June Getty Conservation Institute Symposium Proceedings Series. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute; Matero, F., Placemaking at Coronado State Monument, Edgar Lee Hewett's feat of clay (2011) Journal of the West, 50 (3), pp. 21-30; Matero, F., Cancino, C., The conservation of earthen archaeological heritage. An assessment of recent trends (2000) Postprints. TERRA 2000: 8Th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 11-21; Matero, F., Moss, E., Temporary site protection for earthen walls and murals at Çatalhöyük, Turkey (2004) Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 6 (3-4), pp. 213-227; Moss, J., (2008) Of Adobe, Lime, and Cement: The Preservation History of the San José de Tumacácori Mission Church, , http://www.nps.gov/archeology/sites/npsites/tumacacori1.htm, [accessed November 2014]; Oliver, A., Fort selden adobe test wall project, phase I, final report (2000) Getty Adobe Project, Getty Conservation Institute, and Museum of New Mexico, , http://hdl.handle.net/10020/gci_pubs/fort_selden_project, Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute. [online] [accessed April 2015]; Rathgen, F., The preservation of antiquities (1905) A Handbook for Curators, , W. Spemann, trans. by G. Auden and H. Auden. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Tilley, C., (1994) A Phenomenology of Landscape: Places, Paths, and Monuments, , London: Bloomsbury Publishing; Wilcox, D., Shenk, L.O., (1977) The Architecture of the Casa Grande and its Interpretation, , Arizona: Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona","Matero, F.; University of PennsylvaniaUnited States; email: fgmatero@design.upenn.edu",,,"Maney Publishing",,,,,13505033,,,,"English","Conserv. Manage. Archaeol. Sites",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84964584670
"Goodman-Elgar M.A., Bettencourt N.S., Conrey R.","24528201300;56285191400;6506037536;","Geochemical characterization of bolivian formative earthen architecture by wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence",2015,"Geoarchaeology","30","1",,"32","58",,7,"10.1002/gea.21500","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84923219012&doi=10.1002%2fgea.21500&partnerID=40&md5=fe5851b45847c8ed0566a762083e1823","Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States; School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States","Goodman-Elgar, M.A., Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States; Bettencourt, N.S., Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States; Conrey, R., School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States","In this study, we employ wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) to characterize construction materials from Formative civic architecture (1000 B.C.E.-C.E. 400), ethnographic mudbricks, and off-site controls from the Taraco Peninsula, Bolivia. The preparation of earthen construction materials for civic buildings can shed light on aspects of community development such as labor organization, resource management, and architectural technologies. We apply geochemical results to reconstructing how public buildings were made as communities moved toward socio-political complexity in this region. However, there are few geochemical studies in the Andes, and little prior scientific analysis of earthen architecture. We therefore tested the efficacy of WDXRF for this region, and developed control materials. Our archaeological samples were selected from two Formative villages, Chiripa and Kala Uyuni. In this study, we performed WDXRF analyses on 63 archaeological and control samples including archaeological floors, walling, plasters, and mortars, as well as contemporary ethnographic walling and topsoils. Elemental signatures for 28 elements clearly distinguished the archaeological flooring, walling, plaster, and mortars from ethnographic and off-site controls. More subtle variations were detected that distinguish study sites and the different material types. Laboratory-calibrated multi-element XRF effectively supports efforts to reconstruct the pathways to social complexity in the Titicaca Basin. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.",,"architectural design; building stone; community development; dispersion; ethnography; geochemical survey; labor; topsoil; wavelength; X-ray fluorescence; Andes; Bolivia; La Paz [Bolivia]; Taraco Peninsula",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Abrams, E., Parhamovich, J., Butcher, J., McCord, B., Chemical composition of architectural plaster at the Classic Maya kingdom of Piedras Negras, Guatemala (2012) Journal of Archaeological Science, 39 (5), pp. 1648-1654; Aldenderfer, M.S., Craig, N., Speakman, R.J., Popelka-Filcoff, R.S., Four-thousand-year-old gold artifacts from the Lake Titicaca basin, southern Peru (2008) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105 (13), pp. 5002-5005; Anders, M.B., Investigation of state storage facilities in Pampa Grande, Peru (1981) Journal of Field Archaeology, 8 (4), pp. 391-404; Avrami, E., Guillaud, J., Hardy, M., (2008) Terra literature review, an overview of research in earthen architecture conservation, , Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute; Bandy, M.S., Fissioning, scalar stress, and social evolution in early village societies (2004) American Anthropologist, 106 (2), pp. 322-333; Bandy, M.S., Early village society in the Formative Period of the Southern Lake Titicaca basin (2006) Andean archaeology III: north and south, pp. 210-236. , W.H. Isbell & H. Silverman (Eds.), . New York: Springer; Bandy, M.S., Hastorf, C.A., (2007) Kala Uyuni: An early political center in the southern Lake Titicaca Basin, 2003 excavations of the Taraco Archaeological Project, , (Eds.) Berkeley: Contributions of the Archaeological Research Facility, No. 64; Barba, L., Blancas, J., Manzanilla, L.R., Ortiz, A., Barca, D., Crisci, G.M., Miriello, D., Pecci, A., Provenance of the limestone used in Teotihuacan (Mexico): A methodological approach (2009) Archaeometry, 51 (4), pp. 525-545; Baxter, M.J., Standardization and transformation in principal component analysis, with applications to archaeometry (1995) Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 44 (4), pp. 513-527; Bettencourt, N.S., (2010) The Chiripa Montículo: A geoarchaeological study, , Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Washington State University. wsulibs.wsu.edu; Bezur, A., Owen, B., Abandoning arsenic? Technological and cultural changes in the Mantaro Valley, Peru (1996) Boletín del Museo de Oro (Bogotá), 41, pp. 119-129; Bilgen, N., Olgen, A., Chemical and mineralogical characterization of archaeological building materials from Seyitömer Höyük, Kütahya, Turkey (2012) Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 12 (1), pp. 1-10; Browman, D.L., The temple of Chiripa (Lake Titicaca, Bolivia) (1978) III Congreso Peruano ""El Hombre y La Cultura Andina"", 2, pp. 807-813. , R. Matos Mandieta (Ed.), . Lima: Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos; Brown, P.W., Clifton, J.R., Adobe I: the properties of adobe (1978) Studies in Conservation, 23 (4), pp. 139-146; Bruno, M.C., A morphological approach to documenting the domestication of Chenopodium in the Andes (2006) Documenting domestication: New genetic and archaeological paradigms, pp. 34-45. , M.A. Zeder, Ed., Berkeley: University of California Press; Bruno, M.C., Whitehead, W.T., Chenopodium cultivation and formative period agriculture at Chiripa, Bolivia (2003) Latin American Antiquity, 14 (3), pp. 339-355; Canti, M.G., Aspects of the chemical and microscopic characteristics of plant ashes found in archaeological soils (2003) Catena, 54, pp. 339-361; Cavallaro, R., Shimada, I., Some thoughts on Sican Marked Adobes and Labor Organization (1988) American Antiquity, 53 (1), pp. 75-101; Chaudhry, C., van Balen, K., Grouting as a strengthening technique for earthen structures in seismic areas (2008) APT Bulletin, 39 (4), pp. 47-55; Chavez, K.L.M., The significance of Chiripa in Lake Titicaca Basin developments (1988) Expedition, 30 (3), pp. 17-26; Clapperton, C.M., (1993) Quaternary geology and geomorphology of South America, , New York: Elsevier; Cohen, A., Roddick, A., Excavations in the AC (Achcachi Coa kkollu) sector (2007) Kala Uyuni: An early political center in the southern Lake Titicaca Basin, pp. 41-66. , M.S. Bandy & C.A. Hastorf (Eds.), . Berkeley: University of California Archaeological Research Facility, No. 64; Conrey, R.M., Goodman-Elgar, M., Bettencourt, N., Seyfarth, A., Van Hoose, A., Wolff, J.A., Portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer calibration for archaeological samples using influence coefficients (2014) Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis; Craig, N., Speakman, R.J., Popelka-Filcoff, R.S., Glascock, M.D., Robertson, J.D., Shackley, M., Aldenderfer, M., Comparison of XRF and PXRF for analysis of archaeological obsidian from southern Peru (2007) Journal of Archaeological Science, 34 (12), pp. 2012-2024; Craig, N., Speakman, R.J., Popelka-Filcoff, R.S., Aldenderfer, M., Flores Blanco, L., Brown Vega, M., Glascock, M.D., Stanish, C., Macusani obsidian from southern Peru: A characterization of its elemental composition with a demonstration of its ancient use (2010) Journal of Archaeological Science, 37 (3), pp. 569-576; Crisci, G.M., Franzini, M., Lezzerini, M., Mannoni, T., Riccardi, M.P., Ancient mortars and their binder (2004) Periodico di Mineralogia, 73, pp. 259-268; Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., Zussman, J., (1992) An introduction to the rock forming minerals, , Essex: Longman Group Limited; Dupuis, C., Beaudoin, G., Discriminant diagrams for iron oxide trace elements fingerprinting of mineral deposit types (2011) Miner Deposita, 46, pp. 319-355; Emery, V.L., Morgenstein, M., Portable EDXRF analysis of a mud brick necropolis enclosure: evidence of work organization, El Hibeh, Middle Egypt (2007) Journal of Archaeological Science, 34, pp. 111-122; Friesem, D., Boaretto, E., Eliyahu-Behar, A., Shahack-Gross, R., Degradation of mud brick houses in an arid environment: A geoarchaeological model (2011) Journal of Archaeological Science, 38 (5), pp. 1135-1147; Fritz, S., Baker, P., Seltzer, G., Ballantyne, A., Tapia, P., Cheng, H., Edwards, L.R., Quaternary glaciation and hydrologic variation in the South American tropics as reconstructed from the Lake Titicaca drilling project (2007) Quaternary Research, 68, pp. 410-420; Gliozzo, E., Damiani, D., Camporeale, S., Memmi, I., Papi, E., Building materials from Thamusida (Rabat, Morocco): A diachronic local production from Roman to Islamic period (2011) Journal of Archaeological Science, 38, pp. 1026-1036; Gliozzo, E., Cavari, F., Damiani, D., Memmi, I., Pigments and plasters from the Roman settlement of Thamusida (Rabat, Morocco) (2012) Archaeometry, 54 (2), pp. 278-293; Goodman-Elgar, M., Micromorphology of depositional sequences from Monticulo and Santiago excavations (1999) Early settlement in Chiripa, Bolivia: Research of the Taraco Archaeological Project, pp. 51-60. , C.A. Hastorf (Ed.), Appendix 130-132). 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Heiri, O., Lotter, A.F., Lemcke, G., Loss on ignition as a method for estimating organic and carbonate content in sediments: Reproducibility and comparability of results (2001) Journal of Paleoliminology, 25, pp. 101-110; Holliday, V.T., Gartner, W.G., Methods of soil P analysis in archaeology (2007) Journal of Archaeological Science, 34 (2), pp. 301-333; Janusek, J.W., (2004) Identity and power in the ancient Andes, , New York: Routledge; Johnson, D.M., Hooper, P.R., Conrey, R.M., XRF analysis of rocks and minerals for major and trace elements on a single low dilution Li-tetraborate fused bead (1999) Advances in X-ray Analysis, 41, pp. 843-867; Kidder, A., II, Digging in the Titicaca Basin (1956) The University Museum Bulletin, 20 (3), pp. 17-30; Lemonnier, P., The study of material culture today: toward an anthropology of technical systems (1986) Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 6, pp. 147-186; Marshall, L.-J., Williams, J.R., Almond, M.J., Atkinson, S.D.M., Cook, S.R., Matthews, W., Mortimore, J.L., Analysis of ochres from Clearwell Caves: The role of particle size in determining colour (2005) Spectrochimica Acta Part A, 61, pp. 233-241; Martinón-Torres, M., Chaîne Opératoire: The concept and its applications within the study of technology (2002) Gallaecia, 21, pp. 29-43; Middleton, W.D., Barba, L., Pecci, A., Burton, J.H., Ortiz, A., Salvini, L., Suarez, R.R., The study of archaeological floors: Methodological proposal for the analysis of anthropogenic residues by spot tests, ICP-OES, and GC-MS (2010) Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 17, pp. 183-208; Miriello, D., Barca, D., Bloise, A., Ciarallo, A., Crisci, G.M., De Rose, T., Gattuso, C., La Russa, M.F., Characterisation of archaeological mortars from Pompeii (Campania, Italy) and identification of construction phases by compositional data analysis (2010) Journal of Archaeological Science, 37 (9), pp. 2207-2223; Miriello, D., Barca, D., Crisci, G.M., Barba, L., Blancas, J., Ortíz, A., Pecci, A., Luján, L.L., Characterization and provenance of lime plasters from the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan (Mexico city) (2011) Archaeometry, 53 (6), pp. 1119-1141; Miriello, D., Bloise, A., Crisci, G.M., Apollaro, C., La Marca, A., Characterisation of archaeological mortars and plasters from Kyme (Turkey) (2011) Journal of Archaeological Science, 38 (4), pp. 794-804; Moore, J.D., The archaeology of plazas and the proxemics of ritual: Three Andean traditions (1996) American Anthropologist, 98, pp. 789-802; Nodarou, E., Frederick, C., Hein, A., Another (mud)brick in the wall: Scientific analysis of Bronze Age earthen construction materials from East Crete (2008) Journal of Archaeological Science, 35, pp. 2997-3015; Ogburn, D., Evidence for long-distance transportation of building stones in the Inka Empire from Cuzco, Peru to Saraguro, Ecuador (2004) Latin American Antiquity, 15, pp. 419-439; Ogburn, D., Connell, S., Gifford, C., Provisioning of the Inka army in wartime: Obsidian procurement in Pambamarca, Ecuador (2009) Journal of Archaeological Science, 36 (3), pp. 740-751; Ogburn, D., Sillar, B., Sierra, J.C., Evaluating effects of chemical weathering and surface contamination on the in situ provenance analysis of building stones in the Cuzco region of Peru with portable XRF (2013) Journal of Archaeological Science, 40 (4), pp. 1823-1837; Oonk, S., Slomp, C.P., Huisman, D.J., Geochemistry as an aid in archaeological prospection and site interpretation: Current issues and research directions (2009) Archaeological Prospection, 16 (1), pp. 35-51; Peterson, M.L., Geoarchaeological analysis of Kumi Kipa: A formative period site in the Lake Titicaca basin, Bolivia (2007), Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Washington State University; Regev, L., Zukerman, A., Hitchcock, L., Maeir, A.M., Weiner, S., Boaretto, E., Iron Age hydraulic plaster from Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel (2010) Journal of Archaeological Science, 37 (12), pp. 3000-3009; Reimann, C., Filzmoser, P., Normal and lognormal data distribution in geochemistry: Death of a myth. Consequences for the statistical treatment of geochemical and environmental data (2000) Environmental Geology, 39 (9), pp. 1001-1014; Roddick, A., Communities of production and consumption on the Late Formative Taraco Peninsula, Bolivia (2009), https://escholarship.org/, Doctoral dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California; Rosen, A., (1986) Cities of clay: The geoarcheology of tells, , Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Stanish, C., (2003) Ancient Titicaca: The evolution of complex society in southern Peru and northern Bolivia, , Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; (1994) Carta Geologica de Bolivia: Hoja Tiahuanacu, , Solna: Sweden; Szilágyi, V., Gyarmati, J., Tóth, M., Taubald, H., Balla, M., Kasztovszky, Z., Szakmány, G., Petro-mineralogy and geochemistry as tools of provenance analysis on archaeological pottery: Study of Inka Period ceramics from Paria, Bolivia (2012) Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 36, pp. 1-17; Torrent, J., Schwertmann, U., Fechte, H., Alferez, F., Quantitative relationships between soil color and hematite content (1983) Soil Science, 6, pp. 354-358; Tripcevich, N., Eerkens, J.W., Carpenter, T.R., Obsidian hydration at high elevation: Archaic quarrying at the Chivay source, southern Peru (2012) Journal of Archaeological Science, 39, pp. 1360-1367; Ulery, A.L., Amrhen, R.C., Wood-ash composition and soil pH following intense burning (1993) Soil Science, 156 (5), pp. 358-364; Whitehead, W.T., Choquehuanca-A Middle Chiripa semi-subterranean enclosure: Excavations and interpretations (1999) Proyecto Arqueológico Taraco 1998 Excavaciones en Chiripa, Bolivia, pp. 8-13. , C.A. Hastorf (Ed.). . Report presented to the la Dirección Nacional de Arqueología y Antropología de Bolivia (; Wilson, C.A., Davidson, D.A., Cresser, M.S., Multi-element soil analysis: An assessment of its potential as an aid to archaeological interpretation (2008) Journal of Archaeological Science, 35, pp. 412-424","Goodman-Elgar, M.A.; Department of Anthropology, United States",,,"John Wiley and Sons Inc.",,,,,08836353,,GEOAE,,"English","Geoarchaeology",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84923219012
"Mateu M., Fernández H., Daneels A., Cabadas H., Piña S.","55867422900;57370042900;55347074200;14832165700;57369490000;","Earthen architecture in the Mesoamerican classic period: A micromorphological approach to its manufacture process",2022,"Journal of Archaeological Science","137",,"105525","","",,6,"10.1016/j.jas.2021.105525","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85120932930&doi=10.1016%2fj.jas.2021.105525&partnerID=40&md5=2e76974f8afb8e419ce53635f0126454","CONACyT, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico; CONACyT, Independent Researcher, Zacatecas, Mexico; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Facultad de Geografía, Laboratorio de Geología, Toluca, 50110, Mexico; CONACyT, Independent Researcher, Ciudad de México, Mexico","Mateu, M., CONACyT, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico; Fernández, H., CONACyT, Independent Researcher, Zacatecas, Mexico; Daneels, A., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico; Cabadas, H., Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Facultad de Geografía, Laboratorio de Geología, Toluca, 50110, Mexico; Piña, S., CONACyT, Independent Researcher, Ciudad de México, Mexico","Earthen construction systems are generally inferred from stratigraphic evidence, without analytical follow-up, leading to poor or erroneous interpretations. Micromorphological analysis has shown potential to differentiate manufacturing techniques, and diagnostic features have been established for Mediterranean and Middle Eastern cases. This paper evaluates the method on construction samples from Mesoamerica, where earthen architecture emerged independently from the Old World and where the marked seasonal rainfall pattern characteristic of the tropics, and the human settlement on soils and sediments originating from relatively recent volcanic activity, create conditions that mostly differ from previously analyzed cases. In this first comparative analysis, we use 16 samples of the most representative construction elements in Mesoamerica: mud-brick, cob walls and facings from monumental architecture, obtained from seven major sites, dating to the first millennium AD, located both in coastal lowlands and in semi-arid to arid plateaus. All elements analyzed are made of mixes in plastic state, as there is no evidence of rammed earth or poured earth techniques in Mesoamerica. Therefore, the features related to the amount of water added are similar, with differences appearing in the selection and combination of raw materials, and the manufacturing processes of kneading, adding mineral and organic aggregates, and applying. The use of materials of volcanic origin gives a particular appearance to all samples. The features defined in previous research were useful for the sample analysis, showing that manufacturing process was very similar and that the method can be applied in Mesoamerica, to assist in the correct technological identification of construction systems. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd","Cob; Fabric; Mud plaster; Mud-brick; Porosity; Technology; Temper","architecture; Classic period; comparative study; construction; human settlement; manufacturing; mud; porosity; technology; Mesoamerica",,,,,"Boston University, BU; Tulane University; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACYT: CB2015-254328; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM; Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, UAZ","The authors acknowledge CONACyT, Mexico, funding for project CB2015-254328, 2017–2021 (AD project leader, SP and HF undergraduate grants, and MM postdoctoral fellowship) and the permissions of the Archaeological Council of the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH), which allowed to carry out the excavations, sampling and subsequent study of the materials, property of the Mexican Nation. MM is grateful for the postdoctoral fellowship program of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) and the Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas for the opportunity to carry out the research. At the Instituto de Geología of UNAM, Dr. S. Sedov, edaphologist, and Mtro. J. Díaz in charge of the Thin Section Laboratory, assisted in elaborating the thin sections and granting access to the Microscopy Laboratory. Finally, we would like to thank the archaeologists who provided the samples and their archaeological contexts (D. Carballo, Boston University; G. Fernández, Universidad Autónoma Zacatecas; J.L. Punzo, INAH; V. Darras, CEMCA; T. Murakami and S. Kabata, Tulane University / Kyoto University of Foreing Studies and J. López; O. Camacho and S. Shibata, Ministerio de Cultura, El Salvador). For the reproduction of the images of the thin sections and the sites presented in this paper, authorization was obtained from the INAH, in confromity to Mexican law and regulations. The authors are grateful for the suggestions made by the reviewers, that allowed us to improve the manuscript; all remaining errors are ours.","The authors acknowledge CONACyT, Mexico, funding for project CB2015-254328 , 2017–2021 (AD project leader, SP and HF undergraduate grants, and MM postdoctoral fellowship) and the permissions of the Archaeological Council of the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH), which allowed to carry out the excavations, sampling and subsequent study of the materials, property of the Mexican Nation. MM is grateful for the postdoctoral fellowship program of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) and the Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas for the opportunity to carry out the research. At the Instituto de Geología of UNAM, Dr. S. Sedov, edaphologist, and Mtro. J. Díaz in charge of the Thin Section Laboratory, assisted in elaborating the thin sections and granting access to the Microscopy Laboratory. Finally, we would like to thank the archaeologists who provided the samples and their archaeological contexts (D. Carballo, Boston University; G. Fernández, Universidad Autónoma Zacatecas; J.L. Punzo, INAH; V. Darras, CEMCA; T. Murakami and S. Kabata, Tulane University / Kyoto University of Foreing Studies and J. López; O. Camacho and S. Shibata, Ministerio de Cultura, El Salvador). For the reproduction of the images of the thin sections and the sites presented in this paper, authorization was obtained from the INAH, in confromity to Mexican law and regulations. The authors are grateful for the suggestions made by the reviewers, that allowed us to improve the manuscript; all remaining errors are ours.",,,,,,,,,"Avrami, E., Guillaud, H., Hardy, M., Terra Literature Review. 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"Baquedano P., Eudave R.R., Miranda F.N., Graus S., Ferreira T.M.","57943173500;57224438933;57205360955;57203572572;55509289200;","Traditional earth construction in Latin America: A review on the construction systems and reinforcement strategies",2021,"Masonry Construction in Active Seismic Regions",,,,"99","121",,6,"10.1016/B978-0-12-821087-1.00011-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85120403387&doi=10.1016%2fB978-0-12-821087-1.00011-9&partnerID=40&md5=54874aa3930f1a34a68e77bc4b8dd87b","Department of Civil Engineering, ISISE, Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal","Baquedano, P., Department of Civil Engineering, ISISE, Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal; Eudave, R.R., Department of Civil Engineering, ISISE, Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal; Miranda, F.N., Department of Civil Engineering, ISISE, Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal; Graus, S., Department of Civil Engineering, ISISE, Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal; Ferreira, T.M., Department of Civil Engineering, ISISE, Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal","The use of earth-based materials as a base for architecture is common to several pre-Hispanic cultures across Latin America. This legacy has been improved and adapted during the Spanish Empire age in the Americas, resulting in several techniques that are still in use for new constructions. Furthermore, the existence of a live tradition related to earthen architecture has permitted to explore and analyze diverse strategies to enhance the safety and service life of these constructions. The presence of various threads, like seismic events and extreme climatological environments, led to developing local strategies to adapt earth-based techniques, generically divided into three groups: those of adobe, rammed earth, and wattle and daub. The pursue of improvement is not limited to traditional technologies and techniques. In fact, it has been a permanent exploration in which there are relevant and recent proposals as well. This chapter is intended to offer a general view of local applications of earthen construction techniques to illustrate the variety and cultural wealth present in this living tradition. Furthermore, it explores how the local expressions of earth-based architecture are examples of adaptation in diverse environmental scenarios and how some recent proposals are trying to enhance, enrich, and promote the use of earthen-based materials as an innovative solution for the present-day needs. © 2021 Elsevier Inc.","Earthen-based construction; Heritage; Reinforcement strategies; Retrofitting; Vernacular architecture",,,,,,"1147912, 1147944; 181123; National Science Foundation, NSF; Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, AWMF; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG: EC 503/1-1, GU 798/21-1; Japan Science and Technology Agency, JST; National Bioscience Database Center, NBDC","This work was supported by the German Research Foundation under grant No. EC 503/1-1 and GU 798/21-1 (INCEpTION).","The LAPPS Grid is supported by US National Science Foundation grants NSF-ACI 1147944, NSF-ACI 1147912, NSF-EAGER 181123, and the Andrew K. Mellon Foundation; the LAPPS Grid is also supported by the NSF-funded Jetstream cloud computing environment (Fischer et al., 2015; Towns et al., 2014).","PubAnnotation is supported by the Database Integration Coordination Program funded by National Bioscience Database Center (NBDC) of Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST).",,,,,,,,"Ahrens, C., (2013) Coexcomate of temezcal? Deciphering the circular architectural features at Angamuco, Michoacán, Mexico, , EEUU: Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado; Blondet, M., Mitigation of seismic risk on earthen buildings (2010) Survival and sustainability: Environmental concerns in the 21st century, , E.H. Gökçekus., U. Türker. J. LaMoreaux, Springer Heidelberg, Berlin; Blondet, M., Aguilar, R., (2007) Seismic protection of earthen buildings, , Lima, Peru; Blondet, M., Ginocchio, F., Marsh, C., Ottazzi, G., Villa Garcia, G., Yep, J., Shaking table test of improved adobe masonry houses (1988) 9th World conference on earthquake engineering, , Tokyo-Kyoto, Japan; Blondet, M., Vargas, J., Tarque, N., (2008) Low-cost reinforcement of earthen houses in seismic areas, , 14th World conference on earthquake engineering, Beijing, China; Blondet, M., Villa Garcia, G., Brzev, S., (2003) Earthquake-resistant construction of adobe buildings: A tutorial, , Earthquake Engineering Research Institute and IAEE Oakland, California; Tokyo, Japan; Borreguero Sánchez, L., (2015) Arquitectura low tech. Refugio de Emergencia con Palets. Trabajo de fin de grado, , Universidad de Valladolid Valladolid; Canadell Ruiz, S., (2014) Estudio estructural de domos realizados con la técnica de falsa cúpula y superadobe, , Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya Barcelona; Cancino, C., Lardinois, S., (2013) Proyecto de Estabilización Sismorresistente: Estudio de edificaciones tipológicas, , Getty Conservation Institute Los Angeles, California; Carbajal, F., Ruiz, G., Schexnayder, C., Quincha construction in Perú (2005) Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, pp. 56-62; Catalán Quiroz, P., Moreno-Marínez, J.Y., Galván, A., Arroyo Matus, R., Obtención de las propiedades mecánicas de la mampostería de adobe mediante ensayes de laboratorio (2019) Acta Universitaria, 29, pp. 1-13; Comán-Kalisch, M.A., Pinón-Jiménez, A., Cambios y permanencias de la tecnología constructiva de la casa maya en Mérida, Yucatán (2019) LEGADO de Arquitectura y Diseño, 14 (25), pp. 72-83; Cortez, D., (2014) Sistemas constructivos tradicionales como sistemas de conocimiento local. Quincha con brea en totoral, Atacama, Chile, , Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo; Ferrada, K., Segovia, D., (2007) Agua, Tierra y Paja. Construcciones de adobe en el Limarí, , CNCA Santiago; Franco, J.T., (2015) Guadalajara, México: Un edificio comunitario de muros de bahareque y celosía de carrizo, , https://www.plataformaarquitectura.cl/cl/762081/guadalajara-mexico-un-edificio-comunitario-de-muros-de-bahareque-y-celosia-de-carrizo, Recuperado el 16 de 10 de 2019, de Plataforma Arquitectura; Gandreau, D., Delboy, L., (2010) Patrimoine Mondial, Inventaire et Situation des Biens Construits en Terre, , CRAterre-ENSAG Paris, France; González Herrera, R., Aguilar Carboney, J., Gómez Soberón, C., (2008) Vulnerabilidad de viviendas de adobe en Chiapas y alternativas de reparación, pp. 1-21. , XVI Congreso Nacional de Ingeniería Estructural, Sociedad Mexicana de Ingeniería Estructural Veracruz; Guerrero Baca, L.F., Arquitectura en tierra. Hacia la recuperación de una cultura constructiva (2007) Apuntes, 20 (2), pp. 369-383; Guerrero Baca, L.F., Pasado y porvenir de la construcción con bajareque (2017) Gremium, 4 (8), pp. 69-80; Guerrero Baca, L.F., Comportamiento sísmico de viviendas tradicionales de adobe, situadas en las faldas del volcán Popocatépetl, México (2019) Gremium, 6 (1); Hastings García, I., Huerta García, G., (2015) Reconstrucción y mejoramiento de la vivienda de adobe en la montaña de Guerrero, México. 15o SIACOT-ECUADOR Seminario Iberoamericano de Arquitectura y Construcción con Tierra, pp. 1-11. , PRO_TERRA Cuencia; Houben, H., Guillaud, H., (1994) Earth construction: A comprehensive guide, , ITDG Publishing London, UK; Íñigo Dehud, L.S., (2013) Tecnologías de la construcción. Diseño Arquitectónico 1, , Ediciones ECA Mexico, Mexico; (1989) Construcción con tapial, , En I. N. Vivienda Lima, Perú; Janusek, J.W., Residence and ritual in Tiwanaku (2009) Studies in Latin American ethnohistory & archaeology, p. 159; Jorquera, N., (2012) Culture costruttive in tierra e rischio sismico. Conoscenza delle architetture cilene e valutazione della loro vulnerabilità al sisma, , Università degli Studi di Firenze; Jorquera, N., Culturas sísmicas: Estrategias vernaculares de sismorresistencia del patrimonio arquitectónico chileno (2014) Arquitecturas del Sur, 32 (46), pp. 18-29; Karmelic, L., (2015) Terremoto Chile 2010. Reconstrucción/Restauración Patrimonial: Proceso de validación de la tierra como material vigente, , Balance de las Intervenciones en la VI Región, Universidad de Sevilla; Kościuk, J., Kogut, J., Numerical modelling of hypothetical quincha walls on Samaipata rock (2019) Structural analysis of historical constructions, pp. 835-843. , Springer Cham; Lacoste, P., Premat, E., Castro, A., Soto, N., Aranda, M., Tapias y tapiales en Cuyo y Chile (Siglos XVI-XIX) (2012) Apuntes: Revista de Estudios sobre Patrimonio Cultural, 25 (2), pp. 182-199; Marussi, F., (1989) Antecedentes históricos de la quincha, , ININVI; Oliveira, C.F., Varum, H., Vargas, J., (2012) Earthen construction: Structural vulnerabilities and retrofit solutions for seismic actions, , 15 World conference on earthquake engineering, Lisboa; Punzo Díaz, J.L., Revisando la arquitectura en el valle de chalchiuiteña Guadiana, Durango. El caso del sitio arqueológico de la Ferrería. Cuicuilco (2016) Revista de Ciencias Antropológicas, 23 (67); Rivera, A., (2017) The Chilean adobe as a seismic vernacular technology, the study of the “Norte Chico” area, pp. 675-680; Sánchez Suárez, A., La casa maya contemporánea. Usos, costumbres y configuración espacial (2006) Península, 1 (2), pp. 81-105; Silva, E., (2013) Ensayos en Tapial Mejorado, , SENCICO Lima, Peru; Takahashi, K., (2014) Variedades de El Niño, pp. 4-7. , Boletín Técnico, Instituto Geofísico del Perú; Tomasi, J., Bellmann, L., La quincha y los sistemas de entramados (2018) Estructuras, 1 (2); Tsai, H., (2012) Adobe bricks and labor organization on the north coast of Peru, 10. , Andean Past; Urbina, O.N., (2019) Tesoros rodean la ciudad, p. 11. , El Siglo de Durango; Uruñuela y Ladrón De Guevara, G., Plunket, P., De tronco-cónicos a cuexcomates: Hacia la exhibición del almacenamiento a finales del Formativo (2012) Almacenamiento Prehispánico del Norte de México al Altiplano Central, pp. 41-60. , E.S. Bortot., D. Michelet. V. Darras, Centro de Estudios Mexicanos y Centroamericanos San Luís Potosí; Vernaza, C., Cancino, C., Rainer, L., (2018) Proyecto de Estabilización Sismorresistente: Informe sobre el análisis de condiciones, diagnóstico y pruebas de protección para las pinturas murales-Templo Santiago Apóstol de Kuñotambo, , Getty Conservation Institute Los Angeles, California; Viñuales, G.M., Tecnología y construcción con tierra (2007) Apuntes, 20 (2), pp. 220-231; Zegarra, L., Quiun, D., San Bartolome, A., Giesecke, A., (2001) Behavior of reinforced adobe houses in Moquegua, Tacna and Arica during the June 23, 2001 earthquake, , XIII National congress on civil engineering, Puno, Peru",,,,"Elsevier",,,,,,9780128210871,,,"English","Mason. Construction in Active Seismic Regions",Book Chapter,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85120403387
"Daneels A., Romo de Vivar A., Chávez L., Reyes M., Tapia E., León M., Cienfuegos E., Otero F.J.","55347074200;57217339864;57219655714;57220539967;57219661292;57219656757;15018987500;54382180200;","Bitumen-stabilized earthen architecture: The case of the archaeological site of La Joya, on the Mexican Gulf Coast",2020,"Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports","34",,"102619","","",,6,"10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102619","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85094600364&doi=10.1016%2fj.jasrep.2020.102619&partnerID=40&md5=320bffd79cc945f59900e24c45e45721","Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Mario de la Fuente s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico; Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico; Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias para la Investigación y la Conservación del Patrimonio Cultural (LANCIC), Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico; Laboratorio de Isótopos Estables, Laboratorio Nacional de Geoquímica y Mineralogía, Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico","Daneels, A., Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Mario de la Fuente s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico; Romo de Vivar, A., Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico; Chávez, L., Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico; Reyes, M., Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias para la Investigación y la Conservación del Patrimonio Cultural (LANCIC), Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico; Tapia, E., Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias para la Investigación y la Conservación del Patrimonio Cultural (LANCIC), Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico; León, M., Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias para la Investigación y la Conservación del Patrimonio Cultural (LANCIC), Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico; Cienfuegos, E., Laboratorio de Isótopos Estables, Laboratorio Nacional de Geoquímica y Mineralogía, Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico; Otero, F.J., Laboratorio de Isótopos Estables, Laboratorio Nacional de Geoquímica y Mineralogía, Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico","The presence of fossil hydrocarbons in archaeological construction samples from a Mexican Gulf coast site, dated 100BC-AD600, led to the hypothesis that petroleum derivatives were used to stabilize earthen construction, a knowledge thought to originate in the early XX century. A two-step study first compared 10 construction and 6 paleosoil samples with previously profiled archaeological bitumen of the site of La Joya. This procedure required to adapt the standard bitumen protocol by Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry and δ13C Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry for low concentration of organic extract in earthen sediment samples, and allowed to infer that bitumen was added to the construction samples. A second step compared the La Joya results with 63 earthen architecture samples from 13 sites in Mesoamerica to evaluate whether the strategy was unique to the site or if it was shared and possibly exported. The results indicate that the use of bitumen as a stabilizer was opportunistic in sites on the Gulf coast located nearby surface seeps, but that the technology was not exported to sites in contact with the Gulf region. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd","Biomarkers; GC–MS; IRMS; Mesoamerica; Mud plaster; Mudbrick; Petroleum",,,,,,"65-72; 45-46; 47-55; 26101003; 73-74; National Science Foundation, NSF: 56-62, 63-64, 75-84, BCS-1321247, BCS-1522630, BCS-1524214; Wenner-Gren Foundation, WGF: LN 232619, LN 271614, LN 279740, LN 293904; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACYT: 21-28, 29-37, CB2015-254328; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM: DGAPA PAPIIT IN400816; Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, UAZ; Japan Science Society, JSS: 18H05631, A-24682005; Ministère de la Culture","The samples were obtained and processed with the permission of the different countries’ respective authorities: the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH, México), the Instituto de Antropología e Historia (IDAEH, Guatemala) and the Concejo Nacional para la Cultura y el Arte (Ministerio de Cultura, El Salvador). The research was financed with grants to the first author by UNAM (DGAPA PAPIIT IN400816) for the La Joya samples and by CONACyT (CB2015-254328) for the other samples. We thank the following archaeologists for providing samples from their projects: Gustavo Ramírez (samples #21-28, Centro INAH Tamaulipas), Michael Love (samples #29-37 from “La Blanca Archaeological Project”), Oscar Camacho (samples #38-40, 42, 45-46 from San Andrés, Dirección de Arqueología, Ministerio de Cultura, with financing of the Sociedad Japonesa para la Promoción Científica, Proyecto: No. 26101003 of Dr. Akira Ichikawa), Shione Shibata (samples #41, 43, 44 from projects of the Dirección de Arqueología, Ministerio de Cultura), David Carballo (samples #47-55 from Proyecto Plaza de las Columnas: PPC NSF BCS-1522630, and samples #75-84 from Proyecto Arqueológico Tlajinga Teotihuacan with PATT NSF BCS-1321247 and SAA King Family Grant for Precolumbian Archaeology), José Luis Punzo (samples #56-62, Centro INAH Michoacán), Véronique Darras (samples #63-64 from Projecto Tres Mezquites, CEMCA/CNRS), Gerardo Fernández (samples #65-72 from Proyecto Arqueológico de Ojocaliente, Unidad Académica de Antropología, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, financed by Fondo Mixto Conacyt-Gobierno del Estado de Zacatecas Fomix ZAC-11), Tatsuya Murakami and Shigeru Kabata (samples #73-74 from Proyecto Arqueológico Tlalancaleca, Puebla financed by Wenner-Gren Foundation Gr. 8852, National Science Foundation BCS-1524214, and Grants-In-Aid for Research, Japan Society for the Science A-24682005, 26101003, 18H05631), Claude Stresser Péan (#85, with permission). Figures 2 and 3 reproduce images of archaeological monuments with permission of the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, in conformity to Mexican law and regulations. The authors belonging to the LANCIC-Química acknowledge CONACyT grants LN 232619, LN 279740, LN 293904, LN 271614 and LN 293904 awarded to improve the Laboratory. We are very grateful for the recommendations made by the anonymous reviewers, that helped improve the present article; all shortcomings are our sole responsibility.",,,,,,,,,,"Barrow, J.M., A century of earthen architectural conservation in American Southwest National Parks (2009) Mediterra Proceedings, Theme 3, pp. 1-14. , M. Achenza M. Correia H. Guillaud Edicom Monfalcone; Blom, F., (2020), https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000081679692&view=1up&seq=42, La Farge, O., 1926. Tribes and Temples. A record of the expedition to Middle America conducted by the Tulane University of Louisiana in 1925. Vol. I. The Tulane University of Louisiana, New Orleans. Available in hathitrust.org: accessed July 13; Brown, K.M., Connan, J., Poister, N.W., Vellanoweth, R.L., Zumberge, J., Engel, M.H., Sourcing archaeological asphaltum (bitumen) from the California Channel Islands to submarine seeps (2014) J. Archaeol. Sci., 43, pp. 66-76; Carreón-Blaine, E.A., Del hule al chapopote en la plástica Mexica. Una revisión historiográfica (2016) Trace, 70, pp. 9-44; (2020), https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/73641/AcuerdoCNH.07.005_15_PlanQuinquenal.pdf, CNH, 2015. Acuerdo CNH.07.005/15. Comisión Nacional de Hidrocarburos, México. accessed June 5; Connan, J., Le bitume dans l'antiquité (2012), Errance Arles; Coplen, T.B., Brand, W.A., Gehre, M., Gröning, M., Meijer Harro, A.J., Toman, B., Verkouteren, R.M., New guidelines for δ 13C measurements (2006) Anal. Chem., 78, pp. 2439-2441; Coplen, T.B., Hopple, J.A., Böhlke, J.K., Peiser, H.S., Rieder, S.E., Krouse, H.R., Rosman, K.J.R., Ding, T., (2020), https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri014222/, Vocke Jr., R.D., Révész, K.M., Lamberty, A., Taylor, P., De Bièvre, P., 2006b. Compilation of Minimum and Maximum Isotope Ratios of Selected Elements in Naturally Occurring Terrestrial Materials and Reagents. Water-Resources Investigations Report 01-4222 (reprint of 2002 edition). U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior, Reston. accessed August 9; Daneels, A., Guerrero, L.F., Millenary Earthen Architecture in the Tropical Lowlands of Mexico (2011), http://www.jstor.org/stable/41203179, accessed June 5. APT Bulletin 42 (1), 11-18; Daneels, A., Kita, Y., Derivados de petróleo para estabilizar cubiertas de sacrificio en arquitectura prehispánica, in: Saínz, J (2018), p. 267. , http://www5.uva.es/grupotierra/publicaciones/digital/libro2018mexico/20XIVCIATTI2017.pdf, L., Jové, F., Guerrero L.F. (Coords.), Arquitectura de Tierra: Tecnología sostenible y reutilización patrimonial. E.T.S. de Arquitectura, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, accessed June 5 2020; Daneels, A., (2020), pp. 36-45. , http://siacot.ingenieria.usac.edu.gt/index.php/memorias, Love, M., Ávalos, E., 2018a. Control de presión interna de rellenos en basamentos de la Mesoamérica prehispánica, in: Neves, C., Salcedo, Z., Borges, O. (Eds.), 18 SIACOT: Memorias. USAC-CII/PROTERRA, La Antigua Guatemala, accessed June 5; Daneels, A., Romo de Vivar, A., Linares, A., Reyes, A., Tapia, E., Morales, P., Cienfuegos, E., Otero, F.J., Chemical analysis of bitumen paint on Classic period Central Veracruz ceramics, Mexico (2018) J. Archaeol. Sci.: Rep., 17, pp. 657-666; Daneels, A., Romo de Vivar, A., Kita, Y., Linares, A., Chávez, L., Reyes, M., Tapia, E., León, M., Cienfuegos, E., Otero, F.J., in press. El Bitumen en el Golfo, in: Ladrón, S., Stresser C. (Eds.), Vida, muerte y creencias en la Huasteca posclásica. Museo Nacional de Antropología y Fundación Stresser Péan A.C., México; Escalona, A., (1937), Ruinas de “El Tejar”. Informe rendido a Luis Rosado Vega, Director Jefe de la Expedición Científica Mexicana, acerca de diversos trabajos de exploración en las Ruinas arqueológicas de El Tejar, Ver. (unpublished report), Archivo Técnico, Estado de Veracruz, CXIX, vol. II, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México; Fernández, G., La tradición de la arquitectura de tierra en Zacatecas, México, in: Neves, C (2018), pp. 296-306. , http://siacot.ingenieria.usac.edu.gt/index.php/memorias, accessed June 5. Salcedo, Z., Borges, O. (Eds.), 18 SIACOT: Memorias. USAC-CII/PROTERRA, La Antigua Guatemala; Forbes, R.J., Studies in early Petroleum History (1958), Brill Leiden; García, T.A., El suelo como fuente de materia prima en la arquitectura de tierra de Mesoamérica antigua (M (2020), A. Thesis). Instituto de Geología, UNAM, Mexico. 132.248.9.195/ptd2020/enero/0799528/Index.html, accessed June 5 2020; García, J.A., Sánchez, J.A., Guzmán, M.A., Esteranos y terpanos como marcadores biológicos en la prospección petrolera (1999), https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=47543201, accessed June 5. Revista Sociedad Química de México 43 (1), 1–6; Georgiou, C.A., Danezis, G.P., Elemental and isotopic mass espectrometry (2015) Comprehensive Anal. Chem., 68, pp. 131-243; Guzmán, M., Mello, M., Origin of Oil in the Sureste Basin, Mexico (1999) AAPG Bull., 83 (7), pp. 1068-1095; Hall, M.R., Najim, K.B., Keikahaei, P., Soil stabilization and earth construction: materials, properties and techniques (2012) Modern Earth Buildings. Materials, Engineering, Construction and Applications, pp. 222-255. , M.R. Hall R. Linsdsay M. Krayenhoff Woodhead Cambridge; Ichikawa, A., Guerra, J.M., in press. Arquitectura de tierra en la frontera sureste maya: San Andrés en el Valle de Zapotitán, El Salvador, in: Daneels, A. (Ed.), Arquitectura mesoamericana de tierra, Vol. 2. Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico; Kita, Y., Daneels, A., Romo de Vivar, A., Chemical analysis to identify organic compounds in pre-Columbian earthen architecture (2020) TOJSAT The Online Journal of Science and Technology, 3 (1), pp. 39-45. , https://www.tojsat.net/journals/tojsat/articles/v03i01/v03i01-05.pdf, accessed June 5; Mayol, M.A., Caracterización geoquímica de los aceites de la Cuenca de Chicontepec (MA Thesis) (2005), https://tesis.ipn.mx/handle/123456789/1741, accessed June 5. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico; Punzo, J.L., Estrada, D.R., Ibarra, E., Zarco, J., Primeros datos sobre el uso de adobe y cal en la época prehispánica en la región michoacana del río Balsas Medio, in: Achig, M (2015), pp. 270-283. , http://dspace.ucuenca.edu.ec/handle/123456789/23620, C. (Ed.), Tierra, Sociedad, Comunidad 15 SIACOT. Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, accessed June 5; Ramírez, G.A., Silva, T., Velasco, J.E., (2019), pp. 265-328. , Arquitectura prehispánica de tierra en la cuenca lacustre de los ríos Tamesí y Pánuco, in: Daneels, A. (Ed.), Arquitectura mesoamericana de tierra, Vol. 1. Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico; Shibata, S., , 2. , in press. La arquitectura de tierra durante los periodos Preclásico y Clásico en la zona arqueológica de Chalchuapa, El Salvador, in: Daneels, A. (Ed.), Arquitectura mesoamericana de tierra, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico; Valdés, M.L.C., Villanueva, L., Caballero, E., Geochemical Integration and Interpretation of Source Rocks, Oils and Natural Gases in Southeastern México (2009) Petroleum Systems in the Southern Gulf of Mexico: AAPG Memoir 90, pp. 337-368. , C. Bartolini J.R. Román AAPG Tulsa; Wang, J., Simoneit, B., (2017), The potencial of alkyl amides as novel biomarkers and their application to paleocultural deposits in China. Scientific reports 7 (3), 1-7. DOI: 10.1038-s41598-017-15371-z; Wendt, C.J., Cyphers, A., How the Olmec used bitumen in Ancient Mesoamerica (2008) J. Anthropol. Archaeol., 27 (2), pp. 175-191; Wendt, C.J., Lu, S.T., Sourcing archaeological bitumen in the Olmec region (2006) J. Archaeol. Sci., 33, pp. 89-97","Daneels, A.; Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Coyoacán, Mexico; email: annickdaneels@hotmail.com",,,"Elsevier Ltd",,,,,2352409X,,,,"English","J.Archaeol. Sci. Rep.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85094600364
"Ceccarelli L., Moletti C., Bellotto M., Dotelli G., Stoddart S.","55507645200;57217489957;7004256522;55964013100;7003685609;","Compositional characterization of Etruscan earthen architecture and ceramic production",2020,"Archaeometry","62","6",,"1130","1144",,6,"10.1111/arcm.12582","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85087293232&doi=10.1111%2farcm.12582&partnerID=40&md5=584b465b53b27f41a20010168fbddb7c","Politecnico di Milano, CMIC—Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica ‘G. Natta’, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, Milan, I-20133, Italy; McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3ER, United Kingdom","Ceccarelli, L., Politecnico di Milano, CMIC—Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica ‘G. Natta’, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, Milan, I-20133, Italy; Moletti, C., Politecnico di Milano, CMIC—Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica ‘G. Natta’, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, Milan, I-20133, Italy; Bellotto, M., Politecnico di Milano, CMIC—Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica ‘G. Natta’, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, Milan, I-20133, Italy; Dotelli, G., Politecnico di Milano, CMIC—Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica ‘G. Natta’, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, Milan, I-20133, Italy; Stoddart, S., McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3ER, United Kingdom","This study presents the results of new research into Etruscan technology for earthen architecture as well as ceramic production in the upper Tiber Valley in central Italy, using as a case study the Etruscan settlement of Col di Marzo (Perugia). It determines the compositional differences of the raw material employed as building material and for ceramic production by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTG), Fourier-transform infrared analysis (FTIR) and geotechnical analyses. The research also advances the knowledge of ceramic manufacturing technology, with a focus on impasto production, at Col di Marzo between the fifth and mid-third centuries bce and the surrounding territory on the left bank of the River Tiber. The compositional analysis of building material compared with the ceramics provides answers to questions related to their sourcing and deepens the understanding of the exploitation of natural resources. © 2020 The Authors. Archaeometry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of University of Oxford","compositional characterization; earthen architecture; Etruscan technology; FTIR, TG, geotechnical analysis, ceramic production; Italy; Umbria; XRD","archaeological evidence; archaeology; building; ceramics; differential thermal analysis; FTIR spectroscopy; research work; social history; X-ray diffraction; Italy",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Ambrosini, L., Argentieri, A., Belelli, M.B., Felici, A.C., Generosi, A., Giampaolo, C., Lo, M.S., Vendittelli, M., Studio archeometrico su ceramiche rinvenute nello scavo di piano di Comunità a Veio (2009) Le classi ceramiche: Situazione degli studi. Atti della 10a Giornata di archeometria della ceramica (Roma, 5–7 aprile 2006), pp. 83-97. , (eds., S. Gualtieri, B. Fabbri, G. Bandini, Edipuglia, Bari; Amicone, S., Croce, E., Castellano, L., Vezzoli, G., Building Forcello: Etruscan wattle-and-daub technique in the Po plain (Bagnolo san Vito, Mantua, northern Italy) (2020) Archaeometry, 62 (3), pp. 521-537; Ammerman, A.J., Shaffer, G., Hartmann, N., A Neolithic household at Piana di Curinga, Italy (1988) Journal of Field Archaeology, 15 (2), pp. 121-140; Amoroso, A., Bianchini, M., DI Gennaro, F., Fraioli, F., Merlo, M., Strutture semipogee nell'ager Fidenatis (2009) Suburbium II, il suburbio di Roma dalla fine dell'età monarchica alla nascita del sistema delle ville (V–II secolo a.C.), pp. 347-367. , (eds., V. Jolivet, M. A. Tomei, R. Volpe, C. 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Fazio, M., Université de Genève—Faculté des Lettres—Département des Sciences de l'Antiquité, Genève; Stoddart, S., Historical dictionary of the Etruscans (2009) Historical dictionaries of ancient civilizations and historical eras 24, , Scarecrow Press, Lanham MD; Stoddart, S., Redhouse, D., The Umbrians: An archaeological perspective (2014) Entre archéologie et histoire: Dialogues Sur divers peuples de l'Italie préromaine, pp. 107-124. , (eds., M. Aberson, M. C. Biella, M. Wullschleger, M. di Fazio, Université de Genève—Faculté des Lettres—Département des Sciences de l'Antiquité, Genève; Stoddart, S., Barone, P.M., Bennett, J., Ceccarelli, L., Cifani, G., Clackson, J., Della Giovampaola, I., Whitehead, N., Opening the frontier: The Gubbio–Perugia frontier in the course of history (2012) Papers of the British School at Rome, 80, pp. 257-294; Tamburini, P., Todi. La produzione locale del bucchero grigio (1985) Archeologia classica, 37, pp. 84-100; (2005) Indagini e prove geotecniche—prove di laboratorio sui terreni—parte 4: Determinazione della distribuzione granulometrica, , UNI, Ente Italiano di Normazione; Vagenas, N., Quantitative analysis of synthetic calcium carbonate polymorphs using FT-IR spectroscopy (2003) Talanta, 59, pp. 831-836; Wilson, M.J., (1987) A handbook of determinative methods in clay mineralogy, , Blacky, London","Ceccarelli, L.; Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, Italy; email: letizia.ceccarelli@polimi.it",,,"Blackwell Publishing Ltd",,,,,0003813X,,,,"English","Archaeometry",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Hybrid Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85087293232
"Gómez-Patrocinio F.J., López-Manzanares F.V., Mileto C., García-Soriano L.","57204956906;6603127341;36721933700;56344563400;","Techniques and Characteristics of Traditional Earthen Masonry Walls: The Case of Spain",2020,"International Journal of Architectural Heritage","14","5",,"694","710",,6,"10.1080/15583058.2018.1563238","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85059894702&doi=10.1080%2f15583058.2018.1563238&partnerID=40&md5=2690aa6fb3b56bd48fa513ad320e59ae","Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain","Gómez-Patrocinio, F.J., Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; López-Manzanares, F.V., Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Mileto, C., Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; García-Soriano, L., Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain","This article presents a detailed study of the traditional construction with earthen masonry walls based on 553 case studies throughout Spain. In order to facilitate their identification and interpretation, the variants in this study have been assorted into constructive groups with similar characteristics. In the discussion chapter, a quantitative analysis of the results is provided, highlighting the most common variant. Conclusions reflect on how the combination of opportunity and adaptation to the context—characteristics essential to vernacular constructions—shed light on a wide range of alternative techniques in this architecture. This article further expands on the existing information on earthen masonry, essential to proposing studies and projects aiming to protect, retrofit, and consolidate this type of architecture in Spain and other countries. © 2019, © 2019 Taylor & Francis.","Adobe; earthen architecture; earthen masonry; marl; sod; traditional architecture","Masonry construction; Retaining walls; Walls (structural partitions); Case-studies; Identification and Interpretation; Masonry walls; Traditional constructions; Masonry materials; architecture; construction method; detection method; masonry; quantitative analysis; wall; Spain",,,,,"Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, MINECO: BIA2014-55924-R","This study is part of the research project “SOStierra. La restauración y rehabilitación de arquitectura tradicional de tierra en la Península Ibérica. Líneas guía y herramientas para una intervención sostenible” funded by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad [BIA2014-55924-R].",,,,,,,,,,"Abril, O., Lasheras, F., Mileto, C., Vegas, F., García-Soriano, L., Cristini, V., Domes of adobe and stone on the rural architecture of centre of Castilla y León (Spain) (2015) Vernacular and earthen architecture. Conservation and sustainability, , London: Taylor & Francis Group, and,. ed; Abril, O., Lasheras, F., Jové, F., Sáinz, 181-92, J.L., Soluciones abovedadas en la arquitectura rural de Tierra de Campos: Los domos de adobe en chozos y casetas (2016) Actas del XIII CIATTI 2016. Congreso Internacional de Arquitectura de Tierra. Tradición e Innovación, , Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid, and,. ed; Achenza, M., Correia, M., Guillaud, H., (2009) Mediterra 2009: 1st Mediterranean conference on earth architecture, , Udine: Edicom, and, eds; Alonso Ponga, J.L., Cid, S., (1994) La arquitectura del barro, , Valladolid: Junta de Castilla y León; Barré, L.A., Carpintería de Armar (1899) Pequeña enciclopedia práctica de construcción, , Madrid: Librería Editorial de Bailly-Bailliere e Hijos; Braizinha, J.J., (1993) Construir em terra no Mediterraneo, , Silves: Camara Municipal de Silves, ed; Canivell García de Paredes, J., Graciani García, A., Mileto, C., Vegas, F., García-Soriano, L., Cristini, V., Latest trends in rammed earth restoration in Western Andalucía (2015) Earthen architecture: Past, present and future, pp. 115-120. , London: Taylor & Francis Group, and,. ed., and; Chirinos Cuadros, H., Zarate Aguinaga, E., Materiales y técnicas constructivas en Lambayeque prehispánico (2016) Proceedings of Terra Lyon 2016. XIIth World Congress on Earthen Architecture, , Villefontaine: Éditions Craterre; Correia, M., Dipasquale, L., Mecca, S., (2011) Terra Europae. Earthen architecture in the European Union, , Pisa, Tervuren: Edizioni ETS, Culture Lab Éditions, and, eds; De Hoz Onrubia, J., Maldonado Ramos, L., Vela Cossío, F., (2003) Diccionario de construcción tradicional con tierra, , San Sebastián: Editorial Nerea; Del Río Muñoz, M., Jové Sandoval, F., Mileto, C., Vegas, F., García-Soriano, L., Cristini, V., From refined to popular architecture. Mixed rammed earth walls with adobe reinforcements (2015) Earthen architecture: Past, present and future, pp. 115-120. , London: Taylor & Francis Group, and,. ed., and; Fernandes, M., Tavares, A., (2016) O Adobe, , Lisbon: Argumentum Ediçóes; Fernández Palicio, A., Correia, M., Carlos, G., Rocha, S., Constructions with terróns in Alta Limia, Galicia: A lost sustainable architecture. Vernacular heritage and earthen architecture (2014) Contributions for sustainable development, pp. 141-146. , London: Taylor & Francis Group,. ed., and; Fernández Palicio, A., Mileto, C., Vegas, F., García-Soriano, L., Cristini, V., Earthen construction in Alto Arnoia river valley, Galicia (2015) Earthen architecture: Past, present and future, pp. 139-144. , London: Taylor & Francis Group,. ed., and; Font Arellano, J.E.A., de Chazelles, C.A., Klein, A., Pousthomis, N., La présence de l’adobe en Espagne (2011) Les cultures constructives de la brique crue, pp. 205-212. , Montpellier: Éditions de l’Ésperou,. ed., and; Font Arellano, J., Mileto, C., Vegas, F., Cristini, V., Constructive systems in the Spanish North-Western area (2012) Rammed earth conservation, pp. 511-516. , London: Taylor & Francis Group,. ed., and; García Grinda, J.L., (2005) La arquitectura auxiliar, complementaria y del común de la Mancha Alta conquense, , Cuenca: Instituto de Desarrollo Comunitario de Cuenca; García-Soriano, L., La restauración de la arquitectura de tapia de 1980 a 2011 a través del archivo del IPCE del Gobierno de España. Criterios, técnicas y resultados (2015) PhD tesis., , Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València; García-Soriano, L., Villacampa Crespo, L., Gómez-Patrocinio, F.J., Mileto, C., Vegas, F., García-Soriano, L., Cristini, V., Earthen elements in the Iberian Peninsula: Cataloging and preliminary study (2018) Vernacular and earthen architecture: Conservation and sustainability, pp. 119-122. , London: Taylor & Francis Group, and,. ed., and; Ger, F., Lóbez, (1898) Tratado de construcción civil, , andBadajoz: La Minerva Extremeña; Guillaud, H., (2008) Terra incognita: Discovering & preserving European earthen architecture, , dir, Lisbon, Tervuren: Argumentum Ediçóes, Culture Lab Éditions; Guillaud, H., Mileto, C., Vegas, F., Cristini, V., Pisé: Evolution, innovations, resistances and future directions (2012) Rammed earth conservation, pp. 3-8. , London: Taylor & Francis Group,. ed., and; Houben, H., Guillaud, H., (1984) Earth construction I, , Grenoble: Craterre; Joffroy, T., Guillaud, H., Sadozaï, C., The Lyon declaration (2016) International Conference Terra Lyon 2016. XIIth World Congress on Earthen Architecture, , Villefontaine: Éditions Craterre, and, eds; Lewis, M., Sods: The forgotten vernacular (2016) ICOMOS-CIAV Newsletter nº 38, , Online; Marcos, R., Bausá, (1879) Manual del albañil, , andMadrid: Dirección y Administración; Martín González, J.J., Corral Castanedo, A., Garabito Gregorio, G., (1980) Palomares en Castilla, , Valladolid: Caja de Ahorros Popular; (2017) Proyecto Coremans: Criterios de intervención en la arquitectura de tierra, , Madrid: Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte; Mileto, C., Vegas López-Manzanares, F., Mileto, C., Vegas, F., García-Soriano, L., Cristini, V., Earthen heritage in the USA: Approximation to constructive techniques (2018) Vernacular and earthen architecture: Conservation and sustainability, pp. 593-598. , London: Taylor & Francis Group, and,. ed., and; Mileto, C., Vegas López-Manzanares, F., García-Soriano, L., Villacampa Crespo, L., Gómez-Patrocinio, F.J., Primera aproximación a la variedad constructiva de la arquitectura vernácula de tierra en la Península Ibérica (2017) Actas del Décimo Congreso Nacional y Segundo Congreso Internacional Hispanoamericano de Historia de la Construcción, 2, pp. 1051-1061. , Madrid: Instituto Juan de Herrera, and,. ed. S. Huerta, P. Fuentes, and I. Gil Crespo; Mileto, C., Vegas López-Manzanares, F., Villacampa Crespo, L., García-Soriano, L., Gómez-Patrocinio, F.J., Vernacular earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula–First phase of taxonomy and geographical distribution (2017) Proceedings for the Ninth International Earthbuilding Conference, pp. 102-107. , La Madera, New Mexico: Adobe Action, and, p; (2017) Norma técnica NTE 080. Construcción con tierra, , Lima: Ministerio de Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento de la República del Perú; Paredes, A., García Martínez, A., (2006) La casa tradicional asturiana, , Oviedo: Caja Astur; Roldán Morales, F.P., (1983) Palomares de barro en Tierra de Campos, , Valladolid: Caja de Ahorros de Valladolid; Ruiz Checa, J.R., Cristini, V., Mileto, C., Vegas, F., Cristini, V., Peruvian earthen architecture: Reflections on traditional constructive techniques (2012) Rammed earth conservation, pp. 563-568. , London: Taylor & Francis Group, and,. ed., and; Stulz, R., Mukerji, K., Klein, M., (1997) Materiaux de construction appropriés. Un catalogue de solutions potentielles, , Saint Gallen: SKAT Publications; Vegas López-Manzanares, F., Mileto, C., (2014) La restauración de la tapia en la Península Ibérica. Criterios, técnicas, resultados y perspectivas, , Lisbon, Valencia: Argumentum Ediçóes, TC Cuader, and, eds; Vegas López-Manzanares, F., Mileto, C., Cristini, V., Corbelling domes and bridges in Spain and Portugal: A comparative study (2010) Proceedings of ARCH’10. VI International Conference on Arch Bridges, , Fuzhou: Fuzhou University; Vila, A.P., Mileto, C., Vegas, F., García-Soriano, L., Cristini, V., Study and appreciation of earthen architecture in Valencia’s southern farmland (2018) Vernacular and earthen architecture: Conservation and sustainability, pp. 197-202. , London: Taylor & Francis Group,. ed., and","Gómez-Patrocinio, F.J.; Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Building 8B, Access L, Floor 0. Camino de Vera s/n, Spain; email: fragmepa@upv.es",,,"Taylor and Francis Inc.",,,,,15583058,,,,"English","Int. J. Archit. Herit.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85059894702
"Qiangqiang P., Qinglin G., Xudong W., Jianzhong Z., Guojing Z., Jing L.","58145091300;57494722500;38261975100;58145292100;57949012900;58146101300;","Evolution and characteristics of traditional building techniques for earthen architectural sites [土质建筑遗址传统营造技法的演化与特征探析]",2019,"Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology","31","5",,"1","13",,6,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85150248809&partnerID=40&md5=e0ac3ed1606cb4e864974c15a2860ee7","College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Dunhuang Academy, Jiuquan, 736200, China; National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings (Dunhuang Academy), Jiuquan, 736200, China; Key Scientific Research Base of Conservation far Ancient Mural ( Dunhuang Academy), State Administration for Cultural Heritage, Jiuquan, 736200, China; College of Design Art, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China","Qiangqiang, P., College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China, Dunhuang Academy, Jiuquan, 736200, China, National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings (Dunhuang Academy), Jiuquan, 736200, China, Key Scientific Research Base of Conservation far Ancient Mural ( Dunhuang Academy), State Administration for Cultural Heritage, Jiuquan, 736200, China; Qinglin, G., Dunhuang Academy, Jiuquan, 736200, China, National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings (Dunhuang Academy), Jiuquan, 736200, China, Key Scientific Research Base of Conservation far Ancient Mural ( Dunhuang Academy), State Administration for Cultural Heritage, Jiuquan, 736200, China; Xudong, W., College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China, Dunhuang Academy, Jiuquan, 736200, China, National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings (Dunhuang Academy), Jiuquan, 736200, China, Key Scientific Research Base of Conservation far Ancient Mural ( Dunhuang Academy), State Administration for Cultural Heritage, Jiuquan, 736200, China; Jianzhong, Z., National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings (Dunhuang Academy), Jiuquan, 736200, China, Key Scientific Research Base of Conservation far Ancient Mural ( Dunhuang Academy), State Administration for Cultural Heritage, Jiuquan, 736200, China; Guojing, Z., National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings (Dunhuang Academy), Jiuquan, 736200, China, Key Scientific Research Base of Conservation far Ancient Mural ( Dunhuang Academy), State Administration for Cultural Heritage, Jiuquan, 736200, China; Jing, L., College of Design Art, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China","Soil, one of the most important building materials, is being used even now. In the course of understanding and mastering the performances and characteristics of different environmental soils by human beings, a rich variety of earthen architectural sites have been created. Based on documentary records and research results, this paper divides earthen architectural sites into five classes (i.e., raw soil, wattle and daub, rammed earth, adobe masonry and mud piled construction) and 15 subclasses by building technique on the basis of the investigation of preservation state, architectural form and structural feature of earthen sites and traditional building techniques. It also reveals that 1) the building techniques show a progressive developing evolution with the promotion by productivity growth and functional requirements, and 2) different building techniques have their respective features but interpenetrate to each other, which indicates building techniques are the embodiment of acclimatization and functional requirements and have certain regularity. This paper provides a basis for further study of early architectural forms and building techniques. © 2019,Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology. All Rights Reserved.","Building technique; Cultural heritage; Earthen site; Traditional technique",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"PAN, Jixing, A textual research on the version of Tian Gong Kai Wu [J] Studies in the History of Natural Sciences, 1 (1), pp. 40-54. , [1]潘吉星.《天工开物》版本考[J].自然科学史研究,1982,1（1 40-54. 19汾; ZHAO, Jianlong, Neolithic house ruins at No. 405 of the Dadiwan Site in Qin * an, Gansu [J ] (1983) Cultural Relics, (11), pp. 15-19. , [2]赵建龙,秦安大地湾405号新石器时代房屋遗址[J].文物, 1983(11):15 19; LI, Zuixiong, A miracle in the history of ancient Chinese architecture: a study on the ground building materials and techniques of Yangshao cultural housing in Qin * an Dadiwan [J] (1985) Archeology, (8), pp. 741-747. , [3]李最雄.我国古代建筑史上的奇迹:关于秦安大地湾仰韶文化房 屋地面建筑材料及其工艺的研究].考古,1985(8) ：741 747. 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"Fazio A.T., López M.M., Temperini M.L.A., de Faria D.L.A.","7005585221;55511311800;8226430000;6701578466;","Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy and cultural heritage biodeterioration: Fungi identification in earthen architecture from Paraíba Valley (São Paulo, Brazil)",2018,"Vibrational Spectroscopy","97",,,"129","134",,6,"10.1016/j.vibspec.2018.06.002","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85048798467&doi=10.1016%2fj.vibspec.2018.06.002&partnerID=40&md5=202f720b2d247e85b7ba2562cc129da5","Laboratório de Espectroscopia Molecular, Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 – Butantã, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil; Laboratorio de Micología Experimental, InMiBo UBA-CONICET, DBBE, FCEyN, UBA, Piso 4°, Pab II, Lab 9, Int. Güiraldes 2620, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, C1428EHA, Argentina","Fazio, A.T., Laboratório de Espectroscopia Molecular, Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 – Butantã, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil, Laboratorio de Micología Experimental, InMiBo UBA-CONICET, DBBE, FCEyN, UBA, Piso 4°, Pab II, Lab 9, Int. Güiraldes 2620, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, C1428EHA, Argentina; López, M.M., Laboratório de Espectroscopia Molecular, Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 – Butantã, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil; Temperini, M.L.A., Laboratório de Espectroscopia Molecular, Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 – Butantã, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil; de Faria, D.L.A., Laboratório de Espectroscopia Molecular, Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 – Butantã, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil","In this work, Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) was employed in the taxonomic identification of fungi found in biofilms formed on earthen architecture walls (adobe, wattle and daub, and rammed earth) of historical buildings in the region known as Paraíba Valley (or São Paulo Historical Valley), which are representative of the first phase of the Brazilian coffee cycle (1820–1880). Very few studies are reported in the literature where SERS-based techniques are used in fungi identification, most of them focused on clinical diagnosis. In the present investigation, pure colonies isolated from biofilms on earthen walls previously identified by classic taxonomy and molecular biology were selected. The genera were Trichoderma, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Neurospora, Fusarium and Penicillium. The fungi were cultured on solid potato dextrose agar, extracted with ethyl acetate and the extracts were applied on dried Au nanoparticles. The SERS spectra exhibited bands in the 600–1800 cm−1 region which are characteristic of each genus, except Penicillium, as revealed by PCA statistical analysis. This work reports the use of a facile to prepare SERS-active substrate in the identification of microbial communities on earthen architecture walls and is the first step of an investigation aiming at the fast identification of fungi species from biofilms formed on earthen architecture buildings without the need of isolating the pure cultures. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.","Biodeterioration; Earthen architecture; Fungi; Paraíba Valley; Raman; SERS","Architecture; Biodegradation; Biofilms; Deterioration; Diagnosis; Fungi; Gold nanoparticles; Landforms; Light transmission; Molecular biology; Raman spectroscopy; Substrates; Walls (structural partitions); Biodeterioration; Earthen architectures; Potato dextrose agars; Raman; SERS; SERS-active substrates; Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy; Taxonomic identifications; Architectural acoustics",,,,,"2012/05356-5, 2012/13119-3, 2012/50038-1, 2014/07841-3; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq: 302792/2015-5","This work was supported by São Paulo Research Foundation – Fapesp (grant numbers 2012/13119-3 , 2012/05356-5 , 2012/50038-1 and 2014/07841-3 ); and National Council for Scientific and Technological Development – CNPq (grant number 302792/2015-5 ).",,,,,,,,,,"El-Elimat, T., Figueroa, M., Ehrmann, B.M., Cech, N.B., Pearce, C.J., Oberlies, N.H., (2013) J. Nat. Prod., 76, pp. 1709-1716; Prusinkiewicz, M.A., Farazkhorasani, F., Dynes, J.J., Wang, J., Gough, K.M., Kaminskyj, S.G.W., (2012) Analyst, 137, pp. 4934-4942; Stöckel, S., Kirchhoff, J., Neugebauer, U., Rösch, P., Popp, J., (2016) J. Raman Spectrosc., 47, pp. 89-109; Choi, S., Park, H.K., Min, G.E., Kim, Y.H., (2015) Microsc. Res. Tech., 78, pp. 200-206; Jarvis, R.M., Brooker, A., Goodacre, R., (2006) R. Faraday Discuss., 132, pp. 281-292; Jarvis, R.M., Goodacre, R., (2008) Chem. Soc. Rev., 37, pp. 931-936; De Gussem, K., Vandenabeele, P., Verbeken, A., Moens, L., (2007) Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 387, pp. 2823-2832; Ghosal, S., Macher, J.M., Ahmed, K., (2012) Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, pp. 6088-6095; Bolduc, O.R., Masson, J.F., (2011) Anal. Chem., 83, pp. 8057-8062; Abalde-Cela, S., Aldeanueva-Potel, P., Mateo-Mateo, C., Rodríguez-Lorenzo, L., Alvarez-Puebla, R.A., Liz-Marzán, L.M., (2010) J. R. Soc. Interface, 7, pp. S435-S450; Le Ru, E., Etchegoin, P., Principles of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Related Plasmonic Effects (2008), Elsevier Amsterdam; Szeghalmi, A., Kaminskyj, S., Rösch, P., Popp, J., Gough, K.M., (2007) J. Phys. Chem. B, 111, pp. 12916-12924; He, L., Liu, Y., Lin, M., Mustapha, A., Wang, Y., (2008) Sens. Instrum. Food Qual. Saf., 2, pp. 247-253; Martin-Sanchez, P.M., Sanchez-Cortes, S., Lopez-Tobar, E., Jurado, V., Bastian, F., Alabouvette, C., Saiz-Jimenez, C., (2012) J. Raman Spectrosc., 43, pp. 464-467; Mabbott, S., Thompson, D., Sirimuthu, N., McNay, G., Faulds, K., Graham, D., (2016) Faraday Discuss., 187, pp. 461-472; Dina, N.E., Gherman, A.M., Chis, V., Sarbu, C., Wieser, A., Bauer, D., Haisch, C., (2018) Anal. Chem., 90, pp. 2484-2492; Witkowska, E., Jagielski, T., Kamińska, A., Kowalska, A., Hryncewicz-Gwóźdź, A., Waluk, J., (2016) Anal. Methods, 8, pp. 8427-8434; Wu, W., Massart, D.L., de Jong, S., (1997) Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst., 36, pp. 165-172; Rainer, L., (2008) Terra Literature Review: An Overview of Research in Earthen Architecture Conservation, pp. 45-61. , E. Avrami H. Guillaud M. Hardy The Getty Conservation Institute Los Angeles; Fazio, A.T., Cavicchioli, A., Penna, D.S.A., Chambergo, F.S., de Faria, D.L.A., (2015) J. Cult. Herit., 16, pp. 934-938; Mamián-López, M., Poppi, R.J., (2013) Anal. Chim. Acta, 760, pp. 53-59; Lee, P.C., Meisel, D., (1982) J. Phys. Chem., 86, pp. 3391-3395; Edwards, H.G., Russell, N.C., Weinstein, R., Wynn‐Williams, D.D., (1995) J. Raman Spectrosc., 26, pp. 911-916; Chan, J.W., Esposito, A.P., Talley, C.E., Hollars, C.W., Lane, S.M., Huser, T., (2004) Anal. Chem., 76, pp. 599-603; Dick, S., Bell, S.E.J., (2017) Faraday Discuss., 205, pp. 517-536; Mamián-López, M.B., Corio, P., Temperini, M.L., (2016) Analyst, 141, pp. 3428-3436; Frisvad, J.C., Andersen, B., Thrane, U., (2008) Mycol. Res., 112, pp. 231-240","de Faria, D.L.A.; Laboratório de Espectroscopia Molecular, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 – Butantã, Brazil; email: dlafaria@iq.usp.br",,,"Elsevier B.V.",,,,,09242031,,VISPE,,"English","Vib. Spectrosc.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85048798467
"Fernandes J., Dabaieh M., Mateus R., Silva S.M., Bragança L., Gervásio H.","56411559800;55829889900;56119607100;57189043166;6507844851;54888017600;","Thermal performance and comfort of vernacular earthen buildings in Egypt and Portugal",2018,"Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability - Proceedings of SOStierra2017 2017",,,,"95","100",,6,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85048424295&partnerID=40&md5=107009e702e5e26b031f0b0e1116b91d","CTAC Research Centre, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal; Department of Urban Studies, Malmo University, Malmo, Sweden; ISISE Research Centre, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","Fernandes, J., CTAC Research Centre, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal; Dabaieh, M., Department of Urban Studies, Malmo University, Malmo, Sweden; Mateus, R., CTAC Research Centre, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal; Silva, S.M., CTAC Research Centre, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal; Bragança, L., CTAC Research Centre, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal; Gervásio, H., ISISE Research Centre, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","Despite the far distance between Portugal and Egypt, it was possible to find points of similarity on the influence of Roman and Arab cultures, and on solar passive and construction techniques used in vernacular architecture. Earthen construction techniques are one of these examples, being used in both countries for thousands of years. Through an explanatory qualitative and quantitative analysis, this paper presents an overview of the effects of climate-responsive strategies on thermal performance and indoor comfort of earthen architecture from Northern Egypt and Southern Portugal. To understand the effectiveness of these strategies, measurements of hygrothermal parameters and surveys on occupants’ thermal sensation were conducted in two case studies. From the results, it has been found that the case studies have shown a good thermal performance only by passive means and that the occupants expressed as being comfortable. Thus, vernacular passive strategies still can contribute to achieve indoor comfort conditions and reduce the dependency on mechanical systems. © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Sustainable development; Construction technique; Earthen architectures; Earthen constructions; Mechanical systems; Qualitative and quantitative analysis; Thermal Performance; Thermal sensations; Vernacular architecture; Architecture",,,,,"Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, FCT: PD/BD/113641/2015","The authors would like to acknowledge the support granted by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), in the scope of the Doctoral Program Eco-Construction and Rehabilitation (EcoCoRe), to the Ph.D. scholarship with the reference PD/BD/113641/2015 that was fundamental for the development of this study.",,,,,,,,,,"(2011) Atlas Climático Ibérico: Temperatura Do Ar E Precipitação (1971–2000)/ Iberian Climate Atlas: Air Temperature and Precipitation (1971/2000), , http://www.ipma.pt/resources.www/docs/publicacoes.site/atlas_clima_iberico.pdf; (2010) ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55 – Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, Atlanta; Berge, B., (2009) The Ecology of Building Materials, , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-85617-537-1.00014-7, 2nd ed., Oxford: Elsevier. Available at; Dabaieh, M., Energy efficient design strategies for contemporary vernacular buildings (2013) Vernacular Heritage and Earthen Architecture: Contributions for Sustainable Development. Portugal, pp. 599-604. , Egypt. In C. & R. (Eds) Correia, ed; Dabaieh, M., Eybye, B.T., A comparative study of human aspects in acclimatization of adobe vernacular architecture: A case from Denmark and Egypt (2016) In A/Z ITU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, 13 (1), pp. 29-41; Fathy, H., (1986) Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture: Principles and Examples with Reference to Hot Arid Climates, , Chicago, IL/US: The University of Chicago Press; Fernandes, J., Pimenta, C., Contribution of Portuguese Vernacular Building Strategies to Indoor Thermal Comfort and Occupants’ Perception (2015) Buildings, 5 (4), pp. 1242-1264; Fernandes, J., Mateus, R., Portuguese vernacular architecture: The contribution of vernacular materials and design approaches for sustainable construction (2015) Architectural Science Review, 58 (4), pp. 324-336; Fernandes, J., The importance of vernacular strategies for a climate responsive building design (2016) SBE16 Brazil & Portugal—Sustainable Urban Communities Towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment, pp. 429-438. , Vitória, Brazil; Fernandes, J., (2014) The Influence of the Mediterranean Climate on Vernacular Architecture: A Comparative Analysis between the Vernacular Responsive Architecture of Southern Portugal and North of Egypt. in World SB14 – Sustainable Building: RESULTS, pp. 1-7. , http://hdl.handle.net/1822/31403, Barcelona: GBCe—Green Building Council España, Available at; Hoyt, T., (2013) CBE Thermal Comfort Tool. Center for the Built Environment, University of California Berkeley, , http://cbe.berkeley.edu/comforttool/, Accessed January 11, 2017; Koch-Nielsen, H., (2002) Stay Cool: A Design Guide for the Built Environment in Hot Climates, , London: Earthscan. Meteotest, 2014. Meteonorm; Morton, T., (2008) Earth masonry—design and Construction Guidelines, , Berkshire: HIS BRE Press; Oliveira, E.V., Galhano, F., (1992) Arquitectura Tradicional Portuguesa, , Lisboa: Publicações Dom Quixote; Pina Dos Santos, C.A., Matias, L., (2006) ITE50 Coeficientes De Transmissão Térmica De Elementos Da Envolvente Dos Edificios, , Lisboa: Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil/National Laboratory of Civil Engineering; Pina Dos Santos, C.A., Rodrigues, R., (2009) ITE54 Coeficientes De Transmissão Térmica De Elementos Opacos Da Envolvente Dos Edificios, , Lisboa: Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil/National Laboratory of Civil Engineering",,"Mileto C.Lopez-Manzanares F.V.Garcia-Soriano L.Cristini V.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability, SOStierra 2017","14 September 2017 through 16 September 2017",,220559,,9781138035461,,,"English","Vernac. Earthen Archit.: Conserv. Sustain. - Proc.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85048424295
"Sadykov T., Caspari G., Blochin J.","57196483727;56421940600;57196481498;","Kurgan Tunnug 1—New Data on the Earliest Horizon of Scythian Material Culture",2020,"Journal of Field Archaeology","45","8",,"556","570",,5,"10.1080/00934690.2020.1821152","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85091772902&doi=10.1080%2f00934690.2020.1821152&partnerID=40&md5=25022163d9b279e574f7703739079994","Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia","Sadykov, T., Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Caspari, G., University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Blochin, J., Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation","Questions surrounding the emergence of highly mobile nomadic pastoralism and the origins of the associated Scythian material culture have a long history in Eurasian steppe archaeology, but advances in knowledge have been hindered by a lack of data. Here we present new findings on the Early Iron Age royal burial mound Tunnug 1 in Tuva. While the site belongs to the same cultural tradition as Arzhan 1, the conceptual roots of the funerary ritual architecture can be traced to precursors in the Mongun Taiga culture and the Mongolian deer stone khirigsuur complex. The clay architecture uncovered at Tunnug 1 does not find any regional comparisons and possibly hints towards a western Central Asian contribution to the formation of the earliest Scythian horizon. Our research demonstrates the value of a multi-disciplinary approach to documenting monumental earthen architecture, including technical approaches (satellite imagery, aerial photographs, 3D models, digital elevation models, geophysics, and radiocarbon dating) with an analysis of construction material and associated finds. © Trustees of Boston University 2020.","Arzhan; burial mound; Early Iron Age; Eurasia; Russia; Siberia; Tuva",,,,,,"656-01-1-41/12-18; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, SNF: P400PG_190982; Russian Academy of Sciences, РАН: 0184-2019-0011; Russian Geographical Society, RGO: N 53/04/2019","Field research was conducted as a joint expedition of the Institute of the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Russian Geographical Society (project Expedition Tunnug), and the Swiss ArchaeoExploration. The excavation project is conducted with the financial and logistical help of the Russian Geographical Society (N 53/04/2019) and financial help of Dr. F. Paulsen, the Society for the Exploration of EurAsia, and the Russian Ministry of Culture (project No. 656-01-1-41/12-18). Post-excavation work by T. Sadykov and J. Blochin was carried out within the framework of the Program of Fundamental Scientific Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, State Assignment No. 0184-2019-0011. G. Caspari was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation, grant number P400PG_190982. We wish to thank S. Khavrin (Hermitage Museum, Saint-Petersburg) for the copper alloy definitions and K. Chugunov (Hermitage Museum, Saint-Petersburg) for consultations.","Field research was conducted as a joint expedition of the Institute of the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Russian Geographical Society (project Expedition Tunnug), and the Swiss ArchaeoExploration. The excavation project is conducted with the financial and logistical help of the Russian Geographical Society (N 53/04/2019) and financial help of Dr. F. Paulsen, the Society for the Exploration of EurAsia, and the Russian Ministry of Culture (project No. 656-01-1-41/12-18). Post-excavation work by T. Sadykov and J. Blochin was carried out within the framework of the Program of Fundamental Scientific Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, State Assignment No. 0184-2019-0011. G. Caspari was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation, grant number P400PG_190982. We wish to thank S. Khavrin (Hermitage Museum, Saint-Petersburg) for the copper alloy definitions and K. Chugunov (Hermitage Museum, Saint-Petersburg) for consultations.",,,,,,,,,"Allard, F., Erdenebaatar, D., Khirigsuurs, Ritual and Mobility in the Bronze Age of Mongolia (2005) Antiquity, 79 (305), pp. 547-563; Artamonov, M.I., (1975) и в - (Cimmerians and Scythians in Asia - Prehistoric Archaeology in Siberia), , Leningrad: Nauka Киммерийцы скифы Азии Первобытная археология Сибири; Beisenov, A.Z., с (Barrows with a “Mustache” in Central Kazakhstan) (2017) Archaeological Heritage of Central Kazakhstan: Study and Preservation, 2, pp. 31-37; Bokovenko, N.A., Davis-Kimball, J., Bashilov, V.A., Yablonsky, L.T., The Tagar Culture in the Minusinsk Basin (1995) Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age, pp. 299-314. , Davis-Kimball J., Bashilov V.A., Yablonsky L.T., (eds), Berkely: Zinat Press, and,. edited by; Bonora, G.L., A General Revision of the Chronology of the Tagisken North Burial Ground (2018) Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia, 24, pp. 307-330; Bourgeois, J., Gheyle, W., Goossens, R., De Wulf, A., Dvornikov, E., Van Hoof, L., Loute, S., Te Kiefte, T., (2007) Survey and Inventory of the Archaeological Sites in the Valley of the Karakol (Uch-Enmek Park) - Report on the Belgian-Russian Expedition in the Russian Altay Mountains 2007-2008, , Gent: University of Gent/GASU; Caspari, G., Plets, G., Balz, T., Fu, B., Landscape Archaeology in the Chinese Altai Mountains–Survey of the Heiliutan Basin (2017) Archaeological Research in Asia, 10, pp. 48-53; Caspari, G., Sadykov, T., Blochin, J., Hajdas, I., Tunnug 1 (Arzhan 0) - An Early Scythian Kurgan in Tuva Republic, Russia (2018) Archaeological Research in Asia, 15, pp. 82-87; Caspari, G., Assessing Looting from Space: The Destruction of Early Iron Age Burials in Northern Xinjiang (2018) Heritage, 1 (2), pp. 320-327; Caspari, G., Sadykov, T., Blochin, J., Buess, M., Nieberle, M., Balz, T., Integrating Remote Sensing and Geophysics for Exploring Early Nomadic Funerary Architecture in the “Siberian Valley of the Kings” (2019) Sensors, 19, p. 3074; Caspari, G., Quantifying the Funerary Ritual Activity of the Late Prehistoric Southern Kanas Region (Xinjiang, China) (2020) Asian Perspectives, 59 (2). , Forthcoming; Caspari, G., Mapping and Damage Assessment of “Royal” Burial Mounds in the Siberian Valley of the Kings (2020) Remote Sensing, 12 (5), p. 773; Caspari, G., Sadykov, T., Blochin, J., Bolliger, M., Szidat, S., New Evidence for a Bronze Age Date of Chariot Depictions in the Eurasian Steppe (2020) Rock Art Research, 37 (1), pp. 53-58; Caspari, G., Blochin, J., Sadykov, T., Balz, T., Deciphering Circular Anthropogenic Anomalies in PALSAR Data—Using L-Band SAR for Analyzing Archaeological Features on the Steppe (2020) Remote Sensing, 12 (7), p. 1076; Chugunov, K., - (и). 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Imperial Barrow of Early Scythian Time), , Leningrad: Nauka Аржан Царский курган раннескифского времени; Khavrin, S.V., и (Metal from the Tuva Scythian Monuments and the Arzhan Barrow) (2003) Eurasian Steppes in Ancient times and the Middle Ages, 1, pp. 171-173; Hayashi, T., The Beginning and the Maturity of Nomadic Powers in the Eurasian Steppes: Growing and Downsizing of Elite Tumuli (2013) Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia, 19, pp. 105-141; Hiebert, F.T., Pazyryk Chronology and Early Horse Nomads Reconsidered (1992) Bulletin of the Asia Institute, 6, pp. 117-129; Honeychurch, W., (2015) Inner Asia and the Spatial Politics of Empire, , New York: Springer; Houle, J.L., (2010), Emergent Complexity on the Mongolian Steppe: Mobility, Territoriality, and the Development of Early Nomadic Polities. Ph.D. diss., University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Itina, M.A., Yablonsky, L.T., (1997) (). (Saka of the Low Syr-Darya River (Based on Materials from the Southern Tagisken Burial Ground), , Moscow: Rosspen Саки Нижней Сырдарьи по материалам могильника Южный Тагискен; Itina, M.A., Yablonsky, L.T., (2001) (Mausoleums of Nothern Tagisken. The Late Bronze Age of the Low Syr-Darya River), , Мoscow: Russian Academy of Sciences Мавзолеи Северного Тагискена Поздний бронзовый век Нижней Сырдарьи; Kyzlasov, L.R., (1979) (Ancient Tuva), , Moscow: Moscow University Press Древняя Тува; Liu, W., Archaeological Remains of Sacrificial Rituals in the Eastern Altay Mountains (2014) Eurasian Studies, 2, pp. 1-28; Molodin, V.I., Parzinger, H., Ceveemdorz, D., Garkusa, J.N., Grisin, A.E., Das Skythenzeitliche Kriegergrab aus Olon-Kurin-Gol Neue Entdechungen in der Permafrostzone des Mongolischen Altaj: Vorberich der Russisch-Deutsch-Monogolischen Expedition im Sommer 2006 (2008) Eurasia Antiqua, 14, pp. 241-265; Merz, V.K., (). 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B.C.), , Astana: Kazakh Research Institute of Culture Ранние кочевники Жайык Иртышского междуречья; Terenozhkin, A.I., (Scythian Culture) (1971) Problems of Scythian Archaeology, 1, pp. 15-24; Tishkin, A., Khavrin, S., Ispol'zovaniye Rentgenoflyuorestsentnogo Analiza v Arkheologicheskikh Issledovaniyakh (The Use of X-ray Fluorescence Analysis in Archaeological Research) (2006) Teoriya i Praktika Arheologicheskih Issledovanij, 2, pp. 143-157; Wright, J., Organizational Principles of Khirigsuur Monuments in the Lower Egiin Gol Valley, Mongolia (2007) Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 26 (3), pp. 350-365; Zaitseva, G.I., Chugunov, K.V., Yu Alekseev, A., Dergachev, V.A., Vasiliev, S.S., Sementsov, A.A., Cook, G., Nagler, A., Chronology of Key Barrows Belonging to Different Stages of the Scythian Period in Tuva (Arzhan-1 and Arzhan-2 Barrows) (2007) Radiocarbon, 49 (2), pp. 645-658; Zazzo, A., Lepetz, S., Magail, J., Gantulga, J.O., High-Precision Dating of Ceremonial Activity around a Large Ritual Complex in Late Bronze Age Mongolia (2019) Antiquity, 93 (367), pp. 80-98","Caspari, G.; University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, Switzerland; email: gino.caspari@iaw.unibe.ch",,,"Taylor and Francis Ltd.",,,,,00934690,,,,"English","J. Field Archeol.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85091772902
"Quintus S., Huebert J., Day S., Lincoln N., Yoo K., Lee T., Filimoehala D., Autufuga D.","55377721500;36102929700;35483354900;56157774400;57203722538;57219905517;57218223234;57219904580;","TEMPO and TRAJECTORY of the BUILT LANDSCAPE on TA'U ISLAND, MANU'A GROUP, American Samoa: INTEGRATING EXTENSIVE RADIOCARBON DATING with JOINT POSTERIOR MODELING",2020,"Radiocarbon","62","5",,"1317","1337",,5,"10.1017/RDC.2020.60","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85096027046&doi=10.1017%2fRDC.2020.60&partnerID=40&md5=c3e6d0f1ab17ebbfebf980bb49e3858f","Department of Anthropology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 2424 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI  96822, United States; Sunrise Archaeology, Akaroa, 7520, New Zealand; Department of Geoscience, North Dakota State University, 1340 Bolley Drive, Fargo, ND  58102, United States; Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI  96822, United States; Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, Saint Paul, MN  55108, United States; International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc., 2081 Young St., Honolulu, HI  96826, United States","Quintus, S., Department of Anthropology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 2424 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI  96822, United States; Huebert, J., Sunrise Archaeology, Akaroa, 7520, New Zealand; Day, S., Department of Geoscience, North Dakota State University, 1340 Bolley Drive, Fargo, ND  58102, United States; Lincoln, N., Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI  96822, United States; Yoo, K., Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, Saint Paul, MN  55108, United States; Lee, T., Department of Anthropology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 2424 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI  96822, United States; Filimoehala, D., International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc., 2081 Young St., Honolulu, HI  96826, United States; Autufuga, D., Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI  96822, United States","Stone and earthen architecture is nearly ubiquitous in the archaeological record of Pacific islands. The construction of this architecture is tied to a range of socio-political processes, and the temporal patterning of these features is useful for understanding the rate at which populations grew, innovation occurred, and social inequality emerged. Unfortunately, this temporal patterning is poorly understood for many areas of the region, including the Samoan archipelago. Here, we describe a project directed toward establishing a robust chronology for the construction of these earthen and stone terraces and linear mounds on Ta'u Island. Using recent methodological improvements, we highlight the tempo at which different architectural types were constructed on the island and the implications for understanding demographic expansion and changing land tenure practices in the last 1500 years. This research suggests the construction of architecture was largely confined to the 2nd millennium AD with a small number of terraces plausibly built in the 1st millennium AD. This temporal patterning suggests that a reconfiguration of settlement patterns occurred within West Polynesia as people there moved into other regions of Oceania. © 2020 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona.","Bayesian modeling; landscape engineering; Oceania; settlement change",,,,,,"National Science Foundation, NSF: 1732360, BCS-1732360","We thank the people of Fitiuta, especially Eseta Kese and Pastor Fred Scanlan, for hosting us during our research. We thank Logoleo Feagai Logoleo for permission to work in Luatele. We wish also to recognize the contributions of Malone Ieti, Princecharles Faleagafulu, Christina Fu‘afu‘a, Tafa Fuafua, Paulo Paulo, Oceana Te‘i, Arthur Sega, Fafeta‘i Lauofo, Joshua Fu‘afu‘a, Falani Masunu, Visa Vaivai Tiapusua, Brian Vivao, Fa‘afutai Lauofo, Fauato Aukuso, Taumakai Atautia, Jonathon Mauga, Leonard Vivao, Lawrence Fautua, Robert Mauga, J.J. Tanielu, and Achilles Tevasea to the success of this research. We appreciate the helpful comments of David Addison, Tom Dye, Tim Rieth, Robert DiNapoli, and two anonymous reviewers on a previous draft of this manuscript. Finally, we thank the American Samoa Historic Preservation Office, specifically Letitia Peau-Folau, Teleai Christian Ausage, and Lancelot Leutu‘utuofiti Te‘i, for archaeological and logistical support. Logistical assistance was provided by the National Park of American Samoa under permit NPSA-2019-SCI-0001. This research is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. NSF BCS-1732360.",,,,,,,,,,"Addison, D.J., Matisoo-Smith, E., Rethinking Polynesian origins: A West-Polynesia triple-I model (2010) Archaeology in Oceania, 45, pp. 1-12; Allen, M.S., Morphological variability and temporal patterning in Marquesan domestic architecture: Anaho Valley in regional context (2009) Asian Perspectives, 48, pp. 342-382; Allen, M.S., Huebert, J.M., Short-lived plant materials, long-lived trees, and Polynesian 14C dating: Considerations for 14C sample selection and documentation (2014) Radiocarbon, 56, pp. 257-276; Ayres, W.S., Eisler, D., (1987) Archaeological Survey in Western Tutuila: A Report on Archaeological Site Survey and Excavations, 85-2, , Report on File at the American Samoa Historic Preservation Office, Pago Pago, American Samoa; Banks, W.E., Bertran, P., Ducasse, S., Klaric, L., Lanos, P., Renard, C., Mesa, M., An application of hierarchical Bayesian modeling to better constrain the chronologies of Upper Paleolithic archaeological cultures in France between ca. 32,000-21, 000 calibrated years before present (2019) Quaternary Science Reviews, 220, pp. 188-214; Bedford, S., Siméoni, P., Lebot, V., The anthropogenic transformation of an island landscape: Evidence for agricultural development revealed by LiDAR on the island of Efate, Central Vanuatu, South-West Pacific (2018) Archaeology in Oceania, 53, pp. 1-14; Best, S., Leach, H., Witter, D., Report on the second phase of fieldwork at the Tataga-matau site, American Samoa, July-August 1988 (1989) Report on File at the American Samoa Historic Preservation Office. 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"Gutiérrez-Carrillo M.L., Cardiel I.B., Melgarejo E.M., Cobaleda M.M.","56518311700;55420348100;24069017600;57219352705;","Pathologic and risk analysis of the Lojuela Castle (Granada-Spain): Methodology and preventive conservation for medieval earthen fortifications",2020,"Applied Sciences (Switzerland)","10","18","6491","","",,5,"10.3390/APP10186491","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85092394424&doi=10.3390%2fAPP10186491&partnerID=40&md5=9f5b189c134b240dc8aee4cc4acb139f","Departamento de Construcciones Arquitectónicas, Universidad de Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain; Departamento de Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica y en la Ingeniería, Universidad de Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain; Departamento de Urbanística y Ordenación del Territorio, Universidad de Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain; Departamento de Historia del Arte, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, 29071, Spain","Gutiérrez-Carrillo, M.L., Departamento de Construcciones Arquitectónicas, Universidad de Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain; Cardiel, I.B., Departamento de Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica y en la Ingeniería, Universidad de Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain; Melgarejo, E.M., Departamento de Urbanística y Ordenación del Territorio, Universidad de Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain; Cobaleda, M.M., Departamento de Historia del Arte, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, 29071, Spain","This study presents a methodology generated for the preventive conservation of defensive earthen architecture, applied to the case of the Lojuela Castle (Lecrin Valley, Granada, Spain). In the application of the designed protocol, a multidisciplinary analysis of its patrimonial characteristics and multidimensional evaluation was developed, applying the technique of qualitative consultation to a group of experts-the Delphi method. This methodology allowed us to relate the hazard factors and the vulnerability of the asset for each group of risks that affect it. The support of the method in with geographic information systems (GIS) has favored the production of predictive cartography and risk analysis-including the territorial dimensions and spatial interactions of the asset with the physical environment. This has facilitated the obtention of micro-zoning maps of each of the risks examined. The risk mapping in micro-zoning and the knowledge of the structure's vulnerability represents an important contribution to the future conservation and management of this heritage. They favor strategies that minimize the incidence of risks and allow the prioritization of the conservation actions with a minimum economic investment, creating an efficient maintenance program. This will facilitate the protection, conservation and valorization decisions by the administration and the competent bodies involved in the protection of these sites. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.","Medieval earthen defensive architecture; Pathologic analysis; Preventive conservation; Risk factors",,,,,,"Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, MINECO; European Regional Development Fund, ERDF","Funding: This study is part of the project entitled (BIA2015 69938-R) “Sustainable methodology for the Conservation and Maintenance of medieval rammed-earth fortifications in the South-East of the Iberian Peninsula: Diagnosis and prevention of natural and anthropic hazards” financed by the state Research Agency (SRA) and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).","Based on specific approaches to preventive conservation and given the advanced state of deterioration of the defensive structures built with the rammed-earth techniques, it is necessary to design strategies that facilitate the sustainable conservation of this heritage which is difficult to manage. The PREFORTI R+D project, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, proposes a methodology compatible with this purpose.",,,,,,,,,"(2005) Xi'an Declaration on the Conservation of the Setting of Heritage Structures, Sites and Areas, , ICOMOS: Paris, France; Camuffo, D., (1998) Microclimate for Cultural Heritage, , Elsevier: San Diego, CA, USA; Gizzi, F.T., Sileo, M., Biscione, M., Danese, M., de Alvarez Buergo, M., The conservation state of the Sassi of Matera site (Southern Italy) and its correlation with the environmental conditions analysed through spatial analysis techniques (2016) J. Cult. Herit, 17, pp. 61-74; Canuti, P., Casagli, N., Catani, F., Fanti, R., Hydrogeological hazard and risk in archaeological sites: Some case studies in Italy (2020) J. Cult. Herit, 1, pp. 117-125; Sassa, K., Landslide risk assessment at cultural heritage sites. 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Una Técnica de Previsión Para la Incertidumbre, , Ariel: Barcelona, España; Gutiérrez-Carrillo, M.L., Bestué Cardiel, I., Molina Gaitán, J.C., Marcos Cobaleda, M., Methodology for the analysis of risk as applied to medieval earthen defensive structures (2019) The Case of the Lojuela Castle (Granada-Spain), Proceedings of the Patrimonio in divenire: Conoscere, Valorizzare, Abitare, ReUSO 2019, Matera, Italy, 23-26 October 2019, pp. 1695-1706. , Conte, A., Guida, A., Eds.; Gangemi Editore International Publishing: Rome, Italy; Tesela, S.L., (2017) Technical-Scientific Report on the Analysis of Building Materials from Earthen Fortifications in the Province of Granada (Unpublished), , Tesela S.L.: Granada, Spain; (2000) Official Bulletin of the Granada Province, , 5th of June; de Cultura, C., (2004) El Catastro del Marqués de la Ensenada en el Antiguo Reino de Granada, , Consejería de Cultura: Sevilla, Spain; Reyes Castañeda, J.L., Técnicas de construcción de las fortificaciones en el reino de Granada: El Valle de Lecrín (1986) Proceedings of the Actas del III Simposio Internacional de Mudejarismo, 1, pp. 373-388. , Teruel, España, 20-22 September 1984; Instituto de Estudios Turolenses/Diputación de Teruel: Teruel, España; Coppolillo, P., Gomez, H., Maisels, F., Wallace, R., Selection criteria for suites of landscape species as a base for site-based conservation (2004) Conser. Biol, 115, pp. 419-430; Halpern, B.S., Selkoe, K.A., Micheli, F., Kappel, C.V., Evaluating and ranking the vulnerability of global marine ecosystems to anthropogenic threats (2007) Conser. Biol, 21, pp. 1301-1315","Gutiérrez-Carrillo, M.L.; Departamento de Construcciones Arquitectónicas, Spain; email: mlgutier@ugr.es",,,"MDPI AG",,,,,20763417,,,,"English","Appl. Sci.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85092394424
"Balaguer L., Mileto C., Vegas López-Manzanares F., García-Soriano L.","57205475048;36721933700;6603127341;56344563400;","Bioclimatic strategies of traditional earthen architecture",2019,"Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development","9","2",,"227","246",,5,"10.1108/JCHMSD-07-2018-0054","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85060157294&doi=10.1108%2fJCHMSD-07-2018-0054&partnerID=40&md5=6f1c38aad805a1ed89eb5573931c5120","Institute for the Heritage Restoration, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain","Balaguer, L., Institute for the Heritage Restoration, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Mileto, C., Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Vegas López-Manzanares, F., Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; García-Soriano, L., Institute for the Heritage Restoration, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain","Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify and characterise bioclimatic strategies of traditional earthen architecture in a specific territory, the Valencian region of La Serranía. These constructions were built in relation to their surrounding geography or climate through several mechanisms facing the action of solar radiation, water, wind, etc. Design/methodology/approach: The research methodology is based on a comparative analysis of selected case studies representing the constructions and typologies of traditional earthen heritage in a territory with similar geography and climate, albeit with certain zonal limitations. Findings: The results show that these constructions built with earth offer a global solution to environmental conditioning factors of the region by a series of strategies formalised at urban, architectural and constructive level, either independently or jointly. Although climate variations affect its behaviour, traditional earthen architecture seeks compactness to reach indoor comfort. Originality/value: Traditional earthen architecture is a valuable heritage in danger which has been devaluated until several years in this remote region. Therefore, prior knowledge of its bioclimatic strategies and formal constitution is essential to establishing heritage intervention criteria and proposals adapted to its geographical, socio-cultural and socio-economic context. © 2019, Emerald Publishing Limited.","Architecture and climate; Bioclimatic strategies; Earthen architecture; Historical housing; Vernacular heritage",,,,,,"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, MICINN","The authors wish to thank the residents of the towns and villages of La Serranía for their collaboration throughout the data collection process. This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation as part of the research project “Restoration and rehabilitation of traditional earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula. Guidelines and tools for a sustainable intervention”.",,,,,,,,,,"Achenza, M., Giovanorio, I., Cannas, L., Vernacular heritage solutions for sustainable architecture: the Phlegraean islands (2015) Vernacular Architecture: Towards a Sustainable Future, pp. 27-32. , Mileto, C., Vegas, F., García Soriano, L. and Cristini, V., and,(Eds), Taylor & Francis Group, London; Balaguer, L., (2017) La arquitectura tradicional de tierra en la comarca de La Serranía: análisis tipológico y constructivo, , master thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia; Barbeta, G., Pareta, M.M., Chamorro, M.A., Sabata, M., Thermal assessment of the behavior of retrofitted rammed earth in central Catalonia (2018) Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability, pp. 267-272. , Mileto, C., Vegas, F., García-Soriano, L. and Cristini, V., and,(Eds), CRC Press/Balkema, London; Bouchair, A., Sustainability features of vernacular architecture in southern Algeria (2015) Vernacular Architecture: Towards a Sustainable Future, pp. 163-168. , Mileto, C., Vegas, F., García Soriano, L. and Cristini, V.,(Eds), Taylor & Francis Group, London; Carlos, G., Correia, M., Gomes, F., Rocha, S., Compact houses (2014) Versus, Heritage for Tomorrow: Vernacular Knowledge for Sustainable Architecture, pp. 165-171. , Correia, M., Dipasquale, L. and Mecca, S., and,(Eds), Firenze University Press, Firenze; (2014) Vernacular Heritage and Earthen Architecture: Contributions for Sustainable Development, , Correia, M., Carlos, G. and Rocha, S. (Ed.) (, CRC Press, London; Fathy, H., (1986) Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture: Principles and Examples with Reference to Hot Arid Climates, , Chicago Press, Chicago, IL; Fernandes, J., Dabaieh, M., Mateus, R., Silva, S.M., Bragança, L., Gervásio, H., Thermal performance and comfort of vernacular earthen buildings in Egypt and Portugal (2018) Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability, pp. 95-100. , Mileto, C., Vegas, F., García-Soriano, L. and Cristini, V., and,(Eds), CRC Press/Balkema, London; Frey, P., (2010) Learning from Vernacular, , Actes Sud, Arles; Fry, M.E., Drew, J.B., Mankind’s early dwellings and settlements (1982) Passive and Low Energy Alternatives I: the First International PLEA Conference, Bermuda, , Bowen, A. and Vagner, R. and,(Eds), Pergamon Press, New York, NY: 13-15 September; Kimura, K., Yamazaki, K., Passive cooling of thatched roofs in traditional Japanese vernacular homes (1982) Passive and Low Energy Alternatives I: the First International PLEA Conference, Bermuda, , Bowen, A. and Vagner, R. and,(Eds), Pergamon Press, New York, NY: 13-15 September; Luxán, M., Gómez, G., Román, L., Sustainable living: environmental integration in 15 vernacular Spanish houses (2015) Vernacular Architecture: Towards a Sustainable Future, pp. 231-237. , Mileto, C., Vegas, F., García Soriano, L. and Cristini, V., and,(Eds), Taylor & Francis Group, London; Mellado Mascaraque, M.A., Castilla Pascual, F.J., Oteiza, I., Martín-Consuegra, F., In situ monitoring and characterisation of earthen envelopes: a review (2018) Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability, pp. 637-644. , Mileto, C., Vegas, F., García-Soriano, L. and Cristini, V., and,(Eds), CRC Press/Balkema, London; Neila González, F.J., Bedoya Frutos, C., (1997) Técnicas arquitectónicas y Constructivas de acondicionamiento ambiental, , Munilla-Lería, Madrid; Norberg-Schülz, C., (1981) Genius loci: Paysage, Ambiance, Architecture, , Mardaga, Brussels; Olgyay, V., Frontado, J., Clavet, L., (2015) Arquitectura y clima: Manual de diseño bioclimático para arquitectos y urbanistas, , Gustavo Gili, Barcelona; Pérez Cueva, A.J., (1994) Atlas climático de la Comunidad Valenciana (1961–1990), , Conselleria d’Obres Públiques, Urbanisme i Transports, Valencia; Rasulo, M., Vernacular architecture related to the climate in the Mediterranean Basin: a lesson we should learn (2003) International Journal for Housing Science, 27 (3), pp. 177-188; Rodrigo, C., (2000) La Serranía: análisis geográfico comarcal, , Centro de Estudios La Serranía, Valencia; Serra, R., (2009) Arquitectura y climas, , Gustavo Gili, Barcelona; Vellinga, M., Vernacular architecture and sustainability: two or three lessons (2015) Vernacular Architecture: Towards a Sustainable Future, pp. 3-8. , Mileto, C., Vegas, F., García Soriano, L. and Cristini, V.,(Eds), Taylor & Francis Group, London; Soudani, L., Fabbri, A., Woloszyn, M., Grillet, A.C., Morel, J.-C., A model of the hygrothermal behavior of rammed earth (2016) Terra Lyon 2016 (actes XIIe Congrès mondial sur les architectures de terre), pp. 222-224. , Joffroy, T., Guillaud, H. and Sadozaï, C., and,(Eds), CRAterre, Villefontaine","Balaguer, L.; Institute for the Heritage Restoration, Spain; email: laubagar@arq.upv.es",,,"Emerald Group Holdings Ltd.",,,,,20441266,,,,"English","J. Cult. Herit. Manage. Sustainable Dev.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85060157294
"Tavares A., Costa A., Rocha F., Velosa A.","55208787000;16400960500;56400316600;22635975700;","Absorbent materials in waterproofing barriers, analysis of the role of diatomaceous earth",2016,"Construction and Building Materials","102",,,"125","132",,5,"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.169","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84946105766&doi=10.1016%2fj.conbuildmat.2015.10.169&partnerID=40&md5=8a9b7567c472d5153600b8e92a1a86fc","RISCO, University of Aveiro, Civil Engineering Department, Portugal; Geobiotec, University of Aveiro, Geosciences Department, Portugal","Tavares, A., RISCO, University of Aveiro, Civil Engineering Department, Portugal; Costa, A., RISCO, University of Aveiro, Civil Engineering Department, Portugal; Rocha, F., Geobiotec, University of Aveiro, Geosciences Department, Portugal; Velosa, A., RISCO, University of Aveiro, Civil Engineering Department, Portugal","This paper presents recent development in experimental assessment of the capillarity involving the effect of diatomaceous earth in water proofing barriers (1940s and 1950s solutions). The introduction of diatomite in hydraulic lime mortars as a waterproofing barrier was firstly reported in licensed architectural plans after 1945 in the central region of Portugal. This was the period of Modernist buildings, a recent heritage to preserve and widely disseminated worldwide, recognised as the 20th century heritage. A methodology was presented to test these types of solutions considering the calcined and not calcined diatomite. Experiments reveal that two aspects need to take into account: (1) the presence of not calcined diatomite tends to have a better behaviour in relation to calcined diatomite; (2) the type of diatomite - calcined or not calcined - has influence in the capacity of retaining water in the barrier, as well as the variation of volumetric dosage of the components. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.","Built heritage; Diatomaceous earth; Earthen architecture; Hydraulic lime; Modernist buildings; Rising dampness; Waterproofing barriers","Historic preservation; Lime; Waterproofing; Built heritage; Diatomaceous earth; Earthen architectures; Hydraulic lime; Rising dampness; Calcination",,,,,"Agency for Science, Technology and Research, A*STAR: SFRH/BPD/113053/2015; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, FCT","Alice Tavares gratefully acknowledges the support of FCT – Portuguese national funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology – Grant No SFRH/BPD/113053/2015 .",,,,,,,,,,"ASTM C-305-99, (1999) Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic Cement Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency, , Annual Book of ASTM Standards Philadelphia; Bakr, H., Diatomite: Its characterization, modifications and applications (2010) Asian J. Mater. Sci., 2 (3), pp. 121-136. , (ISSN 1996-3394, Malaysia); Barreira, E., Delgado, J.M., Freitas, V.P., Wetting and drying kinetics of building materials (2014) Drying and Wetting of Building Materials and Components, , J.M. Delgado doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04531-3; Crangle, R., Jr., Diatomite, (2012), pp. 52-53. , U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2012, USA; Degirmenci, N., Yilmaz, A., Use of diatomite as partial replacement for Portland cement in cement mortars (2009) Constr. Build. Mater., 23, pp. 284-288; Degryse, P., Elsen, J., Waelkers, M., Study of ancient mortars from Sagalassos (Turkey) in view of their conservation (2002) Cem. Concr. Res., 32, pp. 1457-1463; Derluym, H., Janssen, H., Carmeliet, J., Influence of the moisture of interfaces on the capillary transport in layered materials (2011) Constr. Build. Mater., 25, pp. 3685-3693; Dolley, T., (2000), pp. 251-254. , Diatomite U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook, USA; Determination of Water Absorption Coefficient Due to Capillary Action of Hardened Mortar, , EN 1015-18:2002 E. Methods of test for mortar for masonry CEN - European Committee for standardization, Brussels; CEN - European Committee for Standardization, , EN 15801:2008 (E) Conservation of cultural property - Test methods - Determination of absorption by capillarity Brussels; Franzini, M., Leoni, L., Lezzerini, M., Sartori, F., On the binder of some ancient mortars (1999) Min. Petrol. Springer-Verlag, 67, pp. 59-69; Goma, F., The chemical analysis of hardened concrete containing fly ashes, slags, natural pozzolans (1989) Proc. of 3rd Inst. Special Publication SP-114, pp. 828-845. , Supplementary volume; Goren, R., Baykara, T., Marsoglu, M., Effects of purification and heat treatment on pore structure and composition of diatomite (2002) Br. Ceramic Trans., 101, pp. 177-180; Guimarães, A.S., Degradation Control of Historical Walls with Rising Damp Problems, Hygrothermal Behavior, Building Pathology and Durability, , V. Peixoto de Freitas, J.M.P.Q. Delgado (Eds.), Springer, doi:10.107/978-3-642-31158-1. ISBN 978-3-642-31157-4; Holm, A., Krus, M., Kunzel, H.M., Moisture transport through interfaces in masonry (1996) Int. Z. Bauinstandsetz., 2, pp. 375-396. , (in German); http://www.ima-europe.eu/about-industrial-minerals/industrial-minerals-ima-europe/diatomite, IMA Europe,. Accessed in 09/06/2015; Janotka, I., Krajči, L., Uhlík, P., Bačuvčik, M., Natural and calcined clayey diatomite as cement replacement materials: Microstructure and pore structure study (2014) Int. J. Res. Eng. Technol., , ISSN: 2319-1163, 03: 20-26; Loganina, V., Simonov, E., Jezierski, W., Malaszkiewicz, D., Application of activated diatomite for dry lime mixes (2014) Constr. Build. Mater., 65, pp. 29-37; Middendorf, B., Knöfel, D., Characterization of historic mortars from buildings in Germany and Netherlands (1998) Conservation of Historic Brick Structures, pp. 179-195. , N.S. Baer, S. Fitz, R.A. Livingston, Donhead Publishing Dorset; http://www.mineralszone.com/minerals/diatomite.html, Minerals zone, accessed in 09/06/2015; Pimraksa, K., Chindaprasit, P., Lightweight bricks made of diatomaceous earth, lime and gypsum (2008) Ceram. Int., 35 (1), pp. 471-478; Tavares, A., Costa, A., Varum, H., Adobe and modernism in Ílhavo, Portugal (2012) Int. J. Architect. Heritage, 6 (5), pp. 525-541; Tavares, A., Costa, A., Varum, H., Common pathologies in composite adobe and reinforced concrete constructions (2012) J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 26 (4), pp. 389-401. , ISSN (print): 0887-3828; ISSN (online): 1943-5509; Vicat, L.J., (1997) Mortars and Cements, , Donhead Publishing Shaftesbury; Veiga, R., Velosa, A., Magalhães, A., Experimental applications of mortars with pozzolanic additions: Characterization and performance evaluation (2009) Constr. Build. Mater., 23, pp. 318-327; Xu, S., Wang, J., Ma, Q., Zhao, X., Zhang, T., Study on the lightweight hydraulic mortars designed by the use of diatomite as partial replacement of natural hydraulic lime and masonry waste as aggregate (2014) Constr. Build. Mater., 73, pp. 33-40; Yilmaz, B., Ediz, N., The use of raw and calcined diatomite in cement production (2008) Cem. Concr. Compos., 30 (3), pp. 202-211","Tavares, A.; RISCO, University of Aveiro, Civil Engineering DepartmentPortugal",,,"Elsevier Ltd",,,,,09500618,,CBUME,,"English","Constr Build Mater",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84946105766
"Ribeiro T., Oliveira D.V., Bracci S.","57203569842;9249985900;6603590525;","The Use of Contact Sponge Method to Measure Water Absorption in Earthen Heritage Treated with Water Repellents",2022,"International Journal of Architectural Heritage","16","1",,"85","96",,4,"10.1080/15583058.2020.1751344","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85084293284&doi=10.1080%2f15583058.2020.1751344&partnerID=40&md5=fb8c911bf9af38dd1ed865566ad71c43","Department of Conservation and Restoration, Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal ISISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal; ISISE IB-S, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal; Institute of Science for Cultural Heritage, ISPC-CNR, Florence, Italy","Ribeiro, T., Department of Conservation and Restoration, Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal ISISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal; Oliveira, D.V., ISISE IB-S, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal; Bracci, S., Institute of Science for Cultural Heritage, ISPC-CNR, Florence, Italy","Earthen heritage represents an important legacy regarding construction history and technological development, with a significant cultural value that must be preserved. According to UNESCO, around 10% of the World Heritage is built using earth, and 57% of these heritage structures are in danger. Although the interest regarding earthen heritage has grown in the last few years, there is still a significant lack of knowledge in terms of material characterization, especially from conservation science point-of-view. In particular, tests regarding water absorption are always difficult to perform with a material that changes completely when in contact with water. Indeed, due to the presence of clay particles, a normal capillarity test is almost impossible to perform. Moreover, water is responsible for a significant number of degradation phenomena often found in earthen heritage. As a result, there is an urgent need to develop suitable water repellent treatments and to evaluate their efficiency. For this reason, this study focuses on the contact sponge method to assess water absorption rates for adobe and for rammed earth specimens treated with three different water repellents — siloxane, linseed oil, and beeswax. Two sets of specimens were prepared and tested, showing that this method can represent an effective way to measure initial water absorption in earthen materials, and promising results from the tested water repellent treatments were found. © 2020 Taylor & Francis.","Contact sponge method; earthen heritage; water absorption; water repellents","History; Water treatment; Waterproofing; Conservation science; Construction history; Heritage structures; Material characterizations; Technological development; Water absorption rates; Water repellent treatment; Water repellents; Water absorption; absorption; capillarity; cultural heritage; detection method; measurement method; UNESCO; World Heritage Site",,,,,"Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, FCT: PD/BD/114411/2016, PTDC/ECM-EST/2777/2014","This work was supported by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia [PD/BD/114411/2016,PTDC/ECM-EST/2777/2014]. The support from grant PD/BD/114411/2016 is gratefully acknowledged. This work was partly financed by FEDER funds through the Operational Program Competitiveness Factors (COMPETE 2020) and by national funds through the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) within the scope of project SafEarth PTDC/ECM-EST/2777/2014 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016737).",,,,,,,,,,"Aguilar, R., Nakamatsu, J., Ramírez, E., Elgegren, M., Ayarza, J., Kim, S., Pando, M.A., Ortega-San-Martin, L., The potential use of chitosan as a biopolymer additive for enhanced mechanical properties and water resistance of earthen construction (2016) Construction and Building Materials, 114, pp. 625-637. , et al; Barrow, J., A century of earthen architectural conservation in American Southwest National Parks (2009) International Conference Mediterra 2009, 1st Mediterranean Conference on Earthen Architecture, pp. 337-350; Brandi, C., (2006) Teoria do Restauro, , Edições Orion; Canivell, J., Graciani, A., Critical analysis of interventions in historical rammed-earth walls—military buildings in the ancient Kingdom of Seville (2012) Rammed Earth Conservation - Proceedings of the first international conference on rammed earth conservation, RESTAPIA 2012, pp. 289-295. , Valencia, Spain: June, 21-23, and; 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Mileto, C., Vegas, F., (2017) Proyecto COREMANS: Criterios de intervención en la arquitectura de tierra; Ribeiro, T., Oliveira, D.V., Lourenço, P.B., Natural and Synthetic Consolidants for Earth Heritage: A Review (2019) Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions, 18 (3), pp. 2007-2015; Rocha, M., (2015) Técnicas de Construção com Terra, uma introdução, , Lisboa: Argumentum; Schroeder, H., (2016) Sustainable Building with Earth, , Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; Scrivano, S., Gaggero, L., Non-invasive analytical technique to address water uptake on stone surfaces: The implemented Contact Sponge Method (i-CSM) (2017) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 28, pp. 9-15; Siegesmund, S., Snethlage, R., (2014) Stone in Architecture, Properties, Durability, , Berlim: Springer, and, Eds; Silveira, D., Varum, H., Costa, A., Neto, C., Survey of the Facade Walls of Existing Adobe Buildings (2016) International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 10 (7), pp. 867-886; Skempton, A.W., The Colloidal ‘Activity’ of Clays (1953) Selected papers on soil mechanics, (P I), pp. 60-64; Tabasso, M.L., Simon, S., Laurenzi Tabasso, M., Testing methods and criteria for the selection/evaluation of products for the conservation of porous building materials (2006) Review of Conservation, 3630 (7), pp. 67-82; Tavares, A., Costa, A., Rocha, F., Velosa, A., Absorbent materials in waterproofing barriers, analysis of the role of diatomaceous earth (2016) Construction and Building Materials, 102, pp. 125-132; (2011) Beni culturali - Materiali lapidei naturali ed artificiali - Misura della capacità di assorbimento di acqua mediante spugna di contatto, 11432. , 5972936; Vandevoorde, D., Pamplona, M., Schalm, O., Vanhellemont, Y., Cnudde, V., Verhaeven, E., Contact sponge method: Performance of a promising tool for measuring the initial water absorption (2009) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 10 (1), pp. 41-47; Vissac, A., Bourgès, A., Gandreau, D., Anger, R., Fontaine, L., (2017) Argiles & Biopolymères","Ribeiro, T.; Department of Conservation and Restoration, Portugal; email: telmachito@gmail.com",,,"Taylor and Francis Ltd.",,,,,15583058,,,,"English","Int. J. Archit. Herit.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85084293284
"Moriset S., Rakotomamonjy B., Gandreau D.","56344667000;57204314894;56368629500;","Can earthen architectural heritage save us?",2021,"Built Heritage","5","1","19","","",,4,"10.1186/s43238-021-00041-x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85118849206&doi=10.1186%2fs43238-021-00041-x&partnerID=40&md5=50fc553aae50348984dfc78c2cbb05e2","Centre international de la construction en terre, Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’architecture de Grenoble, CRAterre, CS 12636 - 38036 GRENOBLE, Cedex 2, France","Moriset, S., Centre international de la construction en terre, Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’architecture de Grenoble, CRAterre, CS 12636 - 38036 GRENOBLE, Cedex 2, France; Rakotomamonjy, B., Centre international de la construction en terre, Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’architecture de Grenoble, CRAterre, CS 12636 - 38036 GRENOBLE, Cedex 2, France; Gandreau, D., Centre international de la construction en terre, Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’architecture de Grenoble, CRAterre, CS 12636 - 38036 GRENOBLE, Cedex 2, France","Contemporary architecture seems to turn its back on the past in terms of the raw materials taken from the environment, their transformation into building components and the way they are assembled to create buildings. The global challenge of preserving the environment forces us to rethink the way we produce architecture today. Within this challenge, the past shows us possible ways to fill the gap between tradition and modernity. However, we need to understand what motivates people to abandon ancestral materials and knowledge for materials that they cannot manufacture or use themselves. Is this transformation to industrial materials and forms irreversible? Is there nothing we can learn from our rich past? How can we revive endogenous knowledge to produce environmentally wise architecture? These are the questions that the authors, who have been working on the revival of earthen heritage for over 20 years, wish to answer. © 2021, The Author(s).","Earthen architecture; Endogenous knowledge; Learning from the past; Sustainable architecture",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Alva, B., Doat, P., Guillaud, H., Houben, H., Joffroy, T., Odul, T., Pascal, J., Marietrappeniers, M., CRAterre-EAG, ICCROM long term plan for the preservation of the earthen architectural heritage: The GAIA project (1990) Sixth International Conference on the Conservation of Earthen Architecture (Adobe 90), GCI, Museum of New Mexico State Monuments, , ICCROM, CRAterre-EAG, U.S. National Park Service, ICOMOS-ISCEAH. 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Grenoble: Université Grenoble Alpes; David, G., Bakonirina Rakotomamonjy, G.P., Dora Studer, E.R., Thierry, J., (2018), Réhabilitation et valorisation du bâti en pisé: Guide à destination des collectivités territoriales. Villefontaine: CRAterre éditions; Guillaud, H., (2019) The art of Earth architecture: Past, present, future, , Translated by Jean Dethier and Matthew Clarke, New York, Princeton Architectural Press; Houben, H., l’architecture de terre, Une discipline à part entière? (2011) Terra 2008: The 10th international conference on the study and conservation of earthen architectural heritage, pp. 1-4. , Leslie R, Rivera A B, David G, (eds), Getty Conservation Institute/Getty Publication, Los Angeles; Monteil, K., UNESCO’s actions for the conservation of earthen architecture with the implication of local communities (2014) Conservation des architectures de terre sur les sites archéologiques: nouvelles pratiques et perspectives, pp. 36-43. , David G, Chamsia S, (eds), CRAterre, Villefontaine; Moriset, S., Joffroy, M., Beguin, H., Guillaud, A., Missepointet, M., (2018) Réhabiliter Le pisé: Vers Des Pratiques adaptées, , Arles: Actes sud; Bernard, R., (1964) Architecture without architects, , New York, The Museum of Modern Art","Moriset, S.; Centre international de la construction en terre, CRAterre, CS 12636 - 38036 GRENOBLE, France; email: sebastien.moriset@grenoble.archi.fr",,,"Springer Science and Business Media B.V.",,,,,20963041,,,,"English","Built Herit.",Review,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85118849206
"Perić A., Kraus I., Kaluđer J., Kraus L.","57229805300;37661616400;57206939134;57229995700;","Experimental campaigns on mechanical properties and seismic performance of unstabilized rammed earth—A literature review",2021,"Buildings","11","8","367","","",,4,"10.3390/buildings11080367","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85113366159&doi=10.3390%2fbuildings11080367&partnerID=40&md5=72aed57cf4d9cd4159a9e9e01991ca6c","Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 3, Osijek, 31000, Croatia","Perić, A., Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 3, Osijek, 31000, Croatia; Kraus, I., Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 3, Osijek, 31000, Croatia; Kaluđer, J., Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 3, Osijek, 31000, Croatia; Kraus, L., Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 3, Osijek, 31000, Croatia","Earthen architecture has a significant share in the world’s fund of both residential architecture and cultural heritage. It provides a home to more than half of the world’s population and can be found in seismically active areas. Empirically acquired knowledge on building with rammed earth (RE) has usually been passed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, with no written scientific grant for the load-bearing capacity and resistance of structural elements. Today, many countries still do not have standards for the design of RE structures. In the development of new as well as existing design standards, the results of experimental research play a significant role. The focus of this study was on unstabilized RE, which is locally available material with low embodied energy. This paper elaborates experimental campaigns, within which meticulous techniques were employed to provide new knowledge on RE for use in earthquake-prone areas. Furthermore, this paper includes: (i) ranges of values of mechanical properties determined on RE specimens from all over the world; (ii) a comparative summary of experimental research conducted on walls and buildings to assess their seismic performance; (iii) an overview of standards and testing methods used in experiments; and (iv) recommendations for further research. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.","Experimental tests; Mechanical properties; Seismic performance; State-of-art; Unstabilized rammed earth",,,,,,"Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost, HRZZ: UIP-2020–02-7363","Funding: This research and the APC was funded by Croatian Science Foundation, under the project UIP-2020–02-7363 Rammed earth for modelling and standardization in seismically active areas—REforMS.",,,,,,,,,,"Miccoli, L., Drougkas, A., Müller, U., In-plane behaviour of rammed earth under cyclic loading: Experimental testing and finite element modelling (2016) Eng. 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"Carrobé A., Rincón L., Martorell I.","57207741909;35800172800;26029944400;","Thermal monitoring and simulation of earthen buildings. A review",2021,"Energies","14","8","2080","","",,4,"10.3390/en14082080","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85106207306&doi=10.3390%2fen14082080&partnerID=40&md5=144009d9cd4efda70dc2c28756815166","Sustainable Energy, Machinery and Buildings (SEMB) Research Group, INSPIRES Research Centre, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, 25001, Spain","Carrobé, A., Sustainable Energy, Machinery and Buildings (SEMB) Research Group, INSPIRES Research Centre, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, 25001, Spain; Rincón, L., Sustainable Energy, Machinery and Buildings (SEMB) Research Group, INSPIRES Research Centre, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, 25001, Spain; Martorell, I., Sustainable Energy, Machinery and Buildings (SEMB) Research Group, INSPIRES Research Centre, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, 25001, Spain","Since ancient times, raw earth has been used worldwide as a construction material. Today, it is well known for its good environmental properties of recyclability and low embodied energy along the production process. Earthen walls regulate the interior temperature of the buildings, providing comfortable temperatures with a very low carbon footprint. As a result of those advantages, earthen building techniques have been revived and used for contemporary architecture. The aim of this paper is to review the state of the art about the thermal behaviour of earthen building, including all the monitoring and simulation analysis of real earthen constructions up to now. The paper presents the different earthen techniques known nowadays, analysing the most important thermal parameters and the thermal comfort achieved with each technique. Regardless the wide differences among the analyzed cases, the authors conclude that earth building is a suitable solution in hot and arid climates, since it preserves the indoor temperature within the thermal comfort limits most part of the time without any active system. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.","Earthen architecture; Earthen building technique; Monitoring; Simulation; Thermal com-fort; Thermal inertia","Buildings; Carbon footprint; Thermal comfort; Comfortable temperature; Contemporary architectures; Earthen constructions; Environmental property; Hot and arid climates; Interior temperature; Production process; Simulation analysis; Building materials",,,,,"Generalitat de Catalunya: 2017 SGR 659","Funding: The work was partially funded by the Catalan Government under grant agreement (2017 SGR 659).",,,,,,,,,,"Coch, H., Bioclimatism in Vernacular Architecture (1998) Renew. Sustain. 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Simul","Martorell, I.; Sustainable Energy, Spain; email: ingrid.martorell@udl.cat",,,"MDPI AG",,,,,19961073,,,,"English","Energies",Review,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85106207306
"Zami M.S.","35390510700;","Enablers supporting acceptance of earth-based material in UK urban housing sector",2021,"Architectural Engineering and Design Management","17","1-2",,"92","109",,4,"10.1080/17452007.2020.1833830","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85092761886&doi=10.1080%2f17452007.2020.1833830&partnerID=40&md5=f6bc1d4f1428223f5790630415c5c243","Department of Architecture, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","Zami, M.S., Department of Architecture, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","Earth is not widely used in the UK and a vast majority of local construction professionals are unaware of the potential of contemporary earthen architecture and construction. A number of interrelated factors (inhibitors) render earth globally unpopular, and, in the UK in particular, earth is not readily exploited. Certain factors (enablers), no doubt, may increase the acceptance level of earthen construction and technology, and a key aim of this article is to deliver an in-depth investigation and present a clear understanding of how certain enablers may support the widespread acceptance of earth-based material in the context of UK urban housing. In order to achieve this aim, an Interpretivist research philosophy was employed. It comprises a detailed review of the current literature and Delphi method (designed to identify generic enablers that may support acceptance of earth); in-depth interviews employed to validate and contribute to an extensive list of drivers that may promote the widespread acceptance of earth in the background of UK urban housing. A number of interrelated enablers such as offering earth-based material courses in universities, organizing training programmes for all stakeholders, promoting earth building via British media, increased funding on earth construction innovation and exhibiting exemplar earth architecture are found to be the key enablers of acceptance of earth in the UK urban housing. However, this study recommends that implementing all these enablers along with constructing exemplar earth structures in all local areas of the UK would increase public acceptance of earth. © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.","building material; earth; Enablers; environmental sustainability; urban housing","Housing; Construction professionals; Earth construction; Earth structures; Earthen architectures; Earthen constructions; In-depth interviews; Public acceptance; Training programmes; Construction",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Adams, C., The realities of specifying environmental building materials (2005) Alternative construction: Contemporary natural building methods, , Elizabeth L., Adams C., (eds), New York, USA: John Wiley and Sons, Inc,. (Eds), p.9-18; Adegun, O.B., Adedeji, Y.M.D., Review of economic and environmental benefits of earthen materials for housing in Africa (2017) Frontiers of Architectural Research, 6 (4), pp. 519-528; Adler, M., Ziglio, E., (1996) Gazing into the oracle: The Delphi method and its application to social policy and public health, , London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers; Antonelli, C., (2013), https://issuu.com/xristinanto/docs/christina_antonelli_dissertation_fi, Review of rammed earth buildings the UK. A thesis submitted the fulfilment of MSc sustainable architecture studies. School of Architecture, University of Sheffield, UK. Retrieved from; Augarde, C.E., Beckett, C.T.S., Smith, J.C., Corbin, A.J., (2016), http://www.e3s-, Challenges treating earthen construction materials as unsaturated soils. E3S Web of Conferences 9, 03002, E-UNSAT. Retrieved from, conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2016/04/e3sconf_eunsat2016_03002.pdf (20 August 2019). :10.1051/e3sconf/20160903002; Baiche, B., Osmani, M., Hadjri, K., Chifunda, C., (2008), January 16–18). Attitude towards earth construction the developing world: A case study from Zambia. CIB W107 Construction Developing World Countries International Symposium. Construction Developing Countries: Procurement, Ethics and Technology. Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies; Barbosa, N.P., da Silva, A., Leal, J.V.F., (2018), http://cst.iisc.ac.in/ises2018/, August 22–24). Alkaline Stabilisation of Adobe and Sustainability. International Symposium on Earthen Structures (ISES2018), p. 3. JRD Tata Auditorium, National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), Bangalore, India; Blondet, M., Aguilar, R., (2007), August 22–24). Seismic protection of earthen buildings. International Symposium on Earthen Structures, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Interline Publishing, India; Boyce, C., Neale, P., (2006), http://www.pathfind.org/site/DocServer/m_e_tool_series_indepth_interviews.pdf?docID=6301, Conducting in-depth interview: a guide for designing and conducting in-depth interviews for evaluation input. Pathfinder International Tool Series, Monitoring and Evaluation2. USA; Castells, S.B., Laperal, E.H., (2007), August 22–24). Spanish architects working on earth. International Symposium on Earthen Structures, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Interline Publishing, India; Collis, J., Hussey, R., (2003) Business research: A practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students, , 2nd ed, New York: Palgrave Macmillan; (2019), https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/UK-housing-Fit-for-the-future-CCC-2019.pdf, UK housing: Fit for the future? February 2019, UK. Retrieved from; Cooke, L., (2011), Earthen architecture the United Kingdom: earth building the UK. Terra Europae: earthen architecture the European Union, (189–191). Edizioni ETS, Italy. 9788846729576. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/mdszami/Downloads/TERRA%20EUROPAE%20(1).pdf; Czinkota, M.R., Ronkainen, I.A., International business and trade in the next decade: Report from a Delphi study (1997) Journal of International Business Studies, 28 (4), pp. 827-844; (2020), http://www.earthstructures.co.uk/history.htm, A very brief history, the retro movement. Retrieved from; Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R., Lowe, A., (2002) Management research: An introduction, , 2nd ed, London: Sage Publications; Easton, D., (1996) The rammed earth house, , White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Publishing Company; Eisenberg, D., A new context for building codes and regulation (2005) Alternative construction: Contemporary natural building methods, p. 19-36, , Elizabeth L., Adams C., (eds), New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc,. (Eds; Elizabeth, L., The natural building movement (2005) Alternative construction: Contemporary natural building methods, p. 3-8, , Elizabeth L., Adams C., (eds), New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc,. (Eds; (2006), Sustainable Construction: Position Statement; Gramlich, A.N., (2013), A concise history of the use of the rammed earth building technique including information on methods of preservation, repair and maintenance. A thesis submitted the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, interdisciplinary studies program: historic preservation, Graduate School of the University of Oregon, USA; Houben, H., Doat, P., Fontaine, L., Anger, R., Aedo, W.C., Olagnon, C., Damme, H.V., (2007), August 22–24). Innovative approaches educational pedagogy for earthen architecture. International Symposium on Earthen Structures, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Interline Publishing, India; Husain, S.F., (2018), http://cst.iisc.ac.in/ises2018/, August 22–24). Superadobe technology and building systemsA review. International Symposium on Earthen Structures (ISES2018), p. 180. JRD Tata Auditorium, National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), Bangalore, India; (2000), Terra Britannica: A celebration of earthen structures Great Britain and Ireland. James & James, 1-902916-13-1; Jagadish, K.S., (2007), August 22–24). Earth construction today: prospects and tasks. International Symposium on Earthen Structures, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Interline Publishing, India; Jaquin, P.A., (2008), http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2169/, Analysis of historic rammed earth construction,. Doctoral thesis submitted to the Durham University the fulfilment of PhD degree, UK. Retrieved from; Jaquin, P.A., (2020), https://historicrammedearth.wordpress.com/new-build/uk/, Historic rammed earth: UK. Retrieved from; King, B., (1996) Buildings of earth and straw: Structural design for rammed earth and straw-bale architecture, , CA, USA: Ecological Design Press; Kulatunga, U., (2008), Influence of performance management towards construction research and development. PhD thesis, BUHU, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK; Kulshreshtha, Y., Mota, N.J.A., Jagadish, K.S., Bredenoord, J., Vardon, P.J., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., Jonkers, H.M., The potential and current status of earthen material for low-cost housing in rural India (2020) Construction and Building Materials, 247, p. 118615; Linstone, H., Turoff, M., Introduction (1975) The Delphi method: Techniques and applications, , Linstone, Turoff, (eds), London: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, &,. (Eds; Mack, N., Woodsong, C., MacQueen, K.M., Guest, G., Namey, E., (2005), Qualitative research methods: A data collector’s field guide. NC, USA: USAID, Family Health International; Minke, G., (2006) Building with earth, design and technology of a sustainable architecture. Birkhauser publishers for architecture, , Berlin, Boston: Basel; Morel, J.-C., (2018), http://cst.iisc.ac.in/ises2018/, August 22–24). Building with unstabilised earth the XXIth century. International Symposium on Earthen Structures (ISES2018), Keynote paper/Abstracts section, p. 48., 2018. JRD Tata Auditorium, National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), Bangalore, India; Morton, T., (2007), August 22–24). Towards the development of contemporary Earth Construction the UK: drivers and benefits of Earth Masonry as a Sustainable Mainstream Construction Technique. International Symposium on Earthen Structures, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Interline Publishing, India; (2019), https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/843468/National_Design_Guide.pdf, Planning practice guidance for beautiful, enduring and successful places. London, UK: Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government. Retrieved from; Norton, J., (1997) Building with earth: A handbook, , 2nd ed, London, UK: Intermediate Technology Publications; Reddy, B.V.V., Mani, M., Walker, P., (2019), Earthen dwellings and structures: current status their Adoption. Springer Transactions Civil and Environmental Engineering. Preface, p. VII, Introduction, p. xxv. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 978-981-13-5882-1 978-981-13-5883-8 (eBook; Skulmoski, G.J., Hartman, F.T., Krahn, J., The Delphi method for graduate research (2007) Journal of Information Technology Education, 6; Walker, P., Keable, R., Martin, J., Maniatidis, V., (2005) Rammed earth: Design and construction guidelines, , UK: BRE Bookshop; Wilson, W., Barton, C., (2020), Tackling the under-supply of housing England, briefing paper, Number 07671, 9 March 2020. House of Commons Library. UK. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/mdszami/Downloads/CBP-7671%20(1).pdf; Zabickova, I., Ruzicka, J., (2018), Earth construction the Czech Republic. Earth Construction and Tradition (2), p. 117. 978-3-900265-37-3, Institute of History of Art, Building Archaeology and Restoration at the Vienna University of Technology cooperation with IVA–ICRA the Institute of Comparative Research Architecture. Print: Buchdrucker, Druck und Graphikservice GmbH, Vienna, Austria; Zami, M.S., Drivers that help adopting of stabilised earth construction to address urban low cost housing crisis–An understanding by construction professionals (2011) Environment, Development and Sustainability, 13 (6), pp. 993-1006. , http://www.springerlink.com/content/a50433lv3p218p32/, –,. Springer, Netherlands; Zami, M.S., (2015), http://www.scientific.net/KEM.632.119, Drivers and their relationship with inhibitors influencing the adoption of stabilised earth construction to alleviate urban housing crisis Zimbabwe., Key Engineering Materials, 632, 119–144. Special volume on Materials and Technologies for Green Construction. :10.4028/; Zami, M.S., (2018), A conceptual framework by construction professionals to understand the factors influencing adoption of stabilised earth to address urban low cost housing crisis., Earth construction and tradition, (2), 339–358. 978-3-900265-37-3, Institute of History of Art, Building Archaeology and Restoration at the Vienna University of Technology cooperation with IVA–ICRA the Institute of Comparative Research Architecture. Print: Buchdrucker, Druck und Graphikservice GmbH, Vienna, Austria","Zami, M.S.; Department of Architecture, Saudi Arabia; email: mdszami@kfupm.edu.sa",,,"Taylor and Francis Ltd.",,,,,17452007,,,,"English","Arch. Eng. Des.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85092761886
"Zami M.S.","35390510700;","A conceptual framework outlining factors affecting the acceptance of earth as a sustainable building material in the United Kingdom",2020,"European Journal of Sustainable Development","9","3",,"241","256",,4,"10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n3p241","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85091813839&doi=10.14207%2fejsd.2020.v9n3p241&partnerID=40&md5=d788c9ada599a711d2c0901fa150f482","Department of Architecture, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","Zami, M.S., Department of Architecture, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","Despite the fact that contemporary earth construction may open up new avenues to cutting down CO2 emissions, a review of literature reveals that there is sparse research to date identifying reasons behind why there may be resistance to earth construction as a sustainable construction material in the United Kingdom. The aim of this paper is to formulate a conceptual framework that facilitates a clearer understanding of factors affecting the acceptance of earth as a sustainable material in the UK. To achieve this aim, this study adopted a research methodological framework comprising of an extensive review of literature, the Delphi technique, and in-depth interviews. The conceptual framework provides insight into factors related to the UK context specifically including a lack of technological innovation, resources, well-established supply chain networks, training facilities in universities and building codes. These issues may be addressed through the promotion of earthen architecture as a method of cutting CO2 emissions and introducing earth construction modules in relevant degree programs. © 2020 The Authors. Journal Compilation.","Building material; Conceptual framework; Earth; Environmental sustainability; Factors",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Adams, Cassandra, Lynne, Elisabeth, The realities of specifying environmental building materials (2005) Alternative construction: contemporary natural building methods, , ed. by Elizabeth Lynne and Cassandra Adams, New York (John Wiley and Sons, Inc); Adam, E. A., Agib, A. R. A., (2001) Compressed Stabilised Earth Block Manufacture in Sudan, , Paris (UNESCO); Adler, M., Ziglio, E., (1996) Gazing into the oracle: The Delphi Method and its application to social policy and public health, , London (Jessica Kingsley Publishers); Alphonse, S., General report, Appropriate Building Materials for Low cost Housing, African region (1985) Proceedings of a symposium held in Nairobi, Kenya, 1983, , London, New York, II (E. and F. N. SPON); Baiche, B., Osmani, M., Hadjri, K., Chifunda, C., Attitude towards earth construction in the developing world: a case study from Zambia. CIB W107 Construction in Developing World Countries International Symposium (2008) Construction in Developing countries: Procurement, Ethics and Technology, , January 16-18, 2008, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies; Blondet, M., Aguilar, Rafael, Seismic protection of earthen buildings (2007) International Symposium on Earthen Structures, , Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, August 22-24, year (Interline Publishing); Boyce, C., Neale, P., Conducting In-Depth Interview: a guide for designing and conducting In-Depth Interviews for evaluation input (2006) Pathfinder International Tool Series, monitoring and evaluation – 2. USA, , http://www.pathfind.org/site/DocServer/m_e_tool_series_indepth_interviews.pdf?docID=6301; Cassell, R. O., (1993) A traditional research paper: Rammed Earth Construction, The compaction of successive layers of earth between forms to build a wall, , http://webs.ashlandctc.org/jnapora/hum-faculty/syllabi/trad.html, access on 12.08.2007; Castells, S. B., Laperal, E. H., Spanish architects working on earth (2007) International Symposium on Earthen Structures, , Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, August 22-24, year (Interline Publishing); Chaudhury, S., Promotion of earthen structures in housing – the issue of “acceptability” (2007) International Symposium on Earthen Structures, , Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, August 22-24, year (Interline Publishing); Czinkota, M. Ronkainen, International business and trade in the next decade: Report from a Delphi study (1997) Journal of International Business Studies, 28 (4), pp. 827-844; Damme, Henri Van, Terra Incognita? Terra Incognita preserving European earthen architecture (2008), p. 9. , page Argumentum, Culture Lab Edition. Culture 2000 programme. ISBN 978-972-8479-55-8, ISBN 978-2-9600527-4-9, Portugal; Delbeq, A., Van de Ven, A., Gustafson, D. H., (1975) Group techniques for program planning: A guide to nominal group and Delphi processes, , Glenview, USA (Scott, Foresman and Company); Easton, David, (1996) The Rammed Earth House, Vermont, , (Chelsea Publishing Company, White River Junction); Eisenberg, D., (2005) A new context for building codes and regulation. Alternative construction: contemporary natural building methods, , Edited by L. Elizabeth & C. Adams. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, USA; Elizabeth, L., (2005) The natural building movement. Alternative construction: contemporary natural building methods, , Edited by L. Elizabeth & C. Adams. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, USA; Frescura, F., (1981) Rural Shelter in Southern Africa, , Ravon Press, Johannesburg, RSA; Habert, Guillaume, Building to heal (2018) International Symposium on Earthen Structures (ISES2018), p. 44. , http://cst.iisc.ac.in/ises2018/, Page 22-24 August, 2018. JRD Tata Auditorium, National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), Bangalore, India. Organised by the University of Bath, Coventry and Durham University, Universite De Lyon, Centre for Sustainable Technologies (CST), Indian Institute of Science (IIS), LEHM Project Team Dachverband Lehm e.V., KSCST, ENTPE; Hadjri, K., Osmani, M., Baiche, B., Chifunda, C., Attitude towards earth building for Zambian housing provision (2007) Proceedings of the ICE institution of civil engineers, engineering sustainability, 160. , ES3; Houben, Hugo, Guillaud, Hubert, (1994) Earth construction, , 1989, London (Intermediate Technology publications); Houben, H., Innovative approaches in educational pedagogy for earthen architecture (2007) International Symposium on Earthen Structures, , Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 22-24 August. Interline Publishing, India; Howieson, S., (2005) Housing & Asthma, , Spon Press, ISBN 0-415-33646-5; Jagadish, K. S., Earth construction today: prospects and tasks (2007) International Symposium on Earthen Structures, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 2007, pp. 22-24. , August. (Interline Publishing); Jayasinghe, C., Stabilised earth in load bearing walls and other applications (2018) International Symposium on Earthen Structures (ISES2018), , http://cst.iisc.ac.in/ises2018/, Page 34. 22-24 August, 2018. JRD Tata Auditorium, National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), Bangalore, India. Organised by the University of Bath, Coventry and Durham University, Universite De Lyon, Centre for Sustainable Technologies (CST), Indian Institute of Science (IIS), LEHM Project Team Dachverband Lehm e.V., KSCST, ENTPE; Kateregga, J. K., Improvement and use of earth construction products for low cost housing. Appropriate Building Materials for Low cost Housing, African region (1983) Proceedings of a symposium held in Nairobi, Kenya, 1983, , one. E. & F. N. SPON, London, New York; King, B., (1996) Buildings of earth and straw: structural design for rammed earth and straw-bale architecture, , Ecological Design Press, California, USA; Lal, A. K., (1995) Handbook of low cost housing, , New Age International Publishers, New Delhi, India; Linstone, H., Turoff, M., Introduction (1975), the Delphi Method: Techniques and Applications Linstone and Turoff (Eds) Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, London; Mack, N., Woodsong, C., MacQueen, K. M., Guest, G., Namey, E., (2005) Qualitative research methods: A data collector’s field guide, , USAID, Family Health International, North Carolina, USA; Maini, Satprem, Earthen architecture for sustainable habitat and compressed stabilised earth block technology (2005) Programme of the city on heritage lecture on clay architecture and building techniques by compressed earth, , High Commission of Ryadh City Development, India (The Auroville Earth Institute, Auroville Building Centre); Meingast, R., Feiglstorfer, H., A conceptual framework by construction professionals to understand the factors influencing adoption of stabilised earth to address urban low cost housing crisis (2018) Earth Construction and Tradition, 2, p. 28. , page ISBN 978-3-900265-37-3, Institute of History of Art, Building Archaeology and Restoration at the Vienna University of Technology in cooperation with IVA–ICRA the Institute of Comparative Research in Architecture. Print: Buchdrucker, Druck und Graphikservice GmbH, Hardeggasse 69, A-1220 Vienna, Austria; Morris, J., Booysen, Q., Earth construction in Africa (2000) Proceedings: strategies for a sustainable Built Environment, , Pretoria, 23-25 August; Minke, Garnot, (2006) Building with earth, design and technology of a sustainable architecture, , Birkhauser publishers for architecture. Basel, Berlin, Boston; Morton, Tom, Towards the development of contemporary Earth Construction in the UK: drivers and benefits of Earth Masonry as a Sustainable Mainstream Construction Technique (2007) International Symposium on Earthen Structures, , Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 22-24 August. Interline Publishing, India; Ngowai, Alfred. B., The conflict between survival and sustainability (2000) Proceedings: international conference sustainable building, 2000, , 22-25 October, 2000. Maastricht: Netherlands; Norton, John, (1997) Building with earth: A handbook, , (2nd edition). Intermediate Technology Publications, London, UK; Reddy, B. V., (2018) Preface. International Symposium on Earthen Structures (ISES2018), , http://cst.iisc.ac.in/ises2018/, Venkatarama Page X. 22-24 August, 2018. JRD Tata Auditorium, National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), Bangalore, India. Organised by the University of Bath, Coventry and Durham University, Universite De Lyon, Centre for Sustainable Technologies (CST), Indian Institute of Science (IIS), LEHM Project Team Dachverband Lehm e.V., KSCST, ENTPE; Reddy, B. V. Venkatarama, Mani, Monto, Walker, Pete, Preface, Earthen Dwellings and Structures: current status in their Adoption (2019) Springer Transactions in Civil and Environmental Engineering, , https://www.springer.com/us/book/9789811358821, Page VII, INTRODUCTION, PAGE XXV. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019. 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721; Robinson, S., Houses Dirt Cheap (1939) The Rotarian Aug. 1939: 24. United States, , Department of Agriculture; Skulmoski, G. J., Hartman, F. T., The Delphi method: Researching what does not exist (yet) (2002) Proceedings of the International Research Network on Organization by Projects, IRNOP V Conference, , Renesse, the Netherlands; Skulmoski, Gregory. J., Hartman, Francis, Krahn, Jennifer, The Delphi Method for Graduate Research (2007) Journal of Information Technology Education, 6, pp. 1-22. , http://jite.org/documents/Vol6/JITEv6p001-021Skulmoski212.pdf, California. (Accessed 06.06.2009); Sojkowski, J., (2002) Zambian Vernacular, , Online paper, Architecture Week Website; Walker, Peter, Keable, Rawland, Martin, J., Maniatidis, V., (2005) Rammed earth: Design and Construction Guidelines, , BRE Bookshop, Zimbabwe; Zami, M. S., Counterbalancing benefits and drawbacks of contemporary stabilised earth construction in urban low cost housing by the construction professionals (2011), 5 (2), pp. 49-62. , https://s3.amazonaws.com/media.archnet.org/system/publications/contents/5508/original/DPC2253.pdf?1384794192, Archnet-IJAR, July, International Journal of Architectural Research. Archnet MIT School of Architecture, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. ISSN 1994-6961; Zami, M. S., Inhibitors and its intra-relationship influencing the adoption of stabilised earth construction to alleviate urban housing crisis in Zimbabwe (2014) Open Access Library Journal (OALib Journal), 1, p. e899. , http://www.oalib.com/paper/3104540#.V1fzbdIrLs0, August 2014; Zami, M. S., Drivers and their relationship with inhibitors influencing the adoption of stabilised earth construction to alleviate urban housing crisis in Zimbabwe (2015) Key Engineering Materials, 632, pp. 119-144. , (ISSN: 1662-9795), Pages Special on “Materials and Technologies for Green Construction Published by Trans Tech Publications, Scientific.Net, Material Science and Engineering. Switzerland. http://www.scientific.net/KEM.632.119; Zami, M. S., A conceptual framework by construction professionals to understand the factors influencing adoption of stabilised earth to address urban low cost housing crisis (2018) Earth Construction and Tradition, 2, pp. 339-358. , page ISBN 978-3-900265-37-3, Institute of History of Art, Building Archaeology and Restoration at the Vienna University of Technology in cooperation with IVA–ICRA the Institute of Comparative Research in Architecture. Print: Buchdrucker, Druck und Graphikservice GmbH, Hardeggasse 69, A-1220 Vienna, Austria","Zami, M.S.; Department of Architecture, Saudi Arabia",,,"European Center of Sustainable Development",,,,,22395938,,,,"English","European J. Sustain. Dev.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85091813839
"Lorenzon M., Nitschke J.L., Littman R.J., Silverstein J.E.","56081528400;57222733040;6603845915;26322749000;","Mudbricks, construction methods, and stratigraphic analysis: A case study at tell timai (ancient thmuis) in the egyptian delta",2020,"American Journal of Archaeology","124","1",,"105","131",,4,"10.3764/aja.124.1.0105","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85091429839&doi=10.3764%2faja.124.1.0105&partnerID=40&md5=f186794895f6755c0556ffab0413c3a7","Centre of Excellence in Ancient Near Eastern Empires, University of Helsinki, PL 4 (Fabianinkatu 24), Helsinki, 00014, Finland; Department of Ancient Studies, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Department of Classics, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1890 East–West Road, Honolulu, HI  96822, United States; School of Advanced Studies, University of Tyumen, 8 Marta St, 2k1, Tyumen, 625000, Russian Federation","Lorenzon, M., Centre of Excellence in Ancient Near Eastern Empires, University of Helsinki, PL 4 (Fabianinkatu 24), Helsinki, 00014, Finland; Nitschke, J.L., Department of Ancient Studies, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Littman, R.J., Department of Classics, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1890 East–West Road, Honolulu, HI  96822, United States; Silverstein, J.E., School of Advanced Studies, University of Tyumen, 8 Marta St, 2k1, Tyumen, 625000, Russian Federation","The Graeco-Roman site of Tell Timai (ancient Thmuis) in Lower Egypt is among the largest urban tells in the Nile Delta, boasting substantial amounts of preserved earthen architecture. Although earthen architecture made up the vast majority of public and domestic structures in ancient Egypt, it still does not receive the same analytical attention from archaeologists as other categories of evidence. This paper presents a case study for the archaeological investigation of the earthen architecture at Tell Timai. The goal was to develop a methodology that can be implemented in the field by excavators with little geoarchaeological training and limited laboratory access in order to generate useful data for determining building stratigraphy and studying construction processes. Through the close examination and sampling of three buildings of different periods and scales, we tested a new field methodology combining geoarchaeological techniques and mensiochronology. The results provide information useful for stratigraphy and phasing as well as for identif ying specific patterns of mudbrick manufacturing, production, and construction during the Graeco-Roman period at Tell Timai.1 © University of Chicago Press. All rights reserved.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Ali, Y.S., Massoud, M.M., Modern Technology Applications in the Restoration of an Ancient Mud Brick Houses [sic] in Dakhla Oasis, Egypt (2016) International Journal of Archaeology, 4 (6), pp. 87-94; Aurenche, O., (1981) La maison orientale: L’architecture du Proche-Orient ancien des origines au milieu du quatrième millénaire, , Paris: Geuthner; Ayyad, S., Pierce, R., Krzywinski, K., Mudbrick as a Bearer of Agricultural Information: An Archaeopalynolog-ical Study (1991) Norwegian Archaeological Review, 24 (2), pp. 77-96; Bagnall, R.S., Rathbone, D.W., (2004) Egypt from Alexander to the Early Christians: An Archaeological and Historical Guide, , eds. Los Angeles: Getty Publications; Bailey, D.M., Sebakh, Sherds and Sur vey (1999) JEA, 85 (1), pp. 211-218; Barnard, H., Wendrich, W.Z., Winkels, A., Bos, J.E.M.F., Simpson, B.L., Cappers, R.T.J., The Preservation of Exposed Mudbrick Architecture in Karanis (Kom Aushim), Egypt (2016) JFA, 41 (1), pp. 84-100; Barrell, J., Criteria for the Recognition of Ancient Delta Deposits (1912) Geological Society of America Bulletin, 23 (1), pp. 377-446; Bellue, M., Hendry, G., An Approach to Southwestern Agricultural History Through Adobe Brick Analysis (1936) The University of New Mexico Bulletin, Anthropological Series, 1 (5), pp. 65-72. , Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press; Bennett, J.E., A Troupe of Six Terracotta Acrobat Figurines Found in a Votive Pit at Thmuis (2014) ZÄS, 96 (2), pp. 105-111; Bennett, J.E., Littman, R.J., Silverstein, J., (2016) The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013, , BAR-IS 2834. 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"Zare Shahabadi S., Abbasi Harofteh M., Zare Shahabadi A.","57210152744;56344650300;57210163767;","Relationship of economic and environmental factors with the acceptance of earthen architecture technology: A case study of young educated couples in Yazd, Iran",2019,"Technology in Society","59",,"101152","","",,4,"10.1016/j.techsoc.2019.101152","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85069678105&doi=10.1016%2fj.techsoc.2019.101152&partnerID=40&md5=75fe6244dfa715d1613033f86b308e1b","Department of Art and Architecture, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran; Department of Sociology, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran","Zare Shahabadi, S., Department of Art and Architecture, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran; Abbasi Harofteh, M., Department of Art and Architecture, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran; Zare Shahabadi, A., Department of Sociology, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran","Since time immemorial, earthen architecture has been prevalent in Yazd; however, in spite of its merits and benefits, tendency for it has decreased over recent decades. The main objective of this research is to clarify the relationship of economic and environmental factors with the acceptance of newly built earthen houses. The research is a cross-sectional study conducted through a survey method. The sample population consisted of 145 young educated couples in Yazd selected based on the Cochran formula and through a multi-stage cluster sampling procedure. The results showed that the acceptance of newly built earthen houses among the respondents was higher than average. The perceived usefulness of this architecture in terms of both economic and environmental factors had a positive and significant correlation with the acceptance of that, while none of the demographic variables associated with acceptance. Using the regression model, environmental and then economic factors were found to account for 39% of the variance for the acceptance of the earthen architecture. According to these results, it seems that taking environmental and economic factors into consideration can affect people's interest and their acceptance of newly built earthen houses. In this regard, certain architectural solutions are presented in the paper. This research findings provide motivation for further and broader studies in this field. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd","Earthen houses; Economy; Environment; Technology acceptance; Yazd","Architecture; Houses; Regression analysis; Architectural solutions; Cross-sectional study; Demographic variables; Economy; Environment; Environmental factors; Technology acceptance; Yazd; Environmental technology; economics; environmental factor; Iran; Yazd",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Morton, T., Bennetts, R., Earth Masonry: Design and Construction Guidelines (2008), IHS BRE Press; (2009) World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), , https://www.wbcsd.org, [Online]. 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Soc.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85069678105
"Genovese L., Varriale R., Luvidi L., Fratini F.","57217397629;57226073909;7801519499;6602728244;","Italy and China sharing best practices on the sustainable development of small underground settlements",2019,"Heritage","2","1","53","","",,4,"10.3390/heritage2010053","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85110321356&doi=10.3390%2fheritage2010053&partnerID=40&md5=1ccb648e5e30fe227b36dc544ae0f700","CNR—Institute for the Conservation and the Valorization of Cultural Heritage, Milan, 20125, Italy; CNR—Institute of Studies on Mediterranean Societies, Naples, 80134, Italy; CNR—Institute for the Conservation and the Valorization of Cultural Heritage, Monterotondo St., 00015, Italy; CNR—Institute for the Conservation and the Valorization of Cultural Heritage, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy","Genovese, L., CNR—Institute for the Conservation and the Valorization of Cultural Heritage, Milan, 20125, Italy; Varriale, R., CNR—Institute of Studies on Mediterranean Societies, Naples, 80134, Italy; Luvidi, L., CNR—Institute for the Conservation and the Valorization of Cultural Heritage, Monterotondo St., 00015, Italy; Fratini, F., CNR—Institute for the Conservation and the Valorization of Cultural Heritage, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy","Both Southern Italy and Central China feature historic rural settlements characterized by underground constructions with residential and service functions. Many of these areas are currently tackling economic, social and environmental problems, resulting in unemployment, disengagement, depopulation, marginalization or loss of cultural and biological diversity. Both in Europe and in China, policies for rural development address three core areas of intervention: agricultural competitiveness, environmental protection and the promotion of rural amenities through strengthening and diversifying the economic base of rural communities. The challenge is to create innovative pathways for regeneration based on raising awareness to inspire local rural communities to develop alternative actions to reduce poverty while preserving the unique aspects of their local environment and culture. In this view, cultural heritage can be a catalyst for the sustainable growth of the rural community. Through a series of projects on a national and international scale, the authors have addressed some of these problems by exchanging best practices in conservation, sustainable use and the enhancement of the underground heritage. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.","Conservation; Earthen architecture; Enhancement; Regeneration; Underground settlements",,,,,,"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNR","Funding: This research was funded by the National Research Council of Italy (CNR) within the context of a Bilateral Agreement of Scientific and Technological Cooperation between the National Research Council of Italy (CNR) and the Chinese Academy of Cultural Heritage (CACH).",,,,,,,,,,"Vegas, F., Mileto, C., Cristini, V., Ruiz Checa, J.R., Underground cities (2014) Versus-Heritage for Tomorrow: Vernacular Knowledge for Sustainable Architecture, pp. 114-123. , Correia, M., Dipasquale, L., Mecca, S., Eds.; Firenze University Press: Florence, Italy; Varriale, R., Undergrounds in the Mediterranean: Ten urban functions from the “other” side of Mediterranean cultural heritage in a long-term perspective (2014) Glob. Environ, 7, pp. 198-245; Porfyriou, H., Genovese, L., (2017) China and Italy: Sharing Cultural Expertise, , CNR: Rome, Italy; Lapenna, V., Leucci, G., Parise, M., Porfyriou, H., Genovese, L., Varriale, R., A project to promote the importance of the natural and cultural heritage of the underground environment in southern Italy Proceedings of the International Congress of Speleology in Artificial Caves, pp. 128-136. , Cappadocia, Turkey, 6–10 March 2017; Joint Research Projects CNR/CACH in the Triennium 2016–2018, , https://www.cnr.it/en/bilateral-agreements/agreement/49/cach-chinese-academy-of-cultural-heritage, (accessed on 7 December 2018); Tropeano, M., Regional geology and stratigraphy of Matera and surroundings (1999) IGCP 369 Perimediterranean Palaeogeography Workshop, , IGCP: Matera, Italy; Tropeano, M., Sabato, L., Pieri, P., The Quaternary “post-turbidite” sedimentation in the South-Apennines Foredeep (Bradanic Trough—Southern Italy) (2002) Bollettino Soc. Geol. 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(accessed on 7 December 2018); Wells, M., (2009) The Earth-Sheltered House: An Architect’s Sketchbook, , Chelsea Green Publishing Company: White River Junction, VT, USA; Wells, M., (2009) How to Build an Underground House, , Visit Ogden: Ogden, UT, USA; Broere, W., Urban underground space: Solving the problems of today’s cities (2016) Tunnel and Underground Space Technology, pp. 245-248. , Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Risanamento dei “Sassi” di Matera—Atto Parlamentare della Camera dei Deputati n.2141 del 9 Agosto 1951, , http://www.camera.it/_dati/leg01/lavori/stampati/pdf/21410001.pdf, (accessed on 7 December 2018); Varriale, R., Southern underground space: From the history to the future Proceedings of the International Congress of Speleology in Artificial Caves, pp. 548-555. , Cappadocia, Turkey, 6–10 March 2017; http://www.laureano.it/?news=restauro-casa-matera, Restauro Casa Matera. (accessed on 7 December 2018); https://www.giardinidipietra.com/chi-siamo/, Giardini di Pietra. (accessed on 7 December 2018); Wang, G.R., The Innovation and Development about Spatial form of Traditional Cave Dwellings in the Northwest (2014) Adv. Mater. Res, pp. 1316-1319. , 1008, 1009, [CrossRef]; Li, Z.G., Sun, J., Study on the Green Ecological View of the Cave Dwellings and its Innovation and Development (2013) Appl. Mech. Mater, pp. 377-380. , 409, –410, [CrossRef]; Han, W., Li, T., Ecological research configuration of cave architecture in Wang Yu village of Shanxi Province (2014) BTAIJ, 10, pp. 4070-4079; Golany, G.S., (1992) Chinese Earth-Sheltered Dwellings: Indigenous Lessons for Modern Urban Design, , Hawai University Press: Honolulu, HI, USA; Jiaping, L., Wang, G., Liu, Y., An Instance of Critical Regionalism: New Yaodong Dwellings in North-Central China (2002) TDSR, 13, pp. 63-70; Zan, L., Yu, B., Yu, J., Yan, H., Heritage Sites in Contemporary China (2018) Cultural Policies and Management Practices, , Routledge: London, UK","Luvidi, L.; CNR—Institute for the Conservation and the Valorization of Cultural HeritageItaly; email: loredana.luvidi@cnr.it",,,"MDPI",,,,,25719408,,,,"English","Heritage.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85110321356
"Zerboni A., Bernasconi A., Gatto M.C., Ottomano C., Cremaschi M., Mori L.","16302565800;56463690700;56684619600;57202820620;6602545240;36869737700;","Building on an oasis in Garamantian times: Geoarchaeological investigation on mud architectural elements from the excavation of Fewet (Central Sahara, SW Libya)",2018,"Journal of Arid Environments","157",,,"149","167",,4,"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2018.06.010","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85049477840&doi=10.1016%2fj.jaridenv.2018.06.010&partnerID=40&md5=71567782004b527e58d315682c2e57c6","Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra “A. Desio, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 34, Milano, I-20133, Italy; ESRF – The European Synchrotron – Grenoble, France; School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Antichità, Università di Roma ‘La Sapienza’, Via dei Volsci 122, Rome, I-00185, Italy","Zerboni, A., Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra “A. Desio, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 34, Milano, I-20133, Italy; Bernasconi, A., ESRF – The European Synchrotron – Grenoble, France; Gatto, M.C., School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; Ottomano, C., Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra “A. Desio, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 34, Milano, I-20133, Italy; Cremaschi, M., Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra “A. Desio, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 34, Milano, I-20133, Italy; Mori, L., Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Antichità, Università di Roma ‘La Sapienza’, Via dei Volsci 122, Rome, I-00185, Italy","The paper describes the micromorphological and mineralogical properties of earthen architectural elements from the excavation of the Garamantian compound of Fewet (Central Sahara, SW Libya), settled between the 2nd century BC and the 1st century AD, and compares this evidence with a set of samples from historical to modern context of Saharan and Sub-Saharan Africa. At Fewet, the production of mud bricks, plasters, and mortars employed in the building of the compound required raw materials available near the settlement. The earthen elements lack almost completely clay and organic temper, and their main components are quartz grains (sandy to silty) and a calcareous and slightly organic mud, available beside former springs. Only plaster and mortars show the addition (in limited quantity) of finely subdivided vegetal remains to the mixture. The technology for earthen elements used in Garamantian times resembles those today applied at many localities in Sub-Saharan Africa. Finally, our analyses showed that in the last millennia archaeological sediments underwent limited postdepositional weathering, mostly related to solute redistribution after occasional rainfalls. Today, the same process affects traditional mud brick buildings. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd","Earthen architectural structures; Garamantian period; Late Holocene; Saharan oasis; Technological continuity","archaeological evidence; architecture; building; excavation; Holocene; mud; oasis; technological change; Libyan Arab Jamahiriya; Sahara",,,,,"Università degli Studi di Milano, UniMi; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, MOFA: RV_RIC_AT16AZERB-M; Sapienza Università di Roma; Ministero degli Affari Esteri e della Cooperazione Internazionale, MAECI","The research has been carried out under the aegis of the Italian-Libyan Archaeological Mission in the Acacus and Messak, Sapienza University of Rome and Department of Archaeology, Tripoli, at present directed by S. di Lernia. The archaeological project on the Garamantian sites along Wadi Tanezzuft was established by M. Liverani. Main funds for field excavation at Fewet come from Sapienza Università di Roma (Grandi Scavi di Ateneo) and Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DGSP) entrusted to M. Liverani and S. di Lernia. Financial support for thin sections and XRD analyses was provided by Università degli Studi di Milano – Linea B (to A. Zerboni) and the Shelby White – Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications (to L. Mori). Mud bricks from Sudan were collected during an archaeological mission to Central Sudan, directed by D. Usai (CSSeS), who is kindly thanked; funding for travelling in Sudan are from Fondi Speciali per le Ricerche Archeologiche (Univeristy of Milano ) entrusted to AZ: RV_RIC_AT16AZERB-M . We acknowledge J.R. Anderson, R.K. elRasheed, and K.S. Bashir (Co-Directors Berber-Abidiya Archaeological Project) for providing mud bricks from Dangeil. K. Herforth is thanked for providing a mud brick from Mopti. AZ would like to express his gratitude to C. Lancelotti and S. Biagetti for being invited to the Empty spaces or creative interfaces? A multi-scalar perspective on current dryland archaeology meeting held in Barcelona (2017).","The research has been carried out under the aegis of the Italian-Libyan Archaeological Mission in the Acacus and Messak, Sapienza University of Rome and Department of Archaeology, Tripoli, at present directed by S. di Lernia. The archaeological project on the Garamantian sites along Wadi Tanezzuft was established by M. Liverani. Main funds for field excavation at Fewet come from Sapienza Università di Roma (Grandi Scavi di Ateneo) and Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DGSP) entrusted to M. Liverani and S. di Lernia. Financial support for thin sections and XRD analyses was provided by Università degli Studi di Milano – Linea B (to A. Zerboni) and the Shelby White – Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications (to L. Mori). Mud bricks from Sudan were collected during an archaeological mission to Central Sudan, directed by D. Usai (CSSeS), who is kindly thanked; funding for travelling in Sudan are from Fondi Speciali per le Ricerche Archeologiche (Univeristy of Milano) entrusted to AZ: RV_RIC_AT16AZERB-M. We acknowledge J.R. Anderson, R.K. elRasheed, and K.S. Bashir (Co-Directors Berber-Abidiya Archaeological Project) for providing mud bricks from Dangeil. K. Herforth is thanked for providing a mud brick from Mopti. AZ would like to express his gratitude to C. Lancelotti and S. Biagetti for being invited to the Empty spaces or creative interfaces? 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Archaeol. Sci., 31, pp. 1395-1411; Shillito, L.-M., Matthews, W., Geoarchaeological investigations of midden-formation processes in the early to late Neolithic levels at Catalhoyuk, Turkey ca. 8550-8370 cal BP (2013) Geoarchaeology, 28, pp. 25-49; Stevanovic, M., The age of clay: the social dynamics of house destruction (1997) J. Anthropol. Archaeol., 16, pp. 334-395; Stoops, G., Guidelines for analysis and description of soil and regolith thin sections (2003), Soil Science Society of America Madison; Stoops, G., Marcellino, V., Mees, F., Interpretation of Micromorphological Features of Soil and Regoliths (2010), Elsevier Amsterdam; Usai, D., Salvatori, S., The Is.I.A.O. El-salha archaeological project (2002) Sudan & Nubia, 6, pp. 67-72; Varanda, F., Project for the restoration and conservation of the city of djenné. Technical review report (2001), http://museologia.mestrados.ulusofona.pt/TxtFVaranda.pdf, available at: (Accessed 23 December 2017); Walther, H., Lieth, H., Klimadiagramm (1960), Weltatlas. G. Fisher Jena; Zerboni, A., Micromorphology reveals in situ Mesolithic living floors and archaeological features in multiphase sites in central Sudan (2011) Geoarchaeology: Int. J., 26, pp. 365-391; Zerboni, A., Bernasconi, A., Cremaschi, M., Micromorphological study of living floors and mud features from the excavation of Fewet (2013) Life and Death of a Rural Village in Garamantian Times. Archaeological Investigations in the Fewet Oasis (Libyan Sahara) (Pp. 119–138). Arid Zone Archaeology Monographs, 6. , L. Mori Edizioni all'Insegna del Giglio Firenze; Zerboni, A., Mori, L., Bosi, G., Buldrini, F., Bernasconi, A., Gatto, M.C., Mercuri, A.M., Domestic firing activities and fuel consumption in a Saharan oases: micromorphological and archaeobotanical evidence from Fewet (Central Sahara, SW Libya) (2017) J. Arid Environ., 144, pp. 123-138. , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2017.03.012; Zerboni, A., Perego, A., Cremaschi, M., Geomorphological map of the Tadrart Acacus massif and the erg uan kasa (libyan central Sahara) (2015) J. Maps, 11, pp. 772-787; Zerboni, A., Trombino, L., Cremaschi, M., Micromorphological approach to polycyclic pedogenesis on the Messak Settafet plateau (Central Sahara): formative processes and palaeoenvironmental significance (2011) Geomorphology, 125, pp. 319-335","Zerboni, A.; Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra “A. Desio, Via L. Mangiagalli 34, Italy; email: andrea.zerboni@unimi.it",,,"Academic Press",,,,,01401963,,JAEND,,"English","J. Arid Environ.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85049477840
"Domínguez Martínez O., Colmenares Fernández M., García Hermida A.","56367281300;57192978363;55419487100;","Cultural heritage and development: the M’hamid Oasis in Southern Morocco",2017,"Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development","7","1",,"2","13",,4,"10.1108/JCHMSD-05-2016-0030","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85009830499&doi=10.1108%2fJCHMSD-05-2016-0030&partnerID=40&md5=54e13ba0758ec9d3671864aef930c394","Terrachidia Association, Madrid, Spain","Domínguez Martínez, O., Terrachidia Association, Madrid, Spain; Colmenares Fernández, M., Terrachidia Association, Madrid, Spain; García Hermida, A., Terrachidia Association, Madrid, Spain","Purpose: The M’Hamid Oasis is the last of the palm groves in the Drâa Valley, in Southern Morocco. The 13 villages (ksar/ksour in Arabic) in M’Hamid share many sociological, urban, and architectural similarities with the ksour located in the pre-Saharan valleys. These similarities range from environmental threats, such as extreme climate, to the current social and economic model. As a result, the settlements are being abandoned, and the tangible and intangible heritage of the Drâa Valley is in a progressive disappearance. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach: To deal with the complexity of this problem, a progressive approach beginning at the territorial scale must be developed. In this regard, a lasting solution can be found only by promoting development that integrates nature, culture, and architecture, as well as by finding a new balance of these elements within the current social and economic requirements. Findings: This paper presents part of the research conducted by the team of the Terrachidia Association, which allows an overall understanding of the place. To this aim, the new social and economic context of the Drâa Valley is pointed out, as well as the characteristic features of M’Hamid architecture and urbanism. In this regard, the principles and requirements of its conservation are presented, and the project of the Terrachidia Association is also described. Finally, the project’s impact is assessed and the results of the set of interventions are evaluated. Practical implications: Since 2012, the activity of the Terrachidia Association has focussed on the study, promotion, preservation, and restoration of the architectural and cultural heritage of M’Hamid. The main activity of the association focusses on the organization of workshops, which are attended mainly by university students and professionals from around the world. Social implications: In total, 13 workshops were organized since 2012, thanks to the engagement of the local population. In this period, around 300 participants from more than 15 different countries attended these workshops, working with approximately a 100 local craftsmen. All of them share a similar commitment to the work that Terrachidia is developing. These workshops allow the participants to know places and people in a way hardly achievable through conventional tourism. At the same time, this awareness is also achieved in the local population, and cultural exchange strengthens its identity. Originality/value: The purpose of the workshops organized by Terrachidia is manifold, and the participants actively take part in the restoration works while they interact and exchange experiences with a reality that is generally unknown in western societies. The local population also benefits from this cultural exchange by strengthening their identity, which is linked to architecture, and demonstrating the economic possibilities of conservation through responsible tourism. And these aims are achieved through a self-managed project, which benefits all involved. © 2017, © Emerald Publishing Limited.","Cultural heritage; Earthen architecture conservation; Sustainable development",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"(2008) Monographie de la Province de Zagora, , unpublished, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of the Kingdom of Morocco, Rabat; (2015) La Ayuda Oficial al Desarrollo española se incrementará en 2016 hasta un 0.21%, , AECID Press Centre, Madrid; Brenner, N., Theses on urbanization (2013) Public Culture, 25 (1), pp. 85-114; Colmenares Fernández, M., (2014) Los Oasis del Valle del Drâa: consecuencias sociales y ambientales derivadas de las políticas nacionales de explotación del suelo, , Urbanism and Agricultural Systems, Department of Town and Territorial Planning of the School of Architecture of Madrid, Madrid; Colmenares Fernández, M., Domínguez Martínez, O., García Hermida, A., Moreno Adán, C., Peña López, R., (2016) Mhamid, el último oasis del Draa: Paisaje y Patrimonio Cultural, , Mairea Libros, Madrid; Davis, M., (2006) Planet of Slums, , Verso, London; Gans, H.J., Some problems of and futures for urban sociology: toward a sociology of settlement (2009) City & Community, 8 (3), pp. 211-219; Gillot, L., (2011) Patrimoine et développement local: pratiques institutionnelles et pratiques sociales, , Proceedings of the 17th ICOMOS General Assembly Symposium, ICOMOS France, Paris, 27 November-2 December; Lomøy, J., (2013) Spain: mid-term review 2013, , unpublished, The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris; Mimó, R., (1996) Fortalezas de barro en el sur de Marruecos, , Compañía Literaria, Madrid; Nijst, A., Priemus, H., Swets, H., (1973) Living on the Edge of the Sahara. A Study of Traditional Forms of Habitation and Types of Settlement in Morocco, , Government Publication Office, The Hague; Rist, G., (2006) The History of Development: From Western Origins to Global Faith, , Academic Foundation, Ghaziabad; Roque, M.A., (2002) La sociedad civil en Marruecos: la emergencia de nuevos actores, , Icaria, Barcelona; Silberman, N., (2011) Heritage as a driver of development? Some questions of cause and effect, , Proceedings of the 17th ICOMOS General Assembly Symposium, ICOMOS France, Paris, 27 November-2 December; Sohyun, P., (2011) Precautıons for herıtage to be a drıver for regıonal development: a crıtıcal revıew of related prıncıples manıfested ın the ICOMOS charters from a development perspectıve, , Proceedings of the 17th ICOMOS General Assembly Symposium, ICOMOS France, Paris, 27 November-2 December; Suleiman, M., (2000) La ciudad musulmana y la influencia del urbanismo occidental en su conformación, , unpublished PhD thesis. Polytechnic University of Madrid, Madrid; Tomasi, J., Rivet, C., (2011) Puna y arquitectura: Las formas locales de la construcción, , CEDOAL, Bue Aires; Youssef, A., (1993) Cultura, espacio y organización de la ciudad islámica tradicional, , unpublished PhD thesis, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Madrid","Domínguez Martínez, O.; Terrachidia AssociationSpain; email: oriol.arq@gmail.com",,,"Emerald Group Publishing Ltd.",,,,,20441266,,,,"English","J. Cult. Herit. Manage. Sustainable Dev.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85009830499
"Cantù M., Giacometti F., Landi A.G., Riccardi M.P., Tarantino S.C., Grimoldi A.","56573824400;56011297400;56573665000;6701497627;6602081091;55890388200;","Earthen mortars from Cremona (Northern Italy): The evolution throughout centuries of a manufacturing tradition",2016,"Construction and Building Materials","125",,,"520","532",,4,"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.139","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84983786079&doi=10.1016%2fj.conbuildmat.2016.07.139&partnerID=40&md5=aa11ec8eac9a4aa9ac4309a1b170210e","Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università di Pavia, via Ferrata 1, Pavia, 27100, Italy; Dipartimento di Architettura e Studi Urbano, Politecnico di Milano, Via Bonardi 3, Milan, 20133, Italy","Cantù, M., Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università di Pavia, via Ferrata 1, Pavia, 27100, Italy; Giacometti, F., Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università di Pavia, via Ferrata 1, Pavia, 27100, Italy; Landi, A.G., Dipartimento di Architettura e Studi Urbano, Politecnico di Milano, Via Bonardi 3, Milan, 20133, Italy; Riccardi, M.P., Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università di Pavia, via Ferrata 1, Pavia, 27100, Italy; Tarantino, S.C., Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università di Pavia, via Ferrata 1, Pavia, 27100, Italy; Grimoldi, A., Dipartimento di Architettura e Studi Urbano, Politecnico di Milano, Via Bonardi 3, Milan, 20133, Italy","Earthen architectures were widespread in the town of Cremona (Northern Italy) until the first decades of the XX century. An archaeometric study of earthen mortars from buildings of different ages in Cremona allowed investigating the evolution throughout centuries of a well-established masonry tradition. Three typologies of earthen mortars were identified, differing in the amount of added lime. A two-step change in the technology of earthen mortars manufacturing has been inferred. Since the XVII century, lime was added in larger amounts to the mixtures. During the XVIII–XIX centuries, organic additives were employed to further improve the performances of the earthen mortars. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd","Archaeometry; Earthen mortars; Hydraulic compounds; Lime; Neogenic phases; Organic additives","Lime; Manufacture; Archaeometric; Archaeometry; Different ages; Earthen architectures; Hydraulic compounds; Neogenic phases; Northern Italy; Organic additives; Mortar",,,,,"Fondazione Cariplo","The authors are grateful to the Fondazione Cariplo for the financial support provided to the projects “Promuovere buone prassi di prevenzione e conservazione del patrimonio storico e architettonico”. This work is part of the project: “Inventari dei grandi demani pubblici e conoscenza approfondita di tecniche costruttive e materiali storici per la conservazione e la riduzione della vulnerabilità del patrimonio architettonico. Le costruzioni in malte di terra e volte reali in Lombardia”. The sampling was carried out under the kind permission of the Comune di Cremona. The authors are grateful to the Centro Interdipartimentale Grandi Strumenti (Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia) for the assistance with XRPD measurements and to the Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie Molecolari (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Sede di Milano) for the support with FTIR measurements. The authors acknowledge the Laboratorio Arvedi of CISRIC (Centro Interdipartimentale Studi e Ricerche per la Conservazione dei Beni Culturali – Università degli Studi di Pavia) for the facilities and instrumental support.",,,,,,,,,,"Houben, H., Guillaud, H., Traité de construction en terre. 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Allemandi & C; Biancardi, A., Indagini di Archeologia dell'architettura su un edificio rurale dell'Oltrepò pavese: casale sito in Nebbiolo, frazione di Torrazza Coste (Pavia Italia) (2012), Università di Genova Genova; Grimoldi, A., Riccardi, M.P., Cantù, M., Cofani, M., Landi, A.G., Tarantino, S.C., Earthen mortars in Cremona: characterization and first hypothesis of dating (2014) 9th International Masonry Conference, , Universidade do Minho Escola de Engenharia Guimarães, Portugal; Aubert, J.E., Marcom, A., Oliva, P., Segui, P., Chequered earth construction in south-western France (2015) J. Cult. Herit., 16 (3), pp. 293-298; Cantù, M., Giacometti, F., Landi, A.G., Riccardi, M.P., Tarantino, S.C., Grimoldi, A., Characterization of XVIIIth century earthen mortars from Cremona (Northern Italy): insights on a manufacturing tradition (2015) Mater. 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Vescovile di Giuseppe Feraboli Cremona; Sonsis, G., Risposte ai quesiti dati dalla Prefettura del Dipartimento dell'Alto po (1807), Tip. Feraboli Cremona; Del Curto, D., Materiali e tecniche del cantiere preindustriale a Cremona: un esercizio di archeologia dell'architettura sulla facciata di palazzo Magio Grasselli (2011) Patrizi, notabili, costruzione della città: fabbrica e tutela di palazzo magio-grasselli a cremona, pp. 153-172. , A. Landi U. Allemandi & C; Farmer, V.C., The Infrared Spectra of Minerals (1974), Mineralogical Society; Vaculíková, L., Plevová, E., Identification of clay minerals and micas in sedimentary rocks (2005) Acta Geodyn. Geomater., 2 (2), pp. 167-175; Balan, E., Saitta, A.M., Mauri, F., Calas, G., First-principles modeling of the infrared spectrum of kaolinite (2001) Am. Mineral., 86 (11-12), pp. 1321-1330; Xu, S., Wang, J., Sun, Y., Effect of water binder ratio on the early hydration of natural hydraulic lime (2014) Mater. Struct; Ping, Y., Kirkpatrick, R.J., Brent, P., McMillan, P.F., Cong, X., Structure of calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H): near-, mid-, and far-infrared spectroscopy (1999) J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 82 (3), pp. 742-748; Adrover, G.I., Applicazioni della spettrofotometria IR allo studio dei beni culturali (2001), Il Prato; Rao, H., Li, B., Yang, Y., Ma, Q., Wang, C., Proteomic identification of organic additives in the mortars of ancient Chinese wooden buildings (2015) Anal. Methods, 7 (1), pp. 143-149; Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., Zussman, J., An Introduction to the Rock-forming Minerals (2013), Mineralogical Society of Great Britain & Ireland; Basso, E., Riccardi, M.P., Messiga, B., Mendera, M., Gimeno, D., Garcia-Valles, M., Fernandez-Turiel, J.L., Tarozzi, C., Composition of the base glass used to realize the stained glass windows by Duccio di Buoninsegna (Siena Cathedral, 1288–1289 AD): a geochemical approach (2009) Mater. Charact., 60 (12), pp. 1545-1554; Arizio, E., Piazza, R., Cairns, W.R.L., Appolonia, L., Botteon, A., Statistical analysis on ancient mortars: a case study of the Balivi Tower in Aosta (Italy) (2013) Constr. Build. Mater., 47, pp. 1309-1316; Eades, J.L., Grim, R.E., Reaction of hydrated lime with pure clay minerals in soil stabilization (1960) Highw. Res. 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Eng., 130 (7), pp. 696-706; Pei, X., Zhang, F., Wu, W., Liang, S., Physicochemical and index properties of loess stabilized with lime and fly ash piles (2015) Appl. Clay Sci., 114, pp. 77-84; Eisazadeh, A., Thermal characteristics of lime- and phosphoric acid-stabilized montmorillonitic and kaolinitic soils (2015) J. Therm. Anal. Calorim.; Beetham, P., Dijkstra, T., Dixon, N., Fleming, P., Hutchison, R., Bateman, J., Lime stabilisation for earthworks: a UK perspective (2015) Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Ground Improv., 168 (2), pp. 81-95; Van Ganse, R.F., Immediate amelioration of wet cohesive soils by quicklime (1974) Soil Stabilization, 50, pp. 42-53. , Transportation Research Record; Taylor, H.F.W., The Chemistry of Cements (1964), Academic Press; Claret, S., Gaboreau, S., Lerouge, C., Gaucher, E.C., Linard, Y., Dewonck, S., Bourbon, X., Borchneck, D., Concrete/clay reactivity in the Bure underground research laboratory (2010) Water-Rock Interaction, p. 1008. , P. Birkle I.S. Torres-Alvarado Taylor & Francis Group London; Chiang, W.-S., Fratini, E., Ridi, F., Lim, S.-H., Yeh, Y.-Q., Baglioni, P., Choi, S.-M., Chen, S.-H., Microstructural changes of globules in calcium-silicate-hydrate gels with and without additives determined by small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering (2013) J. Colloid Interface Sci., 398, pp. 67-73; Wang, X.Y., Lee, H.S., A model for predicting the carbonation depth of concrete containing low-calcium fly ash (2009) Constr. Build. Mater., 23 (2), pp. 725-733; Zhao, P., Li, G.Y., Zhang, Y.S., Understanding and assessment of ancient Chinese pig blood-Lime mortar (2014) Adv. Mater. Res., pp. 446-449; Zhao, P., Xie, D.Q., Li, G.Y., Zhang, Y.S., An experimental study of pig blood-lime mortar used on ancient architecture in China (2014) Adv. Mater. Res., pp. 496-499; Fang, S.Q., Zhang, H., Zhang, B.J., Zheng, Y., The identification of organic additives in traditional lime mortar (2014) J. Cult. Herit., 15 (2), pp. 144-150; The Boston magazine (1784), Greenleaf and Freeman Boston; Petrucci, F., Tagliavini, S., (1969), Foglio 61, Cremona, Carta Geologica d'Italia alla scala 1:100000; Marchetti, M., Geomorfologia Ed Evoluzione Recente Della Pianura Padane Centrale a Nord Del Fiume Po (1992), Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Milano Milano","Cantù, M.; Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell'Ambiente, via Ferrata 1, Italy; email: michela.cantu01@ateneopv.it",,,"Elsevier Ltd",,,,,09500618,,CBUME,,"English","Constr Build Mater",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84983786079
"Mattone M., Ibnoussina M., Rescic S., Fratini F., Magrini D., M. Mecchi A., Nocairi M.","55901890800;35558740100;14024798900;6602728244;26537887800;57191501706;12794071700;","Stabilization of earthen plasters: Exchange of knowledge and experiences between Italy and Morocco",2016,"Journal of Materials and Environmental Science","7","10",,"3647","3655",,4,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84991087279&partnerID=40&md5=a2f6ce3e5e65fa22aad7bfbaa0bb37cd","Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento Architettura e Design, Torino, Italy; Department of Geology, University of Cadi Ayyad, FSSM, Marrakesh, Morocco; Institute for the Conservation and Promotion of Cultural Heritage (CNR ICVBC), Florence, Italy","Mattone, M., Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento Architettura e Design, Torino, Italy, Institute for the Conservation and Promotion of Cultural Heritage (CNR ICVBC), Florence, Italy; Ibnoussina, M., Department of Geology, University of Cadi Ayyad, FSSM, Marrakesh, Morocco; Rescic, S., Institute for the Conservation and Promotion of Cultural Heritage (CNR ICVBC), Florence, Italy; Fratini, F., Institute for the Conservation and Promotion of Cultural Heritage (CNR ICVBC), Florence, Italy; Magrini, D., Institute for the Conservation and Promotion of Cultural Heritage (CNR ICVBC), Florence, Italy; M. Mecchi, A., Institute for the Conservation and Promotion of Cultural Heritage (CNR ICVBC), Florence, Italy; Nocairi, M., Department of Geology, University of Cadi Ayyad, FSSM, Marrakesh, Morocco","The preservation of earthen architectural heritage and earthen contemporary architecture asks for the experimentation and the development of proper materials and intervention techniques in order to prevent decays which may compromise the conservation of earthen heritage over time. This research program, thanks to a bilateral cooperation between the CNRST-UCA and CNR-ICVBC, aims to design and test earth-based plasters stabilized with traditional products (gypsum or lime), in order to acquire information necessary to develop more durable earthen mixtures to be applied both on existing and new buildings. The experimental campaign intends to assess the capacity of these stabilized plasters to guarantee an appropriate protection of earthen walls. The plasters have been tested at first in laboratory, then they have been applied on an earthen building in the outskirts of Marrakesh. The performances of the on site plasters are still under study and will not be presented in this paper.","Earthen plasters; Gypsum; Lime; Stabilization; Traditional products",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Avrami, E., Guillaud, H., Hardy, M., Terra literature review-An overview of research in earthen architecture conservation (2008) The Getty Conservation Institute; Boussalh, M., (2005) Conservation Manual for Earth Architecture heritage in the pre-Saharan valleys of Morocco, , Opera supported by CERKAS, UNESCO World Heritage Centre, and CRATerre-EAG; (1976) Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage; (2010) Determination of water vapour permeability(dp); (2010) Colour Measurements of Surfaces; Eskander, S.B., Bayoumi, T.A., Saleh, H.M., Performance of aged cement-polymer composite immobilizing borate waste simulates during flooding Scenarios (2012) J. Rad. Res. Appl. Sci, 5 (2), pp. 514-530; Guettala, A., Abibsi, A., Houari, H., Durability study of stabilized earth concrete under both laboratory and climatic conditions exposure (2006) Constr. Build. Mater, 20 (3), pp. 119-127; Guillaud, H., Evolution, Innovations, resistances and future directions"" (2012) Rammed Earth Conservation, , Mileto, Vegas & Cristini (eds), Taylor & Francis Group, London; Hamard, E., A procedure to assess the suitability of plaster to protect vernacular earthen architecture (2013) J. Cult. Herit, 14, pp. 109-115; Hanke, M., Vibrational Spectra, Force Constants and Si-O Bond Character in Calcium Silicate Crystal Structure (1986) Appl. Spectrosc, 40, pp. 871-877; Hunt, G., Visible and near-infrared spectra of minerals and rocks: II.Carbonates (1971) Modern Geology, 2, pp. 23-30; Jaquin, P.A., (2008) Analysis of Historic rammed earth construction, , Durham Thesis, Durham University; Karsten, R., (1983) Bauchemie für Studium und Praxis, , Heidelberg, Germany; Plante, A., Fernández, J., Leifeld, J., Application of thermal analysis in soil science (2009) Geoderm, 153, pp. 1-10; (1998), NZS 4298, Appendix E; (1998), Standards New Zealand, NZS 4298, Appendix D; Trezza, M., Hydration study of ordinary Portland Cement in presence of zinc ions (2007) Mater.Res, 10 (4), pp. 331-334; Williams, D., Frequency Assignment in Infra-red Spectrum of Water (1966) Nature, 210, pp. 194-195; Yu, P., Structure of Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C-S-H): Near-, Mid-, and Far-Infrared Spectroscopy (1999) J. Am. Ceram. Soc, 82 (3), pp. 742-748","Mattone, M.; Politecnico di Torino, Italy; email: manuela.mattone@polito.it",,,"Mohammed Premier University",,,,,20282508,,,,"English","J. Mater. Environ. Sci.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84991087279
"Boussalh M., Cancino C., Marcus B., Wong L.","6504615431;37050508900;55612178000;55509642000;","The development of a conservation and rehabilitation plan (CRP) for the earthen Kasbah of Taourirt in southern Morocco",2016,"Journal of Materials and Environmental Science","7","10",,"3579","3583",,4,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84991059371&partnerID=40&md5=76e0389dc6f37898f8d80519713dcccc","Centre de Conservation et de Réhabilation du Patrimoine Architectural, Zones Atlasiques et Subatlasiques (CERKAS), Ouarzazate, Morocco; Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States","Boussalh, M., Centre de Conservation et de Réhabilation du Patrimoine Architectural, Zones Atlasiques et Subatlasiques (CERKAS), Ouarzazate, Morocco; Cancino, C., Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Marcus, B., Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Wong, L., Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States","The pre-Saharan valleys of southern Morocco are home to thousands of earthen kasbahs, or fortified earthen settlements, which are unfortunately being lost at an alarming rate. In 2011 the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) collaborated with the Centre de Conservation et de Réhabilation du Patrimoine Architectural des Zones Atlasiques et Subatlasiques (CERKAS) to develop a Conservation and Rehabilitation Plan (CRP) for one of the region's most significant earthen sites, Kasbah Taourirt in Ouarzazate. A registered national monument dating from the 16th century, Kasbah Taourirt was once a residence of the Glaoua Caid, who ruled the region in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Its richly decorated architecture and wall paintings represent Berber culture and include building types of high architectural, social and historical significance. The main objective of the project was to develop a methodology for preserving Kasbah Taourirt that addresses economic, social, cultural and technical challenges holistically and can serve as a model for similar sites in the region. The CRP sought to establish an appropriate conservation process that respects the original fabric, preserves local building traditions and promotes earthen architecture, develops appropriate participatory processes and builds local capacity. The project has been implemented in three phases: Phase one included the documentation of the entire earthen complex. Phase two encompassed the development of the conservation and rehabilitation plan, a process completed collaboratively with the community and Ouarzazate Municipality which considers the re-use of the whole ensemble and each of its sectors, its future management and maintenance, and protection of the original natural setting. This work has also involved emergency stabilization of vulnerable buildings and testing for the conservation of wall paintings. Phase three is the publication of the plan and dissemination of information about the site to local authorities, scholars, and the community. All phases have included training and capacity building on aspects related to the conservation of earthen sites including 1) documentation, 2) rehabilitation planning; and 3) analysis of earthen materials and conservation of wall paintings. This paper describes the components of the project, presents a critical view of the different activities involved in producing the CRP, and suggests a model for best practice in dealing with similar sites in the region.","Conservation planning; Earthen architecture; Rehabilitation; Traditional building techniques",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Boussalh, M., (2009) Quel avenir pour les architectures de terre au Maroc' In Mediterra 2009: 1a conferenza Mediterranea sull'architettura in terra cruda = 1ère conférence Méditerranéenne sur l'architecture de terre = 1st Mediterranean Conference on Earth Architecture, , 1st ed. ed. Maddalena Achenza, Mariana Correia and Hubert Guillaud. 259-68. Architettura sostenibile. Documenti. Monfalcone (Gorizia): EdicomEdizioni; Ekim, Z., Quintero, M.S., Percy, K., Ward, S., Fai, S., Gregg, J., Ouimet, C., Boussalh, M., Documentation for emergency stabilization and the integrated conservation planning of earthen architecture settlements: the Kasbah of Taourirt (Ouarzazate, Morocco) (2013) Proceedings CIPA 2013 XXIV International CIPA Symposium: Recording, Documentation and Cooperation for Cultural Heritage, , Strasbourg, 2-6 September; Ouimet, C., Digital photogrammetry for preserving wall paintings: Application by the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) and training of local personnel in Kasbah Taourirt, Morocco International Committee for Documentation of Cultural Heritage (CIPA), , http://cipa.icomos.org/fileadmin/template/pdf/NEWSLETTERS/CIPA_Newsletter_May2014.pdf, Newsletter N. 03, May 2014","Marcus, B.; Getty Conservation InstituteUnited States; email: blmarcus@getty.edu",,,"Mohammed Premier University",,,,,20282508,,,,"English","J. Mater. Environ. Sci.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84991059371
"Percy K., Ouimet C., Ward S., Santana Quintero M., Cancino C., Wong L., Marcus B., Whittaker S., Boussalh M.","56541205600;56541243900;56540676000;56539484400;37050508900;55509642000;55612178000;57194342158;6504615431;","Documentation for emergency condition mapping of Decorated historic surfaces at the Caid Residence, the Kasbah of Taourirt (Ouarzazate, Morocco)",2015,"ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences","2","5W3",,"229","234",,4,"10.5194/isprsannals-II-5-W3-229-2015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85030263113&doi=10.5194%2fisprsannals-II-5-W3-229-2015&partnerID=40&md5=fa2e5d987b95db5bff37af0e8d50fc2d","Carleton Immersive Media Studio, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel by drive, Ottawa, ON  K1S 5B6, Canada; Getty Conservation Institute, 1200 Getty Drive, Los Angeles, CA  90049-1684, United States; Ctr. for Conserv. and Rehabilitation of the Architectural Heritage of the Atlas and Sub-Atlas Zones, Kasbah Taourirt, OuarzazateBP 253, Morocco","Percy, K., Carleton Immersive Media Studio, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel by drive, Ottawa, ON  K1S 5B6, Canada; Ouimet, C., Carleton Immersive Media Studio, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel by drive, Ottawa, ON  K1S 5B6, Canada; Ward, S., Carleton Immersive Media Studio, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel by drive, Ottawa, ON  K1S 5B6, Canada; Santana Quintero, M., Carleton Immersive Media Studio, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel by drive, Ottawa, ON  K1S 5B6, Canada; Cancino, C., Getty Conservation Institute, 1200 Getty Drive, Los Angeles, CA  90049-1684, United States; Wong, L., Getty Conservation Institute, 1200 Getty Drive, Los Angeles, CA  90049-1684, United States; Marcus, B., Getty Conservation Institute, 1200 Getty Drive, Los Angeles, CA  90049-1684, United States; Whittaker, S., Getty Conservation Institute, 1200 Getty Drive, Los Angeles, CA  90049-1684, United States; Boussalh, M., Ctr. for Conserv. and Rehabilitation of the Architectural Heritage of the Atlas and Sub-Atlas Zones, Kasbah Taourirt, OuarzazateBP 253, Morocco","As it is broadly understood, recording serves as a basis for the diagnosis, treatment and preservation of historic places and contributes to record our built cultural heritage for posterity. This work is not a stand-alone practice but a part of the overall conservation process of cultural heritage at imminent risk of irreversible damage. Recording of heritage places should be directly related to the needs, skills and the technology that are available to the end users that are responsible for the management and care of these sites. They should be selected in a way that the future managers of these sites can also access and use the data collected. This paper explains an innovative heritage recording approach applied by the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) and Carleton Immersive Media Studio (CIMS) in the documentation of historic decorated surfaces at the Caïd Residence, located at Tighermt (Kasbah) Taourirt in Ouarzazate, Morocco; as part of a collaborative project between the GCI and the Centre de Conservation et Réhabilitation du Patrimoine Architectural des Zones Atlasiques et Sub-Atlasiques (CERKAS) to rehabilitate the entire architectural ensemble. The selected recording techniques were used for the rapid mapping of conditions of the decorated surfaces at the Caïd Residence using international standards. The resulting work is being used by GCI staff, consultants and CERKAS team to conduct emergency stabilization and protection measures for these important decorated surfaces. © 2015 Copernicus GmbH. All rights reserved.","3D imaging; Computer-Aided Drawing; Conservation; Decorated Surfaces.; Documentation; Earthen Architecture; EDM; Photogrammetry; Recording",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Letellier, R.S., LeBlanc F, W., (2007) Guiding Principles Recording, Documentation, and Information Management for the Conservation of Heritage Places, , Los Angeles, USA: Getty Conservation Institute; Watt, D., (2010) Surveying Historic Buildings, , Donhead; McCarthy, J., Multi-image photogrammetry as a practical tool for cultural heritage survey and community engagement (2014) Journal of Archaeological Science, 43; (2015) Agisoft PhotoScan User Manual, , http://www.agisoft.com/pdf/photoscanpro-1-1-en.pdf, Agisoft. ( 04-06); (2015) MeshLab, , http://meshlab.sourceforge.net, V. C. L. I.-. CNR. (04-06)","Percy, K.; Carleton Immersive Media Studio, 1125 Colonel by drive, Canada; email: kpercy@gmail.com","Yen A.Y.-N.Weng K.-H.Cheng H.-M.",,"Copernicus GmbH","25th International CIPA Symposium, CIPA 2015","31 August 2015 through 4 September 2015",,138822,21949042,,,,"English","ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci.",Conference Paper,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85030263113
"Abdel Tawab A.G.","55241464300;","The World Heritage Centre's approaches to the conservation of New Gourna Village, and the assessment of its authenticity and integrity",2014,"Alexandria Engineering Journal","53","3",,"691","704",,4,"10.1016/j.aej.2014.01.010","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84948717584&doi=10.1016%2fj.aej.2014.01.010&partnerID=40&md5=ee08e91de9911a1e7feb1905c8d5c07e","Department of Architectural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt","Abdel Tawab, A.G., Department of Architectural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt","New Gourna Village, which is located inside one of the World Heritage Sites in Egypt, has never been recognized as an element contributing to the site's Outstanding Universal Value. The recognition of the village as a contributing element is reliant on the successful assessment of its authenticity and integrity. Responding to the dramatically declining integrity of the village, the World Heritage Centre has carried out an architectural study to guide the potential conservation works in the property. The study has recommended that a group of objectives and two approaches to the conservation of the village should be adopted. One of these two approaches has been concerned with the conservation of the village according to the architect's original intentions and principles. The previous approach can be called the principles-based approach. The main aim of this study was to examine the agreement of the World Heritage Centre's objectives and their proposed principles-based approach to the conservation of the village with the aim to improve its chance in meeting the conditions of authenticity and integrity. The study approached the previous aim by assessing, by means of a proposed methodology; the level of significance, authenticity and integrity of the property. Based on the previous assessment, a list of conservation interventions was proposed to improve the property's chance in meeting the conditions of authenticity and integrity. Finally, the World Heritage Centre's recommended approaches and objectives were examined against the previous proposed conservation interventions. The findings indicated the possibility to adopt the principles-based approach to the conservation of New Gourna Village, as well as the other World Heritage Centre's objectives, without limiting the property's chance in meeting the conditions of authenticity and integrity. The study recommends to carry out further studies that are concerned with the identification of the architect's philosophy and architectural principles that should be the key reference of all the potential conservation interventions in the village. © 2014 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.","Architectural conservation; Authenticity and integrity assessment; Earthen heritage; Hassan Fathy; New Gourna Village; World Heritage Sites","Architecture; Authentication; Earthen heritage; Hassan Fathy; Heritage sites; Integrity assessment; New gourna; Rural areas",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Pyla, P., The many lives of New Gourna: Alternative histories of a model community and their current significance (2009) J. of Architecture, 14 (6), pp. 715-730; Steele, J., (1997) An Architecture for People, the Complete Works of Hassan Fathy, , first ed. Thames and Hudson London; Fathy, H., (2000) Architecture for the Poor, , third ed. The American University in Cairo Press Cairo; UNESCO, (1994) Expert Meeting on the ""global Strategy"" and Thematic Studies for a Representative World Heritage List, , United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, Paris; http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/eg, Egypt - UNESCO World Heritage Centre (13.12.11); UNESCO, (2011) Safeguarding Project of Hassan Fathy's New Gourna Village, , A UNESCO initiative, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, Paris; UNESCO, Item 7 of the Provisional Agenda: State of Conservation of Properties Inscribed on the World Heritage List And/or on the List of World Heritage in Danger, , Mission Report/Rapport De Mission, Thebes and its Necropolis/Thèbes et sa nécropole (Egypt/Egypte) (C 87), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, Paris, 2008; ICOMOS, (1979) World Heritage List (Cultural Property), ICOMOS Technical Review Notes, , International Council on Monuments and Sites, Paris; UNESCO, (2008) Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, , United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, Paris; Save the Heritage of Hassan Fathy, , http://fathyheritage.over-blog.com/, 22.11.11; Feilden, B.M., (2003) Conservation of Historic Buildings, , third ed. Architectural Press Oxford; Mason, R., Assessing Values in Conservation Planning: Methodological Issues and Choices (2002) Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage, , de la Torre, Marta (Ed.), the Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles; Jokilehto, J., World heritage: Defining the outstanding universal value (2006) City & Time, 2 (2), pp. 1-10; UNESCO, Information note: Nara Document on Authenticity (1994) Experts Meeting, , United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, Paris; World Monuments Fund, (2011) New Gourna Village: Conservation and Community, , World Monuments Fund; Médaille d'Or | Union Internationale des Architectes, , http://www.uia-architectes.org/en/s-informer/medaille-d-or/5514, 22.07.09; http://www.akdn.org/akaa_award1_chairman.asp, 22.07.09; http://euler.slu.edu/~bart/egyptianhtml/mummycaches/DB320%20Cache.htm, 29.10.12; Doughty, D., From the Nile to the Rio Grande (1999) Saudi Aramco World, 50 (4), pp. 47-52","Abdel Tawab, A.G.; Department of Architectural Engineering, Egypt; email: a_g_a_abdeltawab@yahoo.co.uk",,,"Elsevier B.V.",,,,,11100168,,,,"English","Alexandria Engineering Journal",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-84948717584
"Richards J., Guo Q., Viles H., Wang Y., Zhang B., Zhang H.","57203789134;55377686100;7003635807;57768609400;57876006200;55321037300;","Moisture content and material density affects severity of frost damage in earthen heritage",2022,"Science of the Total Environment","819",,"153047","","",,3,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153047","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85122913826&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2022.153047&partnerID=40&md5=9c2b43156029a09ca8c5fc221fd535e7","St John's College, Oxford UniversityUK  OX1 3JP, United Kingdom; School of Geography and the Environment, Oxford UniversityUK  OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, 736200, China","Richards, J., St John's College, Oxford UniversityUK  OX1 3JP, United Kingdom, School of Geography and the Environment, Oxford UniversityUK  OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Guo, Q., Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, 736200, China; Viles, H., School of Geography and the Environment, Oxford UniversityUK  OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Wang, Y., Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, 736200, China; Zhang, B., Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, 736200, China; Zhang, H., School of Geography and the Environment, Oxford UniversityUK  OX1 3QY, United Kingdom","Successful conservation of earthen heritage requires an understanding of interactions between environmental and climatic conditions, soil-based materials and human interventions. Frost cycling is likely to be an important contributor to the deterioration of earthen heritage, with frost damage known to cause deterioration features such as flaking and granular disintegration. However, it is not clear how important a contribution frost cycling makes in comparison with other agents. Previous earthen heritage studies have focused on other agents of deterioration, such as wind and rain, or investigated the role of freeze-thaw cycles under conditions unrepresentative of many earthen sites. We investigate how density and moisture content affect the severity of frost damage on earthen heritage using materials and conditions informed by those found at earthen sites in NW China. We prepared rammed earth cubes (5 × 5 × 5 cm) at two densities (1.65 and 1.75 g cm−3) and with five moisture content levels between 0.46 and 8%. Samples were subjected to 80 freeze-thaw temperature cycles (+7 to −15 °C) in an environmental cabinet. Deterioration was recorded using visual assessment, measurements of surface roughness, ultrasonic pulse velocities, a Vicat needle test and mass loss. Results showed frost damage was dependent on moisture content and density of rammed earth samples. Samples with &lt;2% moisture content showed no visible frost damage. Samples with higher moisture contents (&gt;6%) and higher densities exhibited the greatest deterioration with surface granulation, salt efflorescence and flakes detaching from the parent cubes. This suggests that frost damage to rammed earth is likely to be focused in periods when rainfall or snowmelt is followed by freeze-thaw temperature cycling. In addition, results suggest that if higher density earthen materials are used for repairs or restoration for sites in dryland environments, these could be more vulnerable to frost damage than lower density materials. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.","Cryosuction; Heritage site; Laboratory experiment; Pore structure; Weathering","Disintegration; Drying; Freezing; Moisture; Moisture determination; Rain; Surface roughness; Thawing; %moisture; Condition; Cryo-suction; Earthen sites; Freeze/thaw; Frost damage; Heritage sites; Laboratory experiments; Pores structure; Rammed earth; Pore structure; rain; snow; sodium chloride; rain; cyclic sedimentation; frost hardiness; heritage conservation; laboratory method; moisture content; pore space; weathering profile; Article; China; density; earthen heritage; environment; freeze thawing; measurement; melting point; moisture; sample; surface property; temperature; ultrasound; weathering; freezing; human; soil; China; Freezing; Humans; Rain; Soil; Temperature",,"sodium chloride, 7647-14-5, 23724-87-0, 49658-21-1; Soil",,,,"We gratefully acknowledge the Getty Trust for funding the Built Heritage Research programme which enabled us to carry out this research.","We gratefully acknowledge the Getty Trust for funding the Built Heritage Research programme which enabled us to carry out this research. Thank you to all those at the Dunhuang Academy involved in making and shipping the samples used in this experiment. We would also like to thank the Dunhuang Academy and the Built Heritage Research Team at the Getty Conservation Institute for their feedback on the pilot study methodology and results. Thank you to Alick Leslie for his support in setting up this project. Thank you to the two anonymous reviewers for their time in reviewing this paper. We are very grateful for their comments which improved this paper.",,,,,,,,,"Basma, A.A., Al-Homoud, A.S., Husein Malkawi, A.I., Al-Bashabsheh, M.A., Swelling-shrinkage behavior of natural expansive clays (1996) Appl. Clay Sci., 11, pp. 211-227; Beckett, C.T.S., Jaquin, P.A., Morel, J.-C., Weathering the storm: a framework to assess the resistance of earthen structures to water damage (2020) Constr. Build. Mater., 242; Charola, A.E., Salts in the deterioration of porous materials: an overview (2013) J. Am. Inst. Conserv., 39, pp. 327-343; Chen, Y., Wang, X., Yang, S., Guo, Q., Lin, B., Li, F., A preliminary study of the freeze-thaw cycle on the structure of earthen sites with different salts (2013) Dunhuang Res., 1; Cui, K., Du, Y., Zhang, Y., Wu, G., Yu, L., An evaluation system for the development of scaling off at earthen sites in arid areas in NW China (2019) Herit. Sci., 7, p. 14; Cui, K., Wu, G., Du, Y., An, X., Wang, Z., The coupling effects of freeze-thaw cycles and salinization due to snowfall on the rammed earth used in historical freeze-thaw cycles relics in northwest China (2019) Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 160, pp. 288-299; Ding, S., Jia, H., Zi, F., Dong, Y., Yao, Y., Frost damage in tight sandstone: experimental evaluation and interpretation of damage mechanisms (2020) Materials (Basel)., 13, pp. 1-15; Du, Y., Chen, W., Cui, K., Gong, S., Pu, T., Fu, X., A model characterizing deterioration at earthen sites of the Ming Great Wall in Qinghai Province, China (2017) Soil Mech. Found. Eng., 53, pp. 426-434; Du, Y., Chen, W., Cui, K., Zhang, K., Study on damage assessment of earthen sites of the Ming Great Wall in Qinghai Province based on fuzzy-AHP and AHP-TOPSIS (2020) Int. J. Archit. Herit., 14, pp. 903-916; Espinosa, R., Franke, L., Deckelmann, G., Predicting efflorescence and subflorescences of salts (2007) MRS Online Proc. Libr., 1047, pp. 105-114; Everett, D.H., The dynamics of frost damage to porous solid (1961) Trans. Faraday Soc., 57, pp. 1541-1551; Feng, C., Roels, S., Janssen, H., Towards a more representative assessment of frost damage to porous building materials (2019) Build. Environ., 164; Galán-Marín, C., Rivera-Gómez, C., Bradley, F., Ultrasonic, molecular and mechanical testing diagnostics in natural fibre reinforced, polymer-stabilized earth blocks (2013) Int. J. Polym. Sci., 2013; Hall, K., Evidence for freeze–thaw events and their implications for rock weathering in northern Canada (2004) Earth Surf. Process. 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Process., 19, pp. 195-210; Pakkala, T.A., Köliö, A., Lahdensivu, J., Kiviste, M., Durability demands related to frost attack for Finnish concrete buildings in changing climate (2014) Build. Environ., 82, pp. 27-41; Peel, M.C., Finlayson, B.L., McMahon, T.A., Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification (2007) Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 11, pp. 1633-1644; Pei, Q., Zuixiong, L., Xudong, W., Zhang, L., Guo, Q., 一种土样试块压力机-公开 (A Soil Sample Test Block Press-open) (2010), (CN 201979587 U); Pei, Q., Wang, X., Zhao, L., Zhang, B., Guo, Q., A sticky rice paste preparation method for reinforcing earthen heritage sites (2020) J. Cult. Herit., 44, pp. 98-109; Pu, T., Chen, W., Du, Y., Li, W., Su, N., Snowfall-related deterioration behavior of the Ming Great Wall in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (2016) Nat. 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"Sanchez-Calvillo A., Alonso-Guzman E.M., Martinez-Molina W., Navarrete-Seras M.A., Ruvalcaba-Sil J.L., Navarro-Ezquerra A., Mitrani A.","57219001226;8302713600;37047599700;57195348311;6603431206;55949094300;57208084380;","Characterization of adobe blocks: Point-load assessment as a complementary study of damaged buildings and samples",2021,"Heritage","4","2",,"864","888",,3,"10.3390/HERITAGE4020047","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85108697330&doi=10.3390%2fHERITAGE4020047&partnerID=40&md5=263c09301d1868ea0037866f07bfcd6f","Faculty of Architecture, Universidad Michoacana San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Morelia, 58070, Mexico; Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Michoacana San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Morelia, 58070, Mexico; Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias para la Investigacion y la Conservacion del Patrimonio Cultural, LANCIC, Instituto de Fisica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico; Escola Politecnica Superior d’Edificacio, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, 08034, Spain","Sanchez-Calvillo, A., Faculty of Architecture, Universidad Michoacana San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Morelia, 58070, Mexico; Alonso-Guzman, E.M., Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Michoacana San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Morelia, 58070, Mexico; Martinez-Molina, W., Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Michoacana San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Morelia, 58070, Mexico; Navarrete-Seras, M.A., Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Michoacana San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Morelia, 58070, Mexico; Ruvalcaba-Sil, J.L., Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias para la Investigacion y la Conservacion del Patrimonio Cultural, LANCIC, Instituto de Fisica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico; Navarro-Ezquerra, A., Escola Politecnica Superior d’Edificacio, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, 08034, Spain; Mitrani, A., Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias para la Investigacion y la Conservacion del Patrimonio Cultural, LANCIC, Instituto de Fisica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico","Adobe masonry is one of the oldest construction systems still in use today, Mexico has an enormous cultural heritage with traditional adobe houses being very representative of the rural communities and their culture. The 2017 Puebla Earthquake on September 19th struck the country causing the loss, destruction, and damage of historic buildings in several Mexican states, with the traditional earthen dwellings being the most vulnerable structures to these events. The fast abandonment of the local materials and techniques entails further research regarding the characterization of these construction systems, therefore, reconstruction efforts first require the recovery of the construction technique. After the seismic events, adobe samples of the remaining adobe structures of Jojutla de Juarez were collected. This population was one of the most affected in all the country, and, because of the major losses suffered, the study was conducted to determine the material properties of the dwellings’ adobe shards and natural quarry clays of the region. The characterization included destructive and non-destructive tests, mineralogical and granulometry analyses, and composition of the adobe samples of the buildings, as well as the aggregates. As a novelty, the compressive strength of the pieces was tested by two methods: the traditional compression strength test and the point-load test, in order to obtain the indicative values and the correlation equations between both tests. From the formal analysis and the laboratory, it was observed that the adobes from Jojutla presented different compositions which combined with the building malpractices and alterations to the traditional systems caused unpredictable behavior during the earthquake. The conduction of point-load tests in situ, as a part of a complete characterization methodology, could be an alternative to study the mechanical properties of patrimonial or damaged building samples before its disappearance. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.","Adobe masonry; Earthen architecture; Materials characterization; Materials properties; Mechanical properties; Point-load test; Seismic affectation",,,,,,"IN108521, LN299076, LN314846, LN31585; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACYT","Funding: This research was funded by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), and CIC-UMSNH, and partially funded by CONACYT grants: LN299076, LN314846, LN31585 and by PAPIIT UNAM contract IN108521.","This research was funded by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog?a (CONACYT), and CIC-UMSNH, and partially funded by CONACYT grants: LN299076, LN314846, LN31585 and by PAPIIT UNAM contract IN108521.",,,,,,,,,"Heathcote, K., Durability of earthwall buildings (1995) Constr. Build. Mater, 9, pp. 185-189. , [CrossRef]; Illampas, R., Ioannou, I., Charmpis, D.C., Overview of the Pathology, Repair and Strengthening of Adobe Structures (2013) Int. J. Arch. 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Build. Mater, 22, pp. 222-227. , [CrossRef]; Garza-Ulloa, J., Methods to develop mathematical models: Traditional statistical analysis (2018) Applied Biomechatronics Using Mathematical Models, pp. 239-371. , 1st ed.; Garza-Ulloa, J., Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, [CrossRef]","Sanchez-Calvillo, A.; Faculty of Architecture, Mexico; email: 1644104g@umich.mx
Alonso-Guzman, E.M.; Faculty of Civil Engineering, Mexico; email: elia.alonso@umich.mx",,,"MDPI AG",,,,,25719408,,,,"English","Heritage.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85108697330
"Mousourakis A., Arakadaki M., Kotsopoulos S., Sinamidis I., Mikrou T., Frangedaki E., Lagaros N.D.","57328115200;57328115300;57521591400;57328207700;57328582200;57211818180;6603320949;","Earthen architecture in greece: traditional techniques and revaluation",2020,"Heritage","3","4",,"1237","1268",,3,"10.3390/heritage3040068","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85108688431&doi=10.3390%2fheritage3040068&partnerID=40&md5=486e26a7f98d7339eae10ab19ced8ffc","Piliko Organization, 6 Ionias Street, Chania, 73100, Greece; School of Architecture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece; School of Architecture, National Technical University of Athens, 42 Patision, Athens, 10682, Greece; School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Politexniou Street, Zografou, 15780, Greece","Mousourakis, A., Piliko Organization, 6 Ionias Street, Chania, 73100, Greece; Arakadaki, M., School of Architecture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece; Kotsopoulos, S., School of Architecture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece; Sinamidis, I., School of Architecture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece; Mikrou, T., School of Architecture, National Technical University of Athens, 42 Patision, Athens, 10682, Greece; Frangedaki, E., School of Architecture, National Technical University of Athens, 42 Patision, Athens, 10682, Greece; Lagaros, N.D., School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Politexniou Street, Zografou, 15780, Greece","A big part of traditional architecture both in rural and urban areas in the Greek territory has been built with raw earth. The aim of this paper is to present earthen buildings’ constructions in Greece and show their important contribution to our heritage. The use of earth as a basic constructing material has given different earthen building cultures and techniques. Earthen construction encloses many varied uses and applications, as walls or as plasters. In different periods of time and historical contexts, from the indigenous inhabitants to the neighborhoods of the refugees of Asia Minor Catastrophe, the earth constructions had a primary role. The existence of earthen architecture was investigated in urban and rural sites in Greece. Building information, documentation, and records of buildings’ design, construction techniques, elements, and systems are presented. Today, there is still a rich architectural heritage throughout the country, which has lasted through the years and withstood seismic activities and poor conservation. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.","Building methods; Earthen architecture heritage; Greek adobe; Greek wattle and daub; Timber-framed earthen constructions",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Filippidis, D., (2001) Abelakia, , Melissabooks: Athens, Greece; Oikonomou, A., Traditional Earthen Architecture in Northwestern Greece (2016) Proceedings of the 12th World Congress on Earthen Architecture, , Lyon, France, 11–14 July; Conti, G., Di Chiacchio, A., Cicchitti, M., Fiadone, F., Forlani, M.C., Gentile, P., Morandi, M., (2017) Terra cruda, Insediamenti in Provincia di Chieti, , Provincia di Chieti: Penne, Italy; Perrotti, A., Pisano, P., Chicchitti, M., Fiadone, F., Gentile, P., Vaccarini, G., (1999) Case in terra cruda, diffusione degli insediamenti in Abruzzo, 1. , Censimento, Regione Abbruzzo, Assessorato Urbanistica, Beni Ambientali, Parchi, Riserve Naturali; Cultura Gruppo Tipografico Editoriale: L’Aquila, Italy; Mousourakis, A., Arakadaki, M., Mikrou, T., Tsakanika, E., Mandalaki, M., Mapping the traditional earthen architecture in Greece Proceedings of the Construction Pathology, Rehabilitation Technology and Heritage Management Conference, , Granada, Spain, 24–27 March 2020; Adrymi–Sismani, V., Prehistoric settlement of Sesklo, Prehistoric settlement of Dimini (1990) Archaeol. Mag, 34, pp. 21-30; Davaras, K., (1989) Γoυρνιά, (Gournia), p. 16. , Ministry of Culture: Athens, Greece; Mazarakis Ainian, A., Architecture and society in the early historical times (2009) Archaeol. Mag, 112, pp. 19-23; Fields, N., (2011) Ancient Greek Fortifications, 500–300 BC, Methods of Construction, pp. 47-57. , Tessera Pi Publication: Athens, Greece; Bradley, A., The archaeology of residence at Alieís (2009) Archaeol. 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(accessed on 1 October 2020); Morgenthau, H., (1994) My Mission in Athens, p. 338. , Trohalia Publications: Athens, Greece; Mavrogeni Papagelopoulou, P., (1999) Dissertation, Social Stratification and Morphology of Two Neighboring Settlements of Psychiko and Nea Ionia from 1923 Onwards, , Ph.D. Thesis, Panteion University of Social and Political Science, Athens, Greece; https://archive.archaeology.org/diggreece/house7.html, Archaeological Institute of America. (accessed on 12 June 2020); Online Encyclopaedia on the Greeks in Asia Minor, , http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaID=5944, (accessed on 10 June 2020); https://kemipo-neaionia.gr, Center of Study and Promotion of Asia Minor Culture. (accessed on 21 August 2020)","Lagaros, N.D.; School of Civil Engineering, 9 Iroon Politexniou Street, Greece; email: nlagaros@central.ntua.gr",,,"MDPI",,,,,25719408,,,,"English","Heritage.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85108688431
"Everhart T.D.","57213712152;","Scioto Situations and the Steel Group Monument Assemblage",2020,"Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology","45","3",,"269","289",,3,"10.1080/01461109.2020.1826880","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85092749317&doi=10.1080%2f01461109.2020.1826880&partnerID=40&md5=37bb763ff1cc2d50928bc21733b53221","Museum of Anthropological Archaeology and Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI  48109, United States","Everhart, T.D., Museum of Anthropological Archaeology and Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI  48109, United States","Scholars have offered various approaches to create a synthetic view of the Middle Woodland period that integrates geographically expansive and heterogenous material remains. Situation theory offers a synthetic analytical approach to the multiplicity of Middle Woodland ceremonialisms, allowing us to conceive of how people and communities across the midcontinent got caught up in shared conditions. Scioto situations—the Middle Woodland situations occurring within the central Scioto River valley of southern Ohio—have long been famous for their earthen monuments and ornate material symbols. This article analyzes Scioto situations through an examination of the monument assemblage of the Steel Group—an earthwork site with at least 13 earthen enclosures. In doing so, it offers an approach to monumentality that grounds interpretations of the aesthetic and physical nature of monuments within the complicated historical entanglements from which they emerged. © 2020 Midwest Archaeological Conference.","assemblage; monumentality; Scioto Hopewell; situation",,,,,,,"Thank you to G. Logan Miller and Edward Henry for inviting me to take part in the symposium Ceremonial Situations in the North American Midcontinent: Perspectives from the Middle Woodland Era, at the 2019 annual meeting of the Midwest Archaeological Conference. Research access to the Steel Group was provided by the Archaeological Conservancy and the Arc of Appalachia. Data collection over the last three summers was possible due to the untiring support of field crews of graduate and undergraduate students and local volunteers, to whom I am forever indebted. Identification of the deer femur fragment was provided by Sean Coughlin. This article was considerably improved by the comments offered during the symposium by Sarah Baires and James Brown and additional feedback offered on the manuscript by G. Logan Miller, Edward Henry, Hannah Hoover, Laura Bossio, and three anonymous reviewers. 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Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 1; Weinberger, J.P., Ohio Hopewell Earthworks: An Examination of Site Use from Non-Mound Space at the Hopewell Site (2006) PhD dissertation, , Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, Columbus; Willoughby, C.C., Art of the Great Earthwork Builders of Ohio (1916) Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institute, pp. 488-500. , Smithsonian Institute, Washington, DC; Wright, A.P., History, Monumentality, and the Interaction in the Appalachian Summit Middle Woodland (2014) American Antiquity, 79, pp. 277-294; Wright, A.P., (2020) Garden Creek: The Archaeology of Interaction in Middle Woodland Appalachia, , University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa; Wright, A.P., Gokee, C., Ritual Knowledge and Composition: Rethinking “Hopewellian” Assemblages in the Middle Woodland Southeast (2020) Shaman, Priest, Practice, Belief: Materials of Ritual and Religion in Eastern North America, pp. 93-107. , Carmody S.B., Barrier C.R., (eds), University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa:, and,. edited by; Wright, G.A., On the Interior Attached Ditch Enclosures of the Middle and Upper Ohio Valley (1990) Ethnos, 55, pp. 92-107; Wymer, D.A., Trends and Disparities: The Woodland Paleoethnobotanical Record of the Mid-Ohio Valley (1992) Cultural Variability in Context: Woodland Settlement of the Mid-Ohio Valley, pp. 65-76. , Seeman M.F., (ed), Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio:. edited by. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology Special Paper 7; Wymer, D.A., The Ohio Hopewell Econiche: Human-Land Interaction in the Core Area (1996) A View from the Core: A Synthesis of Ohio Hopewell Archaeology, pp. 36-53. , Pacheco P.J., (ed), Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus:. edited by; Wymer, D.A., Ohio Hopewell as Food Producers, Regional Intensification of the Domestication Process (2020) Encountering Hopewell in the Twenty-First Century, Ohio and Beyond. Volume Two: Settlements, Foodways, and Interaction, pp. 276-315. , Redmond B.G., Ruby B.J., Burks J., (eds), University of Akron Press, Akron, Ohio:. edited by; Zigon, J., What Is a Situation?: An Assemblic Ethnography of the Drug War (2015) Cultural Anthropology, 30, pp. 501-524","Everhart, T.D.; Museum of Anthropological Archaeology and Department of Anthropology, United States; email: timever@umich.edu",,,"Taylor and Francis Ltd.",,,,,01461109,,,,"English","Midcont. J Archaeol.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85092749317
"Nakhaei M., Correia M.","57218997804;56868212700;","Water-risk management in tchogha zanbil world heritage site in Iran, with a focus on the ancient management system",2020,"International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences - ISPRS Archives","54","M-1",,"683","690",,3,"10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-683-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090944416&doi=10.5194%2fisprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-683-2020&partnerID=40&md5=b129a4e5987f4c02b19eecfc5eb4e267","Pasargadae World Heritage Research Center, Iran; CI-ESG, Centro de Investigação, Escola Superior Gallaecia, Largo das Oliveiras, Vila Nova de Cerveira, 4920-251, Portugal","Nakhaei, M., Pasargadae World Heritage Research Center, Iran; Correia, M., CI-ESG, Centro de Investigação, Escola Superior Gallaecia, Largo das Oliveiras, Vila Nova de Cerveira, 4920-251, Portugal","Water-risk management is one of the most challenging issues in the conservation of earthen sites, because of the inherent weakness of earth to moisture, and also the severe damage after rainfall as a result of a combination of many factors in the deterioration processes. In Tchogha Zanbil World Heritage Site (WHS) in Iran, this problem causes more damage due to the heavy rains that impact the site in a short period of time. The property encompasses a vast area, which makes regular maintenance more difficult. Also, there are insufficient strategies for controlling water runoff on the structures. Archaeological studies have revealed an ancient system for managing surface water at this site which could be compatible and adaptable for further development of the current management system. This study aims to present sustainable approaches in managing water-risk in the Tchogha Zanbil WHS, by identifying the authenticity values, investigating the problems and challenges in the current water-management system, and more importantly, assessing ancient strategies for controlling water, based on archaeological evidence. © Authors 2020. CC BY 4.0 License.","Conservation; Earthen heritage; Management; Tchogha Zanbil; Water-risk","Deterioration; Rain; Risk assessment; Surface waters; Water management; Archaeological studies; Deterioration process; Heritage sites; Management systems; Problems and challenges; Short periods; Water management systems; Water risk managements; Risk management",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Afkhami, B., Phenomenology of Chogha Zanbil Ziggurat (2019) Journal of ancient history and archaeology, 6 (1); Angelakis, A. N., Koutsoyiannis, D., Urban water engineering and management in Ancient Greece (2003) The encyclopedia of water science, pp. 999-1008; Avrami, E., Mason, R., de la Torre, M., (2000) Report on research. 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G., Historical perspectives of urban drainage (2002) Global solutions for urban drainage, pp. 1-16; Calatan, G., Hegyi, A., Dico, C., Mircea, C., Surface waterproofing methods of clay bricks used in vernacular construction (2015) Green Buildings Technologies and Materials; Correia, M., Guerrero, L., Crosby, A., Technical Strategies for Conservation of Earthen Archaeological Architecture (2015) Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 17 (3), pp. 224-256; Cetin, Y., Funda, N., (2013) Architectural design characteristics of protective structures at archaeological sites and their impact on conservation of remains, , Izmir, Izmir Institute of Technology; Dehkordi, M. H., Vatandoust, R., Madjidzadeh, Y., Kashi, M. 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S., Moenjodaro: a world heritage site at risk (2010) The Historic environment: policy & practice, 1 (1), pp. 52-69; Fodde, E., Khan, M. S., Affordable monsoon rain mitigation measures in the World Heritage site of Moenjo-daro, Pakistan (2017) International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 11 (2), pp. 161-173; Fujii, Y., Fodde, E., Watanabe, K., Murakami, K., Digital photogrammetry for the documentation of structural damage in earthen archaeological sites: The case of Ajina Tepa, Tajikistan (2009) Engineering Geology, 105 (1-2), pp. 124-133; Garshasbi, R., Motamedinassab, A., Physical Consideration of the Water Filtration in Choghazanbil Ziggurat (2013) Journal of Novel Applied Sciences, 2 (11), pp. 622-626; Ghirshman, R., (1966) Tchoga Zanbil (Dur-Untash), I. , La Ziggurat. Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner. Paris; Holden, J., West, L. J., Howard, A. 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C., Bui, Q. B., Hamard, E., Weathering and durability of earthen material and structures (2012) Modern Earth Buildings, pp. 282-303. , Woodhead Publishing; Neghahban, E., (1994) Excavation in Haft Tappeh and Khuzestan Plain, , Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization Publications, Tehran; Niroumand, H., Zain, M. F. M., Jamil, M., The important role of Chogha Zanbil in earth architecture based on material, structural and architectural aspects (2012) Advanced Materials Research, 457, pp. 395-398. , Trans Tech Publications; Oliver, A., Conservation of earthen archaeological sites (2008) Terra Literature Review, 80; Oliver, A., Modified Earthen Materials (2008) Terra Literature Review, 97; Paolini, A., Vafadari, A., Cesaro, G., Quintero, M. S., Van Balen, K., Pinilla, O. V., (2012) Risk management at heritage sites: A case study of the Petra World Heritage site, , Paris: UNESCO; Parry, J. T., The investigative role of Landsat‐TM in the examination of pre‐and proto‐historic water management sites in Northeast Thailand (1992) Geocarto International, 7 (4), pp. 5-24; Poesen, J., Nachtergaele, J., Verstraeten, G., Valentin, C., Gully erosion and environmental change: importance and research needs (2003) Catena, 50 (2-4), pp. 91-133; Rainer, L., Deterioration and pathology of earthen architecture (2008) Terra Literature Review, 45; Richards, J., Zhao, G., Zhang, H., Viles, H., A controlled field experiment to investigate the deterioration of earthen heritage by wind and rain (2019) Heritage Science, 7 (1), p. 51; Roche, C., Les ziggurats de Tchogha Zanbil (1986) Fragmenta historiae elamicae, pp. 191-197. , Paris; Shaikh, J. M., Tania, A., Hyder, A., Study of Methods to Lower the Water Table at Mohen Jo Daro (Green Agriculture) (2014) Universal Journal of Agricultural Research, 2 (1), pp. 1-10; Smith, D. D., Wischmeier, W. H., Factors affecting sheet and rill erosion (1957) Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 38 (6), pp. 889-896; Stanley-Price, N. P., Jokilehto, J., The decision to shelter archaeological sites: Three case-studies from Sicily (2002) Conservation and management of archaeological sites, 5 (1-2), pp. 19-34; Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1995) Nineteenth Session, , UNESCO-WHC., Paris: UNESCO-WHC; (2000) Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, , UNESCO-WHC., Bureau of the World Heritage Committee, Twenty-fourth session. Paris; (2015) Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, , UNESCO-WHC., World Heritage Committee, Thirty-ninth session. Bonn, Germany; Vafadari, A., Philip, G., Jennings, R., Damage Assessment and Monitoring of Cultural Heritage Places in a Disaster and Post-Disaster Event - a Case Study of Syria (2017) International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Sciences, 42; Valentin, C., Poesen, J., Li, Y., Gully erosion: impacts, factors and control (2005) Catena, 63 (2-3), pp. 132-153; Webster, C., The sewers of Mohenjo-Daro (1962) Research Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, pp. 116-123. , Woolley, C. L., 1939: The Ziggurat and its Surroundings (Ur Excavations 5). London: British Museum; Wright, K. R., Zegarra, A. V., (2000) Machu Picchu: A civil engineering marvel, , American Society of Civil Engineers; Wyatt, A. R., The scale and organization of ancient Maya water management (2014) Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 1 (5), pp. 449-467","Nakhaei, M.; Pasargadae World Heritage Research CenterIran; email: m.nakhaee.co@gmail.com","Mileto C.Vegas F.Cristini V.Garcia-Soriano L.",,"International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","2020 International Conference on Vernacular Architecture in World Heritage Sites. Risks and New Technologies, HERITAGE 2020 (3DPast | RISK-Terra)","9 September 2020 through 12 September 2020",,162105,16821750,,,,"English","Int. Arch. Photogramm., Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. - ISPRS Arch.",Conference Paper,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85090944416
"Ibrahim S., Ali M., Baranyai B., Kistelegdi I.","57219425063;57225927692;55378165600;25924414600;","Simulation-based analysis of earthen heritage architecture as responsive refugee shelters (Case study: Domes of northern Syria)",2020,"International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences - ISPRS Archives","54","M-1",,"365","372",,3,"10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-365-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090943234&doi=10.5194%2fisprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-365-2020&partnerID=40&md5=54011241fc2d0b6884f20bc9b9499faf","Marcel Breuer Doctoral School, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Pécs, Hungary; Szentágothai Research Centre, Pécs, Hungary; Department of Building Constructions and Energy Design, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary","Ibrahim, S., Marcel Breuer Doctoral School, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Pécs, Hungary, Szentágothai Research Centre, Pécs, Hungary; Ali, M., Marcel Breuer Doctoral School, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Pécs, Hungary, Szentágothai Research Centre, Pécs, Hungary; Baranyai, B., Szentágothai Research Centre, Pécs, Hungary, Department of Building Constructions and Energy Design, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Kistelegdi, I., Szentágothai Research Centre, Pécs, Hungary, Department of Building Constructions and Energy Design, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary","Syria has been struggling through a continuous conflict for more than nine years so far. This conflict has had a disastrous consequence, for not only Syria urban areas but also its world heritage and historical sites. Moreover, the ongoing conflict resulted in the displacement of over 13 million people that is more than half the population; including more than 6.1 million internally displaced. This long-term encampment is a growing aspect of a growing refugee crisis. The Syrian refugees have to face another crisis in the camps due to a significant shortage of resources and support. One solution was using earthen buildings that have been a traditional architectural style in Syria for 11 thousand years. As a part of the cultural heritage, it depends on community participation and achieves environmental and economic efficiency in addition to preserving memory and identity of the place. This paper discusses the creation of sustainable shelters through the revival of heritage vernacular earthen architecture in northern Syria. A comparative analysis was conducted between the humanitarian agencies shelters (HAS) and different historical vernacular dwellings (HDS) from the same region with an arid steppe climate (hot summer and a short cold winter); they were modelled in numerical thermal simulations framework as a means to assess the shelters' building energy demand and indoor comfort quality. The comparison resulted in the superiority of the heritage dwelling. The paper is concluded with passive approach optimization to the different historical earthen domes with consideration of the historical characteristics and background. © Authors 2020. CC BY 4.0 License.","Comfort; Corbelled domes; Earthen heritage domes; Energy analysis; Numerical thermal simulations; Refugee shelter","Domes; Historic preservation; Housing; Urban growth; Building energy demands; Community participation; Comparative analysis; Earthen architectures; Heritage architectures; Indoor comfort quality; Simulation-based analysis; Thermal simulations; Quality control",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Abou Sekeh, F., Algros, J., Durá, A., Arakadaki, M., Awad, N., Bonora, V., Vegas, F., (2009) Earthen Domes and Habitats-Villages of Northern Syria, Earthen Domes and Habitats; Albadra, D., Coley, D., Hart, J., Toward healthy housing for the displaced (2018) J. Archit, 23, pp. 115-136. , https://doi.org/10.1080/13602365.2018.1424227; Albadra, D., Vellei, M., Coley, D., Hart, J., Thermal comfort in desert refugee camps: An interdisciplinary approach (2017) Build. 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(accessed 1.24.20); Giada, G., Caponetto, R., Nocera, F., Hygrothermal Properties of Raw Earth Materials: A Literature Review (2019) Sustainability, 11, p. 5342. , https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195342; (2019) Global Report on Internal Displacement 2019, , Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, IDMC. Geneva; Jhanji, Y., Gupta, D., Kothari, V.K., Thermo-physiological properties of polyester-cotton plated fabrics in relation to fibre linear density and yarn type (2015) Fash. Text, 2. , https://doi.org/10.1186/s40691-015-0041-x; Lee, M., Shi, L., Zanobetti, A., Schwartz, J.D., Study on the association between ambient temperature and mortality using spatially resolved exposure data (2016) Environ. Res, 151, pp. 610-617. , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.08.029; Morot-Sir, P., Algros, J., Recommendations for technical conservation (2009) Earthen domes et habitats, pp. 457-467; Nariţa, A.-M., Gurza, V., Opriţa, R., Keller, A., Apostol, I., Moşoarcă, M., Bocan, C., New vulnerabilities of historic urban centers and archaeological sites: Extreme loads (2016) Pollack Period, 11, pp. 15-26. , https://doi.org/10.1556/606.2016.11.3.3; Nicol, J.F., Wilson, M., A critique of European Standard EN 15251: Strengths, weaknesses and lessons for future standards (2011) Build. Res. Inf, 39, pp. 183-193. , https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2011.556824; Niroumand, H., Zain, M.F.M., Jamil, M., Assessing of Critical Parametrs on Earth Architecture and Earth Buildings as a Vernacular and Sustainable Architecture in Various Countries (2013) Procedia - Soc. Behav. Sci, 89, pp. 248-260. , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.843; INCROPERA, P., DEWITT, P., BERGMAN, L., LAVINE, S., (2007) Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, , F., D., T A., John Wiley & Sons, Inc; Parliament, E., Investigating the Thermal Properties of Earth-Based Materials: The Case of Adobes (2018) 10th Int. Symp. Conserv. Monum. Mediterr. Basin, , https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78093-1; Robertson, E.C., (1988) THERMAL PROPERTIES OF ROCKS, , [WWW Document]; Rovero, L., Tonietti, U., Structural behaviour of earthen corbelled domes in the Aleppo's region (2012) Mater. Struct. Constr, 45, pp. 171-184. , https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-011-9758-1; Ryan, E.M., Sanquist, T.F., Validation of building energy modeling tools under idealized and realistic conditions (2012) Energy Build, 47, pp. 375-382. , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.12.020; Standardization, F.O.R., Normalisation, D.E., (2005) International Standard Iso; (2019) 2019 Humanitarian Needs Overview, , UN; (2019) Syrian Arab Republic Recent Developments in Northwestern Syria Situation, pp. 1-9. , UN OCHA, Report No. 11 as of 6 September 2019; emergencies [WWW Document] (2020) Syria Emerg, , https://bit.ly/313B9SW, UNCHR, (accessed 1.21.20); Refugee Facts [WWW Document] https://bit.ly/37Px5Y8, UNHCR, 2020a. Statistics (Ber). (accessed 1.1.20); Internally Displaced People [WWW Document], , https://bit.ly/3ej6jtm, UNHCR, 2020b. Syria. (accessed 1.1.20). UNHCR, 2019. Forcibly Displaced People Worldwide [WWW Document]. Fig. a Glance. https://bit.ly/3fBTxGM (accessed 1.22.20); (2004) PROTRACTED REFUGEE SITUATIONS, , UNHCR executive committee of the high commissioner's programme; (2012) Shelter Design Catalogue, Shelter Medicine for Veterinarians and Staff, , https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119421511.ch3, UNHCR Shelter and Settlement Section; Vellinga, M., Oliver, P., Bridge, A., (2007) Atlas of vernacular architecture of the world","Ibrahim, S.; Marcel Breuer Doctoral School, Hungary; email: sonia.eb.arch@gmail.com","Mileto C.Vegas F.Cristini V.Garcia-Soriano L.",,"International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","2020 International Conference on Vernacular Architecture in World Heritage Sites. Risks and New Technologies, HERITAGE 2020 (3DPast | RISK-Terra)","9 September 2020 through 12 September 2020",,162105,16821750,,,,"English","Int. Arch. Photogramm., Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. - ISPRS Arch.",Conference Paper,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85090943234
"Barbacci N.","57218996480;","Earthen architecture - Valorisation and underestimation",2020,"International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences - ISPRS Archives","54","M-1",,"1073","1080",,3,"10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-1073-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090938435&doi=10.5194%2fisprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-1073-2020&partnerID=40&md5=3d218890a4c3879bdb7f43cae4fb44d2","Norma Barbacci Preservation Consultants LLC, Brooklyn, NY  11226, United States","Barbacci, N., Norma Barbacci Preservation Consultants LLC, Brooklyn, NY  11226, United States","Earthen architecture has been used as a construction material in most of the world for millennia. According to the United Nations, approximately one third of the world population and half of the population of developing countries live in buildings constructed of earth. This presentation makes a basic SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis of earthen architecture in an attempt to explain why this material, possessing many positive qualities, is often maligned or underestimated and dismissed as a construction material associated with poverty, especially in the rural areas of Latin America. This paper emphasizes the importance of maintenance and the preservation of the local socio-cultural knowledge system associated with earth construction. © Authors 2020. CC BY 4.0 License.","Conservation; Earth construction; Earthen architecture; Maintenance; Preservation; Sustainability","Building materials; Developing countries; Earth construction; Earthen architectures; Latin America; Positive quality; Socio-cultural; United Nations; Valorisation; World population; Architecture",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Aranda, Yolanda, Suárez, D., Edgardo, Análisis experimental para determinar la productividad térmica en la tierra vertida (2014) 14ºSeminario Iberoamericano de Arquitectura y Construcción con Tierra (SIACOT), pp. 76-79. , San Salvador, El Salvador: Imprimatic S.A; Beltrán, Lina C., La tradición cultural de los sistemas constructivos en tierra en Iberoamérica (2007) Arquitectura en tierra, Apuntes, 20 (2), pp. 179-181. , Bogotá, Colombia: Facultad de Arquitectura y Diseño, Pontificia U. Javeriana; Blondet, Marcial, Vargas, Julio, Tarque, Nicola, Reflexiones sobre la normatividad para la construcción sismo resistente de edificaciones de adobe (2005) Primer Congreso-Taller Internacional para la normalización de la Arquitectura de Tierra, , Mexico, Tampico: Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas; Canziani, José, Arquitectura Monumental de Adobe en el Perú Prehispánico: su temprana evolución histórica y los retos de conservación (2012), Terra 2012. Lima, Perú; Cherradi Akbil, Faissal, (2012) Arquitectura de tierra en el sur de Marruecos, , 2012: Terra Lima, Perú; Del Huerto, Josefina, Sosa, Mirta, (2012) El Saber Construir con Tierra- Patrimonio Intangible del Noroeste Argentino, , Terra 2012. Lima, Perú; Garzón, Lucia, (2012) Aporte de la quincha pre-fabricada en Colombia: Análisis de la tecnología en aspectos ambientales y energéticos, , 2012: Terra Lima, Perú; Gasparini, Graziano, (2009) Escuchar al Monumento, , Caracas, Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela: Editorial Arte; Gayoso, Magaly, Pacheco, Orlando, (2014) Vivienda alpaquera altoandina. Caso de estudio tipológico en Puno, Perú. 14º Seminario Iberoamericano de Arquitectura y Construcción con Tierra (SIACOT), pp. 88-94. , San Salvador, El Salvador: Imprimatic S.A; Gioberchio, Graciela, Aprueban la construcción en adobe en diferentes ciudades del país (2016) Clarín; Giuliani, F., (2008) El Terremoto de Pisco-Perú, 15 de Agosto de 2007, , Lima, Perú: CERESIS/UNESCO; González, Georgina, (2018) Con las manos en el barro para llegar a la casa propia, , LMNeuquen.com; Guillaud, Hubert, An approach to the evolution of earthen building cultures in Orient and Mediterranean regions: What future for such an exceptional legacy ? (2003) Al-Rafidan: Journal of Western Asiatic Studies, , Tokio: Kokushikan Daigaku. Iraku Kodai Bunka Kenkyujo; Hassel, B. Ivón, Kitamori, Akihisa, Kiho, Jung, Komatsu, Kohei, Prefabricated mud wall units based on a traditional Japanese building system: Lateral in-plane performance in terms of connection, and crack development using digital speckle photography (2013) International Journal for Research and Development; Hernández Salazar, Ileana, (2014) Restauración de Arquitectura de Tierra en Zonas Sísmicas, , Valencia, España: Universidad Politécnica de Valencia; Hurtado, Pedro, (2012) Aprendiendo del pasado: los muros de adobe y bóvedas de entramados de tierra de la iglesia la Compañía de Pisco- Perú frente a los terremotos, , 2012: Terra Lima, Perú; Mendoza, Olga, Arquitectura de tierra tradicional en Japón frente a los desastres naturales 2012: Terra 2012. Lima, Perú. Pastor, Diana (2018). El adob es pobreza, es resiliencia. Entremundos; Quiun, Daniel, Cadillo, Antonio, (2012) Inspección de estructuras de adobe construidas en programas de vivienda desarrollados hace más de veinticinco años en el norte de Perú, , 2012: Terra Lima, Perú; Rivero, Santiago, El uso masivo de la tierra como material de construcción en Colombia (2007) Arquitectura en tierra, Apuntes, 20 (2), pp. 354-363. , Bogotá, Colombia: Facultad de Arquitectura y Diseño, Pontificia U. Javeriana; Rodríguez Romo, Fernando, (2003) Conservación de Tipologías Constructivas Tradicionales, , Valencia, Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela: INDUVAL Instituto de Desarrollo Urbano del Centro de Valencia; Sánchez, Mauricio, (2012) Criterios de intervención y obras de emergencia de los monumentos nacionales de chile dañados por el terremoto del 2010, , Terra 2012. Lima, Perú; Sharma, Tara, (2012) Guardians of the Earth: Cultural Dimensions of Earthen Architecture in Ladakh, , 2012: Terra Lima, Perú; Taucer, Fabio, 2007 August 15 Magnitude 7.9 Earthquake near the Coast of Central Perú (2008), (Ed). Earthquake Field Investigation Team (EEFIT) Field Mission, 5-12 SEPTEMBER 2007 Final Report. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities; Vargas, Yalmar, (2012) Actualización del patrimonio arquitectónico de tierra de las comunidades indígenas en Colombia, , 2012: Terra Lima, Perú; Viñuales, Graciela, (2009) Restauración de Arquitectura de Tierra, , Buenos Aires, Argentina: CEDODAL","Barbacci, N.; Norma Barbacci Preservation Consultants LLCUnited States; email: nbarbacci@gmail.com","Mileto C.Vegas F.Cristini V.Garcia-Soriano L.",,"International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","2020 International Conference on Vernacular Architecture in World Heritage Sites. Risks and New Technologies, HERITAGE 2020 (3DPast | RISK-Terra)","9 September 2020 through 12 September 2020",,162105,16821750,,,,"English","Int. Arch. Photogramm., Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. - ISPRS Arch.",Conference Paper,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85090938435
"Cavicchioli A., Sant'Anna L.G., Perroni M.S.","6603666827;6506942528;57197815014;","Enlightening the use of materials and techniques in earthen architecture in southeast Brazil during the first coffee cycle (19th century)",2018,"Journal of Cultural Heritage","31",,,"208","214",,3,"10.1016/j.culher.2017.10.002","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85035057764&doi=10.1016%2fj.culher.2017.10.002&partnerID=40&md5=771828e52db229b571f1c58fe05955c1","Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Béttio, 1000, São Paulo, SP  03828-000, Brazil; Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades and Instituto de Energia e Ambiente, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 1289, São Paulo, SP  05508-010, Brazil","Cavicchioli, A., Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Béttio, 1000, São Paulo, SP  03828-000, Brazil; Sant'Anna, L.G., Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades and Instituto de Energia e Ambiente, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 1289, São Paulo, SP  05508-010, Brazil; Perroni, M.S., Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Béttio, 1000, São Paulo, SP  03828-000, Brazil","The broad ensemble of fine rural and urban constructions erected during the first cycle of coffee production in Brazil (1820–1880) in the middle valley of the Paraíba do Sul River in southeast Brazil, is a legacy of earthen architecture of exceptional importance. A rare example of simultaneous presence of three different earthen architecture techniques (wattle-and-daub, adobe and rammed earth), this heritage faces threat of disappearance due to lack of public concern and loss of know-how directed to earthen techniques. In this paper, the physical and chemical analysis of a large set of samples of local soils and masonry elements formed the basis for a discussion on raw materials and techniques originally used in the construction of those buildings. The information gathered in this work is intended to contribute in the rescue of the immaterial heritage related to building practices in colonial and post-colonial Brazil and to support conservation and restoration actions. © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS","19th century; Adobe; Brazil; Earthen architecture; Materials characterisation; Rammed earth; Wattle-and-daub",,,,,,"2011/51016-9","Ms. Joseane Fontaine and Mr. Lauro Maia (Instituto Socio-Ambiental RPPN Fazenda Catadupa) and Ms. Eliana Torres Ferreira Leite and Mr Walton Ferreira Leite Junior (Fazenda São Francisco) for assistance and useful discussions. Dr. Delhi Salinas for support in statistical analysis. Fapesp and Capes for research grant ( 2011/51016-9 ) and studentship.",,,,,,,,,,"Vasconcellos, S., Arquitetura no Brasil–Sistemas construtivos (1979), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte (Brazil); Kanan, M.I., (2009) The mediterranean Portuguese influence in the Brazilian earth-building tradition: a valuable heritage to research, Mediterra, Villanovaforru, Italy, 17–18 March, , http://www.revistaamericapatrimonio.org/the_mediterranean_portugues.pdf, (last accessed in 21/04/2016 from); Kanan, M.I.C., An analytical study of earth and lime based building materials in the Blumenau region of Southern Brazil (1995), Bournemouth University (PhD Thesis); Avrami, E., Guillaud, H., Hardy, M., (2008) An overview of research in Earthen Architecture Conservation, , Getty Conservation Institute Los Angeles; Fazio, A.T., Cavicchioli, A., Penna, D.S.A., Chambergo, F.S., Faria, D.L.A., Towards a better comprehension of biodeterioration in earthen architecture: study of fungi colonisation on historic wall surfaces in Brazil (2005) J. Cult. Herit., 16, pp. 934-938; Dantas, M.E., Shinzato, E., Medina, A.I.M., Silva, C.R., Pimentel, J., Lumbreras, J.F., Carvalho-Filho, A., (2005) Diagnóstico geoambiental do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Oficina internacional de ordenamento territorial mineiro, ciencia y tecnologia para el desarollo cooperacion ibero-americana, 1, Rio de Janeiro; PROJETO RADAMBRASIL–RADAMBRASIL (1983), (Folhas SF. 23/24. Rio de Janeiro/Vitória. Levantamento de recursos naturais. Rio de Janeiro, MME, v. 32, 775 p); Oliveira, J.B., Camargo, M.N., Rossi, M., Mapa pedológico do Estado de São Paulo. 1:500.000 (1999), EMBRAPA/IAC São Paulo; Munsell Soil Colour Charts (2000), Grand Rapids MI, USA; Soil Survey Division Staff. Soil survey manual. Soil Conservation Service (1993), Department of Agriculture Handbook 18; Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Serviço Nacional de Levantamento e Conservação de Solo. Rio de Janeiro. Reunião Técnica de Levantamento de Solos, 10. Súmula (1979), SNLCS Rio de Janeiro (Miscelânea 1); McRae, S.G., Practical pedology: studying soils in the field (1988), Halsted Press New York; Swann, D.H., Fisher, R.W., Walters, M.J., Visual estimates of grain size distribution in some Chester sandstones, Urbana, Illinois State Geological Survey (1959) Circular, 280; Martín, V.P., DRXWin & CreaFit 2. 0: graphical and analytical tools for Powder XRD Patterns (1999) Powder Diffract., 14, pp. 70-73; Lemos, C., Casa Paulista (1999), EDUSP São Paulo (Brazil); Maniatidis, V., Walker, P., A Review of Rammed Earth Construction (2003), http://www.growingempowered.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Rammed-Earth-Building-Review.pdf, Natural Building Technology Group Bath (available in, access in 23/09/2017); Neves, C., Faria, O., Técnicas de construcción com tierra (2011), Proterra, Bauru Brasil; Torgal, F.P., Eires, R.M.G., Jalali, S., Construção em terra (2009), TecMinho Guimarães, Portugal; Van Eijk, D., Restauro de taipa de pilão–aspectos de materiais, técnicas construtivas, patologias e restauração (2005), Universidade Federal Fluminense Niteroi, Brazil (MSc dissertation)","Cavicchioli, A.; Escola de Artes, Av. Arlindo Béttio, 1000, Brazil; email: andrecav@usp.br",,,"Elsevier Masson SAS",,,,,12962074,,,,"English","J. Cult. Heritage",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85035057764
"Mileto C., López-Manzanares F.V., García-Soriano L., Cristini V.","36721933700;6603127341;56344563400;39161117100;","SOSTierra project. Initial results",2018,"Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability - Proceedings of SOStierra2017 2017",,,,"185","190",,3,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058105630&partnerID=40&md5=3b872d7f1e861ccaddcf66cb656a8ce2","Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain","Mileto, C., Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain; López-Manzanares, F.V., Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain; García-Soriano, L., Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain; Cristini, V., Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain","The aim of the SOSTierra Project (Restoration and Rehabilitation of Traditional Earthen Architecture in the Iberian Peninsula. Guidelines and tools for sustainable intervention) is to investigate the possibilities of compatible, respectful, and sustainable conservation and re-use of non monumental earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula, shunning standard foreign solutions and prioritizing options which respect technical and cultural diversity and the lessons in future sustainability. Traditional architecture, and especially earthen architecture, can provide important lessons for a broad concept of sustainability in the modern world. Expert analysis and evaluation of the interventions in the different fields uses a multidisciplinary methodology to draw up guidelines and a list of tools (manual, website, exhibition, symposiums, etc.) to guarantee the actual transfer of the project results to the specialists and society in general through the relevant administrations and official bodies. © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Sustainable development; Cultural diversity; Earthen architectures; Expert analysis; Iberian Peninsula; Sustainable conservations; Traditional architecture; Architecture",,,,,"Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, MINECO: BIA2014-55924-R; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, MICINN: 2010–13","In addition, the restoration of earthen architecture has focused mostly on the restoration of monuments. In most cases, these have been localized and isolated experiences. Efforts have recently been made to combine these experiences (Mileto & Vegas 2014), within the project “Restoration of rammed earth architecture in the Iberian Peninsula. Criteria, techniques, results, and perspectives” (ref. BIA 2010–18921), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (2010–13), and directed by the authors of this text. This research has provided the first opportunity to share the criteria, techniques and results of restorations carried out on rammed earth monuments, and has become a national point of reference. However, there are fewer examples of interventions carried out in the field of restoration and rehabilitation of non monumental earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula. These tend to be private undertakings, rarely coordinated with others, and carried out spontaneously by local specialists and companies.","This work is part of the research project “Restoration and rehabilitation of traditional earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula. Guidelines and tools for a sustainable intervention”, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Ref.: BIA2014-55924-R; main researchers: Camilla Mileto and Fernando Vegas López-Manzanares).","With this in mind, the four-year project “SOSTi-erra. Restoration and rehabilitation of traditional earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula. Guidelines and tools for a sustainable intervention” was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BIA2014-55924-R) and initiated under head researchers Camilla Mileto and Fernando Vegas in January 2015. The overall aim of this research is the investigation of the possibilities of sustainable restoration and rehabilitation compatible and respectful with the existing non monumental traditional earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula. This should avoid standard alien solutions, while favoring options that respect technical and cultural diversity and its lessons in future sustainability.",,,,,,,,"(2005) Arquitectura.De Terra Em Portugal, , Argumentum. Lisboa; (2008) Terra Incognita. Discovering European Earthen Architecture/Preserving European Earten Architecture. Argumentum, Lisboa, 2008; (2015) Earthen Architecture. Past, Present and Future, , Taylor and Francis Group, Londres; Alonso, A., Martínez, A., Gomez-Patrocinio, F.J., (2017) Structural Evaluation of Historical Earthen Walls through Non-Destructive Tests, , Vernacular and earthen architecture. Conservation and sustainability. Taylor and Francis Group, Londres; Barbeta, G.P., (2017) Thermal Assessment of the Behavior of Retrofitted Rammed Earth in Central Catalonia, , Vernacular and earthen architecture. Conservation and sustainability. Taylor and Francis Group, Londres; González Moreno-Navarro, J.L., Genís Viñals, M., Onecha Perez, B., Reta, M.M., (2017) The Systemic Approach in the Intervention on Earthen Architecture. in Vernacular and Earthen Architecture, , Conservation and sustainability. Taylor and Francis Group, Londres; Maldonado, L., Vela, F., (1999) Vocabulario Tradicional De construcción Con Tierra, , (II), Ins. J.de Herrera; Mileto, C., Vegas, F., Cristini, V., García-Soriano, L., (2011) Earthen Techniques in Europe, , Terra Europae. Earthen Architecture in European Union. ETS Ed. Pisa; Mileto, C., Vegas, F., Cristini, V., García-Soriano, L., (2012) Restoration of Rammed Earth Architecture in the Iberian Peninsula: Ongoing Research, , Rammed Earth Conservation. Taylor and Francis Group, Londres; Mileto, C., Vegas, F., (2014) La restauración De La Tapia En La Península Ibérica, Argumentum/Tc, , Lisboa/ Valencia; Sanz, J.M., (1996) Técnicas Y Oficios Tradicionales: Barro, Adobe Y Tapial, BIA N.185, Barbí, Madrid.; Serrano Lanzarote, A.B., Navarro Escudero, M., Ramírez Pareja, L., Mateo Cecilia, C., Passive design principles in vernacular architecture of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain (2017) Vernacular and Earthen Architecture. Conservation and Sustainability. Taylor and Francis Group, Londres",,"Mileto C.Lopez-Manzanares F.V.Garcia-Soriano L.Cristini V.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability, SOStierra 2017","14 September 2017 through 16 September 2017",,220559,,9781138035461,,,"English","Vernac. Earthen Archit.: Conserv. Sustain. - Proc.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85058105630
"Peinetti A.","57192906884;","The torchis of Northern France: Ethnoarchaeological research on the technological variability and decay processes of wattle and daub dwellings",2016,"The Intangible Elements of Culture in Ethnoarchaeological Research",,,,"275","282",,3,"10.1007/978-3-319-23153-2_22","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85008883069&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-319-23153-2_22&partnerID=40&md5=b3a9d23658e93607214e7f0158706ca8","UMR 5140, Archéologie des Sociétés Méditerranéennes, Université Montpellier 3-CNRS-MCC, 390, avenue de Pérols, Lattes, 34970, France; Labex ARCHIMEDE, Route de Mende, Montpellier, 34199, France; Dipartimento di Storia Culture Civiltà, Università di Bologna, 2, Piazza San Giovanni in Monte, Bologna, 40124, Italy","Peinetti, A., UMR 5140, Archéologie des Sociétés Méditerranéennes, Université Montpellier 3-CNRS-MCC, 390, avenue de Pérols, Lattes, 34970, France, Labex ARCHIMEDE, Route de Mende, Montpellier, 34199, France, Dipartimento di Storia Culture Civiltà, Università di Bologna, 2, Piazza San Giovanni in Monte, Bologna, 40124, Italy","The study of ancient vernacular architecture highlights the exceptional technological variability in the use of wood and daub. This variability is hardly recognizable in the archaeological record, whose interpretation is often conventional. A series of observations on wattle and daub constructions in northern France can explain some of the relationships between technology, environment, and human choices. By analyzing how people abandoned these buildings and by observing their decay, a preliminary hypothetical model of the formation processes of the archeological record linked to this type of dwelling can be proposed. This is useful for the correct interpretation of the archaeological context as well as of the human behavior that generates it. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016.","Earthen architecture; Formation processes of the archeological record; Northern france; Technology; Wattle and daub",,,,,,"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020: 648055",,,,,,,,,,,"Bankoff, H.A., Winter, F.A., A house burning in Serbia (1979) Journal of Field Archaeology, 32, pp. 8-14; Cammas, C., L’architecture en terre crue à l’Âge du fer à l’époque romaine: Apports de la discrimination micromorphologique des modes de mise en oeuvre (2003) Échanges transdisciplinaires sur les constructions en terre crue, pp. 33-53. , C.-A. de Chazelles & A. Klein (Eds.), Montpellier: Éditions de l’Espérou (École nationale supérieure d’architecture de Montpellier); Cavulli, F., Gheorghiu, D., Looking for a methodology burning wattle and daub housing structures. A preliminary report on an archaeological experiment (2008) Journal of Experimental Pyrotechnologies, 1, pp. 37-43; Devismes, R., (1958) Les Méthodes traditionnelles de la construction rurale à Mons-Boubert, , Amiens: CRDP; Dupré, N., (1988) Culture technique et savoir-faire traditionnels du bâtiment: Département de la Somme, , Paris: Maisons Paysannes de France; Épaud, F., Approche ethnoarchéologique des charpentes à poteaux plantés: Les loges d’Anjou-Tourraine (2009) Archéologie Médiévale, 39, pp. 121-160; Fercoq Du Leslay, G., Terre crue, terre cuite (1997) La résidence aristocratique de Montmartin (Oise) du IIIe au IIe s. av. J.-C. (DAF, 64), pp. 99-105. , J.-L. Brunaux & P. Meniel (Eds.), Paris: Maison des Sciences de l’Homme; Houben, H., Guillaud, H., (1989) Traité de construction en terre, , Marseille: Éditions Parenthèses. 3rd edn., 2006; Lahure, F., (1989) Fascicule technique sur la mise en oeuvre du torchis: À l’usage des professionnels, , Notre-Dame-de-Bliquetuit: Parc naturel régional de Brotonne; (2007) Documentary. Directed by Samuel Coquelle, , Arras: CAUE du Pasde-Calais, Parc naturel régional des Caps et Marais d’Opale; Milcent, D., La bourrine: Architecture rurale en bauge et couverture végétale dans le Nord-Ouest de la Vendée (2006) In Situ, 7, pp. 2-13; Schiffer, M.B., (1987) Formation Processes of the Archaeological Record, , Albuquerque: University of Chicago Press; Schiffer, M.B., (1995) Behavioral Archaeology: First principles, , Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press; Wattez, J., Enregistrement sédimentaire de l’usage de la terre crue dans les établissements néolithiques du sud de la France: Le cas des sites du Néolithique Final de La Capoulière 2 et du Mas de Vignoles IV (2009) De la maison au village. L’habitat néolithique dans le Sud de la France et de Nord-Ouest méditerranéen, pp. 199-218. , A. Beeching & I. Sénépart (Eds.), Paris: Société Préhistorique Française","Peinetti, A.; UMR 5140, 390, avenue de Pérols, France; email: alessandro.peinetti@gmail.com",,,"Springer International Publishing",,,,,,9783319231532; 9783319231525,,,"English","The Intangible Elements of Culture in Ethnoarchaeological Research",Book Chapter,"Final","All Open Access, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85008883069
"Elert K., Pardo E.S., Rodriguez-Navarro C.","6602602703;7006129003;7004396118;","Mineralogical evolution of di- and trioctahedral smectites in highly alkaline environments",2015,"Clays and Clay Minerals","63","6",,"414","431",,3,"10.1346/CCMN.2015.0630601","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84959464997&doi=10.1346%2fCCMN.2015.0630601&partnerID=40&md5=a9ef1a884f357efc041ed3332f06120d","Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, University of Granada, Fuentenueva S/N, Granada, 18002, Spain","Elert, K., Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, University of Granada, Fuentenueva S/N, Granada, 18002, Spain; Pardo, E.S., Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, University of Granada, Fuentenueva S/N, Granada, 18002, Spain; Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, University of Granada, Fuentenueva S/N, Granada, 18002, Spain","The mineralogical evolution of di- and trioctahedral smectites (i.e. montmorillonite and saponite) exposed to high-pH environments has been studied to determine the influence of compositional differences on clay dissolution and the formation of new phases. The present study helps to gauge the effects of highly alkaline solutions on the swelling capacity of smectitic clays and experimental results are extrapolated to predict the behavior of smectite-rich soils in various technical applications such as nuclearwaste storage and architectural conservation. The present study revealed extensive dissolution of montmorillonite in 5 M NaOH or 5 M KOH solutions and the neoformation of various zeolites, thereby reducing the clay’s swelling capacity significantly. Saponite, in contrast, experienced less pronounced changes, including transformation into a randomly interstratified saponite-chlorite and a Si-rich amorphous phase. These changes only provoked a partial reduction in swelling capacity. The results imply that under repository conditions (e.g. alkaline environment caused by hyperalkaline fluids released during concrete leaching), the slow and limited transformation of saponite into corrensite-type minerals would be beneficial for preserving the clay’s swelling capacity and, therefore, its effectiveness as a sealing material. Conversely, the loss of swelling capacity as a result of zeolite formation in montmorillonite observed in the present experiments would limit the clay’s effectiveness as a sealing material in waste repositories. In the case of earthen architecture conservation, alkaline consolidation treatments aimed at reducing the soils’ swelling capacity and, thereby, improving water resistance, would only be effective for treating earthen structures made of soils rich in dioctahedral smectites. Soils containing trioctahedral smectites, in contrast, are not likely to improve their water resistance because the swelling capacity will only be partially reduced. © 2015, Clays and Clay Minerals. All rights reserved.","Alkaline treatment; Clay swelling; Earthen architecture consolidation; Montmorillonite; Saponite; Zeolites","Alkalinity; Amorphous silicon; Architecture; Clay minerals; Consolidation; Dissolution; Sealants; Soil conservation; Soils; Zeolites; Alkaline environment; Alkaline treatment; Clay swelling; Compositional difference; Earthen architectures; Saponite; Swelling capacities; Technical applications; Swelling; alkaline environment; consolidation; mineralogy; montmorillonite; saponite; smectite; swelling; zeolite",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Barrer, R.M., (1982) Hydrothermal Chemistry of Zeolites, 360p. , Academic Press, London; Barrer, R.M., Cole, J.F., Sticher, H., Chemistry of soil minerals. Part V. Low temperature hydrothermal transformations of kaolinite (1968) Journal of the Chemical Society (A), pp. 2475-2485; Barth-Wirsching, U., Höller, H., Experimental studies on zeolite formation conditions (1989) European Journal of Mineralogy, 1, pp. 489-509; Bauer, A., Velde, B., Smectite transformation in high molar KOH solutions (1999) Clay Minerals, 34, pp. 259-273; Bauer, A., Velde, B., Berger, G., Kaolinite transformation in high molar KOH solutions (1998) Applied Geochemistry, 13, pp. 619-629; Beaufort, D., Meunier, A., Saponite, corrensite and chlorite-saponite mixed-layers in Sancerre-Couy deep drillhole (France) (1994) Clay Minerals, 29, pp. 47-61; Beaufort, D., Baronnet, A., Lanson, B., Meunier, A., Corrensite: A single phase or a mixed-layer phyllosilicate in the saponite-to-chlorite conversion series? A case study of Sancerre-Couy deep drill hole (France) (1997) American Mineralogist, 82, pp. 109-124; Becerro, A., Mantovani, M., Escudero, A., Mineralogical stability of phyllosilicates in hyperalkaline fluids: Influence of layer nature, octahedral occupation and presence of tetrahedral Al (2009) American Mineralogist, 94, pp. 1187-1197; Brady, P.V., Walther, J.V., Controls on silicate dissolution rates in neutral and basic pH solutions at 25ºC (1989) Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 53, pp. 2823-2830; Breck, D.W., (1974) Zeolite Molecular Sieves - Structure, Chemistry and Use, 771p; Brigatti, M.F., Poppi, L., Crystal chemistry of corrensite: A review (1984) Clays and Clay Minerals, 32, pp. 391-399; Bristow, T.F., Kennedy, M.J., Derkowski, A., Droser, M.L., Jiang, G., Creaser, R.A., Mineralogical constraints on the paleoenvironments of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation (2009) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 106, pp. 13190-13195; Brunauer, S., Emmett, P.H., Teller, E., Adsorption of gases in multimolecular layers (1938) Journal of the American Chemical Society, 60, pp. 309-319; Csicsery, S.M., Shape-selective catalysis in zeolites (1984) Zeolites, 4, pp. 202-312; Cuadros, J., Clay as sealing material in nuclear waste repositories (2008) Geology Today, 24, pp. 99-103; Cuevas Rodriguez, J., Comportamiento hidrotermal de las arcillas saponiticas de la cuenca de Madrid (1993) Estudios Geológicos, 49, pp. 137-146; Cuevas, J., Pelayo, M., Rivas, P., Leguey, S., Characterization of Mg-clays from the Neogene of the Madrid Basin and their potential as backfill and sealing material in high level radioactive waste disposal (1993) Applied Clay Science, 7, pp. 383-406; Cuevas, J., Garralon, A., Ramirez, S., Leguey, S., Hydrothermal alteration of a saponitic bentonite: Mineral reactivity and evolution of surface properties (2001) Clay Minerals, 36, pp. 61-74; Davis, M.E., Lobo, R.F., Zeolite and molecular sieve synthesis (1992) Chemistry of Materials, 4, pp. 756-768; Doehne, E., Price, C.A., (2010) Stone Conservation - An Overview of Current Research, 158p. , Los Angeles, USA; Drief, A., Nieto, F., Sanchez-Navas, A., Experimental clay-mineral formation from a subvolcanic rock by interaction with 1 M NaOH solution at room temperature (2001) Clays and Clay Minerals, 49, pp. 92-106; Drief, A., Martinez-Ruiz, F., Nieto, F., Velilla Sanchez, N., Transmission Electron Microscopy evidence for experimental illitization of smectite in K-enriched seawater solution at 50ºC and basic pH (2002) Clays and Clay Minerals, 50, pp. 746-756; Eberl, D.D., Velde, B., McCormick, T., Synthesis of illite-smectite from smectite at earth surface temperature and high pH (1993) Clay Minerals, 28, pp. 49-60; Elert, K., Sebastian Pardo, E., Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Alkaline treatment as an alternative method for the consolidation of earthen architecture (2015) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 16, pp. 461-469; Felsche, J., Luger, S., Baerlocher, C., Crystal structures of the hydro-sodalite Na6[ALSiO4]6·8H2O and of the anhydrous sodalite Na6[ALSiO4]6 (1986) Zeolites, 6, pp. 367-372; Fernandez, R., Ruiz, A.I., Cuevas, J., The role of smectite composition on the hyperalkaline alteration of bentonite (2014) Applied Clay Science, 95, pp. 83-94; Gaucher, E.C., Blanc, P., Cement/clay interactions - a review: Experiments, natural analogues, and modeling (2006) Waste Management, 26, pp. 776-788; Gottardi, G., The genesis of zeolites (1989) European Journal of Mineralogy, 1, pp. 479-487; Groen, J.C., Pfeffer, L.A.A., Perez-Ramirez, J., Pore size determination in modified micro- and mesoporous materials. Pitfalls and limitations in gas adsorption data analysis (2003) Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 60, pp. 1-17; Hauff, P., (1981) Corrensite: Mineralogical Ambiguities and Geologic Significance. Geological Survey, 45p. , Open-File Report 81-850, US Department of the Interior; Hensen, E.J.M., Smit, B., Why clays swell (2002) Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 106, pp. 12664-12667; Huertas, F.J., Carretero, P., Delgado, J., Linares, J., Samper, J., An experimental study on the ionexchange behaviour of the smectite of Cabo de Gata (Almeria, Spain): FEBEX bentonite (2001) Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 239, pp. 409-416; Karamalidis, A.K., Dzombak, D.A., (2010) Surface Complexation Modeling: Gibbsite, 294p; Karnland, O., Olsson, S., Nilsson, U., Sellin, P., Experimentally determined swelling pressures and geochemical interactions of compacted Wyoming bentonite with highly alkaline solutions (2007) Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 32, pp. 275-286; Kirov, G., Filizova, L., Cationic hydration impact on zeolite formation and properties: A review and discussion. Geochemistry (2012) Mineralogy and Petrology - Sofia, 49, pp. 65-82; Kovalchuk, G., Fernandez-Jimenez, A., Palomo, A., Activacion alcalina de cenizas volantes. Relación entre el desarrollo mecánico resistente y la composición química de la ceniza (2008) Materiales De Construcción, 58, pp. 35-52; Li, D., Yao, J., Wang, H., Hao, N., Zhao, D., Ratinac, K.R., Ringer, S.P., Organic-functionalized sodalite nanocrystals and their dispersion in solvents (2007) Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 106, pp. 262-267; Lorimer, G.W., Cliff, G., (1976) Analytical Electron Microscopy of Minerals, pp. 506-519. , (H.R. Wenk, editor). Springer-Verlag, New York; Meunier, A., Velde, B., Griffault, L., The reactivity of bentonites: A review. An application to clay barrier stability for nuclear waste storage (1998) Clay Minerals, 33, pp. 187-196; Miyaji, F., Murakami, T., Suyama, Y., Formation of linde F by KOH treatment of coal fly ash (2009) Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, 117, pp. 619-622; Moliner, M., Direct synthesis of functional zeolitic materials (2012) International Scholarly Research Network Materials Science, p. 24; Mosser-Ruck, R., Chathelineau, M., Experimental transformation of Na,Ca-smectite under basic conditions at 150ºC (2004) Applied Clay Science, 26, pp. 259-273; Mumpton, F.A., Using zeolites in agriculture (1985) Innovative Biological Technologies for Lesser Developed Countries, pp. 127-157. , Congress of the US, Office of Technology Assessment, Washington D.C; Murakami, T., Sato, T., Inoue, A., HRTEM evidence for the process and mechanism of saponite-to-chlorite conversion through corrensite (1999) American Mineralogist, 84, pp. 1080-1087; Nagy, K.L., (1995) Dissolution and Precipitation Kinetics of Sheet Silicates, pp. 173-225. , (A.F. White and S.L. Brantley, editors). Reviews in Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington D.C; Newman, A.C.D., Brown, G., (1987) The Chemical Constitution of Clay, pp. 1-128. , (A.C.D. Newman, editor). Mineralogical Society Monograph, 6, Longman Scientific & Technical, London; Norrish, K., The swelling of montmorillonite (1954) Discussions of the Faraday Society, 18, pp. 120-134; Pokrovsky, O.S., Schott, J., Experimental study of brucite dissolution and precipitation in aqueous solution: Surface speciation and chemical affinity control (2004) Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 68, pp. 31-45; Pozo Rodríguez, M., Sainz de Aja, C.J., Mineralogía y sedimentología del yacimiento de saponita de Yuncos (Toledo) (1992) Estudios Geologicos, 48, pp. 47-65; Prieto, O., Vicente, M.A., Bañares-Muñoz, A., Study of the porous solids obtained by acid treatment of a high surface area saponite (1999) Journal of Porous Materials, 6, pp. 334-335; Ramirez, S., Cuevas, J., Vigil, R., Leguey, S., Hydrothermal alteration of ‘‘La Serrata’’ bentonite (Almeria, Spain) by alkaline solutions (2002) Applied Clay Science, 21, pp. 257-269; Rouquerol, J., Rouquerol, F., Sing, K.S.W., (1998) Absorption by Powders and Porous Solids, 467p. , Academic Press, San Diego; Roy, D.M., Alkali-activated cements. Opportunities and challenges (1999) Cement and Concrete Research, 29, pp. 249-254; Rozalen, M., Brady, P.V., Huertas, F.J., Surface chemistry of K-montmorillonite: Ionic strength, temperature dependence and dissolution kinetics (2009) Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 333, pp. 474-484; Sanchez, L., Cuevas, J., Ramirez, S., Ruiz de Leon, D., Fernandez, R., Vigil dela Villa, R., Leguey, S., Reaction kinetics of FEBEX bentonite in hyperalkaline conditions resembling the cement-bentonite interface (2006) Applied Clay Science, 33, pp. 125-141; Siegel, M.D., Leckie, J.O., Park, S.W., Phillips, S.L., Sewards, T., (1990) Studies of Radionuclide Sorption by Clays in the Culebra Dolomite at the Wipp Site, pp. 839-900. , southeastern New Mexico, Technical Report SAND-89-2387, Sandia National Labs, Albuquerque, NM (USA); Sing, K.S.W., Everett, D.H., Haul, R.A.W., Moscou, L., Pierotti, R.A., Rouquerol, J., Siemieniewska, T., Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems (1985) Pure and Applied Chemistry, 57, pp. 603-619; Singh, R., Dutta, P.K., Stabilization of natural faujasite zeolite: Possible role of alkaline earth metal ions (1998) Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 21, pp. 103-109; Slaty, F., Khoury, H., Wastiels, J., Rahier, H., Characterization of alkali activated kaolinitic clay (2013) Applied Clay Science, 75-76, pp. 120-125; Somasundaran, P., Agar, G.E., The zero point of charge of calcite (1967) Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 24, pp. 400-433; Sposito, G., (1984) The Surface Chemistry of Soils, p. 234. , Oxford University Press, New York; Stumm, W., Reactivity at the mineral-water interface: Dissolution and inhibition (1997) Colloids and Surfaces A, 120, pp. 143-166; Suarez Barrios, M., Vicente-Rodriguez, M.A., Martin Pozas, J.M., Intercalation compounds between nicotine and a high surface area saponite (1996) Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Molecular Recognition in Chemistry, 24, pp. 263-272; Sutarno, S., Arryanto, Y., Synthesis of faujasite from fly ash and its application for hydrocracking of petroleum distillates (2007) Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering and Catalysis, 2, pp. 45-51; Villar, M.V., Perez del Villar, L., Martin, P.L., Pelayo, M., Fernandez, A.M., Garralon, A., Cuevas, J., Astudillo, J., The study of Spanish clays for their use as sealing materials in nuclear waste repositories: 20 years of progress (2006) Journal of Iberian Geology, 32, pp. 15-36; Whitney, D.L., Evans, B.W., Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals (2010) American Mineralogist, 95, pp. 185-187","Elert, K.; Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Fuentenueva S/N, Spain; email: kelert@ugr.es",,,"Clay Minerals Society",,,,,00098604,,CLCMA,,"English","Clays Clay Miner.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84959464997
"Kraus C., Hirmas D., Roberts J.","55421335200;13613477700;57215223098;","Compressive strength of blood stabilized earthen architecture",2015,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future - Proceedings of the International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture",,,,"217","220",,3,"10.1201/b17392-38","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907373325&doi=10.1201%2fb17392-38&partnerID=40&md5=6cb38f05f71c918cb68283ef02eefb70","University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States","Kraus, C., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States; Hirmas, D., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States; Roberts, J., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States","Throughout the literature on earthen architecture, references to the historical use of animal byproducts such as blood, manure, and urine to increase compressive strength and moisture resistance are fairly common. However, little empirical research has been done to substantiate these practices. In this paper, we present the results of an experiment testing the compressive strength of blood stabilized rammed earth. Triplicate unstabilized and blood stabilized rammed earth cylinders were tested for compressive strength at 7, 14, and 28 days. Results show the compressive strength of blood-stabilized cylinders to exceed the control cylinders by approximately 36% at 28 days. Biostabilization of rammed earth with blood shows promise for a more sustainable built environment. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group.",,"Blood; Cylinders (shapes); Fertilizers; Sustainable development; Animal by-products; Biostabilization; Built environment; Earthen architectures; Empirical research; Experiment testing; Moisture resistance; Rammed earth; Compressive strength",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700 kN-m/m3)) (2007) ASTM Standard D1557-12, , ASTM. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; Standard Test Methods for Compressive Strength of Molded Soil-Cement Cylinders (2007) ASTM Standard D1633-00, , ASTM. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; Standard Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis (2009) ASTM Standard D6913-04, , ASTM. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; Beas, M.I.G., (1991) Traditional Architectural Renders on Earthen Surfaces, , Master Thesis, Historic Preservation, University of Pennsylvania; Easton, D., Pneumatically impacted stabilized earth (PISE) construction techniques (2012) Modern Earth Buildings, pp. 385-400. , By M. Hall, R. Lindsay, and M. Krayenhoff. Oxford: Woodhead Publishing; Eires, R., Camões, A., Jalali, S., Earth Architecture: Ancient and New Methods for Durability Improvement (2013) Structures and Architecture. Concepts, Applications and Challenges, pp. 962-970. , Ed. Paulo Cruz. Boca Raton, FL: CRC; El Azreq, M.A., El Hammoumi, A., Iben Brahim, A., Kerroum, M., Gueraoui, K., El Mouraouah, A., Lbadaoui, A., El Harrouni, K., SANSWALL: Sandblasted armed non-stabilized wall of rammed earth (2013) Advanced Studies in Theoretical Physics, 7 (1), pp. 25-56; Foster, N., Richard Buckminster Fuller (2001) Buckminster Fuller: Anthology for the New Millennium, pp. 1-8. , Ed. Thomas T.K. Zung. New York: St. Martin's; Krayenhoff, M., North American modern earth construction (2012) Modern Earth Buildings, pp. 561-608. , By M. Hall, R. Lindsay, and M. Krayenhoff. Oxford: Woodhead Publishing; Lin, H., Gunasekaran, S., Cow blood adhesive: Characterization of physicochemical and adhesion properties (2010) International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 30, pp. 139-144; McHenry, P., (1984) Adobe and Rammed Earth Buildings: Design and Construction, , New York: Wiley; Minke, G., (2009) Building with Earth: Design and Technology of a Sustainable Architecture, , Basel: Birkhauser; Rael, R., (2009) Earth Architecture, , New York: Princeton Architectural Press; Winkler, E.M., The Effect Of Blood On Clays (1956) Soil Science, 82 (2), pp. 157-172",,,"TARMA;Tragsa Grupo","CRC Press/Balkema","VerSus 2014 2nd Mediterra 2nd ResTapi - International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture","11 September 2014 through 13 September 2014","Valencia",107318,,9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Archit.: Past, Present Future - Proc. Int. Conf. Vernac. Herit., Sustainability Earthen Archit.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84907373325
"Fratini F., Rescic S., Riminesi C., Mattone M., Rovero L., Tonietti U.","6602728244;14024798900;7801369746;55901890800;6507855810;6505623486;","The vernacular earthen architecture near Turin (Piedmont, Italy)",2015,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future - Proceedings of the International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture",,,,"145","150",,3,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907302553&partnerID=40&md5=da84d50db08bc7eb29ef43d2796cc960","CNR-Istituto Per la Conservazione e Valorizzazione dei Beni Culturali, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Dipartimento Architettura e Design, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy; Dipartimento di Architettura, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy","Fratini, F., CNR-Istituto Per la Conservazione e Valorizzazione dei Beni Culturali, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Rescic, S., CNR-Istituto Per la Conservazione e Valorizzazione dei Beni Culturali, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Riminesi, C., CNR-Istituto Per la Conservazione e Valorizzazione dei Beni Culturali, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Mattone, M., Dipartimento Architettura e Design, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy; Rovero, L., Dipartimento di Architettura, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Tonietti, U., Dipartimento di Architettura, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy","Piedmont and Sardinia are the regions which have the richest collections of historical and architectural earthen heritage in Italy. The present work is a contribution to the knowledge of the rich earthen heritage that can be found in the Piedmont region and, in particular, in the province of Turin. The research aims therefore to deepen the knowledge of the earthen buildings present in different areas of the province of Turin, examining types, construction techniques and analysing the characteristics and performance of the constitutive materials through in situ tests (rebound test, water absorption test), characterization of the earth of bricks and mortars (XRD, particle size distribution) and identification of possible additives. This type of research will be useful to promote again the use in the Turin area of these construction techniques, evidence of skills and abilities of people to take advantage of the local environmental resources. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group.",,"Landforms; Particle size analysis; Sustainable development; Constitutive materials; Construction technique; Earthen architectures; Earthen buildings; Environmental resources; In-situ test; Sardinia; XRD; Architecture",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Baglioni, E., The mineralogical and mechanical characteristics of the earth utilised in the earthen buildings sited in the Drâa Valley (Morocco) (2010) Acte de RIPAM, 2eme Partie, 2 (20), pp. 222-231. , Minbar Al Jamia Ed; Barosso, L., Constructions en terre crue dans la region turinoise 7th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture (Silves, Portogallo, 24-29 October 1993), 1993, pp. 43-48. , Lisbona: DGEMN; Briccoli Bati, S., Considerations on methods to evaluate the compressive strength of earth building materials (2011) Proceedings of Terra 2008: The 10th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architectural Heritage, Bamako, 1-6 February 2008, , Hong Kong: Getty Pubblications; Comba, R., L'insediamento rurale fra medioevo ed età moderna (1988) Piemonte, , Comoli Mandracci, V. Bari-Napoli: Laterza; Drdácký, M., Standardization of peeling tests for assessing the cohesion and consolidation characteristics of historic stone surfaces (2012) Materials and Structures, 45 (4), pp. 505-520; Fratini, F., The archaeometric analysis of building materials (2009) Earthen Domes and Habitats: Villages of Northern Syria, An Architectural Tradition, Shared by East and West; Fratini, F., The Earth in the architecture of the Historical Centre of Lamezia Terme (Italy): Characterisation for the restoration (2011) Applied Clay Science, 53, pp. 509-516; Fratini, F., Earthen domes in the Aleppo region (Syria): Materials and building techniques (2012) Congress Proceedings Domes in the World, Florence, March 19-23, 2012, , G. Tampone-R. Corazzi-E. Mandelli Scientific Editors, Firenze: Nardini Editore; Karsten, R., (1983) BauchemiefürStudium und Praxis, , Heidelberg, Germany; Mecca, S. & Dipasquale, L. (eds.), Pisa-Italy: Edizioni ETS, pp. 313-321; Houben, H., Guillaud, H., Traité de construction en terre de CRATerre (1989) ICOMOS 1999. Charter on the Built Vernacular Heritage, Ratified by the ICOMOS 12th General Assembly, Mexico, 1999, , Marseille: Editions Parenthèse; Mattone, R., (2010) Il Paesaggio Delle Case in Terra Cruda, , Savigliano: L'Artistica edizioni; Musso, S., «In viaggio» per vedere, conoscere e progettare (2006) Guida Al Recupero Dell'architettura Rurale del G.A.L., , Bosia, D. Bossolasco: Blu Edizioni; Palmucci Quaglino, L., Continuità e innovazione nella casa rurale di pianura tra Cinquecento e Ottocento (1988) Piemonte, , Comoli Mandracci, V. Bari-Napoli: Laterza; Prati, G.L., (2012) Manualetto Pratico Illustrato Dell'architettura in Terra Cruda, Riferito Al Caso Alessandrino, , edited by Municipality of Alessandria, Area Servizi Pianificazione, Sviluppo Territoriale Economico e LL.PP. Direzione Lavori e Opere Pubbliche Servizio Manutenzione Immobili e Impianti; Volterrani, E., Terra: Una tipologia costruttiva presente anche nel torinese (1998) Terra: Incipit Vita Nova, , Gilibert, A., Mattone, R. (eds.) Torino: Politecnico di Torino",,,"TARMA;Tragsa Grupo","CRC Press/Balkema","VerSus 2014 2nd Mediterra 2nd ResTapi - International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture","11 September 2014 through 13 September 2014","Valencia",107318,,9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Archit.: Past, Present Future - Proc. Int. Conf. Vernac. Herit., Sustainability Earthen Archit.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84907302553
"Wang W.F., Wu F.S., Ji A.H., Feng H.Y.","35796635700;35796375200;8960216200;7401736205;","Advancement and prospect of bionic techniques in the conservation of the cultural heritage",2014,"Applied Mechanics and Materials","461",,,"469","475",,3,"10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.461.469","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84891060724&doi=10.4028%2fwww.scientific.net%2fAMM.461.469&partnerID=40&md5=e4b7abf44956128ceda15868d68a0bf7","National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Architecture Sites, Dunhuang 736200, China; Key Scientific Research Base of Conservation for Ancient Mural, State Administration for Cultural Heritage, Dunhuang 736200, China; Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China; Conservation Institute of Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang 736200, China; School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China","Wang, W.F., National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Architecture Sites, Dunhuang 736200, China, Key Scientific Research Base of Conservation for Ancient Mural, State Administration for Cultural Heritage, Dunhuang 736200, China, Conservation Institute of Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang 736200, China; Wu, F.S., National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Architecture Sites, Dunhuang 736200, China, Key Scientific Research Base of Conservation for Ancient Mural, State Administration for Cultural Heritage, Dunhuang 736200, China, Conservation Institute of Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang 736200, China; Ji, A.H., Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China; Feng, H.Y., School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China","The ancient wall paintings and earthen architecture ruins are the most important part of cultural heritage. Inhabitation and locomotion of animals are major factors that lead to biodegradation and biodeterioration at the cultural heritage sites. In this miniview, based on our team work of cultural relics conservation in recent years, the latest findings domestic and overseas in fields of ethology and bionics were summarized, focusing on the correlated methods and techniques that can be used into cross-over study of cultural relics conservation. Animal's biting, nesting, cocooning, crawling, and scratching are all behavioral process that easily bring damage to cultural heritage, such as ancient murals, architectures, earth ruins and so on. Both modern video record techniques and animal motion trajectory analysis may be taken use to improve the analytic accuracy of gait information for animals that crawling on the surface of cultural relics, which promoted the related study of motor pattern, behavior process, and damage pattern of animals to cultural relics. The three dimensional tiny force sensor with high resolution can be used for measuring normal adhesive force and tangential friction force of animals that contacted the surface of fragile cultural relics, which make animal adhesion modeling and historical relics mechanical model constructing possible, and provide newly evidence for biomechanics process illumination of animals locomotion. Totally, the application of the bionic techniques to the study of animals behavioral characteristics will provide new opportunity to better clarify the biological damaging mechanisms of cultural relics and control animal bioderioration, which will drive the development of cultural relics conservation technology in the near future. © (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.","Animals damage; Bionic techniques; Cultural heritage; Cultural relics conservation","Behavioral characteristics; Conservation technologies; Correlated methods; Cultural heritages; Cultural relics; Damaging mechanism; Earthen architectures; Tangential friction force; Animals; Biodegradation; Biomimetics; Bionics; Body sensor networks; Friction; Historic preservation",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Li, Z.X., (2005) Conservation of Wall Paintings and Sculptures In Silk Road, , Science press, Beijing; Wang, H.Z., (2009) Preservation of Cultural Relics, , Cultural relics press, Beijing; Saiz-Jimenez, C., Cuezva, S., Jurado, V., Fernandez-Cortes, A., Porcal, E., Benavente, E., Cañaveras, J.C., Sanchez-Moral, S., Paleolithic art in peril: Policy and science collide at Altamira cave (2011) Science, 334, pp. 42-43; Wang, W.F., Lin, C.Y., Zhang, G.B., Jiang, Y.Q., Feng, H.Y., The principium investigation of the main harmful insect existing in grotto-temples along to Gansu and instance convention and cure measures (2009) Dunhuang Res, 118, pp. 30-35; Gorbushina, A.A., Petersen, K., Distribution of microorganisms on ancient wall paintings as related to associated faunal elements (2000) Int. Biodeter. Biodegr, 46, pp. 177-184; Wang, Z.Y., Wang, J.T., Ji, A.H., Li, H.K., Dai, Z.D., Movement behavior of a spider on a horizontal surface (2011) Chin. Sci. Bull, 56, pp. 2748-2757; Wang, Z.Y., Wang, J.T., Ji, A.H., Zhang, Y.Y., Dai, Z.D., Behavior and dynamics of gecko locomotion: The effects of moving directions on a vertical surface (2011) Chin. Sci. Bull, 56, pp. 573-583; Linnie, M.J., Keatinge, M.J., Pest control in museums: Toxicity of para-dichlorobezene, 'Vapona', and naphthalene against all stages in the life-cycle of museum pests, Dermestes maculates Degeer, and Anthrenus verbasci (L.) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) (1999) Int. Biodeter. Biodegr, 45, pp. 1-13; Selwitz, C., Maekawa, S., (1998) Inert Gases In the Control of Museum Insect Pests, pp. 17-28. , Printed in the USA, The Getty Conservation Institute; Wang, W.F., Ma, Z.F., Lin, C.Y., Xu, S.Q., Liu, F.D., Insects damage to murals in grottoes and the ways of prevention and treatment (2002) Dunhuang Res, 74, pp. 84-91; Wang, W.F., Lin, C.Y., Wang, T., Ma, Z.F., Damages by excretion of Apopestes spectrum (Esper) imagos on the Dunhuang murals and their control (2005) Acta. Entomol. Sin, 48, pp. 74-81; Fry, S.N., Bichsel, M., Muller, P., Robert, D., Tracking of flying insects using pantilt cameras (2000) J. Neurosci. Methods, 101, pp. 59-67; Cai, Z.J., Zeng, L.J., Tracking technologies for insects movement (2002) Opt Tech, 28, pp. 217-219; Autumn, K., Hsieh, S.T., Dudek, D.M., Chen, J., Chitaphan, C., Full, R.J., Dynamics of geckos running vertically (2006) J. Exp. Biol, 209, pp. 260-272; Irschick, D.J., Vanhooydonck, B., Herrel, A., Andronescu, A., Effects of loading and size on maximum power output and gait characteristics in geckos (2003) J. Exp. Biol, 206, pp. 3923-3934; Wang, Z.Y., Wang, J.T., Ji, A.H., Zhang, Y.Y., Dai, Z.D., Gecko's movement behavior and dynamics research on ceiling surface (2010) Chin. Sci. Bull, 55, pp. 841-848; Wang, Y., Wang, J.L., Zhang, G.J., A virtual multi-structure light system for measuring insect motion (2009) J. Optoelectron. Laser, 20, pp. 216-220; Chao, L.P., Yin, C.Y., The six-component force sensor for measuring the loading of the feet in locomotion (1999) Mater. Des, 20, pp. 237-244; Phan, J.V., Hocken, R., Smith, S.T., Keanini, R.G., Simultaneous measurement of spatially separated forces using a dual-cantilever resonace-based touch sensor (2002) Rev. Sci. Instrum, 73, pp. 318-322; Ji, A.H., Dai, Z.D., Yan, H.B., Zhou, L.S., Study on animal's locomotive mechanics measurement system, Transducer (2006) Microsys Techno, 25, pp. 59-61; Yan, H.B., Ji, A.H., Shen, H., Dai, Z.D., Three-dimensional micro force sensor for measuring insect feet contact force (2006) Transducer. Microsys Techno, 25, pp. 82-84; Zhang, Z.J., Ji, A.H., Wang, Z.Y., Dai, Z.D., 3-Dimensional sensor for measuring geckos ground reaction force (2007) J. Transduc Techno, 20, pp. 1271-1274; Wu, Q., Ji, A.H., Wang, Z.Y., Dai, Z.D., Improvement and test for a force sensor's natural frequency (2010) J. Transduc Techno, 23, pp. 235-238; Yu, Z.W., Gong, J., Zhang, H., Dai, Z.D., One-leg motion control of gecko robot based on three-dimensional force feedback (2011) Chin. J. Sci. Instrum, 32, pp. 2674-2680; Tian, Y., Cao, J.Z., Liu, B., Yang, X.J., Liu, A., Synchronous control of high speed camera measuring systems, Electro (2005) Techno, 4, pp. 51-53; Xing, Q., Dai, Z.D., Wang, Z.Y., Dynamic synchronous representation between reaction-force and motion of gecko (2010) Mod. Electro Tech, 2, pp. 147-150; Yao, N., Ji, A.H., Ding, H.C., Yan, J.F., Dai, Z.D., PXIe and LabVIEW based data acquisition system of animal motive mechanics (2012) Mod. Electro Tech, 35, pp. 133-136; Ren, L.Q., Xu, X.B., Chen, B.C., Cui, X.X., Wang, Y.M., Zhang, B.L., Ge, L.H., Jin, G.P., Initical research on claw shapes of the typical soil animals (1990) J. Agric. Mach, 6, pp. 44-49; Yang, Z.X., Dai, Z.D., Wang, W.Y., Morphology and adhesive characteristics of Cybister (male) fore-foot's adhesive pads (2009) Acta Mater. Compos. Sin, 3, pp. 213-218; Bitar, L.A., Voigt, D., Zebitz, C.P.W., Gorb, S.N., Tarsal morphology and attachment ability of the codling moth Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) to smooth surfaces (2009) J. Insect. Physiol, 55, pp. 1029-1038; Ji, A.H., Han, L.B., Dai, Z.D., Adhesive contact in animal: Morphology, mechanism and bio-inspired application (2011) J. Bionic. Eng, 8, pp. 345-356","National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Architecture Sites, Dunhuang 736200, China",,"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics;Jilin University;National Natural Science Foundation of China;Ministry of Science and Technology of China;Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration;and Development, China",,"4th International Conference of Bionic Engineering, ICBE 2013","13 August 2013 through 16 August 2013","Nanjing",101727,16609336,9783037859322,,,"English","Appl. Mech. Mater.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84891060724
"Pelé-Peltier A., Fabbri A., Morel J.-C., Hamard E., Lhenry M.","57411985000;24398767600;15923548500;22934482200;57437419800;","A similitude relation to assessing the compressive strength of rammed earth from scale-down samples",2022,"Case Studies in Construction Materials","16",,"e00921","","",,2,"10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e00921","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85123937471&doi=10.1016%2fj.cscm.2022.e00921&partnerID=40&md5=5b46b5fe06b81b910df2f589941f71ad","LTDS, UMR 5513 CNRS, ENTPE, 2 rue Maurice Audin, Vaulx-en-Velin, 69120, France; Faculty of Engineering, Environment & Computing, Coventry University, 3 Gulson Rd, Coventry, CV12JH, United Kingdom; MAST-GPEM, Univ Gustave Eiffel, Bouguenais, F-44344, France","Pelé-Peltier, A., LTDS, UMR 5513 CNRS, ENTPE, 2 rue Maurice Audin, Vaulx-en-Velin, 69120, France, Faculty of Engineering, Environment & Computing, Coventry University, 3 Gulson Rd, Coventry, CV12JH, United Kingdom; Fabbri, A., LTDS, UMR 5513 CNRS, ENTPE, 2 rue Maurice Audin, Vaulx-en-Velin, 69120, France; Morel, J.-C., LTDS, UMR 5513 CNRS, ENTPE, 2 rue Maurice Audin, Vaulx-en-Velin, 69120, France; Hamard, E., MAST-GPEM, Univ Gustave Eiffel, Bouguenais, F-44344, France; Lhenry, M., LTDS, UMR 5513 CNRS, ENTPE, 2 rue Maurice Audin, Vaulx-en-Velin, 69120, France","Rammed earth (RE) as a construction material fits perfectly into the circular economy concept as the soil is usually taken from excavation works (a waste) and is upcycled to build earthen architecture without adding any other components (unstabilised RE). RE is therefore recoverable at the building end-of-life. For non-common buildings, it is crucial to measure the compressive strength by lab testing on representative samples. While it is necessary to remove the biggest grains to manufacture standard size samples to achieve a homogeneous material, there is no research on how such samples are representative of the in situ RE. This paper develops a similitude relation to take into account the scale effect of the reduction of the size of the biggest grains of scale-down RE samples. The similitude relation is designed for the dry density, the manufacturing water content, and the grain size of the RE. Those parameters were first determined from the construction field of a case study, to define the equivalent parameters to manufacture the scale-down samples with three different grain sizes, capped at 12, 20, 30 mm for the earth; 50 mm being the maximum grain size of the earth used on-site. Compression tests were performed on 66 samples with samples of three different sizes, two geometries and four manufacturing water contents. The compressive strength using the scale-down granulometry samples designed with the similitude relation is similar to the strength of full-scale granulometry whatever samples size or geometry. For a given earth, the method using the similitude relation allows reducing the size of samples without hampering the representativeness of the results. This will help to reduce projects’ costs. © 2022","Circular economy; Compressive Strength; Earthen architecture; Rammed earth; Scale effect","Building materials; Compression testing; Grain size and shape; Manufacture; Circular economy; Earthen architectures; End of lives; Grainsize; Granulometries; Lab testing; Rammed earth; Representative sample; Scale effects; Scale-down; Compressive strength",,,,,"801604","The authors wish to acknowledge the European Union’s Horizon 2020 , UK, research and innovation programme, under grant agreement No 801604 , for supporting this work. They also wish to acknowledge the 274-TCE RILEM’s technical committee and the ENTPE laboratory technician Stéphane Cointet for their support, the contractor Nicolas Meunier – Le pisé for his valuable help in part of sampling processes, and Lea Rinino for her help in proof-reading.","The authors wish to acknowledge the European Union's Horizon 2020, UK, research and innovation programme, under grant agreement No 801604, for supporting this work. They also wish to acknowledge the 274-TCE RILEM's technical committee and the ENTPE laboratory technician St?phane Cointet for their support, the contractor Nicolas Meunier ? Le pis? for his valuable help in part of sampling processes, and Lea Rinino for her help in proof-reading. [Formula presented].",,,,,,,,,"UNEP, S.B.C.I., (2009), Buildings and Climate Change: Summary for Decision Makers; Giesekam, J., Barrett, J., Taylor, P., Owen, A., The greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation options for materials used in UK construction (2014) Energy Build., 78, pp. 202-214; Allwood, J.M., Cullen, J.M., Sustainable materials (2012) With Both Eyes Open, , UIT Cambridge England; Morel, J.-C., Charef, R., Hamard, E., Fabbri, A., Beckett, C., Bui, Q.-B., Earth as construction material in the circular economy context: practitioner perspectives on barriers to overcome (2021) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., 376; Rojat, F., Hamard, E., Fabbri, A., Carnus, B., McGregor, F., Towards an easy decision tool to assess soil suitability for earth building (2020) Constr. Build. Mater., 257; Guillaud, H., Houben, H., Traite de construction en terre (2006) Parenthèses; Rouvreau, L., Michel, P., Vaxelaire, S., Villeneuve, J., Jayr, E., Vernus, E., Buclet, N., Renault, V., (2010), 〈http://infoterre.brgm.fr/rapports/RP-58935-FR.pdf〉, A. de Cazenove, H. Vedrine, Rapport Final Projet ANR ASURET, Revue de l′existant, BRGM; Nanz, L., Rauch, M., Honermann, T., Auer, T., Impacts on the embodied energy of rammed earth façades during production and construction stages (2018) J. Facade Des. Eng., pp. 75-88; Foliente, G.C., Developments in performance-based building codes and standards (2000) Prod. J., 50, pp. 12-21; Schroeder, H., The new DIN standards in earth building—the current situation in Germany (2018) J. Civ. Eng. Arch., 12, pp. 113-120; Dick, K., Krahn, T., Preparing regulatory challenges and opportunities for small to medium residential scale stabilized rammed earth buildings in Canada (2015) Rammed Earth Construction, pp. 93-96. , D. Ciancio C. Beckett CRC Press; Giuffrida, G., Caponetto, R., Cuomo, M., An overview on contemporary rammed earth buildings: technological advances in production, construction and material characterization (2019), IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., Milan; Walker, P., Keable, R., Martin, J., Maniatidis, V., Rammed Earth: Design and Construction Guidelines (2005), first ed. BREPress; (1998), New Zealand Standard (NZS), Engineering design of earth buildings 63; Canivell, J., Martín-del-Río, J.J., Falcón, R.M., Rubio-Bellido, C., Rammed earth construction: a proposal for a statistical quality control in the execution process (2020) Sustainability, 12, p. 22; Gulvanessian, H., Calgaro, J.-A., Holicky, M., Chapter 10: design assisted by testing (2002) Des. Guide EN 1990 Eurocode Basis Struct. 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Eng., 29; Bui, Q.-B., Morel, J.-C., Hans, S., Meunier, N., Compression behaviour of non-industrial materials in civil engineering by three scale experiments: the case of rammed earth (2009) Mater. Struct., 42, pp. 1101-1116; Bui, Q.-B., Morel, J.-C., Assessing the anisotropy of rammed earth (2009) Constr. Build. Mater., 23, pp. 3005-3011; Maniatidis, V., Walker, P., Structural capacity of rammed earth in compression (2008) J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 20, pp. 230-238; Maskell, D., Heath, A., Walker, P., Laboratory scale testing of extruded earth masonry units (2013) Mater. Des., 45, pp. 359-364; MacDougall, C., Natural building materials in mainstream construction: lessons from the U. K. (2008) J. Green. Build., 3, pp. 1-14; Mesbah, A., Morel, J.C., Olivier, M., Comportement des sols fins argileux pendant un essai de compactage statique: détermination des paramètres pertinents (1999) Mater. Struct., 32, pp. 687-694; NF, (2000), pp. 94-420. , Roches: Détermination de la résistance à la compression uniaxiale 7; (2007), B. Seif El Dine, Etude du comportement mécanique de sols grossiers à matrice, Thèse de doctorat, Ecole des Ponts Paristech; Bui, Q.-B., Morel, J.-C., Hans, S., Walker, P., Effect of moisture content on the mechanical characteristics of rammed earth (2014) Constr. Build. Mater., 54, pp. 163-169; Champiré, F., Fabbri, A., Morel, J.-C., Wong, H., Mcgregor, F., Impact of relative humidity on the mechanical behavior of compacted earth as a building material (2016) Constr. Build. Mater., 110, pp. 70-78; Miccoli, L., Müller, U., Fontana, P., Mechanical behaviour of earthen materials: a comparison between earth block masonry, rammed earth and cob (2014) Constr. Build. Mater., 61, pp. 327-339","Pelé-Peltier, A.; ENTPE, 2 rue Maurice Audin, France; email: antoine.peltier@entpe.fr",,,"Elsevier Ltd",,,,,22145095,,,,"English","Case Stud. Constr. Mater.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85123937471
"Zami M.S.","35390510700;","Barriers hindering acceptance of earth construction in the urban context of the United Kingdom",2022,"Architectural Engineering and Design Management","18","6",,"941","958",,2,"10.1080/17452007.2021.1995314","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85119375290&doi=10.1080%2f17452007.2021.1995314&partnerID=40&md5=479f3672abce7c81266124369708c6c3","Department of Architecture, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","Zami, M.S., Department of Architecture, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","Earth material is environmentally more sustainable than traditional building materials, such as bricks and blocks. The benefits of earth construction are multiple, especially with regard to the uniqueness as a way of preserving the artisanship and cultural values of architectural heritage. Unfortunately, construction professionals in the United Kingdom are unfamiliar with many aspects of earthen architecture. A number of interrelated barriers inhibit the acceptance of earth-based material and make it an unpopular choice among construction professionals in the UK. The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of such barriers by identifying and analysing them in light of perceptions held across societies, cultures, and acceptability among professionals. To get to the aim, an interpretivist philosophical stance was taken in this research and a critical analysis of up-to-date literature on various barriers was carried out. The Delphi technique and in-depth interviews were then overseen to substantiate which barriers hindering the acceptability of earth-based material in UK urban construction. A series of interconnected barriers such as, absence of supply chain networks, prejudicial conflict, reticence to changing familiar methods of construction as well as lack of knowledge, skill, and training were identified by experts as the key factors hindering the acceptability of earth-based construction material in the UK. © 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.","acceptability; Barriers; earth construction; environmental sustainability; hinder; urban","Construction; Historic preservation; Philosophical aspects; Supply chains; Sustainable development; Acceptability; Barrier; Construction professionals; Earth construction; Earth materials; Environmental sustainability; Hinder; United kingdom; Urban; Urban context; Building materials",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Abey, J., Smallcombe, J., Cob in contemporary architecture (2007) International Symposium on Earthen Structures, Indian Institute of Science, , Bangalore: 22–24 August, Interline Publishing, India; Adam, E.A., Agib, A.R.A., (2001) Compressed stabilised earth block manufacture in Sudan. 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Published by Trans Tech Publications, Scientific.Net, Material Science and Engineering. :, Switzerland; Zami, M.S., A conceptual framework outlining factors affecting the acceptance of earth as a sustainable building material in the United Kingdom (2020) European Journal of Sustainable Development (EJSD), 9 (3), pp. 241-256. , http://ecsdev.org/ojs/index.php/ejsd/article/view/1082/1064, –,. ISSN 2239-6101, Rome, Italy. European Center of Sustainable Development (ECSDEV).,. ISSN 2239-5938 (print; Zami, M.S., Enablers supporting acceptance of earth material in UK urban housing sector (2020) Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 17 (1-2), pp. 92-109. , –,. :,. Taylor & Francis Group. United Kingdom","Zami, M.S.; Department of Architecture, Saudi Arabia; email: mdszami@kfupm.edu.sa",,,"Taylor and Francis Ltd.",,,,,17452007,,,,"English","Arch. Eng. Des.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85119375290
"Palanisamy P., Kumar P.S.","57212394600;57203375142;","Strength and durability features of fiber reinforced geo-polymer earth bricks",2022,"Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering","21","2",,"439","447",,2,"10.1080/13467581.2020.1869009","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85101213156&doi=10.1080%2f13467581.2020.1869009&partnerID=40&md5=c72640a0509eaa7f7f2aa70db1027035","Anna University, Chennai, India; University College of Engineering, Ariyalur, India","Palanisamy, P., Anna University, Chennai, India; Kumar, P.S., University College of Engineering, Ariyalur, India","Merely 30% of the world and 50% of developing countries have buildings made of earth. More than 25% of the world’s available natural soil resources are used effectively. The parameters related to the soil are probably the most critical problem for both strength and long-term durability. An attempt tried to solve, Geo-Polymer Earth Bricks are made to improve strength, durability, and modernize earthen architecture. Seventy-two specimens in which the proportion of Fly Ash, Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag, soil, and Quarry Dust (0.5:0.5:1.75:0.25) are prepared and tested after 7 and 28 days. The dosages of coir fiber are selected as 1% of the brick weight and alkaline solution of 10 Molarities. The mix gives enhancement of compressive and flexural strength of 5.93 MPa and 3.43 MPa. The mixed formulations give better resistance against acidic and sulfate attack and enhanced compressive strength up to 40%. The standard deviation and coefficient of variation of brick specimen test results for the mix met less than ±2% and 10% found true value and very good. This research confirms the mix enhancing the strength and durability of the brick and also suggests alternate to burnt clay brick, acid, and sulphate resistant brick and stabilized mud blocks. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group on behalf of the Architectural Institute of Japan, Architectural Institute of Korea and Architectural Society of China.","coir fiber wastes; fly ash; geo-polymer binder system; Geo-polymer earth brick; ground granulated blast-furnace slag; quarry dust; strength and durability features; un-burnt brick","Blast furnaces; Compressive strength; Developing countries; Durability; Fly ash; Slags; Soils; Sulfur compounds; Alkaline solutions; Coefficient of variation; Compressive and flexural strengths; Earthen architectures; Ground granulated blast furnace slag; Long term durability; Mixed formulations; Standard deviation; Brick",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Ahmari, S., Zhang, L., Production of Eco-friendly Bricks from Copper Mining Tailings through Geo-polymerization (2012) Construction and Building Materials, 29, pp. 323-331. , Apr, and; Aleem, M.I.A., Arumairaj, P.D., Optimum Mix for the Geo-polymer Concrete (2012) Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 5 (3), pp. 1-3; Alwis Deva Kirupa, J.P., Sakthieswaran, N., Strength and Stability Characteristics of GGBS and Red Mud Based Geopolymer Concrete Incorporated with Hybrid Fibres (2015) The Indian Concrete Journal, pp. 66-72; (1993) Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined natural pozzolana for Use in Concrete; Bahoria, B.V., Parbat, D.K., Nagannaik, P.B., Replacement of Natural Sand in Concrete by Waste Products: A State of Art (2013) Journal of Environmental Research and Development, 7 (4A), pp. 1651-1656; Bennet, J.S., Sudakar, M., Natarajan, C., Development of Coal Ash –GGBS Based Geo Polymer Bricks (2013) European International Journal of Science and Technology, 2 (5), pp. 133-139; Davidovits, J., Geo-polymers: Inorganic Polymeric New Materials (1991) Journal of Thermal Analysis, 37 (8), pp. 1633-1656; (2010) Earth as Building Material; Hardjito, D., Rangan, B.V., Development and Properties of Low Calcium Fly Ash Based Geo-polymer Concrete (2005) Research report GCI, pp. 100-212. , Faculty of Engineering, Curtain University of Technology, and; Harsha, H., Radhakrsihna, N., Devanand, R., Utilization of Coal Ash in Stabilised Mud Blocks (2015) Journal of Environmental Research and Development, 9, p. 970; (2007) Common Burnt Clay Building Bricks; (1963) Sieve analysis. Zone-II. Zone-II; (1976) Method of Tests on Burnt Clay Blocks (Part-i), ‘Determination of Compressive Strength’ & (Part-ii), ‘Determination of Water Absorption’; (1968) Part I, Reaffirmed 2001, Specification for Acid Resistant Bricks; (1987) Specification for Granulated Slag for the Manufacture of Portland Slag Cement; (1985) Part 5, Method of Test for Soils; (1970) Specification for Course and Fine Aggregates from Natural Sources for Concrete; Ivana, B., Radomir, Z., The Influence of Raw Mixtures and Activators Characteristics on Red-mud Based Geo-polymers (2013) JCAE, 17 (1), pp. 34-40; Jin-Soo, P., Myung, K., Recycling of Waste Sludge of Cathode-ray Tube Manufacturing Units as Additive in Asphalt Concrete Mix (2013) JERD, 8 (1), pp. 82-87; Kabiraj, K., Mandal, U.K., Experimental and Feasibility Study on Stabilized Compacted Earth Block Using Local Resources (2012) IJCSE, 2 (3), pp. 838-850; Khosrow, G., Filho, R.D.T., Barbosa, N.P., Behaviour of Composite Soil Reinforced with Natural Fibers (1999) Cement and Concrete Composites, 21, pp. 39-48; Madheswaran, C.K., Gnanasundar, G., Utilization of Quarry Dust and Slag for Replacement of Sand in Concrete (2013) National conference “ENTROIDOS-13”, pp. 55-70; Mahaesenan, N., Smith, S., Humphreys, K., Kaya, Y., The Cement Industry and Global Climate change, CO2 Industry Emissions (2003) Greenhouse gas control technologies-6th international conference, pp. 995-1000; Manjunath, G.S., Radhakrishnan, C., Giridhar, M., Compressive Strength Development in Ambient Cured Geo Polymer Mortar (2011) IJESE, 4, pp. 830-834. , October, and; Nie, Q., Zhou, C., Shu, X., Qiang, H., Huang, B., Chemical, Mechanical, and Durability Properties of Concrete with Local Mineral Admixtures under Sulfate Environment in Northwest China (2014) Materials (Basel), 7 (5), pp. 3772-3785; Olaniyan, O.S., Olaoye, R.A., Okeyinka, O.M., Olaniyan, D.B., Soil Stabilization Techniques Using Sodium Hydroxide Additives (2011) IJCEE-IJENS, 11 (6), pp. 9-22; Oswal, T., Manojkumar, V.C., Experimental Investigations on Strength, Durability, Sustainability, and Economic Characteristics of Geo-polymer Concrete Blocks (2014) International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 3 (6), pp. 115-122; Palanisamy, P., Suresh Kumar, P., Effect of Molarity in GPEB Reinforced with Fibrous Coir Wastes Using Sandy Soil and Quarry Dust as Fine Aggregate (2018) Journal of Case Studies in Construction Materials, 8, pp. 347-358; Reddy, B.S.K., Varaprasad, J., Reddy, K.N.K., Strength and Workability of Low Lime Fly Ash Based Geo-polymer Concrete (2010) Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 3 (12), pp. 1188-1189; Sreekumar, M.G., Nair, D.G., Stabilized Lateritic Blocks Reinforced with Fibrous Coir Wastes (2013) International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering and Technology, 4 (2); (2000) Fly Ash Bricks TMS085, , New Delhi: TIFAC; Ugwuishiwu, B.O., Echiegu, E.A., Okoya, N.M., Chukwuma, G.O., Natural Fibre Induced Properties on Stabilized Earth Blocks (2013) Indian Journal of Research, 2 (9), pp. 1-4; Worrell, E., Price, L., Martin, N., Hendriks, C., Meida, L.O., Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Global Cement Industry (2001) Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 26 (1), pp. 303-329","Palanisamy, P.; Anna UniversityIndia; email: mpspps3@gmail.com",,,"Taylor and Francis Ltd.",,,,,13467581,,,,"English","J. Asian Archit. Build. Eng.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85101213156
"Lorenzon M.","56081528400;","From chaff to seagrass: The unique quality of Minoan mudbricks. A geoarchaeological approach to the study of architectural craft specialization in Bronze Age Crete",2021,"Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports","40",,"103122","","",,2,"10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103122","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85116704668&doi=10.1016%2fj.jasrep.2021.103122&partnerID=40&md5=6b8f1dee586bacacff4812bb49087ace","University of Helsinki, Centre of Excellence in Ancient Near Eastern Empires, Fabianinkatu 24, Helsinki, 00014, Finland; Wiener Laboratory for Archaeological Science, ASCSA, Athens, Greece","Lorenzon, M., University of Helsinki, Centre of Excellence in Ancient Near Eastern Empires, Fabianinkatu 24, Helsinki, 00014, Finland, Wiener Laboratory for Archaeological Science, ASCSA, Athens, Greece","This article illustrates how changes in the use of vegetal temper in Bronze Age earthen architecture in Crete are a key line of evidence for investigating the appearance of architectural craft specialization. The macroscopic study of sundried mudbricks is combined with geoarchaeological analyses (SEM and thin section petrography) to explore patterns and variations in the use of vegetal temper throughout the Pre-, Proto-, and Neopalatial periods (3650–1425 BCE). This diversity in the selection of vegetal temper is an important aspect of the chaîne opératoire, which points not only to opportunistic but also technological motivations in the selection of raw source material and also the development of earthen architecture. The seagrass species Posidonia oceanica is employed across the island, indicating a standardization of recipes between sites by manufacturers and builders. © 2021 The Author(s)","Earthen architecture; Experimental analysis; Geoarchaeology; Petrography; Posidonia oceanica; Quantitative stereometry; SEM; Vegetal temper",,,,,,"British School at Athens, BSA; University of Edinburgh, ED","The author wishes to thank the directors of the sites, Dr. Kanta, Prof. Watrous, Prof. Poursat, Dr. Pomadère, and Dr. Devolder for permission to sample and study the materials. Special thanks to Takis Karakanas, Georgia Tsartsidou, Eleni Nodarou, Vassili Kilikoglou, Maud Devolder, and Matt Buell, John McEnroe, Lisa-Marie Shillito, Richard Jones and Joanne Rowland for their willingness to discuss the results with me. Sampling permits were provided by the Ephorate of Antiquities of Heraklion, the Ephorate of Antiquities of Rethymnon, and the Ephorate of Antiquities of Lasithi and the Greek Ministry of Culture. This study also benefitted from the financial support of the University of Edinburgh, the Wiener Laboratory for Archaeological Science- American School of Classical Studies at Athens (ASCSA), the British School at Athens (BSA), and the École française d'Athènes (EfA). As the initial results were collected during my PhD research, I would also like to thank my supervisors Dr. Robert Leighton and Dr. Catriona Pickard, who were always supportive and willing to provide comments on early versions of this research. Final thanks to the anonymous reviewers who helped me improve this research with their insightful and detailed comments. All mistakes are my own.","The author wishes to thank the directors of the sites, Dr. Kanta, Prof. Watrous, Prof. Poursat, Dr. Pomadère, and Dr. Devolder for permission to sample and study the materials. Special thanks to Takis Karakanas, Georgia Tsartsidou, Eleni Nodarou, Vassili Kilikoglou, Maud Devolder, and Matt Buell, John McEnroe, Lisa-Marie Shillito, Richard Jones and Joanne Rowland for their willingness to discuss the results with me. Sampling permits were provided by the Ephorate of Antiquities of Heraklion, the Ephorate of Antiquities of Rethymnon, and the Ephorate of Antiquities of Lasithi and the Greek Ministry of Culture. This study also benefitted from the financial support of the University of Edinburgh, the Wiener Laboratory for Archaeological Science- American School of Classical Studies at Athens (ASCSA), the British School at Athens (BSA), and the École française d’Athènes (EfA). As the initial results were collected during my PhD research, I would also like to thank my supervisors Dr. Robert Leighton and Dr. Catriona Pickard, who were always supportive and willing to provide comments on early versions of this research. Final thanks to the anonymous reviewers who helped me improve this research with their insightful and detailed comments. All mistakes are my own.",,,,,,,,,"Achenza, M., Fenu, L., On earth stabilization with natural polymers for earth masonry construction (2006) Mater. Struct., 39 (1), pp. 21-27; Ahmed, R.M., (2014), https://www.iaarc.org/publications/fulltext/isarc2014_submission_51.pdf, Lessons learnt from the vernacular architecture of Bedouins in Siwa Oasis, Egypt. In: ISARC. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (Vol. 31). IAARC Publications; Alcoverro, T., Production ecology of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) 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Νέα αρχαιολογική έρευνα εις το Κεφάλι Πλήσιον του χώριου Βασίλικι Ιεράπετρας, The Library of the Archaeological Society at Athens 83",,,,"Elsevier Ltd",,,,,2352409X,,,,"English","J.Archaeol. Sci. Rep.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Hybrid Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85116704668
"Fabbri A., Morel J.C., Aubert J.-E., Bui Q.-B., Gallipoli D., Ventura A., Reddy V.B.V., Hamard E., Pelé‐peltier A., Abhilash H.N.","24398767600;15923548500;7201382859;24773466100;6506675112;23471164100;57411709300;22934482200;57411985000;57191407241;","An overview of the remaining challenges of the RILEM TC 274‐TCE, testing and characterisation of earth‐based building materials and elements",2021,"RILEM Technical Letters","6",,,"150","157",,2,"10.21809/rilemtechlett.2021.149","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85122821888&doi=10.21809%2frilemtechlett.2021.149&partnerID=40&md5=2dbf78d78aa11c22086dd105e56778af","Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamiques des Systèmes, UMR 5513 CNRS, ENTPE, University of Lyon, France; LMDC, Université de Toulouse, INSA/UPS Génie Civil, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse cedex 04, 31077, France; Sustainable Developments in Civil Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica e Ambientale, Università di Genova, Italy; University Gustave Eiffel MAST/GPEM, Campus of Nantes, Route de Bouaye CS5004, cedex, FR‐44344, France; Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India","Fabbri, A., Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamiques des Systèmes, UMR 5513 CNRS, ENTPE, University of Lyon, France; Morel, J.C., Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamiques des Systèmes, UMR 5513 CNRS, ENTPE, University of Lyon, France; Aubert, J.-E., LMDC, Université de Toulouse, INSA/UPS Génie Civil, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse cedex 04, 31077, France; Bui, Q.-B., Sustainable Developments in Civil Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Gallipoli, D., Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica e Ambientale, Università di Genova, Italy; Ventura, A., University Gustave Eiffel MAST/GPEM, Campus of Nantes, Route de Bouaye CS5004, cedex, FR‐44344, France; Reddy, V.B.V., Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India; Hamard, E., University Gustave Eiffel MAST/GPEM, Campus of Nantes, Route de Bouaye CS5004, cedex, FR‐44344, France; Pelé‐peltier, A., Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamiques des Systèmes, UMR 5513 CNRS, ENTPE, University of Lyon, France; Abhilash, H.N., Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India","Based on the RILEM Technical Committee 274‐TCE work, this paper is a discussion of the remaining engineering challenges faced by earthen architecture. The assessment of earth material performances requires the development of appropriate procedures and standards. This is discussed in particular for the characterisation, hygrothermal behaviour, mechanical behaviour, and durability of earth materials. One other important challenge, since one of the main advantages classically put forward, is its ecological performance, is a proper assessment of life cycle assessment of earth materials, elements and buildings. Moreover, the paper develops why the approach to earthen construction must be different compared to the dominant construction materials, to preserve its ability to contribute to the ecological transition in the construction sector. In particular, the needs of using local soils, with an architectural approach coping with the limits of the materials, and developing an architectural optimisation to preserve the earthen materials multifunctionality rather than selecting a sole property to be maximised. Lastly, the findings of the paper can be used to develop a holistic approach to earthen construction to foster the development of new earthen architecture projects. © The Author(s) 2022.","Earth construction; Earthen architecture; Earthen structures; Literature review; STAR book; TCE 274; Testing procedures",,,,,,,"This work was realized in the framework of the RILEM Technical Committee TCE 274. The authors would like to acknowledge all the active members of this TC. 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Let.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85122821888
"Gianotti C.","55037149200;","Environment Transformation and Landscape Domestication in the Lowlands of Northeast of Uruguay. Earthworks as Technology for the Management of Flood Ecosystems",2021,"One World Archaeology",,,,"283","316",,2,"10.1007/978-3-030-73998-0_11","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85119076989&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-030-73998-0_11&partnerID=40&md5=e8e125b821841f61d40df712ff7c6c7a","Laboratory of Landscape and Heritage Archaeology (LAPPU), associated to the Department of Agricultural Systems and Cultural Landscapes. Eastern Regional University Centre (CURE), University of the Republic (Udelar), Rocha, Uruguay","Gianotti, C., Laboratory of Landscape and Heritage Archaeology (LAPPU), associated to the Department of Agricultural Systems and Cultural Landscapes. Eastern Regional University Centre (CURE), University of the Republic (Udelar), Rocha, Uruguay","The lowlands located in the east and northeast of Uruguay, as well as in the south of Brazil, were the geographic scenario of an early process of permanent landscape transformation by hunter-gatherer and horticulturist populations. This process, developed through almost 5000 years, led to the creation of anthropic landscapes by the construction, maintenance and remodelling of various earthen architectures in the lands locally known as cerritos de indios. In this chapter, the discussion focuses on how earthworks may be regarded as a technology to artificialize inhabited areas and of social territory construction in the lowlands of north-eastern Uruguay. The repeated occupation and construction in the same place, the creation of anthropic relief in specific areas, the generation of anthropogenic patches, the maintenance of ponds and canals, the management of wild resources, cropping practices, and remodelling and monumentalizing events of earthworks are evidence of a progressive domestication of the environment and the creation of a monumental pre-Hispanic landscape with its own particular features. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.","Anthropogenic patches; Earthen mounds; Lowlands archaeology; Prehistoric environment management",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Arechavaleta, J., (1892) Viaje a San Luis; Baeza, J., Díaz, A., Melgar, R.W., Caimi, A., Etcheverry, C., Barone, J., Lucas, S.L., Barboza, E., (1974) Informe Preliminar Sobre Los Cerritos En La Zona De Cañada De Las Pajas, , Anales del V Congreso Nacional de Arqueología. 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IX Congreso De Arqueología Uruguaya; Suárez-Villagrán, X., Gianotti, C., Earthen mound formation in the Uruguayan lowlands (South America): Micromorphological analyses of the Pago Lindo archaeological complex mound-builders (2013) Journal of Archaelogical Science, 40 (2), pp. 1093-1107; Walker, J., The Llanos de Mojos (2008) Handbook of South American Archaeology, pp. 927-940. , H. Silverman y W. Isbell (Eds.), (pp. , Springer; Zucchi, A., Alternative interpretations of pre-Columbian water management in the Western Llanos of Venezuela (1984) Indiana, 9, pp. 309-327","Gianotti, C.; Laboratory of Landscape and Heritage Archaeology (LAPPU), Uruguay; email: camila.gianotti@lappu.edu.uy",,,"Springer Nature",,,,,26258641,,,,"English","One. World. Archaeol.",Book Chapter,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85119076989
"Schauppenlehner T., Eder R., Ressar K., Feiglstorfer H., Meingast R., Ottner F.","22836577300;15834831200;57223110665;57191523816;55266288200;6507406494;","A citizen science approach to build a knowledge base and cadastre on earth buildings in theweinviertel region, Austria",2021,"Heritage","4","1",,"125","139",,2,"10.3390/heritage4010007","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85104871813&doi=10.3390%2fheritage4010007&partnerID=40&md5=1b531bb0845b92a13806f0927fe4451d","Institute of Landscape Development, Recreation and Conservation Planning (BOKU, ILEN), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1180, Austria; Institute for Social Anthropology, Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW, ISA), Vienna, 1020, Austria; Institute for Applied Geology (BOKU, IAG), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria","Schauppenlehner, T., Institute of Landscape Development, Recreation and Conservation Planning (BOKU, ILEN), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1180, Austria; Eder, R., Institute of Landscape Development, Recreation and Conservation Planning (BOKU, ILEN), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1180, Austria; Ressar, K., Institute of Landscape Development, Recreation and Conservation Planning (BOKU, ILEN), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1180, Austria; Feiglstorfer, H., Institute for Social Anthropology, Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW, ISA), Vienna, 1020, Austria, Institute for Applied Geology (BOKU, IAG), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria; Meingast, R., Institute for Applied Geology (BOKU, IAG), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria; Ottner, F., Institute for Applied Geology (BOKU, IAG), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria","Clay played a decisive role as a building material in the Austrian Weinviertel region. Its traditional use in vernacular architecture started to disappear in the 19th century, triggered, for example, by upcoming industrial processes to produce construction materials such as burnt bricks, and by making them available as mass building products in course of the time-even for vernacular purpose and at remote places. Following a debate on ecological sustainability during the last decades, the striking advantages of clay as a building material have been rediscovered. However, to support restoration activities and develop new uses, a vital and profound knowledge of properties of the local clay and its traditional local use is required. It is therefore important to increase the knowledge of this unique heritage among the local population and the scientific community. This article aims to present the development of an earth building cadastre (Lehmbaukataster) based on an innovative Citizen Science approach using mobile technologies for activating and integrating the local population with specific local and historical knowledge of earth architecture in the Weinviertel. The results show that citizens can provide essential information to develop a cadastre on earth buildings. Supported by a web application with GPS location facilities, camera, and low entry barriers, citizens can contribute to the expansion of the scientific database. The research results are a strong impetus for the development of strategies for the valorization and protection of cultural heritage. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.","Building traditions; Citizen science; Clay; Cultural heritage; Earthen architectural heritage; Knowledge transfer; Vernacular architecture; Web and mobile applications",,,,,,"Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Forschung, BMBWF","The project Lehmbau im Weinviertel was conducted within the Top Citizen Science initiative and the project Think Spatial! was conducted within the Sparkling Science research programme- www.sparklingscience.at. Both projects were funded by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research.",,,,,,,,,,"Dipasquale, L., Correia, M., Mecca, S., (2011) Terra Europae: Earthen Architecture in the European Union, , (Eds) Progetti Saperi Sentieri; ETS:Pisa, Italy; Meingast, R., (2009) Moderner Lehmbau-Lehm in Hocheffizienten Baukonzepten, , Technical Report 80; Geologische Bundesanstalt, Haindorf bei: Langenlois, Austria; Kunze, C., Kubista, M., Macho, K., (2007) Industrial Unfired Loam Brick Buildings with Passive House Standard; Proceedings CESB 07, pp. 735-740. , Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University: Prague, Czech Republic; Feiglstorfer, H., Meingast, R., Ottner, F., Lehmbau: Der Einfluss von Lehm auf die vormoderne Baukultur in Ostösterreich (2020) MEMO Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture Online, , MEMO: Salzburg, Austria; Feiglstorfer, H., Revealing traditions in earthen architecture. Analysis of earthen building material and traditional constructions in the Western Himalayas (2014) Art and Architecture in Ladakh: Cross-Cultural Transmissions in the Himalayas and Karakoram, pp. 364-388. , Bue, E.L., Bray, D.J., Eds.; Brill: Leiden, The Netherlands; Boston, MA, USA; Feiglstorfer, H., (2016) Earth Construction & Tradition, 1. , (Ed) IVA-Verlag: Vienna, Austria; Feiglstorfer, H., (2018) Earth Construction & Tradition, 2. , (Ed) IVA-ICRA Institute for Comparative Research in Architecture: Vienna, Austria; Feiglstorfer, H., Meingast, R., Ottner, F., Lehm und Lehmbau inWeinviertler Kellergassen. Bestand, Erhaltung und Sanierung (2019) Oesterreichische Z. Fuer Kunst Denkmalpfl, 73, pp. 153-165; Feiglstorfer, H., (2019) Mineral Building Traditions in the Himalayas: The Mineralogical Impact on the Use of Clay As Building Material, , De Gruyter: Berlin, Germany; Boston, MA, USA; Novotný, M., (2014) Hlinĕné Stavitelství na Moravĕ Národní ústav lidové kultury: Strážnice, , Czech Republic; Škabrada, J., Syrová-Anýžová, Z., (2018) Nejstarší Venkovské Domy ve Východních C echách, , Univerzita Pardubice: Pardubice, Czech Republic; Žabičková, I., R° užička, J., Earth construction in the Czech Republic (2018) Earth Construction & Tradition, 2, pp. 105-121. , Feiglstorfer, H., Ed.; IVA-ICRA Institute for Comparative Research in Architecture: Vienna, Austria; Ziegert, C., (2003) Lehmwellerbau: Konstruktion, Schäden und Sanierung; Number 37 in Berichte aus dem Konstruktiven Ingenieurbau, , Fraunhofer IRB Verlag: Stuttgart, Germany; Meingast, R., Nachweis historischer Lehmbautechniken in Ostösterreich (2014) Lehmbau Tradition und Moderne, Tagungsband, pp. 21-27. , Niedersulz, M., Ed.; Museumsdorf Niedersulz: Atzenbrugg, Austria; Feiglstorfer, H., Meingast, R., Historischer Baubestand und Klimaschutz (2019) Denkmalpfl. NiederöSterreich, 61, pp. 16-20; Eßer, G., (2020) Kulturlandschaft der Kellergassen: Erforschung-Schutz-Erhaltung, , Berger & Söhne, Ferdinand: Horn, Austria; Irwin, A., (1995) Citizen Science: A Study of People, Expertise and Sustainable Development, , Routledge: London, UK; Schauppenlehner, T., Lehmbau im Weinviertel: Mit Citizen Science eine gemeinsame Wissensbasis über Lehmbau schaffen (2019) Oesterreichische Z. Fuer Kunst Denkmalpfl, 73, pp. 105-107; Ottner, F., Was Ist Lehm-Lehm & Co (2009) Geologische Bundesanstalt: Haindorf bei Langenlois, 80, pp. 5-10. , Berichte Geol, B.-A., Ed.; Geologische Bundesanstalt: Vienna, Austria; Ramml, F.C., (2014) Ziegelöfen und Lehmabbaue der Politischen Bezirke Mistelbach und Gänserndorf (Niederösterreich): Geschichte und Geologie, , 27 in Archiv für Lagerstättenforschung/Geologische Bundesanstalt, Geolog; Bundesanst: Wien, Austria; Wimmer-Frey, I., Letouze-Zezula, G., Müller, H., Schwaighofer, B., (1992) Tonlagerstätten und Tonvorkommen Österreichs; Fachverb. d. Stein- u. Keramischen Industrie & Verb. d. Österr, , Ziegelwerke: Vienna, Austria; Ottner, F., Wriessnig, K., Terhorst, B., Loess and paleosols from Aschet, Austria. Clay minerals as indicators of weathering intensity (2008) Proceedings of the 4th Mid-European Clay Conference 2008, 33, pp. 122-123. , Zakopane, Poland, 22-27 September; Bundesdenkmalamt, (2015) Standards der Baudenkmalpflege, , (Ed) 2nd ed.; Bundesdenkmalamt: Wien, Austria; Ecker, U., (2017) Historischer Lehmbau im Weinviertel. Rekonstruktion, Materialverwendung und Datierung mit Hilfe der Dendrochronologie, , Master’s Thesis, Institut für Angewandte Geologie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Vienna, Austria; Feiglstorfer, H., Lehmbaubestand in Kellergassen (2020) Kulturlandschaft der Kellergassen, pp. 107-113. , Eßer, G., Ed.; Verlag Berger: Horn, Vienna, Austria; Knöbl, E., (2020) Historischer Lehmbau im Weinviertel. Objektkartierung und mineralogische Untersuchungen im Südwestlichen Weinviertel, , Master’s Thesis, Institut für Angewandte Geologie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Vienna, Austria; Lerch, S., (2018) Lehmbau in ländlichen Siedlungsstrukturen des Weinviertel. Dokumentation und Analyse eines Lehmhauses in Großriedenthal, , Bachelor’s Thesis, Institut für Angewandte Geologie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Vienna, Austria; Cohn, J.P., Citizen Science: Can Volunteers Do Real Research? (2008) BioScience, 58, pp. 192-197; Silvertown, J., A new dawn for citizen science (2009) Trends Ecol. Evol, 24, pp. 467-471; Shuttleworth, S., Frampton, S., Constructing Scientific Communities: Citizen Science (2015) Lancet, 385, p. 2568; Grünzweil, B., (2008) Richtlinien für die Erstellung von Applikationen für Kinder im Vorschulalter, , Master’s Thesis, FH Hagenberg, Hagenberg, Austria; Shamoo, A.E., Resnik, D.B., (2015) Responsible Conduct of Research, , Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK; Resnik, D.B., Elliott, K.C., Miller, A.K., A framework for addressing ethical issues in citizen science (2015) Environ. Sci. Policy, 54, pp. 475-481; Phillips, T., Ferguson, M., Minarchek, M., Porticella, N., Bonney, R., (2014) User’s Guide for Evaluating Learning Outcomes from Citizen Science, , Technical Report; Cornell Lab of Ornithology: Ithaca, NY, USA; Schauppenlehner, T., Eder, R., Gabriel, S., Muhar, A., Salak, B., Daten Teilen und die Privatsphäre Schützen: Der Gordische Knoten in Citizen Science Projekten? (2016) Citizen Science-Quo Vadis! Zweite Österreichische Citizen Science Konferenz 2016, pp. 1-2. , Heigl, F., Dörler, D.,Weigelhofer, G., Eds.; Universität für Bodenkultur: Wien, Austria; Heiderich, M., Nava, E.A.V., Heyes, G., Lindsay, D., PHP (2011) Web Application Obfuscation, pp. 151-175. , Heiderich, M., Nava, E.A.V., Heyes, G., Lindsay, D., Eds.; Syngress: Boston, MA, USA; Dunlap, I.H., Building block V: MySQL (2006) Open Source Database Driven Web Development, pp. 105-124. , Dunlap, I.H., Ed.; Chandos Information Professional Series; Chandos Publishing: Oxford, UK; Schauppenlehner, T., Eder, R., Gabriel, S., Salak, B., Muhar, A., Enabling pupils to contribute to societal challenges and participatory processes (2016) International Journal of E-Planning Research 2016 Annual Conference Abstracts, pp. 1-2. , Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Lisbon: Lisbon, Portugal; Rauter, T., Schößwendter, J., (2015) Lehmbau imWeinviertel. Aufnahme Von Lehmbauten/Lössvorkommen und Untersuchung der Gewonnenen Lehm- Bzw, , Lössproben. Bachelor’s Thesis, Institut für Angewandte Geologie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Vienna, Austria; Kriechhammer, M., (2016) Lehmbau imWeinviertel. Aufnahme Von Lehmbauten/Untersuchung der Gewonnenen Lehmbauproben, , Bachelor’s Thesis, Institut für Angewandte Geologie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Vienna, Austria; Suanjak, A.M., (2017) Aufnahme von Historischen Lehmbauten im Weinviertel. Welche Lehmarten und Lehmbautechniken Wurden im Weinviertel Eingesetzt?, , Bachelor’s Thesis, Institut für Angewandte Geologie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Vienna, Austria; Gappmaier, P., Tengler, M., (2019) Lehmbau im Weinviertel. Aufnahme Von Lehmbauten und Laboranalyse der Gezogenen Lehmprobe, , Bachelor’s Thesis, Institut für Angewandte Geologie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Vienna, Austria","Schauppenlehner, T.; Institute of Landscape Development, Austria; email: thomas.schauppenlehner@boku.ac.at",,,"MDPI AG",,,,,25719408,,,,"English","Heritage.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85104871813
"Mileto C., Vegas F., Cristini V., García-Soriano L.","36721933700;6603127341;39161117100;56344563400;","The research project ⇜earthen architecture in the iberian peninsula: Study of natural, social and anthropic risks and strategies to improve resilience (risk-terra)⇝. Objectives and first methodology",2020,"International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences - ISPRS Archives","54","M-1",,"871","876",,2,"10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-871-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090990745&doi=10.5194%2fisprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-871-2020&partnerID=40&md5=7d2ac4de3deadc44ff464d3dea593141","Research Centre PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain","Mileto, C., Research Centre PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Vegas, F., Research Centre PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Cristini, V., Research Centre PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; García-Soriano, L., Research Centre PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain","The Iberian Peninsula possesses extensive earthen monumental and vernacular architectural heritage. The extension of the territory and its heterogeneous geography and climate, variety of available materials, and cultural diversity are the main factors which have brought about the great wealth of both the architecture, urban and rural settings, and the constructive techniques mainly using earth (rammed earth, adobe, half-timber, cob and its variants). However, despite being an essential part of the Iberian culture, this heritage has been greatly abandoned due to changes in ways of life, the depopulation of rural areas, the lack of social recognition, etc. The research project “Risk-Terra - Earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula: study of natural, social and anthropic risks and strategies to improve resilience” (ref. RTI2018-095302-B-I00), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and University (2019-2021) aims to provide a scientific study of natural hazards (floods, landslides, earthquakes, winds, rise of temperatures), social hazards (abandonment, loss of social reputation, demographic pressure, tourism development…) and anthropic hazards (carelessness and negligence, lack of protection and maintenance…), as well as deterioration mechanisms (erosion, loss of materials/parts, collapse…) and transformation dynamics (replacement, use of incompatible techniques and materials…), to which the earthen architecture of the Iberian Peninsula is currently subject.. This paper presents the general and specific objectives and the methodology to be used in the project. © Authors 2020. CC BY 4.0 License.","Conservation; Earthen architecture; Natural risks; Preventive conservation; Protection; Social risks","Deterioration; Rural areas; Architectural heritage; Constructive technique; Cultural diversity; Deterioration mechanism; Earthen architectures; Scientific studies; Tourism development; Transformation dynamics; Hazards",,,,,"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, MCIU: 2019-2021","The Iberian Peninsula possesses extensive earthen monumental and vernacular architectural heritage. The extension of the territory and its heterogeneous geography and climate, variety of available materials, and cultural diversity are the main factors which have brought about the great wealth of both the architecture, urban and rural settings, and the constructive techniques mainly using earth (rammed earth, adobe, half-timber, cob and its variants). However, despite being an essential part of the Iberian culture, this heritage has been greatly abandoned due to changes in ways of life, the depopulation of rural areas, the lack of social recognition, etc. The research project “Risk-Terra - Earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula: study of natural, social and anthropic risks and strategies to improve resilience” (ref. RTI2018-095302-B-I00), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and University (2019-2021) aims to provide a scientific study of natural hazards (floods, landslides, earthquakes, winds, rise of temperatures), social hazards (abandonment, loss of social reputation, demographic pressure, tourism development…) and anthropic hazards (carelessness and negligence, lack of protection and maintenance…), as well as deterioration mechanisms (erosion, loss of materials/parts, collapse…) and transformation dynamics (replacement, use of incompatible techniques and materials…), to which the earthen architecture of the Iberian Peninsula is currently subject.. This paper presents the general and specific objectives and the methodology to be used in the project.",,,,,,,,,,"(2014) Heritage for tomorrow. Vernacular knowledge for Sustainable Architecture, , AAVV, Firenze University Press; Andreatta, M., Coppola, F., Modelli, A., Santopuoli, N., Seccia, L., Proposal for a new environmental risk assessment methodology in cultural heritage protection (2017) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 22-32, p. 23; Gómez, J., Vegas, F., Mileto, C., García, L., Techniques and characteristics of traditional earthen masonry. The case of Spain (2019) International Journal of Architectural Heritage; (2010) Lima declaration for disaster risk management of cultural heritage, , https://www.icomos.org, ICOMOS, (05/10/2019); Mileto, C., Vegas, F., Earthen architecture: sustainability and heritage (2018) Compases. The architecture and interior design international magazine / Middle East, 29, pp. 36-42; Mileto, C., Vegas, F., García, L., Villacampa, L., Gómez, J., Vernacular earthen architecture in the iberian peninsula. First phase of taxonomy and geographical distribution (2019) Earth USA 2017. Proceedings, pp. 102-107; Mileto, C., Vegas, F., Villacampa, L., García, L., The influence of geographical factors in traditional earthen architecture. The case of the Iberian Peninsula (2019) Sustainability, 11 (2369); (2010) Glossary of basic terminology on disaster risk reduction, , https://unesdoc.unesco.org, UNESCO, (25/01/2019)","Mileto, C.; Research Centre PEGASO, Spain; email: cami2@cpa.upv.es","Mileto C.Vegas F.Cristini V.Garcia-Soriano L.",,"International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","2020 International Conference on Vernacular Architecture in World Heritage Sites. Risks and New Technologies, HERITAGE 2020 (3DPast | RISK-Terra)","9 September 2020 through 12 September 2020",,162105,16821750,,,,"English","Int. Arch. Photogramm., Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. - ISPRS Arch.",Conference Paper,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85090990745
"Sanchez-Calvillo A., Preciado-Villicaña D., Navarro- Mendoza E.G., Alonso-Guzman E.M., Nuñez-Guzman E.A., Chavez-Garcia H.L., Ruiz-Mendoza M., Martinez-Molina W.","57219001226;57218997261;57219002485;8302713600;57218990195;57194776293;57218996555;37047599700;","Analysis and characterisation of adobe blocks in jojutla de JuÁrez, MÉxico. Seismic vulnerability and loss of the earthen architecture after the 2017 puebla earthquake",2020,"International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences - ISPRS Archives","54","M-1",,"1133","1140",,2,"10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-1133-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090982050&doi=10.5194%2fisprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-1133-2020&partnerID=40&md5=2b565a1347cee2deb3e0f3d3364d62a7","Programa Interinstitucional de Doctorado en Arquitectura, PIDA, Faculty of Architecture, Universidad Michoacana San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico; Materials Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Michoacana San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico","Sanchez-Calvillo, A., Programa Interinstitucional de Doctorado en Arquitectura, PIDA, Faculty of Architecture, Universidad Michoacana San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico; Preciado-Villicaña, D., Materials Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Michoacana San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico; Navarro- Mendoza, E.G., Programa Interinstitucional de Doctorado en Arquitectura, PIDA, Faculty of Architecture, Universidad Michoacana San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico; Alonso-Guzman, E.M., Materials Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Michoacana San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico; Nuñez-Guzman, E.A., Materials Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Michoacana San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico; Chavez-Garcia, H.L., Materials Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Michoacana San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico; Ruiz-Mendoza, M., Materials Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Michoacana San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico; Martinez-Molina, W., Materials Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Michoacana San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico","The 2017 Puebla Earthquake on 19 September struck a big part of central Mexico causing the loss of historic buildings in several states, being the state of Morelos one of the most damaged in the whole country. Jojutla de Juarez was the most affected locality of Morelos presenting important structural damages or total collapse in the built heritage, being the traditional earthen buildings, made of adobe bricks, the most vulnerable buildings to seismic efforts. Some of the causes which contributed to the poor behaviour of the buildings were the improper handling of the constructive systems and materials, the insufficient resistance of the structures and the problems with the foundations. The adobe houses of Jojutla presented a mixture between the traditional building techniques and industrial materials like concrete, cement and steel; also with irregular heights and plant layouts and inadequate connections between the walls and foundations and roofs, resulting into a higher seismic vulnerability when the earthquake impacted. Also the adobe bricks presented irregularities in its composition and use of additives which resulted in completely different typologies and the loss of the traditional construction techniques. A study was conducted to determine the properties of the remains of the adobe bricks of the houses in Jojutla, considering that the structures were severely damaged and a whole study of the seismic vulnerability would not be convenient due the loss of the physical traditional buildings. The grain size and composition of the adobe samples of the buildings were determined as well as the natural aggregates like straw, sand, and its proportion. A colorimetric study of the adobes and clays was also conducted, analysing the change of colour on account of the aggregates in the bricks. Also the compressive strength of the pieces was tested with two methods: the compression test and the point-load test, in order to obtain the indicative values which could be compared to other patrimonial and vernacular study cases. © Authors 2020. CC BY 4.0 License.","Colorimetry; Earthen architecture; Seismic culture; Seismic vulnerability; Sieve analysis","Additives; Aggregates; Brick; Buildings; Cement industry; Compression testing; Compressive strength; Concrete mixtures; Load testing; Materials handling; Plant layout; Constructive systems; Earthen architectures; Historic buildings; Industrial materials; Seismic vulnerability; Traditional building techniques; Traditional buildings; Traditional constructions; Earthquakes",,,,,"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACYT; Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, UMSNH","The authors acknowledge the Materials Laboratory 'Ing. Luis Silva Ruelas' of the Faculty of Civil Engineering of the UMSNH for the equipment support, the Postgraduation coordination of the Faculty of Architecture of the UMSNH, the economic support given by CONACYT, and the technical support of B.C.E. D. Preciado Villicaña and M. Ruiz Mendoza.",,,,,,,,,,"Alonso, E., Martinez, L., The role of environmental sulfur on defradation of ignimbrites of the Cathedral in Morelia, Mexico (2003) Building and Environment, 38, pp. 861-867. , doi.org; Arroyo, R., Caracterización experimental de las propiedades mecánicas de la mampostería de adobe del sur de México (2013) Ingeniería, 17 (3), pp. 167-177. , Sánchez. S., Catalán. P; (2016) ASTM D5731-16, Standard Test Method for Determination of the Point Load Strength Index of Rock and Application to Rock Strength Classifications, , ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA; (2007) ASTM D5731 - 05 Standard Test Method for Determination of the Point Load Strength Index of Rock, , https://www.astm.org/DATABASE.CART/HISTORICAL/D5731-05.htm, ASTM Standards; Azevedo, E. M., Habitar y habitabilidad (2011) Lecturas del Espacio Habitable, pp. 57-78. , Salazar G., Azevedo E. M., Ettinger C. R., Paredes B., Torres L. A., San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México: Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí; Blond, M., Vargas, J., Tarque, N., Iwaki, C., Construcción sismorresistente en tierra: la gran experiencia contemporánea de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (2011) Informes de la Construcción, 63 (523), pp. 41-50. , http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/ic; Brando, G., Cocco, G., Mazzanti, C., Peruch, M., Spacone, E., Alfaro, C., Tarque, N., Structural Survey and Empirical Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Dwellings in the Historical Centre of Cusco, Peru (2019) International Journal of Architectural Heritage; Chardon, A. C., Amenaza, vulnerabilidad y sociedades urbanas una visión desde la dimensión institucional (2008) Gestión y ambiente, 11 (2), pp. 123-135; (2016) Plan Municipal de Desarrollo 2016-2018, del Ayuntamiento de Jojutla, Morelos, , Consejería Jurídica del Poder Ejecutivo del Estado de Morelos, Dirección General de Legislación, Subdirección de Jurismática. Jojutla de Juárez, México: Ayuntamiento Constitucional de Jojutla, Morelos; (2006) Adobe conservation: a preservation handbook, , Cornerstones Community Partnerships, Santa Fe, New Mexico: Sunstone Press; Cruz, F. J., (2018) Propuesta de uso de tecnologías sismorresistente de adobe para una vivienda progresiva en Cuauhtémoc, municipio de Villaflores, Chiapas, , Tuxtla Gutiérrez, México: Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas; del Campo, R. M., Ochoa, G. H., Álvarez, F., (2018) Estudio Geotécnico de la Colonia Emiliano Zapata, Jojutla, Morelos, tras los daños de los Sismos del 19 de septiembre de 2017, , ITESO, Universidad Jesuita de Guadalajara, Departamento de Hábitat y Desarrollo Urbano; Díaz, D. A., Un método simplificado para evaluar el riesgo sísmico y priorizar la atención de los bienes culturales inmuebles: el caso de Chile (2017) Intervención: Revista de Restauración, Conservación y Museología, 8 (15), pp. 46-62; Díaz, D., Baquedano, P. A., D'Amato, M., Laterza, M., Preliminary Seismic Damage Assessment of Mexican Churches after (2019) International Journal of Architectural Heritage; Ferrigni, F., Vernacular architecture: A paradigm of the local seismic culture (2015) Seismic Retrofitting: Learning from Vernacular Architecture, , Correia M., Lourenço P. B., Varum H. (Edits), London, UK: Taylor & Francis Group; Guerrero, L. F., La pérdida de la arquitectura de adobe en México (2007) ICOMOS world report 2006/2007 on monuments and sites in danger, pp. 112-114. , ICOMOS, Petzet M., Ziesemer J. (Edits), Altenburg, Alemania: ICOMOS; Guerrero, L. F., Comportamiento sísmico de viviendas tradicionales de adobe, situadas en las faldas del volcán Popocatépetl, México (2019) Gremium, 6 (11), pp. 105-118; Guerrero, L. F., Vargas, J., Local seismic culture in Latin America (2015) Seismic Retrofitting: Learning from Vernacular Architecture, , Correia M., Lourenço P. B., Varum H. (Edits), London, UK: Taylor & Francis Group; Guerrero, L. F., Meraz, L., Soria, F. J., Cualidades sismorresistentes de la vivienda de adobe en las faldas del volcán Popocatépetl (2014) Reutilización del patrimonio edificado en adobe, pp. 194-215. , Guerrero L. F., México D.F.: Casa Abierta al Tiempo: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana; Guerrero, L. F., (1996) La vivienda tradicional en los Valles Altos de Morelos. Una aproximación tipológica. Estudios de tipología arquitectónica 1996, , México: U.A.M. Azcapotzalco; Jorquera, N., Culturas sísmicas: Estrategias vernaculares de sismorresistencia del patrimonio arquitectónico chileno (2014) Arqutiecturas del Sur, XXXII (46), pp. 18-29; Martínez, W., Torres-Acosta, A. A., Alonso-Guzmán, E. M., Chávez, H. L., Lara, C., Bedolla, A., Ruvalcaba, J. L., Colorimetry of clays modified with mineral and organic additives (2018) Revista ALCONPAT, 8 (2), pp. 163-177; Meli, R., La ingeniería civil ante los efectos de los sismos de 2017 en los edificios patrimoniales (el equilibrio entre la autenticidad y la seguridad) (2018) Sismos y patrimonio cultural. Testimonios, enseñanza y desafios, 2017 y 2018, pp. 62-81. , S. d. Cultura, Ciudad de México: Dirección General de Publicaciones de la Secretaría de Cultura; Navarrete, M. A., Chávez, H. L., Martínez, W., Alonso, E. M., Arreola, M., Bank Material Study for the Restoration of Historical Monuments in Michoacán, México (2017) Materials Science Forum, 902, pp. 47-51. , doi; Navarrete, M., Mártinez, W., Alonso, E. M., Arteaga, J., Chávez, H. L., Lara, C., Díaz, N., Mathematical models applied to the physicalmechanical mechanical characterization of stone materials bank Huiramba, México (2014) X Congreso Internacional de Ingeniería. Engineering and its applications, 1, pp. 252-256. , Esquivel K., Elizalde E., Rodríguez J. A. (Ed), Querétaro: Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro; Navarro, E. G., Sánchez, A., Bedolla, J. A., Alonso, E. M., La cal de alta pureza, alternativa ecológica en los acabados de las construcciones (2019) XV Congreso Latinoamericano de Patología de Construcción y XVII Congreso de Control de Calidad en la Construcción. CONPAT 2019, 2. , https://doi.org/10.21041/CONPAT2019/V2PAT130, Alonso F. A., Olguín F. J. (Ed), PATOLOGÍA. Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas; Niglio, O., (2015) El valor del patrimonio cultural entre extremo Oriente y extremo Occidente, , Roma: ARACNE Editrice; Ordaz, F. A., (2019) Estudio de las características mecánicas y térmicas del adobe, para su revalorización en la construcción de vivienda, en la ciudad de Torreón Coahuila, México, , Torreón, México: Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila; Ortega, J., Vasconcelos, G., Rodrigues, H., Correia, M., Seismic Vulnerability and Loss Assessment of Vila Real de Santo António, Portugal: Application of a Novel Method (2020) International Journal of Architectural Heritage; (2017) Reporte especial. Sismo de Tehuantepec, , Servicio Sismológico Nacional, (2017-09-07 23:49 Mw 8.2). UNAM, Grupo de trabajo del Servicio Sismológico Nacional. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; (2017) Reporte especial. Sismo del día 19 de Septiembre de 2017, Puebla-Morelos (M 7.1), , Servicio Sismológico Nacional, UNAM, Grupo de trabajo del Servicio Sismológico Nacional. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; (2017) Servicio Sismológico Nacional | UNAM, México, , http://www2.ssn.unam.mx:8080/mapas-de-intensidades/, Servicio Sismológico Nacional; Sharma, V., Vinayak, H. K., Marwaha, B. M., Enhancing sustainability of rural adobe houses of hills by addition of vernacular fiber reinforcement (2015) International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, (4), pp. 348-358; Villaseñor, I., Barba, L., Los orígenes tecnológicos de la cal (2012) Cuiculco, 55, pp. 11-41; Yamín, L. E., Phillips, C., Reyes, J. C., Ruiz, D., Estudios de vulnerabilidad sísmica, rehabilitación y refuerzo de casas en adobe y tapia pisada (2007) Apuntes: Revista de estudios sobre patrimonio cultural, 20 (2), pp. 286-303; Yetgin, Ş., Çavdar, Ö., Çavdar, A., The effects of the fiber contents on the mechanic properties of the adobes (2008) Construction and Building Materials, (22), pp. 222-227","Sanchez-Calvillo, A.; Programa Interinstitucional de Doctorado en Arquitectura, Mexico; email: adria.sanchez.9@hotmail.com","Mileto C.Vegas F.Cristini V.Garcia-Soriano L.",,"International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","2020 International Conference on Vernacular Architecture in World Heritage Sites. Risks and New Technologies, HERITAGE 2020 (3DPast | RISK-Terra)","9 September 2020 through 12 September 2020",,162105,16821750,,,,"English","Int. Arch. Photogramm., Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. - ISPRS Arch.",Conference Paper,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85090982050
"Bizzarri S., Degli Esposti M., Careccia C., de Gennaro T., Tangheroni E., Avanzini N.","57218991489;37461343500;56344551400;57204950779;57218991190;57219002082;","The use of traditional mud-based masonry in the restoration of the iron age site of salŪt (Oman). A way towards mutual preservation",2020,"International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences - ISPRS Archives","54","M-1",,"1081","1088",,2,"10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-1081-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090942681&doi=10.5194%2fisprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-1081-2020&partnerID=40&md5=a2d6d8c90b16b6c0c6f038f1de8f4558","Italian Mission to Oman (IMTO), Italy; DZAA Architects; Membre associé, UMR 6566, CReAAH (Centre de Recherche en Archéologie, Archéosciences, Histoire), Université de Rennes, France; Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism (MIBACT), Italy; Adrianea Academy of Architecture and Archaeology","Bizzarri, S., Italian Mission to Oman (IMTO), Italy, DZAA Architects; Degli Esposti, M., Italian Mission to Oman (IMTO), Italy, Membre associé, UMR 6566, CReAAH (Centre de Recherche en Archéologie, Archéosciences, Histoire), Université de Rennes, France; Careccia, C., Italian Mission to Oman (IMTO), Italy, Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism (MIBACT), Italy; de Gennaro, T., Italian Mission to Oman (IMTO), Italy, Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism (MIBACT), Italy; Tangheroni, E., Italian Mission to Oman (IMTO), Italy; Avanzini, N., Italian Mission to Oman (IMTO), Italy, Adrianea Academy of Architecture and Archaeology","The archaeological record of the Sultanate of Oman speaks of the use of mudbricks (adobes) and mud plaster as key building materials over a long chronological range from the Early Bronze Age (late 4th / 3rd millennium BC) to the Late Iron Age at least (first centuries BC). Traditional earthen architecture perpetuated this scenario until modern times when the discovery of oil brought along deep transformations in the local economy and way of living. This long-lasting tradition has provided the necessary means to cope with the problem of mudbrick structures conservation on the prominent archaeological site of Salūt, in central Oman, where substantial mudbrick walls were discovered, dating to the second half of the second millennium BC and beyond. In fact, exploiting the life-long experience in mud-based masonry of a local mason turned out to be the best (and arguably only) way of consolidating and protecting the ancient structures. This strategy not only is definitely a sustainable one, as only readily accessible and largely available natural materials were employed, but it also helps to revive a locally rooted skill that seriously risks being forgotten due to the lack of interest in younger generations. With this aim in mind, a survey and recording of the local terminology connected with the tools and techniques of mud-based masonry were also carried out. This paper will account for the various stages of the work that led to the final restoration and conservation of the site. The use of different media - pictures, drawings, videos - reflects the comprehensive approach towards this fundamental issue. The recent development of the project included the preparation of mud plasters made following different procedures in order to achieve a better visual impact and a lower static load on the structures. © Authors 2020. CC BY 4.0 License.","Earthen heritage; Mud plaster; Mudbrick walls; Traditional masonry","Iron; Plaster; Restoration; Ancient structures; Archaeological site; Earthen architectures; Natural materials; Sultanate of Oman; Tools and techniques; Visual impacts; Younger generations; Masonry materials",,,,,,"The authors would like to thank Prof. A. Avanzini, Director of the IMTO, who promoted the restoration works over all these years. Works at Salūt were made possible by the invaluable support of the Office of HE the Adviser to HM the Sultan for Cultural Affairs - Muscat.",,,,,,,,,,"Avanzini, A, Degli Esposti, M., (2018) Husn Salūt and the Iron Age of South East Arabia. Excavations of the Italian Mission to Oman 2004-2014, , (eds), (Arabia Antica 15). L'”Erma di Bretschneider, Roma; Bizzarri, S., Restoration works at Salūt (2015) In the heart of Oman. The castle of Salūt, pp. 87-95. , Avanzini, A. (ed), (Ancient Oman, 1). Rome: L'”Erma di Bretschneider, Roma; Condoluci, C., The Iron Age architecture of Husn Salūt (2018), 2018, pp. 201-277. , Avanzini, Degli Esposti; Degli Esposti, M., Two thousands years of settlement at Salūt (c. 2300-300 BC) (2015) the heart of Oman. The castle of Salūt, pp. 55-66. , (Ancient Oman, 1). Rome: L'”Erma di Bretschneider, Roma; Degli Esposti, M, Condoluci, C., Husn Salūt in the Iron Age (2018), pp. 33-91. , Avanzini, Degli Esposti; Degli Esposti, M, Condoluci, C, Phillips, C., Salūt during the Islamic period (2018) Avanzini, Degli Esposti, pp. 383-399; Dehkordi, M. H., Vatandoust, R., Madjidzadeh, Y., Kashi, M. G., The archaeological site of Konar Sandal, Jiroft, Iran: Conservation of earthen architecture (2008), pp. 183-188. , Terra 2008. The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles; Doat, P., Hays, A., Houben, H., Matuk, S., Vitouxeds, F., (1983) Construire en terre, , Editions Alternatives, Paris; Hago, A. W., Al-Rawas, A., Properties Of The Omani Sarooj (1997) Engineering Journal of University of Qatar, 10, pp. 81-91; Meddah, M.S., Benkari, N., Al-Busaidi, M., Potential Use of Locally and Traditionally Produced Bending Construction Material (2019) IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, p. 471; Mershen, B., Unveiling the Past: the Role of Oral History in Understanding Oasis Development (2010) Oases of Oman. Livelihood System at the crossroads, pp. 60-63. , Al Roya Press & Publishing House, Muscat; Ogega, J. J., (2011) Oral Traditions in the Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 124-128. , Terra 2008. The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles; Petzet, M., Principles of preservation: An introduction to the International Charters for Conservation and Restoration 40 years after the Venice Charter (2004) International Charters for Conservation and Restoration. Monuments & Sites, pp. 7-29. , Petzet, M., Ziesemer, J. (eds), I. ICOMOS, München; Prati, G.L., (2000) Manualetto pratico illustrato della architettura in terra cruda riferito al caso alessandrino, , https://www.comune.alessandria.it/servizi/lavori-pubblici-eurbanistica/manualetto-pratico-illustrato-dellarchitettura-interra-cruda-riferito-al-caso-alessandrino, (15 January 2020); Rainer, L., Deterioration and pathology of earthen architecture (2008) Terra Literature Review: An Overview of Research in Earthen Architecture Conservation, pp. 45-61. , The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles; Ruskulis, O., Mud Plasters and Renders (2009) Appropriate Technology Journal, , https://answers.practicalaction.org/ourresources/item/mud-plasters-and-renders, (15 January 2020); Sassu, M., Zarins, J., Giresini, L., Newton, L., The 'Triple R' Approach on the Restoration of Archaeological Dry Stone City Walls: Procedures and Application to a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Oman (2017) Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 19 (2), pp. 106-125","Bizzarri, S.; Italian Mission to Oman (IMTO)Italy; email: stebzz@gmail.com","Mileto C.Vegas F.Cristini V.Garcia-Soriano L.",,"International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","2020 International Conference on Vernacular Architecture in World Heritage Sites. Risks and New Technologies, HERITAGE 2020 (3DPast | RISK-Terra)","9 September 2020 through 12 September 2020",,162105,16821750,,,,"English","Int. Arch. Photogramm., Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. - ISPRS Arch.",Conference Paper,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85090942681
"de Filippi F., Pennacchio R., Restuccia L., Torres S.","55351287100;37064892700;57212460499;57218994729;","Towards a sustainable and context-based approach to anti-seismic retrofitting techniques for vernacular adobe buildings in Colombia",2020,"International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences - ISPRS Archives","54","M-1",,"1089","1096",,2,"10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-1089-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090927860&doi=10.5194%2fisprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-1089-2020&partnerID=40&md5=a5b358b19e0bbe5eae81745d9d269a17","DAD - Dip. Architettura e Design, Politecnico di Torino, Italy; DISEG - Dip. Ingegneria Strutturale, Edile e Geotecnica, Politecnico di Torino, Italy","de Filippi, F., DAD - Dip. Architettura e Design, Politecnico di Torino, Italy; Pennacchio, R., DAD - Dip. Architettura e Design, Politecnico di Torino, Italy; Restuccia, L., DISEG - Dip. Ingegneria Strutturale, Edile e Geotecnica, Politecnico di Torino, Italy; Torres, S., DAD - Dip. Architettura e Design, Politecnico di Torino, Italy","In Colombia earthen buildings, mostly adobe, makes up 80% of the national monumental heritage and historic urban centres. Moreover, vernacular earthen techniques have been largely used for dwellings in rural villages, small towns or informal settlements and represent, nowadays, a huge architectural and cultural heritage of the country. Due the brittle behaviour and low ductility of the building material, characterized by both low tensile and bending strength, earth constructions show high seismic vulnerability; nevertheless, though Colombian earthquake hazard level is considered very high, current national seismic building regulations do not include any reference to earthen architecture. Seismic failure mechanisms most frequently occurring to masonry architecture, as adobe buildings rehabilitation techniques and seismic behaviour improvement practices, have been widely published. This paper aims to investigate possible causes associated to failure mechanisms due to common adobe building practices in Colombia and intervention strategies, to be eventually implemented in order to reduce risks. The paper focuses on strategies and technologies for seismic retrofitting, while evaluating their effectiveness and feasibility through 'sustainability' indicators, based on literature quantitative and qualitative data, and strictly related to rural Colombian economic, social and environmental conditions, where available resources are scarce and labour often not qualified. © Authors 2020. CC BY 4.0 License.","Adobe; Appropriate technologies; Colombia; Earthen architecture; Reinforcement techniques; Seismic behaviour; Vernacular heritage","Architecture; Bending strength; Building codes; Environmental technology; Failure (mechanical); Retrofitting; Seismic response; Sustainable development; Building regulations; Earthen architectures; Intervention strategy; Rehabilitation techniques; Seismic failure mechanism; Seismic retrofitting; Seismic vulnerability; Social and environmental; Earthquakes",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Angulo-Ibáñez, Q., Mas-Tomás, A., Galvañ-Llopis, V., Sántolaria-Montesinos, J., Traditional braces of earthen constructions (2012) Valencia. Construction and Building Materials, , Elsevier; Ashby, M., (2012) Materials and the Environment: Eco-informed Material Choice, , Butterworth-Heinemann; Blondet, M., (2010) Manual de construcción con adobe reforzado con geomallas, de viviendas de bajo costo saludables y seguras, , Pontificia Universidad Catolica, Lima, Perú; Blondet, M., Vargas-Neumann, J., Tarque, N., Iwaki, C., Construcción sismorresistente en tierra: la gran experiencia contemporánea de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (2011) Informes de la Construcción, 63 (523), pp. 41-50; Christoforou, E., Kylili, A., Fokaides, P., Ioannou, I., Creadle to site life cycle assessment (LCA) of adobe bricks (2015) Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, pp. 443-452; D'Ayala, D., Speranza, E., An integrated procedure for the assessment of seismic vulnerability of historic buildings (2002) Proceedings of 12th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, , Elsevier Science Ltd; De Filippi, F., Zanet, E., The ""Cartilla de mantenimiento"" as a tool for deprotection and maintenance of the earthen architectural heritage in Tunja, Colombia (2018) World Heritage and knowledge: representation, restoration, redesign, resilience, pp. 757-766. , Gangemi Editore, Roma; Dowling, D., Samali, B., Li, J., An improved means of reinforcing adobe walls-external vertical reinforcement (2005) SismoAdobe 2005, , May 16-19, PUCP, Lima, Perú; Fannin, R., Quinteros, V., Vaslestad, J., (2013) Durability of geosynthetic reinforcement: exumation of geogrid from a sloped reinforced soil wall after 25 years, , Geo Montréal; Invernizzi, S., Mattone, M., Vachey, P., Gentile, M., Experimental study of earthen walls with geogrid reinforced mud plaster (2017) Vernacular and earthen architecture. Conservation and sustainability, pp. 763-770. , CRC-Press/Balkema, Taylor and Francis, London; Karanikoloudis, G., Lourenço, P.B., Torrealva, D., Cancino, C., Wong, K., Mitigation of seismic vulnerability in earthen historic structures with traditional strengthening techniques (2018) Proceedings of 16th European conference on earthquake engineering, , Thessaloniki; López, C., (2018) Desarollo normativaes AIS 610-EP-17: Evaluación e intervención de edificaciones patrimoniales de uno y dos pisos de adobe y tapia pisada, , [interv] Santiago Torres; Lourenço, P.B., Ciocci, M.P., Greco, F., Karanikoloudis, G., Ciancino, C., Torrealva, D., Wong, K., Traditional techniques for the rehabilitation and protection of historic earthen structures: the seismic retrofitting project (2018) International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 13 (1), pp. 15-32. , Taylor & Francis; Michiels, M., Seismic Retrofitting Techniques for Historic Adobe Buildings (2015) International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 9 (8), pp. 1059-1068. , Taylor & Francis; (2015) Uso y legalidad de la madera en Colombia, , http://www.minambiente.gov.co/images/BosquesBiodiversidadyServiciosEcosistemicos/pdf/Gobernanza_forestal_2/12._Uso_y_Legalidad_de_la_Madera.pdf, Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, Colombia, ONF Andina, Bogotá. (27 January 2020); (2010) Reglamento colombiano de construccion sismo resistente NSR-10, , Ministerio de ambiente, vivienda y desarrollo territorial, Asociacion Colombiana de Ingeniería Sísmica, Bogota; (2017), Ministerio de Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento, Peru, E.080 ""Diesño y Construccion con tirra reforzada Lima; Minke, G., (2001) Construction manual for earthquake resistant houses built of earth, , Gate-Basin, Eschborn; Ojeda, M., (2002) Análisis de la estabilidad de muros en tierra y su comportamiento ante un sísmo, , Bogotá: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana; (2018), https://www.dnp.gov.co/CrecimientoVerde/Documents/comite/Sesion%207/presentacion%20DNP%2001%2002%202018%20-%202.pdf, ONF Andina. Sesió 7. Comité Asesor Estratégico I Misión de Crecimiento Verde, Presentación del estudio sobre economía forestal. Bogotá. (27 January 2020); Ortega, J., Vasconcelos, G., Rodrigues, H., Correia, M., Lourenço, P.B., Traditional earthquake resistant techniques for vernacular architecture and local seismic cultures: A literature review (2017) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 27, pp. 181-196. , Elsevier; Pennacchio, R., Nicchia, R., Promoting vernacular architecture as a central topic in academic research and education through Design - Build Studios with indigenous communities of Mexico (2013) Vernacular heritage and earthen architecture, contributions for sustainable development, , ed. M. Correia, G. Carlos & S. Rocha. CRC Press/Balkema, Taylor and Francis, London; Rivera, A., (2013) Rivera + Muñoz Sociedad de ideas mutuas, , http://eladobe.cl/, Fundación Jofré, El adobe. (27 January 2020); Ruiz, D.M., López, C., Rivera, J.C., Propuesta de normativa para la rehabilitación símica de edificaciones patrimoniales (2012) Apuntes, 25 (2), pp. 226-239. , Bogotá; Yamin, L.E., Ruiz, D.M., Reyes, J.C., Phillips, C., Estudios de vulnerabilidad sísmica, rehabilitación y refuerzo de casas en adobe y tapia pisada (2007) Apuntes, 20, pp. 286-303. , Bogotá; Yamin, L.E., Rodriguez, A.E., Fonseca, L.R., Reyes, J.C., Phillips, C.A., Comportamiento sísmico y alternativas de reabilitacion de edificaciones en adobe y tapia pisada con base en modelos a escala reducida, ensayos en mesa bibratoria (2003) Revista de Ingenieria de la Universidad de Los Andes, 18, pp. 175-1","Pennacchio, R.; DAD - Dip. Architettura e Design, Italy; email: roberto.pennacchio@polito.it","Mileto C.Vegas F.Cristini V.Garcia-Soriano L.",,"International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","2020 International Conference on Vernacular Architecture in World Heritage Sites. Risks and New Technologies, HERITAGE 2020 (3DPast | RISK-Terra)","9 September 2020 through 12 September 2020",,162105,16821750,,,,"English","Int. Arch. Photogramm., Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. - ISPRS Arch.",Conference Paper,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85090927860
"Fabbri A., Morel J.C.","24398767600;15923548500;","Earthen materials and constructions",2019,"Nonconventional and Vernacular Construction Materials: Characterisation, Properties and Applications",,,,"375","401",,2,"10.1016/B978-0-08-102704-2.00014-7","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85094578420&doi=10.1016%2fB978-0-08-102704-2.00014-7&partnerID=40&md5=600edf6779dc35ea9a7990c84f8d51dc","École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l’État (ENTPE), Vaulx-en-Velin, France; Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom","Fabbri, A., École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l’État (ENTPE), Vaulx-en-Velin, France; Morel, J.C., Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom","This chapter introduces the case of the earthen constructions including most of the techniques used in the vernacular heritage and the modern green building architecture. It starts by presenting the variety of earth building techniques focusing on the common points between all of them. It then explains these particularities which are linked to the affinity with water of the earthen material and construction. This leads to a specific hygrothermal and mechanical behavior of the materials and structures. The impact of these characteristics on building design is given. A full discussion of the case of earth stabilization is then included to show their relationship with the gain (or loss) obtained in the framework of the sustainability. By the end of the chapter, an assessment of the hygrothermal, mechanical, and durability performance is proposed. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Affinity with water; Durability; Earth materials; Earth stabilization; Earthen architecture; Hygrothermal behavior; Mechanical behavior",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"(2014) Re-inventing Shelter: Lime for Safer, Stronger Homes for Flood-Affected People, , (Pakistan); Aitcin, P.-C., Cements of yesterday and today: Concrete of tomorrow (2000) Cement Concr. Res., 39 (9), pp. 1349-1359. , September; Barenstein, J.D., Iyengar, S., India: From a culture of housing to a philosophy of reconstruction (2010) Building Back Better, p. 163. , M. Lyons., T. Schilderman. C. Boano; Binici, H., Aksogan, O., Shah, T., Investigation of fibre reinforced mud brick as a building material (2005) Constr. Build. Mater., 19 (4), pp. 313-318; Carbone, N., (2012) Broke Irishman Builds Billion-Euro House-Out of Shredded Bills, , http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/01/28/broke-irishman-builds-billion-euro-house-out-of-shredded-bills/, Retrieved from TIME:; Das, A.K., Takahashi, L.M., Evolving institutional arrangements, scaling up, and sustainability: Emerging issues in participatory slum upgrading in Ahmedabad, India (2009) J. Plan. Educ. Res., 29 (2), pp. 213-232; Docksai, R., A world without waste? (2014) Futurist, 48 (2). , March-April; Easterling, D.R., Meehl, G.A., Parmesan, C., Changnon, S.A., Karl, T.R., Meams, L.O., Climate extremes: Observations, modeling, and impacts (2000) Science, 289 (5487), pp. 2068-2074; (2014), http://www.ecovativedesign.com/, Retrieved from Ecovative Design:; Formoso, C.T., Soibleman, L., Cesare, C.D., Isatto, E.L., Material waste in building industry: Main causes and prevention (2002) J. Constr. Eng. Manag., 128 (4), pp. 316-325; Gallagher, S., (2011) China’s Appetite for Bamboo Is Damaging Forests. (Pullitzer Center for Crisis Reporting), , http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/china%E2%80%99s-appetite-bamboo-damaging-forests, Retrieved from:; Gatóo, A., Sharma, B., Bock, M., Mulligan, H., Ramage, M.H., Sustainable structures: Bamboo standards and building codes (2014) Proceedings of the ICE-Engineering Sustainability, 165, pp. 189-196 and 5; Hartikainen, M., Miettinen, K., Wiecek, M.M., Constructing a Pareto front approximation for decision making (2011) Math. Methods Oper. Res., 73 (2), pp. 209-234; Hoornweg, D., Bhada-Tata, P., (2012) What a Waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management, , World Bank Washington, DC; Horvath, A., Construction materials and the environment (2004) Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour., 29, pp. 181-204. , November; Jayanetti, D.L., Follett, P.R., Bamboo in construction (2008) Modern Bamboo Structures, pp. 23-32. , Y. Xiao., M. Inoue. S.K. Paudel, CRC Press London, UK; Keivani, R., Werna, E., Modes of housing provision in developing countries (2001) Prog. Plann., 55 (2), pp. 65-118. , February; Kharas, H., (2010) The Emerging Middle Class in Developing Countries, , OECD Development Centre Paris; Kofoworola, O.F., Gheewala, S.H., Estimation of construction waste generation and management in Thailand (2009) Waste Manag., 29 (2), pp. 731-738; Kramer, K., Applying the lessons of Indian vernacular architecture (2013) Lessons from Vernacular Architecture, p. 129. , W. Weber., S. Yannas; Levis, J.W., Barlaz, M.A., DeCarolis, J.F., Ranjithan, S.R., Systematic exploration of efficient strategies to manage solid waste in US municipalities: Perspectives from the solid waste optimization life-cycle framework (SWOLF) (2014) Environ. Sci. Technol., 48 (7), pp. 3625-3631; Maghsoudi, E., Rahman, N.N., Yazid, M.Y., Sustainable roofs in Iranian vernacular residential buildings (2013) International Sustainable Tropical Environmental Desing Conference, , Serdang Selangor, Malaysia; McNamara, K.E., Prasad, S.S., (2013) Valuing Indigenous Knowledge for Climate Change Adaptation Planning in Fiji and Vanuatu, , http://www.unutki.org/news.php?news_id=182&doc_id=39, UNU-IAS TKI; Miqueleiz, L., Ramírez, F., Seco, A., Nidzam, R.M., Kinuthia, J.M., Tair, A.A., The use of stabilised Spanish clay soil for sustainable construction materials (2012) Eng. Geol., 133, pp. 9-15; Mitcham, C., Thinking re-vernacular building (2005) Des. Issues, 21 (1), pp. 32-40; Nesheim, I., Dhillion, S.S., Stølen, K.A., What happens to traditional knowledge and use of natural resources when people migrate (2006) Hum. Ecol., 34 (1), pp. 99-131. , February; Norris, G.A., Social impacts in product life cycles towards life cycle attribute assessment (2006) Int. J. Life Cycle Assess., 11 (1), pp. 97-104; Pacheco-Torgala, F., Jalali, S., Earth construction: Lessons from the past for future eco-efficient construction (2012) Constr. Build. Mater., 29, pp. 512-519; Panyakaew, S., Fotios, S., New thermal insulation boards made from coconut husk and bagasse (2011) Energy Build., 43 (7), pp. 1732-1739; (2014) ModRoof, , re-materials.com/product, H. Ganatra., S. Gosain. L.V. Rabenau, Retrieved from ReMaterials:; Rustemeyer, T., Elsner, P., John, S.-M., Maibach, H.I., Roofers (2012) Kanerva’s Occupational Dermatology, pp. 1681-1688. , D.V. Belsito., Springer Berlin Heidelberg Berlin; Habitat, U.N., (2003) The Challenge of Slums: Global Report on Human Settlements, , Earthscan London; Van Dam, J.E., Van Den Oever, M.J., Teunissen, W., Keijsers, E.R., Peralta, A.G., Process for production of high density/high performance binderless boards from whole coconut husk (2004) Ind. Crops Prod., 20 (1), pp. 97-101; Veerbeck, G., Ponet, J., Straw bale houses in a moderate climate: Adaptable to meet future energy performance requirements? (2012) 28th International PLEA Conference, Opportunities, Limits & Needs Towards an Environmentally Responsible Architecture. Lima, Peru; Weng, C.-H., Lin, D.-F., Chiang, P.-C., Utilization of sludge as bridge materials (2003) Adv. Environ. Res., 7 (3), pp. 679-685; Zaman, A.U., Lehmann, S., The zero waste index: A performance measurement tool for waste management systems in a ‘zero waste city’ (2013) J. Clean. Prod., 50, pp. 123-132",,,,"Elsevier",,,,,,9780081027042,,,"English","Nonconv. and Vernacular Construction Mater.: Characterisation, Properties and Applications",Book Chapter,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85094578420
"Wordsworth P.D., Wencel M.M.","57211470910;56490886200;","The Dramatic Abandonment of a Late-Antique Settlement in the South Caucasus: The First Archaeological Findings from Qaratəpə, Bərdə Rayon, Azerbaijan",2018,"Journal of Field Archaeology","43","4",,"300","315",,2,"10.1080/00934690.2018.1464331","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85046687185&doi=10.1080%2f00934690.2018.1464331&partnerID=40&md5=f9b5e3e581ac5ebd7387cf2fa003092c","University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","Wordsworth, P.D., University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Wencel, M.M., University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","This paper presents the first results of a new project investigating the provincial structure of the eastern Caucasus region in the late Antique and early Islamic periods. Excavations at the newly discovered rural archaeological site of Qaratəpə have so far revealed two phases of use: a burial ground dating to the 12th century a.d. and an unusually large earthen structure burnt in a catastrophic fire. Owing to the rapid abandonment of this building, whole ceramic and glass vessels were recovered from the fill of one of the rooms. The presence of charred seeds and roof timbers allowed for the acquisition of radiocarbon dates for the construction and abandonment of the building, placing the latter at the end of the 6th century a.d. These findings reveal crucial clues as to the transformation of the rural zone prior to the expansion of Islam, and a unique material assemblage dating from this period. © 2018, © Trustees of Boston University 2018.","Caucasus; earthen architecture; Islamic archaeology; late Antiquity; radiocarbon",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Alizadeh, K., Ultan Qalasi: A Fortified Site in the Sasanian Borderlands (2011) Iran, 49, pp. 55-77; Babaev, I.A., Antichnaia Cherepitsa Kavkazskoi Albanii (1974) Sovietskaia Arkheologia, (2), pp. 48-59; Babaev, I.A., Issledovaniia Obshchestvennogo Zdaniia Vtoroǐ Poloviny I v. do I v. n. e. na Gorodishche Kabala (1977) Sovietskaia Arkheologia, 1977 (4), pp. 217-227; Babaev, I.A., Eminli, J.T., The Archaeological Excavation Report of the Selbir Site, Gabala, 2010 (2012) Reports of the Gabala Archaeological Expedition 2005-2010, pp. 225-282. , Najafova I.M., Zeynalova I., Young K.O., Jongil K., Jeogyon S., (eds), Baku, Azerbaijan: CBS Publishing House, and, In, edited by; (1916) The Origins of the Islamic State (Kitāb Futūḥ al-Buldān), , 1: New York: Columbia University,. Translated by; Bayliss, A., Quality in Bayesian Chronological Models in Archaeology (2015) World Archaeology, 47 (4), pp. 677-700; Bournoutian, G., (2011) The 1823 Russian Survey of the Karabagh Province. A Primary Source on the Demography and Economy of the Karabagh in the Early 19th Century, , Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers; Brock, F., Higham, T.F.G., Ditchfield, P., Bronk Ramsey, C., Current Pretreatment Methods for AMS Radiocarbon Dating at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU) (2010) Radiocarbon, 52 (1), pp. 103-112; Bronk Ramsey, C., Radiocarbon Calibration and Analysis of Stratigraphy; The OxCal Program (1995) Radiocarbon, 37 (2), pp. 425-430; Bronk Ramsey, C., Bayesian Analysis of Radiocarbon Dates (2009) Radiocarbon, 51 (1), pp. 337-360; Bronk Ramsey, C., Dealing with Outliers and Offsets in Radiocarbon Dating (2009) Radiocarbon, 51 (3), pp. 1023-1045; Bronk Ramsey, C., Lee, S., Recent and Planned Developments of the Program OxCal (2013) Radiocarbon, 55 (3-4), pp. 1-11; Bronk Ramsey, C., Higham, T., Leach, P., Towards High-Precision AMS; Progress and Limitations (2004) Radiocarbon, 46 (1), pp. 17-24; Buck, C.E., Meson, B., On Being a Good Bayesian (2015) World Archaeology, 47 (4), pp. 567-584; Gadzhiev, M., On the Construction Date of the Derbend Fortification Complex (2008) Iran and the Caucasus, 12, pp. 1-16; Geiushev, R., (1975) Amaras-Agoglan, , Baku, Azerbaijan: Elm nəşriyyatı; (1942) Rußland (Kaukasus) 1:200,000, , Sheet K-38-XXXVI, Berlin: Generalstab des Heeres; Iakobson, A.L., Khudozhestvennaia Keramika Baǐlakana (Oren-Kala) (1959) Materialy i Issledovanniia po Arkheologii SSSR, 67, pp. 228-302; Howard-Johnston, J., The Late Sasanian Army (2012) Late Antiquity: Eastern Perspectives, pp. 87-127. , Bernheimer T., Silverstein A., (eds), Warminster, UK: Gibb Memorial Trust,.” In, edited by; Kalantarian, A.A., (1970) Material'naia Kultura Dvina IV-VIII vv, , Yerevan, Armenia: Izatel’stvo AN Armianskoǐ SSR; Kerimov, V., Sturfiel, B., (2003) Kish: Istoria, Arkhitektura, Arkheologia, , Baku, Azerbaijan: Çaşioǧlu, and; Lessen, A.A., Gorodishche Oren-Kala (1959) Materialy i Issledovanniia po Arkheologii SSSR, 67, pp. 33-50; Michelsen, L., and Penn, T., Late Antique Glass from Qaratəpə (Bərdə Rayon), Azerbaijan (2017) Journal of Glass Studies, 59, pp. 16-21; Milwright, M., (2010) An Introduction to Islamic Archaeology, , Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press; (1961) The History of the Caucasian Albanians, , London: Oxford University Press,. Translated by; Murzaev, E.M., (1996) Tiurkskie Geograficheskie Nazvaniia, , Moscow: Izdatel’skaia Firma Vostochnaia Literatura; Museyibli, N., Kvachidze, V., (2006) Short Report: Excavations of a Muslim Cemetery KP 356–BTC ROW, , http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/btcpipeline_leap_2011/downloads_sites.cfm?site=356_Zayamchai_Cemetery%26CFID=1784145%26CFTOKEN=43C8B97F-2B57-4F22-8A30DE4C540EE94D, Accessed January 03, 2017., and; Nuriyev, A.B., Qədim Şamaxıda Şuşə Istehsalina Dair (1965) Azərbaycanın Maddi-Mədəniyyət, 6, pp. 113-122; Qazıyev, S.M., Qəbələ Şəhərinin Tarixi-Arxeoloji Tədqiqi (1964) Material’naia Kultura Azerbaidzhana, 5, pp. 7-67; Reimer, P.J., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J.W., Blackwell, P.G., Bronk Ramsey, C., Buck, C.E., van der Plicht, J., IntCal13 and Marine13 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves 0–50,000 Years cal BP (2013) Radiocarbon, 55 (4), pp. 1869-1887; Sauer, E.W., Omrani Rekavandi, H., Wilkinson, T.J., (2013) Persia’s Imperial Power in Late Antiquity: the Great Wall of Gorgan and the Frontier Landscapes of Sasanian Iran, , Oxford: Oxbow, and, eds; Sauer, E.W., Pitskhelauri, K., Hopper, K., Tiliakou, A., Pickard, C., Lawrence, D., Diana, A., Shupe, C., Northern Outpost of the Caliphate: Maintaining Military Forces in a Hostile Environment (the Dariali Gorge in the Central Caucasus in Georgia) (2015) Antiquity, 89 (346), pp. 885-904; (1990) The History of al-Ṭabarī (Taʾrīkh al-Rusul Wa’l Mulūk), 15. , New York: State University of New York Press,., translated by; (1999) The History of al-Ṭabarī (Taʾrīkh al-Rusul Wa’l Mulūk), 5. , New York: State University of New York Press,., translated by; Vaidov, R.M., (1961) Mingechaur v III–VIII Vekakh (po Materialam Arkheologicheskikh Raskopok), , Baku, Azerbaijan: Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk Azerbaǐdzhanskoǐ SSR; Vaidov, R.M., Fomenko, V.P., Srednevekovyǐ Khram v Mingechaure (1951) Material’naia Kultura Azerbaidzhana, 2, pp. 80-102; Wilkinson, T.J., The Definition of Ancient Manured Zones by Means of Extensive Sherd-Sampling Techniques (1982) Journal of Field Archaeology, 9 (3), pp. 323-333; Wordsworth, P.D., Problematising the Shifting Capitals of Medieval Arran: From Bardhaʿa to Janza in the 10th-12th Centuries (2018) Iran, 56, pp. 64-76; Wordsworth, P.D., Approaches to Understanding Provincial Structure in the Early Islamic Caucasus: Historic Landscape Characterisation in the Kura Plain (2018) Landscape Archaeology in Southern Caucasia: Finding Common Ground in Diverse Environments, pp. 145-160. , Anderson W., Hopper K., Robinson A., (eds), Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology (OREA) In, edited by","Wordsworth, P.D.; Oriental Institute, Pusey Lane, United Kingdom; email: paul.wordsworth@orinst.ox.ac.uk",,,"Taylor and Francis Ltd.",,,,,00934690,,,,"English","J. Field Archeol.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85046687185
"Cacciavillani C., Rinaldi S., Severini M.","36991995700;55910323900;57210617012;","Vernacular construction techniques and earth employ in arg-e-bam (Iran)",2018,"Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability - Proceedings of SOStierra2017 2017",,,,"59","64",,2,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058116135&partnerID=40&md5=ccbe91870a3a5bc2e48729d8bc86b55c","Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Geologia, Università G, d’Annunzio Pescara-Chieti, Italy","Cacciavillani, C., Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Geologia, Università G, d’Annunzio Pescara-Chieti, Italy; Rinaldi, S., Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Geologia, Università G, d’Annunzio Pescara-Chieti, Italy; Severini, M., Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Geologia, Università G, d’Annunzio Pescara-Chieti, Italy","This research aims to address at the International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability SOStierra 2017, of traditional building methods and conservation in the ancient city of Arg-e-Bam in Iran, as the writers themselves checked in situ: almost completely destroyed by an earthquake in 2003, it was rebuilt using ancient local techniques. The recognition of World Heritage in 2004 has contributed to the process of rebuilt, with the cooperation of the countries of the international community since the site can be considered one of the few examples of architecture in red clay in the world. © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Architecture; Sustainable development; Construction technique; Earthen architectures; International community; Red clay; Traditional buildings; Historic preservation",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Tarikhe memari va shahrsazi Iran. Tehran (1995) Cultural Heritage Org; Farshid, M., (1995) Tarikhe Mohadesi Dar Iran, , Tehran. Naghshr Jahan Press; Hesamian, F., (1992) Shahrneshini Dar Iran. Aghah; Kiani, M.Y., (1993) Memari Va Shahrsazi. Tehran. Howzeye Honari; Kiani, M.Y., Tazeinate vabasteh be memariye Iran. Tehran (1997) Miras Farhanghi; Negahban, E., Morouri bar panjah sal bastanshenasiye Iran. Tehran (1997) Miras Farhanghi; Salar Behzadi, A., Arg-e-Bam. Kerman (1997) DAD; Soltanzadeh, H., Fazahaye shahri dar Bafthaye Tarikhi (1991) Cultural Reserch Burea; Zomershaidi, H., (1998) Memari Dar Iran, , Tehran. Zomorrod",,"Mileto C.Lopez-Manzanares F.V.Garcia-Soriano L.Cristini V.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability, SOStierra 2017","14 September 2017 through 16 September 2017",,220559,,9781138035461,,,"English","Vernac. Earthen Archit.: Conserv. Sustain. - Proc.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85058116135
"Mileto C., López-Manzanares F.V.","36721933700;6603127341;","Earthen heritage in the USA: Approximation to constructive techniques",2018,"Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability - Proceedings of SOStierra2017 2017",,,,"179","184",,2,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058115795&partnerID=40&md5=203cf1188bbad914e896290b3f40f15c","Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain","Mileto, C., Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain; López-Manzanares, F.V., Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain","The United States of America possesses an important architectural and archaeological heritage of built earth, both major monuments and traditional architecture. The vastness of the country and the differences in climate and territory greatly affect the variety of techniques used: cob, rammed earth, adobe, wattle and daub, earthen renderings, sod, turf, tabby, etc. In addition to the different constructive cultures found in the country resulting from autochthonous cultural influences (Native Americans with their cultural differences), those imported over time by the different peoples who have settled on North American territory (especially Spanish, French, English, African, Caribbean) and the transfer of knowledge in border territories (Mexico) are also reflected in the large variety of construction processes. The study of these techniques and their cultural transfer are of great interest not only to North American researchers but also to researchers in earthen architecture, earthen built heritage, or traditional architecture in general. © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Earth (planet); Knowledge management; Sustainable development; Construction process; Constructive technique; Cultural difference; Cultural influences; Earthen architectures; Traditional architecture; Transfer of knowledge; United States of America; Architecture",,,,,"Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, MECD; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, MICINN: BIA2014-55924-R","This research was partly funded thanks to a Grant for stays abroad for Spanish teachers and researchers from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports (Salvador de Madariaga Program) awarded to Camilla Mileto for a stay at the University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia) in the first semester of 2013.","This work is part of the research project “Restoration and rehabilitation of traditional earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula. Guidelines and tools for a sustainable intervention”, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Ref.: BIA2014-55924-R; main researchers: Camilla Mileto and Fernando Vegas López-Manzanares).",,,,,,,,,"Blokker, L.E., Knight, A., Louisiana Bousillage: The Migration and Evolution of a French Building Technique in North America (2013) Construction History, 28 (1), pp. 27-48. , Vol., No; Bunting, B., (1964) Taos Adobes. Spanish Colonial and Territorial Architecture of the Taos Valley, , Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press; Butcher, S.D., (1904) Sod Houses Or the Development of the Great American Plains. a Pictorial History of the Men and Means that have Conquered This Wonderful Country, , Chicago: Western Plains Publishing Co; Carlson, A.W., German-Russian Houses in Western North Dakota (1981) In Pioneer America, 13 (2), pp. 49-60. , Vol., No; Cellauro, L., Richaud, G., Thomas Jefferson and Françoise Cointeraux, Professor of Rural Architecture in Revolutionary Paris (2005) Architectural History, 48, pp. 173-206; Cellauro, L., Richaud, G., François Cointeraux’s École d’Architecture Rurale (1790–91) and its Influence in Europe and the Colonies (2006) Architectural History, 49, pp. 129-148. , Vol; Easton, D., (1996) The Rammed Earth House, , Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing Company; Golebiowski, J., (2009) Rammed Earth Architecture’s Journey to the High Hills of the Santee and Its Role as an Early Concrete, , (Master Thesis). Graduate Schools of Clemson University & The College of Charleston; Guillaud, H., (1997) Une Grande Figure Du Patrimoine régional Rhône-Alpes. François Cointeraux (1740–1830), Pionnier De La Construction Moderne En pisé, , Les carnets de l’architecture de terre, CRATerre-EAG; Houben, H., Guillaud, H., (1989) Earth Construction. a Comprehensive Guide, , Grenoble: CRATerre; Houk, R., (1996) Casa Grande Ruins National Monument. Tucson: Western National Parks Association; Iowa, J., (1985) Ageless Adobe, , History and Preservation in Southwestern Architecture. Santa Fe: Sunstone Press; Macdonald, K.C., Morgan, D.W., (2012) African Earthen Structures in Colonial Louisiana: Architecture from the Coincoin Plantation (1787–1816), pp. 161-177. , Antiquity, n.86, Antiquity Publications Ltd; Manucy, A., (1978) The Houses of St. Augustine (1565–1821)., , 1963, St. Augustine: The St. Augustine Historical Society; Matero, F.G., Del Bono, E., Fong, K.L., Johansen, R., Barrow, J., Condition and treatment history as prologue to site conservation at Casa Grande Ruins National Monument (2000) Terra 2000: 8Th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture. Torquay, United Kingdom, pp. 52-64. , 11–13 May 2000. London: James & James; Maygarden, B.D., Building in Colonial Louisiana: Creolization and the Survival of French Tradition (2006) In International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 10 (3), pp. 211-239. , Vol., No; Miller, T.A.H., (1934) Adobe Or Sun-Dried Brick for Farm Buildings. Farmers’ Bulletin, N. 1720. Usda-United States Department of Agriculture; Nabokov, P., Easton, R., (1989) Native American Architecture. New York-, , Oxford: Oxford University Press; Rohn, A.H., Ferguson, W., (2006) Puebloan Ruins of the Southwest, , Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press; Sickels-Taves, L.B., Allsopp, P.D., Making a mark in America: The Architectural Ingenuity of Germanic Settlers In Material Culture (2005) Terry Jordan, 37 (1), pp. 85-106. , Vol., No; Sickels-Taves, L.B., Understanding Historic Tabby Structures: Their History, Preservation, and Repair (1997) APT Bulletin, 28 (2-3), pp. 22-29. , Vol., No; Steen, C., An archaeologist’s summary of adobe (1972) Adobe past and Present. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico.; van Beek, G.W., (2007) Glorious Mud! Ancient and Contemporary Earthen Design and Construction in North Africa, Western Europe, the near East and South Asia, , Washington: Smithsonian Institution; Vellinga, M., Oliver, P., Bridge, A., (2007) Atlas of Vernacular Architecture of the World, , Routledge",,"Mileto C.Lopez-Manzanares F.V.Garcia-Soriano L.Cristini V.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability, SOStierra 2017","14 September 2017 through 16 September 2017",,220559,,9781138035461,,,"English","Vernac. Earthen Archit.: Conserv. Sustain. - Proc.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85058115795
"Bonoli A., Rizzo S., Tomasi M., Vado A.","35253657400;56344754000;57211101140;57204950480;","Life cycle assessment for the earthen heritage center (Pabillonis, Sardinia)",2018,"Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability - Proceedings of SOStierra2017 2017",,,,"545","550",,2,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058086060&partnerID=40&md5=1d7e2e3424ea9e29c0e7eec85696ec4f","Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, DICAM, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Freelance, Pabillonis, Italy; International Association of Earthen Cities, Selargius, CA, Italy","Bonoli, A., Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, DICAM, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Rizzo, S., Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, DICAM, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Tomasi, M., Freelance, Pabillonis, Italy; Vado, A., International Association of Earthen Cities, Selargius, CA, Italy","Raw materials and natural resources saving and recycling are a pillar of sustainability in building and construction. In particular, adobe and raw earth structures built using natural local raw materials which come straight from the same area of the construction site have a lower energy content and a better environmental performance in comparison with bricks or concrete. In this issue a case study of a restoration of an adobe historical building, the Earthen Heritage Center in Pabillonis, Sardinia, was carried out using a life cycle assessment approach. The study analyses and compares a first bearing wall, built with a traditional adobe raw material, with a common brick wall. Furthermore, the environmental impacts related with the utilization of two different mortars (raw earth and cement) have been included. The LCA analysis demonstrates the environmental benefits related with the vernacular adobe technique applied to the restoration of an historical building. © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Artificial life; Brick; Environmental impact; Environmental management; Restoration; Sustainable development; Walls (structural partitions); Construction sites; Earth structures; Environmental benefits; Environmental performance; Historical buildings; Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); Local raw materials; Lower energies; Life cycle",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Achenza, M., Sanna, U., (2006) Il Manuale Tematico Della Terra Cruda, Itaca, Cagliari; Bonoli, A., Bamonti, S., Zanni, S., Bignozzi, S., Eco-efficient management of construction and demolition waste (2014) Procedia Environmental Science, Engineering and Management, p. 2014; Bonoli, A., Rizzo, S., Chiavetta, C., Straw as Construction Raw Material for Sustainable Buildings (2014) Vernacular Architecture: Towards a Sustainable Future, pp. 143-146. , Mileto C., Vegas F., García Soriano L., Cristini V. (Eds.), Crc Press; Cuenca-Moyano, G.M., Zanni, S., Bonoli, A., & ValverdePalacios I. 2017. Development of the life cycle inventory of masonry mortar made of natural and recycled aggregates In Journal of Cleaner Production, 140, pp. 1272-1286; Environmental management—Life Cycle Assessment—principles and Frame Work.; Environmental management—Life Cycle Assessment—requirements and Guidelines.; Platts, B., (1997) Pilot Study of Moisture in Stuccoed Straw Bale Walls. CMHC Canada Mortage and Housing Corporation; Rizzo, S., Cappellaro, F., Ruiz-Checa, J.R., Cristini, V., Sustainable design strategies and technologies for a green space for students at Terracini campus (2015) UNIBO. in Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 14 (7), pp. 1771-1777. , Vol., No; Simion, I.M., Fortuna, M.E., Bonoli, A., Gavrilescu, M., Comparing environmental impacts of natural inert and recycled construction and demolition waste processing using LCA (2013) In Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 21 (4), pp. 273-287; Vado, A., (2003) Architettura Di Terra in Sardegna, pp. 54-59. , Arkos – Scienza e restauro dell’Architettura – n° 1/2003-Year IV (January-March 2003), Firenze: Nardini Editore; Vado, A., (2013) Recupero Di Un Edificio in Terra Cruda a Pabillonis—Cagliari. in E€A—Energia Economia architettura—Architettinmostra 2013-Ordine Architetti Nuoro—Atti Della Rassegna Itinerante Di Architettura “conoscere l’architettura”, pp. 41-42",,"Mileto C.Lopez-Manzanares F.V.Garcia-Soriano L.Cristini V.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability, SOStierra 2017","14 September 2017 through 16 September 2017",,220559,,9781138035461,,,"English","Vernac. Earthen Archit.: Conserv. Sustain. - Proc.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85058086060
"Kebaili N., Youcef K.","57202336751;57202332573;","Attitudes toward earthen architecture: The case of compressed and stabilized earth block architecture in Auroville, India",2017,"WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment","226","1",,"761","772",,2,"10.2495/SDP170661","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85047955229&doi=10.2495%2fSDP170661&partnerID=40&md5=e5f814308ecba0d14667bbebc1e0da06","Laboratoire Architecture et Environnement, Ecole Polytechnique d’Architecture et d’Urbanisme, Algeria","Kebaili, N., Laboratoire Architecture et Environnement, Ecole Polytechnique d’Architecture et d’Urbanisme, Algeria; Youcef, K., Laboratoire Architecture et Environnement, Ecole Polytechnique d’Architecture et d’Urbanisme, Algeria","This study aims at analyzing the presumed negative attitudes toward earthen architecture as a component of a statistical analysis that attempts to gather information to understand what causes it. A survey was conducted in a city experiment consisting of the revalorization of an earthen-based building technique called compressed and stabilized earth blocks (CSEB). This experiment has been conducted by the Auroville Earth Institute team (AVEI) for over 25 years and seeks to inform individuals of the usefulness of this environmental friendly building material. It proposes CSEB products as an alternative to conventional materials. In this context AVEI promotes dwellings constructed entirely with CSEB. For the primary conclusion, the negative side of the attitudes toward earthen architecture is too complex to grasp and it is explained by the relationship between the different attitudes toward building materials and buildings. Comparisons with attitudes toward fired brick architecture result in indicators that could benefit CSEB revalorization projects. These results lead to research regarding attitudes toward building materials and their wide-ranging uses. © 2017 WIT Press.","Attitudes toward building materials; Attitudes toward earthen architecture; Attitudes toward homes",,,,,,"Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique, MESRS","This study was supported by the Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique in Algeria 174/PNE 2014.",,,,,,,,,,"Steg, L., Van Den Berg, A.E., De Groot, J.I.M., (2013) Environmental Psychology: An Introduction, pp. 2-11. , BPS Blackwell: Oxford; Hall, M.R., Lindsay, R., Krayenhoff, M., (2012) Modern Earth Buildings Materials, Engineering, Construction and Applications, p. 5. , Woodhead: Oxford, Cambridge, Philadelphia & New Delhi; Minke, G., (2006) Building with Earth, Design and Technology of A Sustainable Architecture, , Birkhäuser: Basel; https://www.wmf.org/content/hassan-fathys-newgourna-past-present-future/, Accessed on: 13 Mar. 2016; (2011) New Gourna Village; Conservation and Community, , World Monuments Fund. WMF: New York; Fathy, H., (1970) Construire Avec Le Peuple, , Sindbad: Paris; http://www.earth-auroville.com/about_us_en.php/, Accessed on: 13 Mar. 2016; Field, A., (2009) Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, p. 12. , SAGE: Singapore, London,California & New Delhi, 631 & 209; Osgood, C.E., Suci, G.J., Tannenbaum, P.H., (1967) The Measurement of Meaning, , University of Illinois Press: Urbana, Chicago & London; Stuart, O., Wesley, S.P., (2005) Attitudes and Opinions, p. 55. , Mahwah Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: New Jersey & London, & 98; Maini, S., Thautam, V., Embodied energy of various materials and technologies (2013) AVEI: Auroville, p. 1",,"Brebbia C.A.Longhurst J.Booth C.Marco E.","","WITPress","9th International Conference on Sustainable Development and Planning, SDP 2017","27 June 2017 through 29 June 2017",,133084,1746448X,,,,"English","WIT Trans. Ecol. Environ.",Conference Paper,"Final","All Open Access, Bronze",Scopus,2-s2.0-85047955229
"Secco M., Addis A., Artioli G.","57218534123;56497735200;56582666300;","Characterization of lime-stabilized earthen mortars from historic masonry structures",2016,"Brick and Block Masonry: Trends, Innovations and Challenges - Proceedings of the 16th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference, IBMAC 2016",,,,"1889","1896",,2,"10.1201/b21889-235","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85016130425&doi=10.1201%2fb21889-235&partnerID=40&md5=4f3af68f466819acceecde80f7eb14e6","Inter-Departmental Research Center for the Study of Cement Materials and Hydraulic Binders (CIRCe), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Geosciences and CIRCe Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy","Secco, M., Inter-Departmental Research Center for the Study of Cement Materials and Hydraulic Binders (CIRCe), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Addis, A., Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Artioli, G., Department of Geosciences and CIRCe Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy","The increasing demand for sustainable low-strength binding materials, to be used in the conservation of historic masonry structures and as a eco-friendly architectural material, has stimulated the investigation of the properties and performance of clay-based mortars. The study and parameterization of traditional earthen architecture is an increasingly promising research field, in order to assess the sustainability, the durability and the long-term performance of the masonry structures. Several examples of the use of lime-stabilized clay-based binders may be found in the traditional and historic architecture of the Western cultures, besides its widespread use in the traditional architecture of developing countries. In this contribution, three case studies of historic and archaeological Italian masonry structures employing mixtures of lime and soil as binding materials are reported, built in a wide timespan ranging between the VI and the XIII Century A.D.. The study is focused on the chemical and mineralogical characterization of the raw materials employed and in the interpretation of their reaction processes, especially the degree of pozzolanic reaction between lime and the reactive component of the clay fraction. The excellent textural characteristics and ultimate performance of several of the analyzed materials clearly demonstrated their potential, even when employed in temperate climates, opening new perspectives in the field of eco-sustainable binders. © 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Architecture; Binders; Developing countries; Historic preservation; Lime; Mortar; Sustainable development; Architectural material; Earthen architectures; Lime-stabilized clay; Long term performance; Mineralogical characterization; Reactive components; Textural characteristic; Traditional architecture; Brick",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Ashby, M.F., (2013) Materials and the Environment, , Amsterdam: Elsevier; Bensted, J., Barnes, P., (2002) Structure and Performance of Cements, , London: Spon Press; Bertagnin, M., Earthen architecture in Italy: Types, technologies and building cultures (2000) In, 8Th International Conference on Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, , Torquay: English Heritage /ICOMOS Preprints; Boriani, A., Burlini, L., Caironi, V., Giobbi Origoni, E., Sassi, A., Sesana, E., Geological and petrological studies on the hercynian plutonism of Serie dei Laghi—geological map of its occurrence between Valsesia and Lago Maggiore (N-Italy) (1988) Rendiconti Della Societa Italiana Di Mineralogia E Petrologia, 43 (2), pp. 367-384; Braga, G.P., Ragni, U., (1969) Note Illustrative Della Carta Geologica d’Italia Alla Scala 1:100000—Fogli 44 E 58 Novara-Mortara, , Ercolano: Poligrafica e Cartevalori; Braga, G.P., Carloni, G.C., Colantoni, P., (1971) Note Illustrative Della Carta Geologica d’Italia Alla Scala 1:100000—Fogli 4C-13 Monte Cavallino-Ampezzo, , Roma: Nuova Tecnica Grafica; Burton, E.A., Walter, L.M., Relative precipitation rates of aragonite and Mg calcite from seawater: Temperature or carbonate ion control? (1987) Geology, 15, pp. 111-114; Elert, K., Sebastian, E., Valverde, I., Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Alkaline treatment of clay minerals from the Alhambra Formation: Implications for the conservation of earthen architecture (2008) Applied Clay Science, 39, pp. 122-132; Fratini, F., Pecchioni, E., Rovero, L., Tonietti, U., The earth in the architecture of the historical centre of Lamezia Terme (Italy): Characterization for restoration (2008) Applied Clay Science, 53, pp. 509-516; Gilbert, A., Mattone, R., Terra, incipit vita nova (1998) L’architettura Di Terra Cruda Dalle Origini Al Presente, , Torino: Ed. Politecnico Torino; Giobbi Origoni, E., Testa, B., Carimati, R., Contributo alla ricostruzione stratigrafica della “Serie dei Laghi”: Litofacies principali della “Strona-Ceneri” a NE del Lago Maggiore (Alpi Meridionali, Italia) (1982) Rendiconti Della Societa Italiana Di Mineralogia E Petrologia, 38 (3), pp. 1337-1350; Gualtieri, A.F., Accuracy of XRPD QPA using the combined Rietveld-RIR method (2000) Journal of Applied Crystallography, 33, pp. 267-278; Matschei, T., Lothenbach, B., Glasser, F.P., The AFm phase in Portland Cement (2007) Cement and Concrete Research, 37, pp. 118-130; Moore, D.M., Reynolds, R.C., (1997) X-Ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals, , Oxford: Oxford University Press; Onnis, S., Dipasquale, L., Paglini, M., Building culture of corbelled dome architecture (2009) Earthen Domes and Habitats, pp. 323-351; Proust, D., Amphibole weathering in a glaucophaneschist (Ile de Groix, Morbihan, France) (1985) Clay Minerals, 20, pp. 161-170; Provis, J.L., Van Deventer, J.S.J., Geopolymers: Structures, processing (2009) Properties and Industrial Applications, , Sawston: Woodhead Publishing; Ren, K.B., Kagi, D.A., Upgrading the durability of mud bricks by impregnation (1995) Building and Environment, 30 (3), pp. 433-440; Richardson, I.G., The calcium silicate hydrates (2008) Cement and Concrete Research, 38, pp. 137-158; Rietveld, H.M., A profile refinement method for nuclear and magnetic structures (1969) Journal of Applied Crystallography, 2, pp. 65-71; Saibene, C., La casa rurale nella pianura e nella collina lombarda (1955) Firenze: Olschki; Zuccoli, L., Geologia dei pianalti di Castelseprio e Tradate (Provincia di Varese) (2000) Italian Journal of Quaternary Sciences, 13 (1-2), pp. 57-80",,"Modena C.da Porto F.Valluzzi M.R.","Etal;Eula;IRS;Kera Koll (The Green Building Company);Measure IT;Rexroth","CRC Press/Balkema","16th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference, IBMAC 2016","26 June 2016 through 30 June 2016",,176009,,9781138029996,,,"English","Brick Block Mason. Trends Innov. Chall. Proc. Intern. Brick Block Mason. Conf.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85016130425
"Wright V., Meneses I.A., Laval E.","56954386200;56921934300;14119691500;","The origins of mural painting in Ancient Peru: Archaeometric preliminary study of the Ventarrón mural paintings, Valle de Lambayeque",2015,"Heritage Science","3","1","31","","",,2,"10.1186/s40494-015-0059-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84945175979&doi=10.1186%2fs40494-015-0059-9&partnerID=40&md5=1a4ecc53559ebefdf33f50f5916d22ed","Institut Français d'études Andines (IFEA), UMIFRE 17 MAEDI/CNRS USR 3337, Amérique Latine, Lima, Peru; Museo Tumbas Reales de Sipán, Proyecto Arqueológico Cerro Ventarrón, Lambayeque, Peru; Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (C2RMF), Palais du Louvre, Paris, France","Wright, V., Institut Français d'études Andines (IFEA), UMIFRE 17 MAEDI/CNRS USR 3337, Amérique Latine, Lima, Peru; Meneses, I.A., Museo Tumbas Reales de Sipán, Proyecto Arqueológico Cerro Ventarrón, Lambayeque, Peru; Laval, E., Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (C2RMF), Palais du Louvre, Paris, France","Background: Since 2007, the research led on the Huaca Ventarrón site has allowed investigators to discover outstanding wall paintings. These murals are one of the oldest examples of this artistic expression in the Andean area and American continent (4000 BP). Analyses have given indications on the materials and techniques used by the first painters, ancestors of a long pictorial tradition. Results: Thanks to an archaeometric approach, combining observations and analysis (Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)), it was possible to characterize the colorant materials used in the two constructive sampled phases. These materials are mineral pigments, iron oxides, clays and natural earth, mixed in order to create a wide chromatic scale. Conclusions: Through this research we were able to obtain the first analytical data concerning such ancient mural paintings. It was very useful to comprehend the emergence of this artistic expression in Peru. These results open new research perspectives as well about the origins of Prehispanic pictorial technology as about conservation of wallpaintings in earthen architecture.","Archaeometry; Color technology; Mural painting; Peru; Pigment",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Alva Meneses, I., Los complejos de Cerro Ventarrón y Collud-Zarpán: del Precerámico al Formativo en el valle de Lambayeque (2008) Boletín de Arqueología PUCP, 12, pp. 97-117; Du, C., Zhou, G., Deng, J., Zhou, J., Characterization of soil clay minerals using mid-infrared spectroscopy (2010) Molecular environmental soil science at the interfaces in the earth's critical zone, pp. 265-268. , Xu J, Huang PM (eds) Springer, Heidelberg; Aliatis, I., Bersani, D., Campani, E., Casoli, A., Paololottici, P., Mantovan, S., Marino, I.-G., Ospitali, F., Green pigments of the Pompeian artists' palette (2009) Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc, 73, pp. 532-538; Petit, J., Roire, J., Valot, H., (1995) Des liants et des couleurs pour servir aux artistes peintres et aux restaurateurs, , EREC éditeur; Vignaud, C., Pomiès, M.P., Menu, M., La peinture préhistorique (2000) Dossier pour la Science, 27, p. 44; Wright, V., (2008) étude de la polychromie des reliefs sur terre crue de la Huaca de la Luna Trujillo, Pérou, , British Archaeological Reports (BAR S1808), Paris Monographs in American Archaeology 21, Archaeopress, Oxford; Wright, V., Pigmentos y tecnología artística mochica: una nueva aproximación en la comprensión de la organización social (2010) Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'études Andines (IFEA) 39-2, pp. 299-330","Meneses, I.A.; Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (C2RMF), Palais du LouvreFrance",,,"BioMed Central Ltd.",,,,,20507445,,,,"English","Herit. Sci.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-84945175979
"Zhang H., Hu T., Huang X., Wang J., Jiang H., Zhang S., Zhang B.","56979527000;56547965800;56959573400;56549087600;57309174800;56547672500;56281803300;","Hydrophilic organosilicone rubber: The new organic-inorganic hybrid consolidant for ancient earthen architectures",2015,"International Journal of Conservation Science","6","1",,"35","44",,2,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84924720499&partnerID=40&md5=4943361a5bac886061a66d66ce50f7c4","Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China; Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology, Xi'an, 710054, China; School of Microelectronics and Solid-State Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China","Zhang, H., Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China; Hu, T., Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China, Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; Huang, X., Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology, Xi'an, 710054, China; Wang, J., Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China, School of Microelectronics and Solid-State Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China; Jiang, H., School of Microelectronics and Solid-State Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China; Zhang, S., Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Zhang, B., Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China","Organic-inorganic hybrid material used as consolidant for earthen relics was synthesized by adding silica nano particles into polysiloxane with the presence of surfactant. This composite material is less hydrophobic than other polymer consolidant, which can avoid the preservation damage caused by the incompatibility between the hydrophobic consolidant and the hydrophilic soil. The tensile strength of the synthesized consolidant is close to other rubbers, which can relieve the stress between consolidant and soil within the expansion-shrinkage process when environmental conditions change. The product was applied on ancient Liangzhu city wall and its effectiveness was examined.","Composite material; Consolidant; Earthen relics; Liangzhu; Organosilicone",,,,,,"National Key Research and Development Program of China, NKRDPC: 2012CB720902; National Science and Technology Planning Project: 2013BAK08B11","The National Basic Research Program of China (Grant Number 2012CB720902), the National Science and Technology Support Program of China (Grant Number 2013BAK08B11) and Conservation Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Provincial Administration of Cultural Heritage are greatly acknowledged for their financial support.",,,,,,,,,,"Erica Avrami, H.G., Hardy, M., (2008) Terra Literature Review: An Overview of Research in Earthen Architecture Conservation, , The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles; Sassoni, E., Naidu, S., Scherer, G.W., The use of hydroxyapatite as a new inorganic consolidant for damaged carbonate stones (2011) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 12 (4), pp. 346-355; Yang, F., Biomimic conservation of weathered calcareous stones by apatite (2011) New Journal of Chemistry, 35 (4), pp. 887-892; Matteini, M., Ammonium Phosphates as Consolidating Agents for Carbonatic Stone Materials Used in Architecture and Cultural Heritage: Preliminary Research (2011) International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 5 (6), pp. 717-736; Lazzari, M., Chiantore, O., Thermal-ageing of paraloid acrylic protective polymers (2000) Polymer, 41 (17), pp. 6447-6455; Melo, M.J., Bracci, S., Camaiti, M., Chiantore, O., Piacenti, F., Photodegradation of acrylic resins used in the conservation of stone (1999) Polymer Degradation and Stability, 66 (1), pp. 23-30; Tsakalof, A., Manoudis, P., Karapanagiotis, I., Chryssoulakis, I., Panayiotou, C., Assessment of synthetic polymeric coatings for the protection and preservation of stone monuments (2007) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 8 (1), pp. 69-72; Zhang, H., Liub, Q., Liub, T., Zhang, B., The preservation damage of hydrophobic polymer coating materials in conservation of stone relics (2013) Progress in Organic Coatings, 76 (7-8), pp. 1127-1134; Amin, S.K., Maarouf, N.M., Ali, S.S., Sustainable development of cultural heritage via anti weathering nanoparticles material (2012) Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6 (6), pp. 227-236; Tulliani, J.M., Formia, A., Sangermano, M., Organic-inorganic material for the consolidation of plaster (2011) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 12 (4), pp. 364-371; Cardiano, P., Epoxy-silica polymers as stone conservation materials (2005) Polymer, 46 (6), pp. 1857-1864; Huang, Y., Liu, W., Zhou, X., Silicone/silica nanocomposites as culture-stone protective materials (2012) Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 125, pp. E282-E291; MacMullen, J., Radulovic, O., Zhang, Z., Dhakal, H.N., Daniels, L., Elford, J., Leost, M.A., Bennett, N., Masonry remediation and protection by aqueous silane/siloxane macroemulsions incorporating colloidal titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticulates: Mechanisms, performance and benefits (2013) Construction and Building Materials, 49, pp. 93-100; Radulovic, J., MacMullen, J., Zhang, Z., Dhakal, H.N., Hannant, S., Daniels, L., Elford, J., Bennett, N., Biofouling resistance and practical constraints of titanium dioxide nanoparticulate silane/siloxane exterior facade treatments (2013) Building and Environment, 68, pp. 150-158; De Ferri, L., Lottici, P.P., Lorenzi, A., Montenero, A., Study of silica nanoparticles - polysiloxane hydrophobic treatments for stone-based monument protection (2011) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 12 (4), pp. 356-363; Kim, E.K., Won, J., Do, J., Kim, S.D., Kang, Y.S., Effects of silica nanoparticle and GPTMS addition on TEOS-based stone consolidants (2009) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 10 (2), pp. 214-221; Zárraga, R., Effect of the addition of hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane to TEOSbased stone consolidants (2010) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 11 (2), pp. 138-144; Kapridaki, C., Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki, P., TiO2-SiO2-PDMS nano-composite hydrophobic coating with self-cleaning properties for marble protection (2013) Progress in Organic Coatings, 76 (2-3), pp. 400-410; Facio, D.S., Mosquera, M.J., Simple Strategy for Producing Superhydrophobic Nanocomposite Coatings In Situ on a Building Substrate (2013) ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 5 (15), pp. 7517-7526; Facio, D.S., Mosquera, M.J., Rubber of plastics-coated fabrics-Determination of tensile strength and elongation at break (2008) The National Standard of Chemical Industry (HG/T 2580 -2008)","Zhang, B.; Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, China",,,"Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi",,,,,2067533X,,,,"English","Int. J. Conserv. Sci.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84924720499
"Domínguez Martínez O., García Hermida A., Moreno Adán C.","56367281300;55419487100;56367659700;","Stratigraphic analysis of earthen architecture: The mosque of M'Hamid El Ghizlane",2015,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future - Proceedings of the International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture",,,,"127","132",,2,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907377117&partnerID=40&md5=b36756b0dc8b00eca7201cb1b5d0bcc5","Terrachidia Association, Madrid, Spain","Domínguez Martínez, O., Terrachidia Association, Madrid, Spain; García Hermida, A., Terrachidia Association, Madrid, Spain; Moreno Adán, C., Terrachidia Association, Madrid, Spain","This paper presents the results of some of the studies developed by the interdisciplinary team of Terrachidia, focused on the earthen architecture of the last oasis in the Drâa Valley (Morocco), M'Hamid, one of the main gates to the Sahara desert. The most monumental building in the M'Hamid Oasis is the ancient mosque of M'Hamid El Ghizlane. This building is the result of an extensive process of alterations and extensions which needed to be studied and understood before proposing any solution for its future conservation. This study was developed in 2013, during January and May documentation campaigns, when the evolution and main historical phases of the mosque could be completely figured out. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group.",,"Historic preservation; Sustainable development; Earthen architectures; Interdisciplinary teams; Monumental buildings; Sahara desert; Stratigraphic analysis; Architecture",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Dłuzewski, M., Reasons for development of the dune fields in the Coude du Dra region (2008) Contemporary Evolution of the Natural Environment of the Region between Antiatlas and Sahara (Morocco), pp. 51-63. , Skiba S. & Krzemień K. (eds.): Kraków: Instytut Geografii i Gospodarki Przestrzennej; Domínguez Martínez, O., Garcia Hermida, A., Learning from Tradition. The Experience of Terrachidia in the South of Morocco (2013) Architecture in the Age of Austerity, pp. 61-64. , García Hermida A. (ed.): Madrid: Mairea Libros; Jacques-Meunié, D., (1982) Le Maroc Saharien des Origines a 1670, , Paris: Librairie Klincksieck; Landau, R., (1969) The Kasbas of Southern Morocco, , London: Faber and Faber; Mimó, R., (1996) Fortalezas de Barro en El Sur de Marruecos, , Madrid: Compañía Literaria; Nijst, A.L.M.T., (1973) Living on the Edge of the Sahara. A Study of Traditional Forms of Habitation and Types of Settlement in Morocco, , The Hague: Government Publishing Office; Soriano Alfaro, V., (2006) Arquitectura de Tierra en El Sur de Marruecos, , Barcelona, Fundación Caja de Arquitectos",,,"TARMA;Tragsa Grupo","CRC Press/Balkema","VerSus 2014 2nd Mediterra 2nd ResTapi - International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture","11 September 2014 through 13 September 2014","Valencia",107318,,9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Archit.: Past, Present Future - Proc. Int. Conf. Vernac. Herit., Sustainability Earthen Archit.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84907377117
"Fernández Palicio A.","55420958100;","Earthen construction in Alto Arnoia river valley, Galicia",2015,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future - Proceedings of the International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture",,,,"139","144",,2,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907373324&partnerID=40&md5=098f45fa84ddf065e0bb05c2bcea58c4","Laboratorio de Tecnoloxías Apropiadas, Vigo, Galicia, Spain","Fernández Palicio, A., Laboratorio de Tecnoloxías Apropiadas, Vigo, Galicia, Spain","Maceda region is a sedimentary plain in the south of Galicia where we still find constructions made with half timbers with earth. Nowadays, there are barely a few constructions remaining which show us an interesting vernacular construction made with earth. Furthermore, the region was an important production center of pottery which, at the end of the 19th century, started to diversify its production to manufacture bricks. This evolution allowed the emergence of a new earthen architecture that was built using traditional constructive techniques keeping traditional shapes but employing new materials coming from the first industrialization, which started by replacing the ancient half timbers with earth and terróns walls, and subsequently it generated a new series of building typologies keeping the traditional construction logic. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group.",,"Manufacture; Sustainable development; Timber; 19th century; Building typologies; Constructive technique; Earthen architectures; Earthen constructions; Galicia; River valley; Traditional constructions; Architecture",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Barrón, E., Santos, L., Síntesis Paleobotánica crítica de las cuencas terciarias de Galicia (1998) Coloquios de Paleontología, 49, pp. 41-53; Bohuier, A., (2006) Galicia: Ensaio Xeográfico de Análise e Interpretación Dun Vello Complexo Agrario, , Compostela: CAGM; Caamaño, M., (2003) As Construccións Da Arquitectura Popular: Patrimonio Etnográfico de Galicia, , A Coruña: Hércules; Caamaño, M., (2006) Dun Tempo e Dun País, , Ames: Laiovento; Carmona, X., Nadal, X., (2005) El Empeño Industrial de Galicia. 250 Años de Historia (1750-2000), , A Coruña: PBM; (2009) Guía para la Descripción de Suelos, , FAO Roma; Fernández Palicio, A., Earthen architecture in Galicia (Spain): Rammed earth in Terra de Lemos (2012) Rammed Earth Conservation, , Taylor & Francis. London; Fernández Palicio, A., Constructions with terrons in Alta Limia, Galicia: A lost sustainable architecture (2013) Vernacular Heritage and Earthen Architecture, , London: Taylor & Francis; García Alen, L., (1983) La Alfarería de Galicia, , A Coruña: Fundación Pedro Barrie de la Maza; (2002) Mapas de Peligrosidad Sísmica de España, , Instituto Geológico Nacional Madrid; Juana López, J., (1996) O Alto Arnoia (O Cerne Ourensano), , Vigo: Ir Indo; Martínez, A., Pérez, A., (1999) Atlas Climático de Galicia, , Xunta de Galicia; Olmo Sanz, A., Estudio Geológico Sedimentario de la cuencas terciario- cuaternarias de Monforte de Lemos, Maceda y Quiroga (1985) Cadernos Do Laboratorio Xeolóxico Da Laxe, 10. , A Coruña; Romero, R., García, C., Pérez, A., Macías, F., Mineralogía de la fracción arcilla de suelos y sedimentos de la cuenca de Maceda (1985) Cadernos Do Laboratorio Xeolóxico Da Laxe, 9. , A Coruña; Rueda, J., Muezca, J., Sismicidad, Sismotectónica y peligrosidad sísmica en Galicia (2001) IGN, 35","Fernández Palicio, A.; Laboratorio de Tecnoloxías Apropiadas, Vigo, Galicia, Spain",,"TARMA;Tragsa Grupo","CRC Press/Balkema","VerSus 2014 2nd Mediterra 2nd ResTapi - International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture","11 September 2014 through 13 September 2014","Valencia",107318,,9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Archit.: Past, Present Future - Proc. Int. Conf. Vernac. Herit., Sustainability Earthen Archit.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84907373324
"Germanà M.L.","56367099700;","Early modern period adobe in Sicily: Recent finds",2015,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future - Proceedings of the International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture",,,,"163","168",,2,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907317123&partnerID=40&md5=faa4cd61cc96bbbc7e0f3cb3c163df0f","Dipartimento di Architettura, Università di Palermo, Italy","Germanà, M.L., Dipartimento di Architettura, Università di Palermo, Italy","Earthen architecture in ancient Sicily can be linked to a technological continuity common to the whole Mediterranean basin. The island possesses numerous finds, dating back to periods ranging from pre-history to the Hellenistic-Roman age, during which adobe was a widespread technique. The archaeological field had been the only one investigated, also due to the fact that more recent evidence had shown that the use of earth as a principal element in wall-building was unknown in Sicily. Recently, traces of adobe have been discovered in the historical centre of Cefalù, on the northern coast of Sicily; these few scraps are to be found in residential buildings made primarily of stone. Albeit modest in quantity, these traces are important for our historical knowledge and to reinforce the hypothesis of contemporary earthen architecture in Sicily. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group.",,"Sustainable development; Earthen architectures; Mediterranean basin; Residential building; Architecture",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"(1999) Architetture di Terra in Italia. Tipologie, Tecnologie e Culture Costruttive, , Monfalcone (GO): Edicom; Caiazza, G., E il Verbo si fece... Immagine. Dai simboli cruciformi ai crocifissi tridimensionali (2007) Bollettino del Gruppo Archeologico Aquileiese, 17, pp. 3-17; Cavalcanti, O., Chimirri, R., (1999) Di Fango, di Paglia... Architettura in Terra Cruda in Calabria, , Soveria Mannelli (CZ): Rubbettino; De Chazelles, C.A., Les origines de la construction en adobe en Extrême-Occident (1995) Etudes Massaliètes, 4, pp. 49-58; De Chazelles, C.A., La construction en brique crue moulée dans les pays de la Méditerranée, du Néolithique à l'époque romaine (2011) Le Cultures Constructives de la Brique Crue, pp. 153:164. , C.A. de Chazelles, A. Klein, N. Pousthomis (eds), Montpellier: Editions de L'Espérou; Fatta, G., (2011) Earth in Sicilian Wall: Notes in Progress, pp. 291-299. , Mecca et al. (eds); Germanà, M.L., Terra cruda nel patrimonio architettonico siciliano: Conoscenza e conservazione (2009) Mediterra 2009, I Conferenza Mediterranea sull'Architettura in Terra Cruda, pp. 151-158. , M. Achenza, M. Correia, H. Guillaud (eds), Monfalcone: Edicom; Germanà, M.L., (2011) Earth in Ancient Sicilian Architecture, pp. 166-188. , Mecca et al. (eds); Germanà, M.L., (2011) A Still to Be Explored Heritage: Stone and Earthen Architecture in Sicily, pp. 280-290. , Mecca et al. (eds); Mecca, S., (2011) Earth/Lands. Earthen Architecture of Southern Italy, , Pisa: ETS; Mungiguerra, C., (1999) Sicilia: Dalle Mura di Gela Alla 'Pietra e Tayu', pp. 247-249. , Bertagnin; Panvini, R., Strutture in mattoni crudi dell'antica Gela (2008) La Terra Cruda Nelle Costruzioni: Dalle Testimonianze Archeologiche All'Ar-chitettura Sostenibile, pp. 87-98. , M.L. Germana & R. Panvini (eds). Palermo: Nuova Ipsa; Pezzini, E., Alcuni dati sull'uso della terra nell'architettura medievale a Palermo: Fonti documentarie e testimonianze materiali (2003) 2003, Atti III Congresso Naz. Di Archeologia Medievale, pp. 624-628. , Fiorillo R. & Peduto P., (eds), Salerno 2-3/X/2003; Scudo, G., Sabbadini, S., (1997) Le Regioni Dell'architettura in Terra in Italia, , Rimini: Maggioli; Spatafora, F., (2011) The Use of Earth in Central-western Sicily: Attestations and Documentary Evidence, pp. 201-225. , Mecca et al. (eds); Tusa, S., (2011) Origins and Initial Developments of Sicilian Earthen Architecture in the Mediterranean Context, pp. 195-200. , Mecca et al. (eds); Vaccaro, F., Cefalù in Adobe: Testimonianze in Terra Cruda Report for the Final Exam of First Degree Course in Restauro, Recupero e Riqualificazione Dell'Architettura, 2012. , at University of Palermo, supervisor M.L. Germanà","Germanà, M.L.; Dipartimento di Architettura, Università di PalermoItaly",,"TARMA;Tragsa Grupo","CRC Press/Balkema","VerSus 2014 2nd Mediterra 2nd ResTapi - International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture","11 September 2014 through 13 September 2014","Valencia",107318,,9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Archit.: Past, Present Future - Proc. Int. Conf. Vernac. Herit., Sustainability Earthen Archit.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84907317123
"Kraus C., Hirmas D., Roberts J.","55421335200;13613477700;57215223098;","Compressive strength of blood stabilized earthen architecture",2014,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",,,,"217","220",,2,"10.1201/b17392","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054450931&doi=10.1201%2fb17392&partnerID=40&md5=52c931fbbfd4967cc92a5c26a8d7d303","University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States","Kraus, C., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States; Hirmas, D., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States; Roberts, J., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States","Throughout the literature on earthen architecture, references to the historical use of animal byproducts such as blood, manure, and urine to increase compressive strength and moisture resistance are fairly common. However, little empirical research has been done to substantiate these practices. In this paper, we present the results of an experiment testing the compressive strength of blood stabilized rammed earth. Triplicate unstabilized and blood stabilized rammed earth cylinders were tested for compressive strength at 7, 14, and 28 days. Results show the compressive strength of blood-stabilized cylinders to exceed the control cylinders by approximately 36% at 28 days. Biostabilization of rammed earth with blood shows promise for a more sustainable built environment. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"(2007) Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort, , 56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700 kN-m/m3)). ASTM Standard D1557-12, West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; (2007) Standard Test Methods for Compressive Strength of Molded Soil-Cement Cylinders, , ASTM Standard D1633-00, West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; (2009) Standard Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis, , ASTM Standard D6913-04, West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; Beas, M.I.G., (1991) Traditional architectural renders on earthen surfaces, , Master Thesis, Historic Preservation, University of Pennsylvania; Easton, D., Pneumatically impacted stabilized earth (PISE) construction techniques (2012) Modern earth buildings, pp. 385-400. , By M. Hall, R. Lindsay, and M. Krayenhoff. Oxford: Woodhead Publishing; Eires, R., Camões, A., Jalali, S., Earth Architecture: Ancient and New Methods for Durability Improvement (2013) Structures and Architecture. Concepts, Applications and Challenges, pp. 962-970. , Ed. Paulo Cruz. Boca Raton, FL: CRC; El Azreq, M.A., El Hammoumi, A., Iben Brahim, A., Kerroum, M., Gueraoui, K., El Mouraouah, A., Lbadaoui, A., El Harrouni, K., SANSWALL: Sandblasted armed non-stabilized wall of rammed earth (2013) Advanced Studies in Theoretical physics, 7 (1), pp. 25-56; Foster, N., Richard Buckminster Fuller (2001) Buckminster Fuller: Anthology for the New Millennium, pp. 1-8. , Ed. Thomas T.K. Zung. New York: St. Martin’s; Krayenhoff, M., North American modern earth construction (2012) Modern earth buildings, pp. 561-608. , By M. Hall, R. Lindsay, and M. Krayenhoff. Oxford: Woodhead Publishing; Lin, H., Gunasekaran, S., Cow blood adhesive: Characterization of physicochemical and adhesion properties (2010) International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 30, pp. 139-144; McHenry, P., (1984) Adobe and rammed earth buildings: Design and construction, , New York: Wiley; Minke, G., (2009) Building with earth: Design and technology of a sustainable architecture, , Basel: Birkhauser; Rael, R., (2009) Earth architecture, , New York: Princeton Architectural Press; Winkler, E.M., The Effect Of Blood On Clays (1956) Soil Science, pp. 157-172. , 82.2",,,,"CRC Press",,,,,,9781315736877; 9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",Book Chapter,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85054450931
"Fratini F., Rescic S., Riminesi C., Mattone M., Rovero L., Tonietti U.","6602728244;14024798900;7801369746;55901890800;6507855810;6505623486;","The vernacular earthen architecture near turin (Piedmont, Italy)",2014,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",,,,"145","150",,2,"10.1201/b17392","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85048963447&doi=10.1201%2fb17392&partnerID=40&md5=542a3ee2927f0b1da7b88951f4ea1c5f","CNR-Istituto per la Conservazione e Valorizzazione dei Beni Culturali, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Dipartimento Architettura e Design, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy; Dipartimento di Architettura, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy","Fratini, F., CNR-Istituto per la Conservazione e Valorizzazione dei Beni Culturali, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Rescic, S., CNR-Istituto per la Conservazione e Valorizzazione dei Beni Culturali, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Riminesi, C., CNR-Istituto per la Conservazione e Valorizzazione dei Beni Culturali, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Mattone, M., Dipartimento Architettura e Design, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy; Rovero, L., Dipartimento di Architettura, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy; Tonietti, U., Dipartimento di Architettura, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy","Piedmont and Sardinia are the regions which have the richest collections of historical and architectural earthen heritage in Italy. The present work is a contribution to the knowledge of the rich earthen heritage that can be found in the Piedmont region and, in particular, in the province of Turin. The research aims therefore to deepen the knowledge of the earthen buildings present in different areas of the province of Turin, examining types, construction techniques and analysing the characteristics and performance of the constitutive materials through in situ tests (rebound test, water absorption test), characterization of the earth of bricks and mortars (XRD, particle size distribution) and identification of possible additives. This type of research will be useful to promote again the use in the Turin area of these construction techniques, evidence of skills and abilities of people to take advantage of the local environmental resources. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Baglioni, E., The mineralogical and mechanical characteristics of the earth utilised in the earthen buildings sited in the Drâa Valley (Morocco) (2010) Acte de RIPAM 2, 2eme partie, (20), pp. 222-231. , Minbar Al Jamia Ed; Barosso, L., Constructions en terre crue dans la region turinoise (1993) 7th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 43-48. , (Silves, Portogallo, 24-29 october 1993), Lisbona: DGEMN; Briccoli Bati, S., Considerations on methods to evaluate the compressive strength of earth building materials (2011) Proceedings of Terra 2008: The 10th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architectural Heritage, , Bamako, 1-6 February 2008, Hong Kong: Getty Pubblications; Comba, R., L’insediamento rurale fra medioevo ed età moderna, in Comoli Mandracci, V (1988) Piemonte, , Bari-Napoli: Laterza; Drdácký, M., Standardization of peeling tests for assessing the cohesion and consolidation characteristics of historic stone surfaces (2012) Materials and Structures, 45 (4), pp. 505-520; Fratini, F., The archaeometric analysis of building materials (2009) In Earthen Domes and Habitats: Villages of Northern Syria, an architectural tradition, , shared by East and West; Fratini, F., The Earth in the architecture of the Historical Centre of Lamezia Terme (Italy): Characterisation for the restoration (2011) Applied Clay Science, 53, pp. 509-516; Fratini, F., Earthen domes in the Aleppo region (Syria): Materials and building techniques (2012) Congress Proceedings Domes in the World, , Florence, March 19-23, 2012, G. Tampone-R. Corazzi-E. Mandelli Scientific Editors, Firenze: Nardini Editore; Karsten, R., (1983) BauchemiefürStudium und Praxis, , Heidelberg, Germany; Mecca, S., Dipasquale, L., , pp. 313-321. , Pisa-Italy: Edizioni ETS; Houben, H., Guillaud, H., (1989) Traité de construction en terre de CRATerre, , Marseille: Editions Parenthèse; (1999) Charter on the Built Vernacular Heritage, ratified by the ICOMOS 12th General Assembly, , Mexico, 1999; Mattone, R., (2010) Il paesaggio delle case in terra cruda, , Savigliano: L’Artistica edizioni; Musso, S., (2006) Guida al recupero dell’architettura rurale del G.A.L, , Bossolasco: Blu Edizioni; Palmucci Quaglino, L., Continuità e innovazione nella casa rurale di pianura tra Cinquecento e Ottocento, in Comoli Mandracci, V (1988) Piemonte, , Bari-Napoli: Laterza; Prati, G.L., (2012) Manualetto pratico illustrato dell’architettura in terra cruda, riferito al caso alessandrino, , edited by Municipality of Alessandria, Area Servizi Pianificazione, Sviluppo Territoriale Economico e LL.PP. Direzione Lavori e Opere Pubbliche Servizio Manutenzione Immobili e Impianti; Volterrani, E., Terra: Una tipologia costruttiva presente anche nel torinese (1998) Terra: Incipit vita nova, , Gilibert, A., Mattone, R. (eds.), Torino: Politecnico di Torino",,,,"CRC Press",,,,,,9781315736877; 9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",Book Chapter,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85048963447
"Pelé-Peltier A., Charef R., Morel J.-C.","57411985000;57202070229;15923548500;","Factors affecting the use of earth material in mainstream construction: a critical review",2023,"Building Research and Information","51","2",,"119","137",,1,"10.1080/09613218.2022.2070719","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85130962427&doi=10.1080%2f09613218.2022.2070719&partnerID=40&md5=b502a252019b50bbada8f7c9a17fb843","Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systèmes, ENTPE, Vaulx-en-Velin, France; Annecy, France","Pelé-Peltier, A., Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systèmes, ENTPE, Vaulx-en-Velin, France; Charef, R., Annecy, France; Morel, J.-C., Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systèmes, ENTPE, Vaulx-en-Velin, France","To tackle climate change and resource depletion, the construction industry has to shift to more sustainable developments. For which, as a low-embodied carbon construction material, earth represents an opportunity. However, earth material is still barely used in mainstream construction. This paper aims to assess what are the current knowledge about factors (barriers and opportunities) affecting the use of earthen architecture through a systematic search and review of the literature. The analysis of the data was conducted by classifying the factors into five categories, economical, organizational, political, social, and technical. The results differ, depending on the context, high/low-income country and stabilized/unstabilized earth. The data is analysed, breaking down some drivers, barriers and opportunities. Results show there is a lack of literature in the field. The paper also provides key parameters to consider for future research to promote earthen construction and to fill the knowledge gap. Additionally, two main new areas of research should be developed, (i) to design appropriate training supports for the education of all the stakeholders, (ii) to clarify how earthen architecture is related to the circular economy and how it can help to preserve natural resources and foster the shift to a circular economy of the construction industry. © 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.","alternative materials; architecture; barriers; drivers; Earth construction; low-carbon materials","Architecture; Carbon; Climate change; Search engines; Alternative materials; Barrier; Carbon material; Circular economy; Driver; Earth construction; Earth materials; Earthen architectures; Low carbon; Low-carbon material; Construction industry",,,,,"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020: 801604","This work was supported by Horizon 2020 Framework Programme [801604].",,,,,,,,,,"Abu-Hammad, N.O., Architectural mud brick prototypes as efficient and sustainable shelters for the Low-income group in Jordan (2011) Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, 5 (1), pp. 82-88; Adegun, O.B., Adedeji, Y.M.D., Review of economic and environmental benefits of earthen materials for housing in Africa (2017) Frontiers of Architectural Research, 6 (4), pp. 519-528; Adeniyi, S.M., Mohamed, S.M., Investigating potential green materials to improve cost effectiveness for low-cost building construction in Nigeria (2019) International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8 (1), pp. 270-274; Allwood, J.M., Cullen, J.M., (2012) Sustainable materials. 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(Eds","Pelé-Peltier, A.; Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systèmes, France; email: antoine.peltier@entpe.fr",,,"Routledge",,,,,09613218,,BREIE,,"English","Build Res Inf",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85130962427
"Carlos G., Ribeiro T., Achenza M., de Oliveira C.C.F., Varum H.","56204106000;57203569842;14029565000;57759818700;23135674700;","Literature review on earthen vernacular heritage: contributions to a referential framework",2022,"Built Heritage","6","1","15","","",,1,"10.1186/s43238-022-00061-1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85132554311&doi=10.1186%2fs43238-022-00061-1&partnerID=40&md5=6813189ff28861ffa83d0d21872d45ba","Gallaecia Architecture and Multimedia Department, UPT - Portucalense University, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 541, Porto, 4200-072, Portugal; Department of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecure, Cagliari University, Cagliari, 09123, Italy; CONSTRUCT-LESE, Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, Barreiro School of Technology, Rua Américo da Silva Marinho, Lavradio, 2839-001, Portugal; Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, CONSTRUCT-LESE, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal","Carlos, G., Gallaecia Architecture and Multimedia Department, UPT - Portucalense University, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 541, Porto, 4200-072, Portugal; Ribeiro, T., Gallaecia Architecture and Multimedia Department, UPT - Portucalense University, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 541, Porto, 4200-072, Portugal; Achenza, M., Department of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecure, Cagliari University, Cagliari, 09123, Italy; de Oliveira, C.C.F., CONSTRUCT-LESE, Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, Barreiro School of Technology, Rua Américo da Silva Marinho, Lavradio, 2839-001, Portugal; Varum, H., Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, CONSTRUCT-LESE, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal","The state of the art of earthen architecture and vernacular built heritage comprises a complex set of issues that range from fundamental problematic recognition to anthropological and cultural studies and, more recently, to technological and experimental analyses. This paper addresses the development of the field, following the milestones of the international literature and pursuing a reflective-theory approach within a historical framework. It aims to explore the main contributions that have enhanced vernacular heritage and earthen architecture as specific domains, from pioneering public awareness essays to institutional expertise guidelines. Finally, in addition to the literature review process, this paper considers the recent corpus of recommendations from conservation management reference institutions, the updating of the operative problematic of earthen vernacular built heritage, and the relevance of local community involvement in facing increasing challenges. © 2022, The Author(s).","Conservation; Earthen architecture; Vernacular heritage",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Achenza, M., Cadinu, M., Correia, M., Serra, A., (2006) Houses and cities built with earth: Conservation, significance and urban quality, , Argumentum, Italia; Lectures A web map for Italian earthen architecture (2015) In Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future, , C. Mileto, F. Vegas, V. Cristini, London, CRC Taylor and Francis; Achenza, M., Correia, M., Guillaud, H., (2009) MEDITERRA 2009: 1st Mediterranean conference on earthen architecture, , Edicom Edizioni, Monfalcone; Asprone, D., Parisi, A., Prota, L., Fenucolasanti, V., Adobe in Sardinia. Static and dynamic behaviour of the earthen material and of adobe constructions (2016) Brick and Block Masonry: Proceedings of the 16Th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference, pp. 821-828. , https://doi.org/10.1201/b21889-102, Padova, Italy, 26-30 June 2016, Claudio Modena, F. da Porto, M.R. Valluzzi, London, CRC Press; (2006) Vernacular Architecture in the Twenty-First Century: Theory, Education and Practice, , London, Taylor & Francis; (2008) Terra Literature Review: An Overview of Research in Earthen Architecture Conservation, , Los Angeles: GCI; Bendakir, M., (2009) Les Vestiges De Mari: La Préservation D'une Architecture Millénaire En Terre, , Paris: Éditions de la Villette; Bertagnin, M., De Antoni, D., Preventive Maintenance of an Himalayan Earthen Temple and Studies on Its Reduced Scale Model (2012) Rammed Earth conservation - proceedings of the first international conference on rammed Earth conservation, RESTAPIA 2012, pp. 625-629. , Mileto C, Vegas F, Cristini V, (eds), CRC Press, Valencia; Bertagnin, M., Sidi, A.O., (2014) Manuel Pour La Conservation de Tombouctou, , UNESCO, Paris; Blondet, M., Aguillar, R., (2007) Seismic protection of earthen buildings, international conference of seismic engineering, , Lima, Peru; Brock-Nannestad, G., The Rationale behind Operational Conservation Theory (2000) Conservation without Limits: IIC Nordic Group XV Congress, pp. 21-33. , R. Koskivirta, Helsinki, IIC Nordic Group; Bui, Q.-B., Morel, J.-C., Hans, S., Meunier, N., Compression behaviour of non-industrial materials in civil engineering by three scale experiments: the case of rammed earth (2008) Materials and Structures, 42, pp. 1101-1116; Campiani, A.M., Linglelercari, N., Spatial Analysis and Heritage Conservation: Leveraging 3-D Data and GIS for Monitoring EarthenArchitecture (2019) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 39, pp. 166-176. , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2019.02.011; Canivell, J., Characterization methodology to efficiently manage the conservation of historical rammed-Earth buildings (2012) Rammed Earth Conservation - proceedings of the first international conference on rammed Earth conservation, RESTAPIA 2012, Valencia, Spain 21–23 June 2012, pp. 283-288. , Mileto C, Vegas F, Cristini V, (eds), CRC Press, Valência; Carlos, G.D., Correia, M.R., Rocha, S., Frey, P., Vernacular architecture? (2015) Seismic retrofitting: Learning from vernacular architecture, pp. 11-16. , Correia M, Lourenço PB, Varum H, (eds), CRC Press / Balkema / Taylor & Francis Group, London; CERKAS and GCI, G.C.I., (2016) Conservation and rehabilitation plan for Tighermt (Kasbah) Taourirt, , GCI, Los Angeles; Checa, J.R.R., Cristini, V., Peruvian earthen architecture: Reflections on traditional constructive techniques (2012) Rammed Earth conservation - proceedings of the first international conference on rammed Earth conservation, RESTAPIA 2012, Valencia, Spain 21–23 June 2012, pp. 563-568. , Mileto C, Vegas F, Cristini V, (eds), CRC Press, Valência; Correia, M., (2007) Taipa No Alentejo / Rammed Earth in Alentejo, , Lisbon, Argumentum; Correia, M., (2007) APUNTES - Journal of Cultural Heritage Studies, 20 (2), pp. 202-219. , Teoría de La Conservación, Su Aplicación Al Patrimonio En Tierra, Earthen Architecture; Correia, M., (2016) Conservation in earthen heritage - assessment and significance of failure, criteria, conservation theory, and strategies, , Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne; Correia, M., Fernandes, M., The conservation of Earth architecture: The contribution of Brandi’s theory (2006) International seminar on theory and practice in conservation, a Tribute to Cesare Brandi, pp. 233-241. , Rodrigues JD, Mimoso JM, (eds), Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon; Correia, M., Walliman, N., Defining criteria for intervention in earthen-built heritage conservation (2014) International Journal of Architectural Heritage: Conservation, Analysis, and Restoration, 8 (4), pp. 581-601; Correia, M., Dipasquale, L., Mecca, S., (2011) TERRA EUROPAE: Earthen architecture in the European Union, , (eds), Edizioni ETS, Pisa; Correia, M., Jerome, P., Bondet, M., Achenza, M., (2012) Terra 2012 - XII SIACOT. XIth international conference on the study and conservation of earthen architectural heritage, , (eds), Argumentum, Lima; Correia, M., Carlosrocha, S., Vernacular heritage and earthen architecture (2014) Contributions for Sustainable Development, Proceedings of the International Conference CIAV 2013 | 7°ATP | Versus, , London, CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group; Correia, M., Dipasqualemecca, S., (2014) Versus: Heritage for Tomorrow. 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Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 541, Portugal; email: telmaribeiro@upt.pt",,,"Springer Science and Business Media B.V.",,,,,20963041,,,,"English","Built Herit.",Review,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85132554311
"Tavares A., Magalhães M.C.F., Soares R., Costa A.","55208787000;35327475500;7101994528;16400960500;","Characterisation of the progression of salts in walls of earthen architecture heritage",2022,"Mineralogical Magazine","86","4",,"701","714",,1,"10.1180/mgm.2022.51","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85133067490&doi=10.1180%2fmgm.2022.51&partnerID=40&md5=f4a5e0acd40a3edfb66bc2aa4c2412dc","CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, Unsw, Sydney, NSW  2052, Australia; Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Centre (LEAF), Laboratory for Sustainable Land Use and Ecosystem Services (TERRA), University of Lisbon, Portugal; RISCO-Department of Civil Engineering, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal","Tavares, A., CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Magalhães, M.C.F., School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, Unsw, Sydney, NSW  2052, Australia, Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Centre (LEAF), Laboratory for Sustainable Land Use and Ecosystem Services (TERRA), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Soares, R., CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Costa, A., RISCO-Department of Civil Engineering, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal","Two hundred years (1750-1950) of earthen architecture represents an important period of construction in the central region of Portugal. Earthen architecture is usually built close to the coast or to rivers and placed in sandy ground. The impact of rising damp is a general problem and efflorescences are a common cause of damage decay. This problem was studied in a building with two types of earthen construction, adobe masonry walls and formed masonry walls. The aim of this research was to characterise the conditions for the appearance and phase transitions of thénardite and mirabilite, and determine how to prevent progression of salt effects in the two types of wall to support future conservation measures. Laboratory capillarity and porosimetry tests with dolomitic air lime mortar and hygrothermal monitoring were pursued along with in situ tests. Visual assessment showed that the progression of salts depends on the composition of the earthen materials. To understand these differences, all crystalline solid phases were analysed by powder X-ray diffraction, and building interior hygrothermal conditions were monitored. An investigation into the influence of surface lime water painting and sacrificial mortar application on the crystallisation of sodium sulfates concluded that these also depend on the wall's composition. Data allowed us to conclude that inside the building the temperature and humidity [relative humidity (RH = 100 pw/p°w > 70)] conditions led to the adobe breakdown by the fast conversion from thénardite to mirabilite. Therefore, contact with wet atmospheres should be avoided and interior hygrothermal conditions should be controlled. Laboratory and in situ tests showed that the environmental conditions of the spaces had effects on the results. The results contribute to understanding of the salt progression and pattern of decay, as well as supporting future recommendations for building conservation, based on the identification of environmental conditions proper to their occurrence. Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland.","adobe masonry; earthen architecture; mirabilite; sodium sulfate; thénardite","Drying; Efflorescence; Historic preservation; Lime; Masonry construction; Mortar; Retaining walls; Sodium sulfate; Surface chemistry; Walls (structural partitions); Adobe masonry; Condition; Earthen architectures; Earthen constructions; Hygro-thermal conditions; In-situ test; Masonry walls; Mirabilite; Salt effect; Thenardite; Sulfur compounds; architecture; masonry; mortar; sodium; sulfate; X-ray diffraction; Portugal",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Achenza, M., Conservation and Restoration of Sardinian Popular Architecture-Earth Building (2008) Kerpic08-Learning from Earthen Architecture in Climate Change, International Conference. Abstract 33, , http://www.kerpic.org/2008/abstracts/33_achenza.pdf, [accessed: January 2022]; Mechanical mixing of hydraulic cement pastes and mortars of plastic consistency (1999) Annual Book of ASTM Standards, , ASTM C-305-99, ASTM, Philadelphia, USA; Bakr, H., Diatomite: its characterization, modifications and applications (2010) Asian Journal of Materials Science, 2, pp. 121-136; Camuffo, D., Bertolin, C., Amore, C., Bergonzini, A., Brimblecombe, P., Thenardite-mirabilite cycles in historical buildings (2010) Book of Abstracts of the 9thIndoor Air Quality Meeting IAQ2010, p. 63. , (C. Degrigny and L. Cleaver, editors). Chalon-sur-Saone, France; Carvalho, G.S., Os depósitos detríticos e a morfologia da região de Aveiro (1951) Memórias e Notícias do Museu e Laboratório Mineralógico e Geológico e do Centro de Estudos Geológicos da Universidade de Coimbra, 31, pp. 38-79; Costa, C.S., Rocha, F., Varum, H., Velosa, A., Influence of the mineralogical composition on the properties of adobe blocks from Aveiro, Portugal (2013) Clay Minerals, 48, pp. 749-758; Costa, A., Tavares, A., A perda de valor patrimonial associada à falta de conhecimento (2016) Livro de Actas do 2° Congresso Internacional de História da Construção Luso-Brasileira-Culturas Partilhadas, pp. 203-213. , (R. F. Póvoas and J. M. Mateus, editors). Volume 1, Centro de Estudos de Arquitectura e Urbanismo, Faculdade de Arquitectura da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal, ISBN 978-989-8527-09-7; Costa, A., Silveira, D., Tavares, A., Varum, H., Almeida, C., Arêde, A., The importance of the knowledge on the vernacular heritage preservation (2014) Proceedings Vernacular Heritage and Earthen Architecture: contributions for sustainable development, pp. 377-382. , Pp. in: (M. Correia, G. Carlos and S. Rocha, editors). CRCPress, Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK; (2008) Terra Incognita: Discovering & Preserving European Earthen Architecture, 224p. , CRAterre-ENSAG, International Centre for Earth Construction, Argumentum and Culture-Lab Editions, Lisbon and Brussels; Derluyn, H., Janssen, H., Carmeliet, J., Influence of the nature of interfaces on the capillary transport in layered materials (2011) Construction and Building Materials, 25, pp. 3685-3693; Dolley, T., Diatomite (2000) U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook 2000, pp. 251-254. , USGS, Colorado, USA; (2002) Methods of Test for Mortar for Masonry-Part 18: Determination of Water Absorption Coefficient Due To Capillary Action of Hardened Mortar, , EN 1015-18, CEN-European Committee for Standardization, Brussels; (2009) Conservation of Cultural Property-Test Methods-Determination of Water Absorption by Capillarity, , EN 15801:2009, CEN-European Committee for Standardization, Brussels; Fernandes, M., Tavares, A., (2016) O Adobe, p. 112. , Argumentum, Lisbon, ISBN 978-972-8479-95-4; Flatt, R.J., Salt damage in porous materials: how high supersaturations are generated (2002) Journal of Crystal Growth, 242, pp. 435-454; Fragata, A., Veiga, M.R., Velosa, A., Substitution ventilated render systems for historic masonry: Salt crystallization tests evaluation (2016) Construction and Building Materials, 102, pp. 592-600; Foraboschi, P., Vanin, A., Experimental investigation on bricks from historical Venetian buildings subjected to moisture and salt crystallization (2014) Engineering Failure Analysis, 45, pp. 185-203; Gonçalves, T.C.D., (2007) Salt Crystallization in Plastered or Rendered Walls, , PhD dissertation, LNEC and Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Lisboa, Portugal; Houben, H., Guillaud, H., (1994) Earth Construction: A Comprehensive Guide, 372p. , Practical Action Publishing, Rugby, United Kingdom; Husillos-Rodríguez, S., Carmona-Quiroga, P., Martínez-Ramírez, S., Blanco-Varela, M.T., Fort, R., Sacrificial mortars for surface desalination (2018) Construction and Building Materials, 176, pp. 452-460; (2016) Evaluation of pore size distribution and porosity of solid materials by mercury porosimetry and gas adsorption-Part 1: Mercury porosimetry, , ISO 15901-1, International Organization for Standards, Geneve, Switzerland; Lourenço, P., Peña, F., Estruturas em Terra: Comportamento e Patologias (2006) Houses and Cities Built with Earth-Conservation, Significance and Urban Quality, pp. 49-51. , Pp. in: (M. Achenza, M. Correia, M. Cadinu and A. Serra, editors), Argumentum, Lisbon, Portugal; Pereira, M., Barreiro-uma ajuntada para fazer adobes no Seixo (2019) O Barreiro-redescobrir a prática comunitária e a importância do adobe de cal, pp. 22-87. , Pp. in: (E. Jorge, L. Rocha, M. Pereira and T.C. Cruz, coordinators). Associação Cultural e Recreativa do Seixo de Mira, Mira, Portugal; Rocha, F., Silva, E., Bernardes, C., Vidinha, J., Patinha, C., Chemical and mineralogical characterization of the sediments from the Mira, Ílhavo and Ovar channels of Aveiro Lagoon (Portugal) (2005) Ciencias Marinas, 31 (1B), pp. 252-263; Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Doehne, E., Sebastian, E., How does sodium sulfate crystallize? Implications for the decay and testing of building materials (2000) Cement and Concrete Research, 30, pp. 1527-1534; Rörig-Dalgaard, I., Direct measurements of the deliquescence relative humidity in salt mixtures including the contribution from metastable phases (2021) ACS Omega, 6, pp. 16297-16306; Shahidzadeh-Bonn, N., Desarnaud, J., Bertrand, F., Chateau, X., Bonn, D., Damage in porous media due to salt crystallization (2020) Physical Revue E, 81, p. 66110; Steiger, M., Asmussen, S., Crystallization of sodium sulfate phases in porous materials: The phase diagram Na 2 SO 4-H 2 O and the generation of stress (2008) Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72, pp. 4291-4306; Tavares, A., Costa, A., Varum, H., Adobe and Modernism in Ílhavo, Portugal (2012) International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 6, pp. 525-541; Tavares, A., Costa, A., Varum, H., Common pathologies in composite adobe and reinforced concrete constructions (2012) Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 26 (4); Tavares, A., Costa, A.G., Rocha, F., Velosa, A., Absorbent materials in waterproofing barriers, analysis of the role of diatomaceous earth (2016) Construction and Building Materials, 102, pp. 125-132; Correia, M., Dipasquale, L., Mecca, S., (2011) Terra Europae-Earthen Architecture in the European Union, p. 215. , Terra Europae, Edizioni ETS, Pisa, Italy; Tsui, N., Flatt, R.J., Scherer, G.W., Crystallization damage by sodium sulfate (2003) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 4, pp. 109-115; Velosa, A., Veiga, M.R., Argamassas de conservação para edifícios em adobe (2007) Terra em Seminário 2007, V Seminário Arquitectura de Terra em Portugal, pp. 142-144. , Pp. in: (C. Neves, H. Varum, M. Fernandes and M. Correia, editors). Argumentum, Lisbon","Tavares, A.; CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Portugal; email: tavares.c.alice@ua.pt",,,"Cambridge University Press",,,,,0026461X,,,,"English","Mineral. Mag.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85133067490
"Cavicchioli A., Sant'anna L.G.","6603666827;6506942528;","The production of protective earth-based mortars for earth constructions in southeastern Brazil during the 19th century coffee economy",2022,"Anais do Museu Paulista","30",,"e12","","",,1,"10.1590/1982-02672022v30e12","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85130761286&doi=10.1590%2f1982-02672022v30e12&partnerID=40&md5=79d3c9932d3343811419a54a039e79a5","Universidade de São Paulo, SP, São Paulo, Brazil","Cavicchioli, A., Universidade de São Paulo, SP, São Paulo, Brazil; Sant'anna, L.G., Universidade de São Paulo, SP, São Paulo, Brazil","The study of materials used in ancient buildings provides a means to shed light on traditional building practices of past societies, but can serve as inspiration to tackle challenges faced by the current generation. Characterising earth-based structures and finishing elements is part of this mission, especially at a time when earthen architecture is the subject of renewed interest due to its many advantages, particularly in terms of sustainability. This paper considers a set of historical earthen houses built during the first phase of the coffee economy (1820-1880) in the middle Paraíba do Sul River valley, in southeastern Brazil. Physical (colour and texture) and chemical (FTIR, TGA, XRF, and XRD) analyses performed on a large set of mortar and local soil samples collected in the region formed the basis for discussing possible soil selection criteria as raw materials, texture solutions, and the stabilisation strategy of the final product. This last aspect implied the addition of small quantities of lime, in the case of external renders and more sporadically in plasters, without the use of fibres or organic additives. Chemical data and historical sources suggest that the raw materials used for this purpose were probably brought to the region from coastal areas. © 2022, UNIV SAOPAULO. All rights reserved.","Brazil; Built heritage; Earthen architecture; Mortar; Unfired earth; Vale do Paraíba",,,,,,"Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, FAPESP: 2017/03071-7, 2017/16477-1","The authors thank the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) for funding the Projects no. 2017/03071-7 and 2017/16477-1. We also thank the owners of the buildings from which samples were obtained, and in particular Mrs. Joseane Fontaine and Mr. Lauro Maia Cavalcanti (Fazenda Catadupa), Mr. Joao Paulo Altenfelder Silva (Fazenda São Miguel), Mr. Paulo Mattos and Mrs. Daniela Oliveira (Fazenda da Barra), Mrs. Maria Elisabeth Brum G. Gomes and Mr. Antonio Augusto Ferreira Gomes (Fazenda dos Coqueiros).",,,,,,,,,,"AVRAMI, Erica, Sustainability and the Built Environment: Forging a Role for Heritage Conservation (2011) The Getty Conservation Institute Newsletter, 26 (1), pp. 4-10. , [S. l]; BEAS, Maria Isabel G., (1991) Traditional Architectural Renders on Earthen Surfaces, , Thesis (Master) University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1991; BENINCASA, Vladimir, (2007) Fazendas paulistas: arquitetura rural no ciclo cafeeiro, , Thesis (PhD) Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, 2007; CALLEBAUT, Kristof, Nineteenth Century Hydraulic Restoration Mortars in the Saint Michael’s Church (Leuven, Belgium): Natural Hydraulic Lime or Cement? (2001) Cement and Concrete Research, 31 (3), pp. 397-403. , [S. l]; CARDIANO, Paola, Investigations on Ancient Mortars from the Basilian Monastery of Fragalà (2008) Journal of Thermal Analysis Calorimetry, 91, pp. 477-485. , [S. l]; CARRILHO, Marcos José, Fazendas de café oitocentistas no Vale do Paraíba (2006) Anais do Museu Paulista, 14 (1), pp. 59-80. , São Paulo; CAVALCANTI, Lauro Maia, CAVICCHIOLI, Andrea, ROLÓN, Guillermo, O restauro da fazenda Catadupa e o resgate e a valorização da construção com terra (2018) Território e trabalho: a produção da arquitetura com terra no Brasil, pp. 217-224. , NEVES, Célia; CARDOSO, Fernando; MAIA, Rafael (org). Rio de Janeiro: TerraBrasil; CAVICCHIOLI, Andrea, SANT’ANNA, Lucy Gomes, PERRONI, Maria Salete, Enlightening the Use of Materials and Techniques in Earthen Architecture in Southeast Brazil During the First Coffee Cycle (19th Century) (2018) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 31, pp. 208-214. , [S. l]; CAVICCHIOLI, Andrea, Rescuing the Manufacturing Process of Traditional Mortars Present on XIX-Century Earthen Buildings in Brazil (2019) HISTORIC MORTARS CONFERENCE, 5, pp. 36-50. , Pamplona. Proceedings […]. Paris: Rilem Publications, 2019; ELSEN, Jan, Microscopy of Historic Mortars: A Review (2006) Cement and Concrete Research, 26 (8), pp. 1416-1424. , [S. l]; (1979) Serviço Nacional de Levantamento e Conservação de Solo. 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"Trizio F., Torrijo Echarri F.J., Mileto C., López-Manzanares F.V.","57218993836;58055071400;36721933700;57215025006;","Flood vulnerability and damage assessment of earthen architectural heritage of the Iberian Peninsula",2022,"Geotechnical Engineering for the Preservation of Monuments and Historic Sites III - Proceedings of the 3rd International Issmge TC301 Symposium, 2022",,,,"1067","1078",,1,"10.1201/9781003308867-84","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85143748078&doi=10.1201%2f9781003308867-84&partnerID=40&md5=bd64702312d13dc747055ec3ceedd08a","Research Centre PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain","Trizio, F., Research Centre PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Torrijo Echarri, F.J., Research Centre PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Mileto, C., Research Centre PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; López-Manzanares, F.V., Research Centre PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain","Earthen architecture is a building tradition that is part of the vast and varied cultural heritage of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain-Portugal). Historically, floods have posed a threat to this cultural heritage. Floods have often led to the loss of traditional monuments and buildings, as well as entire settlements. At present, climate change has increased the frequency and intensity of flood events, raising the risk of disappearance of built earthen architectural heritage. The effects of floods on these constructions are mostly manifested as damage to the superstructures. However, visible structural damage is often related to geotechnical problems triggered by flooding. Generally, earthen architecture is considered very vulnerable to the action of water due to the hygroscopic nature of the materials that constitute it. Nevertheless, many of these buildings have come to the present day, resisting the action of water, thanks to a process of adaptation and improvement carried out by humanity over the centuries. Against this background, the present study aims to analyse the impact of floods on earthen architectural heritage, through the development of a qualitative methodology to assess flood vulnerability of earthen structures. Through case studies in the Iberian Peninsula, visible damage to earthen constructions related to the superstructure-soil interaction and triggered by floods is analyzed, in order to highlight the vulnerabilities and resilience resources of this cultural heritage. Finally, strategies for flood risk mitigation and conservation criteria for earthen architectural heritage are proposed. © 2022 the Author(s).",,"Architecture; Climate change; Damage detection; Structural analysis; Architectural heritage; Cultural heritages; Damage assessments; Earthen architectures; Flood event; Flood vulnerabilities; Iberian Peninsula; Portugal; Structural damages; Vulnerability assessments; Floods",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Alberola Romá, A., Riadas, inundaciones y desastres en el sur valenciano a finales del siglo XVIII (2010) Papeles De Geografía, 5152, pp. 23-32; Beckett, C.T.S., Augarde, C.E., Easton, D., Easton, T., Strength characterisation of soil-based construction materials (2018) Geotechnique, 68 (5), pp. 400-409; Beckett, C.T.S., Jaquin, P.A., Morel, J.C., Weathering the storm:Aframework to assess the resistance of earthen structures to water damage (2020) Construction and Building Materials, p. 242; Birkmann, J., Cardona, O.D., Carreño, M.L., Barbat, A.H., Pelling, M., Schneiderbauer, S., Kienberger, S., Andwelle, T., Framing vulnerability, risk and societal responses: The MOVE framework (2013) Natural Hazards, 67, pp. 193-211; Bui, Q.B., Morel, J.C., Hans, S., Walker, P., Effect of moisture content on the mechanical characteristics of rammed earth (2014) Construction and Building Materials, 54, pp. 163-169; Camarasa-Belmonte, A.M., Soriano-García, J., Flood risk assessment and mapping in peri-urban Mediterranean environments using hydrogeomorphology. 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Earthen Architecture in European Union, pp. 181-183; Villacampa Crespo, L., La Restauracion y La Rehabilitacion De La Arquitectura Tradicional de Tierra. EL Caso De Aragon (2018) Univerisidad Politecnica De Valencia, , Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia; Wang, J.J., Flood risk maps to cultural heritage: Measures and process (2015) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 16 (2), pp. 210-220; Warren, J., (1999) Conservation of Earth Structures, , Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann; Xu, L., Wong, K.K., Fabbri, A., Champiré, F., Branque, D., Loading-unloading shear behavior of rammed earth upon varying clay content and relative humidity conditions (2018) Soils and Foundations, 58 (4), pp. 1001-1015",,"Lancellotta R.Viggiani C.Flora A.de Silva F.Mele L.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","3rd International Symposium on the Preservation of Monuments and Historic Sites, IS NAPOLI 2022","22 June 2022 through 24 June 2022",,286599,,9781032312620,,,"English","Geotech. Eng. Preserv. Monum. Hist. Sites - Proc. Int.Issmge Symp.",Conference Paper,"Final","All Open Access, Hybrid Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85143748078
"García-Zeferino T.A., Daneels A., Díaz-Ortega J., Solleiro-Rebolledo E.","57226314155;55347074200;57204347511;6506034498;","Use of sediments and soils (paleosols) in construction fills of the La Joya archaeological site, Veracruz, Mexico: micromorphological evidence [Uso de sedimentos y suelos (paleosuelos) en rellenos de construcción del sitio arqueológico La Joya, Veracruz, México: evidencia micromorfológica]",2022,"Boletin de la Sociedad Geologica Mexicana","74","3","A100422","","",,1,"10.18268/BSGM2022v74n3a100422","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85142295800&doi=10.18268%2fBSGM2022v74n3a100422&partnerID=40&md5=aea5bedd8d13ab3114632c4c097ac00b","Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, 04510, Mexico; Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, 04510, Mexico","García-Zeferino, T.A., Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, 04510, Mexico; Daneels, A., Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, 04510, Mexico; Díaz-Ortega, J., Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, 04510, Mexico; Solleiro-Rebolledo, E., Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, 04510, Mexico","In this paper, we study the materials used for the construction of earthen structure in the La Joya archaeological site, on the Gulf of Mexico coast, built on top of a paleodune, from the Late Preclassic (400 BC) to the Classic period (AD 100-1000). The first constructions arise around 100 BC, on a paleodune top rising slightly above the surrounding alluvial terraces of the Jamapa river; then it grows into a 15-ha monumental compound. The total construction volume reaches 250,000 m3, all made of earth, surrounded by large artificial water pounds (reservoirs). To understand the kind of components found in the structures and their provenance, we compare the micromorphological features of the materials from the earthen constructions with the sediments and paleosols located in the surrounding areas. Samples were taken from the fills of three first building stages, as well as from a natural soil profile and the natural paleosol horizons found beneath the structures. Micromorphological features found in fills permit to establish the correlation between them and their parent material. The fills from the first stage of construction have fragments of a Btb horizon, mixed with an A horizon, compacted and crushed, in which abundant artifacts are identified. However, these artifacts were not intentionally incorporated to the fills, but had been accumulated on the pre-occupation A horizon as residential and agriculture trash. Particular attention was paid to a gley material occurring in the third building stage, that was believed to come from the sediments accumulated in the original borrow pits transformed into water reservoirs, enclosing the main architectural compound. These reservoir fills share properties of the natural sediments and paleosols but transformed by the waterlogging conditions. In consequence, these materials are interpreted as a case of anthropogenic pedogenesis, where the gley micromorphology indicates waterlogging conditions, but in artificially made reservoirs, as they do not have dark organic sediments that would result of the vegetation typical of a natural pond in a humid tropical environment. © 2022, Boletin de la Sociedad Geologica Mexicana. All Rights Reserved.","Earthen architecture; Gley material; Gulf of mexico coast; Paleodune sediments; Water reservoir",,,,,,"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACYT: CB2015-25432","This paper was possible thanks to the financial support given to A. Daneels by UNAM-DGA-PA-PAPIIT grant IN400816 and CONACyT grant CB2015-25432.",,,,,,,,,,"Armstrong-Altrin, J.S., Nagarajan, R., Balaram, V., Natalhy-Pineda, O., Petrography and geochemistry of sands from the Chachalacas and Veracruz beach areas, western Gulf of Mexico, Mexico: Constraints on provenance and tectonic setting (2015) Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 64, pp. 199-216. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2015.10.012; Barba, L., (1995) El impacto humano en la paleogeografia de Teotihuacan México, p. 92. , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Tesis Doctoral; Barba, L., Blancas, J., Ortiz, A., Manzanilla, L., Barca, D., Crisci, G., Miriello, D., Pecci, A., Provenance of the limestone used in Teotihuacan (Mexico): A methodological approach (2009) Archaeometry, 51 (4), pp. 525-545; Bezada, M., Barros, H., Zavala, M., Pedraza, E., Foghin, S., González, O., Godoy, D., Leal, A., Earthen ridges in coastal sand dunes of the Caribbean coast, Venezuela: Anthropogenic or natural? 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An inventory and metaanalysis (2020) Catena, 194, p. 104718. , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2020.104718; Straulino, L., Sedov, S., Michelet, D., Balanzario, S., Weathering of carbonate materials in ancient Maya constructions (Río Bec and Dzibanché): Limestone and stucco deterioration patterns (2013) Quaternary International, 315, pp. 87-100. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2013.06.019; Sulas, F., Kristiansen, S.M., Wynne-Jones, S., Soil geochemistry, phytoliths and artefacts from an early Swahili daub house, Unguja Ukuu, Zanzibar (2019) Journal of Archaeological Science, 103, pp. 32-45; Williams, R., Errickson, D., Taylor, G., Mapping an archaeological site: Interpreting portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) soil analysis at Boroughgate, Skelton, UK (2021) Journal of Archaeological Science Reports, 38, p. 103109; Wilson, C.A., Davidson, D.A., Cresser, M.S., An evaluation of multielement analysis of historic soil contamination to differentiate space use and former function in and around abandoned farms (2005) Holocene, 15, pp. 1094-1099","Solleiro-Rebolledo, E.; Instituto de Geología, Mexico; email: solleiro@geologia.unam.mx",,,"Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México",,,,,14053322,,,,"English; Spanish","Bol. Soc. Geol. Mex.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Bronze",Scopus,2-s2.0-85142295800
"Daneels A., Mateu M., Fernández H., Piña S., Cabadas-Báez H.","55347074200;55867422900;57370042900;57369490000;14832165700;","Soil modification in the manufacturing process of Mesoamerican earthen architecture [Modificación del suelo en el proceso de fabricación de la arquitectura de tierra mesoamericana]",2022,"Boletin de la Sociedad Geologica Mexicana","74","3","A080422","","",,1,"10.18268/BSGM2022v74n3a080422","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85142235421&doi=10.18268%2fBSGM2022v74n3a080422&partnerID=40&md5=8eb5e17a48d0633cd6d74305a9e8970a","Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México04510, Mexico; Postdoctoral Fellow CONACyT CB2015-254328 project, UNAM, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico; Zacatecas, Mexico; Ciudad de México, Mexico; Laboratorio de Geología, Facultad de Geografía, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Estado de México, Toluca, 50110, Mexico","Daneels, A., Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México04510, Mexico; Mateu, M., Postdoctoral Fellow CONACyT CB2015-254328 project, UNAM, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico; Fernández, H., Zacatecas, Mexico; Piña, S., Ciudad de México, Mexico; Cabadas-Báez, H., Laboratorio de Geología, Facultad de Geografía, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Estado de México, Toluca, 50110, Mexico","This paper presents a micromorphological analysis of a sample series from three Mesoamerican earthen architecture sites. It compares a soil sample, a sample from a construction fill and a sample of a soil mixture used for mud-brick and facing, resulting from different manufacturing steps. The purpose is to identify the soil features that remain and those that are transformed in the process. This is of interest both to geologists, who encounter anthropically modified soils, and archaeologists interested in understanding the provenance of the raw materials and the manufacturing processes. In contrast to previous research based predominantly on earthen architecture from Europe and the Near East, this study is the first comparative analysis of Mesoamerican sites, where earthen construction developed independently from the Old World, using volcanic soils developed in a range of tropical environments. The results show that similar building techniques existed in different environments, that the non-expansive clays and fine fraction derived from volcanic deposits may have presented advantages for construction, while some features reflect the addition of mineral or vegetal temper to improve the mechanical properties of some soils. © 2022, Boletin de la Sociedad Geologica Mexicana. All Rights Reserved.","Construction techniques; Geoarchaeology; Mexico; Micromorphology; Volcanic soils",,,,,,"160-179; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACYT: CB 2015-254328","CONACyT project CB 2015-254328, 2016-2021: AD director, SP and HF undergraduate grantees, and MM postdoctoral fellowship.","The authors acknowledge the Archaeological Council of the National Institute of Anthropology and History for the permission to carry out the excavations, sampling and analysis of the materials. The archaeological artefacts presented in figures of this article are reproduced with the authorization of the National Institute of Anthropology and History, of the Ministry of Culture of Mexico, in accordance with the Federal Law on Archaeological, Artistic and Historical Monuments and Sites, and its Regulations. Also, we would like to thank the archaeologists who provided the samples: D. Carballo (Teotihuacan) and G. Fernández (Buenavista). At the UNAM, Dr. S. Sedov and M.Sc. J. Díaz , of the Institute of Geology, assisted in preparing the thin sections, granted access to the Microscopy Laboratory, and in particular collaborated in the study of La Joya, helping to take samples and providing a first description and interpretation; in this regard, we also recognize the contribution of M.Sc. T. García-Zeferino. 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(2021) Geoarchaeology: An International Journal, pp. 1-21. , https://doi.org/10.1002/gea.21879; Solleiro-Rebolledo, E., Sycheva, S., Sedov, S., McClung, E., Rivera, Y., Salcido, C., Kuznetsova, A., Fluvial processes and paleopedogenesis in the Teotihuacan Valley, México: Responses to late Quaternary environmental changes (2011) Quaternary International, 233, pp. 40-52. , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2010.08.005; Solleiro-Rebolledo, E., Sedov, S., Sycheva, S., Sánchez, S., Pustovoitov, K., Sauer, D., Influencia de los paleosuelos en los procesos exógenos modernos en la porción noreste de la Cuenca de México (2015) Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana, 67 (2), pp. 255-272. , https://doi.org/10.18268/bsgm2015v67n2a9; (1981) Síntesis Geográfica de Zacatecas, , México, Distrito Federal (MX), Coordinación General de los Servicios Nacionales de Estadística, Geografía e Informática; Stahlschmidt, M., McClung de Tapia, E., Gutiérrez-Castorena, M., A Geoarchaeological Investigation of The Street of The Dead at The Tlajinga District, Teotihuacan, Mexico (2019) Ancient Mesoamerica, 30 (1), pp. 129-145. , https://doi.org/10.1017/s0956536118000238; Stoops, G., (2003) Guidelines for analysis and description of soil and regolith thin section, p. 184. , Madison, (WI), Soil Science Society of America; Verrecchia, E.P., Trombino, L., (2021) A Visual Atlas for Soil Micromorphologists, p. 177. , https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67806-7, Cham, (CH), Springer; Villagran, X.S., Giannini, P.C.F., DeBlasis, P., Archaeofacies Analysis: Using Depositional Attributes to Identify Anthropic Process of Deposition in a Monumental Shell Mound of Santa Catarina State (Southern Brazil) (2009) Geoarchaeology, 24, pp. 311-335. , https://doi.org/10.1002/gea.20269","Mateu, M.; Postdoctoral Fellow CONACyT CB2015-254328 project, Mexico; email: mmateusa@gmail.com",,,"Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México",,,,,14053322,,,,"English; Spanish","Bol. Soc. Geol. Mex.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Bronze",Scopus,2-s2.0-85142235421
"Mileto C., Vegas F., García L., Pérez A.","36721933700;57724487400;57220971384;55535904600;","Assessment of Vulnerability of Earthen Vernacular Architecture in the Iberian Peninsula to Natural Risks. Generation of an Analysis Tool",2022,"International Journal of Architectural Heritage","16","6",,"885","898",,1,"10.1080/15583058.2021.1970284","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85131216044&doi=10.1080%2f15583058.2021.1970284&partnerID=40&md5=3a9341847b188a559f75bb4fc034347e","Pegaso Research Centre in Architecture Heritiage and Management for the Sustainable Development, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain","Mileto, C., Pegaso Research Centre in Architecture Heritiage and Management for the Sustainable Development, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Vegas, F., Pegaso Research Centre in Architecture Heritiage and Management for the Sustainable Development, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; García, L., Pegaso Research Centre in Architecture Heritiage and Management for the Sustainable Development, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Pérez, A., Pegaso Research Centre in Architecture Heritiage and Management for the Sustainable Development, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain","Earthen architecture is an essential part of the architectural and cultural heritage of the Iberian Peninsula. Both at monumental and vernacular level, this architecture has adapted to the diversity of the territory, the different geographies and climates, the variety of materials available and the cultural diversity which have led to a great wealth of constructive variants of this architecture. The RISK-Terra Project was born in this context, funded by the Spanish Ministry for Science, Innovation and Universities, aiming to contribute to the study of this heritage scientifically researching and analysing the natural, social and anthropic threats to earthen vernacular structures, as well as deterioration mechanisms and transformation dynamics currently observed in this type of architecture in the Iberian Peninsula. The research presented in this text has been carried out within the framework of the RISK-Terra Project, with the main objective of developing an analysis tool for application to any element of traditional architecture or earthen vernacular architecture, assessing the degree of vulnerability to the sudden action or continued presence of natural risks (earthquakes, floods, extreme weather events). © 2021 Taylor & Francis.","Earthen architecture; Iberian Peninsula; natural risks; vulnerability","Deterioration; Risk assessment; Analysis tools; Architectural heritage; Cultural diversity; Cultural heritages; Deterioration mechanism; Earthen architectures; Earthen vernacular architectures; Iberian Peninsula; Natural risks; Vulnerability; Architecture; cultural heritage; monument; vernacular architecture; vulnerability; Iberian Peninsula",,,,,"RTI2018-095302-B-I00","The study presented in this article has been developes as a part of the research project “Earthen architecture in the Iberian Península: study of natural, social and anthropic risks and strategies to improve resilience. RISK-TERRA” (funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and University, ref. RTI2018-095302-B-I00).",,,,,,,,,,"(2007) El cambio climático en España estado de situación, , https://www.google.com/search?q=ministerio+de+educaci%C3%B3n+y+eporte&rlz=1C5CHFA_enES958ES958&oq=ministerio+de+educaci%C3%B3n+y+eporte&aqs=chrome.69i57j0i13j46i13i175i199j0i13i30j0i22i30l6.13859j0j4&sourceid=chrome¡UTF-8, Instituto para la Diversificación y el Ahorro de la Energía, Oficina Española de Cambio Climático,. España:,. Informe para el Presidente del Gobierno elaborado por expertos en cambio climático. Gobierno de Españan; (2008) Riesgos naturales. Guía Metodológica para la elaboración de cartografías en España, , España: Ilustre Colegio Oficial de Geólogos. Ministerio de Vivienda, Gobierno de España; (2009) Guía para la Inspección y Evaluación de daños en edificios por inundaciones, , Valencia, España: Generalitat Valenciana, Conselleria de Medio Ambiente, Agua Urbanismo y Vivienda. 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Temperatura Del Aire Y precipitación; (2011) Terra Europae Earthen Architecture in the European Union, , Pisa, ETS Ed; Astigarraga, E., (2002) El método Delphi, , San Sebastián, España: Unviersidad de Deusto; Cancino, C., Lardinois, S., Michiels, T., Balakrishnan, P., (2014) Earthen architecture initiative seismic retrofitting project: A bibliography, , http://hdl.handle.net/10020/gci_pubs/earthen_architecture_bib, Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, and,. eds; Cantarino, I., Torrijo, F.J., Palencia, S., Gielen, E., Assessing residential building values in Spain for risk analyses –application to the landslide hazard in the autonomous community of Valencia (2014) Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, Copernicus Publications, 14, pp. 3015-3030; Galán, E., González, J.B., Ávila, R.M., La aplicación de la evaluación de impacto ambiental en el patrimonio monumental y el desarrollo sostenible de las ciudades (2006) Revista de Enseñanza Universitaria. Extraordinario, pp. 123-40. , 1; Gonzalez-Drigo, R., Avila-Haro, J.A., Barbat, A.H., Pujades, L.G., Vargas, Y.F., Lagomarsino, S., Cattari, S., Modernist Unreinforced Masonry (URM) buildings of Barcelona: Seismic vulnerability and risk assessment (2015) International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 9 (3), pp. 214-230; Guerra, J.L., Edificios y conjuntos de arquitectura popular en castilla y león (2012) Junta de Castilla y León, , Consejería de Cultura y Turismo; (2012), Managing the, risks of, extreme, events and, disasters to, advance, climate, change, adaptation. A s, pecial, report of, working, groups I and II of the, intergovernmental, panel on, climate, change, 582 Edited by C. B. Field, V. Barros, T. F. Stocker, D. Qin, D. J. Dokken, K. L. Ebi, M. D. Mastrandrea, et al. Cambridge, UK; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; Karanikoloudis, G., Lourenço, P.B., Structural assessment and seismic vulnerability of earthen historic structures. 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Oficina Española de Cambio Climático, , Madrid: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, and, ed; Schmidt-Thomé, P., (2007) The spatial effects and management of natural and technological hazards in Europe - ESPON 1.3.1; Stephenson, V., D’Ayala, D., A new approach to flood vulnerability assessment for historic buildings in England (2014) Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 14 (5), pp. 1035-1048; Taylor, J.R., Introducción al análisis de errores: El estudio de las incertidumbres en las mediciones físicas (2014) Editorial Reverté, , https://elibro.net/es/ereader/upv/46792?page=194; Vicente, S., Rodríguez, E., (2018) Tendencias recientes de las variables atmosféricas en España” en CLIVAR Exchanges num 73 septiembre 2017, pp. 20-23. , Madrid: Ministerio para la Transición Ecologica, Agencia Estatal de Meteorologóa, and. Ed","Pérez, A.; Pegaso Research Centre in Architecture Heritiage and Management for the Sustainable Development, Camino de Vera s/n, Spain; email: anprevi@arqt.upv.es",,,"Taylor and Francis Ltd.",,,,,15583058,,,,"English","Int. J. Archit. Herit.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85131216044
"Hamburg J., Lorenzon M.","57325617800;56081528400;","Before Meeting the Greeks: Kutaisi Influence in Late Bronze and Early Iron Age Colchian Settlements",2022,"Journal of Field Archaeology","47","1",,"13","31",,1,"10.1080/00934690.2021.1993626","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85118661204&doi=10.1080%2f00934690.2021.1993626&partnerID=40&md5=8d899bd83f4dc4bc6113b5e3a8972d5f","Krukowski Polish-Georgian Interdisciplinary Research Center, Kutaisi, GA, United States; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","Hamburg, J., Krukowski Polish-Georgian Interdisciplinary Research Center, Kutaisi, GA, United States; Lorenzon, M., University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","This contribution synthesizes the results of the Kutaisi Archaeological Landscape Project (KALP), focusing on the analysis of the development of settlement patterns in the Colchis lowlands during the 2nd and 1st millennia b.c. The targeted excavations carried out within the urban center of Kutaisi provide new information regarding earthen architectural practices, raw material procurement, and defensive structures that characterized the area in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages. The three sites identified within the Kutaisi urban area, Gabashvili, Dateshidze, and Bagrati, are analyzed in detail to provide fresh insights on settlement structure and typology. They also present distinctive vernacular architectural traditions that make the role of Kutaisi in the region essential to understanding Late Bronze/Early Iron Age building practices, their continuity over time, and their environmental sustainability. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.","Bagrati; Dateshidze; defensive architecture; earthen architecture; Gabashvili; Georgia; water management",,,,,,,"We would like to thank Associate Prof. Roland Isakadze, Dr. Guram Kvirkvelia, Associate Prof. Monika Badura, Associate Prof. Leszek Łęczyński, Dr. Rick Bonnie, Dr. Maria Gabriella Micale, and Ms. Agnieszka Kaliszewska for providing insightful comments that helped us improve this article. We are also grateful to Mrs Maija Holappa, Mr. Rafał Bieńkowski, and Mr. Giorgi Lezhava, who helped with the images. Finally, we thank the Polish National Foundation for funding a grant to Mr. Hamburg to conduct research and allowing Dr. Lorenzon to take part in KALP (formerly EKAL). This allowed the authors to collaborate in person on this article.",,,,,,,,,,"Προμηθϵὺς Δϵσμώτης; Apakidze, J., (2002) Gvianbrinjaosa da Adrerkinis Khanis Kokhuri Kulturis Kronologia. 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III-II Atastsleubis Namosakhlerbi / The 3rd and 2nd Millennium BC Settlements from the Colchian Lowland, , Tbilisi: sakartvelos metsnierebata akademiis arkeologiuri kvlevis centri / Center of Archaeological Studies, Georgian Academy of Sciences; Kavtaradze, G.L., An Attempt to Interpret Some Anatolian and Caucasian Ethnonyms of the Classical Sources (2002) Sprache und Kultur, 3, pp. 68-83; Kennett, D.J., Winterhalder, B., (2006) Behavioral Ecology and the Transition to Agriculture (Vol. 1), , Univ of California Press; Kipiani, G., Amashukeli, N., (1995), Колхские и Фригийские дома. Vitruvius II, I, 4 5. Colchian and Phrygian houses,. Translated from Georgian. Shalva Amiranashvili State Museum of Art of Georgia; Koberidze, G., Diaokhi: Georgian Prehistory (1929) Historischer Schul-Atlas, , Putzgers F.W., (ed), Leipzig: Velhagen & Klasing,. edited by; Kohl, P.L., Trifonov, V., The Prehistory of the Caucasus: Internal Developments and External Interactions (2014) The Cambridge World Prehistory, pp. 1571-1595. , Renfrew C., Bahn P.G., (eds), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, and,. edited by; Köroǧlu, K., Urartu Krallığının Kuzey Yayımı ve Qulha ülkesinin Tarihi Coğrafyası (2001) Belleten, 64, pp. 717-741; Köroǧlu, K., The Northern Border of the Urartian Kingdom (2005) Altan Çilingiroǧlu/G. Darbyshire (Hrsg.), Anatolian Iron Ages 5, Proceedings of the 5th Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium Van, 6.–10. August 2001. 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PhD diss., Universität zu Köln; Laermanns, H., Kirkitadze, G., May, S.M., Kelterbaum, D., Opitz, S., Heisterkamp, A., Basilaia, G., Brückner, H., Bronze Age Settlement Mounds on the Colchian Plain at the Black Sea Coast of Georgia: A Geoarchaeological Perspective (2018) Geoarchaeology, 33 (4), pp. 453-469; Laguens, A.G., la Distinción Emic-Etic en Arqueología (1988) Boletín de Antropología Americana, 17, pp. 133-144; Lanchava, O., Iskadze, R., Hamburg, J., Buadze, S., Bieńkowski, R., Kaliszewska, A., Pawłowska, K., kutaisis Kartul-Polonuri Ekspeditsiiis 2017 Tslis Arkeologiuri Samushaoebis Angarishi (2018) 2017 Ts’els Chat’arebuli Arkeologiuri Gatkhrebis Mok’le Angarishebis K’rebuli, pp. 137-143. , Tbilisi:, and; Lindsay, I., Greene, A., Sovereignty, Mobility, and Political Cartographies in Late Bronze Age Southern Caucasia (2013) Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 32 (4), pp. 691-712; Lordkipanidze, O.D., (1989) Nasledie Drevnej Gruzii, , Tbilisi; Lordkipanidze, O.D., (1991) Archäologie in Georgien. Von der Altsteinzeit zum Mittelalter, , Weinheim: VCH, Acta Humaniora; Lordkipanidze, O.D., Lanchava, O., Lordkipanidze, M., (1994) Kutaisi Since Ancient Times Till the XIII Century, , Tbilisi and Kutaisi; Lordkipanidze, O.D., Mikeladze, T.K., O Demograficheskoy Situatsii v Vostochnoy Prichernomorye (Kolkhida) v Period Velikoy Grecheskoy Kolonizatsi (1981) Demograficheskaya Situatsiya v Prichernomorye v Period Velikoy Grecheskoy Kolonizatsii : Materialy II Vsesoyuznogo Simpoziuma po Drevney Istorii Prichernomoya: Tskhaltubo - 1979, , Lordkinapidze O.D., (ed), and,. edited by; Lordkipanidze, O.D., Mikeladze, T.K., Kolkhida v VII - IV vv. do n.e (1988) Mestnyye Etno-Politicheskiye Obyedineniya Prichernomorya v VII-IV vv do. n.e., Materialy IV Vsesoyuznogo Simpoziuma po Drevney Istorii Prichernomor'ya Tskhaltubo-Vani 1985, , Lordkinapidze O.D., (ed), Institut arkheologii, Institut istorii, Akademiya nauk SSSR, and,. edited by; Lorenzon, M., Minoan Mudbricks: Earth and Fire in Bronze Age Crete (2021) Earthen Construction Technology Proceedings of the Session IV-5 of the XVIII° UISPP Congress, Paris, June 2018, pp. 91-99. , Daneels A., Torres Freixa M., (eds), UISPPInternational Union of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences,. edited by; Lorenzon, M., (2021), From Chaff to Seagrass: The Unique Quality of Minoan Mudbricks. 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II-I Atastsleulebisi) / Investigation on History of Ancient Population of Colchis and of the South-West Black Sea Littoral (2nd-1st Millenium BC), , Tbilisi: Metsniereba; Mikeladze, T.K., (1982) Osnovnyye Rezultaty Polevykh Issledovaniy Kolkhidskoy Arkheologicheskoy Ekspeditsii, Polevyye Arkheologicheskiye Issledovaniya v 1980 Godu, , Tbilisi: Metsniereba, 31–34; Mikeladze, T.K., (1990) K Arkheologii Kolkhidi, , Tbilisi: Metsniereba; Mikeladze, T.K., Baramidze, B., Lordkipanidze, G.A., Muskhelishivili, D.L., Khakhutaishvili, D.A., Pkhakadze, G.G., Istorii Arkheologicheskiy Issledovaniy Kolkhidskoy Ekspeditsi (1974) Polevyye Arkheologicheskiye Issledovaniya v 1973, pp. 27-31. , Lordkinapidze O.D., Chelidze L., (eds), Tbilisi:, and,. edited by; Mikeladze, T.K., Khakhutaishvili, D.A., (1985) Drevnekolkhidskoe Poselenie Namcheduri, , Tbilisi: Mecniereba; Muskhelishvili, D., Murvanidze, B., Jibladze, L., The Middle Bronze Age Settlement at Anaklia II (2008) Archaeology in Southern Caucasus: Perspectives from Georgia (Ancient Near Eastern Studies Supplement 19), pp. 270-278. , Sagona A., Abramishvili M., (eds), Leuven: Peeters, and,. edited by; Narimanishvili, D., (2019) Sakartvelos Tsik'lop'uri Simagreebi/Cyclopean Fortresses in Georgia (Georgian and English), , Tbilisi: Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation and the Georgian National Museum; Pythian; Naturalis historia = The natural history of Pliny, with an English translation by J. 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Kirk Grayson, Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC II (858-745 BC) (RIMA 3), Toronto; Russell, H.F., Shalmaneser's Campaign to Urarṭu in 856 B.C. and the Historical Geography of Eastern Anatolia According to the Assyrian Sources (1984) Anatolian Studies, 34, pp. 171-201; Sagona, A., Settlement and Society in Late Prehistoric Trans-Caucasus (1993) Between the Rivers and Over the Mountains: Archaeologica Anatolica Et Mesopotamica Alba Palmieri Dedicata, pp. 453-474. , Frangipane M., Palmieri A., (eds), Roma: Dipatimento di Scienze Storiche Archeologiche e Antropologiche dellAntichità Università di Roma,. edited by; Sagona, A., (2018) The Archaeology of the Caucasus: From Earliest Settlements to the Iron Age, , New York: Cambridge University Press; Sagona, C., Sagona, A., (2004) Archaeology at the North-East Anatolian Frontier, I: an Historical Geography and a Field Survey of the Bayburt Plain, , Peeters; Salvini, M., (1995) Geschichte und Kultur der Urartäer, , Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft; Salvini, M., The Historical Geography of the Sevan Region in the Urartian Period (2002) The North-Eastern Frontier Urartians and Non-Urartians in the Sevan Lake Basin, I: The Southern Shores. Series: Documenta Asiana 7, , Biscione R., Hmayakyan S.G., Parmegiani N., (eds), Rome: CNR Istituto di studi sulle civiltà dellEgeo e del Vicino Oriente,. edited by; Salvini, M., (2008) Corpus dei Testi Urartei, Volume 1, , Rome: CNR/Istituto di studi sulle civiltà dell’Egeo e del Vicino Oriente, (CTU 1; Schiffer, M.B., Behavioral Archaeology: Some Clarifications (1999) American Antiquity, 64 (1), pp. 166-168; Schiffer, M.B., Studying Technological Change: a Behavioral Perspective (2004) World Archaeology, 36 (4), pp. 579-585; Schiffer, M.B., (2016) Behavioral Archaeology: Principles and Practice, , Routledge; Shnirelman, V.A., (2001) The Value of the Past: Myths, Identity and Politics in Transcaucasia, , Osaka, Japan: National Museum of Ethnology; Smith, A.T., Prometheus Unbound: Southern Caucasia in Prehistory (2005) Journal of World Prehistory, 19 (4), pp. 229-279; Geographica; Suny, R.G., (1994) The Making of the Georgian Nation, , 2nd Edition, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press; Toumanoff, C., (1967) Studies in Christian Caucasian History, , Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press; Tsetskhladze, G.R., (1999) Pichvnari and its Environs: 6th c BC-4th c AD, , Besançon, France: Presses universitaires franc-comtoises; Tsetskhladze, G.R., (2016) Colchians, Greeks and Achaemenids in the 7th—5th Centuries BC: A Critical Look, , Klio: De Gruyter,. Beiträge zur Alten Geschichte 76; Tsetskhladze, G.R., Once Again About the Establishment Date of Some Greek Colonies Around the Black Sea (2019) Settlements and Necropoleis of the Black Sea and its Hinterland in Antiquity: Select Papers from the Third International Conference ‘The Black Sea in Antiquity and Tekkeköy: An Ancient Settlement on the Southern Black Sea Coast’, 27-29 October 2017, Tekkeköy, Samsun, , Tsetskhladze G.R., Atasoy S., (eds), Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing,. edited by, 1–41; Urushadze, T., (1999) Soil Map of Georgia in Scale of 1:500 000, , Tbilisi; Urushadze, T., Tarasashvili, N., Urushadze, T., The Diversity of Georgian Soils (2000) Biological and Landscape, pp. 135-150. , WWF Tiblisi:, and; Vakhnadze, M., Guruli, V., Bakhtadze, M.A., (1993) Istoriya Gruzii (s Drevneyshikh Vremën i do Nashikh Dney), , Tbilisi: Tbilisskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet; Vickers, M., Kakhidze, A., The British-Georgian Excavation at Pichvnari, 1998: the ‘Greek’ and ‘Colchian’ Cemeteries (2001) Anatolian Studies, 51, pp. 65-90; Wright, M., (2009) Ancient Building Technology, Volume 3: Construction, , Brill; Anabasis","Lorenzon, M.PL 4, Fabianinkatu 24, Finland; email: marta.lorenzon@helsinki.fi",,,"Taylor and Francis Ltd.",,,,,00934690,,,,"English","J. Field Archeol.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Hybrid Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85118661204
"Sacko O.","57222880190;","The involvement of local communities in the conservation process of earthen architecture in the Sahel-Sahara region – the case of Djenné, Mali",2021,"Built Heritage","5","1","26","","",,1,"10.1186/s43238-021-00040-y","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85122063820&doi=10.1186%2fs43238-021-00040-y&partnerID=40&md5=5a08f302abfd4749563088ef13ba2ea9","Graduate School of Architecture, Kyoto Seika University, 137 Kino-cho, Iwakura, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8588, Japan","Sacko, O., Graduate School of Architecture, Kyoto Seika University, 137 Kino-cho, Iwakura, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8588, Japan","Recently, many cultural aspects of some African countries have been in danger of being lost due to cultural disruptions, nonadaptive construction techniques and a lack of adequate conservation systems and strategies. These include the well-known manuscripts of Timbuktu (Tombouctou) as well as architecture, languages, beads, textiles, costumes and other cultural objects. Immaterial heritage, such as oral history, traditional music, instruments and dance, is also affected. In the northwestern part of Africa, the so-called Sahel-Sahara region, earthen architecture has played an important role in cultural identity and has been a key means of community establishment. This architectural heritage includes a wide variety of creations ranging from simple houses, granaries, and palaces to religious buildings, urban centres, cultural landscapes and archaeological sites. By studying northwestern African cultural heritage and cultural exchanges during trans-Saharan trade, we can benefit from traditional knowledge and use these teachings to build a sustainable knowledge system for earthen architecture conservation. This work is urgent since these structures are in danger of being lost, destroyed, badly conserved, or not documented. The aim of this research is to point out, through an anthropological approach, the importance of local community involvement in the conservation process. This research is based on a comparative study of different earthen architecture conservation spaces within the abovementioned region that have been important and were influenced by cultural exchanges during trans-Saharan trade. In these historical towns, some architectural heritage sites have been abandoned and are in ruins, while others have been preserved solely as tourist attractions. In this paper, I introduce the case of Djenné to share our research approach. This paper provides insight into earthen architecture conservation issues and how local communities have used tangible and intangible methods to preserve cultural heritage. © 2021, The Author(s).","Conservation; Djenné; Earthen architecture; Intangible; Mali; Tangible",,,,,,"United States Agency for International Development, USAID; British Library; European Commission, EC","Concerning the preservation of earthen architecture, Djenné, in the time of abundant tourism, received many projects from foreign institutions, such as the European Union (EU) and other foreign government agencies and institutions. These institutions constructed 4 model projects: the Heritage House of Djenné (Maison du Patrimoine) (2014–2015) by ACROTERRE and Djenné Patrimoine; the Djenné Museum (2013–2014) by the European Union; the House of Craftsmen of Djenné (2014) by the Kingdom of Denmark; and the Djenné manuscripts library (2007) by European Community Funds, USAID and the US Embassy, with manuscript conservation activities supported by the British Library. Since their delivery, the 4 projects in earthen architecture, whose construction was sometimes contested—for example, because the Djenné Museum by a Malian architect was in concrete blocks covered by earthen mortar—have become nonfunctional, with the exception of the manuscripts library.",,,,,,,,,,"Brunet-Jailly, J., (1999) Djenné: D’hier à demain, , Edition Donniya, Bamako; Brunet-Jailly, J., Scherrer, O., Protecting architectural heritage in Djenné: A civil society point of view (2017) J African Cultural Heritage Studies, 1 (1), pp. 72-94; Naïma, C.-C., (2007); Villes anciennes de Djenné (2018) Plan De Gestion Et De Conservation., pp. 2018-2022; Feilden, B.M., Jokilehto, J., (1998) Management guidelines for world cultural heritage sites, , ICCROM, Rome; (1995) And Musée National Du Mali, , Djenné, il ya cent ans, Amsterdam, KIT Publications; (1994) The Nara Document of Authenticity, , https://www.icomos.org/charters/nara-e.pdf; Joffroy, T., Réhabilitation et revitalisation de la Maison des jeunes (2011) Rapport Final Du Projet financé Par Le Gouvernement Italien Dans Le Cadre De WHEAP (Programme Architecture De Terre Du Patrimoine Mondial) Et Centre Du Patrimoine Mondial De l’UNESCO réalisé En Partenariat Avec La Mission Culturelle De Djenné, , Villefontaine, CRAterre-ENSAG; Jokilehto, J., (2011) A history of architectural conservation, , Routledge, New York; Joy, C.L., Enchanting Town of Mud: The Politics of Heritage in Djenné, a UNESCO World Heritage site in Mali (2008) Phd Thesis Submitted for University College London; Muhammad, J., Rapport de mission: Villes anciennes de Djenné-Mali, Mission du 26 juin au 06 juillet (2010) Rome: La Cooperazione Allo Sviluppo, Ministero Degli Affari Esteri, , https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/activities/documents/activity-21-16.pdf, Accessed 4 May 2021; Siriman, D., Wang, Y., The survival of earthen architecture in Malian Sahel, case study: The Historic City of Djenné (2021) Current Urban Studies, 2021 (9), pp. 83-106; Raoul, S., (1984) The Great Mosque at Djenné: Its Impact Today as a Model, , https://jstor.org/stable/10.2307/al.ch.document.sip200048, Accessed 10 May 2021; UNESCO, World Heritage Centre, about Mali World Heritage, , https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ml/, (last visited 14/11/2021); UNESCO World Heritage Centre Mali: Properties Inscribed on the World Heritage List, , https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ml; Steven, and Paulius Jurčys. 2012. ‘Heritage and societies: Toward the 20th anniversary of the Nara document and beyond’ conference report Journal of Japanese Law, 34, pp. 309-316; ","Sacko, O.; Graduate School of Architecture, 137 Kino-cho, Iwakura, Sakyo-ku, Japan; email: osacko@kyoto-seika.ac.jp",,,"Springer Science and Business Media B.V.",,,,,20963041,,,,"English","Built Herit.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85122063820
"Khtou O., Aalil I., Aboussaleh M., Wardi F.Z.E.L.","57353215900;57191089141;6506918479;57353444100;","Mechanical analysis of fiber reinforced adobe",2021,"Civil Engineering and Architecture","9","7",,"2160","2168",,1,"10.13189/cea.2021.090705","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85119908902&doi=10.13189%2fcea.2021.090705&partnerID=40&md5=dd9706feb0c0e112dd985f8685c71e88","Laboratory of Sciences and Engineering, ENSAM, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, 50000, Morocco; EMDD_CERNE2D, Mohammed V University, EST, Sale, 11000, Morocco","Khtou, O., Laboratory of Sciences and Engineering, ENSAM, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, 50000, Morocco; Aalil, I., Laboratory of Sciences and Engineering, ENSAM, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, 50000, Morocco; Aboussaleh, M., Laboratory of Sciences and Engineering, ENSAM, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, 50000, Morocco; Wardi, F.Z.E.L., EMDD_CERNE2D, Mohammed V University, EST, Sale, 11000, Morocco","The south-east of the kingdom of Morocco, including the Tinejdad region at the south-east, has a remarkable earthen architecture. It is built by combining two techniques, that of rammed earth and that of adobe. This work is carried out with the aim of preserving and developing this ancestral know-how. The study is initially a characterization of the soil used for earthen construction in the region; the grain size and plasticity of the soil showed that it was not very clayey and moderately plastic (clayey sand) and it was suitable for earthen construction. The characterization also concerned the fibers traditionally used, namely wheat straw and barley straw. Secondly, the study focuses on the influence of different fibers, those mentioned above as well as sawdust and the crushing of barley straw on the mechanical characteristics of adobe in relation to its compressive strength and bending strength. Several fiber mass ratios were studied, and an improvement in compressive strength and bending strength was observed for the different fibers. The fibers have also provided a great improvement in the ductility of the adobe and a decrease in the modulus of elasticity. The optimal mass ratio of the fibers was 2% for the different fibers studied. © 2021 by authors, all rights reserved.","Adobe; Ductility; Elasticity; Fiber Reinforcement; Raw Earth; Straw; Strength",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Anger, R., Fontaine, L., (2009) Bâtir en terre: du grain de sable à l’architecture, , Editions Belin, Paris; Gil Piqueras, M. T., Rodríguez Navarro, P., Restoration of the Sidi Bou Guertif Marabout, El Khorbat, Morocco, Loggia , (32), pp. 60-73. , Arquitectura & Restauración; (1996) Particle size analysis by sieving, , NF P 94-056, French standard; (1992) Particle size analysis by sedimentation, , NF P 94-057, French standard; (1993) Determination of Atterberg limits, , NF P94-051, French standard; (1998) Methylene blue adsorption capacity measurement, , NF P94-068, French standard; Barnes, H. A., A review of the slip (wall depletion) of polymer solutions, emulsions and particle suspensions in viscometers: its cause, character, and cure Journal of non-Newtonian Fluids Mechanics, 53 (3), pp. 221-251; Houben, H., Guillaud, H., (2006) Traité de construction en terre, , Editions Parenthèses, Marseille; Phung, T. A., Le Guern, M., Boutouil, M., Louahlia, H., Mechanical and thermal performance of cob materials Academic Journal of Civil Engineering, 35 (2), pp. 166-172; (1990) Aggregates-Particle size distribution, , NF P18-560, French standards; (1980) Soil classification of « Ponts et chausées, , LCP: laboratory; (2011) ASTM D2487-17e1 Standard Practice For Classification Of Soils For Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System); (2011) RPCT: the Moroccan earthquake-resistant earth construction regulation; Zhang, Y., Ghaly, A. E., Li, B., Physical properties of wheat straw varieties cultivated under different climatic and soil conditions in three continents American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 5 (2), pp. 98-106; (1998) New Zealand Standard. Engineering Design of Earth Buildings, , N. 4297:, Standards New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, 1998; Walter, P., (2002) HB 195 the Australian earth building handbook, , Standards Australia Press, Australia; (2015), New Mexico Earthen Building Code; Bouhicha, M., Aouissi, F., Kenai, S., Performance of composite soil reinforced with barley straw Cement and Concrete Composites, 27 (5), pp. 617-621; Imanzadeh, S., Jarno, A., Hibouche, A., Bouarar, A., Taibi, S., Ductility analysis of vegetal-fiber reinforced raw earth concrete by mixture design Construction and Building Materials, 239, p. 117829; Ilampas, R., Loizou, V. G., Ioannou, I., Effect of straw fiber reinforcement on the mechanical properties of adobe bricks (2017) Sixth Biot Conference on Poromechanics, pp. 1331-1338. , Paris; Miccoli, L., Müller, U., Fontana, P., Mechanical behaviour of earthen materials: a comparison between earth block masonry, rammed earth and cob Construction and Building Materials, 61, pp. 327-339; Miller, C. J., Rifai, S., Fiber reinforcement for waste containment soil liners Journal of Environmental Engineering, 130 (8), pp. 891-895; Tang, C. S., Shi, B., Zhao, L.Z., Interfacial shear strength of fiber reinforced soil Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 28 (1), pp. 54-62; Khedari, J., Watsanasathaporn, P., Hirunlabh, J., Development of fibre-based soil–cement block with low thermal conductivity Cement and Concrete Composites, 27 (1), pp. 111-116","Khtou, O.; Laboratory of Sciences and Engineering, Morocco",,,"Horizon Research Publishing",,,,,23321091,,,,"English","Civil Engi. Arc.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85119908902
"Hart S., Raymond K., Williams C.J., Johnson J., DeGayner J., Guebard M.C.","57220989561;57327445900;57206474873;57217873373;57193695654;57192180080;","Precipitation impacts on earthen architecture for better implementation of cultural resource management in the US Southwest",2021,"Heritage Science","9","1","143","","",,1,"10.1186/s40494-021-00615-z","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85118758365&doi=10.1186%2fs40494-021-00615-z&partnerID=40&md5=65235b3bb63c5699bdb00cce976805ed","National Park Service, Southern Arizona Office, 3636 North Central Avenue, Suite 410, Phoenix, AZ  85012, United States; US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Southwest Watershed Research Center, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, AZ  85719, United States; School of Natural Resources and the Environment, The University of Arizona, Environment and Natural Resources 2, 1064 East Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ  85721, United States","Hart, S., National Park Service, Southern Arizona Office, 3636 North Central Avenue, Suite 410, Phoenix, AZ  85012, United States; Raymond, K., National Park Service, Southern Arizona Office, 3636 North Central Avenue, Suite 410, Phoenix, AZ  85012, United States; Williams, C.J., US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Southwest Watershed Research Center, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, AZ  85719, United States; Johnson, J., School of Natural Resources and the Environment, The University of Arizona, Environment and Natural Resources 2, 1064 East Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ  85721, United States; DeGayner, J., National Park Service, Southern Arizona Office, 3636 North Central Avenue, Suite 410, Phoenix, AZ  85012, United States; Guebard, M.C., National Park Service, Southern Arizona Office, 3636 North Central Avenue, Suite 410, Phoenix, AZ  85012, United States","Changing seasonal precipitation patterns prompted by climate change are likely causing increasing degradation of adobe architecture in the American Southwest. This deterioration includes surface erosion and catastrophic collapse. This study examines the impact of changing rainfall patterns on untreated adobe walls to understand how damage occurs and anticipate future impacts. To complete the study, we constructed 20 adobe test walls. Using a portable rain simulator, each wall was subjected to two rainfall experiments: high-intensity rainfall simulations (rain intensity variable) and low-intensity rainfall simulations (rain event number variable). Wall-degradation metrics (material loss, volume loss, affected surface area, and cavity depth) were calculated for each wall using pre- and post-simulation LiDAR scans. Internal wall moisture was also measured with embedded volumetric water content sensors. In the high-intensity experiment, the lines of best-fit for material loss and affected surface area show that surface erosion increases with rain intensity, while cavity depth remains consistent. Linear models and post-hoc tests indicate material loss and affected surface area is significantly different for each high-intensity rainfall treatment. Furthermore, the interior of each wall remained relatively dry demonstrating that rain intensity is not a strong predictor of interior wall moisture. In the low-intensity rainfall experiment, the rainfall simulations yielded statistically similar erosion and interior wall moisture results. Greater infiltration occurred under low-intensity long-duration rain conditions, while greater surficial damage occurred under high-intensity rain conditions. In conclusion, changing weather regimes are bringing more intense rainfall events to the arid American Southwest. This study suggests that more frequent high intensity rain events will cause increasing damage to adobe walls. Resource managers will need to adapt current management strategies to account for this change. © 2021, The Author(s).","Adobe; Climate change; Earthen architecture; Erosion; Historic; National Park Service; Rain intensity; Tumacácori National Historical Site",,,,,,"U.S. Department of Agriculture, USDA; National Park Service, NPS: P18AS00006; Agricultural Research Service, ARS; National Center for Preservation Technology and Training, NCPTT","This project is a testament to the power of collaboration. Partnerships between the National Park Service’s Southern Arizona Office (SOAR), the NPS Sonoran Desert Network (SODN), Tumacácori National Historical Park, and the US Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service made this project a success. The authors would also like to thank the many people who aided the project along the way. Earthen architecture preservationists David Yubeta, Chris Schrager, and Ray Madril led the wall-building trainings, and also gave their sage advice to the project. Andrew Hubbard of SODN/DRLC was instrumental in logistics and research design. Alice Wondrak Biel of SODN also assisted with project outreach and the development of the manuscript. The authors also thank Dr. Fred Pierson of the USDA-ARS Northwest Watershed Research Center, Boise, Idaho, for use of rainfall simulators applied in this study. Further, Cheryl McIntyre (SODN) aided with the statistical analysis, while Iraida Rodriguez (SOAR) performed some LiDAR data collection. Their time and expertise is much appreciated. We also wish to thank the National Park Service Albright-Wirth Grant Program and the National Center for Preservation Technology and Training as well as Lauren Meyer and the National Park Service Vanishing Treasures Program.The USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Mention of a proprietary product does not constitute endorsement by USDA and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of the other products that may also be suitable.","This work was funded by the National Park Service's Albright-Wirth Grant Program (2018) and the National Center for Preservation Technology and Training, Preservation Technology and Training Grants program (P18AS00006).",,,,,,,,,"Day, R.W., Performance of historic adobe structure (1993) J Perform Constr Facil, 7 (3), pp. 164-169; Shamir, E., Tapia-Villaseñor, E.M., Cruz-Ayala, M.-B., Megdal, S.B., A Review of climate change impacts on the USA-Mexico transboundary Santa Cruz River Basin (2021) Water, 13, p. 1390; Demaria, E.M.C., Hazenberg, P., Scott, R.L., Meles, M.B., Nichols, M., Goodrich, D., Intensification of the North American Monsoon rainfall as observed from a long-term high-density gauge network (2019) Geophys Res Lett, 46, pp. 6839-6847; Janssen, E., Wuebbles, D.J., Kunkel, K.E., Olsen, S.C., Goodman, A., Observational-and model-based trends and projections of extreme precipitation over the contiguous United States (2014) Earths Future, 2, pp. 99-113; Borodina, A., Fischer, E.M., Knutti, R., Models are likely to underestimate increase in heavy rainfall in the extratropical regions with high rainfall intensity (2017) Geophys Res Lett, 2017 (44), pp. 7401-7409; Tripathi, O.P., Dominguez, F., Effects of spatial resolution in the simulation of daily and subdaily precipitation in the southwestern US (2013) J Geophys Res Atmos, 118, pp. 7591-7605; Easterling, D.R., Kunkel, K.E., Arnold, J.R., Knutson, T., LeGrande, A.N., Leung, L.R., Precipitation change in the United States (2017) Climate science special report: fourth national climate assessment, 1. , Wuebbles DJ, Fahey DW, Hibbard KA, Dokken DJ, Stewart BC, Maycock TK, (eds), U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington; Wang, B., Biasutti, M., Byrne, M.P., Castro, C., Chang, C., Cook, K., Fu, R., Hendon, H., Climate change assessment (2021) Bull Am Meteorol Soc, 102, pp. E1-E19; Pascale, S., Carvalho, L.M.V., Adams, D.K., Castro, C.L., Cavalcanti, I.F.A., Current and future variations of the monsoons of the Americas in a warming climate (2019) Curr Clim Chang Rep, 5, pp. 125-144; Luong, T.M., Castro, C.L., Chang, H., Lahmers, T., Adams, D.K., Ochoa-Moya, C.A., The more extreme nature of north American monsoon precipitation in the southwestern United States as revealed by a historical climatology of simulated severe weather events (2017) J Appl Meteor Clim, 56, pp. 2509-2529; Bukovsky, M.S., Carrillo, C.M., Gochis, D.J., Hammerling, D.M., McCrary, R.R., Mearns, L.O., Toward assessing NARCCAP regional climate model credibility for the North American monsoon: future climate simulations (2015) J Clim, 28, pp. 6707-6728; Collins, M., Knutti, R., Arblaster, J., Dufresne, J.L., Fichefet, T., Friedlingstein, P., Long-term climate change: Projections, commitments and irreversibility (2013) Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. 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Getty Cons Inst and Mus of NM, , http://hdl.handle.net/10020/gci_pubs/fort_selden_project, Accessed 30 June 2021; Alam, I., Naseer, A., Shah, A.A., Economical stabilization of clay for earth buildings construction in rainy and flood prone areas (2015) Constr Build Mater, 77, pp. 154-159; Millogo, Y., Aubert, J.E., Séré, A.D., Fabbri, A., Morel, J.C., Earth blocks stabilized by cow-dung (2016) Mater Struct Const, 2016 (49), pp. 4583-4594; Ren, K.B., Kagi, D.A., Upgrading the durability of mud bricks by impregnation (1995) Build Environ; Erkal, A., D’Ayala, D., Sequeira, L., Assessment of wind-driven rain impact, related surface erosion and surface strength reduction of historic building materials (2012) Build Environ, 57, pp. 336-348; Kariyawasam, K.K.G.K.D., Jayasinghe, C., Cement stabilized rammed earth as a sustainable construction material (2016) Constr Build Mater, 105, pp. 519-527; Kerali, A.G., Thomas, T.H., Simple durability test for cement stabilized blocks (2004) Build Res Inf, 32, pp. 140-145; Flanagan, D.C., Gilley, J.E., Franti, T.G., Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP): development history, model capabilities, and future enhancements (2007) Trans ASABE, 50, pp. 1603-1612; Polyakov, V., Stone, J., Holifield Collins, C., Nearing, M.A., Paige, G., Buono, J., Rainfall simulation experiments in the southwestern USA using the Walnut Gulch Rainfall Simulator (2018) Earth Syst Sci, 10, pp. 19-26; Williams, C.J., Pierson, F.B., Kormos, P.R., Al-Hamdan, O.Z., Johnson, J.C., Vegetation, ground cover, soil, rainfall simulation, and overland flow experiments before and after tree removal in woodland- encroached sagebrush steppe: the hydrology component of the Sagebrush Steppe Treatment Evaluation Project (SageSTEP) (2020) Earth Syst Sci Data; Ogunye, F.O., Boussabaine, H., Development of a rainfall test rig as an aid in soil block weathering assessment (2002) Constr Build Mater, 16, pp. 173-180; Hall, M.R., Assessing the environmental performance of stabilised rammed earth walls using a climatic simulation chamber (2007) Build Environ, 42, pp. 139-145; Sharma, V., Marwaha, B.M., Vinayak, H.K., Enhancing durability of adobe by natural reinforcement for propagating sustainable mud housing (2016) Int J Sustain Built Environ, 5, pp. 141-155; (2018) Adobe and mortar materials physical and hydraulic testing, , Geosystems Analysis Inc, Tucson; ASTM D2937-17e2, standard test method for density of soil in place by the drive-cylinder method. ASTM International (2017) West Conshohocken, PA, , http://www.astm.org/cgi-bin/resolver.cgi?D2937-17e2, Accessed 30 June 2021; ASTM D2434-68, standard test method for permeability of granular soils (Constant head) (Withdraw (2015) ASTM International. West Conshohocken, PA; 2006., , http://www.astm.org/cgi-bin/resolver.cgi?D2434-68(2006, . Accessed 30 June 2021; ASTM D4318-17e1, standard test methods for liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils. ASTM International (2017) West Conshohocken, PA, , http://www.astm.org/cgi-bin/resolver.cgi?D4318, Accessed 30 June 2021; (2017) ASTM International, , http://www.astm.org/cgi-bin/resolver.cgi?D6913D6913M, Accessed 30 June 2021; ASTM C136-14, standard test method for sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregates (2017) ASTM International. West Conshohocken, PA, , http://www.astm.org/cgi-bin/resolver.cgi?C136C136M, Accessed 30 June 2021; Bonnin, G.M., Martin, D., Lin, B., Parzybok, T., Yekta, M., Riley, D., (2011) Precipitation-frequency atlas of the United States NOAA Atlas 14:1; version 5.0, , National Weather Service, Silver Spring; Meyer, L.D., Harmon, W.C., Multiple-intensity rainfall simulator for erosion research on row sideslopes (1979) Trans ASAE, 22, pp. 100-103; Pierson, F.B., Moffet, C.A., Williams, C.J., Hardegree, S.P., Clark, P.E., Prescribed-fire effects on rill and interrill runoff and erosion in a mountainous sagebrush landscape (2009) Earth Surf Process Landforms, 34, pp. 193-203; Pierson, F.B., Robichaud, P.R., Moffet, C.A., Spaeth, K.E., Hardegree, S.P., Clark, P.E., Fire effects on rangeland hydrology and erosion in a steep sagebrush-dominated landscape (2008) Hydrol Process, 22, pp. 2916-2929; van Dijk, A.I.J., Bruijnzeel, L., Rosewell, C., Rainfall intensity–kinetic energy relationships: a critical literature appraisal (2002) J Hydrol, 261, pp. 1-23; (2016) Surphaser 3D laser scanners, , Basis Software Inc, Redmond; (2018) EC-5 manual, , METER Group Inc, Pullman; Rosenbaum, U., Bogena, H., Huisman, J., Vrba, J., Vereecken, H., Correction of temperature and electrical conductivity effects on dielectric permittivity measurements with ECH2O sensors (2011) Vadose Zone J, 10, pp. 582-593; Malicki, M.A., Plagge, R., Roth, C.H., Improving the calibration of dielectric TDR soil moisture determination taking into account the solid soil (1996) Eur J Soil Sci, 47, pp. 357-366; Mukhlisin, M., Saputra, A., Performance evaluation of volumetric water content and relative permittivity models (2013) ScientificWorldJournal; Philip, J.R., The theory of infiltration: 4. Sorptivity and algebraic infiltration equations (1957) Soil Sci, 84, pp. 257-264; Bryan, R.B., Soil erodibility and processes of water erosion on hillslope (2000) Geomorphology, 32, pp. 385-415; Pierson, F.B., Williams, C.J., Ecohydrologic impacts of rangeland fire on runoff and erosion: A literature synthesis (2016) Fort Collins: General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-351; Selby, M.J., (1993) Hillslope materials and processes, , Oxford University Press, Inc., New York; Nearing, M.A., Polyakov, V.O., Nichols, M.H., Hernandez, M., Li, L., Zhao, Y., Slope-velocity equilibrium and evolution of surface roughness on a stony hillslope (2017) Hydrol Earth Syst Sci, 21, pp. 3221-3229; Sidle, R.C., Pearce, A.J., O’Laughlin, C.L., (1985) Hillslope stability and land use, 11. , American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC","Hart, S.; National Park Service, Southern Arizona Office, 3636 North Central Avenue, Suite 410, United States; email: sharlot_hart@nps.gov
Guebard, M.C.; National Park Service, Southern Arizona Office, 3636 North Central Avenue, Suite 410, United States; email: matt_guebard@nps.gov",,,"Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH",,,,,20507445,,,,"English","Herit. Sci.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85118758365
"Tomasi J., Barada J.","55327706400;57210360222;","The technical and the social: challenges in the conservation of earthen vernacular architecture in a changing world (Jujuy, Argentina)",2021,"Built Heritage","5","1","13","","",,1,"10.1186/s43238-021-00034-w","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85113979010&doi=10.1186%2fs43238-021-00034-w&partnerID=40&md5=636aeb3bae4ab0db0db68871a8e80d01","CONICET - Laboratorio de Arquitecturas Andinas y Construcción con Tierra, Instituto de Investigaciones sobre la Naturaleza y la Cultura “Rodolfo Kusch”, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Rivadavia 642, Tilcara, Provincia de Jujuy, Argentina","Tomasi, J., CONICET - Laboratorio de Arquitecturas Andinas y Construcción con Tierra, Instituto de Investigaciones sobre la Naturaleza y la Cultura “Rodolfo Kusch”, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Rivadavia 642, Tilcara, Provincia de Jujuy, Argentina; Barada, J., CONICET - Laboratorio de Arquitecturas Andinas y Construcción con Tierra, Instituto de Investigaciones sobre la Naturaleza y la Cultura “Rodolfo Kusch”, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Rivadavia 642, Tilcara, Provincia de Jujuy, Argentina","Vernacular earthen architecture presents a series of relevant conservation challenges that involve designing solutions for different kinds of alterations and degradations. Other challenges of a social nature simultaneously arise and are related, among other factors, to the participation of local communities and the actions of different institutional actors. Understanding these phenomena has generally been approached from perspectives that take technical considerations and social dynamics as separate fields. The current global context has resulted in an acceleration of changes in these dynamics, in terms of both techniques and management models, giving rise to the need to develop comprehensive conceptual and methodological approaches through which these challenges should be addressed jointly by recombining the technical and the social. This paper will analyse the main problems affecting vernacular architectures in three communities in northern Argentina, where earthen techniques have been very relevant. We will reflect on various potentially useful theoretical frameworks, incorporating concepts from the anthropology of technology and methodological approaches from an ethnography of conservation as a way to work with multiple ontologies. © 2021, The Author(s).","Anthropology of techniques; Heritage ethnography; Vernacular architecture",,,,,,,"The authors would like to thank all the communities involved in the research work carried out and the authorities of the Secretariat of Culture of the province of Jujuy, particularly the architect Valentina Millón.",,,,,,,,,,"Alameda, J., (1935) Argentina Católica [Argentina Catholic], , Benedicti, Bue Aires; Alonso González, P., Patrimonio y Ontologías múltiples: hacia la coproducción del patrimonio cultural [Heritage and multiple ontologies: Towards the co-production of cultural heritage] (2015) Patrimonio y Multivocalidad Teoría, práctica y experiencias en torno a la construcción del conocimiento en Patrimonio [Heritage and multivocality theory, practice and experiences around the construction of knowledge in heritage], pp. 179-198. , Gianotti García Camila, Barreiro Martínez David, Vienni Baptista Bianca, (eds), Editorial Universitaria, Montevideo; Angelo, D., (2010) The Compulsive Construction of Heritage: Material Culture and Identity at the Dawn of the 21St Century in Northwestern Argentina, , PhD Thesis; Angelo, D., Abriendo el debate en torno a patrimonio en Chungara [Opening the heritage debate in Chungara] (2014) Chungara, Revista de Antropología Chilena, 46 (2), pp. 173-176; Barada, J., Tomasi, J., (Dis)continuidades constructivas en la restauración del patrimonio en tierra del noroeste argentino [Constructive (dis)continuities in the restoration of heritage on land in north-western Argentina] (2020) Loggia. Arquitectura & Restauración, 33, pp. 44-57; Bluestone, D., Challenges for heritage conservation and the role of research on values (2000) Values and heritage conservation research report, pp. 65-67. , Avrami Erica, Mason Randall, Torre Marta, (eds), The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles; Clifford, J., (1995) Dilemas de la cultura. Antropología, literatura y arte en la perspectiva posmoderna [Dilemmas of culture. Anthropology, literature and art in the postmodern perspective], , Editorial Gedisa, Barcelona; (2006) Adobe conservation. A preservation handbook, , Cornerstones Community, Santa Fe; Correia, M., Teoría de la conservación y su aplicación al patrimonio en tierra [Conservation theory and its application to heritage on land] (2007) Apuntes, 20 (2), pp. 202-219; Dietler, M., Herbich, I., Habitus, techniques, style: An integrated approach to the social understanding of material culture and boundaries (1998) The archaeology of social boundaries, pp. 334-356. , Stark Miriam, (ed), Smithsonian, Washington; Gisbert, T., De Mesa, J., (1997) Arquitectura andina, 1530–1830 [Andean Architecture, 1530–1830], , Embajada de España en Bolivia, La Paz; Guber, R., (2001) La etnografía. Método, campo y reflexividad [Ethnography. Method, field and reflexivity], , Editorial Norma, Bue Aires; Guerrero Baca, F., Comportamiento sísmico de viviendas tradicionales de adobe, situadas en las faldas del volcán Popocatépetl, México [Seismic behaviour of traditional adobe dwellings on the slopes of Popocatepetl volcano, Mexico] (2019) Gremium, 6 (11), pp. 105-118; Healey, M., The ‘superstition of adobe’ and the certainty of concrete. Shelter and power after the 1944 San Juan earthquake in Argentina (2009) Aftershocks: Earthquakes and popular politics in Latin America, pp. 100-128. , Buchenau Jürgen, Johnson Lyman L., (eds), University of New Mexico Press, Alburquerque; Herr, C., Rolón, G., Registro documental e intervención patrimonial en la arquitectura religiosa de la provincia de Jujuy. 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Criteria implemented by the National Commission of Museums, Monuments and Historic Places (CNMMyLH) during the period 1938–1946] (2018) Anales del IAA, 48 (1), pp. 31-45; Ingold, T., (2002) The perception of the environment essays on livelihood, dwelling and skill, , Routledge, London; Johnston, C., Myers, D., Resolving conflict and building consensus in heritage place management: Issues and challenges (2009) Consensus building, negotiation, and conflict resolution for heritage place management, pp. 1-23. , Myers David, Smith Stacie, Ostergren Gail, (eds), Los Angeles, Getty Conservation Institute; Jones, S., Yarrow, T., Crafting authenticity: An ethnography of conservation practice (2013) Journal of Material Culture, 18 (1), pp. 3-26; Keefe, L., Watson, L., Griffiths, R., Possible causes of structural failure in traditional cob buildings (2000) Terra 2000: 8th International conference on the study and conservation of earthen architecture, pp. 254-260. , James and James, London; Krotz, E., Alteridad y pregunta antropológica [Alterity and anthropological question] (1994) Alteridades, 4 (8), pp. 5-11; Lemonnier, P., Elements for an anthropology of technology (1992) Anthropological Papers, 88, pp. 1-24; Miller, D., (2005) Materiality, , (ed), Duke University Press, Durham; Pecoraro, A.L., The conservation of the Church of Nossa Senhora do Rosario, Embu, São Paulo Brazil (1993) Terra 93: 7a Conferência Internacional sobre o Estudo e Conservação da Arquitectura de Terra, pp. 278-281. , Direcção Geral dos Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais, Lisbon; Pfaffenberger, B., Fetishised objects and humanised nature: Towards an anthropology of technology (1988) Man, New Series, 23 (2), pp. 236-252; Sica, G., Procesos comunes y trayectorias diferentes en torno a las tierras de los pueblos de indios de Jujuy. 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Characterisation of their techniques and materialities in the province of Jujuy (Argentina)] (2020) Revista Gremium, 7 (14), pp. 53-68; Jorge, T., Barada, J., 2021. Alterations and pathologies in earthen heritage. The introduction of cementitious materials in case studies in the north of Argentina. In XVII CINPAR, international conference on pathology and constructions rehabilitations. In press; Viñuales, G., Monumentos Nacionales de adobe y otras técnicas de tierra [National monuments of adobe and other earthen techniques] (2011) Boletín Informativo de la Comisión Nacional de Monumentos, 2011, pp. 21-29; Watkins, J., From the inside looking out: Indigenous perspectives on heritage values (2019) Values in heritage management. Emerging approaches and research directions, pp. 210-222. , Avrami Erica, Macdonald Susan, Mason Randall, Myers David, (eds), Los Angeles, The Getty Conservation Institute; Yarrow, T., How conservation matters: Ethnographic explorations of historic building renovation (2018) Journal of Material Culture, 24 (1), pp. 3-21","Tomasi, J.; CONICET - Laboratorio de Arquitecturas Andinas y Construcción con Tierra, Rivadavia 642, Argentina; email: jorgetomasi@hotmail.com",,,"Springer Science and Business Media B.V.",,,,,20963041,,,,"English","Built Herit.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85113979010
"Rescic S., Mattone M., Fratini F., Luvidi L.","14024798900;55901890800;6602728244;7801519499;","Earthen plasters stabilized through sustainable additives: An experimental campaign",2021,"Sustainability (Switzerland)","13","3","1090","1","31",,1,"10.3390/su13031090","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85099963138&doi=10.3390%2fsu13031090&partnerID=40&md5=b8f55a678aa584c31d2b3b0b6e56454e","CNR-Institute of Heritage Science, Florence, 50019, Italy; Department Architecture and Design, Politechnic of Turin, Torino, 10125, Italy; CNR-Institute of Heritage Science, Rome, 00010, Italy","Rescic, S., CNR-Institute of Heritage Science, Florence, 50019, Italy; Mattone, M., Department Architecture and Design, Politechnic of Turin, Torino, 10125, Italy; Fratini, F., CNR-Institute of Heritage Science, Florence, 50019, Italy; Luvidi, L., CNR-Institute of Heritage Science, Rome, 00010, Italy","The earthen architecture widely spread in many countries of Europe, America, Asia, Africa, testifies to a particular material and immaterial culture. Nevertheless, it is a fragile heritage, which needs continuous maintenance. To encourage the preservation of such evidence of building techniques, an experimental campaign aimed at the development and evaluation of the performances of protective earthen plasters was undertaken. The durability of the plasters was improved through the addition of different additives, some of them traditional (such as lime and gypsum) and others innovative (geopolymers, enzymes), and resulting from industrial wastes (cement kiln dust). These additives have been selected considering low production costs and a reduced environmental impact, to improve the sustainability of the interventions. The performances of the earthen plasters in terms of efficacy (resistance to water erosion, water absorption, drilling, thermo-hygrometric cycles) and compatibility (changes in color and water vapor permeability) have been evaluated. Good performances were obtained by the different mixtures and, in particular, by those stabilized with gypsum. The results of this experimentation could find a useful application in the preservation of both ancient and new earthen built heritage. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.","Earthen plaster; Enzymatic solution; Geopolymer; Gypsum; Industrial waste; Slaked lime; Stabilization; Sustainability","additive; adsorption; color; durability; experimental study; industrial emission; stable isotope; sustainability; waste treatment; water vapor; Africa; Asia; Europe",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Conti, G., Antologia della terra cruda 1997–2004 (2004) Viaggio Nella Terra Cruda in Italia, , Casa Editrice Tinari: Villamagna, Italy; Bollini, G., (2008) Terra Cruda tra Tradizione e Innovazione, , Edicom Edizioni: Manzano, Italy; https://whc.unesco.org/en/earthen-architecture/, Available online: (accessed on 10 December 2020); Houben, H., Guillaud, H., (1989) Traité de Construction en Terre, , Editions Parenthèses: Marseille, France; Houben, H., Guillaud, H., (1994) Earth Construction: A Comprehensive Guide, , Intermediate Technology Publication: London, UK; Warren, J., (1999) Conservation of Earth Structures, , Butterworth-Heinemann: Oxford, UK; Scudo, G., Narici, B., Talamo, C., (2001) Costruire con la Terra, , Esselibri: Napoli, Italia; Jaquin, P., Augarde, C., (2012) Earth Building. 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"Himouri K., Hamouine A., Guettatfi L.","57224365388;6506467736;57224351729;","Effects of portland cement and quicklime on physical and mechanical characteristics of earth concrete",2021,"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","15","4",,"597","610",,1,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85116621303&partnerID=40&md5=38cccd0da375311f46cb48e05e21a035","ARCHIPEL Lab, University of Tahri Mohamed Bechar, Bechar, Algeria","Himouri, K., ARCHIPEL Lab, University of Tahri Mohamed Bechar, Bechar, Algeria; Hamouine, A., ARCHIPEL Lab, University of Tahri Mohamed Bechar, Bechar, Algeria; Guettatfi, L., ARCHIPEL Lab, University of Tahri Mohamed Bechar, Bechar, Algeria","Earth has been widely used as a construction material, especially in southern Algeria. Several of these ancient structures are classified as protected earthen heritages, some of which were built with the mud bricks technique and suffer significant damages due to Saharan climate conditions, the carelessness of individuals, besides the lack of knowledge on the behavior of these structures. This study aims to contribute to a better understanding. In this context, the physical and mechanical characteristics of earth concrete were examined, with different combinations of Portland cement and quicklime as stabilizers. The experimental results show that stabilization has positively affected the earth concrete's behavior, which allowed better improvement of both compressive and bending strengths, as well as a better reduction in shrinkage by using Portland cement. In contrast, capillary water absorption and water absorption by immersion were well enhanced by adding quicklime. Thus, stabilization using both binders in combination for mixtures with 3%PC+6%QL and 6%PC+3%QL is more effective for improving physical and mechanical properties than incorporating a single stabilizer. © 2021 JUST. All Rights Reserved.","Earth concrete; Mechanical strength; Portland cement; Quicklime; Shrinkage; Water absorption","Bending strength; Binders; Concretes; Lime; Shrinkage; Stabilization; Water absorption; Algeria; Ancient structures; Classifieds; Earth concrete; Mechanical; Mechanical characteristics; Mechanical strength; Mud brick; Physical characteristics; Stabiliser; Portland cement",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Abbey, S.J., Eyo, E.U., Swell and microstructural characteristics of high-plasticity clay blended with cement (2020) Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 79 (4), pp. 2119-2130; Aguilar, R., Nakamatsu, J., The potential use of chitosan as a biopolymer additive for enhanced mechanical properties and water resistance of earthen construction (2016) Construction and Building Materials, 114, pp. 625-637; Al-Joulani, N., Effect of stone powder and lime on strength, compaction and CBR properties of fine soils (2012) Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, 6 (1), pp. 1-16; Aubert, J.E., Fabbri, A., An earth block with a compressive strength higher than 45MPa! 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Koui, F. Zezza and D. Kouis. Cham, Springer International Publishing; Taallah, B., Guettala, A., Mechanical properties and hygroscopicity behavior of compressed earth block filled by date palm fibers (2014) Construction and Building Materials, 59, pp. 161-168; Türkmen, İ., Ekinci, E., The mechanical and physical properties of unfired earth bricks stabilized with gypsum and elazığ ferrochrome slag (2017) International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 6 (2), pp. 565-573; (2012) The venice charter (1964), , UNESCO-ICOMOS. UNESCO-ICOMOS Documentation Centre, Paris; Van Damme, H., Houben, H., Earth concrete: stabilization revisited (2018) Cement and Concrete Research, 114, pp. 90-102; Vega, P., Juan, A., Mechanical characterisation of traditional adobes from the north of Spain (2011) Construction and Building Materials, 25 (7), pp. 3020-3023; Venkatarama Reddy, B.V., Gupta, A., Characteristics of cement-soil mortars (2005) Materials and Structures, 38 (6), pp. 639-650; Venkatarama Reddy, B.V., Gupta, A., Characteristics of soil-cement blocks using highly sandy soils (2005) Materials and Structures, 38 (6), p. 651; Venkatarama Reddy, B.V., Hubli, S.R., Properties of lime stabilized steam-cured blocks for masonry (2002) Materials and Structures, 35 (5), p. 293; Villamizar, M.C.N., Araque, V.S., Effect of the addition of coal-ash and cassava peels on the engineering properties of compressed earth blocks (2012) Construction and Building Materials, 36, pp. 276-286; Warren, J., (1999) Conservation of earth structures, , 1st Ed. Butterworth Heinemann, British Library, Oxford, UK; Zak, P., Ashour, T., The influence of natural reinforcement fibers, gypsum and cement on compressive strength of earth bricks materials (2016) Construction and Building Materials, 106, pp. 179-188","Himouri, K.; ARCHIPEL Lab, Algeria; email: kahimouri@gmail.com",,,"Jordan University of Science and Technology",,,,,19930461,,,,"English","Jordan J. Civil Eng.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85116621303
"Gómez-Patrocinio F.J., García-Soriano L., Vegas F., Mileto C.","57204956906;56344563400;6603127341;36721933700;","Techniques and characteristics of traditional mixed walls using earth and timber. The case of Spain",2021,"Informes de la Construccion","73","561",,"1","12",,1,"10.3989/IC.73876","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85103704754&doi=10.3989%2fIC.73876&partnerID=40&md5=c1fac63029e10d4a880b363c1d2482c2","Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain","Gómez-Patrocinio, F.J., Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; García-Soriano, L., Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Vegas, F., Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Mileto, C., Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain","This article presents a study of the traditional construction with mixed walls using earth and timber based on 289 case studies throughout Spain. In order to facilitate their identification and interpretation, the variants in this study have been assorted into constructive groups with similar characteristics. In the discussion chapter, the most common kinds of timber structure and earthen infilling are highlighted, and the way in which they are usually combined is assessed. Conclusions reflect on how the combination of opportunity and adaptation to the context – characteristics essential to vernacular constructions – shed light on a wide range of alternative techniques in this architecture. This article further expands on the existing information on mixed walls using earth and timber, essential to propose studies and projects aiming to protect, retrofit and consolidate this type of architecture in Spain and other countries. © 2021 CSIC. Este es un artículo de acceso abierto distribuido bajo los términos de la licencia de uso y distribución Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0).","Earthen architecture; Half-timber; Traditional architecture; Wattle-and-daub",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Mileto, C., Vegas, F., Villacampa, L., García-Soriano, L., Gómez-Patrocinio, F. J., Vernacular earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula – First phase of taxonomy and geographical distribution (2017) Proceedings for the Ninth International Earthbuilding Conference, pp. 102-107. , (1) En La Madera, New Mexico: Adobe in Action; López Martínez, F. J., Tapias y tapiales (1999) Loggia. Arquitectura &Restauración, 8, pp. 74-89. , (2); Houben, H., Guillaud, H., (1984) Earth Construction I, , (3) Grenoble: Craterre; Vegas, F., Mileto, C., Cristini, V., García-Soriano, L., La tapia en la Península Ibérica (2014) La restauración de la tapia en la Península Ibérica. Criterios, técnicas, resultados y perspectivas, pp. 32-51. , (4) En F. Vegas &C. Mileto (Eds), Lisboa: Argumentum Ediçóes. Valencia: TC Cuadernos; Gómez-Patrocinio, F. J., Vegas, F., Mileto, C., García-Soriano, L., Techniques and characteristics of traditional earthen masonry walls. The case of Spain (2019) International Journal of Architectural Heritage, , https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2018.1563238, (5); Barré, L. A., (1899) Carpintería de armar. En Pequeña enciclopedia práctica de construcción, , (6) Madrid: Librería Editorial de Bailly-Bailliere e Hijos; Copani, P., Timber-frame buildings in Scandinavia: High deformation prevent the system from collapse. Trabajo presentado en From material to structure – Material behaviour and failures of timber structures (2007) ICOMOS IWC – XVI International Symposium, , (7) (noviembre). Florencia, Venecia y Vicenza; Ceccotti, A., Faccio, P., Nart, M., Sandhaas, C., Simeone, P., Seismic behaviour of historic timber- frame buildings in the Italian Dolomites (2006) Trabajo presentado en ICOMOS IWC – XV International Symposium, , (8) (septiembre). Estambul y Rize; González-Redondo, E., De la construcción entramada a la introducción de las estructuras metálicas en Madrid (2014) En Informes de la Construcción, 66 (534), pp. 1-11. , https://doi.org/10.3989/ic.12.100, (9); Vargas, J., Iwaki, C., Rubiños, A., Seismic resistance in the core of Caral, Peru (2012) Proceedings of Terra 2012 /12th SIACOT, pp. 239-243. , (10) En Lisboa: Argumentum Ediçóes; De Hoz, J., Maldonado, L., Vela, F., (2003) Diccionario de construcción tradicional con tierra, , (11) San Sebastián: Ed. Nerea; Marcos y Bausá, R., (1879) Manual del Albañil, , (12) Madrid: Dirección y Administración; Gil Crespo, I., Geographical cataloguing of earthen architecture in Soria, Spain (2014) Vernacular heritage and earthen architecture. Contributions for sustainable development, pp. 123-128. , (13) En Londres: Taylor &Francis; Font, J., Vegas, F., Mileto, C., Técnicas y puesta en obra en España (2017) Proyecto Coremans. Criterios de intervención en la arquitectura de tierra, pp. 46-73. , (14) En Madrid: Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte; Ger, Lóbez, F., (1898) Tratado de construcción civil, , (15) Badajoz: La Minerva Extremeña; Pisé: Evolution, innovations, resistances and future directions (2012) Rammed Earth Conservation, pp. 3-8. , (16) Guillaud. H. En Londres: Taylor &Francis; Joffroy, T., Guillaud, H., Salazar, C., The Lyon Declaration (2016) International Conference Terra Lyon 2016. XIIth World Congress on Earthen Architecture, , (17) (Eds) En Villefontaine: Éditions Craterre; Warren, J., (1993) Earth conservation: the conservation of brick and earth structures. A handbook, , (18) Columbo: Sri Lanka National Committee of ICOMOS; Roldán, F. P., (1983) Palomares de barro en Tierra de Campos, , (19) Valladolid: Caja de Ahorros de Valladolid; Alonso, J. L., Cid, S., (1994) La arquitectura del barro, , (20) Valladolid: Junta de Castilla y León; Vegas, F., Mileto, C., (2014) La restauración de la tapia en la Península Ibérica. Criterios, técnicas, resultados y perspectivas, , (21) (Eds) Lisboa: Argumentum Ediçóes. Valencia: TC Cuadernos; Canivell, J., (2011) Metodología de diagnóstico y caracterización de fábricas históricas de tapia, , (22) (Tesis doctoral). Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España; Espinosa, P. C., (1859) Manual de construcciones de albañilería, , (23) Madrid: Imprenta de D. Severiano Baz; Font, J., Constructive systeme in the Spanish North-Western area (2012) Rammed Earth Conservation, pp. 511-516. , (24) En Londres: Taylor &Francis; Fernández Palicio, A., Earthen construction in Alto Arnoia river valley, Galicia (2015) Earthen Architecture: Past, Present &Future, pp. 139-144. , (25) En Londres: Taylor &Francis; Nuere, E., (2000) La carpintería de armar española, , (26) Madrid: Munillalería; Gómez-Patrocinio, F. J., (2018) Arquitectura tradicional de tierra en España. Caracterización constructiva, fenómenos de degradación y dinámicas de intervención, , (27) Tesis doctoral. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València; Fuentes, J.M., Cañas, I., Estudio y caracterización de la arquitectura rural. Obtención, tratamiento y manejo de la información sobre las construcciones (2003) Informes de la Construcción, 55 (487), pp. 13-21. , (28); Porto, S., Cascone, G., Método de construcción en base a la caracterización orientado a fomentar el conocimiento de las características arquitecturales externas de edificaciones rurales tradicionales (2013) Informes de la Construcción, 65 (532), pp. 481-496. , (29); López-Roldán, P., Fachelli, S., El diseño de la muestra (2015) Metodología de la investigación social cuantitativa, pp. 5-58. , (30) En Barcelona: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Vegas, F., Mileto, . C., Gómez-Patrocinio, F. J., Pérez Vila, A., Constructive analysis of the rammed earth walls in the Petrés Castle (Valencia) (2018) Vernacular and earthen architecture. Conservation and sustainability, pp. 499-504. , (31) En Londres: Taylor &Francis; Fernández Palicio, A., Earthen architecture in Galicia (Spain). Rammed earth in Terra de Lemos (2012) Rammed Earth Conservation, pp. 99-105. , (32) En Londres: Taylor &Francis; Correia, M., Dipasquale, L., Mecca, S., (2011) Terra Europae. Earthen Architecture in the European Union, , (33) Pisa: Edizioni ETS. Tervuren: Culture Lab","Gómez-Patrocinio, F.J.; Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaSpain; email: fragmepa@upv.es",,,"CSIC Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas",,,,,00200883,,,,"English","Inf. Constr.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85103704754
"Al-Sakkaf Y.K., Abdullah G.M.S.","57193951481;56606096100;","Soil properties for earthen building construction in Najran City, Saudi Arabia",2021,"Computers, Materials and Continua","67","1",,"127","140",,1,"10.32604/cmc.2021.014438","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85099346411&doi=10.32604%2fcmc.2021.014438&partnerID=40&md5=d0b674dd08ed32a76a860c9d2f06093c","Department of Architectural Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia; Department of Civil Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia","Al-Sakkaf, Y.K., Department of Architectural Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia; Abdullah, G.M.S., Department of Civil Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia","Earth is the most common and important building material used in the construction industry, since it is found in almost every country in the world. Modern earthen construction is alive and well, and is spread over an enormous geographical area. This technique utilizes various earthen materials and numerous methods, and features many benefits for both construction in general and buildings in particular. Najran, a city located in the south of Saudi Arabia, is distinguished by its heritage of earthen architecture, which displays many advantages and a marvelous variety of types and exterior designs. Many weaknesses of the material, however, along with a lack of knowledge and rapid development have caused the uplifting and destruction of many of Najran’s mud and heritage buildings during the last few generations. Not all soil types are suitable for every building need. Soil specification is thus very important in order to ensure that the materials used in construction meet all requirements. The main goal of this study was to invistegate the suitability of local soils for the earthen building construction. Thus, available local materials of common quality were taken from local sites in Najran. Laboratory experimentation and testing was then performed to determine the properties of those materials. The results showed that local soil properties are suitable for using in the earthen block construction since they satisified the specifications. The results were then recorded for use in further studies, as well as to explore heritage building and rehabilitation, and to improve modern earthen building materials and techniques. © 2021 Tech Science Press. All rights reserved.","Earthen building; Local earthen material; Najran; Soil properties; Soil suitability; Standards","Building materials; Buildings; Construction industry; Soils; Specifications; Block construction; Earthen architectures; Earthen buildings; Earthen constructions; Exterior designs; Geographical area; Heritage buildings; Local materials; Construction",,,,,"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Faisal University, DSR, KFU: NU/ESCI/16/090","Funding Statement: This research was funded by the deanship of scientific research, Najran University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, under code number NU/ESCI/16/090 (https://www.nu.edu.sa/ar/ web//deanship-of-scientific-research). The funding was received by Yaser Khaled Al-Sakkaf. The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Ministry of Education and the deanship of scientific research, Najran University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, for their financial and technical support.",,,,,,,,,,"Al-Jadeed, M. A. A., Mud architecture in Arab and Western Countries (2004) Journal of Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah Research and Studies Center, 8 (2), pp. 105-138; Middendorf, J., Properties and methodology of earth structures (2001) Harvard Graduate School of Design, , (GDS 6400: Energy and Environment Michelle Addington); Fabbri, A., Morel, J., Gallipoli, D., Assessing the performance of earth building materials: A review of recent developments (2018) RILEM Technical Letters, 3, pp. 46-58; Morel, J. C., Mesbah, A., Oggero, M., Walker, P., Building houses with local materials: Means to drastically reduce the environmental impact of construction (2011) Building and Environment, 36 (10), pp. 1119-1126; Easton, D., Easton, T., Modern rammed earth construction techniques (2012) Modern Earth Buildings, pp. 364-384; Vyncke, J., Kupers, L., Denies, N., Earth as building material—An overview of RILEM activities and recent innovations in geotechnics (2018) Matec Web of Conferences, 149 (4), p. 2001; Unesco Chair Earthen Architecture Building with Earth, , http://www.earth, Auroville Earth Institute, Earthauroville.com, [Online] Available; Stulz, R., Mukerji, K., (1988) Appropriate Building Materials. A Catalogue of Potential Solutions, , 2nd ed. Switzerland: Gallen Swiss Canter for Appropriate Technology (SKAT Switzerland); Kerali, A. 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London: Intermediate Technology Publications; Danso, H., Suitability of soil for earth construction as building material (2018) Advancements in Civil Engineering and Technology, 2 (3), pp. 199-211","Abdullah, G.M.S.; Department of Civil Engineering, Saudi Arabia; email: gmabdullah@nu.edu.sa",,,"Tech Science Press",,,,,15462218,,,,"English","Comput. Mater. Continua",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85099346411
"He X., Wang S., Zhang B.","55944918200;57221258017;56281803300;","A semi-theoretical model for water condensation: Dew used in conservation of earthen heritage sites",2021,"Water (Switzerland)","13","1","52","","",,1,"10.3390/w13010052","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85098623656&doi=10.3390%2fw13010052&partnerID=40&md5=aa77dc2ae4955fd4e29364463aa5dc0c","Institute for Cultural Heritage and History of Science & Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; Laboratory of Cultural Relics Conservation Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China","He, X., Institute for Cultural Heritage and History of Science & Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China, Laboratory of Cultural Relics Conservation Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Wang, S., Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China; Zhang, B., Laboratory of Cultural Relics Conservation Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China, Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China","Dew is a common but important phenomenon. Though water is previously considered to be a threat to earthen heritage sites, artificial dew is showing potential in relic preservation. A model of dew prediction on earthen sites will be essential for developing preventive protection methods, but studies of dew formation processes on relics are limited. In this study, a two parameter model is proposed. It makes approximations according to the features of earthen heritage sites, assuming that a thin and steady air layer exists close to the air–solid interface. This semi-theoretical model was based on calculations of the mass transfer process in the air layer, and was validated by simulations of laboratory experiments (R > 0.9) as well as field experiments. Additionally, a numerical simulation, performed by the commercial software COMSOL, confirmed that the difference between fitting parameter δ and the thickness of assumed mass transfer field was not significant. This model will be helpful in developing automatic environmental control systems for stabilizing water and soluble salts, thus enhancing preventive protection of earthen heritage sites. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.","Dew; Earthen heritage sites; Heritage conservation; Mass transfer; Numerical simulation; Semi-theoretical model","Computer software; Environmental management; Mass transfer; Commercial software; Environmental control system; Fitting parameters; Laboratory experiments; Mass transfer process; Preventive protection; Theoretical modeling; Two-parameter models; Phase interfaces; detection method; mass transfer; model; model validation; simulation; software; World Heritage Site",,,,,"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation: 2020M670134; National Key Research and Development Program of China, NKRDPC: 2020YFC1522404; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities: FRF-TP-19-019A1","Funding: This work was financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (grant number 2020YFC1522404), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (grant number 2020M670134), the Conservation Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Provincial Administration of Cultural Heritage (2017) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (grant number FRF-TP-19-019A1).","This work was financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (grant number 2020YFC1522404), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (grant number 2020M670134), the Conservation Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Provincial Administration of Cultural Heritage (2017) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (grant number FRF-TP-19-019A1).",,,,,,,,,"Algarni, S., Saleel, C., Mujeebu, M.A., Air-conditioning condensate recovery and applications—Current developments and challenges ahead (2018) Sustain. Cities Soc, 37, pp. 263-274; Tomaszkiewicz, M., Najm, M.A., Beysens, D., Alameddine, I., El-Fadel, M., Dew as a sustainable non-conventional water resource: A critical review (2015) Environ. Rev, 23, pp. 425-442; Tomaszkiewicz, M., Najm, M.A., Zurayk, R., El-Fadel, M., Dew as an adaptation measure to meet water demand in agriculture and reforestation (2017) Agric. For. Meteorol, 232, pp. 411-421; Kim, H., Rao, S.R., Kapustin, E.A., Zhao, L., Yang, S., Yaghi, O.M., Wang, E.N., Adsorption-based atmospheric water harvesting device for arid climates (2018) Nat. Commun, 9, pp. 1-8; Wang, X.-S., Wan, L., Huang, J., Cao, W., Xu, F., Dong, P., Variable temperature and moisture conditions in Yungang Grottoes, China, and their impacts on ancient sculptures (2014) Environ. Earth Sci, 72, pp. 3079-3088; Shen, Y.-X., Chen, W., Kuang, J., Du, W.-F., Effect of salts on earthen materials deterioration after humidity cycling (2017) J. Cent. South Univ, 24, pp. 796-806; Sterflinger, K., Pinzari, F., The revenge of time: Fungal deterioration of cultural heritage with particular reference to books, paper and parchment (2011) Environ. Microbiol, 14, pp. 559-566; Parracha, J.L., Pereira, A.S., da Silva, R.V., Almeida, N., Faria, P., Efficacy of iron-based bioproducts as surface biotreatment for earth-based plastering mortars (2019) J. Clean. Prod, 237; Li, L., Shao, M., Wang, S., Li, Z., Preservation of earthen heritage sites on the Silk Road, northwest China from the impact of the environment (2010) Environ. Earth Sci, 64, pp. 1625-1639; Zhang, H., Hu, T., Huang, X., Wang, J., Jiang, H., Zhang, S., Hydrophilic organosilicone rubber: The new organic-inorganic hybrid consolidant for ancient earthen architectures (2015) Intern. J. Conserv. Sci, 6, pp. 35-44; García-Vera, V.E., Tenza-Abril, A.J., Lanzón, M., The effectiveness of ethyl silicate as consolidating and protective coating to extend the durability of earthen plasters (2020) Constr. Build. Mater, 236, p. 117445; García-Vera, V.E., Tenza-Abril, A.J., García-Vera, V., Lanzón, M., Calcium hydroxide nanoparticles coatings applied on cultural heritage materials: Their influence on physical characteristics of earthen plasters (2020) Appl. Surf. Sci, 504, p. 144195; Chiari, G., Chemical surface treatments and capping techniques of earthen structures: A long term evaluation (1990) Proceeding of the 6th International Conference on the Conservation of Earthen Architectures—Plenary Lecture, pp. 267-273. , Las Cruces, NM, USA, 14–19 October; Zhang, C., Zhang, B., Cui, B., High hydrophobic preservation materials can cause damage to tabia relics (2020) Prog. Org. Coatings, 145, p. 105683; Xu, Y., Wang, S., Zhang, B., Wu, J., Investigation and research on relics diseases of the earthen site of Kuahuqiao Site Museum (in Chinese with English abstract) (2018) Sci. Conserv. Archaeol, 1, pp. 53-62; Wang, S., Zhang, B., Wu, J., Study on the feasibility of replenishment for soil sites in museum environment by phase transition (in Chinese with English abstract) (2019) Sci. Conserv. Archaeol, 3, pp. 16-25; Correia, M., Guerrero, L., Crosby, A., Technical Strategies for Conservation of Earthen Archaeological Architecture (2015) Conserv. Manag. Archaeol. Sites, 17, pp. 224-256; Jacobs, A.F.G., Heusinkveld, B.G., Berkowicz, S.M., Force-restore technique for ground surface temperature and moisture content in a dry desert system (2000) Water Resour. Res, 36, pp. 1261-1268; Jacobs, A.F., Heusinkveld, B.G., Berkowicz, S.M., Dew deposition and drying in a desert system: A simple simulation model (1999) J. Arid. Environ, 42, pp. 211-222; Camuffo, D., Giorio, R., Quantitative Evaluation of Water Deposited By Dew on Monuments (2003) Boundary-Layer Meteorol, 107, pp. 655-672; Al-Farayedhi, A.A., Ibrahim, N.I., Gandhidasan, P., Condensate as a water source from vapor compression systems in hot and humid regions (2014) Desalination, 349, pp. 60-67; Allen, R., Pruitt, W.O., Wright, J.L., Howell, T.A., Ventura, F., Snyder, R., Itenfisu, D., Yrisarry, J.B., A recommendation on standardized surface resistance for hourly calculation of reference ETo by the FAO56 Penman Monteith method (2006) Agric. Water Manag, 81, pp. 1-22; Rui-Hong, Y., Zhang, Z., Lu, X.X., Chang, I., Liu, T., Variations in dew moisture regimes in desert ecosystems and their influencing factors (2020) Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Water, 7, p. e1482; Agam, N., Berliner, P., Dew formation and water vapor adsorption in semi-arid environments—A review (2006) J. Arid. Environ, 65, pp. 572-590; Busscher, W., Simulation of Field Water Use and Crop Yield (1980) Soil Sci, 129, p. 193; Lier, Q.D.J.V., van Dam, J.C., Durigon, A., dos Santos, M.A., Metselaar, K., Modeling Water Potentials and Flows in the Soil Plant System Comparing Hydraulic Resistances and Transpiration Reduction Functions (2013) Vadose Zone J, 12; Mircioiu, C., Voicu, V.A., Anuţa, V., Tudose, A., Celia, C., Paolino, D., Fresta, M., Mircioiu, I., Mathematical Modeling of Release Kinetics from Supramolecular Drug Delivery Systems (2019) Pharmaceutics, 11, p. 140; Camillo, P.J., Gurney, R.J., Schmugge, T.J., A soil and atmospheric boundary layer model for evapotranspiration and soil moisture studies (1983) Water Resour. Res, 19, pp. 371-380; Fu, X., Shen, W., Yao, T., Hou, W., (2005) Physical Chemistry, pp. 277-278. , 5th ed.; Higher Education Press: Beijing, China; Steiger, M., Asmussen, S., Crystallization of sodium sulfate phases in porous materials: The phase diagram Na2SO4–H2O and the generation of stress (2008) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 72, pp. 4291-4306; Jacobs, A.F.G., Heusinkveld, B.G., Berkowicz, S.M., Dew measurements along a longitudinal sand dune transect, Negev Desert, Israel (2000) Int. J. Biometeorol, 43, pp. 184-190; Wu, J., Environmental remediation project of the Kuahuqiao underwater site (in Chinese) (2015) Fujian Wenbo, 4, pp. 35-39","He, X.; Institute for Cultural Heritage and History of Science & Technology, China; email: hexiang@ustb.edu.cn
He, X.; Laboratory of Cultural Relics Conservation Materials, China; email: hexiang@ustb.edu.cn
Zhang, B.; Laboratory of Cultural Relics Conservation Materials, China; email: zhangbiji@zju.edu.cn
Zhang, B.; Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, China; email: zhangbiji@zju.edu.cn",,,"MDPI AG",,,,,20734441,,,,"English","Water",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85098623656
"Tomasi J., Barada J.","55327706400;57210360222;","Recurring damages on earthen heritage. Diagnosis and possible interventions in the highlands of Jujuy (Argentina)",2020,"Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation","5","1","28","","",,1,"10.1007/s41024-020-00093-z","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85106929299&doi=10.1007%2fs41024-020-00093-z&partnerID=40&md5=ef578685fcea13a5574dc02c6795fd0b","CONICET-Laboratorio de Arquitecturas Andinas y Construcción con Tierra, Instituto de Investigaciones sobre la Naturaleza y la Cultura “Rodolfo Kusch”, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Tilcara, Argentina","Tomasi, J., CONICET-Laboratorio de Arquitecturas Andinas y Construcción con Tierra, Instituto de Investigaciones sobre la Naturaleza y la Cultura “Rodolfo Kusch”, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Tilcara, Argentina; Barada, J., CONICET-Laboratorio de Arquitecturas Andinas y Construcción con Tierra, Instituto de Investigaciones sobre la Naturaleza y la Cultura “Rodolfo Kusch”, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Tilcara, Argentina","A significant number of the existing National Historical Monuments in the highlands of northwestern Argentina are built with different earthen constructive techniques. These architecures, which correspond mostly to colonial and republican times, have presented damage of different severity over time, associated with both environmental and anthropic factors, including conservation actions. Since the first half of the twentieth century, different institutions carried out systematic conservation projects on this heritage using foreign techniques and materials, which instead of favoring their consolidation caused new damages. This paper sets out to recognize which are the usual damages in this architectural heritage, considering their mechanisms of degradation, and observing the implications of the interventions carried. Finally, based on the working experience in the area, the recommendations from different researches and international standards, it will be possible to recognize potential forms of intervention consistent with these technologies and with the corpus of local knowledge. This paper will focus in different case studies in the Puna and Quebrada de Humahuaca, based on field and laboratory research carried out in recent years, specifically focused on the study of current and historical earthen constructive technologies. As part of these researches, there were made various diagnoses and intervention proposals that will also be included in this article. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.","Earthen construction; Local knowledge; Structural consolidation",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Herr, C., Rolón, G., Registro documental e intervención patrimonial en la arquitectura religiosa de la provincia de Jujuy. Criterios implementados por la Comisión Nacional de Museos, de Monumentos y Lugares Históricos (CNMMYLH) durante el período 1938–1946 (2018) Anales del IAA, 48-1, pp. 31-45; Rainer, L., Deterioration and pathology of earthen architecture (2018) Terra literature review. An overview of research in earthen architecture conservation, pp. 45-61. , Avrami E, Guillaud G, Hardy M, (eds), Getty Conservarion Institute, Los Ángeles; Tolles, E., Kimbro, E., Ginell, W., (2005) Guías de planeamiento e ingeniería para la estabilización sismorresistente de estructuras históricas de adobe, , Getty Conservarion Institute, Los Ángeles; Coremans, P., (2017) Criterios de Intervención en la Arquitectura de Tierra, , Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, Secretaría General Técnica, Madrid; Vargas-Neumann, J., Uso de grouts de barro líquido para repasar fisuras estructurales en muros históricos de adobe (2010) Arquitectura construida en tierra, Tradición e Innovación, pp. 281-288. , Sainz Guerra JC, Jové Sandoval F, (eds), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid; (2017) Norma E.080. Diseño Y construcción Con Tierra Reforzada., , Ministerio de Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento, Lima; (2013) Nch 3332. Estructuras—Intervención De Construcciones Patrimoniales De Tierra cruda—Requisitos Del Proyecto Estructural., , Instituto Nacional de Normalización, Santiago de Chile; Lozano, B., (2018) Manual Para El Mantenimiento Para El Centro Histórico De Sucre; Viñuales, G., (1981) Restauración de Arquitectura de Tierra, , Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán; Viñuales, G., Monumentos Nacionales de adobe y otras técnicas de tierra. Boletín Informativo de la Comisión Nacional de Monumentos (2011) Buenos Aires, 2011, pp. 21-29; (1991) Patrimonio Artístico Nacional. Inventario de bienes meubles. Provincia de Jujuy, , Academia Nacional de Bellas Artes, Bue Aires; Bustos Anaya, S., (2013) Arquitectura Religiosa. En R. Molina, Iglesias Y Fiestas En El Altiplano De La Paz Y Oruro, pp. 37-49. , MUSEF, La Paz; Gisbert, T., De Mesa, J., (1997) Arquitectura andina, 1530–1830, , Embajada de España en Bolivia, La Paz; Teruel, A., El Marquesado del Valle de Tojo: patrimonio y mayorazgo. Del siglo XVII al XX en Bolivia y Argentina. Revista de Indias, vol (2016) LXXVI, No, 267, pp. 379-418; Alameda, J., (1935) Argentina Católica, , Pp Benedicti, Bue Aires; Cancino, C., Recording and documentation of earthen architecture (2008) Terra literature review. An overview of research in earthen architecture conservation, pp. 32-44. , Avrami E, Guillaud G, Hardy M, (eds), Getty Conservarion Institute, Los Ángeles; Martins Neves, C., Borges Faria, O., (2007) Propuesta De padronización De Ensayos Para caracterización física Y mecánica De Adobes, , Proterra; Correia, M., Teoría de la conservación y su aplicación al patrimonio en tierra (2007) Apuntes, 20-2, pp. 202-219; Tomasi, J., Rivet, C., (2011) Puna y arquitectura. Las formas locales de la construcción, , CEDODAL, Bue Aires; Tomasi, J., Barada, J., Patrimonios coloniales y republicanos. Caracterización de sus técnicas y materialidades en la provincia de Jujuy (Argentina) (2020) Gremium. Revista De restauración arquitectónica, 7 (14), pp. 53-68; Tomasi, J., (2013) Cubiertas con tierra en el área puneña. Acercamiento a las técnicas y prácticas contemporáneas en Susques, , Jujuy, Argentina). Dissertation, 13° SIACOT, Red Iberoamericana Protierra, Valparaíso; Barada, J., Tomasi, J., (Dis)continuidades constructivas en la restauración del patrimonio en tierra del noroeste argentino (2020) Loggia, , in press; (2014) Fichas para la Reparación de Viviendas de Adobe. Ministerio de Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento, Lima; Vegas, F., Mileto, C., (2011) Aprendiendo a restaurar. Un manual de restauración de la arquitectura tradicional de la Comunidad Valenciana., , Colegio Oficial de Arquitectos de la Comunidad Valenciana, Valencia; (2012) Manual básico de restauración y conservación de construcciones patrimoniales de tierra y piedra de Arica y Parinacota, , Fundación Altiplano, Arica; (2012) Evaluación de Daños y Soluciones para Construcciones en Tierra Cruda. Manual de Terreno, , CorporacióDesarrollo Tecnológico, Santiago de Chile; Community, C., (2006) Adobe conservation. A preservation handbook, , Cornerstones Community, Santa Fe; (1964) Venice Charter, , Venice; (2000) Krakow Charter., , Krakow","Tomasi, J.; CONICET-Laboratorio de Arquitecturas Andinas y Construcción con Tierra, Argentina; email: jorgetomasi@hotmail.com",,,"Springer Science and Business Media B.V.",,,,,23653159,,,,"English","J. Build. Pathol. Rehabilit.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85106929299
"Iqbal K., Hussain S., Farooq A.","57218214785;57218213843;57196037170;","Influence of Waste Gypsum on the Microstructural Characteristics and Strength Behavior of Unfired Mud Block",2020,"Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering","45","10",,"8551","8560",,1,"10.1007/s13369-020-04749-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85088285898&doi=10.1007%2fs13369-020-04749-3&partnerID=40&md5=e5bbd8b79fe6857af858b47e43ad3dc6","Department of Civil Engineering, CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, Sector F5, Phase 6 Hayatabad, Peshawar, Pakistan; Collage of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","Iqbal, K., Department of Civil Engineering, CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, Sector F5, Phase 6 Hayatabad, Peshawar, Pakistan, Collage of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China; Hussain, S., Department of Civil Engineering, CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, Sector F5, Phase 6 Hayatabad, Peshawar, Pakistan; Farooq, A., Department of Civil Engineering, CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, Sector F5, Phase 6 Hayatabad, Peshawar, Pakistan","Construction technology in the twenty-first century is on the peak yet developing countries of the world still dream for shelter in bad weather conditions and apply old traditional techniques for construction of their houses. The reason is the increasing cost of construction materials due to energy crises, poor economic conditions, and sometimes the love of people toward earthen architecture culture. The world will prefer low energy alternatives to conventional construction. Some alternatives regarding conventional construction like mud block masonry are part of this research paper to avoid shrinking natural resources and take control of the energy crisis. This research work focuses on the compressive strength of the mud block by stabilizing it with additives like waste gypsum. The study also intended to investigate the rapid hardening of the masonry block. Finally, study the morphology of the stabilized blocks by using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDXMA). This research found that the compressive strength of waste gypsum-stabilized mud block at 7 days and 14 days increases with the increasing rate of waste gypsum from 0 to 20%. This research will help the poor community by reducing the economy and energy consumed in the construction of houses. Besides, this research will play a role by minimizing the consumption of natural resources, encourage people to reuse waste gypsum in construction without compromising on environmental pollution. © 2020, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals.","Compressive strength; EDAX; SEM; Stability; Waste gypsum",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"(2008) Habitat, U.N., The state of the world’s cities report, p. 2008. , https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/Unhabitat_Report2634_alt.pdf, UN Habitat, Nairobi; Dethier, J., (1986) Des Architectures De Terre. 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Stud., 22 (1), pp. 219-225; Reddy, B.V., Mani, M., (2007) International Symposium on Earthen Structures, pp. 294-302. , Interline Publishing, Bangalore; Sharma, V., Marwaha, B.M., Vinayak, H.K., Enhancing durability of adobe by natural reinforcement for propagating sustainable mud housing (2016) Int. J. Sustain. Built Environ., 5 (1), pp. 141-155; Vilane, B.R.T., Assessment of stabilisation of adobes by confined compression tests (2010) Biosyst. Eng., 106 (4), pp. 551-558; Walker, P.J., Strength and erosion characteristics of earth blocks and earth block masonry (2004) J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 16 (5), pp. 497-506; Porter, R.C., (2010) The Economics of Waste, , Routledge, Abingdon; Abbood, D.W., (2008) RecShow’08 Middle East Recycling, Waste & Environmental Management Exhibition & Congress Kempinski Hotel, p. 2008. , Dead Sea-Jordan, 17–19 Feb; Abidoye, L.K., Bello, R.A., Restoration of compressive strength of recycled gypsum board powder (2010) Pac. J. Sci. 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Technol., 66 (2-3), pp. 84-92; Chandara, C., Azizli, K.A.M., Ahmad, Z.A., Sakai, E., Use of waste gypsum to replace natural gypsum as set retarders in portland cement (2009) Waste Manag., 29 (5), pp. 1675-1679; (2017) National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA) Pakistan, , https://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/our_work/Shelter/documents/ShelterConstruction-Guide; Wang, H., Yang, L., Li, H., Zhou, X., Wang, X., Using coupled rheometer-FBRM to study rheological properties and microstructure of cemented Paste Backfill (2019) Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2019, pp. 1-10; Mat Nawi, A., (2016) Effect of Waste Plaster of Paris on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Ceramic Pottery Body, , PhD Thesis., Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia; Wong, H.H., Kwan, A.K., Packing density of cementitious materials: part 1—measurement using a wet packing method (2008) Mater. Struct., 41 (4), pp. 689-701; Wong, H.H., Kwan, A.K., Packing density of cementitious materials part 2—packing and flow of OPC + PFA + CSF (2008) Mater. Struct., 41, p. 773; Lai, M., Hanzic, L., Ho, J.C., Fillers to improve passing ability of concrete (2019) Struct. Concr., 20 (1), pp. 185-197; Li, Z., Zhang, J., Li, S., Gao, Y., Liu, C., Qi, Y., Effect of different gypsums on the workability and mechanical properties of red mud-slag based grouting materials (2020) J. Clean. Prod., 245, p. 118759; Rogers, C.D.F., Glendinning, S., Roff, T.E.J., Lime modification of clay soils for construction expediency (1997) Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Geotechnical Engineering, 125 (4); D-422 Standard test method for particle-size analysis of soils (2007) Annual Book of ASTM Standards; (1557) Standard Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of soil” Using Modified Effort (56,000 Ft-Lbf/Ft3 (2,700 Kn-M/M3)), , Annual Book of ASTM Standards 04(08) (2007); (2007) Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes, 4 (8). , (Unified Soil Classification System). Annual Book of ASTM Standards; (2002) Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer, , Annual book of ASTM Standards 04(08); (2002) Standard Test Method for Permeability of Soil Solids by Static Head Permeability Method, , Annual book of ASTM Standards 04(08); (1990) Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes - Part 3: Chemical and Electro-Chemical Tests, , 1990; Kinuthia, J.M., Wild, S., Jones, G.I., Effects of monovalent and divalent metal sulphates on consistency and compaction of lime-stabilised kaolinite (1999) Appl. Clay Sci., 14 (1-3), pp. 27-45; Oti, J.E., Kinuthia, J.M., Bai, J., Engineering properties of unfired clay masonry bricks (2009) Eng. Geol., 107 (3-4), pp. 130-139; Balkis, A.P., The effects of waste marble dust and polypropylene fiber contents on mechanical properties of gypsum stabilized earthen (2017) Constr. Build. Mater., 134, pp. 556-562","Iqbal, K.; Collage of Architecture and Civil Engineering, China; email: kamran@emails.bjut.edu.cn",,,"Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH",,,,,2193567X,,,,"English","Arab. J. Sci. Eng.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85088285898
"Moghaddam M.Z., Umili G., Messina V., Bonetto S., Ferrero A.M., Bollini G., Gandreau D.","57195107645;54780808000;53563731400;25226726400;58072917500;57218326802;56368629500;","An SVM-based scheme for automatic identification of architectural line features and cracks",2020,"Applied Sciences (Switzerland)","10","15","5077","","",,1,"10.3390/app10155077","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85088840467&doi=10.3390%2fapp10155077&partnerID=40&md5=b9b727b4e127393f467677d548517dc7","Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria, 7, Torino, 10125, Italy; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Turin, Via Valperga Caluso, 35, Torino, 10125, Italy; Department of Historical Studies, University of Turin, Via S. Ottavio, 20, Torino, 10124, Italy; Association of Cities of the Raw Earth, Via V. Veneto 40, Samassi (VS), 09030, Italy; CRATerre, National Superior Architecture School, 60 Avenue de Constantine, Grenoble, 38000, France","Moghaddam, M.Z., Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria, 7, Torino, 10125, Italy; Umili, G., Department of Earth Sciences, University of Turin, Via Valperga Caluso, 35, Torino, 10125, Italy; Messina, V., Department of Historical Studies, University of Turin, Via S. Ottavio, 20, Torino, 10124, Italy; Bonetto, S., Department of Earth Sciences, University of Turin, Via Valperga Caluso, 35, Torino, 10125, Italy; Ferrero, A.M., Department of Earth Sciences, University of Turin, Via Valperga Caluso, 35, Torino, 10125, Italy; Bollini, G., Association of Cities of the Raw Earth, Via V. Veneto 40, Samassi (VS), 09030, Italy; Gandreau, D., CRATerre, National Superior Architecture School, 60 Avenue de Constantine, Grenoble, 38000, France","This research investigates fundamental problems in object recognition in earthen heritage and addresses the possibility of an automatic crack detection method for rammed earth images. We propose and validate a straightforward support vector machine (SVM)-based bidirectional morphological approach to automatically generate crack and texture line maps through transforming a surface image into an intermediate representation. Rather than relying on the application of the eight connectivity rule to a combination of horizontal and vertical gradient to extract edges, we instruct an edge classifier in the form of a support vector machine from features computed on each direction separately. The model couples a bidirectional local gradient and geometrical characteristics. It constitutes of four elements: (1) bidirectional edge maps; (2) bidirectional equivalent connected component maps; (3) SVM-based classifier and (4) crack and architectural line feature map generation. Relevant details are discussed in each part. Finally, the efficiency of the proposed algorithm is verified in a set of simulations that is satisfactorily conforming to labeled data provided manually for surface images of earthen heritage. © 2020 by the authors.","Connected component; Crack detection; Earthen heritage; Machine learning; Morphological approach; Rammed earth; SVM",,,,,,"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020; H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, MSCA: 754511","This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 754511 (PhD Technologies Driven Sciences: Technologies for Cultural Heritage - T4C).","Funding: This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 754511 (PhD Technologies Driven Sciences: Technologies for Cultural Heritage - T4C).",,,,,,,,,"Broberg, P., Surface crack detection in welds using thermography (2013) NDT E Int., 57, pp. 69-73; Sinha, S.K., Fieguth, P.W., Automated detection of cracks in buried concrete pipe images (2006) Autom. Constr., 15, pp. 58-72; Merazi-Meksen, T., Boudraa, M., Boudraa, B., Mathematical morphology for TOFD image analysis and automatic crack detection (2014) Ultrasonics, 54, pp. 1642-1648; Jahanshahi, M.R., Masri, S.F., Adaptive vision-based crack detection using 3D scene reconstruction for condition assessment of structures (2012) Autom. Constr., 22, pp. 567-576; Wang, P., Huang, H., Comparison analysis on present image-based crack detection methods in concrete structures (2010) Proceedings of the 2010 3rd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing (CISP2010), pp. 2530-2533. , Yantai, China, 16-18 October; Alam, S.Y., Loukili, A., Grondin, F., Roziere, E., Use of the digital image correlation and acoustic emission technique to study the effect of structural size on cracking of reinforced concrete (2015) Eng. Fract. Mech., 143, pp. 17-31; Brooks, W.S., Lamb, D.A., Irvine, S.J., IR reflectance imaging for crystalline Si solar cell crack detection (2015) IEEE J. Photovolt., 5, pp. 1271-1275; Iliopoulos, S., Aggelis, D.G., Pyl, L., Vantomme, J., Van Marcke, P., Coppens, E., Areias, L., Detection and evaluation of cracks in the concrete buffer of the Belgian Nuclear Waste container using combined NDT techniques (2015) Constr. Build. Mater., 78, pp. 369-378; Hamrat, M., Boulekbache, B., Chemrouk, M., Amziane, S., Flexural cracking behavior of normal strength, high strength and high strength fiber concrete beams, using Digital Image Correlation technique (2016) Constr. Build. Mater., 106, pp. 678-692; Merazi-Meksen, T., Boudra, B., Drai, R., Boudraa, M., Automatic crack detection and characterization during ultrasonic inspection (2010) J. Nondestr. Eval., 29, pp. 169-174; Vidal, M., Ostra, M., Imaz, N., García-Lecina, E., Ubide, C., Analysis of SEM digital images to quantify crack network pattern area in chromium electrodeposits (2016) Surf. Coat. Technol., 285, pp. 289-297; Wolf, J., Pirskawetz, S., Zang, A., Detection of crack propagation in concrete with embedded ultrasonic sensors (2015) Eng. Fract. Mech., 146, pp. 161-171; Dhital, D., Lee, J.R., A fully non-contact ultrasonic propagation imaging system for closed surface crack evaluation (2012) Exp. Mech., 52, pp. 1111-1122; Li, X., Jiang, H., Yin, G., Detection of surface crack defects on ferrite magnetic tile (2014) NDT E Int., 62, pp. 6-13; Guo, X., Vavilov, V., Crack detection in aluminum parts by using ultrasound-excited infrared thermography (2013) Infrared Phys. Technol., 61, pp. 149-156; Fujita, Y., Hamamoto, Y., A robust automatic crack detection method from noisy concrete surfaces (2011) Mach. Vis. Appl., 22, pp. 245-254; Glud, J.A., Dulieu-Barton, J.M., Thomsen, O.T., Overgaard, L.C.T., Automated counting of off-axis tunnelling cracksusing digital image processing (2016) Compos. Sci. Technol., 125, pp. 80-89; Talab, A.M.A., Huang, Z., Xi, F., HaiMing, L., Detection crack in image using Otsu method and multiple filtering in image processing techniques (2016) Optik-Int. J. Light Electron Opt., 127, pp. 1030-1033; Agarwal, S., Singh, D., An adaptive statistical approach for non-destructive underline crack detection of ceramic tiles using millimetre wave imaging radar for industrial application (2015) IEEE Sens. J., 15, pp. 7036-7044; Gunkel, C., Stepper, A., Müller, A.C., Müller, C.H., Micro crack detection with Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm (2012) Mach. Vis. Appl., 23, pp. 589-601; Xu, C., Xie, J., Chen, G., Weiping Huang, An infrared thermal image processing framework based on superpixel algorithm to detect cracks on metal surface (2014) Infrared Phys. Technol., 67, pp. 266-272; Anwar, S.A., Abdullah, M.Z., Micro-crack detection of multicrystalline solar cells featuring an improved anisotropic diffusion filter and image segmentation technique (2014) EURASIP J. Image Video Process., 1, p. 15; Heideklang, R., Shokouhi, P., Multi-sensor image fusion at signal level for improved near-surface crack detection (2015) NDT E Int., 71, pp. 16-22; Rodríguez-Martín, M., Lagüela, S., González-Aguileraa, D., Martinezb, J., Prediction of depth model for cracks in steel using infrared thermography (2015) Infrared Phys Technol., 71, pp. 592-600; Yiyang, Z., The design of glass crack detection system based on image preprocessing technology (2014) Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 7th Joint International Information Technology and Artificial Intelligence Conference, pp. 39-42. , Chongqing, China, 20-21 December; Yamaguchi, T., Hashimoto, S., Fast crack detection method for large-size concrete surface images using percolationbased image processing (2010) Mach. Vis. Appl., 21, pp. 787-809; Nazaryan, N., Campana, C., Moslehpour, S., Shetty, D., Application of a He-Ne infrared laser source for detection of geometrical dimensions of cracks and scratches on finished surfaces of metals (2013) Opt. Lasers Eng., 51, pp. 1360-1367; Chen, X., Michaels, J.E., Lee, S.J., Michaels, T.E., Load-differential imaging for detection and localization of fatigue cracks using Lamb waves (2012) NDT E Int., 51, pp. 142-149; Kabir, S., Imaging-based detection of AAR induced mapcrack damage in concrete structure (2010) NDT E Int., 43, pp. 461-469; Adhikari, R.S., Moselhi, O., Bagchi, A., Image-based retrieval of concrete crack properties for bridge inspection (2014) Autom. Constr., 39, pp. 180-194; Haralick, R.M., Shapiro, L.G., (1992) Computer and Robot Vision, Volume I, pp. 28-48. , Addison-Wesley: Boston, MA, USA; Christianini, N., Shawe-Taylor, J.C., (2000) An Introduction to Support Vector Machines and Other Kernel-Based Learning Methods, , Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK; Otsu, N., A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms (1979) IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern., 9, pp. 62-66; Chen, S.C., Chiu, C.C., Texture construction edge detection algorithm (2019) Appl. Sci., 9, p. 897; Parker, J.R., (1997) Algorithms for Image Processing and Computer Vision, , Wiley: New York, NY, USA; Bachman, N., Beckenstein, F., (2000) Wavelet Analysis, , Springer: New York, NY, USA; Canny, J., A computational approach to edge detection (1986) IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., 6, pp. 679-698; Prewitt, J.M.S., Object enhancement and extraction (1970) Picture Processing and Psychopictorics, pp. 15-19. , Lipkin, B., Rosenfeld, A., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, NY, USA; Marr, D., Hildreth, E., Theory of edge detection (1980) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci., 207, pp. 187-217; Mohan, A., Poobal, S., Crack detection using image processing: A critical review and analysis (2018) Alex. Eng. J., 57, pp. 787-798; Zhang, Y., Wu, L., Classification of fruits using computer vision and a multiclass support vector machine (2012) Sensors, 12, pp. 12489-12505","Moghaddam, M.Z.; Department of Chemistry, Via Pietro Giuria, 7, Italy; email: mahshid.zeighamimoghaddam@unito.it",,,"MDPI AG",,,,,20763417,,,,"English","Appl. Sci.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85088840467
"López Martínez F.J., la Spina V., Fernández del Toro J.","55886750300;39161449600;57218992593;","Residential earthen architecture in Mula (Spain): Study and cataloguing of its construction technique",2020,"International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences - ISPRS Archives","54","M-1",,"985","992",,1,"10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-985-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090991718&doi=10.5194%2fisprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-985-2020&partnerID=40&md5=30bc554f91d4a07d281262b7c0650cc8","Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Spain; Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain; Ayuntamiento de Mula, Murcia, Spain","López Martínez, F.J., Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Spain; la Spina, V., Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain; Fernández del Toro, J., Ayuntamiento de Mula, Murcia, Spain","The city of Mula (Region of Murcia, Spain), of Islamic origin and built on the top of a hill, is dominated by the spectacular Renaissance castle of Velez and a mediaeval defensive wall. The wall remains, those still standing, consist of several enclosures and sections built in rammed earth. As many of these are a magnificent example of defensive earthen architecture, the Castle of Mula has been widely analysed and recently protected by a Master Plan. However, Mula's unique old town, an Asset of Cultural Interest in the category of Historic-Artistic Complex, with its irregular and narrow streets at the foot of the castle, includes residential constructions (mansions, palaces and humble dwellings) made with earth. The traditional residential architecture of Mula includes characteristic 2- or 3-storey buildings with sloping roofs. However, there are no specific studies on these and the use of earth as a construction material. The main aim of the study therefore is to carry out an initial identification and cataloguing of the different earthen construction techniques in the historic residential buildings of the old town and their relation to the residential typology of Mula. © Authors 2020. CC BY 4.0 License.","Construction techniques; Earthen architecture; Mula; Residential habitat","Architecture; Building materials; Walls (structural partitions); Characteristic 2; Construction technique; Earthen architectures; Earthen constructions; Rammed earth; Residential architectures; Residential building; Residential construction; Housing",,,,,"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, MCIU: RTI2018-095302-B-I00; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, MICINN: BIA2014-55924-R","Most earthen typologies observed in the residential buildings of Mula (Murcia) fall within two major categories: rammed earth and dug-out architecture, following the classification of the framework of different research projects: the European project Terra [In]cognita. Architecture de terre en Europe (2009-0758/001-001) and the ResTAPIA project, “The restoration of rammed earth architecture in the Iberian Peninsula. Criteria, techniques, results and perspectives” (BIA2010-18921) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Mileto et al 2011a, 2011b, 2012, 2014). No adobe houses were found during the fieldwork. Most of the buildings were built in rammed earth, and some presented simple rammed earth walls rendered after the formwork had been removed. In other cases, buildings supplemented rammed earth walls with reinforced surfaces or joints or even mixed rammed earth walls which mostly included small pillars and/or brick courses combined with rammed earth or masonry formwork.","The research methodology was divided into several phases, examining different bibliographical and archival sources, as well as the local residential architecture itself. The initial fieldwork carried out consisted in cataloguing and drawing up an inventory of approximately 70 buildings, using the templates defined for the research project SOStierra “Restoration and rehabilitation of traditional earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula. Guidelines and tools for a sustainable intervention”, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Ref: BIA2014-55924-R; main researchers: Camilla Mileto and Fernando Vegas López-Manzanares). For this project there were various visits to Mula in January 2020, with three researchers taking part, always in collaboration with Town Council specialists and local residents.","This work is part of the research project “RISK-Terra. Earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula: study of natural, social and anthropic risks and strategies to improve resilience”, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Ref.:RTI2018-095302-B-I00; main researchers: Camilla Mileto and Fernando Vegas López-Manzanares).",,,,,,,,"Collado Espejo, P. E., García León, J., La Spina, V., Fernández Del Toro, J., The islamic wall of Mula (Spain): 3D reconstruction, restoration and musealization (2018) Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability, pp. 429-434. , Taylor & Francis Group, London; Fernández Del Toro, J., (2018) La Torre del Reloj de Mula, , Ayuntamiento de Mula, Mula; González Castaño, J., El Apocalipsis en Mula en la primavera de 1648 (1983) Revista Áreas, 3-4, pp. 181-191. , Editora Regional de Murcia, Murcia; González Castaño, J., (1990) Síntesis de la historia de la ciudad de Mula, , Caja de Ahorros del Mediterráneo, Mula; González Castaño, J., González Fernández, R., (2005) Mula. Repertorio Heráldico, , Universidad de Murcia, Murcia; González Fernández, R., Fernández Matallana, F., Mula: el final de una ciudad de la Cora de Tudmir (2010) PYRENAE, 41 (2), pp. 81-119; González Castaño, J., (1992) Una villa del Reino de Murcia en la Edad Moderna (Mula, 1500-1648), , Real Academia Alfonso X el Sabio, Mula; La Spina, V., Grau Giménez, C. J., Uses of Gypsum in Spanish architectural heritage: Typologies and some unique construction techniques (2020) International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 14 (2), pp. 176-195; López Martínez, F. J., Tapias y tapiales (1999) Loggia. Arquitectura & Restauración, 8, pp. 74-118; López Martínez, F. J., Tapial, tapia y tapiería: propuesta de definición y clasificación (2009), Mediterra 2009, Edicom Edizioni, Cagliari; Mileto, C., Vegas, F., Cristini, V., Earthen Architecture in Spain (2011) Terra Europae. Earthen Architecture in European Union, pp. 181-183. , ETS Ed., Pisa; Mileto, C., Vegas, F., Cristini, V., García Soriano, L., Earthen techniques in Europe (2011) Terra Europae. Earthen Architecture in European Union, pp. 195-202. , ETS Ed., Pisa; Mileto, C., Vegas, F., Cristini, V., Refuerzos y mejoras: variantes constructivas de la tapia en España (2012) Terra 2012. XI Conferencia Internacional sobre el Estudio y Conservación del Patrimonio Arquitectónico de Tierra, pp. 10-20; Mileto, C., Vegas, F., Cristini, V., García Soriano, L., La tapia en la Península Ibérica. La restauración de la arquitectura de tapia en la Península Ibérica (2014), pp. 32-51. , TC Cuadernos Argumentum. Valencia Lisboa; Molina López, E., (1995) Aproximación al estudio de Mula islámica, , Ayuntamiento de Mula, Mula; Ródenas Cañada, J. M., (1991) Guía de arquitectura de Mula, , Colegio Oficial de Arquitectos, Murcia; Soler Huertas, B., El travertino rojo de Mula (Murcia). Definición de un marmol local (2005) Verdolay: Revista del Museo Arqueológico de Murcia, 9, pp. 1361-1370; Bestué Cardiel, I., (2018) Plan Director del Castillo de Mula (Murcia), , VVAA Ayuntamiento de Mula","la Spina, V.; Universidad Politécnica de CartagenaSpain; email: vincenzina.laspina@upct.es","Mileto C.Vegas F.Cristini V.Garcia-Soriano L.",,"International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","2020 International Conference on Vernacular Architecture in World Heritage Sites. Risks and New Technologies, HERITAGE 2020 (3DPast | RISK-Terra)","9 September 2020 through 12 September 2020",,162105,16821750,,,,"English","Int. Arch. Photogramm., Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. - ISPRS Arch.",Conference Paper,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85090991718
"Asencio Juncal J., Lopez-Osorio J.M., Rosa Jiménez C.J.","57219003394;55419726800;56233277900;","Tourism architecture as a threat to heritage identity in the valleys of the high atlas in Morocco",2020,"International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences - ISPRS Archives","54","M-1",,"723","730",,1,"10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-723-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090963931&doi=10.5194%2fisprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-723-2020&partnerID=40&md5=91639df8842836d3e69696d0cb2abc17","Art and Architecture Department, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain","Asencio Juncal, J., Art and Architecture Department, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain; Lopez-Osorio, J.M., Art and Architecture Department, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain; Rosa Jiménez, C.J., Art and Architecture Department, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain","Despite being a major activity in the economy of the pre-Sahara valley of the High Atlas in Morocco, tourism can also threaten the conservation of the identity values of the architectural heritage of the region. The adaptation of many traditional buildings for tourist use or the construction of new accommodation incorporating traditional language into their structure or decorative repertoire does not always help to strengthen the vernacular values of original architecture. The starting point of this research is the typological definition of this architecture, mostly in aspects relating to the symbolic and ornamental elements of traditional dwellings in the valleys of the Dadès and of the Mgoun, its main tributary. The processes of evolution and transformation from the second half of the 20th century are then described, along with the risks from the tourist boom which has been affecting the region in recent years. In order to study this phenomenon twelve examples of tourist accommodation were selected to analyse the formal language and decorative resources used, in terms of heritage, but also from the perspective of the reinterpretation of architectural symbols in the context of acculturation. This theory considers dynamic cultural exchanges between tourism and the receiving society to be positive. © Authors 2020. CC BY 4.0 License.","Berber decoration; Dadès; Earthen architecture; High Atlas; Mgoun; Tourism architecture; Vernacular heritage","Formal languages; Landforms; Tourism; 20th century; Architectural heritage; Tourist accommodations; Traditional buildings; Traditional dwellings; Architecture",,,,,"RTI2018-095302-B-I00; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, MCIU","The research is also related to the R&D&I project ""RISK-Terra. Earthen archtecture in the Iberian Peninsula: study of natural, social and anthropic risks and strategies to improve resilience"" (RTI2018-095302-B-I00), a research project funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities.","We express our gratitude to Roger Mimó (Hotel Tombouctú), Juan de Dios Romero (Kasbah Ait Ben Moro), El Mostapha Hamdaoui (Dar Jnan Tioura), Arlette Faven (Maison d'hôtes Agoulzi), and Aziz Boullouz (Kasbah Assafar), as well as the owners and managers of the tourist accommodations that were visited on the development of this research. We would also like to thank all the members of the association “LOCAL LOGICS: Architecture and Cooperation” from the School of Architecture of Málaga University. All of them were interviewed during the fieldwork carried out in the framework of the doctoral thesis of the lead author of this paper. The research is also related to the R&D&I project ""RISK-Terra. Earthen archtecture in the Iberian Peninsula: study of natural, social and anthropic risks and strategies to improve resilience"" (RTI2018-095302-B-I00), a research project funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities.",,,,,,,,,"Díaz, L., García-Alcántara, M.A., Natoli, D., Contemporary earth houses and evolution models in the Mgoun Valley, Morocco (2012), pp. 499-504. , Rammed Earth Conservation. Taylor & Francis Group, Londres; Jacques-Meunié, D., (1962) Architectures et habitats du Dadès: Maroc présaharien, , París: Librairie C. Klincksieck; López-Osorio, J.M., Montiel Lozano, A., Martín Codes, U., Rammed-earth construction in Southern Morocco: A reappraisal of the technology (2012) Rammed Earth Conservation, pp. 169-174. , Mileto, Vegas & Cristini (eds). Taylor & Francis Group, London; Mimó, R., (1996) Fortalezas de barro en el sur de Marruecos, , Madrid: Compañía literaria; Natoli, D., Vacas, A., García-Alcántara, M. A., Díaz, L., The phenomenon of tourism. Redefining architecture and landscape in southern Morocco (2015) Vernacular Architecture: Toward a Sustainable Future, pp. 537-541. , Taylor & Francis Group, Londres; Oiry-Varacca, M., (2014) Quand le tourisme recompose les identités collectives: etude de projects touristiques 'alternatifs' dans les Atlas marocains, , Tesis doctoral. Universidad de Genova; Palou, S., Mancinelli, F., El turismo como refractor (2016) Quaderns de l'Institut Català d'Antropologia, Sèrie monograàfics, n. 32, Diàlegs d'antropologia i turismo. Etnografies i debats contemporanis, pp. 5-28. , Pollen editions, Barcelona; Popp, H., La `Route des Kasbahs' - un produit touristique du Maroc Présaharien. Les pays du Maghreb. Contributions de la géographie humaine allemande (2008) 31ème Congress International de Géographie à Tunis, pp. 68-77; Terrasse, H., (1938) Kasbas berbères de l'Atlas et des oasis, , Paris: Editions des Horizons de France","Lopez-Osorio, J.M.; Art and Architecture Department, Spain; email: lopezosorio@uma.es","Mileto C.Vegas F.Cristini V.Garcia-Soriano L.",,"International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","2020 International Conference on Vernacular Architecture in World Heritage Sites. Risks and New Technologies, HERITAGE 2020 (3DPast | RISK-Terra)","9 September 2020 through 12 September 2020",,162105,16821750,,,,"English","Int. Arch. Photogramm., Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. - ISPRS Arch.",Conference Paper,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85090963931
"Trizio F., Mileto C., Torrijo Echarri F.J., Lidón de Miguel M.","57218993836;36721933700;57220772596;57218994741;","Preliminary analysis of earthen architecture response to floods: The case of Alzira (Spain)",2020,"International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences - ISPRS Archives","54","M-1",,"713","717",,1,"10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-713-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090948400&doi=10.5194%2fisprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-713-2020&partnerID=40&md5=34f09b0e96551d09b44506b1825e822a","Departamento de Composición Arquitectónica, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Ingeniería del Terreno, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Research Centre PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain","Trizio, F., Departamento de Composición Arquitectónica, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain, Research Centre PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Mileto, C., Departamento de Composición Arquitectónica, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain, Research Centre PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Torrijo Echarri, F.J., Departamento de Ingeniería del Terreno, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain, Research Centre PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Lidón de Miguel, M., Departamento de Composición Arquitectónica, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain, Research Centre PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain","Alzira, the capital of the Ribera del Júcar, has historically played a prominent role within the Comunitat Valenciana. The first settlement of the city dates back to the Moorish domination, and after the Reconquista, together with Xativa, Alcoi and Elx, it became one of the main cities of the ancient Reino de Valencia. Its architectural heritage is a witness of this remarkable past, including the glorious example of the Moorish wall, built almost entirely using the technique of rammed earth. Throughout history, the Moorish wall and the entire architectural heritage of Alzira have suffered extensive damage due to multiple factors, including neglect, wars and numerous floods. Throughout history, floods have had a significant impact on the architectural and cultural heritage of the city, as chronicled at the time, given that until the 1960s, the historic centre was surrounded by the two branches of the river Júcar. This study aims to analyse the response of earthen architecture to flooding, assessing its resilience and vulnerability through the analysis of the case of the city of Alzira and, in particular, of its historic centre. The research will therefore investigate the adaptation of earthen architecture and traditional techniques to floods. The recognition of these good practices used in the past and the establishment of a level of risk will be crucial to developing measures for the prevention and mitigation of the effects of floods, such as structural reinforcements and protective devices. © Authors 2020. CC BY 4.0 License.","Architectural Heritage; Conservation; Earthen Architecture; Floods; Rammed Earth; Risk Assessment","Architecture; Floods; History; Walls (structural partitions); Architectural heritage; Cultural heritages; Earthen architectures; Multiple factors; Preliminary analysis; Protective devices; Structural reinforcement; Traditional techniques; Risk assessment",,,,,"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, MCIU","This work is part of the research project “Earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula: study of natural, social and anthropic risks and strategies to improve resilience” Risk-Terra (ref. RTI2018-095302-B-I00; main researchers: Camilla Mileto and Fernando Vegas), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and University.","This work is part of the research project ?Earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula: study of natural, social and anthropic risks and strategies to improve resilience? Risk-Terra (ref. RTI2018-095302-B-I00; main researchers: Camilla Mileto and Fernando Vegas), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and University.",,,,,,,,,"(2014) Gestión del riesgo de desastres para el Patrimonio Mundial, , AA.VV., UNESCO, Paris; (2008) Riesgos naturales. Guía Metodológica para la elaboración de cartografías en España, , AAVV, COG, Ministerio de Vivienda; Cirvini, S.A., Voltan, Gómez, Test and device to evaluate capillary absorption in soil specimens of adobe and rammed earth (2012) Rammed Heart Conservation, pp. 131-137. , 2012: en Valencia, Spain, C. Mileto, F. Vegas, Cristini (eds). London: Taylor and Francis Group; Carmona González, P., Ruiz Pérez, J. M., Las inundaciones de los ríos Júcar y Turia (2000) Serie Geográfica, Universidad de Alcalá, (9), pp. 49-69. , ISSN 1136-5277; Guillaud, H., Pisé: Evolution, innovation, resistances and future directions (2012), pp. 3-8. , Rammed Heart Conservation, Valencia, Spain, 2012. C. Mileto, F. Vegas, Cristini (eds). London: Taylor and Francis Group; Hidalgo Mora, J., Rammed earth architecture in the middle course of the river Júcar, Spain (2012), pp. 131-137. , Rammed Heart Conservation, Valencia, Spain, 2012. C. Mileto, F. Vegas, Cristini (eds). London: Taylor and Francis Group; Lairón Pla, A. J., Alzira y la pérdida de su patrimonio histórico-artístico (1900-2000). Lo que el siglio se llevó (2017) Arquitectura tradicional y patrimonio de la Ribera del Xúquer, pp. 96-109. , Valencia: General de Ediciones de Arquitectura; Mateo Mansanet, N., (2019) Las Murallas de Alcira (Valencia), , Master Thesis. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València; Matero, F.G., Earthen Architecture: Clay feet or a feat of clay en Rammed Heart Conservation, Valencia, Spain, 2012 (2012), pp. 17-19. , C. Mileto, F. Vegas, Cristini (eds). London: Taylor and Francis Group; Matoses Ortell, I., Hidalgo Mora, J., Planells Pérez, A., (2017) Arquitectura tradicional y patrimonio de la Ribera del Xúquer, , Valencia: General de Ediciones de Arquitectura; Mileto, C., Vegas, F., (2014) La restauración de la tapia en la Península Ibérica, , (Eds), Argumentum/TC. Lisboa/Valencia; Montagud Piera, B., (1989) Alcira. Estudios artísticos I, , Alzira: Comisión Falla Mayor; (2017) Refundido, , PEP Pla Especial De Proteccio De La Vila D'alzira; Phillips, H., The capacity to adapt to climate change at heritage sites (2015) The development of a conceptual framework ESP, 47; SNCZI - Sistema Nacional de Zonas Inundables; Tabernes Pastor, F., Broseta Palanca, M.T., El plan especial de protección de la Vila de Alzira (2017) Arquitectura tradicional y patrimonio de la Ribera del Xúquer, pp. 110-117. , Valencia: General de Ediciones de Arquitectura; Wang, J.J., Flood risk maps to cultural heritage: Measures and process (2015) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 16, pp. 210-220; Warren, J., Forma, significado y propuesta: objetivos éticos y estéticos en la conservación de la arquitectura de tierra (2001) Loggia, Arquitectura & Restauración, (12), pp. 10-19. , https://doaj.org/article/c6e0924daf2e484698ed5a8f259e64f6","Trizio, F.; Departamento de Composición Arquitectónica, Spain; email: fratri@upvnet.upv.es","Mileto C.Vegas F.Cristini V.Garcia-Soriano L.",,"International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","2020 International Conference on Vernacular Architecture in World Heritage Sites. Risks and New Technologies, HERITAGE 2020 (3DPast | RISK-Terra)","9 September 2020 through 12 September 2020",,162105,16821750,,,,"English","Int. Arch. Photogramm., Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. - ISPRS Arch.",Conference Paper,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85090948400
"Barada J., Tomasi J.","57210360222;55327706400;","Earthen heritage, conservation practices and commodification in a world heritage site (Quebrada De Humahuaca, Jujuy, Argentina)",2020,"International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences - ISPRS Archives","54","M-1",,"731","738",,1,"10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-731-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090930419&doi=10.5194%2fisprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-731-2020&partnerID=40&md5=f26b2d0dc9c4f8436617c3cb53766b36","CONICET - Laboratorio de Arquitectura y Construcción con Tierra, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Argentina","Barada, J., CONICET - Laboratorio de Arquitectura y Construcción con Tierra, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Argentina; Tomasi, J., CONICET - Laboratorio de Arquitectura y Construcción con Tierra, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Argentina","Contemporary reflections on the conception and conservation of architectural heritage have led to new perspectives on certain categories, such as authenticity, within a more dynamic understanding of social facts. Historically, local communities have rethought and transformed their architecture within the framework of becoming reality. This change is inherent in their condition of existence, and necessary to consider the multiplicity of institutionalized actors that raise agendas and actions that intersect in a complex way with the dynamics of World Heritage sites. This paper will analyze the implications of these processes through the study of earthen architecture in Quebrada de Humahuaca (Jujuy, Argentina). The site is at risk due to the exponential growth of tourism and the process of transformation in different dimensions of local realities. Transformations in vernacular architecture will be analyze considering three dimensions and intersections. On the one hand, changes in practices of local builders within their own dynamics; on the other, the conservation actions on the architecture that have formal declarations of protection; finally, commodification of vernacular architecture due to tourist activities. The approach of this paper will focus on technical aspects, within a conceptual framework as social facts, based on the survey and fieldwork carried out in recent years. This case study could act as a precedent for similar researches and would be useful for guidelines in global earthen heritage conservation projects. © Authors 2020. CC BY 4.0 License.","Building techniques; Commodification; Earthen architecture; Quebrada de Humahuaca; Tourism","Conservation; Architectural heritage; Conceptual frameworks; Conservation actions; Conservation practices; Earthen architectures; Exponential growth; Heritage conservation; Vernacular architecture; Architecture",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Barada, J., Algunas casas raras. Acerca de los otros patrimonios posibles en la arquitectura doméstica de la Puna argentina, Coranzulí, provincia de Jujuy (2016) Apuntes, 29 (2), pp. 38-55; Barada, J., (2018) Entre casas, departamentos y viviendas. Una etnografía de las relaciones entre los pastores y el estado desde la producción de arquitectura doméstica en un pueblo puneño, , Editorial Antropofagia, Buenos Aires; Belli, E., Slavutsky, R., Argañaraz, C., Quebrada de Humahuaca: Patrimonio de la Humanidad. Capitales, Territorios y Pueblos (2005) Patrimonio en el Noroeste Argentino, pp. 15-38. , Belli, E., Slavutsky, R., Instituto Interdisciplinario Tilcara, Tilcara; Bratisevic, S., Valorización inmobiliaria reciente en la Quebrada de Humahuaca. El caso de la localidad de Tilcara (2018) Economía, Sociedad y Territorio, XVIII (56), pp. 291-317; Bugallo, L., Años se manejaba el cambio y ahora el billete. Participación de poblaciones de la Puna de Jujuy en ferias e intercambios entre los siglos XIX y XX (2008) Estudios Trasandinos, 14 (2), pp. 5-30; Herr, C., Rolón, G., Registro documental e intervención patrimonial en la arquitectura religiosa de la provincia de Jujuy. Criterios implementados por la Comisión Nacional de Museos, de Monumentos y Lugares Históricos (CNMMYLH) durante el período 1938-1946 (2018) Anales del IAA, 48-1, pp. 31-45; Otero, C., La arqueología en el relato oficial del estado nacional. El caso del Pucará de Tilcara (Jujuy, Argentina) (2013) Arqueología Suramericana, 6 (1-2), pp. 87-112; Parodi, M., Benedetti, A., Minería, descampesinización y desocupación. Trayectorias de movilidad de cuatro mineros de El Aguilar (Jujuy-Argentina, década de 1940 a 2010) (2016) Estudios Atacameños, 52, pp. 25-48; Paterlini de Koch, O., Villavicencio, S., Rega, MA., Arquitectura popular y ""modernidad apropiada"" en la Quebrada de Humahuaca, Argentina: ""Paisaje Cultural de la Humanidad"" (2007) Arquitectura Vernácula en el Mundo Ibérico: Actas del Congreso Internacional sobre Arquitectura Vernácula, pp. 366-373. , Aranda Bernal, AM. Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla; Reboratti, C., García Codrón, JC., Albeck, M., Una visión general de la quebrada (2003) La Quebrada, , Editorial La Colmena, Buenos Aires; Sica, G., Procesos comunes y trayectorias diferentes en torno a las tierras de los pueblos de indios de Jujuy. Siglo XVI al XIX (2016) Revista del Museo de Antropología, 9 (2), pp. 171-186; Tomasi, J., (2011) Geografías del Pastoreo. Territorios, movilidades y espacio doméstico en Susques (provincia de Jujuy), , Doctoral Thesis in Geography. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires; Tomasi, J., ¿La revalorización de lo 'tradicional' o la 'puesta en orden' de lo local? Producción arquitectónica y mercado turístico en la Quebrada de Humahuaca (2011) Miradas desde la Quebrada de Humahuaca. Territorios, proyectos y patrimonio, pp. 63-69. , b Novick, A., Nuñez, T., Sabaté Bel, J. FADU-UPC, Buenos Aires; Tomasi, J., Mirando lo vernáculo. Tradiciones disciplinares en el estudio de “otras arquitecturas” en la Argentina del siglo XX (2012) Revista Área, 17, pp. 68-83; Tommei, C., (2017) De ciudad huerta a pueblo boutique: territorio, patrimonio y turismo en Purmamarca, 1991-2014, , Instituto de Arte Americano, Buenos Aires; Troncoso, C., Patrimonio y Redefinición de un lugar turístico. La Quebrada de Humahuaca, Provincia de Jujuy, Argentina (2009) Estudios y Perspectivas en Turismo, 18, pp. 144-160; Troncoso, C., La estetización de la Quebrada de Humahuaca (Jujuy, Argentina): turismo, patrimonio y adecuaciones de un lugar para el consumo turístico (2013) Ería, 91, pp. 167-181; Vesclir, L., Tommei, C., Mancini, C., Noceti, I., Lecturas territoriales: nuevas cartografías interpretativas de la Quebrada de Humahuaca (2013) Revista Apuntes, 26 (1), pp. 10-31","Barada, J.; CONICET - Laboratorio de Arquitectura y Construcción con Tierra, Argentina; email: ju.barada@gmail.com","Mileto C.Vegas F.Cristini V.Garcia-Soriano L.",,"International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","2020 International Conference on Vernacular Architecture in World Heritage Sites. Risks and New Technologies, HERITAGE 2020 (3DPast | RISK-Terra)","9 September 2020 through 12 September 2020",,162105,16821750,,,,"English","Int. Arch. Photogramm., Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. - ISPRS Arch.",Conference Paper,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85090930419
"Mileto C., Vegas F., Cristini V., García-Soriano L.","36721933700;6603127341;39161117100;56344563400;","Initial assessment of multi-risk social vulnerability for Iberian earthen traditional architecture",2020,"Procedia Structural Integrity","29",,,"34","39",,1,"10.1016/j.prostr.2020.11.136","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85102485353&doi=10.1016%2fj.prostr.2020.11.136&partnerID=40&md5=f880798f2d4eea21153fcdc4ce17ce82","Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain","Mileto, C., Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain; Vegas, F., Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain; Cristini, V., Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain; García-Soriano, L., Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain","In the Iberian Peninsula the existing earthen (above all vernacular) buildings are hardly socially recognized. The current heritage is vast, rich and valuable but has suffered (and continues to suffer) from the effects of abandonment and lack of maintenance. This, in conjunction with unsuitable interventions, worsens the resistance and durability of this architecture. The RISK-Terra project (financed by the Spanish Ministry of Science) aims to provide a scientific study of different hazards (natural, anthropic, and social ones as well as deterioration and transformation dynamics). The aim of this paper is to focus on initial assessments of the project relating to social hazards (abandonment, depopulation, loss of social reputation, demographic pressure, tourism development-) in order to prevent and mitigate possible damage through specific compatible actions and/or tools aimed at increasing possible social resilience. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.. All rights reserved.","Classification criteria; Reliability of earthen architecture; Resilience; Social acceptance",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"(2011) Terra Europae, , AA.VV., ETS Ed., Pisa; (2014) Heritage for Tomorrow. Vernacular Knowledge for Sustainable Architecture, , AA.VV., Firenze University Press, Firenze; Sustainable synergies from buildings to the urban scale (2016) Procedia Environmental Sciences No 38, , https://www.unisdr.org/files/1037_hyogoframeworkforactionenglish.pdf, AA.VV., Elsevier Ed., Amsterdam AA.VV., Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters, UN/ISDR-07-2007 Geneva; Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, , https://www.unisdr.org/files/43291_sendaiframeworkfordrren.pdf, AA.VV., UN/ISDR-2015-Geneva; Maldonado, V.F., (2002) Arquitectura y Construcción Con Tierra, , Mairea Ed., Madrid; Micle, D., Archaeological heritage between natural hazard and anthropic destruction: The negative impact of social non involvement in the protection of archaeological sites (2014) Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, (163), pp. 269-278. , Elsevier Ed., Amsterdam; Mileto, C., Vegas, F., Cristini, V., (2012) Rammed Earth Conservation, , Taylor&Francis Ed., London; Mileto, C., Vegas, F., Villacampa, L., Garcia, L., The influence of geographical factors in traditional earthen architecture: The case of the iberian peninsula (2019) Sustinability No 11, p. 2369. , MPDI Ed., Zurich; Minke, G., (2006) Building with Earth: Design and Technology of A Sustainable Architecture, , Birkhäuser Ed., Basel; Módenes, J.A., López-Colás, J., Cambio demográfico reciente y vivienda en España (2014) REIS., (148), pp. 103-134; Oliver, P., (2006) Built to Meet Needs: Cultural Issues in Vernacular Architecture, , Routledge Ed., London; Poza, C., Fernández, J.A., Una aproximación a la construcción de un indicador de pobreza multidimensional. ¿cuáles son los focos de riesgo en España? (2010) Revista de Métodos Cuantitativos Para la Economía y la Empresa, (10), pp. 43-72; Sánchez, A., (1995) Arquitectura Popular, , Castilla Ed., Valladolid; Weber, W., Yannas, S., (2013) Lessons from Vernacular Architecture, , Routledge Ed., London","Mileto, C.; Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Spain; email: cami2@cpa.upv.es","Tanganelli M.Viti S.",,"Elsevier B.V.","1st International Conference on Art Collections ARCO 2020","28 May 2020 through 30 May 2020",,167634,24523216,,,,"English","Proc. Struc. Inte.",Conference Paper,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85102485353
"Sánchez-Calvillo A., Alonso-Guzmán E.M., Sil J.L.R., Martínez-Molina W., Chávez-García H.L., Bedolla-Arroyo J.A., Navarro-Mendoza E.G., Blancas-Herrera V.H., Perez J.A.V.","57219001226;8302713600;14042843800;37047599700;57194776293;56082589800;57219002485;57208052441;57194777883;","Colorimetry of clays as a tool to identify soil materials for earthen buildings restoration",2020,"Key Engineering Materials","862 KEM",,,"56","60",,1,"10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.862.56","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85091655922&doi=10.4028%2fwww.scientific.net%2fKEM.862.56&partnerID=40&md5=e4bf703d21cee9e249ff6f5daab59396","Faculty of Architecture, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Avenida Gral. Francisco J. Múgica S/N, Morelia, 58004, Mexico; Materials Department, Civil Engineering Faculty, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Avenue Gral. Francisco J. Múgica S/N, Morelia, 58004, Mexico; Experimental Physics Department, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenue Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico","Sánchez-Calvillo, A., Faculty of Architecture, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Avenida Gral. Francisco J. Múgica S/N, Morelia, 58004, Mexico; Alonso-Guzmán, E.M., Materials Department, Civil Engineering Faculty, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Avenue Gral. Francisco J. Múgica S/N, Morelia, 58004, Mexico; Sil, J.L.R., Experimental Physics Department, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenue Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico; Martínez-Molina, W., Materials Department, Civil Engineering Faculty, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Avenue Gral. Francisco J. Múgica S/N, Morelia, 58004, Mexico; Chávez-García, H.L., Materials Department, Civil Engineering Faculty, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Avenue Gral. Francisco J. Múgica S/N, Morelia, 58004, Mexico; Bedolla-Arroyo, J.A., Faculty of Architecture, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Avenida Gral. Francisco J. Múgica S/N, Morelia, 58004, Mexico; Navarro-Mendoza, E.G., Faculty of Architecture, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Avenida Gral. Francisco J. Múgica S/N, Morelia, 58004, Mexico; Blancas-Herrera, V.H., Materials Department, Civil Engineering Faculty, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Avenue Gral. Francisco J. Múgica S/N, Morelia, 58004, Mexico; Perez, J.A.V., Materials Department, Civil Engineering Faculty, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Avenue Gral. Francisco J. Múgica S/N, Morelia, 58004, Mexico","In the restoration field and the cultural heritage, the treatment of colour is very important, being an important factor for the decisions and interventions in historic buildings. However, some of these have not the same recognition and protection by authorities, being really vulnerable, especially against natural phenomena like the earthquakes. After the 2017 Puebla Earthquake, the remainders of the earthen architecture of Jojutla de Juarez were collected to be analysed. Natural clays of the quarries near the town were compared by colorimetry tests with the traditional adobe samples which were collected in the locality. There also were conducted particle size analysis and the Unified Soil Classification System, USCS, to obtain the composition and properties of the soils and the adobe bricks, as well as the additives used, mainly straw as fibre reinforcements of the adobe masonry. One of the factors observed which contributed to change the colorimetric values of the clays was the use of stabilizers like lime, on the other hand, these stabilizers also helped to change the USCS classification of the soils and their cohesive properties. © 2020 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.","Clays; Colorimetry; Earthen architecture; Microscopy; Sieve analysis","Additives; Color; Colorimeters; Colorimetry; Earthquakes; Historic preservation; Lime; Particle size; Particle size analysis; Restoration; Soils; Cohesive property; Cultural heritages; Earthen architectures; Earthen buildings; Fibre reinforcements; Historic buildings; Natural phenomena; Unified soil classification systems; Soil testing",,,,,"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACYT; Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, UMSNH","The authors of the work show gratitude to the Technical Support of the Materials Laboratory “Ing. Luis Silva Ruelas” of the Faculty of Civil Engineering of the UMSNH, the Postgraduation Coordination of the Faculty of Architecture of the UMSNH, the LANCIC, IFUNAM, UNAM; and the economic support given by CONACYT. In addition, the authors thank the technical support of B.C.E. D. Preciado Villicaña and M. Ruiz Mendoza.",,,,,,,,,,"(2017), National Seismological Service, Special report. Earthquake of September 19th 2017, Puebla-Morelos (M 7.1). UNAM, National Seismological Service. Mexico City: National Autonomous University of Mexico; Meli Piralla, R., (2018) The civil engineering towards the effects of the 2017 earthquakes on cultural heritage in S. D. Culture, Earthquake and cultural heritage. Testimonials, teaching and challenges, 2017 y 2018, pp. 62-81. , Mexico City: Publications of the Ministry of Culture; Guerrero Baca, L. F., Seismic behaviour of traditional adobe dwellings in the slope of Popocatépetl volcano, México (2019) Gremium, 6 (11), pp. 105-118; Blondet, M., Vargas, J., Tarque, N., Iwaki, C., Earthquake resistant earthen construction: the great contemporary expericence of the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (2011) Constructions Report, 63 (523), pp. 41-50. , http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/ic; Sunkar, M., Aksoy, H. S., Adobe Buildings Damaged during Kovancılar (Elazığ) Earthquake on March 8, 2010 and their Earthquake Resistances (2015) KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 19 (4), pp. 943-951; Costa, C., Arduin, D., Rocha, F., Adobe Blocks in the Center of Portugal: Main Characteristics (2019) International Journal of Architectural Heritage; Parracha, J. L., Lima, J., Freire, M. T., Ferreira, M., Faria, P., Vernacular Earthen Buildings from Leiria, Portugal – Material Characterization (2019) International Journal of Architectural Heritage; Mao, W., Sun, M., Guo, Q., Huang, J., Bai, Y., Research on in-situ color detection and data analysis on earthen sites (2018) International Journal of Architectural Heritage; Martínez Molina, W., Torres Acosta, A. A., Alonso Guzmán, E. M., Ruvalcaba Sil, J. L., Colorimetry of clays modified with mineral and organic additives (2018) ALCONPAT, pp. 163-177. , http://dx.doi.org/10.21041/ra.v8i2.277; Centauro, I., Cantisani, E., Grandin, C., Salvini, A., Vettori, S., The Influence of Natural Organic Materials on the Properties of Traditional Lime-Based Mortars (2017) International Journal of Architectural Heritage; Johnston-Feller, R., (2001) Color Science in the Examination of Museum Objects. Non-destructive Procedures, , Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute; Yetgin, Ş., Çavdar, Ö., Çavdar, A., The effects of the fiber contents on the mechanic properties of the adobes (2008) Construction and Building Materials, 22, pp. 222-227","Sil, J.L.R.; Experimental Physics Department, Avenue Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, Mexico; email: sil@fisica.unam.mx","Hu J.W.",,"Trans Tech Publications Ltd","4th Annual International Conference on Material Science and Engineering Technology, ICMSET 2020","20 March 2020 through 22 March 2020",,245389,10139826,9783035716962,KEMAE,,"English","Key Eng Mat",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85091655922
"Wang D., Cui K., Wu G., Feng F., Yu X.","57202012439;57200773429;57189501009;57208899822;57209981596;","Performance and working mechanism of tension–compression composite anchorage system for earthen heritage sites",2019,"Heritage Science","7","1","52","","",,1,"10.1186/s40494-019-0297-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85069190896&doi=10.1186%2fs40494-019-0297-3&partnerID=40&md5=b7ff2b271f8b5981c48a55c6feb6abdf","Western Center for Disaster Mitigation in Civil Engineering of Ministry of Education of China, School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping Road No. 287, Lanzhou, 730050, China; Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road No. 222, Lanzhou, China","Wang, D., Western Center for Disaster Mitigation in Civil Engineering of Ministry of Education of China, School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping Road No. 287, Lanzhou, 730050, China; Cui, K., Western Center for Disaster Mitigation in Civil Engineering of Ministry of Education of China, School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping Road No. 287, Lanzhou, 730050, China, Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road No. 222, Lanzhou, China; Wu, G., Western Center for Disaster Mitigation in Civil Engineering of Ministry of Education of China, School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping Road No. 287, Lanzhou, 730050, China, Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road No. 222, Lanzhou, China; Feng, F., Western Center for Disaster Mitigation in Civil Engineering of Ministry of Education of China, School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping Road No. 287, Lanzhou, 730050, China; Yu, X., Western Center for Disaster Mitigation in Civil Engineering of Ministry of Education of China, School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping Road No. 287, Lanzhou, 730050, China","Although the fully grouted tension anchorage system (T-anchorage system) has been widely used in the field of anchoring of earthen heritage sites, it has always suffered from the failure of the bolt–slurry interface debonding and the strong attenuation of the shear stress of the bolt–slurry interface along the embedment length. In this article, a new type of fully grouted tension–compression composite anchorage system (TC-anchorage system) is proposed, which is made up of a pressure bearing system with the same diameter of the anchor hole at the end of the tension bolt. The in situ anchorage, pull-out test and interfacial stress–strain monitoring were carried out for the T-anchorage systems and the TC-anchorage systems. This was based on the preliminary analysis and comparison of the structure and working mechanism of the two anchorage systems. The test results show that: the average ultimate load of the TC-anchorage system is about 40% higher than that of the T-anchorage system. TC-anchorage systems have the characteristics of small elastic deformation and large plastic deformation. The strain at the bolt–slurry interface varies progressively along the embedded length with the increase of load in a positive skewness–bimodal–negative skewness curve. The working mechanism of TC-anchorage systems includes three progressive stages: bolt–slurry interface debonding, conical slurry formation and slurry extrusion. The research conclusion provides a reference for the application of TC-anchorage systems in the protection and reinforcement of earthen heritage sites. © 2019, The Author(s).","Anchorage performance; Earthen heritage sites; Fully grouted tension anchorage system (T-anchorage system); Fully grouted tension–compression composite anchorage system (TC-anchorage system); Working mechanism",,,,,,"National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC; China National Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists: 41562015, 51208245; Changjiang Scholar Program of Chinese Ministry of Education: 2017IRT17-51","The research described in this paper was financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41562015 and No. 51208245) and the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University of Ministry of Education of China (2017IRT17-51).","The research described in this paper was financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41562015 and 51208245) and the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University of Ministry of Education of China (2017IRT17-51). Acknowledgements","The research described in this paper was financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41562015 and No. 51208245) and the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University of Ministry of Education of China (2017IRT17-51).",,,,,,,,"Li, Z.X., (2010) Conservation of ancient sites along the silk road, , Science Press, Beijing; Du, Y., Chen, W., Cui, K., Gong, S., Pu, T., Fu, X., A model characterizing deterioration at earthen sites of the Ming Great Wall in Qinghai Province, China (2017) Soil Mech Found Eng, 53 (6), pp. 426-434; Pu, T., Chen, W., Du, Y., Li, W., Su, N., Snowfall-related deterioration behavior of the Ming Great Wall in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (2016) Nat Hazards., 84, pp. 1539-1550; Benmokrane, B., Zhang, B., Chennouf, A., Tensile properties and pullout behaviour of AFRP and CFRP rods for grouted anchor applications (2000) Constr Build Mater., 14 (3), pp. 157-170; Martin, L.B., Tijani, M., Hadj-Hassen, F., Noiret, A., Assessment of the bolt–grout interface behavior of fully grouted rock bolts from laboratory experiments under axial loads (2013) Int J Rock Mech Min Sci, 63 (10), pp. 50-61; Ma, S.Q., Nemcik, J., Aziz, Z., An analytical model of fully grouted rock bolts subjected to tensile load (2013) Constr Build Mater, 49 (12), pp. 519-526; Wang, X.D., Philosophy and practice of conservation of soil architecture sites: a case study of the Jiaohe ancient site in Xinjiang (2010) Dunhuang Res, 6, pp. 5-9. , (in Chinese; Hyett, A.J., Moosavi, M., Bawden, W.F., Load distribution along fully grouted bolts with emphasis on cable bolt reinforcement (1996) Int J Numer Anal Meth Geomech, 20 (7), pp. 517-544; Kilic, A., Yasar, E., Celik, A.G., Effect of grout properties on the pull-out load capacity of fully grouted rock bolt (2002) Tunn Undergr Space Technol, 17 (4), pp. 355-362; Cao, C., Ren, T., Cook, C., Calculation of the effect of Poisson’s ratio in laboratory push and pull testing of resin-encapsulated bolts (2013) Int J Rock Mech Min Sci, 64, pp. 175-180; Zhang, J.K., Chen, W.W., Li, Z.X., Wang, X.D., He, F.G., Field tests on anchorage mechanism of wood bolts for conservation of soil sites (2013) Chin J Geotech Eng., 35 (6), pp. 1166-1171. , (in Chinese; Sun, M.L., Wang, X.D., Li, Z.X., Zhang, J.K., Study of the cohesional strength of reinforcing soil sites with a bamboo anchorage (2011) Dunhuang Res., 6, pp. 81-84. , (in Chinese; Zhang, H.Y., Wang, X.D., Wang, X.D., Lü, Q.F., Zhang, Y.J., Bond-slip model for bamboo-steel cable composite anchor (2011) Rock Soil Mech., 32 (3), pp. 789-796. , (in Chinese; Mao, X.F., Zhao, D., Chen, P., Anchor theory and experimental study of geo-filament blot (2008) Mech Pract., 30 (2), pp. 74-77. , (in Chinese; Zhang, J.K., Chen, W.W., He, F.G., Li, Z.X., Sun, M.L., Field experimental study on anchorage performance of GFRP at conservation earthen sites (2014) J Eng Geol., 22 (5), pp. 804-810. , (in Chinese; Zhang, J.K., Li, Z.X., Chen, W.W., Wang, X.D., Guo, Q.L., Wang, N., Pull-out behaviour of wood bolt fully grouted by PS-F slurry in rammed earth heritages (2017) Geomech Geoeng., 12 (4), pp. 279-290; Cui, K., Wang, D.H., Chen, W.W., Ren, X.F., Liu, J., Yang, G., Comparative study of anchorage performance of three types of bolts fully grouted by modified glutinous rice mortar (2018) Rock Soil Mech., 39 (2), pp. 498-506. , (in Chinese; Cui, K., Wang, D.H., Chen, W.W., Ren, X.F., Guan, X.P., Huang, J.J., Performance and mechanism of bolts fully grouted with SH (C + F) slurry (2017) J Eng Geol., 25 (1), pp. 19-26. , (in Chinese; Zhang, J.K., Chen, W.W., Li, Z.X., Wang, X.D., Guo, Q.L., Wang, N., Study on workability anddurability of calcined ginger nuts-based grouts used in anchoring conservation of earthen sites (2015) J Cult Herit., 16 (6), pp. 831-837; Yang, S.T., Wu, Z.M., Hu, X.Z., Zheng, J.J., Theoretical analysis on pullout of anchorage from anchor-mortar-concrete anchorage system (2008) Eng Fract Mech, 75 (5), pp. 961-985; (2012) Design specification for preservation and reinforcement engineering of arid soil sites, , WW/T 0038, Beijing: State Administration of Cultural Heritage; 2012; (2005) Technical Specification for Ground Anchors, , Beijing, China Association for Engineering Construction Standardization; (2006) Standard of Water for Concrete, , Beijing: Ministry of housing and urban-rural development of the People’s Republic of China; Chen, W.W., Guo, Z.Q., Xu, Y.R., Chen, P.P., Zhang, S., Ye, F., Laboratory tests on rammed earth samples of earthen sites instilled by reinforcement material SH (2015) Chin J Geotech Eng, 37 (8), pp. 1517-1523. , (in Chinese; (1999) Standard for soil test method, , General Administration of quality supervision, inspection and Quarantine of the people’s Republic of China, and Ministry of housing and urban-rural development of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing; (2012) Testing Techniques Specifications for Preservation of Soil Sites, , Beijing: State Administration of Cultural Heritage; (2015) Technical Code for Engineering of Ground Anchorages and Shotcrete Support, , GB 50086, Beijing: China Metallurgical Construction Association; 2015; Kılıc, A., Yasar, E., Atis, C.D., Effect of bar shape on the pull-out capacity of fully-grouted rockbolts (2003) Tunn Undergr Space Technol, 18 (1), pp. 1-6; Kim, G., Ahn, K., Min, K., Jung, C., Behavior characteristics of underreamed ground anchor through field test and numerical analysis (2013) J Korean Math Soc, 14 (8), pp. 37-44. , (In Korean; Tu, B.X., Yu, J., He, J.F., Cheng, Q., Xu, G.P., Jia, J.Q., Analysis of anchorage performance on new tension-compression anchor II: model test (2019) Chin J Geotech Eng., 41 (3), pp. 475-483. , (in Chinese; Li, Z.X., Sun, M.L., Wang, X.D., (2008) Conservation research on Jiaohe ruins, , Science Press, Beijing; Zhang, N., Wu, H.N., Shen, J.S.L., Hino, T., Yin, Z.Y., Evaluation of the uplift behavior of plate anchor in structured marine clay (2017) Mar Georesour Geotechnol, 35 (6), pp. 758-768; Chen, W., Du, Y., Cui, K., Fu, X., Gong, S., Architectural forms and distribution characteristics of beacon towers of the Ming Great Wall in Qinghai Province (2017) J Asian Archit Build Eng, 16 (3), pp. 503-510","Cui, K.; Western Center for Disaster Mitigation in Civil Engineering of Ministry of Education of China, Langongping Road No. 287, China; email: cuik09@lut.edu.cn",,,"Springer",,,,,20507445,,,,"English","Herit. Sci.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85069190896
"Lazarovich M., Casso E.","57203576086;57203572804;","Management and Restauration of Two National Historical Monuments of Earthen in Salta, Argentina",2019,"RILEM Bookseries","18",,,"2089","2096",,1,"10.1007/978-3-319-99441-3_224","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85052329758&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-319-99441-3_224&partnerID=40&md5=346ecf50e1a0f6ff6ca3fdcf94c5b436","Comisión Nacional de Monumentos de Lugares y de Bienes Históricos, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Subsecretaría de Patrimonio Cultural de la Provincia de Salta, Salta, Argentina","Lazarovich, M., Comisión Nacional de Monumentos de Lugares y de Bienes Históricos, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Casso, E., Subsecretaría de Patrimonio Cultural de la Provincia de Salta, Salta, Argentina","Two houses, one constructed in the middle of the XVIII century, the other one in the principle of the XIX century, both in earthen and declared National Historical Monuments, had implicated a great endeavor of management and professional technics for their restauration and valorization. The Leguizamon House of earthen and two floors represented a new challenge for the Earthen Heritage Management. Indeed, the pathology a deterioration detected in 2009 were very significant, and the fact that in Argentina this kind of work with this particular complexity and scale was never done represented a great difficulty. Beside, in this country, it does not exist special rules on architectural earthen restauration and construction. The Güemes House also represented an important challenge for the management because this dwelling of one floor was a private property with a deep meaning for the Argentinian Independence History. The professional advices of the Engineer Daniel Torrealva Davila from Peru led the restauration process of both historical monuments. In both case, they have been followed the guide lines of intervention for historical buildings in Peru, and the consolidation was addressed respecting the International Convention criteria and rules specialized in this specific issue. They were used structural reinforcement technics and materials absolutely news in Argentina which became national referents for their methodology and results obtained. It is important to note that during all the restauration process the original constructive frameworks, technologies and materials were respect, using structural reinforcement under the reversibility and low intervention criteria. © 2019, RILEM.","Authenticity; Integrity; Pathology; Reinforcement; Reversibility",,,,,,"Inter-American Development Bank, IDB","The work began in 2014 and ended in 2016. It was financed with funds from the IDB (Inter-American Development Bank). The assembly of the museum was carried out during the 2016 and it was inaugurated in March 2017 becoming a key place for the Salta History and permanent visit of locals and tourists.",,,,,,,,,,"Martínez, E., Giles, B., The restoration of the Leguizamón House (2012) The XI International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architectural Heritage, Terra, p. 2012. , Lima, Perú; Silva, M., Heritage Arquitecture of Argentinian, Salta-Jujuy, Part 1 (1982) Architects Central Society, Buenos Aires; Martínez, E., Giles, B., (2005) Salta Architectural and Urban Heritage, , Ministery of Education of Salta, Argentina; Torrealva, D., (2009) Seismic Design of Adobe Walls Reinforced with Geogrid, , PUCP, Lima; Norm, S., (2006), NTE 080, Peru","Lazarovich, M.; Comisión Nacional de Monumentos de Lugares y de Bienes HistóricosArgentina; email: mario.lazarovich@gmail.com",,,"Springer Netherlands",,,,,22110844,,,,"English","RILEM Bookseries",Book Chapter,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85052329758
"Landívar C.P., Achig-Balarezo M.C., Freire V.C., Silva I.S., Martínez F.C.","57203576746;57192237077;57203570193;57203570250;57191768510;","Analysis and Proposal to Retrofit the Traditional Construction Systems (Earth) of the Former San José School, Cuenca, Ecuador",2019,"RILEM Bookseries","18",,,"144","152",,1,"10.1007/978-3-319-99441-3_14","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85052295981&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-319-99441-3_14&partnerID=40&md5=b2c28ef2a26ec6fd5860e21a1268b5a0","Taller Opción Conservación del Patrimonio Edificado” (2015 – 2016), Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador; Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, World Heritage City Project, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador","Landívar, C.P., Taller Opción Conservación del Patrimonio Edificado” (2015 – 2016), Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador; Achig-Balarezo, M.C., Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, World Heritage City Project, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador; Freire, V.C., Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, World Heritage City Project, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador; Silva, I.S., Taller Opción Conservación del Patrimonio Edificado” (2015 – 2016), Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador; Martínez, F.C., Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, World Heritage City Project, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador","The objective of this research is to analyze the main traditional construction systems used in the heritage buildings of the city of Cuenca, which was included in 1999 in the UNESCO World Heritage list. These construction systems are adobe, bahareque, clay brick bearing walls and wooden structures for tiled roofs, portals and floors. The techniques are applied to the former San José School, a century old heritage building located in the historical center of Cuenca. The present article will emphasize the analysis and retrofit of the adobe, bahareque and clay brick walls. The former San José School currently requires a maintenance and structural retrofitting plan due to its state of deterioration. Its exceptional architectural value dates back to its designer and builder, the German Redemptorist Brother Johannes Stiehle, who was renowned for promoting the use of mixed construction systems of fired clay bricks and raw earth. Its technological value is based on the presence of several materials that mark the different construction stages of the heritage building. The applied methodology focuses on the evaluation, through the use of assessment and diagnosis cards as well as non-destructive prospecting, of the state of conservation of the bearing walls, its structure, its plastering, culminating with a study of the floors, ceilings as well as murals and panel paintings. The research concludes with an intervention plan that proposes the structural retrofitting of this heritage building, recognizing the richness of its traditional construction systems to guarantee its conservation for future generations. © 2019, RILEM.","Cuenca; Earthen architecture; Heritage conservation; Johannes Stiehle; Structural retrofit",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Espinoza, A., Guerra, D., Rubio, H., Restauración, refuncionalización, obra nueva del Colegio Febres Cordero (1991) Tesis De Pregrado Previo a Obtener El título De Arquitectura, , Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador; Achig-Balarezo, M.C., Brazzero, M., Caldas, V., Prospecciones en muros de tierra para generar propuestas de recuperación de color (2017) Cuenca, Ecuador. 17 SIACOT Seminario Iberoamericano De Arquitectura Y Construcción Con Tierra, , https://drive.google.com/file/d/1SiGGe23_5St1YqKnDk-3JrPNj30BHdhG/view, La Paz, Bolivia, Accessed 28 Dec 2017; Caldas, V., Sigha, X., Breve análisis cronológico de la introduccion de materiales relevantes, dentro de las edificaciones del centro histórico de Cuenca entre los años 1880 y 1980 (2017) Tesis Previa a La obtención Del título De Arquitectos, , Universidad de Cuenca; Piedra, C., (2008) Soluciones a daños En Edificaciones Patrimoniales Construidas Con tecnologías Tradicionales, , Universidad de Cuenca; Piedra, C., (2008) Soluciones a daños En Edificaciones Patrimoniales Construidas Con tecnologías Tradicionales, , Universidad de Cuenca; Rivera, N., Rivera, M., Hermano Juan Bautista Stiehle * Redentorista (2001) Editorial Amazonas S.A. Cuenca, Ecuador; Bermeo, D., Caldas, V., Cardoso, K., Cobos, J., Jaramillo, E., Lema, L., Rosales, V., Salazar, I., Propuesta de Conservación de la Unidad Educativa Francisco Febres Cordero, antigua Escuela San José de los hermanos Cristianos (2016) Taller Opción Conservación Del Patrimonio Edificado (2015–2016), Facultad De Arquitectura Y Urbanismo De La Universidad De Cuenca, , Cuenca, Ecuador","Achig-Balarezo, M.C.; Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Ecuador; email: cecilia_achig@hotmail.com",,,"Springer Netherlands",,,,,22110844,,,,"English","RILEM Bookseries",Book Chapter,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85052295981
"Darda B., Madani B.","57200798137;44161162100;","The Rehabilitation effects on the thermal behaviour of Algerian earthen built heritage.",2018,"MATEC Web of Conferences","149",,"02049","","",,1,"10.1051/matecconf/201714902049","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042415785&doi=10.1051%2fmatecconf%2f201714902049&partnerID=40&md5=cf8a0a80e58b78da92547a368eec8d5a","University Saad Dahleb, ETAP Laboratory, Architecture and Urbanism Institute, Blida, Algeria; University Ammar Telidji, Civil Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Laghouat, Algeria","Darda, B., University Saad Dahleb, ETAP Laboratory, Architecture and Urbanism Institute, Blida, Algeria; Madani, B., University Ammar Telidji, Civil Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Laghouat, Algeria","The earthen built heritage presents today a state of deterioration due to the climate changes that put it seriously at risk, through the degradation of its envelope building materials. These degradations lead its occupants to rehabilitate it by using modern building materials. This paper focuses on the rehabilitation of vernacular earthen architecture and its influence on the thermal behaviour of ksourian houses in sub-arid zones. It is based on a comparative study that combines the site measurements and the numerical simulation by Energyplus. Two courtyard houses, constructed of an adobe brick, were evaluated, one in its initial shape and the other rehabilitated. The results shows that the rehabilitation of the envelope made on this house did not influence its thermal qualities significantly; a very small difference justified on its internal thermal behaviour was recorded in cold period and almost minor during summer. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2018.",,"Arid regions; Building materials; Climate change; Stability; Built heritage; Comparative studies; Courtyard house; Earthen architectures; Initial shape; Rehabilitation effects; Site measurements; Thermal behaviours; Houses",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Diemer, A., Développement durable plutôt qu'écodéveloppement: Le nouveau gadget idéologique de l'occident (2012) Colloque Francophone; les Représentations Nord Sud du Développement Durable, , Université Blaise Pascal - IUFM Auvergne; (2013) Strategies and Opportunities to 2050. IEA, , Transition to Sustainable Buildings; Consommation Energétique Finale de l'Algérie, Chiffre Clé-Année 2012 (2014) APRUE 'Données et Indicateurs', , Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines; Kang, G., Song, D., Optimized blind control method to minimize heating, cooling and lighting energy (2015) Energy Procedia, 78, pp. 2857-2862; Rubio-Bellido, C., Arcos, P., Lainez, C., José, M., Adaptation strategies and resilience to climate change of historic dwellings (2015) Sustainability, 7, pp. 3695-3713; Medjelakh, D., Abdou, S., Impact de l'inertie thermique sur le confort hygrothermique et la consommation énergétique du bâtiment (2008) Revue des Energies Renouvelables, 3, pp. 329-341; Narayan, T., A passive courtyard home in Jaipur, India: Design analysis for thermal comfort in a Hot Desert Climate Arizona State University, , Thulasi.Narayan@asu.edu. Last saved 03/02/05; Reddy, B.-V.-V., Jagadish, K.-S., Embodied energy of common and alternative building materials and technologies (2003) Energy Build, 35, pp. 129-137; Guillaud, H., Architectures de terre utilisée de tous temps et en tous lieux, la terre crue a de plus en plus d'adeptes dans le monde (2009) Retour sur un Matériau Respectueux de l'Environnement. les Matériaux de Construction, TDC, 977; Gernot, M., (2006) Building with Earth: Design and Technology of A Sustainable Architecture, , Basel: Birkhäuser - Publishers for Architecture; Heathcote, K., The thermal performance of earth buildings (2016) Informes de la Construction, 62 (523), pp. 117-126; (2012) Inventory of Earthen Architecture, , Word Heritage. WHEAP; Kadri, N., Mokhtari, A., Contribution à l'étude de réhabilitation thermique de l'enveloppe du bâtiment (2011) Revue des Energies Renouvelables, 14 (2), pp. 301-311; Sam, F., Réhabilitation thermique d'un local dans une zone aride - Cas de Ghardaïa (2012) Thèse de Magistère, , UMMTO; Sarbu, I., Sebarchievici, C., Thermal rehabilitation of building (2011) International Journal of Energy, 5, p. 2; (2011) Plan Permanent de Sauvegarde et de Mise en Valeur du Secteur Sauvegardé, , Le vieux ksar de Laghouat No. 11-141 du 28 mars/JO No. 20 du 30/03/2011; Si Amer, A.N., La prise en compte des attributs touristiques dans le processus de patrimonialisation de l'espace oasien: Cas de l'Oasis de Zgag El Hadjadj à Laghouat, Algérie (2011) Colloque Internationale; Ressources Patrimoniales et Alternatives Touristiques: Entre Oasis et Montagnes, , Ouarzazate, Maroc. Nov; Khoukhi, M., Fezzioui, N., Thermal comfort design of traditional houses in hot dry region of Algeria (2012) International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering; (1993) Recommandations Architecturales, , Ministère de l'habitat. Ed ENAG, Alger; (2017) Regional Office of Meteorology, , R.O.M, Laghouat; Matari, N., Mahi, A., Lachi, M., Effet de l'enveloppe du bâtiment sur le confort thermique. Application au climat aride (2015) Congrès Français de Thermique SFT2015, la Thermique de l'Habitat et de la Ville, pp. 1-8. , La Rochelle; Pajani, D., La thermographie du bâtiment (2010) Principes et Applications du Diagnostic Thermographique, p. 216. , Paris, Eyrolles; Supic, P., L'aspect bioclimatique de l'habitat vernaculaire (1994) Revue Architecture et Comportement, 10, pp. 27-47; Oliver, P., (2006) Built to Meet Needs; Cultural Issues in Vernacular Architecture, p. 475. , Oxford, Architectural press; Serrano, S., De Garcia, A., Cabeza, L.-F., Adaptation of rammed earth to modern construction systems: Comparative study of thermal behavior under summer conditions (2016) Applied Energy, 175, pp. 180-188; Spitz, C., Analyse de la fiabilité des outils de simulation et des incertitudes de métrologie appliquée à l'efficacité énergétique des bâtiments (2012) Thèse du Doctorat, , Université de Grenoble",,"Ait Brahim L.Bahi L.Khachani N.Nounah A.Saadi M.Boukhari A.Aride J.Diouri A.","","EDP Sciences","2nd International Congress on Materials and Structural Stability, CMSS 2017","22 November 2017 through 25 November 2017",,134556,2261236X,,,,"English","MATEC Web Conf.",Conference Paper,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85042415785
"Vila A.P.","57204952715;","Study and appreciation of earthen architecture in valencia’s southern farmland",2018,"Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability - Proceedings of SOStierra2017 2017",,,,"197","202",,1,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058116732&partnerID=40&md5=689900ce92950834be140d3f8bd30940","Instituto Universitario de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain","Vila, A.P., Instituto Universitario de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain","The existing architecture in the south of the city of Valencia has been determined since its beginning by the natural landform and the Albufera lagoon. Assessing the different models of the area and their structural techniques, it is worth mentioning the use of earthen building techniques. Originally, environmental conditions suggested the use of earth as the main construction material. However, the few vestiges that remain go unnoticed. This research aims to contextualize in time, type and condition all those constructions that preserve, although not in their totality, the elements built with earthen techniques: adobe, cob, rammed earth, amongst others. Besides, it looks for the reason of its former application and disappearance, replacement or abandonment of use in new construction. © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Architecture; Building materials; Contextualize; Earthen architectures; Earthen buildings; Environmental conditions; Existing architectures; New constructions; Rammed earth; Structural techniques; Sustainable development",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Carrión, J.A., La barraca en el Regne de Valencia (2012) In Habitar Valéncia, , Valencia, Ed. Mosseguello; Del Rey, M., (1994) Arquitectura Rural Valenciana. Valencia, Ed. Galerada; Del Rey, M., (1998) Arquitectura Rural Valenciana. Tipos De Casas Y análisis De Su Arquitectura. Valencia, Generalitat Valenciana Consellería De Cultura, educació I Ciencia, Direcció General Del Patrimoni Artistic; García, J.A., (2012) Barracas Del Litoral mediterráneo: catálogo De Valencia Y Su Entorno, , Castelló de la Plana, Universitat Jaume I; Vegas, F., Mileto, C., (2011) Aprendiendo a Restaurar: Un Manual De restauración De La Arquitectura Tradicional De La Comunidad, , Valencia, Colegio Oficial Arquitectos Comunidad Valenciana","Vila, A.P.; Instituto Universitario de Restauración del Patrimonio, Spain","Mileto C.Lopez-Manzanares F.V.Garcia-Soriano L.Cristini V.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability, SOStierra 2017","14 September 2017 through 16 September 2017",,220559,,9781138035461,,,"English","Vernac. Earthen Archit.: Conserv. Sustain. - Proc.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85058116732
"Lewis M.","55472839900;","The geography of earth building",2018,"Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability - Proceedings of SOStierra2017 2017",,,,"9","16",,1,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058107062&partnerID=40&md5=cf739f5c33b1b186f4deac6627942043","University of Melbourne, Australia","Lewis, M., University of Melbourne, Australia","This paper describes a picture of early earthen architecture that is distorted by the disappearance of most of it, and by the archaeological misinterpretation of what remains. Moist sod construction is widespread, but there is now evidence also of dry sod construction. The first mud bricks were cut from a layer of mud spread on the ground, giving them a flat plate form which then dominated ancient Mesopotamia and the later Arab world. In wetter climates a brick or block shape developed, and in Anatolia the Kurds developed an ingenious compromise between the flat plate and the block shape. In Iran, where the timber shortage is most acute, there is a technique of building adobe arches on gypsum ribs. Rammed earth was a later North African invention and lehmwickel, or earth winding, was a widespread technique in Europe and in German–influenced areas elsewhere, but until recently usually mistaken for wattle and daub. © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Architecture; Sustainable development; Anatolia; Earthen architectures; Flat plate; Mesopotamia; Mud brick; Rammed earth; Brick",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Allen, M.D.L., (1991) A Renaissance of Earth as a Building Material in New Zealand, , MArch, University of Auckland; Arellano, J.F., A Review of Historic Use of Earth in Construction in the Iberian Peninsula (2006) CHS Newsletter, p. 74; Baridon, L., Garric, J.-P., Richaud, G., (2016) Les Leçons De La Terre: François Cointeraux (17401830) Professeur d’Architecture Rurale, , Paris: INHA; Blair, D., (1964) Harmonist Construction: Principally as Found in the Two-Storey Houses Built in Harmonie, Indiana, pp. 1814-1824. , Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society; Böhm, T., (1911) Handbuch Der Holzkonstruktionen Des Zimmermanns, , Berlin: Julius Springer; Builder, 14 October 1848. London; Castleden, R., (1987) The Stonehenge People, , London: Routledge; Delbrueck, R., (1908) Hellenistiche Bauten in Latium, , 2 vols, Strassburg: Karl J Trübner; Gailey, A., (1984) Rural Houses of the North of Ireland, , Edinburgh: John Donald; Gil-Crespo, I.-J., Islamic Fortifications in Spain built with Rammed Earth (2016) In Construction History, 31 (2), pp. 1-22; The Turf House Tradition, , http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5589, accessed 18 July 2015; King, D.W., (1886) Homes for Home-Builders, , New York: O Judd; Knapp, B.A., The Archaeology of Cyprus: From Earliest Prehistory through the Bronze Age Cambridge (2013) Cambridge University Press; Lewis, M., Insulation: Lehmwickel (1997) Encyclopedia of Vernacular Architecture of the World, 3 Vols, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1, pp. 439-440. , Paul Oliver; Lewis, M., Lehmwickel and the German Diaspora (2009) Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Construction History 3 Vols, Brandenburg University of Technology: Cottbus, 2, pp. 951-957. , K-E Kurrer, Werner Lorenz & Volker Wetzk (eds.); Michell, G., (1978) Architecture of the Islamic World: Its History and Social Meaning, , New York: William Morrow; Murphy, D., (2011) Sod-Wall Construction, , In D P Wishart (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Great Plains, University of Nebraska, Lincoln [Nebraska] 2011; Owoc, M.A., From the Ground Up: Agency, Practice, and Community in the Southwestern British Bronze Age (2005) Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 12 (4), pp. 257-281; Papworth, W., 1853-92. The Dictionary of Architecture London: Architectural Publication Society.; Natural History, book xxxv, ch xlviii: The translation quoted is N Rackham’s London (1952) William Heinemann Edition; Stuart, R., (1832) Dictionary of Architecture, 3 Vols, , inferred date, London: Jones; Turner, T., Sod Houses in Nebraska (1975) APT Bulletin, 7, pp. 21-26; Varro no date. Marcus Terentius Varro, De Re Rustica; The Ten Books on Architecture (1916) New York: Dover, p. 1960; Weimer, G., (1983) Arquitetura Popular De Imigração Alemã, , Porto Alegre: UFRGS Editora","Lewis, M.; University of MelbourneAustralia","Mileto C.Lopez-Manzanares F.V.Garcia-Soriano L.Cristini V.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability, SOStierra 2017","14 September 2017 through 16 September 2017",,220559,,9781138035461,,,"English","Vernac. Earthen Archit.: Conserv. Sustain. - Proc.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85058107062
"Garzón L.B., García-Soriano L., Crespo L.V.","57204956680;56344563400;57204956781;","Supplemented rammed earth in the northwestern regions of Valencia",2018,"Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability - Proceedings of SOStierra2017 2017",,,,"47","52",,1,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058090928&partnerID=40&md5=d29ff0c731d6c43699046f82afac10f6","Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain","Garzón, L.B., Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; García-Soriano, L., Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Crespo, L.V., Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain","The traditional earthen techniques used in vernacular architecture are the result of the convergence of geographical and cultural factors as well as the availability of materials in a given territory. These constructions are consequently characterized by their adaptability to the environment and the functional conditions of their time. In the framework of a wider research project, this communication is focused on the study and cataloguing of supplemented rammed earth architecture in the regions of “La Serranía” and “Requena-Utiel” (Valencia). Although the identified types have usually a set of common features, there are some constructions with singular details that highlight the presence of different anonymous builders. A deeper knowledge of these constructions and how they were built would be essential to guarantee their conservation and prevent their replacement with standardized techniques. Consequently, the aim of this research project is to promote the intervention in earthen heritage according to sustainability and compatibility criteria. © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Architecture; Common features; Cultural factors; Rammed earth; Valencia; Vernacular architecture; Sustainable development",,,,,"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, MICINN: BIA2014-55924-R","This work is part of the research project “Restoration and rehabilitation of traditional earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula. Guidelines and tools for a sustainable intervention”, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Ref.: BIA2014-55924-R; main researchers: Camilla Mileto and Fernando Vegas López-Manzanares).",,,,,,,,,,"Cristini, V., (2012) El Ladrillo En Las fábricas Del Centro histórico De Valencia. Análisis cronotipológico Y Propuesta De conservación, , Valencia: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València; López Martínez, F.J., Tapias y tapiales (1999) Loggia: Arquitectura & restauración, (8), pp. 74-89; Rodrigo, C., (2000) La Serranía: análisis geográfico Comarcal. Valencia: Centro De Estudios La Serranía; Vegas, F., Mileto, C., Cristini, V., (2009) Reinforcement of Rammed Earth Constructions with Gypsum in Aragon Area, Spain, , Achenza, M., Correia, M., Guillaud, H. (coord.), Mediterra 2009, 1st Mediterranean Conference on Earth Architecture: 99–108. Gorizia: Edicom; Vegas, F., Mileto, C., Cristini, V., García Soriano, L., La tapia en la Península Ibérica (2014) La restauración De La Arquitectura De Tapia En La Península Ibérica, pp. 32-51. , Mileto, C.; Vegas, F. (ed.), Valencia: TC Cuadernos",,"Mileto C.Lopez-Manzanares F.V.Garcia-Soriano L.Cristini V.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability, SOStierra 2017","14 September 2017 through 16 September 2017",,220559,,9781138035461,,,"English","Vernac. Earthen Archit.: Conserv. Sustain. - Proc.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85058090928
"Hall M.","57204957359;","Mid-century earthen architecture in aotearoa New Zealand—a new vernacular?",2018,"Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability - Proceedings of SOStierra2017 2017",,,,"135","140",,1,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058088550&partnerID=40&md5=e4124b2da90c1943358370356f088bab","Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand","Hall, M., Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand","Earth was once widely used as a building material in Aotearoa New Zealand; it was an integral part of the vernacular architecture. Indigenous Māori developed their own earthen techniques, and European settlers adapted those from their countries of origin. During the twentieth century, earth construction fell out of favour, and by 1930 it was all but non-existent. After the Second World War, however, a new interest emerged, motivated not by nostalgia, but by pragmatism and a desire to find modern techniques for utilising earth to build everyday houses. The mid-century builders looked to modern technology and current research in soil engineering, in particular the work of Christchurch engineer, P.J. (‘Pip’) Alley. Three groups of earth buildings, built between 1947 and 1965, are the enduring legacy of this era, and they provide evidence of a mid-century movement towards a new earthen vernacular in Aotearoa New Zealand. © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Engineering research; Military operations; Soil mechanics; Sustainable development; Earth construction; Earthen architectures; Modern techniques; Modern technologies; Second World War; Soil engineering; Twentieth century; Vernacular architecture; Architecture",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Alley, P.J., Loess in Soil Cement Mixtures (1948) In New Zealand Engineering, 47; Alley, P.J., A Soil Cement House (1949) New Zealand Engineering, pp. 558-559. , 15 July 1949; Alley, P.J., (1952) Soil Cement House Construction, , New Zealand Engineering August 1952: illegible page number; Alley, P.J., Progress in Soil Cement (1955) New Zealand Engineering, March 1955, pp. 89-90; Allen, M., (1991) Survey of Earth Buildings in New Zealand. Unpublished Document Held by the Earth Building Association Of, , New Zealand; Allen, M., (1997) Out of the Ground-Earth Building in New Zealand. Palmerston North, , The Dunmore Press; Carter, T., Cromley, E.C., (2005) Invitation to Vernacular Architecture: A Guide to the Study of Ordinary Buildings and Landscapes, , Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press; (1954) Wainui Clay Builds Wainui Houses, , Evening Post, Newspaper article 6th August 1954; (1958) Mud Huts’ are in the Family, , Evening Post, Newspaper article 28th February 1958; Firth, C., (1949) State Housing in New Zealand. Wellington: Ministry of Works; Gatley, J., (2008) Long Live the Modern: New Zealand’s New Architecture 1904–1984. Auckland: Auckland, , University Press; Hall, M., (2012) Note of Conversation between the Author and Alley’s Daughter Philippa Reynolds, , 18th May, 2012; Hall, M., (2012) Note of Measurements Taken at Riverside, , 10th December 2012; Hall, M., (2012) Earth and Straw Bale: An Investigation of Their Performance and Potential as Building Materials in New Zealand, , M.Arch thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand; Jones, O., (2011) Keeping It Together: A Comparative Analysis of Four Long-Established Intentional Communities in New Zealand, , PhD thesis, University of Waikato, New Zealand; King, M., (2003) The Penguin History of New Zealand, , Auckland: Penguin; Maclean, C., (2012) Wellington Places-Eastern Ranges, , http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/photograph/13491/wainuiomata, Te Ara-the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, accessed 18 November 2016; Mercer, E., (1975) English Vernacular Houses: A Study of Traditional Farmhouses and Cottages., , London: H.M. Stationery Off; Middleton, G.F., (1947) Earth Wall Construction, 1. Pise Or Rammed Earth. Sydney: Commonwealth Experimental Building Station; Morris, H., Walker, R., Observations of the performance of earth buildings following the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake (2011) Bulletin New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 4. , Volume, No. 4. NZSEE: Wellington; (1958) Official Guide, , Wainuiomata: Wainuiomata Parade of Homes Organising Committee; Phillipps, W.J., (1952) Maori Houses and Food Stores, , Wellington: Government Printer; Rain, L., (1991) Community: The Story of Riverside. Nelson: Riverside Community Trust Board; Salmond, J., (1986) Old New Zealand Houses 1800–1940, , Auckland: Reed Methuen; Schrader, B., (2005) We Call It Home: A History of State Housing in New Zealand, , Auckland: Reed Books; Stephens, M., (1981) . Mud in Our Eyes, , Christchurch: The Mud Hut Press; Wolfe, R., (1999) Remember When: Our New Zealand 1990–1999, , Auckland: Cumulus","Hall, M.; Unitec Institute of TechnologyNew Zealand","Mileto C.Lopez-Manzanares F.V.Garcia-Soriano L.Cristini V.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability, SOStierra 2017","14 September 2017 through 16 September 2017",,220559,,9781138035461,,,"English","Vernac. Earthen Archit.: Conserv. Sustain. - Proc.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85058088550
"Piqueras T.G., Rodríguez-Navarro P., Vila A.P.","55419658900;55420634500;57204952715;","Vernacular architecture in El Khorbat, Morocco. Evolution of the Igrems",2018,"Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability - Proceedings of SOStierra2017 2017",,,,"123","128",,1,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85051069447&partnerID=40&md5=24445a6a33cb02ccfb0ba00750caee8a","Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València (IRP/UPV), Spain","Piqueras, T.G., Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València (IRP/UPV), Spain; Rodríguez-Navarro, P., Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València (IRP/UPV), Spain; Vila, A.P., Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València (IRP/UPV), Spain","After the research carried out in the frame of the Arqui-Hábitat project, in this communication we present the results of the analysis of the two traditional urban areas in the El Khorbat locality. Constructed with earthen architecture, and in two different periods, the use of the rammed earth constructive technique has remained almost invariably until the second half of the 20th century. Not so its morphology, which has been adapting and evolving over time. Through the formal and constructive analysis of both urban models, we will draw conclusions regarding the factors that influenced their construction and development. © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Sustainable development; 20th century; Constructive technique; Earthen architectures; Rammed earth; Traditional urban areas; Urban model; Vernacular architecture; Architecture",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"(1999) Inventaire Du Patrimoine Architectural De La vallée Du Todra, , CERKAS, Colegio de Aparejadores de Barcelona y Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña. Inédito; Carte du, M., Tinajdad. Rabat: Dirección Para La Conservación Forestal Y De Trabajos topográficos, , 1:50,000. 1977. Hoja nº NH-30-XIX4b, Paris: Instituto Geográfico Nacional; Foucauld, C., (1888) Reconnaissance Au Maroc 1883–84. 1ª edición, , Paris: Ed. Challamel; Gil Piqueras, T., Rodríguez-Navarro, P., The Ksar Sidi Bou Abdellah in Mdagra Oasis, Morocco (2014) Earthen Architecture. Past, Present and Future, pp. 169-174. , Mileto, C., Vegas, F., García, L., Cristini, V. (ed.), Londres: Taylor & Francis Group; Gil Piqueras, T., Rodríguez-Navarro, P., Arquitectura y hábitat: Tradición y evolución en el oasis del Ferkla, Marruecos (2015) ARCHÉ, , The Journal of the Heritage. Vol. 10. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València; Houben, H., Guillaud, H., Earth construction: A comprehensive guide. Col (1994) Earth Construction Series, , London: Intermediate Technology Publications; Laoust, E., L’habitation chez les tranhumants du Maroc central. L’igerm (1934) Hespéris Tamuda. Tomo XVIII, , Paris: Larose; Mimó, R., (1996) Fortalezas De Barro En El Sur De Marruecos, , Madrid: Compañía Literaria; Rodríguez-Navarro, P., Gil Piqueras, T., (2015) Arquitectura De Tierra En Marruecos, , El valle del Outat en el Alto Atlas. Granada: Almeh editorial",,"Mileto C.Lopez-Manzanares F.V.Garcia-Soriano L.Cristini V.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability, SOStierra 2017","14 September 2017 through 16 September 2017",,220559,,9781138035461,,,"English","Vernac. Earthen Archit.: Conserv. Sustain. - Proc.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85051069447
"Schwantes G., Dai S.B.","57192249773;36720397500;","Research on Water-Free Injection Grouts Using Sieved Soil and Micro-Lime",2017,"International Journal of Architectural Heritage","11","7",,"933","945",,1,"10.1080/15583058.2017.1323251","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85021782448&doi=10.1080%2f15583058.2017.1323251&partnerID=40&md5=6b305414d56e2a7b1d8edb118bd8cf84","College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP), Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Division of Architectural Conservation Programmes, Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","Schwantes, G., College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP), Tongji University, Shanghai, China, Division of Architectural Conservation Programmes, Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Dai, S.B., College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP), Tongji University, Shanghai, China","For the in-situ conservation of architectural surfaces, grout injection is a widely used and approved technique, even though it is an irreversible intervention. The research presented in this article explores grouting using sieved soil and micro-lime dispersed in isopropanol for plaster reattachment on earthen support. The grout formulations have been evaluated in several laboratory tests and at mock-up’s that look at the workability of fresh grout and the performance of the cured grout. On-site tests provide additional information about applicability and the performance of the grout with weakened historic earthen substrates. The results indicate that the tested formulations with varying percentages of micro-lime show good flowability on absorbing substrates and tolerable shrinkage. Results both from flexural strength tests and microscopic investigation demonstrate that the water-free soil- lime grouts provide good bonding to both the substrate and delaminated plasters. Higher lime content results in higher mechanical strength, indicating the grouts potential to be developed into suitable conservation materials for both plaster reattachment and crack repair in the conservation of earthen architecture. © 2017 Taylor & Francis.","consolidation; earthen architecture conservation; grout injection; in-situ conservation; micro-lime; modified mud grouts; plaster reattachment; water-free grouts","Architecture; Consolidation; Grouting; Lime; Plaster; Soils; Substrates; Absorbing substrates; Crack repairs; Earthen architectures; Grout formulations; Grout injection; Iso-propanols; Laboratory test; On-site tests; Mortar; consolidation; crack; grout; grouting; in situ measurement; laboratory method; lime; mechanical property; research work; shrinkage; sieving",,,,,"2012BAC11B01-02; Jinggangshan University, JGSU","The authors would like to thank the team at Jinggangshan University for the support during the site work. The research was carried out with the financial support of the National Key Pillar Research Fund 2012BAC11B01-02 for the preservation of built heritage in the Jinggangshan area.",,,,,,,,,,"Adolfs, N.C., (2007) Die Anwendung von Calcium-hydroxid-Sol als Festigungsmittel fuer historische Putze–erste Versuche und deren Überprüfung, , Diplomarbeit, Institut für Restaurierungs- und Konservierungs-wissenschaften, Fachhochschule Köln; Al-Mukhtar, M., Khattab, S., Alcover, J.-F., Microstructure and geotechnical properties of lime-treated expansive clayey soil (2012) Engineering Geology, 139-140, pp. 17-27. , June; Bell, F.G., Lime stabilisation of Clay Soils (1989) Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology, 39, pp. 67-74. , Paris; Biçer-Simsir, B., Rainer, L., (2011) Evaluation of lime-based hydraulic injection grouts for the conservation of architectural surfaces. A manual of laboratory and field test methods, , Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institue; Grout for prestressing tendons–Test methods, , London, UK: British Standards Institution; Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Determination of flexural and compressive strength of hardened mortar; Paints and varnishes–Determination of flow time by use of flow cups (ISO 2431:2011), , London, UK: British Standards Institution; D’Armada, P., Hirst, E., Nano-lime for consolidation of plaster and stone (2012) Journal of Architectural Conservation, 18 (1), pp. 63-80; Daehne, A., Herm, C., Calcium hydroxide nanosols for the consolidation of porous building materials–results from EU-STONECORE (2013) Heritage Science, 1 (11), pp. 1-9; Dai, S.B., Building limes for cultural heritage conservation in China (2013) Heritage Science, 1, p. 25; Dai, S.B., Fang, X.N., Han, J., Hu, Z.Y., Preliminary research on lime-based injection grouts for the conservation of earthen architectural heritage and ruins (2015) Architectural Conservation and Technology, , Dai S.B., Lu D., Zhang P., (eds), Shanghai, China: Tongji University Press; Dai, S.B., Tang, Y., Fang, X.N., Xiugang, Y., Hu, Z.Y., Li, L., Conservation of historic lime plaster on earthen heritage: A case study of liu’s family ancestral hall in Jinggangshan, Jiangxi (2015) Architectural conservation and technology, , Dai S.B., Lu D., Zhang P., (eds), Shanghai, China: Tongji University Press; Dai, S.B., Wang, J.H., Hu, Y., Zhang, D.B., Materials and practices for surface refitting of cultural heritage with lime-based materials (2012) Project Report, , Tongji University, Shanghai; China National Academy for Cultural Heritage, Beijing, Shanghai DS Building Materials Co Ltd, Shanghai:; Elert, K., Sebastian, E., Valverde, I., Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Alkaline treatment of clay minerals from the Alhambra Formation: Implications for the conservation of earthen architecture (2008) Applied Clay Science, 39, pp. 122-132; Ferragni, D., Forti, M., Malliet, J., Teutonico, J.M., Torraca, G., In situ consolidation of wall and floor mosaics by means of injection grouting techniques Mosaics, No. 3: Conservation in situ, Aquileia, pp. 83-101. , Rome: ICCROM; Griffin, I., Pozzolanas as Additives for Grouts. An investigation of their working properties and performance characteristics (2004) Studies in Conservation, 49 (1), pp. 23-34; Houben, H., Guillaud, H., (1994) Earth construction: A comprehensive guide, , London: Intermediate Technology Publication; Iyer, N.L., (2014) Performance Evaluation of Clay Grout Formulations for Structural Cracking in Historic Earthen (Mud Brick) Buildings, , http://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/561, Master Thesis, University of Pennsylvania; Jäger, W., Fuchs, C., Reconstruction of the Sistani House at Bam Citadel after collapse due to the earthquake 2003 (2008) Preserving safety and significance, proceedings of the VI international conference on structural analysis of historical constructions 2008, 2, pp. 1181-1187. , D’Ayala D., Fodde E., (eds), Bath, UK:; Kézdi, A., (1979) Stabilized earth roads, , Budapest, Hungary: Akademia Kiado, The Publishing House of the Hungarian Academy of Science; Lee, O.Y., (2009) Study of earth-grout mixtures for rehabilitation, , Master Thesis, University of Minho, Portugal:; Lohnas, D.E., (2012) Evaluating the effectiveness of calcium hydroxide nanoparticle dispersions for the consolidation of painted earthen architectural surfaces, , Master Thesis, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA; Minke, G., (2000) Earth construction handbook. The building material earth in modern architecture, , Boston, MA, USA: WIT Press; Minke, G., (2006) Building with earth. Design and technology of a sustainable architecture, , Birkhäuser; Oliver, A., Conservation of nondecorated earthen materials (2008) Terra literature review: An overview of research in earthen architecture conservation, pp. 108-123. , Avrami E., Guillaud H., Hardy M., (eds), Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute; Rickerby, S., Shekede, L., Fan, Z., Wei, T., Qiao, H., Yang, J., Francesca, P., Development and testing of the grouting and soluble-salts reduction treatments of cave 85 wall paintings (2004) Conservation of ancient sites on the silk road, pp. 471-479. , Agnew N., (ed), June; Silva, R., Schueremans, L., Oliveria, D., Dekoning, K., Gyssles, T., On the development of unmodified mud grouts for repairing earth constructions: Rheology, strength and adhesion (2012) Materials and Structures, 45 (10), pp. 1497-1512; Smith, J.H., Construction of lime or lime plus cement stabilized cohesive soils (1996) Lime stabilisation, pp. 5-12. , Rogers C.D.F., Glendinning S., Dixon N., (eds), London, UK: Thomas Telford Publishing; Warren, J., (1999) Conservation of earth structures, , Oxford, UK: Butterworth- Heinemann; Winterkorn, H.F., Pamukcu, S., Soil stabilization and grouting (1991) Foundation engineering handbook, pp. 317-378. , Fang H.-Y., (ed), New York, NY, USA: Van Nostrand Reinhold; Zajadacz, K., Simon, S., Grouting of architectural surfaces: The challenge of testing (2006) Theory and practice in conservation: International seminar, pp. 509-517. , Delgado Rodrigues J., Mimoso J., (eds), Lisbon, Portugal: National Laboratory of Civil Engineering; Ziegenbalg, G., Bruemmer, K., Pianski, J., (2010) Nano-lime–a new material for the consolidation and conservation of historic materials, , 2nd Historic Mortars Conference HMC2010 and RILEM TC 203-RHM, Prague Czech Republic, September","Schwantes, G.; Director of the Architectural Conservation Laboratory (ACLab), Knowles Building R705,Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong; email: gesa.schwantes@gmail.com",,,"Taylor and Francis Inc.",,,,,15583058,,,,"English","Int. J. Archit. Herit.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85021782448
"Daneels A.","55347074200;","Political and technological significance of the monumental earthen architecture of La Joya, on the tropical gulf coast of Mexico",2016,"Monumental Earthen Architecture in Early Societies: Technology and power display Proceedings of the XVII UISPP World Congress (1-7 September, Burgos, Spain): Volume 2 / Session B3",,,,"13","20",,1,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85120148791&partnerID=40&md5=d284017b80f59c23871f26eb3963a0d5","Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, México D.F., C.P. 04510, Mexico","Daneels, A., Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, México D.F., C.P. 04510, Mexico","Recent investigations at one of the thousands of pre-Columbian mounded sites along the southern Gulf coast of Mexico demonstrate the development of monumental urban constructions made of raw earth, using innovative building techniques and associated with lavish consecration deposits. The emergence of this architecture has to be understood within the context of a complex, probably state-level society, in terms of its cultural antecedents, the degree of expert knowledge, amount of labour input required, and the ideological and ritual programs by which the artificially created spaces were sacralized. © Archaeopress, UISPP and authors 2016.","Adobe; Human sacrifice; Mesoamerican archaeology; Veracruz",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Boggs, S.H., Notas sobre las excavaciones en la Hacienda 'San Andrés', Departamento de La Libertad (1943) Tzunpame Año, 3 (1), pp. 104-126; Cabrera-Castro, R., Los sistemas de relleno en algunas construcciones teotihuacanas (1991) Nuevas Interpretaciones, pp. 113-143. , Cabrera-Castro, R.; Rodríguez-García, I.; Morelos-García, N., coords. - Teotihuacan 1980-1982. Mexico City: Instituto de Antropología e Historia, (Colección Científica 227); Cyphers, A., Reconstructing Olmec Lifeat San Lorenzo (1996) Olmec Art of Ancient Mexico, pp. 61-71. , Benson E. P.; de la Fuente, B., eds., Washington D.C.: National Gallery of Art; Cyphers, A., (1997) La arquitectura olmeca en San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan, pp. 91-118. , Cyphers, A., ed., Población, subsistencia y Medio Ambiente en San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan, Mexico City: Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Cyphers, A., di Castro, A., Los artefactos multiperforados de ilmenita en San Lorenzo (1996) Arqueología, 16, pp. 3-14; Cyphers, A., Hernández-Portilla, A., Varela-Gómez, M., Gregor-López, L., Cosmological and Sociopolitical Synergy in Preclassic Architectural Complexes (2006), pp. 17-32. , Lucero, L. J.; Fash, B. W., eds., Tucson: University of Arizona Press; Cyphers, A., Murtha, T., Borstein, J., Zurita-Noguera, J., Lunagómez, R., Symonds, S., Jiménez, G., Figueroa, J.M., Arqueología digital en la primera capital olmeca, San Lorenzo (2010) Thule. Rivista italiana di studi americanistici 22/23-24/25, pp. 121-144. , (aprile/ottobre 2007-2008); Daneels, A., Settlement History in the Lower Cotaxtla Basin (1997) Olmec to Aztec.Settlement Patterns in the Ancient Gulf Lowlands, pp. 206-252. , Stark, B. L.; Arnold, P J., eds., Tucson: The University of Arizona Press; Daneels, A., Monumental Earthen Architecture at La Joya, Veracruz, Mexico (2008) Crystal River: Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, , http://www.famsi.org/reports/07021, [consult. 30 Jan. 2015]; Daneels, A., Medellín Zenil y los Dioses Narigudos (2008) Revista Contrapunto 7, Dossier Medellín Zenil, pp. 52-74; Daneels, A., Arquitectura cívico-ceremonial de tierra en la Costa del Golfo: El sitio de La Joya y el urbanismo del periodo Clásico (2011) Monte Albán en la encrucijada regional y disciplinaria, pp. 445-478. , Robles García, N. M.; Rivera-Guzmán, A. I., eds, Memoria de la Quinta Mesa Redonda de Monte Albán. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia; Daneels, A., Guerrero-Baca, L.F., Millenary Earthen Architecture in the Tropical Lowlands of Mexico (2011) APT Bulletin (Association for Preservation Technology), 42 (1), pp. 11-18; Daneels, A., Ruvalcaba, J.L., Cuentas de piedra verde en una residencia Clásica del Centro de Veracruz (2012) El jade y otras piedras verdes: Perspectivas interdisciplinarias e interculturales, pp. 81-114. , Walburga W.; Guzzi, G., coords Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia- CONACULTA; Drucker, P., Ceramic Stratigraphy at Cerrode las Mesas, Veracruz, Mexico (1943) Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 141, , Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution; Drucker, P., Heizer, R.F., Squier, R.J., Excavations at La Venta, Tabasco, 1955 (1959) Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 170, p. 97. , Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution; Fernández-Dávila, E., Hueda-Tanabe, Y., San José Mogote, Oaxaca: Una síntesis de permanencia histórica en proceso de extinción (2008) Olmeca: Balance y perspectivas: Memoria de la primera mesa redonda, , Uriarte, M. T.; González-Lauck, R., eds., Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma; Flannery, K., Marcus, J., Formative Mexican Chiefdoms and the Myth ofthe 'Mother Culture' (2000) Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 19, pp. 1-37; Gillespie, S., The Architectural History of La Venta Complex A: A Reconstruction Based on the 1955 Field Records (2008) Crystal River: Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, , http://www.famsi.org/reports/070254, [Consult. March 1, 2015]; Guerrero Andrade, M., Sitio arqueológico Las Puertas: Excavación en arquitectura de tierra: Un edificio construido en terracota (2005) Tesis de Licenciatura en Arqueología, , México City: Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia; Hall, M.R., Najím, K.B., Keikahaei, P., Soil stabilization and earth construction: Materials, properties and techniques (2012) Modern Earth Buildings, pp. 222-255. , M. R. Hall; Linsdsay R.; Krayenhoff, M., eds., Materials, engineering, construction and applications. Cambridge: Woodhead; Hangért, W., Informe sobre el edificio no (1958) 1 de El Faisán. La Palabra y el Hombre, 7, pp. 267-274; Hill, W., Clark, J.E., Sports, Gambling, and Government: America's First Social Compact? (2001) American Anthropologist, 103 (2), pp. 331-345; (1992) Map of Mexico, scale 1:4,000,000, , Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática; Jiménez-Pérez, J., Bracamontes-Cruz, A., Estudio Arqueológico del Montículo de La Campana del Clásico Temprano, con arquitectura de barro cocido y Hallazgos asociados, en Jamapa en el Estado de Veracruz (2000) México. Graduate thesis [licenciatura] in Archaeology, , Mexico City: Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia; Kita, Y., Daneels, A., Romo de Vivar, A., Uso de fracción ligera de crudo como estabilizante de tierra (2015) Tierra, Sociedad, Comunidad, pp. 103-111. , M. C. Achig Balarezo (coord.) 15° Seminario Internacional de Arquitectura y Construcción con Tierra. Cuenca: Universidad de Cuenca; Kita, Y., Daneels, A., Romo de Vivar, A., Redeeming petroleum products for earthen architecture conservation International Journal of Architectural Heritage, , (in press); Love, M., Castillo-Valdéz, D., Ugarte, R., Damiata, B., Steinberg, J., Investigaciones Arqueológicas en el Montículo 1 de La Blanca, Costa Sur de Guatemala (2005) XVIII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, pp. 959-969. , Laporte, J. P.; Arroyo, B.; Mejía, H. E., eds., Guatemala City: Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Asociación Tikal, Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc; Perez-Blas, D., Conchal Norte: Representación singular del desarrollo regional en la cuenca baja del río Cotaxtla a fines del periodo Clásico (2002) Graduate thesis [licenciatura] in Archaeology, , México City: Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia; Piña-Martínez, A.D., (2014) Los espacios arquitectónicos como reflejo del orden social', M. A. in Estudios Mesoamericanos, , Mexico City: National Autonomous University of Mexico; Pool, C.A., (2007) Olmec Archaeology and Early Mesoamerica, p. 370. , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Stark, B.L., Archaeology and Ethnicity in Postclassic Mesoamerica (2008) Ethnic Identity in Nahua Mesoamerica: The View from Archaeology, Art History, Ethnohistory, and Contemporary Ethnography, pp. 38-63. , Berdan, F. F.; Chance, J. K.; Sandstrom, A.; Stark, B. L.; Taggart, J.; Umberger, E., eds., Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press; Torres, M., Los entierros múltiples en la zona arqueológica de El Zapotal, Veracruz (2004) Prácticas funerarias en la Costa del Golfo de México, pp. 203-212. , Lira- López, Y.; Serrano-Sánchez, C., eds., México City: Instituto de Antropología de la Universidad veracruzana, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Asociación Mexicana de Antropología Biológica; Wendt, C., Cyphers, A., How the Olmec Used Bitumen in Ancient Mesoamerica (2008) Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 27 (2), pp. 175-191","Daneels, A.; Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Mexico; email: annickdaneels@hotmail.com",,,"Archaeopress",,,,,,9781784912840; 9781784912833,,,"English","Monum. Earthen Archit. in Early Soc.: Technol. and power disp. Proc. of the XVII UISPP World Congr. (1-7 Sept., Burgos, Spain): Vol. 2 / Sess. B3",Book Chapter,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85120148791
"Frenda A.","39861346500;","Earthen architecture in the agri-cultural heritage system: Sustainable development, restoration and continuity of tradition",2016,"Journal of Materials and Environmental Science","7","10",,"3614","3622",,1,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84991063157&partnerID=40&md5=6b1c7745d74373884131b0322343d4e1","Polytechnic of Turin - Interuniversity, Department of Regional and Urban Studies and Planning (DIST), Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, Torino, 10129, Italy","Frenda, A., Polytechnic of Turin - Interuniversity, Department of Regional and Urban Studies and Planning (DIST), Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, Torino, 10129, Italy","Humans started to settle in the territory and making architecture since they began to practice agriculture. They took advantage from the knowledge of the territory (winds orientation, sun exposure, presence of vegetation, water availability, etc.) to design their houses, the settlements and the agricultural landscape. The agri-cultural heritage system reflects the complexity of relationships that people establish both among themselves and with the physical and geographical environment and its own vernacular architecture, frequently built using techniques of earth construction. Therefore earthen vernacular buildings are a fundamental and valuable part of the world's built heritage, a non-monumental, non-formal, non-architect designed architecture that express the ability of man to take charge of shaping his living environment by the practices of self-production of materials, self-construction and self-finishing: it represent a form of ""living heritage"" which passes intangible cultural traditions of the local community from generation to generation, including the construction techniques useful to protect and restore this inheritance. Comparing efforts and ongoing experiences in different countries -taking into account the diversity in cultural, geographical and heritage aspects- allows to clarify the state of the art of this field of research, to identify weaknesses, strengths, sharable methodologies. China is the holder of a vast inheritance of earthen structures similar in many aspects to others located in various parts of the globe: we can compare, for example, the hypogea cave dwellings in Matmata (Tunisia) (Figure 1) to the yáodòng shelters dug in the Loess Plateau (Figure 2) or the foggara structures in North Africa (Libya and Algeria) to the Karez water system in Turfan (Xinjiang, China). China is undertaking a sustainable development with a holistic approach that takes into account the environmental, cultural, social, technological and economic aspects, supporting several development projects by applying the principles of dynamic conservation, involving residents to actively participate in order to ensure the transfer of knowledge and know-how needed to preserve the agri-cultural heritage system.","Earthen architecture; Earthen heritage restoration; Sustainable development; Vernacular constructive systems; Yáodòng cave-dwellings",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Arulrajah, V.V., (1990) 5th international congress International Association of Engineering Geology, 4. , Proceedings / Comptes-rendus, Buenos Aires, 20-25 October 1986, Taylor & Francis; Agnew, N., Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road (1997) Proceedings of an International Conference on the Conservation of Grotto Sites, , Los Angeles, CA: The Getty Conservation Institute; Agnew, N., Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road (2010) Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Conservation of Grotto Sites, Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, , People's Republic of China, June 28-July 3, 2004. Los Angeles, CA, The Getty Conservation Institute; Council of Europe Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society, , Faro, 27.X.2005; Frenda, A., The agri-cultural heritage system of yáodòng settlement in the Loess Plateau (PRC). A dynamic conservation approach for a sustainable landscape development and planning (2015) Proceedings of International Conference on Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, , Environment and Sustainability, TMREES15, Beirut-Lebanon, April 17-20; Frey, P., (2010) Learning from Vernacular: pour une nouvelle architecture vernaculaire, , Actes Sud, Arles; Golany, G., (1992) Chinese earth-sheltered dwellings: indigenous lessons for modern urban design, , University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu; Jiyao, H., Weitung, M.J., The Protection and Development of Rammed Earth and Adobe Architecture in China (1990) International Council on Monuments and Sites. U.S. Committee, and Getty Conservation Institute, pp. 72-76. , 6th International Conference on the Conservation of Earthen Architecture Adobe 90 Preprints: Las Cruces, New Mexico, U.S.A., October 14-19, 1990. Los Angeles, CA, The Getty Conservation Institute; Québec declaration on the preservation of the spirit of place, adopted at Québec, , Canada, October 4th 2008; Johnson, I., China's Great Uprooting: Moving 250 Million Into Cities, , New York Times, June 15, 2013; Johnson, I., (2013) Pitfalls Abound in China's Push From Farm to City, , New York Times, July 13; Deyin, L., Annual Report on the Conservation and Development of Traditional Villages (2013) TCVB. Traditional Chinese Villages Bulletin, pp. 9-12. , Inaugural issue 01, January, 2015; http://www.unesco.org/webworld/netaid/clt/leap_apa.html; UNESCO's World Heritage List, , http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/cn, Chinese properties; the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor. UNESCO, Chinese Section of the Silk Road: Land routes in Henan Province, Shaanxi Province, Gansu Province, Qinghai Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, , http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5335/,http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1442/16, Sea Routes in Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province and Quanzhou City, Fujian Province-from Western-Han Dynasty to Qing Dynasty; http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%90%8D%E6%9D%91; Ordinance for the protection of the historical and cultural towns and villages, , http://www.unesco.org/culture/natlaws/media/pdf/china/china_regprotectionhiscities_corof, (Chinese Source ""Lìshi wénhuà míngchéng míng zhèn míng cun baohù tiáolì""); Loess Plateau, , http://www.worldhabitatawards.org/winners-and-finalists/project-details.cfm?lang=00&theProjectID=314","Frenda, A.; Polytechnic of Turin - Interuniversity, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, Italy; email: antonino.frenda@polito.it",,,"Mohammed Premier University",,,,,20282508,,,,"English","J. Mater. Environ. Sci.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84991063157
"Dai P.F., Chen W.W., Wang N.","57002475500;26643512500;56443029400;","Research on laboratory preparation of nano calcium-based consolidant and preliminary application in earthen site reinforcement projects",2016,"Ancient Underground Opening and Preservation - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Scientific Problems and Long-Term Preservation of Large-Scale Ancient Underground Engineering, 2015",,,,"9","15",,1,"10.1201/b19169-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84949883373&doi=10.1201%2fb19169-3&partnerID=40&md5=143550273fbb55b41b2ed1ff69e59e9f","Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, Lanzhou University, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou, China; School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China","Dai, P.F., Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, Lanzhou University, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou, China, School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Chen, W.W., Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, Lanzhou University, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou, China, School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Wang, N., Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, Lanzhou University, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou, China, School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China","This article mainly focuses on the synthesis and characterization of nano calcium-based particles and their preliminary application in the field of earthen heritage conservation. High-temperature calcination and inverse microemulsion were used to produce nano calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide particles, respectively. The surface morphology, size distribution and mineral composition of these particles were viewed directly through Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), rapid shearing strength and disintegration test were carried out, aiming to evaluate mechanical properties, durability and water resistance ability improvement after treatment. Furthermore, the SEM-EDS technique was used to reveal the reason why the strength of the samples was improved after treated by nano calcium-based materials and how the calcium precipitation distributed spatially within the pore space. These conclusions provide a further research method and means for the application of nano calcium-based material in earthen site reinforcement projects. © 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Compressive strength; Disintegration; Durability; Hydrated lime; Lime; Microemulsions; Morphology; Reinforcement; Scanning electron microscopy; Surface morphology; Heritage conservation; High-temperature calcination; Inverse micro emulsion; Mineral composition; research methods; Synthesis and characterizations; Unconfined compressive strength; Water-resistances; Inverse problems",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Ambrosi, M., Dei, L., Giorgi, R., Neto, C., Baglioni, P., Colloidal particles of Ca(OH)2: Properties and applications to restoration of frescoes (2001) Langmuir, 17, pp. 4251-4255; Barton, J., (2009) 3D Laser Scanning and the Conservation of Earthen Architecture: A Case Study at the UNESCO World Heritage Site Merv, 41 (3), pp. 489-504. , Turkmenistan. World Archaeology; Cheng, L., Cordruwisch, R., In situ soil cementation with ureolytic bacteria by surface percolation (2012) Ecological Engineering, 42, pp. 64-72; Cardianoa, P., Sergia, S., Lazzarib, M., Pirainoa, P., Epoxy-silica polymers as restoration materials (2002) Polymer, 43, pp. 6635-6640; Chelazzi, D., Jaidar, Y., Toccafondi, N., Giorgi, R., Baglioni, P., Hydroxide nanoparticles for cultural heritage: Consolidation and protection of wall paintings and carbonate materials (2013) Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 392, pp. 42-49; Dei, L., Salvadori, B., Nanotechnology in cultural heritage conservation: Nanometric slaked lime saves architectonic and artistic surfaces from decay (2006) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 7, pp. 110-115; Daniele, V., Taglieri, G., The nanolimes in Cultural Heritage conservation: Characterisation and analysis of the carbonatation process (2008) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 9, pp. 294-301; Giorgi, R., Dei, L., Baglioni, P., A new method for consolidating wall paintings based on dispersions of lime in alcohol (2000) Studies in Conservation, 45 (3), pp. 154-161; Huang, K., A study on ancient structural materials and their preservation (2003) Southeast Culture, 9, pp. 93-96; Karatasios, I., Theoulakis, P., Kalagri, A., Sapalidis, A., Kilikoglou, V., Evaluation of consolidation treatments of marly limestones used in archaeological monuments (2009) Construction and Building Materials, 23, pp. 2803-2812; Khorasani, R., Pourmahdian, S., Synthesis and characterization of hydrogel nanoparticles through inverse microemulsion polymerization of 2-acrylamido- 2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid. Journal of Macromolecular Science (2014) Part A: Pure and Applied Chemistry, 51, pp. 240-248; Lim, G.K., Wang, J., Ng, S.C., Gan, L.M., Processing of fine hydroxyapatite powders via an inverse microemulsion route (1996) Materials Letters, 28, pp. 431-436; Li, L., Li, M.S., Wang, Z.X., Li, Z.X., Preservation of earthen heritage sites on the Silk Road, northwest China from the impact of the environment (2011) Environ Earth Science, 64, pp. 1625-1639; Liu, Q., Liu, Y.J., Zeng, K.W., Yang, F.L., Zhu, H., Liu, Q.J., Advanced design of Chinese traditional materials for the conservation of historic stone buildings (2011) Journal of Archaeological Science, 38, pp. 1896-1900; Lin, Z.S., Huang, Y., Liu, S.N., Han, B.Q., Research on the high-strength and water-resistant mechanism of gypsum base new binding material (2000) Journal of Wuhan University of Technology, 22 (1), pp. 4-5; Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki, P., Kallithrakas-Kontos, N., Korakaki, D., Agioutantis, Z., Maurigiannakis, S., Evaluation of silicon-based strengthening agents on porous limestones (2006) Organic Coatings, 57, pp. 140-148; Ossola, F., Tomasin, P., Zorzi, C.D., Habra, N.E., Chiurato, M., Favaro, M., New calcium alkoxides for consolidation of carbonate rocks. Influence of precursors’ characteristics on morphology, crystalline phase and consolidation effects (2012) New J. Chem, 36, pp. 2618-2624; Parker, S.B., (1983) A Study of Calcium Carbonate Formation in Biological Systems, , Oxford; Rizzarelli, P., Rosa, C.L., Torrisi, A., Testing a fluorinated compound as a protective material for calcarenite (2001) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2, pp. 55-62; Smalley, I.J., In-situ” theories of loess formation and the significance of the calcium-carbonate content of loess (1971) Earth Science Reviews, 7, pp. 67-85; Slavikova, M., Krejči, F., Zemlička, J., Pecha, M., Kotlika, P., Jakubek, J., X-ray radiography and tomography for monitoring the penetration depth of consolidants in Opuka-the building stone of Prague monuments (2012) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 13, pp. 357-364; Shao, M.S., Li, L., Wang, S.J., Wang, E.Z., Li, Z.X., Deterioration mechanisms of building materials of Jiaohe ruins in China (2013) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 14, pp. 38-44; Wang, X., Investigation on the restoration techniques of ancient wall (2004) Traditional Chinese Architecture and Gardens, 1, pp. 20-22; Wei, G.F., Zhang, B.J., Fang, S.Q., Zheng, Z.Q., Microstructure and application study of secondary calcined lime as consolidant for cultural relics (2011) Journal of Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology (Natural Science Edition), 43 (4), pp. 588-593",,"Yang Z.Tanimoto C.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","International Symposium on Scientific Problems and Long-Term Preservation of Large-Scale Ancient Underground Engineering, 2015","23 October 2015 through 26 October 2015",,139839,,9781138028999,,,"English","Anc. Undergr. Open. Preserv. - Proc. Int. Symp. Sci. Probl. Long-Term Preserv. Large-Scale Anc. Undergr. Eng.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84949883373
"Correia M.R.","56868212700;","Criteria and methodology for intervention in vernacular architecture and earthen heritage",2015,"Seismic Retrofitting: Learning from Vernacular Architecture - Vernacular Seismic Culture in Portugal Research Project Funded under the National Research Agency FCT, SEISMIC-V 2013",,,,"29","36",,1,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84973143965&partnerID=40&md5=349998706ad6147c64287fc2e5e1eacb","I-ESG, Escola Superior Gallaecia, Vila Nova de Cerveira, Portugal","Correia, M.R., I-ESG, Escola Superior Gallaecia, Vila Nova de Cerveira, Portugal","The assessment of criteria and methodology for intervention definition, its significance and the fact that there is a tendency for a non-rigorous application of the terms contributes for its inaccuracy in the field, having therefore a relevant negative impact on the decision-making process, regarding heritage intervention. This paper addresses the concepts associated with criteria and methodology for intervention in vernacular architecture and earthen heritage. A specific literature review is entailed for criteria and methodology for intervention; their frameworks are established; and key-criteria for intervention; and methodology key-components to consider for intervention are addressed. This assessment aims to contribute for a further well-defined and clear ground of work in conservation practice, leading to a more coherent and consistent intervention in heritage. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Architecture; Decision making; Conservation practices; Decision making process; Literature reviews; Vernacular architecture; Seismology",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Aguilar, E., Falck, N., San Antonio de Oriente conservation, restoration, and development (1993) Proceedings of Theterra 93: 7Th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 250-255. , Silves, Portugal, October 24-29, 1993. Lisbon, Portugal: DGEMN; Brown, L., (1993) The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, , Oxford: Clarendon Press; Calarco, D.A., San Diego Royal Presidio. Conservation of an earthen architecture archaeological site [preprint] (2000) Interra 2000: 8Th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 20-25. , Torquay, UK, May 11-13, 2000. Torquay, UKJames & James; Correia, M.R.A.R., (2010) Conservation Intervention in Earthen Heritage: Assessment and Significance of Failure, Criteria, Conservation Theory and Strategies, , PhD thesis. Oxford, UK: Oxford Brookes University; Correia, M., Merten, J.D., Restoration of the Casas dos Romeiros using traditional materials and methods— A case study in the southern Alentejo area of Portugal [preprint] (2000) Interra 2000: 8Th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 226-230. , Torquay, UK, May 11-13, 2000. Torquay, UK: James & James; Correia, M.R.A.R., Walliman, N.S.R., Defining Criteria for Intervention in Earthen-Built Heritage Conservation (2014) International Journal of Architectural Heritage: Conservation, Analysis, and Restoration, 8 (4), pp. 581-601; Fahnert, M., Schroeder, H., The repair of traditional earthen architecture in Southern Morocco (2008) 5Th International Conference on Building with Earth. Weimar, pp. 249-250. , Lehm 2008, Germany: Dachverband Lehm e.V; Giardinelli, S., Conti, G., The restoration of the D’Orazio house, Casalincontrada [preprint] (2000) TERRA 2000: 8Th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 238-241. , Torquay, UK, May 11-13, 2000. Torquay, UK: James & James; Goldberg, A., Larson, C.E., (1975) Group Communication: Discussion Processes & Applications, , Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc; Guerrero Baca, L.F., (2007) July-December.Arquitectura En Tierra. Hacia La recuperación De Una Cultura Constructiva. Inarquitectura En Tierra. Revistaapuntes, 20 (2), pp. 182-201. , Instituto Carlos Arbeláez Camacho para el Patrimonio arquitectónico y Urbano (ICAC)], Bogotá, Columbia: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana; Guillaud, H., Graz, C., Correia, M., Mecca, S., Mileto, C., Vegas, F., (2008) Terra Incognita - Preserving European Earthen Architecture, (2). , Brussels, Belgium: Culture Lab Editions and Editora Argumentum; Hoyle, A.M., Carcelén, J., Saavedra, F., Conservation of the Tomaval Castle. Proceedings (1993) TERRA 93: 7Th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 222-227. , Silves, Portugal, October 24-29, 1993. Lisbon, Portugal: DGEMN; Lassana Cisse, J., Architecture dogon. Problématique de la conservation des gin’na au regard des changementssociaux et religieux en milieu traditionneldogon [preprint] (2000) TERRA 2000: 8Th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 218-225. , Torquay, UK, May 11-13, 2000. Torquay, UK: James & James; Matero, F., A programme for the conservation of architectural plasters in earthen ruins in the American Southwest (1995) Fort Union National Monument, Newmexico, USA. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 1 (1), pp. 5-24. , London: James & James; Matero, F., Managing change: The role of documentation and condition survey at Mesa Verde National Park (2003) Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, 42 (1), pp. 39-58. , Architecture Issue. Washington DC: The American Institute for Conservation of Historic&Artistic Works; Matero, F., del Bono, E., Fong, K., Johansen, R., Barrow, J., Condition and Treatment history as prologue to site conservation at Casa Grande Ruins National Monument (2000) TERRA 2000: 8Th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 52-64. , Preprints, Torquay, England. 11-13 May 2000. Torquay, UK: James & James; Mesbah, A., Morel, J.C., Gentilleau, J.M., Olivier, M., Solutions techniques pour la restau- ration des ramparts de Taroudant (Maroc) [preprint] (2000) TERRA 2000: 8Th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 266-271. , Torquay, UK, May 11-13, 2000. Torquay, UK: James & James; Michon, J.L., Guillaud, H., Bahla Fort and Oasis Restoration and Rehabilitation Project (1995) Follow-Up Report to Theworld Heritage Committee on a Mission to the Sultanate of Oman, , Paris, France: UNESCO-World Heritage Centre; Morales Gamarra, R., Arquitectura Prehispánica de Tierra: Conservación y uso social en las hua- cas de Moche, Perú (2007) Arquitectura En Tierra. Revista Apuntes: Instituto Carlos Arbeláez Camacho Para El Patrimonioarquitectónico Y Urbano (ICAC)], 20 (2), pp. 256-277. , Bogotá, Columbia: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana; Orazi, R., Colosi, F., Integrated technologies for the study, documentation and exploitation of the archaeological area of Chan Chan, Peru [preprint] (2003) TERRA 2000: 8Th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 465-474. , Yazd, Iran, November 19- December 3, 2003. Torquay, UK: James & James; Pujal, A.J., Restoration techniques for earthen buildings of historical value, actual cases. In Proceedings (1993) TERRA 93: 7Th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 244-249. , Silves, Portugal, October 24-29, 1993. Lisbon, Portugal: DGEMN; Shekede, L., Wall paintings on earthen supports. Evaluating analytical methods for conserva- tion [preprints] (2000) In TERRA 2000: 8Th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 169-175. , Torquay, UK, May 11-13, 2000.Torquay, UK: James & James","Correia, M.R.; I-ESG, Portugal","Varum H.Lourenco P.B.Correia M.R.","","CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Seismic Culture in Portugal Research Project Funded under the National Research Agency FCT, SEISMIC-V 2013",,,159919,,9781138028920,,,"English","Seismic Retrofit. Learn. Vernac. Archit. Vernac. Seismic Cult. Port. Res. Proj. Funded under Natl. Res. Agency FCT, SEISMIC-V",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84973143965
"Iwasaki Y., Tanimoto C., Ishikawa Y., Koizumi K., Nakagawa K., Oike K., Wang X., Guo Q., Wang L.","7402676554;6603688917;56909328500;7201399040;56847973400;57212100087;56159218500;55377686100;56359044900;","Engineering geology problems and preservation of Chinese caves and Earthen Architecture Site: Earthquake environments at Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, China",2015,"Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 8: Preservation of Cultural Heritage",,,,"177","181",,1,"10.1007/978-3-319-09408-3_28","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84944521229&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-319-09408-3_28&partnerID=40&md5=dac189c972bbbbb19173f7313310b675","Geo Research Institute, 4-3-2 Itachi-bori, Nishi-ku, Osaka, 550-0012, Japan; International Institute for Advanced Studies, Kyoto, Japan; Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan; Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan; Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Kyoto University of Art and Design, Kyoto, Japan; Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, China; Lanzhou Institute of Seismology, Lanzhou, China","Iwasaki, Y., Geo Research Institute, 4-3-2 Itachi-bori, Nishi-ku, Osaka, 550-0012, Japan; Tanimoto, C., International Institute for Advanced Studies, Kyoto, Japan; Ishikawa, Y., Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan; Koizumi, K., Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan; Nakagawa, K., Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Oike, K., Kyoto University of Art and Design, Kyoto, Japan; Wang, X., Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, China; Guo, Q., Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, China; Wang, L., Lanzhou Institute of Seismology, Lanzhou, China","This paper describes fundamental settings of the Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang against earthquake damage. The potential damage caused by an earthquake might be generally estimated by Intensity scale. The intensity is related to human reaction and structural damages. Based upon the characteristics distribution pattern of the relation between magnitudes and epicentral distances or distances from faults, general effects to structures could be estimated as a preliminary base. Earthquake data from PCSeis (1606–2011) show little effects on the Mogao Grottoes. However, “Sanwei Shan fault,” which locates nearby the site, may cause a very big magnitude earthquake of M = 8. The active fault is extended to the very near to the Grottoes, the Sanwei Shan fault is identified as to produce the most dangerous earthquake to Mogao Grottoes in the future. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015.","Active fault; Earthquake risk; Mogao grottoes; Protection of cultural heritage","Caves; Faulting; Active fault; Cultural heritages; Distribution patterns; Earthen architecture sites; Earthquake risk; Epicentral distances; Mogao Grottoes; Structural damages; Earthquakes",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Jiang, W., (2009) Discussion of Estimation of Strong Ground Motion and Quantitative Study of Active Fault Structures, , http://www.spc.jst.go.jp/hottopics/0901earthquake/r0901_jiang.html, monthly report of science and technology from China 27, 2009, (in Japanese); Matsuda, T., Earthquake magnitude and its return period caused by active fault (1975) Jishin, 2 (28), pp. 269-283. , (in Japanese); Matsuzaki, K., Attenuation relation of JMA seismic intensity applicable to near source region (2006) J Struct Const Eng AIJ, (604), pp. 201-208. , June 2006, (in Japanese)","Iwasaki, Y.; Geo Research Institute, 4-3-2 Itachi-bori, Nishi-ku, Japan",,,"Springer International Publishing",,,,,,9783319094083; 9783319094076,,,"English","Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 8: Preservation of Cultural Herit.",Book Chapter,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84944521229
"Achenza M., Cocco C.","14029565000;57205891616;","A web map for Italian earthen architecture",2015,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future - Proceedings of the International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture",,,,"11","16",,1,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907326234&partnerID=40&md5=a96a91ba35c3c84b48466131daf927ec","DICAAR - Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy; Associazione Nazionale Città Della Terra Cruda, Samassi, Italy","Achenza, M., DICAAR - Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy; Cocco, C., Associazione Nazionale Città Della Terra Cruda, Samassi, Italy","Italian National Association of Earth Built Towns, an association counting 38 municipalities of 4 regions, has been founded in 2001 and since then has encouraged, promoted, sustained a huge variety of actions in favor of the diffusion of the knowledge about earthen architecture in Italy. These actions include publications, seminars, conferences, national and international networking, restoration and conservation projects in cooperation with Universities and enterprises. An important investment of energies that helped earthen architecture gain a dignity and an appreciation that was not known just fifteen years ago. The need to make these information available has become a priority in the very last years, encouraging the Association, in cooperation with the University of Cagliari - Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, to reverse into a web site a mapping of all activities related to Earthen architecture in the Country. This includes a list of academies and institutions that are working on the topic, producers and enterprises, professionals and owners. The mapping of Italy is being coordinated together with German (Weimar University) and French (CRATerre) partners in order to start an European data collection on earthen architecture. By now only the German site is fully available, being the Italian and the French almost ready to be put online, as well. This initiative is going to be an important contribution to the dissemination of correct information on the subject and finally giving the real dimension of the significant amount of people and work involved. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group.",,"Conservation; Information dissemination; Mapping; Sustainable development; Conservation projects; Cooperation with university; Data collection; Earthen architectures; International networking; Architecture",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Baldacci, O., (1952) La Casa Rurale in Sardegna, , Firenze: Centro di studi per la geografia etnologica; Campagna, M., Deplano, G., Evaluating Geographic Information usage within Public Administration web sites (2003) Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 31 (1), pp. 31-37. , Pion LTD; Campagna, M., Iannuzzi, Y., Le tecnologie informatiche per la costruzione della conoscenza sul patrimonio insediativo: Esperienze in Sardegna (2012) Disegnare Con..., , vol. speciale, ISSN: 1828-5961; Mossa, V., (1982) Architettura Domestica in Sardegna, , Carlo Delfino Editore, Sassari; Sanna, A., (2009) Manuali del Recupero dei Centri Storici Della Sardegna, 1-5. , Dei, Roma; Sanna, U., Achenza, M., (2009) Il Manuale Tematico Della Terra Cruda, , Dei, Roma",,,"TARMA;Tragsa Grupo","CRC Press/Balkema","VerSus 2014 2nd Mediterra 2nd ResTapi - International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture","11 September 2014 through 13 September 2014","Valencia",107318,,9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Archit.: Past, Present Future - Proc. Int. Conf. Vernac. Herit., Sustainability Earthen Archit.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84907326234
"Lorusso F.M., Mecca S.","56344807800;27067838700;","Design in Jericho: Contemporary earthen architecture and local cultural landscape",2015,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future - Proceedings of the International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture",,,,"233","238",,1,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907326232&partnerID=40&md5=d70220a95d4c2596f2d364619265296e","DIDA Department of Architecture, INN-LINKS Research Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy","Lorusso, F.M., DIDA Department of Architecture, INN-LINKS Research Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Mecca, S., DIDA Department of Architecture, INN-LINKS Research Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy","The paper will analyse the design of a Cultural Centre in Jericho, Palestine. The project develops an integrated centre for the production, representation and cultural exchange together with hostel in collaboration with the Palestinian administration. Based on a partnership between Italian and Palestinian professors and students, the project and design goal is to build a sustainable Mediterranean architecture as evolution of a specific cultural landscape induced by interaction with contemporary architectural language and environmental needs. The final project was prepared after a Palestinian and Italian students workshop as requested by the Ministry of Public Works & Housing and the local authorities. The local culture of earthen architecture in Tel el Sultan, Ottoman adobe and timber frame buildings, together with the splendour of the mosaic floors of the remains of the Hisham Palace, reverberate immaterial and material echoes, evoking substances, forms and signs. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group.",,"Design; Sustainable development; Architectural languages; Cultural landscape; Design goal; Earthen architectures; Environmental needs; Local authorities; Palestine; Timber frames; Architecture",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Breschi, A., Roggio, Lorusso, F.M., Vallerini, L., (2006) Parco Delle Cave. Seminario di Progettazione di Un Ambito Periurbano Nella Città di Cagliari, , Milano: Electa; Fathy, H., (1986) Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture: Principles and Examples, with Reference to Hot Arid Climates, , Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Fathy, H., (2008) Costruire Con la Gente. Storia di Un Villaggio D'Egitto: Gourna, , Milan: Editoriale Jaca Book SpA; Lorusso, F.M., Mediterraneo, paradigmi di architettura nuova (2005) Convegno Internazionale Sull'architettura Mediterranea, Ordine degli Architetti di Nuoro; Lorusso, F.M., Progettare i luoghi (2005) Architettura 'Naturale'. Origine e Diffusione Dell'architettura Vegetale e in Terra Cruda, , Cabras (OR); Lorusso, F.M., Mecca, ""...un'immagine fugace con tutte le sue ombre"" L'architettura mediterranea di Álvaro Siza (2010) Hiart, (4)",,,"TARMA;Tragsa Grupo","CRC Press/Balkema","VerSus 2014 2nd Mediterra 2nd ResTapi - International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture","11 September 2014 through 13 September 2014","Valencia",107318,,9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Archit.: Past, Present Future - Proc. Int. Conf. Vernac. Herit., Sustainability Earthen Archit.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84907326232
"Mileto C., Vegas F.","36721933700;6603127341;","Conservation of earthen architecture in the United States of America: Some case studies",2015,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future - Proceedings of the International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture",,,,"269","275",,1,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907326231&partnerID=40&md5=8378d96daf19d6cd255fdac5f38508a2","Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain","Mileto, C., Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Vegas, F., Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain","The United States has a broad and varied built heritage using different architectural earthen techniques. Diverse conservation works have been performed on this monumental and domestic heritage, regarding both the criteria and techniques used. The text attempts to present a range of different criteria and intervention techniques by examining some case studies, representative because of their different construction dates, location, constructive technique and the type of intervention carried out. A compared analysis of these cases allows us to take a preliminary look at the conservation of earthen architecture in this country and understand it also as a useful experience in other geographic and cultural contexts. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group.",,"Sustainable development; Built heritage; Constructive technique; Cultural context; Earthen architectures; United States of America; Architecture",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Adler, R.S., (2009) Weathering the Storm: Diagnostic Monitoring for Preventive Conservation at Spruce Tree House, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, , University of Pennsylvania; Aloiz, E.M., (2011) Investigations into a Historic Treatment: The Efficacy of Gelatin As An Adhesive for Earthen Finishes at Mesa Verde National Park, , University of Pennsylvania; Arnon, N., Baca, S., Churches, symbols of community: The preservation of New Mexico's adobe churches (1990) 6th International Conference on the Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 143-148. , Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute; Austin, G.S., Adobe and related building materials in New Mexico, U.S.A (1990) 6th International Conference on the Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 417-423. , Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute; Beas Guerrero, M.I., Consolidation of traditional plasters: A laboratory research (1993) 7a Conferência Internacional Sobre O Estudo e Conservação Da Arquitectura de Terra, pp. 410-416. , Lisboa: Direcção Geral dos Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais; Bunting, B., (1964) Taos Adobes. Spanish Colonial and Territorial Architecture of the Taos Valley, , Albunquerque: University of New Mexico Press; Burt, R.A., Woods, P.K., Warden, R., Three-Dimensional Modeling of Erosion to Historic Adobe Wall Ruins at Fort Davis, Texas (1998) APT Bulletin, 29 (2), pp. 35-38; Byungwook Lim, A., (2009) Soft Capping of Archaeological Masonry Walls: Far View House, Mesa Verde National Park, , University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Collum, N.S., (2008) A Comparative Study of Earthen Surface Finishes of the Eastern Façade of Open Area J and the Northern Façade of Open Area 26 at Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, , University of Pennsylvania; (2006) Adobe Conservation. A Preservation Handbook, , Cornerstones Communyty, Santa Fe, Sunstone Press; Crosby, A., A Preservation Monitoring System at Tumacacori National Monument (1978) Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology, 10 (2), pp. 47-76. , U.S. National Park Service Issue; Preservation Maintenance in the Southwest (1986) Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology, 18 (3), pp. 48-55; Crosby, A., Monitoring Moisture at Tumacacori (1987) APT Bulletin, 19 (4), pp. 32-44; Dassler, L., Nineteenth century New York state earthen homes (1990) 6th International Conference on the Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 430-437. , Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute; Ferron, A., The Consolidation of Earthen Surface Finishes: A Study of Disaggregating Plasters at Mesa Verde National Park (2007) University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Gardner, M.L., (2005) Fort Union National Monument, , Tucson: Western National Parks Association; Garrison, J.W., The evolution of adobe construction systems in the Southwest (U.S.A.) and related conservation issues (1990) 6th International Conference on the Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 53-56. , Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute; Golebiowski, J., (2009) Rammed Earth Architecture's Journey to the High Hills of the Santee and Its Role As An Early Concrete, , Graduate Schools of Clemson University & The College of Charleston; Hannaford, D., Edwards, R., (1990) Spanish Colonial or Adobe Architecture of California, 1800-1850, , Stamford: Architectural Book Publishing Company; Houk, R., (1996) Casa Grande Ruins National Monument, , Tucson: Western National Parks Association; Iowa, J., (1985) Ageless Adobe. History and Preservation in Southwestern Architecture, , Santa Fe: Sunstone Press; Krieger, R., (2011) Architectural Finishes at Spruce Tree House, Mesa Verde National Park: Characterization and Interpretation of Room, 115, p. 2. , Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Lee, A.J., Spanish Missions (1990) APT Bulletin, 22 (3), pp. 42-54; Lumpkins, W., (1972) Adobe Past and Present, , Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico; Matero, F.G., A programme for the conservation of architectural plasters in earthen ruins in the American Southwest: Fort Union National Monument, New Mexico, U.S.A (1995) Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 1, pp. 5-24. , London: James & James; Matero, F.G., The conservation of plasters in earthen archeological sites. Cultural resource management: Conserving earthen architecture (1999) Halifax: Cultural Resource Management, 22 (6), pp. 59-62; Matero, F.G., Bass, A., Orphans of the storm: The preservation of architectural plasters in earthen ruins. Cultural resource management: Conserving earthen architecture (1994) Halifax: Cultural Resource Management, 17 (4), pp. 21-26; Matero, F.G., Bass, A., Design and evaluation of hydraulic lime grouts for the reattachment of lime plasters on earthen walls (1995) Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 1 (2), pp. 97-108. , London: James & James; Matero, F.G., Del Bono, E., Fong, K.L., Johansen, R., Barrow, J., Condition and treatment history as prologue to site conservation at Casa Grande Ruins National Monument (2000) Terra 2000: 8th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 52-64. , London: James & James; Mchenry, P.G., Rebuilding Ácoma Sky City (1990) APT Bulletin, 22 (3), pp. 55-64; Mindeleff, C., Aboriginal Architecture in the United States (1898) Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York, 30 (5), pp. 414-427; Noble, A.G., Patterns of Building Material as Revealed in the Farm Housing Survey of 1934 (2000) Material Culture, 32 (1), pp. 57-77; Piper, R., Earthen architecture of New York State: Adobe construction in a non arid climate (1990) 6th International Conference on the Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 117-121. , Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute; Piper, R., Earthen Architecture in the Northern United States European Traditions in Earthen Construction. Cultural resource management: Conserving earthen architecture (1999) Halifax: Cultural Resource Management, 22 (6), pp. 30-33; Reynolds Hall, L., (2007) Characterization, Analysis and Interpretation of the Surface Finishes of Kiva E, Long House, Mesa Verde National Park, , University of Pennsylvania; Rohn, A.H., Ferguson, W., (2006) Puebloan Ruins of the Southwest, , Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press; Romero Taylor, M., The Fort Selden Adobe Test Wall Project (1990) APT Bulletin, 22 (3), pp. 35-41; Russo Zinn, W.A., (2005) Cement Modified Earthen Mortar - An Investigation of Soil-Cement Performance Characteristics at Three Southwestern National Monuments, , (Master's Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Selwitz, C., Caperton, T.J., Chemical Stabilization of Adobe in the Restoration of the Montaño Store (1995) APT Bulletin, 26 (2-3), pp. 37-41; Seth, S., Seth, L., (1988) Adobe! Homes and Interiors of Taos, Santa Fe and the Southwest, , Stamford: Architectural Book Publishing Company; Shapiro, J.S., New Light on Old Adobe: A Space Syntax Analysis of the Casa Grande (1999) Kiva, 64 (4), pp. 419-446; Smith, E.W., (1982) Adobe Bricks in New Mexico, , Socorro: New Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources; Spears, B., (1986) American Adobes. Rural Houses of Northen New Mexico, , Albunquerque: University of New Mexico Press; Thybony, S., (1990) Fort Davis National Monument, , Tucson: Western National Parks Association; White, C., Adobe Typology and Site Chronology: A Case Study from Pecos National Historical Park (1996) Kiva, 61 (4), pp. 347-363",,,"TARMA;Tragsa Grupo","CRC Press/Balkema","VerSus 2014 2nd Mediterra 2nd ResTapi - International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture","11 September 2014 through 13 September 2014","Valencia",107318,,9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Archit.: Past, Present Future - Proc. Int. Conf. Vernac. Herit., Sustainability Earthen Archit.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84907326231
"Feiglstorfer H.","57191523816;","Revealing traditions in earthen architecture: Analysis of earthen building material and traditional constructions in the Western Himalayas",2014,"Brill's Tibetan Studies Library","35",,,"364","387",,1,"10.1163/9789004271807-018","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84991377600&doi=10.1163%2f9789004271807-018&partnerID=40&md5=ce5229c29f2a0162326beb0c5e2d53dc",,"Feiglstorfer, H.",[No abstract available],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"The sample numbers refer to their listing in the laboratory notebook kept at the Institute of Applied Geology at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences in Vienna. They enable the quick location of the samples for further research. The material tests in the laboratories of the University were carried out under the supervision and guidance of Prof. Franz Ottner; Fuchs (1980) and Fuchs (1984); Fuchs 1978; Fuchs 1979; Hamid (1998:224); The interview was held together with Sonam Wangchuk and Rebecca Norman and the family of potters of Likir in August 2011 in the fields of Likir. Sonam Wangchuk and his wife Rebecca Norman run the SECMOL (Students' Educational and Cultural Movement of Ladakh) campus at Phey, in Ladakh, experimenting with traditional building materials such as earth. The family of potters living in Likir, whom we met on their way home from their fields during harvest time, offered us their provisions from the field and lots of information on traditional pottery making. The house name of this family is Langdopa. Rigzen Wangyal, the young potter, was accompanied by his brothers Rigzen Angdu and Tsering Norbu as well as by his mother; This interview was conducted together with Sonam Wangchuk, who translated into English, in Nye in August 2011 at Tsewang Norbu's home. Sonam Wangchuk is well-known as the founder of SECMOL in 1994 and as having worked continuously with earth as a building material. Tsewang Norbu is a native of Nye. His profession is primarily that of a blacksmith. His father was already producing stoves (thab, pron. 'thap'). As the material in which Tsewang Norbu heats the metal, supported by bellows made of animal skin, has to be refractory, he was always confronted with the need for proper earth materials which are actually the same which he uses for making a thab, i.e. the thab sa. His nickname Garbo (mgar ba meaning 'blacksmith') refers to the commonalty of blacksmiths; Terminological addition by Erberto Lo Bue, personal communication by e-mail, 30 August 2012; Hamid (1998:172); Interview with Sonam Wangchuk in August 2011 in Basgo; This paragraph, concerning the 'chukalak' was added by Sonam Wangchuk in a correspondence in October 2011. Furthermore he adds: ""However I have found in tests that chukalag around Phey has more real clay particles and coarse silt than the Spituk markala which appears to be uniform fine silt, so that's why it is possibly like a mix of Basgo and Spituk fine silt""; Susan Nitsche who was working as a conservator of wall paintings in the Sumtsek in Wanla for the Achi Association at the time of my visit brought my attention to the consistency of the earth used in this crack; Interview with Mr. Angchuk, an engineer originally from Basgo, in August 2011 at his home in Leh; Interview with Radha Krishan in 2002 at Ribba, where he taught at the time of the interview; Hamid (1998:136); Bielmeier et al. Forthcoming; Bielmeier et al. Forthcoming: This dictionary mentions the pronunciation as qalaq, kalaq or kalak. The use of this term as mud or clay in Tabo as a general term might underline the interpretation given above. The definition of this term varies according to the qualities of wetted soil and slurry, described by the terms feuchte Erde and Lehmschlämme in German; Bielmeier et al. Forthcoming; Bielmeier et al. Forthcoming: The term dkar rag is also mentioned as whitewash used on the outside of buildings. This translation correlates with the one known in Ngari, according to a translation by Tsering Gyalbo in October 2011. For more meanings of this Tibetan term see for example the Dharma Dictionary; For information on the relevant interview see above, n. 7; Translation into Ladakhi according to Bettina Zeisler, University of Tübingen, to whom I am very grateful for her support; The information on the dkar rtsi and the dmar rtsi from Mangyu and Wanla was given by Sandeep Kumar from Uttarachand, close to Rishikesh. At the time of the interview, which was held in August 2011 at Mangyu, he worked as conservator for INTACH on the restoration of the wall paintings in Mangyu temples; This interview was conducted with Sonam Wangchuk, who translated into English, at the home of Tsewang Norbu in Nye in August 2011; My article, Research on earthen roof constructions of Buddhist temples in the Western Himalaya, submitted for publication in the proceedings volume of ""Terra 2012"", the 11th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, held from April 23rd to 27th 2012 in Lima, in Peru, deals with the construction of traditional Tibetan roofs in particular, in a technical and socio-anthropological context. In that respect the keeping of traditions has to be clearly differentiated from their understanding and from their reusing in a contemporary context; For a discussion of similar themes in relation to the conservation of the Leh Old Town see the contribution by Alexander & Catanese in this volume",,"Ramble C.McKay A.Lo Bue E.Bray J.Blezer H.",,"Brill Academic Publishers",,,,,15686183,9789004271784,,,"English","Brill Tibetan Stud. Lib.",Review,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84991377600
"Zhang Y.","35147463400;","Knowledge of earthen heritage deterioration in dry areas of China: salinity effect on the formation of cracked surface crust",2023,"Heritage Science","11","1","41","","",,,"10.1186/s40494-023-00890-y","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85149256185&doi=10.1186%2fs40494-023-00890-y&partnerID=40&md5=b9f784cf0a1995d4cf2a8c191a070d45","Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage, School of Cultural Heritage and Information Management, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China","Zhang, Y., Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage, School of Cultural Heritage and Information Management, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China","Numerous important earthen heritage sites in northwestern China have survived until today because of the arid and semi-arid climate. However, most of them suffer from various types and degrees of deterioration, with many questions not answered. Scaling off is one of the main types of deterioration widely observed at the Site of Yar City. To clarify the underlying mechanisms of cracked surface crust formation, previous experimental achievements are reviewed in the framework of unsaturated soil mechanics in this paper. A series of laboratory tests on the properties of local soil during desiccation, including water retention, volumetric shrinkage, cracking and tensile strength, are presented and analyzed, with a particular emphasis on salinity effect. Results show that suction is the key factor controlling the soil behavior. With the decrease in water content, all suction components increased gradually. The presence of NaCl led to a large increase in total suction, but a negligible change in matric suction. The soil shrinkage characteristic curve, which can be divided into three zones, was not affected by NaCl. The suction-loading curve indicates that the change in void ratio was governed by matric suction. In addition, most of the drying shrinkage of soil took place in saturated and near-saturated conditions. According to the quantitative analysis of final crack patterns, the highly fragmented surface morphology tended to be induced in thinner, less salinized soil specimens. The soil tensile strength also increased during drying, which was further enhanced by the cementation of salt crystals between particles. These preliminary results can provide some insights in understanding the on-site deterioration of earthen heritage sites. © 2023, The Author(s).","Cracking; Desiccation; Deterioration mechanisms; Tensile strength; Unsaturated soil; Volumetric shrinkage; Water retention",,,,,,"National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC: 42007265","This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42007265).",,,,,,,,,,"(2012) World Heritage Inventory of Earthen Architecture, , http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/879, Accessed 5 Oct 2022; Guo, Q.L., Wang, Y.W., Chen, W.W., Pei, Q.Q., Sun, M.L., Yang, S.L., Zhang, J.K., Du, Y.M., Key issues and research progress on the deterioration processes and protection technology of earthen sites under multi-field coupling (2022) Coatings, 12, p. 1677. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XivVymtLjF; Pei, Q.Q., Guo, Q.L., Wang, X.D., Zhao, J.Z., Zhao, G.J., Luo, J., Evolution and characteristics of traditional building techniques for earthen architectural sites (2019) Sci Conserv Archaeol, 31 (5), pp. 1-13. , in Chinese; 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Sci.",Review,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85149256185
"Yulan W., Jian G., Weixi Z., Fan L.","58110955300;57740465700;57740789600;57741272800;","Experimental research on the performance of a Novel Geo-filament anchor for an Earthen architectural site",2023,"Heritage Science","11","1","34","","",,,"10.1186/s40494-022-00842-y","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85148504495&doi=10.1186%2fs40494-022-00842-y&partnerID=40&md5=93cbdc8d6b67fa9ae16d8a8923d378e5","State Key Laboratory of Green Building in Western China, Xian University of Architecture & Technology, Xi’an, 710055, China; Architecture College, Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi’an, 710055, China; Science College, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, 710055, China; Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Cultural Heritage, Xi’an, 710075, China","Yulan, W., State Key Laboratory of Green Building in Western China, Xian University of Architecture & Technology, Xi’an, 710055, China, Architecture College, Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi’an, 710055, China; Jian, G., Architecture College, Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi’an, 710055, China; Weixi, Z., Science College, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, 710055, China; Fan, L., Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Cultural Heritage, Xi’an, 710075, China","At present, most studies of anchorage techniques for earthen architecture ruins are conducted so as to improve the anchor force, however, the damage caused to the ruins by anchor reinforcement has not been fully considered in practice and no special anchor technique has been applied to reinforce the small sliding mass. This paper summarizes the application and R&D of anchor rod techniques as applied to the protection of the Gaochang Ruins, Turpan, in China. Based on the reinforcement of the small sliding mass of the earthen historical ramparts, a new type of Geotechnical Filament Anchor (GFA) is designed. By changing six parameters, including anchorage length (L), GF thickness (H), bore diameter (D), slurry strength (S), GFA surface state (R) and inclination Angle (A), the tensile strength, failure mode, load displacement (P-S) relationship and strain (ζ-L) distribution characteristics are studied, and corresponding analysis is performed on the test data and phenomena. (1) A formula for the design value of the anchorage force N is presented. (2) Combining the data on the strain distribution at the GF-slurry interface under the action of N, the shear stress distribution model of the anchorage system is obtained. (3) Taking into account the soil mechanical properties of the above-mentioned ruins, the shear stress diffusion coefficient (α) is conceptualized, the formula for the shear strength of the grouting material is obtained, and the allowable ranges of L, D, H, R, and S determined. A new design is proposed for the application of anchorage techniques to earthen ruins in the context of protection of cultural relics, which promotes the design and calculation method described in this paper. © 2023, The Author(s).","Design concept; Earthen architecture ruins; Geo-filament anchor (GFA); In-situ test; Small sliding mass",,,,,,"LSZZ202217; ZR18040; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation: 2020M683672XB","This work was supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M683672XB), the Youth Science and Technology Fund of XAUAT (ZR18040), Independent Research and Development project of State Key Laboratory of Green Building in Western China (LSZZ202217).",,,,,,,,,,"Sun, M.L., Research status and development of the conservation of earthen sites (2007) Sci Conserv Archeol, 19 (4), pp. 64-69; Zhang, J.K., Guo, Q.L., Li, Z.X., (2014) Preliminary study on anchorage mechanism of earthen sites, , Lanzhou University Press, Lanzhou; Benmokrne, B., Zhang, B., Chennouf, A., Tensive properties and pullout behaviour of AFRP and CFRP rods for grouted anchor applications (2000) Constr Build Mater, 14, pp. 157-170; Rong, Y., Li, Y.H., Cao, J., Application of bakelite rod anchor in protection of Tang Hanguangmen entrance remains (2016) J Shaanxi Normal Uni, 44 (3), pp. 69-74; Zhang, J.K., Chen, W.W., Li, Z.X., Guo, Z.Q., Wang, N., Analysis of in-situ anchoring characteristics of composite anchor containing steel bar (Φ22mm) (2014) Rock Soil Mechanics., 35 (11), pp. 3139-3147; Xue, Q., Jin, X.B., Chen, Y., Yang, X., Jia, X., Zhou, Y., The historical process of the masonry city walls construction in China during1st to 17th centuries AD (2019) PLOS ONE, 14 (3); Li, J.F., Zhang, J.K., Wang, N., Zhao, L.Y., Guo, Q.L., Physical model test on working mechanisms of an anchor group system with four wood bolts in rammed earthen sites (2019) Chin J Rock Mech Eng, 38 (11), pp. 2321-2331; Cui, K., Wang, D.H., Chen, W.W., Ren, X.F., Liu, J., Yang, G., Comparative study of anchorage performance of three types of bolts fully grouted by modified glutinous rice mortar (2018) Rock Soil Mechanics, 39 (2), pp. 498-506; Liu, G.Q., Xiao, M., Chen, J.T., Stress analysis method of fully grouted rock bolt in underground caverns (2017) J Huazhong Univ Sci Technol, 45 (6), pp. 113-119. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXltVGltLY%3D; Lu, W., Zhao Dong, L.I., DB,, Study on the force transfer process of the anchorage interface of bamboo bolt in the rammed earth sites (2019) Chin J Theor Appl Mechanics, 51 (2), pp. 524-539; Zhang, J.K., Chen, W.W., Li, Z.X., Field tests on anchorage mechanism of wood bolts for conservation of earthen sites (2013) Chin J Geotech Eng, 35 (6), pp. 1166-1171; Lu, W., Zhao, D., Mao, X.F., Experimental study on bond-slip behavior of bamboo bolt-modified slurry interface under pull-out load (2018) Adv Civil Eng, 1, pp. 1-23; Wang, Y.L., Dong, Z., Wei, L., Lei, F., Experimental research on destruction mode and anchoring performance of carbon fiber phyllostachys pubescens anchor rod with different forms (2018) Adv Civil Eng, 3, pp. 1-13; Zhang, J.K., Shan, T.T., Wang, Y.C., Wang, N., Meng, F., Zhao, L.Y., Mechanical properties of the soil-slurry (CGN+C) interface of anchorage system in earthen sites (2019) Rock Soil Mechanics, 40 (3), pp. 903-912; Peng, W.X., Xie, Y.J., Xu, S.S., Test study on working properties of prestress anchor composite soil nails wall work (2015) J Southeast Univ, 46 (4), pp. 1468-1474; Biscaia, H.C., Chastre, C., Silva, M.A.G., Linear and nonlinear analysis of bond-slip models for interfaces between FRP composites and concrete (2013) Compos B Eng, 45 (1), pp. 1554-1568. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtlKjur3E; Chen, Y., Experimental study and stress analysis of rock bolt anchorage performance (2014) J Rock Mech Geotech Eng, 6, pp. 428-437; Martin, L.B., Tijani, M., Hadjhassen, F., A new analytical solution to the mechanical behavior of fully grouted rock bolts subjected to pull-out tests (2011) Constr Build Mater, 25 (2), pp. 255-749; Renff, Y., Chenjf, J.F., An analytical analysis of the full-range behaviour of grouted rockbolts based on a tri-linear bond-slip model (2010) Constr Build Mater, 24, pp. 361-370; Nie, W., Zhao, Z.Y., Guo, W., Shang, J., Wu, C., Bond-slip modeling of a CMC rock bolt element using 2D-DDA method (2019) Tunn Undergr Space Technol, 85, pp. 340-353. , (in Chinese; Wang, Z.W., Zhao, J.C., Liu, T.B., Bond-slip model for horizontal reinforcing bars in reinforced brick masonry (2019) Eng Struct, 201; Wu, Z.M., Yang, S.T., Zheng, J.J., Hu, X.Z., Analytical solution for the pull-out response of FRP rods embedded in steel tubers filled with cement grout (2010) Mater Struct, 43, pp. 597-609. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXlvVSrurw%3D; Lu, W., Zhao, D., Li, D.B., Study on the force transfer process of the anchorage interface of bamboo bolt in the rammed earth sites (2019) Chin J Theor Appl Mechanics, 51 (2), pp. 524-539; Cui, K., Huang, J.J., Chen, W.W., Researches on selection of anchor slurry and performance mixed quick lime in earthen ruins (2019) Rock Soil Mechanics, 40 (6), pp. 2183-2191; Hemeda, S., Pitlakis, K., Serapeum temple and the ancient annex daughter library in Alexandria, Egypt: geotechnical–geophysical investigations and stability analysis under static and seismic conditions (2010) Eng Geol, 113, pp. 33-43; Hemeda, S., Sonbol, A., Sustainability problems of the Giza pyramids (2020) Herit Sci, 8, p. 8; Hemeda, S., Geotechnical modelling of the climate change impact on world heritage properties in Alexandria (2021) Egypt Herit Sci, 9, p. 73","Yulan, W.; State Key Laboratory of Green Building in Western China, China; email: ylwhbp@xauat.edu.cn",,,"Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH",,,,,20507445,,,,"English","Herit. Sci.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85148504495
"Bellat M., Baudouin E., Cammas C., Lyonnet B.","58070856600;58071105500;57015389000;55241226100;","New insights into the Neolithic architecture of the Southern Caucasus: A micromorphological case-study from Mentesh Tepe (middle Kura Valley, Azerbaijan)",2023,"Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports","49",,"103971","","",,,"10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.103971","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85151233964&doi=10.1016%2fj.jasrep.2023.103971&partnerID=40&md5=fbd1a0427d695fa4a18f8259651e6971","CRC 1070 ResourceCultures, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074, Germany; Department of Geoscience, Chair of Soil Science and Geomorphology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen72070, Germany; UMR 7264 Cultures et Environnements, Préhistoire, Antiquité, Moyen Âge (CEPAM), Nice, 06300, France; Institut National de Recherche et d'Archéologie Préventive (INRAP), La Courneuve, 93126, France; UMR 5140, Archéologie des Sociétés Méditerranéennes (ASM), Montpellier, 34090, France; DMOS, AgroParisTech, Thiverval Grignon, 78850, France; UMR 7192, Proche-Orient-Caucase: Langues, Archéologie, Cultures (PROCLAC), Paris, 75005, France","Bellat, M., CRC 1070 ResourceCultures, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074, Germany, Department of Geoscience, Chair of Soil Science and Geomorphology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen72070, Germany; Baudouin, E., UMR 7264 Cultures et Environnements, Préhistoire, Antiquité, Moyen Âge (CEPAM), Nice, 06300, France; Cammas, C., Institut National de Recherche et d'Archéologie Préventive (INRAP), La Courneuve, 93126, France, UMR 5140, Archéologie des Sociétés Méditerranéennes (ASM), Montpellier, 34090, France, DMOS, AgroParisTech, Thiverval Grignon, 78850, France; Lyonnet, B., UMR 7192, Proche-Orient-Caucase: Langues, Archéologie, Cultures (PROCLAC), Paris, 75005, France","This paper focuses on the first results of a micromorphological study on the Neolithic architecture from Mentesh Tepe (Azerbaijan), a settlement in the Southern Caucasus occupied during the first half of the 6th-millennium cal. BC. While earthen architecture has already been studied on a macroscopic scale, the use of micromorphology represents an original approach. This research highlights six different assemblages of Mentesh Tepe earthen material preparations, showing a diversity in the manufacturing processes (i.e. the way of preparing the earth, the building techniques, the way of using the earth during the construction) and in the care for the architecture. The well-prepared materials show intense mixing at a wet state with temper added to the composition, while less prepared elements are poorly mixed in a dry state with heterogeneous material. We have identified microscopic features of moulded mudbrick and a unique use of gypsum material for one specific building. From these results based upon the building techniques and material uses we discuss the possible function or status of the structures and the life-cycle of the buildings through time. These results question possible social differences within the Neolithic groups at a site scale. This corpus, while rather small, is the first in the area for Neolithic architecture, and our results only pretend to give a preliminary overview and some ongoing reflection on architectural questions about the first sedentary communities of the Southern Caucasus. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd","Aratashen-Shulaveri-Shomutepe; Building techniques; Earthen material; Facies; Multiscalar approach; Protohistory",,,,,,"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG; Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR; Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen; Ministère des Affaires Etrangères; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, MNHN: UMR 7194 HNHP - PAST","This work is the outcome of an MSc. thesis made at the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris under the direction of C. Cammas, E. Baudouin and S. Puaud (UMR 7194 HNHP - PAST). The authors thank the French-Azerbaijani excavation team who contributed to the sampling of the earthen material and the study of the site, especially B. Lyonnet and F. Guliyev. The excavations at Mentesh Tepe have been partly supported by the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the ANR/DFG projects “Ancient Kura” and “Kura in Motion!” (ANR-12-FRAL-0011), directed by B. Lyonnet and B. Helwing. We would like to also thank A. Decaix for her help regarding the archaeobotanical interpretation on thin sections, E. Degorre for her help on maps and G.I.S. data, M. Sauvage for giving us access to his G.I.S. data and R. Berthon for his help and support during the Msc. thesis. I want to thank the CRC 1070 ResourceCulture from University of Tübingen who gave me the opportunity to work on this research while doing my PhD. thesis. Finally, we wish to thank the reviewers who took the time to correct and make interesting comments which helped to improve the quality of this article.","This work is the outcome of an MSc. thesis made at the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris under the direction of C. Cammas, E. Baudouin and S. Puaud (UMR 7194 HNHP - PAST). The authors thank the French-Azerbaijani excavation team who contributed to the sampling of the earthen material and the study of the site, especially B. Lyonnet and F. Guliyev. The excavations at Mentesh Tepe have been partly supported by the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the ANR/DFG projects “Ancient Kura” and “Kura in Motion!” (ANR-12-FRAL-0011), directed by B. Lyonnet and B. Helwing. We would like to also thank A. Decaix for her help regarding the archaeobotanical interpretation on thin sections, E. Degorre for her help on maps and G.I.S. data, M. Sauvage for giving us access to his G.I.S. data and R. Berthon for his help and support during the Msc. thesis. I want to thank the CRC 1070 ResourceCulture from University of Tübingen who gave me the opportunity to work on this research while doing my PhD. thesis. Finally, we wish to thank the reviewers who took the time to correct and make interesting comments which helped to improve the quality of this article.",,,,,,,,,"Abibullaev, O.A., Ėneolit i bronza na territorii Nakhichevanskoĭ ASSR [Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age in the region of Nakhichevan in Soviet Azerbaijan] (1982), Ėlm Baku; Aliev, G.A., Salaev, M.E., (1997), Mamedov, T.Sh. State Soil Map of Azerbaijan [in Russian]; Aliev, G.A., Salaev, M.E., (2003), Mamedov, T.Sh. Legend to the State Soil Map of Azerbaijan; Alizadeh, A.A., Hasanov, G.M., Hasanov, H.Y., (2008), Hasanov, T.Ab., Isamil-Zadeh, A.J., Kangarli, T.N., Korobanov, V.V., Memedov, A.I., Mamedov, A.V., Mustafayev, H.V., Nagiyev, A.N., Narimanov, A.A., Rustamov, M.I., Zamanov, Yu.J. 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L'habitat néolithique dans le Sud de la France et de Nord-Ouest méditerranéen., Société Préhistorique Française, pp.199–218; Zeder, M.A., The Neolithic Macro-(R)evolution: Macroevolutionary Theory and the Study of Culture Change (2009) J Archaeol Res, 17, pp. 1-63","Bellat, M.Tübingen, 72074, 29 Gartenstrasse Office 311, Germany; email: mathias.bellat@uni-tuebingen.de",,,"Elsevier Ltd",,,,,2352409X,,,,"English","J.Archaeol. Sci. Rep.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85151233964
"Rescic S., Mattone M., Fratini F., Luvidi L.","14024798900;55901890800;6602728244;7801519499;","Conservation of Earthen Bricks in Architecture: An Experimental Campaign to Test Different Treatments on Vernacular Built Heritage",2023,"Heritage","6","2",,"1541","1566",,,"10.3390/heritage6020083","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85149220131&doi=10.3390%2fheritage6020083&partnerID=40&md5=54a28c22f9ca193bf664b6b02ca89415","Institute of Heritage Science (ISPC), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, 50019, Italy; Department of Architecture and Design (DAD), Politecnico di Torino, Viale Mattioli 39, Torino, 10125, Italy; Institute of Heritage Science (ISPC), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Salaria Km 29, 300, Monterotondo S., Roma, 00015, Italy","Rescic, S., Institute of Heritage Science (ISPC), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, 50019, Italy; Mattone, M., Institute of Heritage Science (ISPC), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, 50019, Italy, Department of Architecture and Design (DAD), Politecnico di Torino, Viale Mattioli 39, Torino, 10125, Italy; Fratini, F., Institute of Heritage Science (ISPC), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, 50019, Italy; Luvidi, L., Institute of Heritage Science (ISPC), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Salaria Km 29, 300, Monterotondo S., Roma, 00015, Italy","Earthen architecture, by its nature, is a fragile because it has a poor resistance toward the action of weathering, which has also increased in recent years through the effects of climate change. The presence of interesting examples of earthen brick buildings, for example, in the Piedmont Region of Italy, is characterised by the absence of rendering, which reveals the need to test treatments for the protection and/or strengthening of the walls of these buildings. This action is of fundamental importance to improve its resistance to the aggressive action of atmospheric agents and avoid their disappearance. A testing campaign adopting protective products with sustainability characteristics and low environmental impact was carried out on earthen brick walls. Different products belonging to various categories (synthetic polymers, natural resins, nano-structured materials) and selected based on previous experiments or tested for the first time on earthen surfaces were selected. The performance assessment of the products was carried out by taking into account the standardised procedures in the field of cultural heritage conservation through the following tests: water absorption, water vapour permeability, drilling resistance, water erosion tests (Geelong and spray), contact angle measurements, colorimetric measurements, and ageing tests. Although the choice of the optimal protective product should be made on a case-by-case basis, where it is not sustainable to proceed in this way, the results of this experimental campaign—in the presence of materials and weathering conditions similar to those of the case study analysed—will provide indications in identifying of the most appropriate product. © 2023 by the authors.","conservation issues; earthen architecture; earthen bricks; protective products; test methods",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Mattone, M., Earthen Architectures: History, Typologies and Construction Techniques (2021) Past and Present of the Earthen Architectures in China and Italy, pp. 11-22. , CNR Edizioni, Roma, Italy; Minke, G., (2021) Building with Earth: Design and Technology of a Sustainable Architecture, , 4th ed., Birkhauser, Basel, Switzerland; Costi de Castrillo, M., Philokyprou, M., Ioannou, I., Comparison of adobes from pre-history to date (2017) J. Archaeol. Sci. 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Grem, 7, pp. 41-52; Bourgès, A., Tiennot, M., Mertz, J.D., Liégey, A., Bouquillon, A., Review of earthen materials consolidation with ethyl silicate Proceedings of the 22th World Congress on Earthen Architecture, pp. 104-107. , TERRA, Lyon, France, 11–14 July 2016; Barsottelli, M., Fratini, F., Giorgetti, G., Manganelli Del Fa, C., Microfabric and alteration in the Carrara marble: A preliminary study (1998) Sci. Technol. Cult. Herit, 7, pp. 109-120; Sadek, P.C., (2002) The HPLC Solvent Guide, , 2nd ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, NY, USA; Madsen, F.T., Müller-Vonmoos, M., The swelling behaviour of clays (1989) Appl. Clay Sci, 4, pp. 143-156; Houben, H., Guillaud, H., (1994) Earth Construction: A Comprehensive Guide, , Practical Action Publishing, Rugby, UK; Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Sebastian, E., Doehne, E., Ginell, W.S., The role of sepiolite-palygorskite in the decay of ancient Egyptian limestone sculptures (1996) Clays Clay Miner, 46, pp. 414-422","Luvidi, L.; Institute of Heritage Science (ISPC), Via Salaria Km 29, 300, Italy; email: loredana.luvidi@cnr.it",,,"MDPI",,,,,25719408,,,,"English","Heritage.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85149220131
"Neya I., Yamegueu D., Messan A., Coulibaly Y., Ouedraogo A.L.S.-N., Ayite Y.M.X.D.","57217873885;36665622700;56069568500;6603016243;57217864626;57226881175;","Effect of cement and geopolymer stabilization on the thermal comfort: case study of an earthen building in Burkina Faso",2023,"International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation",,,,"","",,,"10.1108/IJBPA-05-2022-0069","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85150966933&doi=10.1108%2fIJBPA-05-2022-0069&partnerID=40&md5=6df6bf3d51f78ee8522e9169d145f8a8","Laboratoire Energies Renouvelables et Efficacité Energétique (LabEREE), Institut International d’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Laboratoire Eco-matériaux et Habitats Durables (LEMHaD), Institut International d’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingenieurs de l'Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo","Neya, I., Laboratoire Energies Renouvelables et Efficacité Energétique (LabEREE), Institut International d’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, Laboratoire Eco-matériaux et Habitats Durables (LEMHaD), Institut International d’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Yamegueu, D., Laboratoire Energies Renouvelables et Efficacité Energétique (LabEREE), Institut International d’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Messan, A., Laboratoire Eco-matériaux et Habitats Durables (LEMHaD), Institut International d’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Coulibaly, Y., Laboratoire Energies Renouvelables et Efficacité Energétique (LabEREE), Institut International d’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Ouedraogo, A.L.S.-N., Laboratoire Eco-matériaux et Habitats Durables (LEMHaD), Institut International d’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Ayite, Y.M.X.D., Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingenieurs de l'Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo","Purpose: The stabilization of earthen blocks improves their mechanical strength and avoids adobe construction erosion due to rainwater. However, the stabilization affects the thermal properties of the earthen blocks, and thus their capacity to provide adequate thermal comfort to occupants. This article examines the influence of cement and geopolymer binders on thermal comfort in compressed earthen buildings in hot and arid climates. Design/methodology/approach: The test cell is on the building platform in Burkina Faso. The building is made of compressed earth blocks (CEB) consisting of laterite, water and binder. The thermal models of the building were implemented in EnergyPlus v9.0.1 software. Empirical validation is used to check whether the model used for the thermal dynamic simulation can reproduce with accuracy the thermal behavior in a real situation. The adaptive thermal comfort model of ASHRAE 55–2010 was used to assess thermal comfort in long-term hot and dry tropical conditions. Findings: The results show that the CEB buildings remain hot despite the use of cement or geopolymer binder. Indeed, with both cement and geopolymer binders, on a daily basis, 19 h and 15 h are uncomfortable during, respectively, the hot and cold seasons. An increase of 1% in cement content raises the comfort hours by 9.2 h during the hot season and 11.7 h during the cold season. Hence, the comfort time varies linearly with the cement content in the building material. Moreover, there is no linear relationship between comfort time and geopolymer rate. Research limitations/implications: Complementary work should also assess the influence of stabilization on building humidity levels. In fact, earthen materials are very sensitive to outdoor humidity and indoor humidity affects thermal comfort even if it is not taken into account in the ASHRAE adaptive thermal comfort model. Practical implications: The present study will certainly contribute to a better valorization of clay potential in countries with similar climatic conditions. Social implications: The use of geopolymer binder is a suitable ecological option to replace the cement binder. It is important to mention that nighttime comfort can be increased through passive strategies such as natural ventilation. Originality/value: Most CEB material stabilization analyses including cement and geopolymer ones were mostly investigated at the laboratory scale and less at the building scale. Also, the influence of the binder rate on the thermal performance of buildings made of cement and geopolymer has not yet been assessed. This paper fills this gap of knowledge by assessing the impact of cement and geopolymer binder rates on the thermal comfort of CEB dwellings. © 2023, Emerald Publishing Limited.","Adaptative thermal comfort; Burkina Faso; Cement; Earthen architecture; Empirical validation; Geopolymer; Hot semi-arid climate","Binders; Buildings; Inorganic polymers; Soil cement; Soils; Thermal comfort; Ventilation; Adaptative thermal comfort; Burkina Faso; Cement binder; Compressed earth blocks; Earthen architectures; Empirical validation; Geopolymer; Geopolymer binders; Hot semi-arid climate; Semi-arid climate; Geopolymers",,,,,"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst, DAAD; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF","The research of this article was supported by DAAD within the framework of the climapAfrica program with funds from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. The funding programme was Climate Research for Alumni and Postdocs in Africa, 2021 (57560641). 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(2021) Open Journal of Social Sciences, 9 (1), pp. 50-65","Neya, I.; Laboratoire Energies Renouvelables et Efficacité Energétique (LabEREE), Burkina Faso; email: ibrahim.neya@2ie-edu.org",,,"Emerald Publishing",,,,,23984708,,,,"English","Int. J. Build. Pathology Adapt.",Article,"Article in Press","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85150966933
"Sanchez-Calvillo A., Alonso-Guzman E.M., Martinez-Molina W., Chavez-Garcia H.L., Ruiz-Mendoza M.","57219001226;8302713600;37047599700;57194776293;57218996555;","Characterization and Physical-Mechanical Properties of Adobes from La Huacana, Mexico",2023,"RILEM Bookseries","40",,,"799","807",,,"10.1007/978-3-031-21735-7_85","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85150194155&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-031-21735-7_85&partnerID=40&md5=91348852c7cb89f46960a70da790e897","Faculty of Architecture, Universidad Michoacana San Nicolás de Hidalgo, MICH, Morelia, 58000, Mexico; Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Michoacana San Nicolás de Hidalgo, MICH, Morelia, 58000, Mexico","Sanchez-Calvillo, A., Faculty of Architecture, Universidad Michoacana San Nicolás de Hidalgo, MICH, Morelia, 58000, Mexico; Alonso-Guzman, E.M., Faculty of Architecture, Universidad Michoacana San Nicolás de Hidalgo, MICH, Morelia, 58000, Mexico, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Michoacana San Nicolás de Hidalgo, MICH, Morelia, 58000, Mexico; Martinez-Molina, W., Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Michoacana San Nicolás de Hidalgo, MICH, Morelia, 58000, Mexico; Chavez-Garcia, H.L., Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Michoacana San Nicolás de Hidalgo, MICH, Morelia, 58000, Mexico; Ruiz-Mendoza, M., Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Michoacana San Nicolás de Hidalgo, MICH, Morelia, 58000, Mexico","Earthen architecture is one of the oldest construction solutions known, with archaeological evidences as ancient as the first human settlements. Nevertheless, in the last decades, adobe constructions have been abandoned and severely modified, been displaced by the use of industrial materials like concrete blocks and ceramic bricks. The importance of these traditional systems in the local communities is a crucial aspect, since the techniques have been transmitted for generations and are part of the inner culture. Adobe samples from heritage buildings, including complete specimens and cylinders, were collected in the town of La Huacana, in the state of Michoacan, in Mexico. Also these structures were surveyed and analyzed from the technological and architectural study of the buildings and materials. After the field work the samples were brought to the materials laboratory of the Michoacan University of Saint Nicholas of Hidalgo and were analyzed with non-destructive tests, mechanical resistance and soil mechanics trials. The experimentation allowed to calculate the mechanical resistance as well as the ultrasonic pulse velocity; the results were compared to the sieve analysis, the Atterberg limits and the USCS (Unified Soil Classification System) of the samples. The material characterization of the adobes allowed to determine the properties of these construction materials, which commonly are not deeply studied. The samples from La Huacana presented a very singular composition with great percentages of fine material, while the mechanical properties were quite satisfactory in comparison with the background researches. It is expected to perfect and regulate the characterization of earthen materials by means of research works like the one presented, achieving a complete perspective of these traditional systems. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.","Earthen construction; Materials properties; Non-destructive tests; Soil mechanics; Sustainable materials",,,,,,"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACYT; Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, UMSNH","The authors acknowledge the Materials Laboratory “Ing. Luis Silva Ruelas” of the Faculty of Civil Engineering of the UMSNH for the equipment support, the Postgraduate Program PIDA of the Faculty of Architecture of the UMSNH, the economic support given by CONACYT, CIC-UMSNH in Morelia, Mexico; and CIMNE, in Barcelona, Spain.",,,,,,,,,,"Costa, C., Cerqueira, Â., Rocha, F., Velosa, A., The sustainability of adobe construction: Past to future (2018) Int. J. Arch. Herit., 13, pp. 639-647. , https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2018.145 9954; Morel, J.-C., Charef, R., Hamard, E., Fabbri, A., Becket, C., Bao Bui, Q., Earth as construction material in the circular economy context: Practitioner perspectives on barriers to overcome (2021) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci., , https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0182; Sánchez Calvillo, A., Alonso Guzmán, E.M., López Núñez, M., Vulnerabilidad sísmica y la pérdida de la vivienda de adobe en Jojutla, Morelos, México, tras los sismos de 2017 (2021) Vivienda Comunidades Sustentables, (10), pp. 9-29. , https://doi.org/10.32870/rvcs.v2i10.162; Haji Sadeghi, N., Correia, M., Oliveira, D.V., Azizi-Bondarabadi, H.: Preventive conservation of vernacular adobe heritage located in seismic-prone regions. Int. Arch. Photogramm., Remote. Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. XLIV-M-1, 855–860 (2020). https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-arc hives-XLIV-M-1-2020-855-2020; Ayala Ortega, L.A.: Arquitectura doméstica tradicional de tierra caliente, Michoacán. Carácuaro: un caso de estudio. Master Thesis, Universidad Michoacana San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico (2019); Sanchez-Calvillo, A., Characterization of adobe blocks: Point-load assessment as a complementary study of damaged buildings and samples (2021) Heritage, 4, pp. 864-888. , https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4020047; Silva, A., Oliveira, I., Silva, V., Mirão, J., Faria, P., Vernacular Caramel´s adobe masonry dwellings—material characterization (2020) Int. J. Arch. Herit., pp. 1-18. , https://doi.org/10. 1080/15583058.2020.1751343; Vicente, E., Torrealva, D., Mechanical properties of historical adobe in Perú (2018) Terra Lyon, p. 2016. , Joffroy, T., Guillaud, H., Sadozaï, C. (eds.) , Articles Selected for On-Line Publication, Lyon. CRAterre, Villefontaine, France; Silveira, D., Varum, H., Costa, A., Martins, T., Pereira, H., Almeida, J., Mechanical properties of adobe bricks in ancient constructions (2012) Constr. Build. Mater., 28, pp. 36-44. , https://doi. org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.08.046; (2011) The Earthen Architecture Initiative: Guidelines for Teaching Earthen Conservation. Material Analysis—In Situ and Laboratory Material Characterization, , The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Ruiz-Mendoza, M., Sanchez-Calvillo, A., Martinez-Molina, W., Chavez-Garcia, H.L., Alonso-Guzman, E.M., Navarrete-Seras, M.A., Preciado-Villicaña, D., Ramirez-Carranza, A., Ensayo de Velocidad de Pulso Ultrasónico y cálculo del módulo de elasticidad en adobes de Tierra Caliente (2020) 15Th Congreso Nacional De Ciencia, , Morelia, Mexico; (2004) Norma Mexicana NMX-C275-ONNCCE-2004. ONNCCE S.C., , Mexico City, Mexico; ASTM D2845-08 (2008) Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Pulse Velocities and Ultrasonic Elastic Constants of Rock (Withdrawn, 2017. , https://doi.org/10.1520/D2845-08, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA; ASTM D2487—17e1, Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System). ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA (2017) USA; Aguilar, R., Saucedo, C., Montesinos, M., Ramírez, E., Morales, R., Uceda, S., Caracterización mecánica de las unidades de adobe del complejo arqueológico Huaca de la Luna mediante ensayos de ultrasonido (2015) Proceedings of 15Th Seminario Iberoamericano De Arquitectura Y Construcción Con Tierra, pp. 28-39. , , pp. , Cuenca, Ecuador; (2015) Norma Mexicana NMX-C-083-ONNCCE-2014. ONNCCE S.C., , Mexico City, Mexico; Martins Neves, C.M., Borges Faria, O., Rotondaro, R., Cevallos Salas, P., Hoffmann, M.V.: Selección de Suelos y Métodos de Control en la Construcción con Tierra—Prácticas de Campo, 1st edn. Rede Ibero-Americana Proterra, Lisboa, Portugal (2009)","Sanchez-Calvillo, A.; Faculty of Architecture, MICH, Mexico; email: adria.sanchez.9@hotmail.com",,,"Springer Science and Business Media B.V.",,,,,22110844,,,,"English","RILEM Bookseries",Book Chapter,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85150194155
"Fazio A.T., Avanzato M.V., Cinto I.E., Cavicchioli A., Faria D.L.A.D.","7005585221;57484150500;35483344400;6603666827;57214096583;","A Simple Method for Optimal DNA Extraction from Different Filamentous Fungi Species Growing on Earthen Walls of ‘Vale Histórico Paulista’, São Paulo, Brazil",2023,"Studies in Conservation","68","3",,"380","387",,,"10.1080/00393630.2022.2025705","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85126131959&doi=10.1080%2f00393630.2022.2025705&partnerID=40&md5=49b75c6958335620cfcfe2e3a5a60b50","Laboratorio de Espectroscopia Molecular, Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratorio de Micología Experimental, InMiBo UBA-CONICET, DBBE, FCEyN, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; College of Humanities and Sciences, Coker University, Hartsville, SC, United States; Escola das Artes Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil","Fazio, A.T., Laboratorio de Espectroscopia Molecular, Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, Laboratorio de Micología Experimental, InMiBo UBA-CONICET, DBBE, FCEyN, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Avanzato, M.V., College of Humanities and Sciences, Coker University, Hartsville, SC, United States; Cinto, I.E., Laboratorio de Micología Experimental, InMiBo UBA-CONICET, DBBE, FCEyN, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cavicchioli, A., Escola das Artes Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Faria, D.L.A.D., Laboratorio de Espectroscopia Molecular, Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil","This study aims to describe a new simple and efficient method of extracting DNA from filamentous fungi isolated from historical earthen walls. This method involves growing the mycelium on overlapping cellophane discs on solid medium and the disruption of the fungal cell wall by a combined action of liquid nitrogen and a lytic enzyme. The extraction is performed with the PureLink ™ Genomic DNA Mini Kit protocol from Pure Genomic. The full procedure can be completed in two hours. The new genomic DNA extraction protocol provided good quality and quantity of fungal DNA, from fungal mycelium, with an average yield of 27 ng/µL of DNA per sample. Purified DNA samples yielded 25 ng of DNA ready for sequencing. PCR amplifications of the DNA extracted using the new method were more successful than those extracted using the CTAB method. Thus this new extraction protocol is demonstrated to be an effective method for the identification of a wide range of filamentous fungal species that affect the integrity of buildings with earthen architecture. © The International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works 2022.","biodeterioration; DNA extraction; earthen architecture; filamentous fungi; historical buildings","Cellophane; DNA sequences; Extraction; Gene encoding; Liquefied gases; Mycelium; Network architecture; Polymerase chain reaction; Biodeterioration; DNA extraction; Earthen architectures; Extraction protocols; Filamentous fungus; Historical buildings; Sao Paulo; SIMPLE method; Simple++; Solid medium; DNA",,,,,"Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, FAPESP","This work was supported by research grants #2012/05356-5, #2012/50038-1, and #2012/13119-3 from São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP). The authors wish to thank Professor Carla Columbano de Oliveira, the Department of Biochemistry, from the Institute of Chemistry of the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, who allowed us to use her laboratory to run agarose gels, quantify DNA, and perform PCR amplifications. Sequences Laboratory specialist Luci D. Navarro and laboratory technician Sandra M. S. Fernandes of the DNA Sequencing Service (SSDNA) available at the Dept. of Biochemistry at IQUSP (Prof. Suely Lopes) are acknowledged.",,,,,,,,,,"Ashktorab, H., Cohen, R.J., Facile Isolation of Genomic DNA from Filamentous Fungi (1992) Biotechniques, 13 (2), pp. 198-200; Bastian, F., Alabouvette, C., Lights and Shadows on the Conservation of a Rock art Cave: The Case of Lascaux Cave (2009) International Journal of Speleology, 38 (1), pp. 55-60; Barnwell, P., Blanchard, A., Bryant, J., Smirnoff, N., Weir, A., Isolation of DNA from the Highly Mucilagenous Succulent Plant Sedum Telephium (1998) Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 16 (2), pp. 133-138; Benny, G.L., Humber, R.A., Morton, J.B., “Zygomycota: Zygomycetes (2001) Systematics and Evolution”. 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Güiraldes 2620, Ciudad Universitaria, Argentina; email: fazio.alejandra@gmail.com",,,"Taylor and Francis Ltd.",,,,,00393630,,SCONA,,"English","Stud Conserv",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85126131959
"Zhang Y., Zhang Z., Zhao W., Li Q.","16026037500;56086285800;57733352900;57193098675;","Crack Segmentation on Earthen Heritage Site Surfaces",2022,"Applied Sciences (Switzerland)","12","24","12830","","",,,"10.3390/app122412830","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85144858969&doi=10.3390%2fapp122412830&partnerID=40&md5=8ff8cd50835332c4c83cb409b2f4f598","School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710127, China","Zhang, Y., School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710127, China; Zhang, Z., School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710127, China; Zhao, W., School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710127, China; Li, Q., School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710127, China","Earthen heritage sites are historical relics left by ancient human activity, with earthen as the primary building material, and have significant historical, scientific, and artistic value. However, many sites have experienced extensive deterioration caused by environmental forces and human factors. A crack is a kind of typical damage to the walls of earthen heritage sites. Studies of the crack-formation process can effectively predict trends in damage, which will play a critical role in the maintenance of earthen heritage sites. This study is the first of its kind to propose a deep learning method to study the cracks on earthen heritage sites at the pixel-level, adopt the idea of transfer learning, and employ a mixed-crack image dataset for training three deep learning models. The precision, recall, IoU, and F1 metrics were used to evaluate the performance of the trained models. The experimental results showed that FPN-vgg16 appeared to have the highest level of applicability to detect cracks on earthen heritage sites among all networks, due to the highest F1 score of 84.40% and the highest IoU score of 73.11%. The results illustrated that the proposed method in this paper can effectively be used to analyze the rammed earth surface crack images, with great potential in related research fields. © 2022 by the authors.","classification; crack detection; deep learning; pixel-level segmentation",,,,,,"National Key Research and Development Program of China, NKRDPC: 2019YFC1520904","This research was financially supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant No. 2019YFC1520904.",,,,,,,,,,"Richards, J., Zhao, G., Zhang, H., Viles, H., A Controlled Field Experiment to Investigate the Deterioration of Earthen Heritage by Wind and Rain (2019) Herit. Sci, 7, p. 51; Shao, M., Li, L., Wang, S., Wang, E., Li, Z., Deterioration Mechanisms of Building Materials of Jiaohe Ruins in China (2013) J. Cult. 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Zhang, Z.; School of Information Science and Technology, China; email: zhangzy@nwu.edu.cn",,,"MDPI",,,,,20763417,,,,"English","Appl. Sci.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85144858969
"Trizio F., Garzón-Roca J., Eguibar M.Á., Bracchi P., Torrijo F.J.","57218993836;57217221101;25823070800;57218992322;57220772596;","Above the Ravines: Flood Vulnerability Assessment of Earthen Architectural Heritage in Quito (Ecuador)",2022,"Applied Sciences (Switzerland)","12","23","11932","","",,,"10.3390/app122311932","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85143846187&doi=10.3390%2fapp122311932&partnerID=40&md5=7c95265661d1eca2d7cb9e1a0afd9829","Research Centre PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain; Department of Geodynamics (GEODESPAL), Faculty of Geology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain; Department of Hydraulic Engineering and Environment, Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain; Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseño y Artes, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, 170143, Ecuador; Department of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain","Trizio, F., Research Centre PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain; Garzón-Roca, J., Department of Geodynamics (GEODESPAL), Faculty of Geology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain; Eguibar, M.Á., Department of Hydraulic Engineering and Environment, Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain; Bracchi, P., Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseño y Artes, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, 170143, Ecuador; Torrijo, F.J., Research Centre PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain, Department of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain","Floods represent one of the most threatening risks for earthen architectural heritage. Developing risk assessment tools is considered crucial to mitigate the risk and to protect heritage buildings. Due to its hygroscopic nature, earthen architecture is generally considered to be vulnerable to water, requiring a specific analysis. This paper proposes a vulnerability assessment method for earthen buildings in flood-prone areas. Based on the evaluation of the susceptibility of the building’s components and characteristics, the method allows for quantifying the vulnerability of the assets, in non-monetary terms. An application of the methodology is carried out assessing a selection of earthen construction in Quito Historic Centre (Ecuador). The results show the influence of each component in the global vulnerability of the earthen buildings. The response of different construction techniques and the importance of the maintenance of heritage buildings is exposed. Vulnerability assessment methods at the meso-small scale constitute the foundation for risk assessment. Thus, this study aims to provide a significant assessment tool that can be used for further analysis and future lines of research, aiming to protect cultural heritage that is at risk. © 2022 by the authors.","earthen architecture; floods; vulnerability assessment; world heritage site",,,,,,"Universitat Politècnica de València, UPV: 006070000-541-47110","This research was made possible thanks to the fund given to the first author by Universitat Politècnica de València, by means of a “Grant for the mobility of PhD students”, grant number 006070000-541-47110.",,,,,,,,,,"Beckett, C.T.S., Jaquin, P.A., Morel, J.C., Weathering the storm: A framework to assess the resistance of earthen structures to water damage (2020) Constr. Build. Mater, 242, p. 118098; Gerard, P., Mahdad, M., Robert McCormack, A., François, B., A unified failure criterion for unstabilized rammed earth materials upon varying relative humidity conditions (2015) Constr. Build. 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Herit, 16, pp. 885-898; Trizio, F., Torrijo Echarri, F.J., Mileto, C., Vegas López-Manzanares, F., Flood vulnerability and damage assessment of earthen architectural heritage of the Iberian Peninsula (2022) Geotechnical Engineering for the Preservation of Monuments and Historic Sites III, pp. 1067-1078. , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA; (2021) Plan De Gestión Del Riesgo de Desastres Para el Núcleo Central del Centro Histórico de Quito, Patrimonio Mundial, , Instituto Metropolitano de Patrimonio (IMP), Quito, Ecuador; Baez, E., De Sutter, P., Isch, A., Naranjo, F., Ribadeneira, A., (1999) Proyecto Piloto de Rehabilitación Arquitectónica y Urbana. Barrios San Marcos, La Chilena y Eje Calle Chile, , Universidad Central del Ecuador-FAU, Quito, Ecuador; Andrade, R., Borja, K., Checa, G., Díaz Navarrete, G., Fernandez-Salvador, C., Gallegos, L., Navarrete, B., Pérez Arteta, J.F., (1991) Centro Historico de Quito: La vivienda, , Peralta E., Carrión F., Gonzalez Tamarit L., Román Ruiz J., (eds), Editorial Fraga, Quito, Ecuador; Nakhaei, M., Correia, M., Water-risk management in Tchogha Zanbil world heritage site in Iran, with a focus on the ancient management system (2020) International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences-ISPRS Archives, 54, pp. 683-690. , Mileto C., Vegas. F., Cristini V., García L., (eds), ISPRS, Valencia, Spain; Taylor, J.R., (1982) An Introduction to Error Analysis, , 2nd ed., University of Science Books, Sausalito, CA, USA; de Moel, H., Jongman, B., Kreibich, H., Merz, B., Penning-Rowsell, E., Ward, P.J., Flood risk assessments at different spatial scales (2015) Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Chang, 20, pp. 865-890. , 30197555; Garrote, J., González-Jiménez, M., Guardiola-Albert, C., Díez-Herrero, A., The manning’s roughness coefficient calibration method to improve flood hazard analysis in the absence of river bathymetric data: Application to the urban historical zamora city centre in spain (2021) Appl. Sci, 11; Lastrada, E., Cobos, G., Torrijo, F.J., Analysis of climate change’s effect on flood risk. Case study of Reinosa in the Ebro river Basin (2020) Water, 12; Ortiz, R., Ortiz, P., Vulnerability Index: A New Approach for Preventive Conservation of Monuments (2016) Int. J. Archit. Herit, 10, pp. 1078-1100","Trizio, F.; Research Centre PEGASO, Spain; email: fratri@upvnet.upv.es",,,"MDPI",,,,,20763417,,,,"English","Appl. Sci.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85143846187
"Han W., Gong R., Liu Y., Gao Y.","57449104100;57841462700;57841462800;55755016900;","Influence mechanism of salt erosion on the earthen heritage site wall in Pianguan Bastion",2022,"Case Studies in Construction Materials","17",,"e01388","","",,,"10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01388","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85135866128&doi=10.1016%2fj.cscm.2022.e01388&partnerID=40&md5=aaf5624cc538b45d99b3d609faca14c4","College of Architecture, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China","Han, W., College of Architecture, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China; Gong, R., College of Architecture, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China; Liu, Y., College of Architecture, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China; Gao, Y., College of Architecture, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China","The earthen heritage site wall of Pianguan presented salt crystallization and pulverization in China. In this study, rammed earth samples were collected from the heritage wall, and the salt solution erosion test of samples were carried out. The influence mechanism of salt erosion on the earthen heritage site wall was conducted on the rammed earth samples using portable digital microscope, scanning electron microscope, portable chromatic aberration instrument, strip-shaped adhesive tapes, hardness tester, electronic universal testing machine, X-ray diffractometer (XRD) analysis. The macro and micro observations showed the salt erosion damage of rammed earth goes through three stages roughly. The warping and hollowing were appeared on the surface and salt precipitation in the inner sample at the early stage; The soluble salt precipitation thin salt shell appeared on the surface and the pulverization in the inner sample at the middle stage; Salt particles covered the whole surface, the inner sample was wet and the pulverization was reduced at the later stage. The chromatic aberration analysis showed the chromatic aberration of the surface sample increased with the increase of salt supply time, but the variation decreased when the salt shell covered the surface of the sample. The adhesion analysis showed the number of particles fall off the sample surface increases first and then decreases, and the cohesion of the sample surface is overall decreased. The hardness and compressive strength analysis showed they decreased linearly with the increase of salt supply time. The component analysis of precipitated soluble salts showed sodium chloride in soluble salt mainly migrated and precipitated on the surface during the sample drying process, and the main factor leading to the pulverization of the sample. © 2022 The Authors","Earthen heritage site wall; Influence; Mechanism; Rammed earth; Salt erosion","Aberrations; Adhesives; Compressive strength; Digital devices; Erosion; Hardness; Instrument testing; Scanning electron microscopy; Chromatic aberration; Earthen heritage site wall; Heritage sites; Influence; Influence mechanism; Pulverisation; Rammed earth; Salt erosion; Salt precipitation; Soluble salts; Sodium chloride",,,,,"Shanxi Scholarship Council of China, SXSCC: 2022-066","The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from Research Project Supported by Shanxi Scholarship Council of China with Grant No 2022-066 .",,,,,,,,,,"Houben, H., Balderrama, A.A., Simon, S., Our earthen architectural heritage: Materials research and conservation (2004) MRS Bull., 25, pp. 338-341; Twiss, K.C., The Neolithic of the Southern Levant (2007) Evol. Anthropol., 16, pp. 24-35; Gandreau, D., Delboy, L., (2012), World Heritage Inventory Earthen Architecture; Reyes, J.C., Yamin, L.E., Hassan, W.M., Shear behavior of adobe and rammed earth walls of heritage structures (2018) Eng. Struct., 174, pp. 526-537; Jia, H., Qin, X., Liu, J., Environmental changes recorded by major elements in loulan stupa section during early-middle holocene (2012) J. Earth Sci., 23 (2), pp. 155-160; Cui, K., Chen, M.M., Chen, W.W., Mechanism and processes of intensity deterioration of earthen ruin's soil undergoing salinized and dry-wet coupling effect (2017) J. Lanzhou Univ., 53 (5), pp. 582-587; Zalooli, A., Khamehchiyan, M., Nikudel, M.R., Deterioration of travertine samples due to magnesium sulfate crystallization pressure: examples from Iran (2017) Geotech. Geol. 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Archaeol., 28 (4), pp. 19-25; Gupta, S., Pel, L., Kopinga, K., Crystallization behavior of NaCl droplet during repeated crystallization and dissolution cycles: An NMR study (2014) J. Cryst. Growth, 391 (3), pp. 64-71; Flatt, R.J., Salt damage in porous materials: how high supersaturations are generated (2002) J. Cryst. Growth, 242, pp. 435-454; Pu, T., Chen, W., Du, Y., Snowfall-related deterioration behavior of the Ming Great Wall in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (2016) Nat. Hazards, 84 (3), pp. 1539-1550; Moreno, F., Vilela, S.M., Antunes, S.G., Capillary-rising salt pollution and granitic stone erosive decay in the parish church of Torre de Moncorvo (NE Portugal)-implications for conservation strategy (2006) J. Cult. Herit., 7 (1), pp. 56-66; Qin, H., Zhang, F., Yu, W., Analysis on rising rules of capillary water of salt solution in earthen sites (2016) World Sci. -Tech. R. 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Mater., p. 16; Drdácky´, M., Lesák, J., Rescic, S., Slízˇková, Z., Tiano, P., Valach, J., Standardization of peeling tests for assessing the cohesion and consolidation characteristics of historic stone surfaces (2012) Mater. Struct., 45 (4), pp. 505-520; Masi, G., Sassoni, E., Air lime mortar consolidation by nanolimes and ammonium phosphate: compatibility, effectiveness and durability (2021) Constr. Build. Mater., 299; Tang, C.S., Cheng, Q., Leng, T., Effects of wetting-drying cycles and desiccation cracks on mechanical behavior of an unsaturated soil (2020) Catena, 194; Fujimaki, H., Shimano, T., Inoue, M., Effect of a salt crust on evaporation from a bare saline soil (2006) Vadose Zone J., 5 (4), pp. 1246-1256; Nachshon, U., Weisbrod, N., Dragila, M.I., Combined evaporation and salt precipitation in homogeneous and heterogeneous porous media (2011) Water Resour. Res., 47 (3), pp. 980-990; Zhang, C.M., Li, L., Lockington, D., Numerical study of evaporation-induced salt accumulation and precipitation in bare saline soils: mechanism and feedback (2014) Water Resour. Res., 50 (10), pp. 8084-8106","Han, W.; College of Architecture, China; email: hanweicheng@tyut.edu.cn",,,"Elsevier Ltd",,,,,22145095,,,,"English","Case Stud. Constr. Mater.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85135866128
"Eksi-Akbulut D., Gokyigit-Arpaci E.Y.","57207883519;57207876594;","TYPES OF FLAT EARTHEN ROOFS USED IN VERNACULAR ANATOLIAN ARCHITECTURE AND THEIR PRESERVATION PROBLEMS",2022,"Journal of Green Building","17","1",,"89","104",,,"10.3992/jgb.17.1.89","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85131602122&doi=10.3992%2fjgb.17.1.89&partnerID=40&md5=8ad44dddab79eb8a31a31ccfcd44fc95","Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Yildiz Campus, Besiktas, ISTANBUL, 34349, Turkey","Eksi-Akbulut, D., Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Yildiz Campus, Besiktas, ISTANBUL, 34349, Turkey; Gokyigit-Arpaci, E.Y., Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Yildiz Campus, Besiktas, ISTANBUL, 34349, Turkey","Earthen materials and rammed earth architecture concepts are becoming more and more popular among architects due to their applicability in various climates and lowcost construction technique. However, the use of flat earthen roofs in today’s architecture is rare, although there is historical evidence for the vernacular use of earthen materials in roof assemblies. The first examples for vernacular earthen flat roofs are found in Anatolia, Catalhoyuk. Flat earthen roofs used in vernacular, Anatolian buildings should be studied because a lack of maintenance has resulted in these vernacular Anatolian earthen buildings being on the verge of extinction today. There is a lack of literature research about the construction materials and techniques used in this traditional construction process. The aim of this study is to compile and present the knowledge behind this traditional flat earthen roof technique. In this study, initially, the flat earthen roofs used in vernacular Anatolian Architecture are analyzed via an extensive literature review. It has been found that in different districts of Anatolia, different types of vernacular flat earthen roofs together with different material layers and construction techniques exist. Site studies were carried out in Kemaliye.* During these site studies, six flat earthen roofs present in Kemaliye and in neighboring towns constructed via traditional construction techniques were analyzed and interviews were carried out with seven local foremen. Then, based on the information gathered, these traditional flat earthen roofs were classified into four types according to their material layers and construction techniques. Finally, preservation problems for flat earthen roofs are discussed. © 2022, College Publishing. All rights reserved.","Earthen architecture; Earthen roof; Flat roof; Vernacular architecture; Water insulation","Architecture; Building materials; Construction; Anatolia; Construction technique; Earthen architectures; Earthen roof; Flat roofs; Material constructions; Material layers; Traditional constructions; Vernacular architecture; Water insulation; Roofs",,,,,"Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştirma Kurumu, TÜBITAK: 217M561","*Located in Turkey’s Eastern Anatolia Region, Kemaliye (Egin), one of the districts of Erzincan City, and its villages are home to unique house types of Anatolian Architecture. The authors of the article are conducting a project in this region; they are performing site studies within the scope of the project supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) under grant number 217M561.",,,,,,,,,,"Arikan, Y., (2003) Hitit Civi Yazili Belgelerinde Suhha- (Düz) Dam, Cati ve Onun Dinsel ve Sosyal Hayattaki Yeri, 6. , first ed. Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arsivleri, Ankara; Celebi, R., (2012) Anadolu Kerpic Mimarligi, , T.C. Istanbul Kultur University Publications, Istanbul; Ciftci, A., Yergun, U., (2018) Geleneksel Yapım Teknikleri 1, , Unpublished graduate lecture note, Yildiz Technical University Department of Architecture Restoration Division; Dalkilic, N., Bekleyen, A., (2011) Geçmişin Günümüze Yansıyan Fiziksel İzleri: Geleneksel Diyarbakir Evleri, , Medeniyetler Mirası Diyarbakır Mimarisi, Republic of Turkey Diyarbakir Governorship Publications, Diyarbakir; Erdogan, B.B., (2007) Van Yoresi Geleneksel Koy Mimarligi, , Master Thesis, Yuzuncu Yil University; Erginbas, D., (1953) Diyarbakir Evleri, , Istanbul Technical University Foundation Publications, Istanbul; Eyüpgiller, K., (2014) Arapgir-Tarih, Mimari ve Yaşam-Taşınmaz Kültür Varlıkları Envanteri, , Arapgir Culture Association, Istanbul; Eyupgiller, K., Eres, Z., Kasapgil, O., Geleneksel Arapgir Evleri’nde malzeme kullanimi ve koruma sorunlari (2016) Kirsal Mimarlik Mirasinin Korunmasi-Turkiye’den ve Dunyadan Ornekler, pp. 149-159. , Archeology and Art Publications, Istanbul; Eyupgiller, K., Topcubas, M., Yaylali, R., Darende’de geleneksel ev mimarisi ve korunmasi (2016) Kirsal Mimarlik Mirasinin Korunmasi-Turkiye’den ve Dunyadan Ornekler, pp. 159-167. , Archeology and Art Publications, Istanbul; Gezici, K., (2018) Interview with the local foreman by Gokyigit-Arpaci and Arslan-Fidan, , YTÜ, İstanbul; Golbas, M., (2019) Interview with the local foreman by Gokyigit-Arpaci, , Eksi-Akbulut and Yildiz; Imamoglu, V., (2010) Gesi Evleri-Mimar Sinan’in Yetistigi Yoredeki Koyler ve Geleneksel Evler, , Kayseri Metropolitan Municipality Publications, Kayseri; Iscani, B., Eres, Z., Datca-Hizirsah Koyu kirsal sit alani ve geleneksel konut mimarisinin incelenmesi (2016) Kirsal Mimarlik Mirasinin Korunmasi-Turkiye’den ve Dunyadan Ornekler, pp. 57-75. , Archeology and Art Publications, Istanbul; Iscani, B., (2016) Mugla-Datca Hizirsah koyu Kirsal Sit Alani Koruma Projesi [Rural Conservation Project Of Mugla- Datca Hizirsah Village], , Master of Science Thesis, Istanbul Technical University; Kafescioglu, R., (2017) Cagdas Yapi Malzemesi Toprak ve Alker, , first ed. Istanbul Technical University Foundation Publications, Istanbul; Malkoc, M., (2019) Interview with the local foreman by Gokyigit-Arpaci, , Eksi-Akbulut and Yildiz; Niroumand, H., Zain, M.F.M., Jamil, M., Various Types of Earth Buildings (2013) Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 89, pp. 226-230; Okcu, Mehmet, (2019) Interview with the local foreman by Gokyigit-Arpaci and Yildiz; Okcu, Mahmut, (2019) Interview with the local foreman by Gokyigit-Arpaci and Yildiz; Olgunoz, M., (2019) Interview with the local foreman by Gokyigit-Arpaci and Yildiz; Onel, H., (1975) Ahşap ve Yurdumuzda Yöresel Uygulamaları, , Istanbul State Engineering and Architecture Academy Department of Architecture Building and Project Chair Proficiency Study; (2002) Traditional Mediterranean Architecture, , Ecole D’avignon For The Corpus Network; (2004) Architecture Traditionelle Libanaise, , Avignon, Corpus; (2004) Traditional Syrian Architecture, , Corpus; (2015) Brochure Construction Terre Ghardaia, , Ar, Cezayir; (2015) Handbook for Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Traditional Syrian Architecture, Rehabilitation Manuals; (2015) Maintenance and Rehabilitation Manual for the Medina of Marrakech, Rehabilitation Manuals; (2015) Manual as Salt, , Jordan: Rehabilitation Manuals; (2015) Manual for the Renovation of Traditional Kairouan Architecture, , Rehabilitation Manuals; Sayan, Y., Ozturk, S., (2001) Bitlis Evleri, , Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture Publications, Ankara; Seckin, N., Erdem, A., Masali, D., Buldan (Denizli) kirsal mimarlik envanteri (2004) TUBA Culture Inventory Magazine, 3, pp. 201-228; Topaloglu, M., (2019) Interview with the local foreman by Gokyigit-Arpaci, , Eksi-Akbulut and Yildiz; Tuncer, O.C., (1999) Diyarbakir Evleri, , Diyarbakir Metropolitan Municipality Culture and Art Publications, Diyarbakir; https://www.mgm.gov.tr/FILES/genel/makale/13_turkiye_iklimi.pdf, date accessed: 19.12.2020","Eksi-Akbulut, D.; Yildiz Technical University, Yildiz Campus, Besiktas, Turkey; email: dileksi@yahoo.com",,,"College Publishing",,,,,15526100,,,,"English","J. Green Build.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85131602122
"Azizi-Bondarabadi H., Haji Sadeghi N.","57191514145;57219001155;","Local seismic culture in Iranian vernacular architecture: evidence from Yazd earthen architecture",2022,"Built Heritage","6","1","5","","",,,"10.1186/s43238-022-00051-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85126222493&doi=10.1186%2fs43238-022-00051-3&partnerID=40&md5=aafb8673d147a20402b81496060350fd","Department of Civil Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran; Department of Art and Architecture, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran","Azizi-Bondarabadi, H., Department of Civil Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran; Haji Sadeghi, N., Department of Art and Architecture, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran","Iran, located in one of the most earthquake-prone regions of the world, has experienced a very large number of destructive earthquakes that brought about considerable loss of human life and economic consequences. The country possesses a vast number of monumental and vernacular built heritages that are constantly threatened by earthquakes. As vernacular techniques for dwellings comply with the needs, comfort, utility, and functionality of people, it is expected that endemic earthquake-resistant techniques make an essential contribution to Iranian vernacular architecture. The city of Yazd presents a unique and rich vernacular for earthen construction within Iranian architectural heritage, which has resulted in the recognition of the historic fabric of the city as a World Heritage Site since 2017. Considering the importance of exploring different local seismic cultures worldwide, this paper introduces an essential part of Iranian local seismic culture by recognising and classifying the vernacular earthquake-resistant techniques used in the earthen architecture of the city of Yazd. The techniques were collected by surveying the historic fabric, using data available in the literature, and interviewing traditional builders and local conservators. Next, the seismic influence of each technique was evaluated using examples from the performance of adobe constructions during the 2003 Bam earthquake. © 2022, The Author(s).","adobe; Iran; Local seismic culture; Vernacular earthen architecture; Yazd",,,,,,,"The authors would like to gratefully thank all the interviewees, particularly the traditional architect Hossein Kamali-Ardakani, and the conservators Ehsan Raad and Mahdi Sadeghahmadi, for their time, knowledge, and valuable experiences. The authors also would like to acknowledge Professor Mariana Correia for her continues support.",,,,,,,,,,"Conservation of Badgirs and Qanats in Yazd, central Iran The 23Rd Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture. 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"Kaluđer J., Kraus I., Perić A., Kraus L.","57206939134;37661616400;57229805300;57229995700;","Shear Strength of Reproduced Soil Mixtures Based on Samples from Rammed Earth Walls from Eastern Croatia",2022,"Applied Sciences (Switzerland)","12","22","11708","","",,,"10.3390/app122211708","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85143522794&doi=10.3390%2fapp122211708&partnerID=40&md5=ca4a35880efb81f271d3c8627edf8543","Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, 31000, Croatia","Kaluđer, J., Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, 31000, Croatia; Kraus, I., Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, 31000, Croatia; Perić, A., Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, 31000, Croatia; Kraus, L., Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, 31000, Croatia","Earthen architecture largely supports the concept of sustainable building. In the seismically active area of eastern Croatia, there is a large number of rammed earth houses, many of which are over 100 years old. All these houses were built using empirical knowledge, i.e., without applying national design standards. In order to support the preservation of ethnic villages and traditional rammed earth houses, a field survey was conducted. Parts of the walls of traditional rammed earth houses were collected, and the material was thoroughly analyzed. Samples of rammed earth were reproduced, and tests were carried out with the aim of determining the shear strength to subsequently determine the seismic behavior of Croatian traditional earthen architecture. This paper presents the results of shear strength tests on samples with different particle size distributions, lime content, the straw of different cereals but also hemp fibers. An increase in shear strength was observed with the addition of natural fibers to the samples. © 2022 by the authors.","eastern Croatia; fiber additives; lime; rammed earth; shear strength",,,,,,"Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost, HRZZ: UIP-2020–02-7363","This research was funded by Croatian Science Foundation under the project UIP-2020–02-7363 Rammed earth for modelling and standardization in seismically active areas—RE-forMS.",,,,,,,,,,"Gomes, M.I., Gonçalves, T.D., Faria, P., Unstabilized rammed earth: Characterization of material collected from old constructions in south Portugal and comparison to normative requirements (2014) Int. J. Archit. Herit, 8, pp. 185-212; Zhou, T., Liu, B., Experimental study on the shaking table tests of a modern inner-reinforced rammed earth structure (2019) Constr. Build. 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Environ, 81, p. 345; Wang, X., Wang, Y., Liao, C., Cui, J., Shen, J.H., Wang, X.Z., Zhu, C.Q., Particle breakage mechanism and particle shape evolution of calcareous sand under impact loading (2022) Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ, 81, p. 372","Kraus, I.; Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture Osijek, Croatia; email: ikraus@gfos.hr",,,"MDPI",,,,,20763417,,,,"English","Appl. Sci.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85143522794
"Li X.-M., Wu D., Yin S., Ren K.-B., Lu G.-Y.","54410903800;57880591700;57880983800;57208921079;57225043848;","Natural hydraulic lime versus lime-metakaolin modified silt in earthen heritages",2022,"Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions","55","7","197","","",,,"10.1617/s11527-022-02034-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85137583964&doi=10.1617%2fs11527-022-02034-3&partnerID=40&md5=ab01e2248562cb10a520eb585b1382c8","School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhongyuan University of Technology, 41 Zhongyuan Road, Henan, Zhengzhou, 450007, China; Henan Provincial Architectural Heritage Protection and Research Institute, Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, China","Li, X.-M., School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhongyuan University of Technology, 41 Zhongyuan Road, Henan, Zhengzhou, 450007, China; Wu, D., School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhongyuan University of Technology, 41 Zhongyuan Road, Henan, Zhengzhou, 450007, China; Yin, S., School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhongyuan University of Technology, 41 Zhongyuan Road, Henan, Zhengzhou, 450007, China; Ren, K.-B., Henan Provincial Architectural Heritage Protection and Research Institute, Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Lu, G.-Y., School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhongyuan University of Technology, 41 Zhongyuan Road, Henan, Zhengzhou, 450007, China","The paper analyses the potential of lime-metakaolin (L-MK) to substitute natural hydraulic lime (NHL) modified silt in earthen heritages, since the availability of NHL is reduced in many countries, unlike traditional lime and metakaolin. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and splitting tensile strength (STS) of the specimens were discussed according to curing time, mix proportion, and attributes of hydration products. The results show that UCS and STS of L-MK modified silt containing 4–12% MK are approximately 2.60–8.49 times of that of materials without MK, that is MK can effectively improve the quality of lime silt. With the same lime and NHL content, the strength of L-MK modified silt approximately equals to or slightly higher than that of NHL for the addition of MK. The microstructure reveals that the hydraulicity of L-MK modified silt is significantly enhanced for the hydraulic cementitious substances (CSH, C4AH13, et al.) generated by the hydration reaction for L-MK modified silt, similar to NHL. Therefore, it can be concluded that L-MK may replace NHL as a cheaper and equally effective solution for earthen site protection. © 2022, RILEM.","Mechanical properties; Metakaolin (MK); Microstructure; Natural hydraulic lime (NHL)","Compressive strength; Hydration; Microstructure; Silt; Tensile strength; Curing time; Hydration products; Hydraulic lime; Metakaolin; Metakaolins; Mix proportions; Natural hydraulic lime; Paper analysis; Splitting-tensile strengths; Unconfined compressive strength; Lime",,,,,"2019GGJS142, 2020GGJS136, YJS2022SZ16","This work was supported by the Funding Program for Young Backbone Teachers in Colleges and Universities of Henan Province (Grant Nos. 2019GGJS142 and 2020GGJS136) and Postgraduate Education Reform and Quality Improvement Project of Henan Province (YJS2022SZ16) for their support.",,,,,,,,,,"Pan, C., Chen, K., Chen, D., Xi, S., Geng, J., Zhu, D., Research progress on in-situ protection status and technology of earthen sites in moisty environment (2020) Constr Build Mater, 253; Bras, A., Henriques, F.M.A., Cidade, M.T., Effect of environmental temperature and fly ash addition in hydraulic lime grout behavior (2010) Constr Build Mater, 24, pp. 1511-1517; Lanas, J., Pérez Bernal, J.L., Bello, M.A., Alvarez Galindo, J.I., Mechanical properties of natural hydraulic lime-based mortars (2004) Cem Concr Res, 34, pp. 2191-2201; Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki, P., Bakolas, A., Karatasios, I., Kilikoglou, V., Hydraulic lime mortars for the restoration of historic masonry in Crete (2004) Cem Concr Res, 35, pp. 1577-1586; Silva, B.A., Ferreira Pinto, A.P., Gomes, A., Natural hydraulic lime versus cement for blended lime mortars for restoration works (2015) Constr Build Mater, 94, pp. 346-360; Wang, N., Chen, W., Zhang, J., Liao, R., Li, J., Zhao, L., Zongren, Y., Evolution of properties under realistic curing conditions of calcined ginger nut grouting mortars used in anchoring conservation of earthen sites (2019) J Cult Herit, 40, pp. 62-79; Zuixiong, L., Linyi, Z., Li, L., Jinua, W., Research on the modification of two traditional building materials in ancient China (2013) Herit Sci, 1, pp. 1-11; Yanjun, S., Zhenjun, Z., Research progress of lime-metakaolin restoration mortars (2017) World Sci-Tech R & D, 39, pp. 39-44; Gameiro, A., Santos Silva, A., Veiga, R., Velosa, A., Hydration products of lime-metakaolin pastes at ambient temperature with ageing (2012) Thermochim Acta, 535, pp. 36-41; Pavlík, V., Užáková, M., Effect of curing conditions on the properties of lime. Lime-metakaolin and lime-zeolite mortars (2016) Constr Build Mater, 102, pp. 14-25; Ambroise, J., Maximilien, S., Pera, J., Properties of metakaolin blended cements (1994) Adv Cem Based Mater, 1, pp. 161-168; Vejmelková, E., Keppert, M., Keršner, Z., Rovnaníková, P., Černý, R., Mechanical, fracture-mechanical, hydric, thermal, and durability properties of lime-metakaolin plasters for renovation of historical buildings (2012) Constr Build Mater, 3, pp. 22-28; Azeredo, A., Struble, L.J., Carneiro, A., Microstructural characteristics of lime-pozzolan pastes made from kaolin production wastes (2014) Mater Struct, 48, pp. 2123-2132; Gameiro, A., Santos Silva, A., Faria, P., Grilo, J., Branco, T., Veiga, R., Velosa, A., Physical and chemical assessment of lime-metakaolin mortars: Influence of binder:aggregate ratio (2014) Cem Concr Compos, 45, pp. 264-271; Nežerka, V., Slížková, Z., Tesárek, P., Plachý, T., Frankeová, D., Petráňová, V., Comprehensive study on mechanical properties of lime-based pastes with additions of metakaolin and brick dust (2014) Cem Concr Res, 64, pp. 17-29; Yun-zhi, T., Bo, Y., Gai, Z., Wei, F., Hua, Z., Zhi, W., Long-term carbonated effect on strength of lime stabilized laterite soils (2013) Rock Soil Mech, 34, pp. 73-79; Bozbey, İ., Microfabric evaluation of lime-treated clays by mercury intrusion porosimetry and environment scanning electron microscopy (2018) Int J Civ Eng, 16, pp. 443-456; Vitale, E., Deneele, D., Russo, G., Microstructural Investigations on plasticity of lime-treated soils (2020) Minerals, 10, p. 386; Zhang, T., Yue, X., Deng, Y., Zhang, D., Liu, S., Mechanical behaviour and micro-structure of cement-stabilised marine clay with a metakaolin agent (2014) Constr Build Mater, 73, pp. 51-57; Fernández, R., Nebreda, B., Vigil, R., de la Villa, R., García, M.F., Mineralogical and chemical evolution of hydrated phases in the pozzolanic reaction of calcined paper sludge (2010) Cem Concr Compos, 32, pp. 728-775; Kalagri, A., Miltiadou-Fezans, A., Vintzileou, E., Design and evaluation of hydraulic lime grouts for the strengthening of stone masonry historic structures (2010) Mater Struct, 43, pp. 1135-1146; Forster, A.M., Carter, K., A framework for specifying natural hydraulic lime mortars for masonry construction (2011) Struct Surv, 29, pp. 373-396; Pavía, S., Treacy, E., A comparative study of the durability and behaviour of fat lime and feebly-hydraulic lime mortars (2006) Mater Struct, 39, pp. 391-398","Yin, S.; School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 41 Zhongyuan Road, Henan, China; email: lpf19961221@126.com",,,"Springer Science and Business Media B.V.",,,,,13595997,,MASTE,,"English","Mater Struct",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85137583964
"Panagiotou R., Kyriakides M.A., Illampas R., Ioannou I.","57875224800;57875700500;35253942400;15845602500;","An experimental approach for the investigation of the performance of non-stabilized Compressed Earth Blocks (CEBs) against water-mediated weathering",2022,"Journal of Cultural Heritage","57",,,"184","193",,,"10.1016/j.culher.2022.08.009","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85137301471&doi=10.1016%2fj.culher.2022.08.009&partnerID=40&md5=6cc67436006283ebfeb8d1d56d5a16f4","Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, 75 Kallipoleos Str., P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia, 1678, Cyprus; Department of Engineering, School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, 2417, Cyprus","Panagiotou, R., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, 75 Kallipoleos Str., P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia, 1678, Cyprus; Kyriakides, M.A., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, 75 Kallipoleos Str., P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia, 1678, Cyprus, Department of Engineering, School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, 2417, Cyprus; Illampas, R., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, 75 Kallipoleos Str., P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia, 1678, Cyprus; Ioannou, I., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, 75 Kallipoleos Str., P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia, 1678, Cyprus","Compressed Earth Blocks (CEBs) have been attracting increasing research interest recently, because of their sustainable nature. While these earth-based materials have long been used in heritage and contemporary buildings worldwide, their poor performance against water-mediated weathering is still considered to be a major drawback. The aim of this study is to examine the durability performance of non-stabilized CEBs currently produced in Cyprus and to enhance their resistance against water-mediated weathering by optimizing their granular composition. To that end, four soils originating from specific areas of the island, which have been well-known for their rich tradition in earthen heritage buildings, namely adobe masonry, and a fine crushed aggregate were used to produce several CEBs. These were examined both at macroscopic and microscopic level, while spray erosion, drip, capillary absorption and wet/dry appraisal tests were carried out to assess their performance against water attack. The results show that more than one testing methodologies have to be used to fully assess the resistance of CEBs against water decay. They also suggest that the addition of sand can significantly improve the durability of non-stabilized CEBs against water-mediated weathering. This may prove to be a benefit both for restoration projects and contemporary constructions with the use of CEBs. © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS","Capillary absorption; Compressed Εarth Βlocks (CEBs); Drip test; Durability; Spray erosion test; Wet/dry appraisal test",,,,,,"University of Cyprus, UCY; European Regional Development Fund, ERDF; Research and Innovation Foundation, RIF: ENTERPRISES/0618/0007","The authors would like to acknowledge funding by the University of Cyprus, the European Regional Development Fund and the Republic of Cyprus, through the Cyprus Research and Innovation Foundation (Project ENTERPRISES/0618/0007 ). They would also like to thank Mr. M. Tapakoudis from Gigantas Antaios Touvlopiio Ltd for his help with the production of CEBs.","The authors would like to acknowledge funding by the University of Cyprus, the European Regional Development Fund and the Republic of Cyprus, through the Cyprus Research and Innovation Foundation (Project ENTERPRISES/0618/0007). They would also like to thank Mr. M. Tapakoudis from Gigantas Antaios Touvlopiio Ltd for his help with the production of CEBs.",,,,,,,,,"Houben, H., Guillaud, H., Earth Construction. A Comprehensive Guide (1994), Practical Action Publishing United Kingdom; Minke, G., Building with Earth. Design and Technology of a Sustainable Architecture (2013), Birkhӓuser Basel; Compressed Earth Blocks: Manual of Production, Aus der Arbeit von GATE (1995), Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH Eschborn, Germany; Hamard, E., Fabbri, A., Morel, J.C., Morel, J.C., Aubert, J.E., Bui, Q.B., Gallipoli, D., Reddy, B.V.V., Testing and Characterisation of Earth-based Building Materials and Elements - State-of-the-Art Report of the RILEM TC 274-TCE (2022), pp. 1-15. , Springer Switzerland; Sitton, J.D., Zeinali, Y., Heidarian, W.H., Story, B.A., Effect of mix design on compressed earth block strength (2018) Constr. Build. Mater., 158, pp. 124-131; Heathcote, K., An Investigation Into the Erodibility of Earth Wall Units (2002), University of Technology Sydney; Beckett, C.T.S., Joaquin, P.A., Morel, J.C., Weathering the Storm: a framework to assess the resistance of earthen structures to water damage (2020) Constr. Build. Mater., 242; Obonyo, E., Exelbirt, J., Baskaran, M., Durability of compressed earth bricks: assessing erosion resistance using the modified spray testing (2010) Sustainability, 2, pp. 3639-3649; Dahmen, J., Kim, J., Ouellet-Plamondon, C.M., Life cycle assessment of emergent masonry blocks (2018) J. Cleaner Prod., 171, pp. 1622-1637; (1998), New Zealand Standards, NZS 4298, Materials and workmanship for earth buildings, New Zealand; Compressed Earth Blocks: Standards – Technology Series No.11 (1998), CDI Brussels; Eires, R., Camoes, A., Jalali, S., Enhancing water resistance of earthen buildings with quicklime and oil (2017) J. Clean. Prod., 142, pp. 3281-3292; Mahdad, M., Benidir, A., Hydro-mechanical properties and durability of earth blocks: influence of different stabilisers and compaction levels (2018) Int. J. Sustain. Build. Technol. Urban Dev., 9 (2), pp. 44-60; Danso, H., Martinson, D.B., Ali, M., Williams, J.B., Physical, mechanical and durability properties of soil building blocks reinforced with natural fibres (2015) Constr. Build. Mater., 101, pp. 797-809; Danso, H., Adu, S., Characterization of compressed earth blocks stabilized with clay Pozzolana (2019) J. Civil Environ. Eng., 9, p. 331; Mateus, R., Fernandes, J., Teixeira, E.R., Environmental life cycle analysis of earthen building materials (2020) Encycl. Renew. Sustain. Mater., 4, pp. 63-68; Turco, C., Junior, A.C.P., Teixeira, E.R., Mateus, R., Optimisation of Compressed Earth Blocks (CEBs) using natural origin materials: a systematic literature review (2021) Constr. Build. Mater., 309; Fernandes, J., Peixoto, M., Mateus, R., Gervasio, H., Life cycle analysis of environmental impacts of earthen materials in the Portuguese context: rammed earth and compressed earth blocks (2019) J. Clean. Prod., 241; Malkanthi, S.N., Balthazaar, N., Perera, A.A.D.A.J., Lime stabilization for compressed earth blocks with reduced clay and silt (2020) Case Stud. Construct. Mater., 12, p. e00326; Meek, A.H., Beckett, C.T.S., Elchalakani, M., Alternative stabilised rammed earth materials incorporating recycled waste and industrial by-products: durability with and without water repellent (2020) Constr. Build. Mater., 265; Bruno, A.W., Scott, B., D'Offay-Mancienne, Y., Perlot, C., Recyclability, durability and water vapour adsorption of unstabilised and stabilised compressed earth bricks (2020) Mater. Struct., 53, p. 149; Guettala, A., Houari, H., Mezghiche, B., Chebili, R., Durability of lime stabilized earth blocks (2002) Courrier du Savoir, 2, pp. 61-66; Costi de Castrillo, M., Philokyprou, M., Ioannou, I., Comparison of adobes from-prehistory to-date (2017) J. Archaeol. Sci.: Rep., 12, pp. 437-448; (2002), Standards Australia, HB-195, The Australian earth building handbook, Australia; Guettala, A., Abibsi, H., Houari, H., Durability study of stabilized earth concrete under both laboratory and climatic conditions exposure (2006) Constr. Build. Mater., 20 (3), pp. 119-127; Walker, P., Strength and erosion Characteristics of Earth Blocks and Earth Block Masonry (2004) J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 16 (5), pp. 497-506; (2008), AENOR, UNE 41410, Bloques de tierra comprimida para muros y tabiques, Spain; Danso, H., Influence of compacting rate on the properties of Compressed Earth Blocks (2016) Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng.; Cid-Falceto, J., Mazarron, F.R., Canas, I., Assessment of compressed earth blocks made in Spain: international durability tests (2012) Constr. Build. Mater., 37, pp. 738-745; Giroudon, M., Laborel-Preneron, A., Aubert, J.E., Magniont, C., Comparison of barley and lavender straws as bioaggregates in earth bricks (2019) Constr. Build. Mater., 202, pp. 254-265; Hall, M., Djerbib, Y., Moisture ingress in rammed earth: part 1-the effect of soil particle-size distribution on the rate of capillary suction (2004) Constr. Build. Mater., 18, pp. 269-280; International, A.S.T.M., D559, A.S.T.M., (2015), Standard test methods for wetting and drying compacted soil-cement mixtures, West Conshohocken, PA; (1982), Indian Standards Institution, IS 1725, Specification for soil based blocks used in general building construction, India; (1996), African Regional Standards, ARS 674, Compressed earth blocks. Technical specifications for ordinary compressed earth blocks; (1996), INNORPI, NT 21.33, Blocs de terre comprimée ordinaires - spécifications techniques, Tunisia; (1993), Kenya Bureau of Standards, KS 1070, Specification for stabilised soil blocks, Kenya; NTC 5324, Bloques de Suelo Cemento Para Muros y Divisiones (2004), Definiciones. Especificaciones. Metodos de ensayo. Condiciones de entrega Bogota, Columbia; (2009), Sri Lanka Standards Institution, SLS 1382, Specification on Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks, Sri Lanka; Mak, K., MacDougall, C., Fam, A., Freeze-Thaw performance of on-site manufactured Compressed Earth Blocks: effect of water repellent and other additives (2016) J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 28 (7). , 04016034-1; Traoré, L.B., Ouellet-Plamondon, C., Fabbri, A., McGregor, F., Rojat, F., Experimental assessment of freezing-thawing resistance of rammed earth buildings (2021) Constr. Build. Mater., 274; Ioannou, I., Illampas, R., Masonry, E., Ghiassi, I.B., Lourenco, P.B., Long-term Performance and Durability of Masonry Structures (2019), pp. 89-118. , Woodhead Publishing Cambridge; Chaibeddra, S., Kharchi, F., Performance of Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks in sulphated medium (2019) J. Build. Eng., 25; Bezerra, W.V.D.C., Azeredo, G.A., External sulphate attack on compressed earth blocks (2019) Constr. Build. Mater., 200, pp. 255-264; Illampas, R., Ioannou, I., Costi de Castrillo, M., Theodosiou, A., Earthen architecture in Cyprus (2011) Terra Europae. Earthen Architecture in European Union, pp. 97-99. , M. Correia L. Dipasquale S. Mecca. Edizioni ETS Pisa; International, A.S.T.M., D422-63, A.S.T.M., (2002), Standard test method for particle-size analysis of soils, West Conshohocken, PA; International, A.S.T.M., D854-14, A.S.T.M., (2014), Standard test methods for specific gravity of soil solids by water pycnometer, West Conshohocken, PA; (1990), British Standards Institution, BS 1377-2, Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes-classification tests; (1990), British Standards Institution, BS 1377-4, Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes-compaction-related tests; Skempton, A.W., The colloidal “Activity” of clays (1953) Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 1, pp. 57-60; EN 1925, Natural Stone Test methods. Determination of Water Absorption Coefficient by Capillarity (1999), Brussels Belgium; Mango-Itulamya, L.A., Collin, F., Fagel, N., Improvement of lifetime of Compressed Earth Blocks by adding limestone, sandstone and porphyry aggregates (2020) J. Build. Eng., 29; Fgaier, F.E., Lafhaz, Z., Chapiseau, C., Antczak, E., Effect of sorption capacity on thermo-mechanical properties of unfired clay bricks (2016) J. Build. Eng., 6, pp. 86-92; Martin-del-Rio, J.J., Canivell, J., Torres-Gonzalez, M., Mascort-Albea, E.J., Romero-Hernandez, R., Alducin-Ochoa, J.M., Alejandre-Sanchez, F.J., Analysis of the materials and state of conservation of the medieval rammed earth walls of Seville (Spain) (2021) J. Build. Eng., 44; Islam, M.S., Elahi, T.E., Shahriar, A.R., Mumtaz, N., Effectiveness of fly ash and cement for compressed stabilized earth block construction (2020) Constr. Build. Mater., 255; Saidi, M., Cherif, A.S., Zeghmati, B., Sediki, E., Stabilization effects on the thermal conductivity and sorption behavior of earth bricks (2018) Constr. Build. Mater., 167, pp. 566-577; Fabbri, A., Soudani, L., Mcgregor, F., Morel, J.C., Analysis of the water absorption test to assess the intrinsic permeability of earthen materials (2019) Constr. Build. Mater., 199, pp. 154-162; Subramaniaprasad, C.K., Abraham, B.M., Nambiar, E.K.K., Sorption characteristics of stabilized soil blocks embedded with waste plastic fibres (2014) Constr. Build. Mater., 63, pp. 25-32; Indekeu, M.L., Feng, C., Janssen, H., Woloszyn, M., Experimental study on the capillary absorption characteristics of rammed earth (2021) Constr. Build. Mater., 283; Araya-Letelier, G., Antico, F.C., Burbano-Garcia, C., Concha-Riedel, J., Norambuena-Contreras, J., Concha, J., Saacedra Flores, E.I., Experimental evaluation of adobe mixtures reinforced with jute fibers (2021) Constr. Build. Mater., 276","Ioannou, I.; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 75 Kallipoleos Str., P.O. Box 20537, Cyprus; email: ioannis@ucy.ac.cy",,,"Elsevier Masson s.r.l.",,,,,12962074,,,,"English","J. Cult. Heritage",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85137301471
"Heyn-Jones Z.","57208570108;","Built of Earth: The Casona and Vernacular Earthen Architecture in Oaxaca, Mexico",2022,"Canadian Theatre Review","191",,,"13","19",,,"10.3138/ctr.191.002","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85139113963&doi=10.3138%2fctr.191.002&partnerID=40&md5=79e17cf961d85a833702cd550b501f44","The Centre for Sustainable Curating, The Department of Visual Arts, Western University, Canada","Heyn-Jones, Z., The Centre for Sustainable Curating, The Department of Visual Arts, Western University, Canada",[No abstract available],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Asquith, Lindsay, Vellinga, Marcel, Introduction (2006) Vernacular Architecture in the 21st Century: Theory, Education and Practice, pp. 1-20. , edited by Lindsay Asquith and Marcel Vellinga. Taylor and Francis; Correia, Mariana, Preface (2015) Seismic Retrofitting: Learning from Vernacular Architecture, , editors. CRC Press/Taylor and Francis Group; Dethier, Jean, Inhabiting the Earth: A New History of Raw Earth Architecture (2020) The Architectural Review, , architectural-review.com/essays/inhabiting-the-earth-a-new-history-of-raw-earth-architecture, 31 Jan; Fry, Matthew, Mexico's Concrete Block Landscape: A Modern Legacy in the Vernacular (2008) Journal of Latin American Geography, 7 (2), pp. 35-58. , doi.org; Guibert, Eric, On the Usefulness of Modern Animism: Co-Creating Architecture with Soils as Ontopolitical Practice (2021) GeoHumanities, 7 (1), pp. 176-197. , doi.org; Etnografía del pueblo mixteco-Ñuu Savi (2018) Gobierno de México, , Instituto Nacional de los Pueblos Indígenas. 29 Mar. gob.mx/inpi/articulos/etnografia-del-pueblo-mixteco-nuu-savi; Lopez, Sarah Lynn, The Remittance House: Architecture of Migration in Rural Mexico (2010) Buildings and Landscapes, 17 (2), pp. 33-52. , Fall; Bourdier, Jean-Paul, (1985) Naked Spaces: Living Is Round, , Directed by Trinh T. Minh-ha, produced by Women Make Movies, 2006; Tree of the Month: Guapinol, , Titi Conservation Alliance, monotiti.org/tree-month-guapinol","Heyn-Jones, Z.; The Centre for Sustainable Curating, Canada",,,"University of Toronto Press",,,,,03150836,,,,"English","Can. Theatre Rev.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85139113963
"Mileto C., Vegas López-Manzanares F.","36721933700;57324191900;","Earthen architectural heritage in the international context: values, threats, conservation principles and strategies",2022,"Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development","12","2",,"192","205",,,"10.1108/JCHMSD-06-2021-0115","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85118569489&doi=10.1108%2fJCHMSD-06-2021-0115&partnerID=40&md5=71ef7113f9e3c09a1b4c9f916edbe0ac","PEGASO Research Centre, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain","Mileto, C., PEGASO Research Centre, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Vegas López-Manzanares, F., PEGASO Research Centre, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain","Purpose: This research aims to highlight the values, principles and recommendations for conservation in order to establish valid strategies for the conservation of earthen built heritage. This is done following a methodology which uses indirect (bibliography) and direct (case study) sources systematically analysed from different perspectives: the values of Earth as a material and of architectural and vernacular heritage; the heritage conservation principles found in international documents; and the analysis of over 3,000 case studies from which good practices in earthen architecture conservation are extracted. Design/methodology/approach: Earthen built architectural heritage is found widely in all parts of the world, in archaeological sites and monumental and vernacular architecture, which research centres and researchers are increasingly studying and cataloguing. However, despite its richness and historic and cultural values, as well as its many merits in environmental sustainability, sociocultural and socio-economic terms, the value of this heritage has not been fully recognized in fields with major repercussions in conservation. Findings: Finally, these data are cross-referenced to establish the broadest possible strategies to guarantee all aspects to be taken into account in the conservation of earthen built architectural heritage. Originality/value: The text provides an overview of the different methodologies in order to extract specific strategies applicable to the conservation of this heritage, both locally and globally. © 2021, Emerald Publishing Limited.","Architecture; Conservation; Conservation theory and practice; Cultural heritage; Earthen structures",,,,,,"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, MCIU: RTI2018-095302-B-I00","The analysis of case studies among the three research projects funded by the Spanish government (RES-Tapia - La restauración de la arquitectura de tapia en la Península Ibérica. Criterios, técnicas, resultados y perspectivas ”, 2011–2013; “SOS-Tierra - La restauración y rehabilitación de arquitectura tradicional de arquitectura tradicional de tierra en la Península Ibérica. Líneas guía y herramientas para una intervención sostenible ”, 2015–2018; and “RISK-Terra - La arquitectura de tierra en la Península Ibérica: estudio de los riesgos naturales, sociales y antrópicos y estrategias de intervención e incremento de la resiliencia”, 2019–22) has highlighted the good practices in the interventions carried out in the Iberian Peninsula since 1980 (). The almost 3,000 cases analysed for interventions in earthen built monumental and vernacular heritage () were assessed taking into consideration the criteria used (), the materials and intervention techniques and the results obtained following a period of time passed after the intervention (). The high number of cases analysed, combined with the wide range of constructive techniques (adobe, rammed earth, half-timber) and of materials and intervention techniques used (traditional and industrial) makes it possible to form reflections and strategies which, supported by scientific literature and international documents, can be generalized for application in other locations outside the geography studied. Following this methodology, a series of strategies was proposed and grouped into six major blocks:","The methodology used () for this research has resorted to indirect (bibliography) and direct (case studies) sources through a systematic analysis of different perspectives. To do so, an extensive initial bibliographical review was carried out, focussing especially on the identification of the values of Earth as a material, as well as on architectural, vernacular and intangible heritage. Secondly, based on international documents for the protection and conservation of cultural heritage, it was possible to identify the principles applicable to earthen-built heritage. Thirdly, the research carried out as part of three projects funded by the Spanish government (RES-Tapia, SOS-Tierra and RISK-Terra) has provided an extensive database of case studies (around 3,000 in the Iberian Peninsula) which have been analysed following the criteria (, ), materials, intervention techniques and results (; ). This analysis made it possible to identify not only the problems but also the good intervention and management practices that have made it possible to obtain favourable results in the short and long term. Finally, the combination of the results of the case studies, the identification of the good practices and principles set out in official documents has allowed conservation strategies for earthen built heritage to be outlined.",,,,,,,,,"(2014) VERSUS. Lessons From Vernacular Heritage to Sustainable Architecture, , CRAterre, Grenoble; Achenza, M., Sanna, U., (2009) Manuale Tematico Della Terra Cruda, , Ed., Dei, Roma; (1999) The Burra Charter. Revised, , ICOMOS AUSTRALIA, Melbourne; Avrami, E., Mason, R., De La Torre, M., (2000) Values and Heritage Conservation, , (Eds) (, Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles; Balaguer, L., Vegas, F., Mileto, C., García, L., Assessment of the thermal behaviour of rammed earth walls in the summer period (2019) Sustainability, 11. , 1924; Barbeta, G., Massó, F.X., Improved thermal capacity of rammed earth by the inclusion of natural fibres (2015) Rammed Earth Construction, pp. 35-40. , Ciancio, D. and Beckett, C. and,(Eds), CRC-Taylor & Francis Group, London; Bollini, G., (2013) Terra battuta: tecnica costruttiva e recupero. Linee guida per le procedure d'intervento, , Edicom Edizioni, Milan; Bui, Q.B., Morel, J.C., Venkatarama Reddy, B.V., Ghayad, W., Durability of rammed earth walls exposed for 20 years to natural weathering (2009) Building and Environment, 44, pp. 912-919; Calatrava, J., Edificios, ciudades, textos: sobre arquitectura y literatura (2010) Arquitectura Escrita, pp. 15-45. , Calatrava, J. and Nerdinger, W., en (Eds), Círculo de Bellas Artes, Madrid; Cameron, C., Tomka, S., (1993) Abandonments of Settlements and Regions. Ethnoarchaeological and Archaeological Approaches, , (Eds) (, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; Cancino, C., Lardinois, S., (2012) Seismic Retrofitting Project: Assessment of Prototype Buildings, 2. , Getty Conservation Institute; Cooke, L., (2010) Conservation Approaches to Earthen Architecture in Archaeological Contexts, , Archaeopress, Oxford; (2006) Adobe Conservation. A Preservation Handbook, , Sunstone Press, Santa Fe; Correia, M., Dipasquale, L., Mecca, S., (2011) Terra Europae. Earthen Architecture in the European Union, , (Eds) (, Edizioni ETS, Pisa. Culture Lab Éditions, Tervuren; Correia, M., Neves, C., Guerrero, L.F., Pereira, H., (2016) Arquitectura de tierra en América Latina, , (Eds) (, Argumentum Ediçoes, Lisboa; De Hoz, J., Maldonado, L., Vela, F., (2003) Diccionario de construcción tradicional con tierra, , Editorial Nerea, San Sebastián; (1997) Sustaining the Historic Environment: New Perspectives on the Future, , English Heritage, Londres; Fontaine, L., Anger, R., (2009) Bâtir en terre. Du grain de sable à l'architecture, , Belin Ed., París; Frey, B., The evaluation of cultural heritage: some critical issues (1997) Economic Perspectives on Cultural Heritage, pp. 31-49. , Hutter, M. and Rizzo, I.,(Eds), Macmillan, Londres; Houben, H., Guillad, H., (1989) Traité de construction en terre, , Parenthéses Ed., Marsella; Hurtado Valdez, P., Los sismos y la restauración del patrimonio en tierra en Perú (2006) III Congreso Internacional de Arquitectura de Tierra. Tradición, , Sainz, J.L. and Jové, F.,(Eds; Joffroy, T., Moriset, S., (2018) Réhabiliter le pies. Vers des practiques adaptée, , CRAterre, Grenoble; Keefe, L., (2005) Earth Building. Methods and Materials, Repair and Conservation, , Taylor & Francis Group, Londres; Lipe, W., Value and meaning in cultural resources (1984) Approaches to the Archaeological Heritage: A Comparative Study of World Archaeological Resource Management, , Cleere, H. (Ed.), Cambridge University Press; Lourenço, P.B., Ciocci, M.P., Greco, F., Karanikoloudis, G., Cancino, G., Torrealva, D., Wong, K., Traditional techniques for the rehabilitation and protection of historic earthen structures: the seismic retrofitting project (2019) International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 13 (1), pp. 15-32; Mason, R., Assessing values in conservation planning: methodological issues and choices (2002) Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage, pp. 5-30. , iLa Torre, M. (Ed.), Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles; Miccoli, L., Müller, U., Fontana, P., Mechanical behaviour of earthen materials: a comparison between earth block masonry, rammed earth and cob (2014) Construction and Building Materials, 61, pp. 327-339; Mileto, C., Vegas, F., (2014) La restauración de la tapia en la Península Ibérica. Criterios, técnicas, resultados y perspectivas, , (Eds) (, TC Cuader, Valencia: Argumentum Ediçoes, Lisboa; Mileto, C., Vegas, F., (2017) Proyecto Coremans: Criterios de intervención en la arquitectura de tierra, , (Eds) (, Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, Madrid; Mileto, C., Vegas, F., Earthen architecture: sustainability and heritage (2018) Compases. The Architecture and Interior Design International Magazine/Middle East, 29, pp. 36-42; Mileto, C., Vegas, F., Cristini, V., García, L., Earthen techniques in Europe (2011) Terra Europae. Earthen Architecture in the European Union, pp. 195-203. , Correia, M., Di Pasquale, L. and Mecca, S., and,(Eds), ETS Ed., Pisa; Mileto, C., Vegas, F., López Osorio, J.M., Criterios y técnicas de intervención en tapia. La restauración de la torre Bofilla de Bétera (Valencia) (2011) Informes de la Construcción, 63 (523), pp. 81-96. , Instituto Eduardo Torroja, Madrid; Mileto, C., Vegas, F., García, L., La restauración de la tapia monumental: pasado, presente y futuro (2017) Informes de la Construcción, 69 (548), pp. 1-12; Mileto, C., Vegas, F., García, S., Cristini, V., Restoration and rehabilitation of traditional earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula (2019) Vernacular and Earthen Architecture towards Local Development, pp. 233-240. , Shao, Y., Jakhelin, G. and Correia, M., and,(Eds), Tongji Press; Mileto, C., Vegas, F., Cristini, V., García, L., Initial assessment of multi-risk social vulnerability for Iberian earthen traditional architecture (2020) Procedia Structural Integrity, 29 (2020), pp. 34-39; Riegl, A., The modern cult of monuments: its character and its origin (1903) Oppositions, 25 (Fall 1982), pp. 21-51; Rogiros, I.I., Charmpis, D., Overview of the pathology, repair and strengthening of adobe structures (2013) International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 7 (2), pp. 165-188; Vargas Neumann, J., Proyectos de restauración con criterios de desempeño versus resistencia en Perú y Chile (2005) SismoAdobe 2005. International Seminar Architecture, Construction and Conservation of Earthen Buildings in Seismic Areas, , Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima; Vegas, F., Mileto, C., (2011) Aprendiendo a Restaurar. Un manual de restauración de la arquitectura tradicional de la Comunidad Valenciana, , Generalitat Valenciana - Colegio de Arquitectos de la Comunidad Valenciana, Valencia; Vellinga, M., Oliver, P., Bridge, A., (2007) Atlas of Vernacular Architecture of the World, , Routledge, Abingdon: Taylor and Fracis Group, Londres; Warren, J., (1999) Earthen Architecture: A Handbook, , ICOMOS International Committee on Earthen Architecture","Mileto, C.; PEGASO Research Centre, Spain; email: cami2@cpa.upv.es",,,"Emerald Group Holdings Ltd.",,,,,20441266,,,,"English","J. Cult. Herit. Manage. Sustainable Dev.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85118569489
"Nakhaei Ashtari M., Correia M.","57304570800;56868212700;","Assessment of vulnerability and site adaptive capacity to the risk of climate change: the case of Tchogha Zanbil World Heritage earthen site in Iran",2022,"Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development","12","2",,"107","125",,,"10.1108/JCHMSD-06-2021-0108","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85117616205&doi=10.1108%2fJCHMSD-06-2021-0108&partnerID=40&md5=e8d25cc90417048032a40939919df6fa","Pasargadae Research Center, Pasargadae, Iran; Architecture and Urban Design, Escola Superior Gallaecia, Vila Nova de Cerveira, Portugal","Nakhaei Ashtari, M., Pasargadae Research Center, Pasargadae, Iran; Correia, M., Architecture and Urban Design, Escola Superior Gallaecia, Vila Nova de Cerveira, Portugal","Purpose: The aim of this research is to evaluate the vulnerability of earthen heritage when facing climate change, by focusing on Tchogha Zanbil site as a case study – an outstanding example of an earthen site that recurrently faces extreme climatic events. Moreover, the adaptive capacity of traditional knowledge and ancient systems is also evaluated, in order to contribute for future climate change adaptation planning. Design/methodology/approach: The vulnerability of cultural heritage to climate change was considered as the degree to which an identified cultural heritage value was susceptible to, or would be adversely affected by, the effects of climate change, including climate variability and extreme temperatures. In order to establish a vulnerability assessment, this paper will assess different definitions regarding vulnerability, exposure and sensitivity, crossing it with indicators of physical parameters, in order to propose an adaptive capacity for the site, based on ancient traditional knowledge. Findings: Nonetheless, the entailed research helped establish a framework that contributes to outline the vulnerability and the potential for adaptive capacity of World Heritage properties, especially earthen sites located in regions exposed to rising climate change impact. Research limitations/implications: The research faced some limitations regarding access to data and to site visits, due to COVID-19 restrictions that were in place. Originality/value: This research presents a methodological assessment of climate change risk in Tchogha Zanbil, a World Heritage earthen site in Iran, representative of a property highly exposed to risk and vulnerability. © 2021, Emerald Publishing Limited.","Adaptation capacity; Climate change; Earthen heritage; Iran; Risk; Tchogha Zanbil; Vulnerability assessment; World heritage",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Al-Masawa, M., Manab, N., Omran, A., The effects of climate change risk on the Mud architecture in Wadi Hadhramaut, Yemen (2018) The Impact of Climate Change on Our Life, pp. 57-77. , doi:, Springer, Singapore; Alexander, C., Bynum, N., Johnson, E., King, U., Mustonen, T., Neofotis, P., Oettlé, N., Vicarelli, M., Linking indigenous and scientific knowledge of climate change (2011) Bioscience, 61 (6), pp. 477-484; Angelakis, A.N., Koutsoyiannis, D., Stewart, B.A., Howell, T., Urban water engineering and management in ancient Greece (2003) Encyclopedia of Water Science, pp. 999-1007. , and (Eds), Marcel Dekker, CRC Press; (2008) Terra Literature Review: An Overview of Research in Earthen Architecture Conservation, , Avrami, E., Guillaud, H. and Hardy, M. 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Cult. Herit. Manage. Sustainable Dev.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85117616205
"Feiglstorfer H., Ottner F.","57191523816;6507406494;","The Impact of Clay Minerals on the Building Technology of Vernacular Earthen Architecture in Eastern Austria",2022,"Heritage","5","1",,"378","401",,,"10.3390/heritage5010022","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85125152078&doi=10.3390%2fheritage5010022&partnerID=40&md5=7d4bfae513ecaa1c28efbee56d095f03","Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 1020, Austria; Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria","Feiglstorfer, H., Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 1020, Austria; Ottner, F., Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria","The vernacular architecture in many regions in Eastern Austria was characterized by the use of unfired clay, at least until the 19th century, and in some areas until the 20th century. Farmhouses and associated farm buildings, such as storage buildings or press houses for the production of wine and cider, were erected using different earth construction techniques. The study area stretches from the Weinviertel, a region located in the province of Lower Austria in the north‐east of Austria, to the Burgenland, a region located in the south‐east of Austria, which belonged to Western Hungary until 1921. From a geological point of view, in the east of Austria—in the Vienna Basin and the Molasse Zone—huge areas of Tertiary clay are covered with loess deposits, which is the best‐known basic material used in local earth‐building traditions. A core question in the research on vernacular earthen heritage focuses on the impact of the geological conditions in eastern Austria on the local earth‐building techniques. The mineralogical composition of the different clays had an impact on the local building techniques. From a material‐culture point of view, research on the relationship between the mineralogical properties of clay resources and local building techniques sheds light on the factors which influenced the evolution of certain vernacular building features. Tertiary clays and loess from the Pleistocene favoured the making of earth lumps, cob walls and adobe bricks over the whole Eastern Austrian region. Contrarily, regions in Burgenland with a high amount of gravel preferred, by tradition, to make walls by ramming. The clay mineral smectite acts as a binding agent in earth‐building techniques over the whole investigated region—Weinviertel, Burgenland and Western Hungary. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.","Burgenland; Clay mineralogy; Earthen architectural heritage; Eastern Austria; Material culture; Vernacular architecture; Weinviertel",,,,,,"Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, ÖAW","The authors are greatful to the Austrian Academy of Sciences for funding the publication of this article.",,,,,,,,,,"Minke, G., (2001) Das Neue Lehm‐Handbuch, , Ökobuch: Rastede, Germany; Feiglstorfer, H., Mineral Building Traditions in the Himalayas (2019) The Mineralogical Impact on the Use of Clay as Building Material, , https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110591330, De Gruyter: Berlin, Germany; Schauppenlehner, T., Eder, R., Ressar, K., Feiglstorfer, H., Meingast, R., Ottner, F., A Citizen Science Approach to Build a Knowledge Base and Cadastre on Earth Buildings in the Weinviertel Region, Austria (2021) Heritage, 4, pp. 125-139; Feiglstorfer, H., Lehmbaubestand in Kellergassen (2020) Kulturlandschaft der Kellergassen. 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Mitt, 25, pp. 219-242; Van Olphen, H., (1964) An Introduction to Clay Colloid Chemistry, , John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA","Feiglstorfer, H.; Austrian Academy of SciencesAustria; email: hubert.feiglstorfer@oeaw.ac.at",,,"MDPI",,,,,25719408,,,,"English","Heritage.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85125152078
"Khokhlova O., Sverchkova A., Myakshina T., Kalmykov A.","7006000806;57216658407;6506678536;57188968621;","A geoarchaeological study of the large Early Bronze Age Essentuksky 1 kurgan in Ciscaucasia, Russia",2022,"Geoarchaeology","37","2",,"400","417",,,"10.1002/gea.21897","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85119869288&doi=10.1002%2fgea.21897&partnerID=40&md5=a5b697d989743540946de9f80629fabf","Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems of Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow, Russian Federation; ‘Nasledie' Limited Company, Stavropol, Russian Federation","Khokhlova, O., Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems of Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow, Russian Federation; Sverchkova, A., Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems of Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow, Russian Federation; Myakshina, T., Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems of Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow, Russian Federation; Kalmykov, A., ‘Nasledie' Limited Company, Stavropol, Russian Federation","A geoarchaeological study of the large Essentuksky 1 kurgan in the Stavropol region of Russia analyzed the chemical composition and micromorphological features of the kurgan's earthen materials and established their relationships with buried soils in the context of previously conducted paleoclimatic reconstructions. The kurgan was 5.5–6.0 m high and more than 60 m in diameter, and consisted of four earthen and three stone constructions. It was built in the second quarter of the 4th millennium BC (the Early Maykop culture) using a precise plan and utilizing the building skills and technologies available at that time. The earthen constructions consisted of alternating layers of dark-colored slightly compacted humified and pale-colored dense carbonate-rich materials, which, in the moist state, were rammed down by ancient builders. These materials were sourced mainly from local soils and contained admixtures of river silt and, at the final stage of building, dung. The physicochemical properties of the earthen constructions as well as the paleosols buried under them are indicative of a short-term aridization of the climate within the period of building. A gleyed earth with strong iron staining at the kurgan's base and mortar that held the stone constructions was produced by thoroughly mixing and compacting in a wet state, indicating that they were special construction materials. This kurgan is an example of the ancient earth architecture in the steppe zone of Russia over 5500 years ago. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.","ancient earthen architecture; kurgan building; Maykop culture; micromorphology; paleopedology","arid environment; Bronze Age; chemical composition; micromorphology; paleochannel; paleoclimate; physicochemical property; Caucasus; Northern Caucasus; Russian Federation; Stavropol",,,,,"Russian Science Foundation, RSF: 16‐17‐10280; 0191‐2019‐0046","We thank Inga Spiridonova and Michael Hayes for the English translation and editing of this study. This study was supported by the state budget of the Russian Federation (Goszadanie no. 0191-2019-0046). Soil analyses were financed by the Russian Science Foundation (project no. №16-17-10280) as well as by the “Nasledie” Limited Company of Stavropol.","We thank Inga Spiridonova and Michael Hayes for the English translation and editing of this study. This study was supported by the state budget of the Russian Federation (Goszadanie no. 0191‐2019‐0046). 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"Onfray M.","57191918741;","Identification and characterisation of Late Neolithic (3600–2150 Cal. BC) living floors in a temperate environment: Case studies from the southern Paris Basin",2022,"Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports","41",,"103316","","",,,"10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103316","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85121218816&doi=10.1016%2fj.jasrep.2021.103316&partnerID=40&md5=7ba3327bc1bc3ca782d803724d21b361","UMR 8215 Trajectoires, Centre Malher, 9 rue Malher, Paris, 75004, France","Onfray, M., UMR 8215 Trajectoires, Centre Malher, 9 rue Malher, Paris, 75004, France","Late Neolithic living floors in the southern Paris Basin are still not completely understood. In settlement contexts, the architecture and the organisation of activity areas are quite difficult to characterize and reconstruct. Only a few house plans are known. However, many thinly stratified sites with artefact spreads could represent preserved living floors. The aim of this paper is to investigate the formation processes of this type of site through geoarchaeological study (soil micromorphology) of three sites (Gas, Sours and Pussigny), located in different geographic contexts. In particular, discussion centres on whether these are disturbed layers or well or partially preserved living floors. Using micromorphological analysis we were able to identify several constructed micro-facies (invert, backfill and screed) and functional micro-facies (trampled occupation surfaces inside or outside buildings). The microstratigraphic organisation of pedo-sedimentary sequences could be representative of different types of living floor: constructed floors inside cob buildings, living floors just outside buildings and yard floors. The results of this research confirm that the artefact spreads are the visible aspect of living floors. While for a long time the preservation of living floors was not considered because the conditions were regarded as unfavourable, this study actually demonstrates their possible preservation in different geomorphological and pedological contexts, as well as their informative potential. Moreover, the study shows that the artefact spreads reflect different spaces, depending on environmental conditions and human activities. In a context where data on Late Neolithic architecture in the south-western part of the Paris Basin is limited, these results confirm the presence of built structures on these sites and provide insights into the raw materials used for the construction of houses. Ultimately, the results contribute new knowledge and broaden the fields of research in geoarchaeology and the palaeo-ethnology of living floors. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd","Earthen architecture Geoarchaeology; House; Living floor; Neolithic; Soil micromorphology; Spatial organisation",,,,,,"UMR 8215","I would like to thank J. Wattez for my training in geoarchaeology and J.-P. Demoule, my PhD supervisor. Thanks to J.-Y. Noël, T. Hamon and M. Laroche for allowing me to work on their archaeological sites. And thanks to the anonymous reviewers who helped me enrich this article and to Yan Axel Gomez Coutouly and Michael Ilett for proofreading the English. Funding This research was supported by the Inrap (Institut national de la recherche archéologique preventive); the Paleotime company, the University Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne and the Laboratory “Trajectoires, De la sédentarisation à l’État” (UMR 8215).",,,,,,,,,,"Allison, P.M., (1999) The archaeology of household activities, , Routledge London; Babel, U., (1975), 1. , Micromorphology in soil organic matter, in Gieseking J. E. (ed.), Soil components, Organic components, New York, pp.369–473; Bailloud, G., Bayle, D., Beeching, A., Bicquard, A., Boureux, M., Cleuziou, S., Constantin, C., Letterlé, F., L'Archéologie dans la vallée de l'Aisne (1982) Revue archéologique de Picardie. 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Beeching Société préhistorique française Joué-les-Tours; Wattez, J., Cammas, C., Courty, M.-A., Marqueurs spatio-temporels des ambiances pédo-climatiques dans les sols archéologiques (1998), Spatio-temporal indicators of environmental settings in archaeological soils. in: Congrès Mondial de Science Du Sol, Montpellier, France, Août; Wattez, J., Onfray, M., La question des sols d'occupation néolithiques: apports de la géoarchéologie à leur identification et à leur interprétation (2014) Méthodologie de terrain sur la Préhistoire récente en France, nouveaux acquis, nouveaux outils, 1987–2012, pp. 317-331. , I. Sénépart C. Billard F. Bostyn I. Praud E. Thirault Archives d’Écologie Préhistorique Toulouse; Wattez, J., Peinetti, A., Onfray, M., Mylona, P., Eddargach, W., Le second œuvre dans les habitats pré-néolithiques, néolithiques et du début de l’âge du Bronze en contextes méditerranéen et tempéré: première synthèse géoarchéologique sur les sols construits (2018) Construire en terre, torchis, techniques de garnissage et de finition, architecture et mobilier, actes de la table ronde (Lattes, 23–25 Novembre 2016), pp. 279-292. , C.-.-A. de Chazelles E. Léal A. Klein Espérou Montpellier; Wuscher, P., Blaser, R., Cammas, C., Durand, J., Glisoni, S., Saron, E., Pastre, J.-F., Des plateaux, des limons et des hommes: état des connaissances et questions sur les sols et l’érosion tardiglaciaires et holocènes en Île-de-France (2012) Revue archéologique d'Ile-de-France, 5, pp. 5-28",,,,"Elsevier Ltd",,,,,2352409X,,,,"English","J.Archaeol. Sci. Rep.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85121218816
"Ruiz D.M., Barrera N., Reyes J.C., López C., Restrepo M.","57189034799;57407932600;36344049700;56963309600;57407390500;","An approach to Colombian Andean earthen architecture in urban environments: a case study of Bogotá Historic Centre",2022,"Journal of Architectural Conservation",,,,"","",,,"10.1080/13556207.2022.2160556","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85146990914&doi=10.1080%2f13556207.2022.2160556&partnerID=40&md5=5b89a8ec2003e004fe11c41f7a5bafbc","Department of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Department of Architecture, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia","Ruiz, D.M., Department of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Barrera, N., Department of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia; Reyes, J.C., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; López, C., Department of Architecture, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia; Restrepo, M., Department of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia","Earthen buildings are a fundamental part of Colombia's historical architectural heritage. This heritage has been deteriorating due to a lack of knowledge, disconnection from cultural roots, and because of the structural vulnerability of these buildings, mainly caused by earthquakes and moisture. Throughout recent years, research has been carried out in order to structurally intervene and preserve these buildings, however, within the Colombian context there are few studies regarding the location, distribution, and main characteristics of earthen buildings. Therefore, this research is presented from general to specific, beginning with an approach to Andean earthen architecture in Colombia, and ending with a case study of an urban environment: The Historic Centre of Bogotá (HCB). Based on this context, the most important earthen construction techniques and rehabilitation techniques were identified. Regarding the HCB case analysed, it was possible to identify the location, relationships, geometric characteristics, and intervention techniques of one-and-two-storey earthen buildings, by means of a procedure that can be replicated in other Colombian cities. The relevance of analysing Colombian earthen constructions is to contribute to the development of intervention techniques for, firstly, facilitating the conservation of their architectural heritage characteristics, and secondly, improving their structural behaviour to survive major earthquakes. © 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.","Adobe; Earthen architecture in Colombia; Earthen building in the Historic Centre of Bogotá; Earthen constructions techniques; Rammed-earth",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Ruiz, D.M.Carrera 7 # 40-62, Colombia; email: daniel.ruiz@javeriana.edu.co",,,"Taylor and Francis Ltd.",,,,,13556207,,,,"English","J. Archit. Conserv.",Article,"Article in Press","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85146990914
"Guardiola-Víllora A., Basset-Salom L.","55498030900;55496859500;","ANALYSIS OF ANTHROPIC AND SOCIAL THREATS OF THE ARAB WALL OF ALZIRA",2022,"REHABEND",,,,"2332","2342",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85142260634&partnerID=40&md5=9caadcf9f1428b2100624d7d43db6e7c","Escuela Tècnica Superior de Arquitectura, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain","Guardiola-Víllora, A., Escuela Tècnica Superior de Arquitectura, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain; Basset-Salom, L., Escuela Tècnica Superior de Arquitectura, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain","This study is focused on the evaluation of the non-natural hazards of the Moorish wall of the city of Alzira (Valencia, Spain) founded by the Arabs with the name of ""Al-Yazirat Suquar"" (Xúquer’s island) due to its location on a meander of the river Xuquer. The Moorish wall that surrounded the river island is the most relevant construction of this period, combining the defensive function together with the protection against recurrent floods. Built, almost entirely, using the rammed earth technique combined with adobe and stone masonry, it was listed and declared Asset of Local Relevance. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, because of the expansion needs of the city, the more than 2 km long wall was demolished, being preserved, nowadays, less than a third of the original length. In order to establish different intervention strategies and increase the resilience of the archaeological and monumental remains, a comprehensive study of natural, anthropic and social risks is needed. Having analysed the former within the Risk-Terra research project [1], this study focusses on the anthropic threats taking as starting point the documentation of the interventions carried out to retrofit and recover the Alzira’s wall and the analysis of the city council provisions related to the area of influence. To evaluate the social opinion, the results of the surveys of the public participation plan carried out for the study of landscape integration for the Special Protection Plan of La Vila de Alzira are analysed and completed with the anonymous responses of a survey specifically designed for this case study. Finally, a series of recommendations to reduce the anthropic threats are proposed, together with the design of an information campaign and dissemination of the values of this Asset of Cultural Interest, among the Alzira’s citizens and society. © 2022, University of Cantabria - Building Technology R&D Group. All rights reserved.","Alzira; Anthropic risks; Earthen Architecture; Moorish walls; Social vulnerability",,,,,,"European Regional Development Fund, ERDF","This work is part of the I+D+i research project “Earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula: study of natural, social and anthropic risks and strategies to improve resilience” Risk-Terra. Grant RTI2018-095302-B-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 by ERDF A way of making Europe.",,,,,,,,,,"Trizio, F., Torrijo, F.J., Mileto, C., Vegas, F., Flood Risk in a Heritage City: Alzira as a Case Study (2021) Water, 13, p. 1138. , https://doi.org/10.3390/w13091138; Soler Molina, A., Antoni Furió y Josep Aparici eds. Alzira de Xúquer: Gènesi urbana i urbanisme planificat a la cora andalusina de València (Segle IX) (2000) Proceeding of VIII Asamblea d’Historia De La Ribera. Castelles, Torres I Fortificacions En La Ribera Del Xúquer, , Cullera; Ferrer Clari, A., (2020) Facultat De Geografia I Història. Universitat De València Eds. L’Illa Del Xúquer (Ss VIII-XI) in Història d’Alzira Des De La prehistòria Fins a l’actualitat, , Alzira; Taberner Pastor, F., Dominguez Calabuig, M., Esteve Sebastià, I., Pla Especial De Protecció De La Vila D’Alzira, , http://www.alzira.es/alzira_vpm/contenidos/urbanisme/PGOU_La_Vila/DOCUMENTO_1.pdf, Memoria Informativa, accessed: June 2021; Taberner Pastor, F., Dominguez Calabuig, M., Esteve Sebastià, I., Plan Especial De Protección De La Vila D’Alzira, , http://www.alzira.es/alzira_vpm/contenidos/urbanisme/PGOU_La_Vila/DOCUMENTO_3.pdf, Catàleg de béns i espais protegits. (accessed: June 2021); (2004) Valencian Comunity Decree 126/2004, De 30 Julio Por El Que Se Declara Cien De interés Cultural La Vila De Alzira, Con La categoría De Conjunto histórico, Y La Iglesia De Santa Catalina De Alzira, Con La categoría De Monumento, , https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2004/11/05/pdfs/A36772-36782.pdf, (accessed: June 2021); Plan General. Refundit Gener 2002, , http://www.alzira.es/alzira_vpm/contenidos/urbanisme/Plan_General/CATALEG/CATALEG.pdf, Catàleg. (accessed: June 2021); Pérez, X., Alzira elimina un acceso no original de un torreón de la muralla medieval (2008) Las Provincias Digital Journal, , https://www.lasprovincias.es/valencia/20081128/ribera/alzira-elimina-acceso-original-20081128.html, (accessed: June 2021); Pérez, X., Alzira peatonalizará 8000 metros cuadrados del centro histórico (2008) Las Provincias Jpurnal, , https://www.lasprovincias.es/valencia/20080528/ribera/alzira-peatonalizara-metroscuadrados-20080528.html, (accessed: June 2021); (2019) Ribera Express Digital Journal, , https://www.riberaexpress.es/2019/08/07/alzira-i-carcaixent-registren-les-maximes-de-la-comarcaamb-404o/, (accessed: June 2021); Pérez, X., Alzira recupera parte de la muralla medieval con técnicas de la época El Seis Doble Digital Journal, , https://www.elseisdoble.com/vernoticia/3170/alzira_recupera_parte_de_la_muralla_medieval_con_tecnicas_de_la_epoca, (accessed: June 2021); (2017) Ajuntament D’Alzira Web Page, , http://www.alzira.es/alzira_vpm/index.php/val/noticies/8674-alzira-triplica-l-aparcament-a-lavinguda-luis-suner, (accessed: June 2021); Construcciones Grupo Llopis, , http://i0.wp.com/www.grupollopis.com/wpcontent/uploads/1.aerea_-650x400.jpg, (accessed: September 2021); Sede electrónica Del Catastro, , https://www.sedecatastro.gob.es/, (accessed: September 2021); List of Factors Affecting the Properties, , https://whc.unesco.org/en/factors/, (accessed: September 2021); Taberner Pastor, F., Cervera Plaza, Y., Plan Especial De Protección De La Vila D’Alzira. Anexos, , www.alzira.es/alzira_vpm/contenidos/urbanisme/PGOU_La_Vila/ANEXOS.pdf, Estudio de Integración urbanística. (accessed: September 2021); Turbay, I., Ortiz, R., Arana, M., Ortiz, P., La incidencia de la opinión social en el grado de vulnerabilidad de los edificios patrimoniales. El caso del centro histórico de Popayán (Colombia) (2020) GECONSERVACIÓN, (17). , https://doi.org/10.37558/gec.v17i1.777; Benitez, J., Tirado-Henández, A., Ortiz, R., Moreno, M., Ortiz, P., Social opinión of monuments vulnerability in historical cities in Ortiz Calderón et al (2020) Science and Digital Technology for Cultural Heritage",,"Blanco H.Boffill Y.Lombillo I.",,"University of Cantabria - Building Technology R&D Group","9th Euro-American Congress on Construction Pathology, Rehabilitation Technology and Heritage Management, REHABEND 2022","13 September 2022 through 16 September 2022",,284789,23868198,9788409422524,,,"English","Rehabend",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85142260634
"Kada D., Mandalaki M.","58103701000;55270594100;","EARTH BUILDINGS IN CRETE: BUILDING CONSTRUCTION KNOWLEDGE THROUGH THE DOCUMENTATION AND PRESERVATION OF EARTHEN ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE",2022,"REHABEND",,,,"1419","1426",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85142239301&partnerID=40&md5=e26f735634cecbd98fd8e319d47aa02f","School of Architecture, Technical University of Crete, Greece","Kada, D., School of Architecture, Technical University of Crete, Greece; Mandalaki, M., School of Architecture, Technical University of Crete, Greece","In this paper we present traditional and contemporary earthen constructions located in Crete. The techniques that have been used in Greece are identified, emphasizing these that are located in the island of Crete. The aim of this research is the preservation of knowledge of clay constructions, as part of Greece’s cultural heritage and way of living. Major part of the research focuses on the “state of the art” of clay structures in Crete, thus setting the beginning for the historical documentation of earthen structures for the rest of Greece. The documentation of these types of buildings is crucial due to the fact that these types of structures are abandoned and need to be preserved. However, these types of earthen structures are still standing, testifying their tradition and know-how of their construction era. The methodology applied is based both on bibliography scientific research, on recording and documenting of clay buildings in Crete through in-situ visits and on the construction of 1:1 scale test earthen structures. The study is dealing with the tradition and the potential of earth as a building material in Greece. The tradition of the clay constructions is analyzed, starting from the first historical records of this building material in Minoan Crete until the contemporary clay buildings of the island of Crete. Case studies of buildings with natural materials are presented and analyzed in relation to the traditional knowledge of earthen techniques. Concluding, we are focusing on the importance of preserving earthen Greek architectural heritage and building tradition. We found that contemporary clay structures are using mainly different building techniques – mostly light clay – and that the most commonly used technique of abode structures is forgotten mainly due to the lack of Greek building legislation and to deficient historical recordings of clay building techniques of Greece. Suggestions for further research in relation to earthen architecture are proposed, in order to maintain the structural and cultural knowledge that these types of buildings can transfer to the future. © 2022, University of Cantabria - Building Technology R&D Group. All rights reserved.","Earth buildings in Crete; Earthen architectural heritage; Earthen architecture; Greek heritage mapping; Minoan clay architecture",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Waltgahg Muller, –., (1995) Wiener, Architecture in Ancient Greece, , University studio press, Thessaloniki; Mousourakis, A., Arakadaki, M., Sofokliskotsopoulos, I., Mikrou, T., Frangedaki, E., Lagaros, N.D., (2020) Earthen Architecture in Greece: Traditional Techniques and Revaluation, , https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage3040068, Article, Heritage; Vasiliki, P., (2011) Study of the Technological Evolution of Mortars, , PHd Thesis, Aristotle University Of Thessaloniki (AUTH), Civil Engineering; Palyvou, C., (1999) Akrotiri Thera: The Art of Building, Library of The Archaeological Society of Athens, Num. 183, , Athens; Mantzourani, E., Kriti, P., (2002) Topografia Kai Architektoniki Apo Ti Neolithiki Epochi Eos Kai Tous Neoanaktorikous Chronous, , Athens, Institouto tou vivliou – Α. Kardamitsa; Kada, D., Mandalaki, M., Mousourakis, A., (2019) Ktiria Apo Choma Stin Kriti: Didagmata Ktiriakon Kataskevon Mesa Apo Tin Katagrafi Kai Diatirisi Tis Politistikis Klironomias, , 3rd Panhellenic Conference on Digitization of Cultural Heritage, Athens, Greece, 25–27 September; Kada, D., (2021) Ktiria Apo Pilo Stin Kriti: Didagmata Ktiriakon Kataskevon Mesa Apo Tin Katagrafi Kai Diatirisi Tis Politistikis Klironomias, , https://doi.org/10.26233/heallink.tuc.88794, Diploma Thesis Project, School of Architecture, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece; Gianfranco, C., Di, C.A., Maria, C., Franco, F., Pierluigi, G., Maurizio, M., Cristina, F.M., Cruda, T., (1999) Insediametri in Provincia Di Chieti, , Provincia di Chieti, Cogestre Edizioni, Penne, Italy; Jörchel, S., (2019) Modern Earth Building – the Current State of Earth Building from a German Perspective, , IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science; Minke, G., Building with Earth, Design and Technology of Sustainable Architecture, , Birkhӓuser – Publishers for Architecture, Basel – Berlin – Boston",,"Blanco H.Boffill Y.Lombillo I.",,"University of Cantabria - Building Technology R&D Group","9th Euro-American Congress on Construction Pathology, Rehabilitation Technology and Heritage Management, REHABEND 2022","13 September 2022 through 16 September 2022",,284789,23868198,9788409422524,,,"English","Rehabend",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85142239301
"Dobjani E., Papa D.","57696746300;57945783600;","Adobe Constructions in Albania: Future Application of Earth as A Conventional Construction Material",2022,"Civil Engineering and Architecture","10","7",,"3015","3027",,,"10.13189/cea.2022.100717","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85140825872&doi=10.13189%2fcea.2022.100717&partnerID=40&md5=3bb45fd18f7dca4429a1f043802e9262","Department of Architecture and Design, Barleti University, Tirana, Albania; Department of Architecture and Design, New York University, Tirana, Albania","Dobjani, E., Department of Architecture and Design, Barleti University, Tirana, Albania; Papa, D., Department of Architecture and Design, New York University, Tirana, Albania","In primitive societies, houses were built using local materials. In Albania, the highlands often used stone whereas the lowlands and valleys, particularly those close to the coast, were more likely to employ adobe and bricks. In the coastal plain, due to the shortage of stone sources and the ease of accessing mud material nearby, mud bricks were largely used both for urban and rural buildings. Most of the earth architecture in Albania dates back to the Ottoman era. Other structures made of mud bricks were built up to the early 1990s. The majority of them have been demolished, abandoned, and fallen into ruin. Nowadays, traditional adobe building techniques are vanishing, because they are no longer used in modern constructions. Examining the theoretical foundations and structural components of Albania's traditional earthen architecture is the main goal of this study. The classification of earth architecture techniques used in various traditional building typologies is achieved by examining the spatial distribution of housing typologies, the structural components, and construction systems in different geographical locations. This study reports an assessment that is based on extensive in-situ research, including field survey, archival research, comprehensive pictures, recording of various adobe building types in Albania, and a literature review. Based on the collected data and critical assessments, this study intends to offer and document various earthen building typologies in Albania according to their spatial distribution in the plan, volume, construction methods, and material combinations. This knowledge may be subsequently utilized as vital information for new vernacular buildings or temporary structures. It aims to provide specific architectural principles and technical criteria for the use of earth in new structures or restoration of existing historical buildings. This study serves as a starting point for further research with the aim of producing an easy-to-follow guide with plans for earthen buildings, from little dwellings to larger ones, by employing several case studies across Albania. Due to the historical, social, and cultural significance of adobe architecture in Albania as well as its advantages in terms of the economy and environment, revitalizing, restoring, and preserving adobe architecture by improving its construction conditions can be an added value for sustainable future development. © 2022 by authors, all rights reserved.","Adobe Architecture; Mud Material; Preservation; Revitalization; Traditional Buildings",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Raulin, Henri, Konservimi dhe vendi qe ze ne kuadrin europian arkitektura shqiptare, kryesisht banesa qytetare dhe ajo e ndertuar me qerpiç Monumentet, 2, p. 65. , [1] Tirane; Sukaj, Isuf, (1998) Urbanistika dhe arkitektura e qytetit te Kavajes, veshtrim i zhvillimit historik, pp. 38-39. , Tirane; Muka, Ali, (2001) Banesa fshatare dhe familja e madhe, pp. 330-364. , Tirane, Akademia e Shkancave; Papanikolla, Ilia, (1983) Konstruksione Akitektonike, p. 87. , Tiranë; Muka, Ali, (2007) Ndërtimet tradicionale fshatare, p. 180. , Tirane, Akademia e Shkancave; Riza, Emin, (2009) Qyteti dhe banesa qytetare shqiptare shek XV-XIX, , Tiranë, Dita 2000; Stedman, Myrtle, Stedman, Wilfred, (2016) Adobe Architecture, A Simple Guide with Plans for Building with Earth, , Paperback, Sunstone Press, ISBN: 0865341117; Schifman, Melissa Rappaport, (2018) Building a Sustainable Home: Practical Green Design Choices for Your Health, Wealth, and Soul, p. 21. , Skyhorse Publishing, ISBN: 1510733442,9781510733442; Edizioni, ETS, (2011) TERRA EUROPAE-Earthen Architecture in Europe, pp. 98-186. , Belgium, ISBN 9788846729576; Minke, Gernot, (2006) Building with earth. Design and Technology of a Sustainable Architecture, p. 134. , Birkhäuser, Basel","Dobjani, E.; Department of Architecture and Design, Albania",,,"Horizon Research Publishing",,,,,23321091,,,,"English","Civil Engi. Arc.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85140825872
"Estève P., Beckett C., Pedreschi R., Bosche F., Morel J.C., Charef R., Habert G.","57913699500;37123496700;57914121100;23391763100;15923548500;57202070229;8391064400;","Developing an integrated BIM/LCA framework to assess the sustainability of using earthen architecture",2022,"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","1078","1","012100","","",,,"10.1088/1755-1315/1078/1/012100","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85139132561&doi=10.1088%2f1755-1315%2f1078%2f1%2f012100&partnerID=40&md5=983e78040c00f2c81ab1f1718f027ec9","Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; LTDS, UMR, CNRS 5513, ENTPE, Université de Lyon, France; France; Sustainable Construction, Institute of Construction and Infrastructure Management, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich), Switzerland","Estève, P., Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Beckett, C., Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Pedreschi, R., School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Bosche, F., Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Morel, J.C., LTDS, UMR, CNRS 5513, ENTPE, Université de Lyon, France; Charef, R., France; Habert, G., Sustainable Construction, Institute of Construction and Infrastructure Management, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich), Switzerland","The construction industry is responsible for one-quarter of the solid waste generated globally, much of which is excavated soil. Repurposing this soil for the use of earthen architecture (EA) will reduce a considerable amount of this waste. However, little research has been conducted on how to assess the use of EA within the architectural, engineering, environmental and economic context, and in comparison with other construction system solutions. This paper presents the development of an integrated building information modelling (BIM) and life cycle assessment (LCA) framework to explore what advantages EA may have, based on the client's needs and the building's requirements. The decision-making conditions and criteria for the use of EA are firstly identified in an extensive literature review supported by interviews with decision-makers. A workflow is secondly proposed to apply a LCA evaluating the decision criteria in a BIM tool at the early-design stages. This method allows for the evaluation and comparison of choice criteria as functional requirements of the building and objectives set by the decision-makers. The flexibility of setting input parameters in this tool increases the visibility of the potential benefits of EA over other construction systems. Along with this approach, upcoming applications on case studies will aim to be replicable by designers, based on their practices and design tools, to support clients in their choice of using EA. © 2022 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved.","Building Information Modelling; Earthen Architecture; Framework; Life Cycle Assessment; Viability",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"(2020) Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction, , (Nairobi: UNEP); Benachio, G L F, Freitas, M, do, C D, Tavares, S F, (2020) J. Clean. Prod, 260, p. 121046; Klinge, A, Eike, R-K, Radeljic, L, Bojic, D, Neumann, E, (2020) 8th Int. Conf. on Build. Earth, , (Weimar: Dachverband Lehm e.V); Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2021 Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis - Summary for Policymakers, , (Switzerland: IPCC); Bui, Q B, Morel, J C, (2015) Materials, 8, pp. 1-15; (2019) A European Green Deal; European Commission 2021 New European Bauhaus; British Standards Institution 2020 BS EN ISO 14040-2006+A1-2020 - Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework; (2012) BS EN 15978:2011 - Sustainability of Construction Works: Assessment of Environmental Performance of Buildings: Calculation method, , British Standards Institution; (2019) BS EN 15804:2012+A2:2019 - Sustainability of construction works - Environmental product declarations, , British Standards Institution; Pagnon, F, Mathern, A, Ek, K, (2020) IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci, 588, p. 042051; Cabeza, L F, Boquera, L, Chàfer, M, Vérez, D, (2021) Energy Build, 231, p. 110612; (2017) BS ISO 15686-5:2008 Buildings and constructed assets - Service life planning - Part 5: Life-cycle costing, , British Standards Institution; (2020) SPON'S Architects' and builders' price book, , AECOM (Oxon: CRC Press); Floissac, L, Marcom, A, Colas, A S, Bui, Q B, Morel, J C, (2009) 5th Urb. Res. Symp, , (Marseille: IISD); Lu, K, Jiang, X, Yu, J, Tam, V W Y, Skitmore, M, (2021) J. Clean. Prod, 285, p. 125438; Norris, C, (2020) Guidelines for Social Life Cycle Assessment of Products (UNEP); Charef, R, Emmitt, S, (2021) J. Clean. Prod, 285, p. 124854; Zami, M S, (2021) Archit. Eng. Des. Manag, 17, pp. 1-18; Morel, J-C, Charef, R, Hamard, E, Fabbri, A, Beckett, C, Bui, B, (2021) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 376, p. 20200182; Ben-Alon, L, (2019) Natural Buildings: Integrating Earthen Building Materials and Methods Into Mainstream Construction, , (Pittsburgh: Carnegie Mellon University); Creswell, J W, (2017) Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, , 5th ed. (Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, Inc); Olawumi, T O, Chan, D W M, (2022) Expert Syst. Appl, 188, p. 116020; Meex, E, Hollberg, A, Knapen, E, Hildebrand, L, Verbeeck, G, (2018) Build. Environ, 133, pp. 228-236; Hollberg, A, Kiss, B, Röck, M, Soust-Verdaguer, B, Wiberg, A H, Lasvaux, S, Galimshina, A, Habert, G, (2021) Build. Environ, 190, p. 107530; Habert, G, (2020) Build. Cities, 1, pp. 429-452; (2020) How to calculate embodied carbon, , (London: ISE); Hollberg, A, Götz, M, Lichtenheld, T, Hollberg, P, Galimshina, A, Habert, G, (2019) Proc. Build. Sim. (Rome: International Building Performance Simulation Association), pp. 2627-2633; Hay, T J, Lee, D, Larsen, O P, (2012) Int. Conf. Des. Creativity, , (Glasgow: The Design Society); (2020) Plan of Work 2020 - Overview, , (London: RIBA); Charef, R, (2022) Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 8, p. 100454; Thanu, H, Rajasekaran, C, Deepak, M, (2020) Smart Sustain. Built Environ, , ahead-of-print; Ben-Alon, L, Loftness, V, Harries, K A, DiPietro, G, Hameen, E C, (2019) Build. Environ, 160, p. 106150; Meek, A H, Elchalakani, M, Beckett, C T S, Grant, T, (2021) Constr. Build. Mater, 267, p. 120997; Ventura, A, (2022) Environmental Potential of Earth-Based Building Materials: Key Facts and Issues from a Life Cycle Assessment Perspective, 35, pp. 261-296. , (Cham: Springer); Fauzi, R T, Lavoie, P, Sorelli, L, Heidari, M D, Amor, B, (2019) Sustain, 11, p. 636; Adegun, O B, Adedeji, Y M D, (2017) Front. Arch. Res, 6, pp. 519-528; Villain, V, (2020) Sociologie du champ de la construction en terre crue en France (1970-2020), , (Lyon: Université de Lyon); Popovic, T, Kraslawski, A, (2015) Social Sustainability of Complex Systems, 36, pp. 605-614; Akom, J B, Sadick, A-M, Issa, M H, Rashwan, S, Duhoux, M, (2018) J. Green Build, 13, pp. 98-120; Beckett, C T S, Cardell-Oliver, R, Ciancio, D, Huebner, C, (2017) J. Build. Eng, 13, pp. 146-158; Yan, Y K, Song, Y F, (2021) J. Phys. Conf. Ser, , (Kiev: IOP Publishing Ltd); Paiva, R, de, L M, Caldas, L R, Martins, A P, de, S, de Sousa, P B, de Oliveira, G F, Toledo Filho, R D, (2021) Sustain, 13, p. 10429; Interreg North-West Europe 2022 Digital Deconstruction; Röck, M, Hollberg, A, Habert, G, Passer, A, (2018) Procedia CIRP, 69, pp. 218-223; (2016) Manifeste BIM, , (Paris: BIM World); Østergård, T, Jensen, R L, Maagaard, S E, (2016) Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev, 61, pp. 187-201; (2015) THE 17 GOALS - Sustainable Development; Chen, J, Kharbanda, K, Loganathan, H, (2021) Cardinal LCA v0.0.1; Sadeghipour Roudsari, M, Michelle, P, (2013) 13th Int. IBPSA Conf, , (Chambery: IBPSA); Naneva, A, Bonanomi, M, Hollberg, A, Habert, G, Hall, D, (2020) Sustain, 12, p. 3748; CRB Zurich 2020 SN 506511:2020 - eBKP-H - Elementbasierter Baukostenplan Hochbau; Gong, X, Nie, Z, Wang, Z, Cui, S, Gao, F, Zuo, T, (2012) J. Ind. Ecol, 16, pp. 576-587; Abu-Ghaida, H, Kamari, A, (2021) Proc. 38th Int. Conf. CIB W78, pp. 782-792. , (Luxembourg: Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology); British Standards Institution 2020 BS EN 17412-1:2020 - Building Information Modelling Level of Information Need. Concepts and Principles; (2012) EeBGuide Guidance Document - Part B: Buildings - Operational guidance for life cycle assessment studies of the Energy-Efficient Building Initiative; Gervásio, H, Santos, P, Martins, R, Simões da Silva, L, (2014) Build. Environ, 73, pp. 256-270; Lee, J, Yang, H, Lim, J, Hong, T, Kim, J, Jeong, K, (2020) J. Asian Archit. Build. Eng, 19, pp. 384-399; Otovic, A, Negendahl, K, Jensen, L, (2016) ASHRAE Annu. Conf, , (St. Louis: ASHRAE); Ogunkah, I, Yang, J, (2012) Build, 2, pp. 1-32; Hart, J, D'Amico, B, Pomponi, F, (2021) J. Ind. Ecol, 25, pp. 403-418; Apellániz, D, Pasanen, P, Gengnagel, C, (2021) 12th Annu. Symp. Simul. Archi. Urban Des, , (San Diego: Society for Computer Simulation International); Belizario-Silva, F, Galimshina, A, Reis, D C, Quattrone, M, Gomes, B, Marin, M C, Moustapha, M, Habert, G, (2021) J. Build. Eng, 44, p. 102979; von Hippel, E, (2005) JfB, 55, pp. 63-78","Estève, P.; Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, United Kingdom; email: pierre.esteve@ed.ac.uk",,,"Institute of Physics","SBE 2022 Berlin D-A-CH Conference: Built Environment within Planetary Boundaries, sbe22 Berlin 2022","20 September 2022 through 23 September 2022",,182840,17551307,,,,"English","IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci.",Conference Paper,"Final","All Open Access, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85139132561
"Bizzarri S., De Gennaro T., Careccia C., Bertozzi A., Degli Esposti M., Musabh Al Dahini H., Rashid Al Ghefeili B.","57218991489;57204950779;56344551400;57768198800;37461343500;57768198900;57768438400;","A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Conservation of Salūt, Sultanate of Oman",2022,"Studies in Conservation","67","S1",,"23","31",,,"10.1080/00393630.2022.2084965","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85132973556&doi=10.1080%2f00393630.2022.2084965&partnerID=40&md5=468ba72a7504ebdb4994aa4d4cad2043","Italian Mission to Oman (IMTO), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; DZAA Architects, Florence, Italy; Italian Agency for Development Cooperation (AICS), Florence, Italy; Italian Ministry of Culture (MIC), Rome, Italy; Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Ministry of Heritage and Tourism, Muscat, Oman","Bizzarri, S., Italian Mission to Oman (IMTO), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy, DZAA Architects, Florence, Italy; De Gennaro, T., Italian Mission to Oman (IMTO), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy, Italian Agency for Development Cooperation (AICS), Florence, Italy; Careccia, C., Italian Mission to Oman (IMTO), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy, Italian Ministry of Culture (MIC), Rome, Italy; Bertozzi, A., Italian Mission to Oman (IMTO), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Degli Esposti, M., Italian Mission to Oman (IMTO), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy, Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Musabh Al Dahini, H., Ministry of Heritage and Tourism, Muscat, Oman; Rashid Al Ghefeili, B., Ministry of Heritage and Tourism, Muscat, Oman","The relationship between planning and restoration work, and the acquisition of data necessary for contextual understanding of Salūt, a large Iron Age site, are discussed. Its different historical contexts required close collaboration among architects, archaeologists, Ministry of Heritage and Culture staff, local workers and students from Sultan Qaboos University (SQU). A central aim was to awaken the interest of the community and encourage them to play an active role in the conservation of local heritage sites. This and the technical solutions adopted are also a focus of the paper. Intangible cultural heritage should be considered to be an integral part of the site. A number of activities was undertaken to develop sustainable responses for the management of Omani cultural heritage: historical and ethnographic research into the traditional techniques of mudbrick and mud plaster construction, with visits to surrounding villages to identify Omani residents familiar with the process; information storage, images, and video interviews for a multi-level, potentially replicable approach; creation and implementation of guidelines for the conservation of the mudbrick walls; organization of site visits, awareness-raising activities for local students and interested community members; the training of two female SQU students in stratigraphic excavation and conservation of artifacts; and the use of state-of-the-art surveying and 3D modeling for the evaluation of interventions. The program at Salūt site, until the interruption due to the pandemic, has produced largely positive results, and the methodology developed here can promote recovery of other archaeological sites similar to Salūt. © The International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works 2022.","3D model; architectural heritage; drone survey; earthen architecture; knowledge transfer; mud plaster; Mudbrick; traditional masonry","3D modeling; Architecture; Deep learning; Digital storage; Drones; Historic preservation; Knowledge management; Personnel training; Stratigraphy; Students; Three dimensional computer graphics; 3D models; 3d-modeling; Architectural heritage; Drone survey; Earthen architectures; Knowledge transfer; Mud plaster; Mudbrick; Multi-disciplinary approach; Traditional masonries; Surveys",,,,,,"The authors would like to thank Prof. A. Avanzini, Director of the IMTO, who has been promoting these restoration works for many years. Works at Salūt were made possible by the invaluable support of the Office of HE the Adviser to HM the Sultan for Cultural Affairs and the Ministry of Heritage and Culture–Muscat.","The authors would like to thank Prof. A. Avanzini, Director of the IMTO, who has been promoting these restoration works for many years. Works at Salūt were made possible by the invaluable support of the Office of HE the Adviser to HM the Sultan for Cultural Affairs and the Ministry of Heritage and Culture – Muscat.",,,,,,,,,"Avanzini, A., Benvenuti, C., Buffa, V., Lombardi, A., Orazi, R., Sedov, A.V., Excavations at Sumhuram (2002) Excavations and Restoration of the Complex of Khor Rori. Interim Report (October 2001–March 2002), pp. 5-29. , http://www.arabiantica.it/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/SUM01B.pdf, Pisa: Edizioni Plus, and; Avanzini, A., Degli Esposti, M., (2018) Husn Salūt and the Iron Age of South East Arabia. Excavations of the Italian Mission to Oman 2004-2014, , Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider, and,. (Arabia Antica 15; Bizzarri, S., Restoration Works at Salūt (2015) In the Heart of Oman. The Castle of Salūt, pp. 87-95. , Avanzini A., (ed), Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider,. (Ancient Oman 1), edited by; Bizzarri, S., Degli Esposti, M., Careccia, C., De Gennaro, T., Tangheroni, E., Avanzini, N., The Use of Traditional Mud-Based Masonry in the Restoration of the Iron Age Site of Salūt (Oman). A Way Towards Mutual Preservation (2020) Earthen Architecture and Heritage at Risk, Proceedings of the International Conference on Vernacular Architecture in World Heritage Sites. Risks and new Technologies–Heritage2020 (3DPast | Risk-Terra), Valencia, pp. 1081-1088. , Mileto C., Vegas F., Cristini V., García L., (eds), and,. edited by; (1931), https://www.icomos.org/en/167-the-athens-charter-for-the-restoration-of-historic-monuments, The Athens Charter for the Restoration of Historic Monuments. Accessed April, 2022; (2003), https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Charters/structures_e.pdf, Principles for the Analysis, Conservation and Structural Restoration of Architectural Heritage. Accessed April, 2022; Ngadiman, N., Kaamin, M., Sahat, S., Mokhtar, M., Ahmad, N.F.A., Kadir, A.A., Razali, N.S.M., Production of Orthophoto Map Using UAV Photogrammetry: A Case Study in UTHM Pagoh Campus (2018) Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Applied Science and Technology (ICAST’18), , In; Patricio, T., The Conservation of Archaeological Ruins: Outline of a Methodology (2004) and ‘Methodology for the Restoration of Archaeological Remains 2006 (2012) Archaeological Sites: Conservation and Management, pp. 365-376. , https://www.getty.edu/publications/resources/virtuallibrary/9781606061244.pdf, Sullivan S., Mackay R., (eds), Los Angeles, CA: The Getty Conservation Institute,. ’, ’. edited by; Petzet, M., Principles of Preservation: An Introduction to the International Charters for Conservation and Restoration 40 Years After the Venice Charter (2004) International Charters for Conservation and Restoration. Monuments & Sites, pp. 7-29. , Petzet M., Ziesemer J., (eds), München: ICOMOS,. I, edited by; Rainer, L., Deterioration and Pathology of Earthen Architecture (2008) Terra Literature Review: An Overview of Research in Earthen Architecture Conservation, pp. 45-61. , Avrami E., Guillaud H., Hardy M., (eds), Los Angeles, CA: The Getty Conservation Institute,. edited by; Ruskulis, O., Mud Plasters and Renders (2009) Appropriate Technology Journal, 26, p. 1. , https://answers.practicalaction.org/our-resources/download/58563, Technical Brief 28","Bizzarri, S.; Italian Mission to Oman (IMTO), Italy; email: stebzz@gmail.com",,,"Taylor and Francis Ltd.",,,,,00393630,,SCONA,,"English","Stud Conserv",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85132973556
"Cavicchioli A., Rolón G., Odlyha M.","6603666827;54390145100;55960338600;","A Chemical Approach to the Selection of Soils for the Reproduction of Earth-based Mortars for Conservation Purposes: Case Report from a Brazilian Historic Site",2022,"International Journal of Architectural Heritage",,,,"","",,,"10.1080/15583058.2022.2086504","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85131674488&doi=10.1080%2f15583058.2022.2086504&partnerID=40&md5=36c6d93948bae3c79c65c5761b2d4c2b","Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, University of São Paulo (EACH-USP), São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Investigaciones Territoriales y Tecnológicas para la Producción del Hábitat (INTEPH), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNT/CONICET), Tucumán, Argentina; Department of Biological Sciences, University of London, London, United Kingdom","Cavicchioli, A., Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, University of São Paulo (EACH-USP), São Paulo, Brazil; Rolón, G., Instituto de Investigaciones Territoriales y Tecnológicas para la Producción del Hábitat (INTEPH), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNT/CONICET), Tucumán, Argentina; Odlyha, M., Department of Biological Sciences, University of London, London, United Kingdom","Earthen buildings frequently demand the use of protective renders and plasters that should be, in several aspects, compatible with the underlying structures. To this end, earth-based mortars have traditionally been used and are common in historic houses. Their periodic replacement or repair is inevitable and intrinsic with their naturally sacrificial role, but restorations are also expected to follow suitability criteria, as well as minimum performance standards. In this paper, an approach to the reproduction of wall-finishes close to the original formulations found on historic buildings is proposed and described using the case study of a historic site in Brazil. The problem was addressed using the elemental composition data of a set of original mortars and a bank of local soils that were treated by multivariate statistical analysis. The final restoration mortars, that were obtained also by adjusting their granulometric profile by means of the mixture of sand, exhibited satisfactory performance in terms of adhesive strength and water absorption, as well as of resistance to water erosion when stabilized with lime. © 2022 Taylor & Francis.","Brazil; cultural heritage; earthen architecture; plasters; renders","Adhesives; Buildings; Cell proliferation; Historic preservation; Lime; Multivariant analysis; Restoration; Site selection; Water absorption; Brazil; Case reports; Cultural heritages; Earthen architectures; Earthen buildings; Historic house; Historic site; Performance standards; Plaster; Render; Mortar",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Alexiades, C.A., M.L, J., (1967), Chlorite determination clays of soils and mineral deposits. Am. Mineral. 52:1855-1873; Allinson, D., Hall, M., Hygrothermal analysis of a stabilised rammed earth test building in the UK (2010) Energie Building, 42, pp. 845-852; Avrami, E., Guillaud, H., Terra literature review (2008) An overview of research in earthen architecture conservation, , Avrami E., Guillaud H., Hardy M., (eds), xi-xii., Los Ángeles: The Getty Conservation Institute, eds. In; Barone, G., Mazzoleni, P., Spagnolo, G.V., Raneri, S., Artificial neural network for the provenance study of archaeological ceramics using clay sediment database (2019) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 38, pp. 147-157; Beas, M.I.G., (1990) Traditional Architectural Renders on Earthen Surfaces, , Master Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA/USA; Borsoi, G., Silva, A.S., Menezes, P., Mirão, J., Mirão, J., Analytical characterization of ancient mortars from the archaeological roman site of Pisões (Beja, Portugal) (2019) Construction and Building Materials, 204, pp. 597-608; Cavicchioli, A., Rolón, G., Cavalcanti, L.M., Fontaine, J., Desenvolvimento de argamassas de revestimento no Vale Histórico Paulista, Brasil (2016) Tierra y agua, selva y ciudad, 1-12. , Neves C., (ed), Asunción Paraguay: PROTERRA-FADA/UNA-CEDES/Hábitat, and,. ed; Cavicchioli, A., Sant’-Anna, L.G., Perroni, M.S., Enlightening the use of materials and techniques in earthen architecture in southeast Brazil during the first coffee cycle (19th century) (2018) J. Cult. Herit, 31, pp. 208-214; Cavicchioli, A., Santos, I.F.S., Moreira, J.G.K., Sant’-Anna, L.G., Rescuing the manufacturing process of traditional mortars present on XIX-century earthen buildings in Brazil (2019) Proceedings of the 5th Historic Mortars Conference, pp. 36-50. , J. I. Álvarez, Fernández J.M., Navarro I., Durán A., Sirera R., (eds), Paris France: Rilem Publications, and,. ed; Cavicchioli, A., Sant’-Anna, L.G., The production of protective earth-based mortars for earth constructions in southeastern Brazil during the 19th century coffee economy (2022) Anais Do Museo Paulista: Historia, Cultura E Material, 30, pp. 1-29; Correia, M., A synopsis review of earthen archaeological heritage (2010) Memórias 6° Seminário Arquitetura de Terra em Portugal and 9°, pp. 29-33. , Fernandes M., Correia M., Lopes M.C., (eds), Lisboa Portugal: Argumentum: Seminário Ibero-americano de Arquitetura e Construção com Terra,. ed; Crhova, M., Kuckova, S., Hynek, R., Kodicek, M., Proteomic identification of milk proteins in historical mortars (2010) 2nd Conference on Historic Mortars - HMC 2010 and RILEM TC 203-RHM final workshop., pp. 91-97. , Válek J., Groot C., Hughes J.J., (eds), Paris France: Rilem Publications, and,. Ed; Delinière, R., Aubert, J.E., Rojat, F., Gasc-Barbier, M., Physical, mineralogical and mechanical characterization of ready-mixed clay plaster (2014) Building and Environment, 80, pp. 11-17; Ditzler, C., Scheffe, K., Monger, H.C., (2017) Soil survey manual, USDA Handbook 18, , Washington DC/USA: Government Printing Office, and, eds; Emiroğlu, M., Yalama, A., Erdoğdu, Y., Performance of ready-mixed clay plasters produced with different clay/sand ratios (2015) Applied Clay Science, 115, pp. 221-229; Faria, J.P.R., (2011) Influência africana na arquitetura de terra de Minas Gerais, , Master Dissertation, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG/Brazil; Fazio, A.T., Cavicchioli, A., Penna, D.S.A., Chambergo, F.S., Faria, D.L.A., Towards a better comprehension of biodeterioration in earthen architecture: Study of fungi colonisation on historic wall surfaces in Brazil (2015) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 16 (6), pp. 934-938; Fodde, E., Analytical methods for the conservation of the Buddhist temple II of Krasnaya Rechka, Kyrgyzstan (2007) Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 8 (3), pp. 136-153; Fodde, E., Traditional earthen construction and repair methods in Sardinia, Italy (2007) Vernacular Architecture, 38 (1), pp. 61-69; García Villa, G., Marcial, E., Rolón, G., Influencia de los tipos de arcillas y características de suelos tucumanos en la adherencia de revoques de tierra (2022) Revive la tierra, 143-153. , Ferreiro A., Gutierrez Z.S., Neves C., (eds), Trinidad Cuba: PROTERRA/Oficina del Conservador, and,. ed; García-Vera, V.E., Lanzón, M., Physical-chemical study, characterisation and use of image analysis to assess the durability of earthen plasters exposed to rain water and acid rain (2018) Construction and Building Materials, 187, pp. 708-717; Gomes, M.I., Gonçalves, T.D., Faria, P., Hydric behaviour of earth materials and the effects of their stabilization with cement or lime: Study on repair mortars for historical rammed earth structures (2016) Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 28 (7), p. 04016041; Gomes, M.I., Faria, P., Gonçalves, T.D., Earth-based mortars for repair and protection of rammed earth walls. Stabilization with mineral binders and fibers (2018) Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, pp. 2401-2414; Gomes, M.I., Faria, P., Gonçalves, T.D., Rammed earth walls repair by earth-based mortars: The adequacy to assess effectiveness (2019) Construction and Building Materials, 205, pp. 213-231; Grimoldi, A., Riccardi, M.P., Cantú, M., Cofani, M., Landi, A., Tarantino, S.C., Earthen mortars in Cremona: Characterization and first hypothesis of dating (2014) 9th International Masonry Conference 2014, , http://www.diagnosticacostruito.polimi.it/wp-content/uploads/Earthen-mortars-in-Cremona.pdf, Guimarães, Portugal: Accessed March25, 2021; Hamard, E., Morel, J.C., Salgado, F., Marcom, A., Meunier, N., A procedure to assess the suitability of plaster to protect vernacular earthen architecture (2013) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 14 (2), pp. 109-115; Hijioka, A., (2016) Minka - A casa dos imigrantes japoneses no Vale do Ribeira [Minka–The Japanese immigrant’s houses in Vale do Ribeira, , Ph.D. Thesis, Instituto de Arquitetura e Urbanismo-Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP/Brazil; Lemos, C., (1999) Casa Paulista, , São Paulo SP/Brazil: EDUSP; Lima, J., Faria, P., Silva, A.S., Earthen plasters based on illitic soils from Barrocal region of Algarve: Contributions for building performance and sustainability (2016) Key Engineering Materials, 678, pp. 64-77. , http://www.scientific.net/KEM.678.64; Mateus, R., Fernandes, J., Teixeira, E.R., Environmental life cycle analysis of earthen building materials (2019) Encyclopedia of Renewable and Sustainable Materials, pp. 63-68. , Hashmi S., Choudhury I.A., (eds), Amsterdam Netherlands: Elsevier, and,. ed; Mattone, M., Rescic, S., Fratini, F., Del Fà, R.M., Experimentation of earth-gypsum plasters for the conservation of earthen constructions (2017) International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 11 (6), pp. 763-772; Melià, P., Ruggieri, G., Sabbadini, S., Dotelli, G., Environmental impacts of natural and conventional building materials: A case study on earth plasters (2014) Journal of Cleaner Production, 80, pp. 179-186; Moropoulou, A., Bakolas, A., Bisbikou, K., Characterization of Ancient, byzantine and later historic mortars by thermal and X-ray diffraction techniques (1995) Thermochimica Acta, 269 (270), pp. 779-795; Neves, C.M.M., Faria, O.B., Rotondaro, R., Cevallos, P.S., Hoffmann, M.V., Seleção de solos e métodos de controle na construção com terra–Práticas de campo (2010) Rede Ibero-americana PROTERRA, , https://www.promemoria.indaiatuba.sp.gov.br/arquivos/proterra-selecao_de_solos_2010.pdf, Accessed March25, 2021; Pacheco-Torgal, F., Jalali, S., Earth construction: Lessons from the past for future eco-efficient construction (2012) Construction and Building Materials, 17, pp. 512-519; Panchuk, V., Yaroshenko, I., Legin, A., Semenov, V., Kirsanov, D., Application of chemometric methods to XRF-data–A tutorial review (2018) Analytica Chimica Acta, 1040, pp. 119-132; Pascual, F.J.C., (2004) Estabilización de morteros de barro para la protección de muros de tierra, , Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Pkla, A., Mesbah, A., Rigassi, V., Morel, J.C., Comparaison de méthodes d’essai de mesure de caratéristiques mécaniques des mortiers de terre [Empirical comparison of testing methods on measurements of the mechanical characteristics of soil mortars] (2003) Matematica Structural, 36, pp. 108-117; Rampazzi, L., Pozzi, A., Sansonetti, A., Toniolo, L., Giussani, B., A chemometric approach to the characterisation of historical mortars (2006) Cement and Concrete Research, 36 (6), pp. 1108-1114; Reddy, B.V.V., Kumar, P.P., Embodied energy in cement stabilised rammed earth walls (2010) Energy and Buildings, 42 (3), pp. 380-385; Rodrigues, M.P.S.F.F., (2004) Argamassas de revestimento para alvenarias antigas. Contribuição para o estudo da influência dos ligantes [Mortars for old masonries renders. The influence of binders, , Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Rolón, G., Cilla, G., Adobe wall biodeterioration by the Centris muralis Burmeister bee (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apidae) in a valuable colonial site, the Capayán ruins (La Rioja, Argentina) (2012) International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 66 (1), pp. 33-38; Santos, T., Nunes, L., Faria, P., Production of eco-efficient earth-based plasters: Influence of composition on physical performance and bio-susceptibility (2017) Journal of Cleaner Production, 167, pp. 55-67; Santos, T., Gomes, M.I., Silva, A.S., Ferraz, E., Faria, P., Comparison of mineralogical, mechanical and hygroscopic characteristic of earthen, gypsum and cement-based plasters (2020) Construction and Building Materials, 254, p. 119222; Stazi, F., Nacci, A., Tittarelli, F., Pasqualini, E., Munafò, P., An experimental study on earth plasters for earthen building protection: The effects of different admixtures and surface treatments (2016) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 17, pp. 27-41; Torraca, G., (2009) Lectures on materials science for architectural conservation, , http://hdl.handle.net/10020/gci_pubs/materials_science_architectural_conserv, Los Angeles CA/USA: Getty Conservation Institute, Accessed March25, 2021; Vasconcellos, S., (1979) Arquitetura no Brasil-Sistemas construtivos, , Belo Horizonte MG/Brazil: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Vasconcelos, R.A., Pachamama, C.N., Rezende, M.A.P., Carvalho Junior, A.N., Barbosa, R.A., Moraes, P.M., Earth mortars: A vernacular technology and a modern eco-efficient solution (2020) International Journal Developmental Research, 10 (9), pp. 40329-40335","Cavicchioli, A.; Escola de Artes, Rua Arlindo Bettio, Brazil; email: andrecav@usp.br",,,"Taylor and Francis Ltd.",,,,,15583058,,,,"English","Int. J. Archit. Herit.",Article,"Article in Press","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85131674488
"Lidón de Miguel M., García-Soriano L., Mileto C., Vegas López-Manzanares F.","57218994741;56344563400;36721933700;57324191900;","Traditional Mossi housing–case studies in Baasneere (Burkina Faso)",2022,"Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development",,,,"","",,,"10.1108/JCHMSD-10-2020-0149","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85126377318&doi=10.1108%2fJCHMSD-10-2020-0149&partnerID=40&md5=43abfe3440e148405f4a1f8be807992d","Department of Architectural Composition, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain","Lidón de Miguel, M., Department of Architectural Composition, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; García-Soriano, L., Department of Architectural Composition, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Mileto, C., Department of Architectural Composition, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Vegas López-Manzanares, F., Department of Architectural Composition, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain","Purpose: The common language behind vernacular architecture only seems to be maintained in societies that preserve a traditional way of life. Changes in these societies can threaten their cultural heritage, while research may be a tool for its conservation and enhancement. In this paper, the habitat of a Mossi community is therefore studied as a first stage in analysing the possibilities of its maintenance. Design/methodology/approach: After a previous study, data collection from a stay in Baasneere (Burkina Faso) and the analysis of 32 traditional residential units were completed. The research showed some common features which, when compared against the bibliography reviewed, could be defined as characteristic of the traditional architecture of this culture. Findings: The home for a family unit consisted in an enclosure formed by the grouping of adobe constructions around a courtyard. As the family grew so did the compound, in a relationship directly linking the scales of architecture and the levels of kinship. The main daily activities took place in the courtyards while the individual interior spaces were understood as private shelters. Other typologies such as granaries, kitchens, warehouses and sheds were also analysed. Originality/value: Some features of Mossi architecture already described in the existing bibliography were verified in the Baasneere case studies, showing that this tradition is still preserved. With a multidisciplinary approach, the house was examined not so much from the perspective of construction, but of its cultural configuration. © 2022, Emerald Publishing Limited.","Conservation; Courtyard; Cultural diversity; Documentation; Earthen architecture; Family; Surveying and recording; Typology; Vernacular",,,,,,"Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, MECD: FPU17/02428; Universitat Politècnica de València, UPV","This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport under Grant FPU17/02428, as part of the research currently carried out for a doctoral thesis at the Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV). It is also part of the ConBurkina research project, financed by the Development Cooperation Centre of the UPV to collaborate with the NGOs Algemesi Solidari and A3B in Baasneere (Burkina Faso).",,,,,,,,,,"Alexander, C., (1964) Notes on the Synthesis of Form, p. 57. , p., Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Alexander, C., (1979) The Timeless Way of Building, , Oxford University Press, Oxford; AlSayyad, N., (2004) The End of Tradition?, , Routledge, London; Asquith, L., Vellinga, M., (2006) Vernacular Architecture in the Twenty-First Century, , (Eds) (, Taylor & Francis, London; Bourdier, J.P., Minh-ha, T.T., (1985) African Spaces: Designs for Living in Upper Volta, , Africana Publishing Company, New York; Bourdier, J.P., Minh-ha, T.T., (2005) Habiter un monde. Architectures de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, , Editions Alternatives, Paris; Bronner, S.J., Building tradition: control and authority in vernacular architecture (2006) Vernacular Architecture in the Twenty-First Century, , Asquith, L. and Vellinga, M.,(Eds), Taylor & Francis; Denyer, S., (1978) African Traditional Architecture: an Historical and Geographical Perspective, , Heinemann, London; Domian, S., (1989) Architecture Soudanaise: Vitalité d'une tradition urbaine et monumentale (Mali, Côte d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Ghana), , Éditions LHarmattan, Paris; Elleh, N., (1997) African Architecture: Evolution and Transformation, , McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing, New York, NY; Folkers, A., (2010) Modern Architecture in Africa, , SUN Architecture, Amsterdam; Gardi, R., (1974) Indigenous African Architecture, , Van trand Reinhold, New York, NY; Glassie, H.H., The variation of concepts within tradition: barn building in Otsego County, New York (1974) Geoscience and Man, 5, pp. 177-235; Gruénais, M.E., Dynamiques lignagères et pouvoir en pays mossi (1984) Journal des africanistes, 54 (2), pp. 53-74; (2018) Annuaire Statistique, , IOuagadougou; Izard, M., (1965) Traditions historiques des villages du Yatenga, , Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (C.N.R.S.), Paris; Izard, M., (1970) Introduction a l'histoire des Royaumes Mossi, , Laboratoire dAnthropologie Sociale, Collège de France, Paris; Izard, M., Le Lance et les guenilles (1973) L'Homme, 13 (3), pp. 139-149; Kéré, B., (1991) Architecture et cultures constructives du Burkina Faso, , CRATerre-EAG, Grenoble; Ki Zerbo, J., (1972) Historia del África Negra: De los orígenes a las independencias, , ed. 2011, Edicions Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Lallemand, S., (1977) Une Famille Mossi, 17. , Recherches Voltaïques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, Ouagadougou; Lauber, W., (1998) L'Architecture dogon: Constructions en terre au Mali, , Société Nouvelle Adam Biro, Paris; Oliver, P., (1969) Shelter and Society, , Barrie & Jenkins, London; Oliver, P., (1971) Shelter in Africa, , Barrie & Jenkins, London; Oliver, P., Vernacular know-how (1986) Material Culture, 18, pp. 113-126; Prussin, L., An introduction to indigenous African architecture (1974) Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 33 (3), pp. 183-205; Rapoport, A., House form and culture (1969) Foundations of Cultural Geography Series, , Wagner, P. (Ed.), Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ; Rapoport, A., (2003) Culture, Architecture and Design, , Edicions UPC, Barcelona; Shils, E., Tradition (1971) Comparative Studies in Society and History, 13 (2), pp. 122-159; Skinner, E.P., (1964) The Mossi of the Upper Volta: The Political Development of a Sudanese People, , Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA; Tiendrebeogo, Y., Histoire traditionnelle des Mossi de Ouagadougou (1963) Journal de la Société des Africanistes, 33 (1), pp. 7-46; Tuan, Y.-F., (1974) Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes and Values, , Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey; Tuan, Y.-F., Traditional: what does it mean? (1989) Dwellings, Settlements and Tradition: Cross-Cultural Perspectives, , Bourdier, J.-D. and AlSayyad, N.,(Eds), University Press of America, Lanham; Turner, J.F.C., The work of Patrick Geddes (1948) Freedom: Anarchist Fortnightly; Turner, J.F.C., Fichter, R., (1972) Freedom to Build, , Macmillan Company, New York, NY; Van Eyck, A., The medicine of reciprocity tentatively illustrated (1961) Forum, 6, pp. 205-206. , April-May; Velling, M., Engaging the future: vernacular architecture studies in the twenty-first century (2006) Vernacular Architecture in the Twenty-First Century, , Asquith, L. and Vellinga, M.,(Eds), Taylor & Francis; Whyte, W., Modernism, modernization and Europeanization in West African architecture, 1944-94 (2010) Europeanization in the Twentieth Century: Historical Approaches, pp. 210-228. , Conway, M. and Patel, K.K.,(Eds), Palgrave Macmillan, London; Wyss, U., (2005) La construction en ‘matériaux locaux’. État d'un secteur à potentiel multiple, , Suisse. DirectioDéveloppement et de la Coopération (DDC), Ouagadougou; Zahan, D., Pour une histoire des mossi de Yatenga (1961) L'Homme, 2 (1), pp. 5-22; Zongo, B., (2004) Parlons mooré: Langue et culture des mossis, , LHarmattan, Paris","Lidón de Miguel, M.; Department of Architectural Composition, Spain; email: malidde@upv.es",,,"Emerald Group Holdings Ltd.",,,,,20441266,,,,"English","J. Cult. Herit. Manage. Sustainable Dev.",Article,"Article in Press","All Open Access, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85126377318
"Peraza-Gongora J., Rios-Soberanis C.R., Verriest A.J.E.D., Rodriguez-Laviada J.","57200450175;55995888400;57480164900;6504233312;","Geomechanical Characterization of Experimental Mud Bricks from La Joya Archaeological Site: Effect of the Addition of Additives on Their Mechanical Properties",2022,"International Journal of Architectural Heritage",,,,"","",,,"10.1080/15583058.2022.2043953","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85125905895&doi=10.1080%2f15583058.2022.2043953&partnerID=40&md5=e211eec05545dccf8d517e9856a705ec","Unidad de Materiales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico; Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico","Peraza-Gongora, J., Unidad de Materiales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico; Rios-Soberanis, C.R., Unidad de Materiales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico; Verriest, A.J.E.D., Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Rodriguez-Laviada, J., Unidad de Materiales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico","This paper focuses on the study of earth-based building techniques from the pre-Columbian site of la Joya in Mexico, which use soils containing a high proportion of fine fraction (loam and clay) stabilized with bitumen, a combination considered inadequate by modern building standards. Experimental mud bricks were manufactured emulating the ancient technique representative of the construction in that region by using the raw earth of the archaeological zone mixed with additives of different nature. The bricks’ cohesion was analysed by submitting them to mechanical stresses in compression mode. The effect of the inherent heterogeneity of hand-made bricks, along with the effect of the additive concentration on their mechanical behaviour, is discussed. Techniques such as determination of particle size, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, Scanning Electron Microscopy and total inorganic carbon-organic carbon were implemented for quantitative and qualitative measurement of the soil characteristics. Results indicate that synthetic additives provide better cohesion. Fracture analysis was monitored in real time by using acoustic emission technique in order to understand the mechanisms of failure. The main result is that the pre-Columbian recipe improves the mechanical performance of mud bricks, a knowledge important both for the conservation of the archaeological heritage architecture as well as for modern construction. © 2022 Taylor & Francis.","Earthen architecture; mechanical properties; mesoamerica; mud brick","Acoustic emission testing; Additives; Energy dispersive spectroscopy; Mechanisms; Organic carbon; Particle size; Particle size analysis; Scanning electron microscopy; Archaeological site; Building techniques; Earthen architectures; Fine fraction; Me-xico; Mesoamerica; Modern buildings; Mud brick; Pre-Columbian; Site effects; Brick",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Adorni, E., Coïsson, E., Ferretti, D., In situ characterization of archaeological adobe bricks (2013) Construction and Building Materials, 40, pp. 1-9; Arroyo-Matus, R., Sánchez-Tizapa, S., Catalán-Quiroz, P., Caracterización experimental de las propiedades mecánicas de la mampostería de adobe del sur de México (2013) Ingeniería, 17 (3), pp. 167-177; Binici, H., Aksogan, O., Shah, T., Investigation of fibre reinforced mud brick as a building material (2005) Construction and Building Materials, 19 (4), pp. 313-318; Calatan, G., Hegyi, A., Dico, C., Mirceal, C., determining the optimum addition of vegetable materials in adobe bricks (2016) Procedia Technology, 22, pp. 259-265; Cárdenas, A., Argüelles, W.M., Goycoolea, F., On the possible role of opuntia ficusindica mucilage in lime mortar performance in the protection of historical buildings (1998) Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development, 3, pp. 64-71; Chandra, S., Eklund, L., Villarreal, R.R., Use of cactus in mortars and concrete (1998) Cement and Concrete Research, 28 (1), pp. 41-51; Cividini, A., Geotechnical characterization of some adobe materials (2017) Procedia Structural Integrity, 5, pp. 1072-1077; Daneels, A., Guerrero-Baca, L.F., Millenary earthen architecture in the tropical lowlands of Mexico (2011) APT Bulletin: The Journal of Preservation Technology, 42 (1), pp. 11-18. , http://www.jstor.org/stable/41203179, JSTOR, and; Daneels, A., Romo de Vivar-romo, A., Chávez-González, L., Reyes-Lezama, M., Tapia-Mendoza, E., León-Alvarado, M., Cienfuegos-Alvarado, E., Otero-Trujano, F.J., Bitumen-stabilized earthen architecture: The case of the archaeological site of la joya, on the Mexican gulf coast (2016) Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 34A, pp. 1-16; Dormohamadia, M., Rahimnia, R., Combined effect of compaction and clay content on the mechanical properties of adobe brick (2020) Case Studies in Construction Materials, 13, p. e00402; El Haddar, A., Gharibi, E., Azdimousa, A., Fagel, N., El Hassani, I.E.E.A., Ouahabi, M.E., Characterization of halloysite (North East Rif, Morocco): Evaluation of its suitability for the ceramics industry (2018) Clay Minerals, 53 (1), pp. 65-78; Emmerich, K., (2013) Chapter 2.13- full characterization of smectites, handbook of clay science - developments in clay science, 5, pp. 381-404. , Bergaya F., Lagaly G., (eds), Oxford, UK: Elsevier Edited by; Gama-Castro, J.E., Cruzy, T., Cruz, T.P.P., Alcalá-Martínez, R., Cabadas-Báez, H., Jasso-Castañeda, C., Díaz-Ortega, J., Vilanova de Allende, R., Arquitectura de tierra: El adobe como material de construcción en la época prehispánica (2012) Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana, 64 (2), pp. 177-188; Hall, M.R., Najim, K.B., Keikahaei, P., Soil stabilization and earth construction: Materials, properties and techniques (2012) Modern earth buildings materials, engineering, construction and applications, pp. 222-255. , Hall M.R., Linsdsay R., Krayenhoff M., (eds), Cambridge: Woodhead, and,. ed; Illampas, R., Ioannou, I., Charmpis, D.C., Overview of the pathology, repair and strengthening of adobe structures (2013) International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 7 (2), pp. 165-188; Illampas, R., Ioannou, I., Charmpis, D.C., Adobe bricks under compression: Experimental investigation and derivation of stress–strain equation (2014) Construction and Building Materials, 53, pp. 83-90; Jaquin, P.A., Influence of Arabic and Chinese rammed earth techniques in the Himalayan region (2012) Sustainability, 4 (10), pp. 2650-2660; Jové-Sandoval, F., Barbero-Barrera, M.M., Flores-Medina, N., Assessment of the mechanical performance of three varieties of pine needles as natural reinforcement of adobe (2018) Construction and Building Materials, 187, pp. 205-213; 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Quagliarini, E., Lenci, S., The influence of natural stabilizers and natural fibres on the mechanical properties of ancient Roman adobe bricks (2010) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 11 (3), pp. 309-314; Rodríguez-Mariscal, J.D., Solís, M., Cifuentes, H., Methodological issues for the mechanical characterization of unfired earth bricks (2018) Construction and Building Materials, 175, pp. 804-814; Saroza, B., Rodríguez, M.A., Menéndez, J.M., Barroso, I.J., Study of the resistance to simple compression from adobe produced with various soils from Crescencio Valdés, Villa Clara, Cuba (2008) Informes de la Construcción, 60 (511), pp. 41-47; (2001) Standards association Zimbabwe standard (SAZS) 724:2001: Standard code of practice for rammed earth structures, , http://www.rammedearthconsulting.com/library/african-rammed-earth-harmonised-standard-en.pdf, Harare: Standards Association of Zimbawbe; Schroeder, H., Modern earth building codes, standards and normative development, Chapter 4 in Modern earth buildings: Materials, engineering, construction and applications (2012) Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy: Number, 33, pp. 72-109. , Hall M.R., Lindsay R., Krayenhoff M., (eds), Sawston, Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing Limited,. ed; 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Silveira, D., Varum, H., Costa, A., Martins, T., Pereira, H., Almeida, J., Mechanical properties of adobe bricks in ancient constructions (2012) Construction and Building Materials, 28 (1), pp. 36-44; Uguryola, M., Kulakoglub, F., A preliminary study for the characterization of Kültepe’s adobe soils with the purpose of providing data for conservation and archaeology (2013) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 14S (3), pp. e117-e124; Varum, H., Costa, A., Fonseca, J., Furtado, A., Behaviour characterization and rehabilitation of adobe construction (2015) Procedia Engineering, 114, pp. 714-721; Vissac, A., Bourgès, A., Gandreau, D., Anger, R., Fontaine, L., (2017) Argiles et biopolymères: Les stabilisants naturels pour la construction en terre, CRAterre éditions, , https://craterre.hypotheses.org/1375, Villefontaine, France: HAL Open Science; Wolfskill, L.S., Dunlop, W.A., Callaway, B.M., Handbook for building homes of earth (1970) Department of housing and urban development, , https://pdhonline.com/courses/c777/PeaceCorpsHandbookForBuildingEarthHomes.pdf, Office of International Affairs (OIA), Washington, DC 20410; Xu, J., Han, Q., Lacidogna, G., Carpinteri, A., Accuracy of acoustic emission localization for masonry structures monitoring (2013) 13th International Conference on Fracture, , June, 16–21, Beijing, China; Yetgin, S., Cavdar, O., Cavdar, A., The effects of the fiber contents on the mechanic properties of the adobes (2008) Construction and Building Materials, 22 (3), pp. 222-227","Rios-Soberanis, C.R.; Unidad de Materiales, A.C. Mérida,Calle 43 No. 130 X 32 Y 34, Chuburná de Hidalgo,, Mérida, Mexico; email: rolando@cicy.mx",,,"Taylor and Francis Ltd.",,,,,15583058,,,,"English","Int. J. Archit. Herit.",Article,"Article in Press","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85125905895
"De Filippi F., Pennacchio R., Torres S., Restuccia L.","55351287100;37064892700;57218994729;57212460499;","Anti-Seismic Retrofitting Techniques for Vernacular Adobe Buildings in Colombia: A Proposed Framework for Developing and Assessing Sustainable and Appropriate Interventions",2022,"International Journal of Architectural Heritage","16","6",,"923","939",,,"10.1080/15583058.2021.1992538","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85118625300&doi=10.1080%2f15583058.2021.1992538&partnerID=40&md5=1f692b186a098e5d8789477877eaf5dd","Dad – Dip. Architettura E Design, Politecnico Di Torino, Italy; Diseg – Dip. Ingegneria Strutturale, Edile E Geotecnica, Politecnico Di Torino, Italy","De Filippi, F., Dad – Dip. Architettura E Design, Politecnico Di Torino, Italy; Pennacchio, R., Dad – Dip. Architettura E Design, Politecnico Di Torino, Italy; Torres, S., Dad – Dip. Architettura E Design, Politecnico Di Torino, Italy; Restuccia, L., Diseg – Dip. Ingegneria Strutturale, Edile E Geotecnica, Politecnico Di Torino, Italy","Although globally used as construction material in earthquake zones, adobes’ low tensile and flexural strength produce brittle behavior and low ductility of structures under seismic loads. Adobe buildings are widespread in Colombian rural and urban areas: as monumental buildings or informal housing, theyrepresents an immeasurable architectural and cultural heritage. Albeit high Colombian seismic risk, national building regulations do not include earthen architecture references. The paper analyzes the most frequent seismic subsidence mechanisms of earthen architecture, adobe building retrofitting and its seismic behavior improvement via specific interventions. The main goal is to associate possible causes—due to common local adobe building practices—with failure mechanisms, to deduce which retrofitting strategies could reduce seismic effects into adobe structures. The research innovation lies in the effectiveness and feasibility evaluation of the retrofitting strategies through “sustainability” indicators, based on literature quantitative and qualitative data, and strictly related to rural Colombian conditions. © 2021 Taylor & Francis.","Adobe buildings; Colombia; Earthen architecture; Reinforcement techniques; Seismic behavior; Suitable technologies; Vernacular heritage","Architecture; Building materials; Earthquakes; Failure (mechanical); Seismic response; Adobe building; Colombia; Colombians; Earthen architectures; Earthquake zones; Reinforcement technique; Seismic behaviour; Seismic retrofitting; Suitable technology; Vernacular heritage; Retrofitting; building; construction material; cultural heritage; failure mechanism; reinforcement; seismic response; seismic retrofit; subsidence; sustainability; tensile strength; Colombia",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Abdulla, K.F., Cunningham, L.S., Gillie, M., Out-of-plane strengthening of adobe masonry using hemp fibre ropes: An experimental investigation (2021) Engineering Structures, 245, p. 112931. , Science direct; Allahvirdizadeh, R., Oliveira, D.V., Silva, R.A., Numerical modeling of the seismic out-of-plane response of a plain and TRM-strengthened rammed earth subassembly (2019) Engineering Structures, 193, pp. 43-56. , Science direct, and; Angulo-Ibáñez, Q., Mas-Tomás, A., Galvañ-Llopis, V., Sántolaria-Montesinos, J., (2012) Traditional braces of earthen constructions, , Valencia: Construction and Building Materials, Elsevier; Aranguren, J., Vieux-Champagne, F., Duriez, M., Aubert, J.E., Experimental analysis of timber inclusions effect on paraseismic behavior of earth masonry walls (2020) Engineering Structures, 212, p. 110429. , Science direct; Ashby, M., (2012) Materials and the environment: Eco-informed material choice, , Butterworth-Heinemann-Elsevier; Avrami, E.C., Guillaud, H., Hardy, M., (2008) Terra literature review: An overview of research in earthen architecture conservation, , Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute, and, eds; Blondet, M., (2010) Manual de construcción con adobe reforzado con geomallas, de viviendas de bajo costo saludables y seguras, , Lima, Perú: Pontificia Universidad Católica; Blondet, M., Torrealva, D., Villa García, G., Ginocchio, F., Madueño, I., Using industrial materials for the construction of safe adobe houses in seismic areas (2005) Proceedings of EarthBuild2005 International Earth Building Conference, p. 2005. , Sydney, Australia: January, 19 –21; Blondet, M., Vargas, J., Sosa, C., Soto, J., Peña, F., Chávez, M., Using mud injection and an external rope mesh to reinforce historical earthen buildings located in seismic areas (2014) In Proceedings of 9th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions, , Mexico City: National Autonomous University of Mexico, and, Mexico City, October 14-17 2014, ed; Blondet, M., Vargas-Neumann, J., Tarque, N., Iwaki, C., Construcción sismorresistente en tierra: La gran experiencia contemporánea de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (2011) Informes de la Construcción, 63 (523), pp. 41-50; Blondet, M., Vargas, Tarque, (2008), pp. 12-17. , J.,N.,. Low-cost reinforcement of earthen houses seismic areas. 14th world conference on earthquake engineering, Beijing, China, October; Cancino, C., Macdonald, S., Lardinois, S., D’Ayala, D., Fonseca, C., Torrealva, D., Vicente, E., The seismic retrofitting project: Methodology for seismic retrofitting of historic earthen sites after the 2007 earthquake (2012) Proceedings of 11th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architectural Heritage, , Lima, Peru: April23 –26, 2012; Cárdenas-Haro, X., Todisco, L., León, J., Jurado, C., Vergara, E., Geometry and proportions of adobe vernacular buildings in cuenca, ecuador (2021) International Journal of Architectural Heritage, pp. 1-19; Christoforou, E., Kylili, A., Fokaides, P., Ioannou, I., Creadle to site life cycle assessment (LCA) of adobe bricks (2015) Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, pp. 443-452; Correia, M., Lourenço, P., Varum, H., (2015) Seismic retrofitting: Learning from vernacular architecture, , London: Taylor& Francis Group, and,. Eds.,978–1–138–02892–0; Costa, C., Cerqueira, A., Rocha, F., Velosa, A., (2019) The Sustainability of Adobe Construction: Past to Future. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 13 (5), pp. 639-647; D’Ayala, D., Speranza, E., An integrated procedure for the assessment of seismic vulnerability of historic buildings (2002) Proceedings of 12th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, London, 9-13 September 2022, , Elsevier Science Ltd; De Filippi, F., Zanet, E., The “Cartilla de mantenimiento” as a tool for deprotection and maintenance of the earthen architectural heritage in Tunja, Colombia (2018) World heritage and knowledge: Representation, restoration, redesign, resilience, pp. 757-766. , Roma: Gangemi Editore, and; De Filippi, F., Pennacchio, R., Restuccia, L., Torres, S., Towards a sustainable and context-based approach to anti-seismic retrofitting techniques for vernacular adobe buildings in Colombia, Int (2020) Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci, pp. 1089-1096. , XLIV–M–1–2020, and; Dowling, D., Samali, B., Li, J., An 4improved means of reinforcing adobe walls-external vertical reinforcement (2005) SismoAdobe,1-19, , Lima, Perú: PUCP, and,. In; Elnashai, A.S., Gencturk, Kwon, O.S., (2010) “The Maule (Chile) Earthquake of February 27, 2010: Consequence Assessment and Case Studies,”, pp. 10-04. , Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, B.,I. L. Al-Qadi, Y. Hashash, J. Roesler, S. J. Kim, S. H. Jeong, J. Dukes, A. Valdivia. (, Mid-America Earthquake (MAE) Center, Research Report; Fannin, R., Quinteros, V., Vaslestad, J., (2013) Durability of geosynthetic reinforcement: Exumation of geogrid from a sloped reinforced soil wall after 25 years, , Geo Montréal 2013, Montreal, Quebec, sept 29 - Oct 3:, and,. Proceeding of the Canadian Geothecnical Conference; Figueiredo, A., Varum, H., Costa, A., Silveira, D., Oliveira, C., Seismic retrofitting of an adobe masonry wall (2013) Materials and Structures, 46 (1-2), pp. 203-219. , Springer, and; Fratini, F., Pecchioni, R.L., Tonietti, U., The earth in the architecture of the historical centre of Lanezia Terme (Italy): Characterization for restoration (2011) Applied Clay Science, 53 (3), pp. 509-516; Gautam, D., (2017), pp. 2313-2320. , Assessment of social vulnerability to natural hazards Nepal. Natural hazards and earth system science, 17; Giardini, D., Grünthal, Shedlock, K.M., Zhang, (1999), G., P.,. The GSHAP Global Seismic Hazard Map. Ann. Geophys. [Internet].,.Nov.25; Invernizzi, S., Mattone, M., Vachey, P., Gentile, M., Experimental study of earthen walls with geogrid reinforced mud plaster (2017) Vernacular and earthen architecture. Conservation and sustainability, pp. 763-767. , London: CRC-Press/Balkema, Taylor and Francis, and,. ed. C. Mileto, F. Vegas Lopez-Manzanares, L. Garcia-Soriano & V. Cristini; Joffroy, T., Gandreau, D., Delboy, L., (2012) World heritage: Inventory of earthen architecture, p. 288. , Grenoble: CRAterre-ENSAG, and,. 978–2–906901–70–4; The January 13, 2001 off the coast of El Salvador earthquake (2001) Investigation of damage to civil engineering structures, buildings and dwellings, , Tokyo: Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE),. Pages 1-18; Karanikoloudis, G., Lourenço, P.B., Torrealva, D., Cancino, C., Wong, K., Mitigation of seismic vulnerability in earthen historic structures with traditional strengthening techniques (2018) In Proceedings of 16th European conference on earthquake engineering, , Thessaloniki; Lourenço, P.B., Ciocci, M.P., Greco, F., Karanikoloudis, G., Ciancino, C., Torrealva, D., Wong, K., Traditional techniques for the rehabilitation and protection of historic earthen structures: The seismic retrofitting project (2018) International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 13 (1), pp. 15-32. , Taylor & Francis, and; Michiels, M., Seismic retrofitting techniques for historic adobe buildings (2015) International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 9 (8), pp. 1059-1068. , Taylor & Francis; (2015) Uso y legalidad de la madera en Colombia, , http://www.minambiente.gov.co/images/BosquesBiodiversidadyServiciosEcosistemicos/pdf/Gobernanza_forestal_2/12._Uso_y_Legalidad_de_la_Madera.pdf, Bogotá: 27, January, 2020; (2010) Reglamento colombiano de construcción sismo resistente NSR-10, , Bogotá: Asociación Colombiana de Ingeniería Sísmica; (2017) E.080 “Diseño y Construccion con tierra reforzada”, , El Perua Lima, Peru. 2017. https://procurement-notices.undp.org/view_file.cfm?doc_id=109376:. Norma; Minke, G., (2001) Construction manual for earthquake resistant houses built of earth, , Eschborn: Gate-Basin; Minke, G., (2012) Building with earth: Design and technology of a sustainable architecture, , Basel: Birkhauser Verlag AG; Niroumand, H., Zain, Jamil, (2013), 28, pp. 130-165. , M.F.M.,M.,. A guideline for assessing of critical parameters on Earth architecture and Earth buildings as a sustainable architecture various countries., Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews; Ojeda, M., (2002) Análisis de la estabilidad de muros en tierra y su comportamiento ante un sismo, , Bogotá: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana; Sesión No. 7. Comité Asesor Estratégico I Misión de Crecimiento Verde, 2018 (2020) Presentación del estudio sobre economía forestal, , https://www.dnp.gov.co/Crecimiento-Verde/Documents/comite/Sesion%207/presentacion%20DNP%2001%2002%202018%20-%202.pdf, Bogotá: 27, January; Ortega, J., Vasconcelos, G., Rodrigues, H., Correia, M., Assessment of the influence of horizontal diaphragms on the seismic performance of vernacular buildings (2018) Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 16 (9), pp. 3871-3904. , Springer, and; Ortega, J., Vasconcelos, G., Rodrigues, H., Correia, M., Lourenço, P.B., Traditional earthquake resistant techniques for vernacular architecture and local seismic cultures: A literature review (2017) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 27, pp. 181-196. , Elsevier, and; Pennacchio, R., Nicchia, R., Correia, M., Carlos, G., Rocha, S., Promoting vernacular architecture as a central topic in academic research and education through design–Build studios with indigenous communities of Mexico (2013) Vernacular heritage and earthen architecture, contributions for sustainable development, , London: CRC Press/ Balkema,Taylor and Francis, and,. ed., and,. 791-796; Reyes, J.C., Galvis, F.A., Yamín, L.E., Gonzalez, C., Sandoval, J.D., Heresi, P., Out‐of‐plane shaking table tests of full‐scale historic adobe corner walls retrofitted with timber elements (2019) Earthquake Engng Struct Dyn, 48 (8), pp. 888-909. , 2019, Wiley, and; Reyes, J.C., Rincon, I., Yamin, L.E., Correal, J.F., Martinez, J.G., Sandoval, J.D., Gonzalez, C.D., Angel, C.C., Seismic retrofitting of existing earthen structures using steel plates (2020) Construction and Building Materials, 230, p. 117039. , Sciencedirect; Reyes, J.C., Paul Smith-Pardo, J., Yamin, L.E., Galvis, F.A., Angel, C.C., Sandoval, J.C., Gonzalez, C.D., Seismic experimental assessment of steel and synthetic meshes for retrofitting heritage earthen structures (2019) Engineering Structures, 198, p. 109477. , Sciencedirect; Rivera, A., Rivera + Muñoz Sociedad de ideas mutuas (2013) Fundación Jofré, , http://eladobe.cl/, El adobe: 27, January, 2020; Ruiz, D.M., López, C., Rivera, J.C., Propuesta de normativa para la rehabilitación sísmica de edificaciones patrimoniales (2012) Apuntes, 25 (2), pp. 226-239. , Bogotá, and; Sathiparan, N., State of art review on PP-band retrofitting for masonry structures (2020) Innov. Infrastruct. Solut, 5 (2), p. 62. , Springer; Silveira, D., Varum, H., Costa, A., e Pereira, H., Sarchi, L., Monteiro, R., Seismic behavior of two Portuguese adobe buildings: Part I - in-plane cyclic testing of a full-scale adobe wall (2018) International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 12 (6), pp. 922-935; Suffian, S., Dzombak, R., Mehta, K., Future directions for nonconventional and vernacular material research and applications (2016) Nonconv. Vernac. Constr. Mater, pp. 63-80. , Elsevier, and; Tolles, E.L., Kimbo, E.E., Webster, F.A., Ginell, W.S., (2020) Seismic stabilization of historic adobe structures: Final report of the getty seismic adobe project, , Los Angeles, CA: The Getty Conservation Institute; Vargas-Neumann, J., Oliveira, C., Silveira, D., Varum, H., Peixoto de Freitas, V., Costa, A., Delgado, J.M.P.Q., SeismicRetrofit of adobe constructions. in building pathology and rehabilitation (2018) Strengthening and retrofitting of existing structures, 9. , Singapore: Springer, and,. ed., and, 85-111.,. ed. A. Costa, A.Arêde, H. Varum; Vega, P., Juan, A., Guerra, M.I., Morán, J.M., Aguado, P.J., Llamas, B., Mechanical characterisation of traditional adobes from the north of Spain (2011) Construction and Building Materials, 25, pp. 3020-3023; Yadav, S., Damerji, H., Keco, R., Sieffert, Y., Crété, E., Vieux-Champagne, F., Garnier, P., Malecot, Y., Effects of horizontal seismic band on seismic response in masonry structure: Application of DIC technique (2021) Progress in Disaster Science, 10, p. 100149. , Sciencedirect; Yamin, L.E., Rodriguez, A.E., Fonseca, L.R., Reyes, J.C., Phillips, C.A., Comportamiento sísmico y alternativas de reabilitacion de edificaciones en adobe y tapia pisada con base en modelos a escala reducida, ensayos en mesa bibratoria (2003) Revista de Ingenieria de la Universidad de Los Andes, 18, pp. 175-171; Yamin, L.E., Ruiz, D.M., Reyes, J.C., Phillips, C., (2007) Estudios de vulnerabilidad sísmica, rehabilitación y refuerzo de casas en adobe y tapia pisada, 20, pp. 286-303. , Bogotá: Apuntes, and; Zavala, C., Igarashi, L., Propuesta de reforzamiento para muros de adobe (2005) Proceedings of the SismoAdobe2005 Conference, p. 2005. , Lima, Peru: May, 16 –19","De Filippi, F.; Dad – Dip. Architettura E DesignItaly; email: francesca.defilippi@polito.it",,,"Taylor and Francis Ltd.",,,,,15583058,,,,"English","Int. J. Archit. Herit.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85118625300
"Mileto C., López-Manzanares F.V., Cristini V., Soriano L.G.","36721933700;57215025006;39161117100;57393001200;","Earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula: a portrait of vulnerability, sustainability and conservation",2021,"Built Heritage","5","1","24","","",,,"10.1186/s43238-021-00043-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85122061823&doi=10.1186%2fs43238-021-00043-9&partnerID=40&md5=8cf4e5ab2344de526ac775479625a2a6","Polytechnic University of Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain","Mileto, C., Polytechnic University of Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain; López-Manzanares, F.V., Polytechnic University of Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain; Cristini, V., Polytechnic University of Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain; Soriano, L.G., Polytechnic University of Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain","For more than a decade, a wide range of Spanish case studies, relating especially to rural inner or abandoned sites and areas, have been analysed by the authors as part of different research projects linked with traditional and monumental architecture, conservation strategies and earthen buildings. On one hand the studies have been undertaken in the framework of a project concerning the conservation of rammed earth in the Iberian Peninsula, including criteria, techniques, results and perspectives and, on the other, by a project about the conservation and rehabilitation of traditional earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula, providing guidelines and tools for its sustainable intervention. In all cases the researchers’ efforts focused on enhancing new perspectives and opportunities for rural earthen buildings, analysing landscapes, contexts, constructive features, decay and problems. The final common aim of this research is to stress these crucial topics to improve tangible or intangible opportunities for conservation strategies. © 2021, The Author(s).","Conservation strategies; Constructive techniques; Preservation tools; RES-TAPIA; Risk analysis; SOS-TIERRA",,,,,,"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, MICINN: BIA2014–55924-R, RTI2018–095302-B-I00","The research project SOStierra ‘Restoration and rehabilitation of traditional earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula. Guidelines and tools for a sustainable intervention’ (Ref.: BIA2014–55924-R) was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation.","Following the extensive research, analysis and global cataloguing of this work, both within and outside the Iberian Peninsula, major advances and systematisations have been achieved in terms of knowledge. However, new paths of research have also been identified. The research Project RISK-Terra - Earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula: study of natural, social and anthropic risks and strategies to improve resilience, has currently been awarded and funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Universities, and proposed as a sort of continuation of the previous research projects. This project is implementing a methodological study of natural risks (floods, landslides, earthquakes, wind, rising temperatures, etc.), social risks (abandonment, social discredit, demographic pressure, tourist development, etc.), and anthropic risks (carelessness and neglect, lack of protection and maintenance, etc.), as well as degradation mechanisms (erosion, loss of materials and parts, collapse, etc.) and transformation dynamics (replacement, use of incompatible techniques and materials, etc.), currently affecting earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula. Acknowledgements","The research project RISK-Terra ‘Earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula: study of natural, social and anthropic risks and strategies to improve resilience’ (Ref.: RTI2018-095302-B-I00) was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation.",,,,,,,,"Correia, M., Teoría de la conservación y su aplicación a la arquitectura en tierra (2007) Apuntes, 20 (2), pp. 202-219; Correia, M., Taipa no Alentejo – Rammed earth in Alentejo (2007) Cultura sísmica local em Portugal, , Correia M, Carlos G, (eds), Argumentum, Lisboa; (2015) And Gilberto Carlos, , Cultura sísmica local em Portugal/Local seismic culture in Portugal. Lisboa, Argumentum; Fernandes, M., Tavares, A., (2016) O Adobe, , Argumentum, Lisboa; (2015) “La restauración De La Arquitectura De Tapia De 1980 a La Actualidad a través De Los Fondos Del Ministerio De Cultura Y Del Ministerio De Fomento Del Gobierno De España, , https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/58607, Criterios, técnicas y resultados.” PhD diss., Universitat Politècnica de València; (2017) Proyecto Coremans: Criterios de intervención en la arquitectura de tierra, , Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, Madrid; Camilla, M., (2017); Mileto, C., Vegas, F., (2014) La restauración de la tapia en la Península Ibérica: Criterios, técnicas, resultados y perspectivas, , Argumentum / TC Cuader, Lisboa; Vernacular earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula. First phase of taxonomy and geographical distribution (2017) In Proceedings of Earth USA 2017, Adobe in Action, pp. 102-107; (2005) Arquitectura de terra em Portugal, , Argumentum, Lisboa","Cristini, V.; Polytechnic University of Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, Spain; email: vacri@cpa.upv.es",,,"Springer Science and Business Media B.V.",,,,,20963041,,,,"English","Built Herit.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85122061823
"Byram S., Sunseri J.U.","57193380024;55887917600;","Principles and practice of investigating buried adobe features with ground-penetrating radar",2021,"Remote Sensing","13","24","4980","","",,,"10.3390/rs13244980","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85121459492&doi=10.3390%2frs13244980&partnerID=40&md5=ff027e4227ebd72b016abf4847e7bb01","Research Affiliate Archaeological Research Facility, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA  94720, United States; Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA  94720, United States","Byram, S., Research Affiliate Archaeological Research Facility, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA  94720, United States; Sunseri, J.U., Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA  94720, United States","Because so many ancestral populations, at various times, have lived within the constraints of earthen architectural technology, it has significant representation in building traditions across large temporal and geographic expanses. Adobe, known also as dagga, ferey, cob, and by other names, is a variant in which clays and other sediments are combined with organic materials and formulated into discrete construction components, often in communities of practice for which adobe recipes, preparation, and application are integral to daily intersections of home and community. For archaeologists, community partners, and interested publics who wish to learn more about it, a large portion of this architectural culture is no longer visible above the surface but is accessible through archaeology. Yet low impact sampling, such as probing and test excavation, rarely reveals adobe features. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) allows a tantalizing and non-invasive perspective on subsurface adobe features; increasingly there is a buried structural landscape emerging at sites where adobe architecture prevailed. The case studies presented here from 18th and 19th century sites in central and southern California serve as a guide for further survey. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.","Adobe architecture; California missions; Geophysics; Ground-penetrating radar; Historical archaeology; Interiography","Architecture; Geological surveys; Geophysical prospecting; History; Adobe architecture; Architectural technology; California; California mission; Geographics; Ground Penetrating Radar; Historical archeology; In-buildings; Interiography; Principles and practices; Ground penetrating radar systems",,,,,,"The 2012 Braun Endowment of the Archaeological Research Facility, UC Berkeley, supported the purchase of one of the GSSI Inc. instruments used in some of the experiments described in this work.",,,,,,,,,,"Farris, G.J., (2015) Taix Lot Indian Family Housing Site, Mission San Juan Bautista, , California State Parks: Sacramento, CA, USA; Treganza, A.E., Sonoma Mission: An Archaeological Reconstruction of the Mission San Francisco de Solano Quadrangle (1956) Papers of the Kroeber Anthropological Society, , Department of Anthropology: Berkeley, CA, USA; Conyers, L.B., (2012) Interpreting Ground-Penetrating Radar for Archaeology, , Left Coast Press: Walnut Creek, CA, USA; Conyers, L.B., (2013) Ground-Penetrating Radar for Archaeology, , Altamira Press: Walnut Creek, CA, USA; Conyers, L.B., Analysis and interpretation of GPR datasets for integrated archaeological mapping (2015) Near Surf. Geophys, 13, pp. 645-651. , [CrossRef]; Conyers, L.B., (2016) Ground-Penetrating Radar for Geoarchaeology, , John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA; Sunseri, J.U., Byram, S., Site Interiography and Geophysical Scanning: Interpreting the Texture and Form of Archaeological Deposits with Ground-Penetrating Radar (2017) J. Archaeol. Method Theory, 71, pp. 1400-1424. , [CrossRef]; Hoover, R., Costello, J., (1985) Excavations at Mission San Antonio 1976–1978, , Institute of Archaeology, University of California: Los Angeles, CA, USA; Lightfoot, K.G., (2005) Indians, Missionaries, and Merchants: The Legacy of Colonial Encounters on the California Frontiers, , University of California Press: Berkeley, CA, USA; Panich, L.M., Archaeologies of Persistence: Reconsidering the Legacies of Colonialism in Native North America (2013) Am. Antiq, 78, pp. 105-122. , [CrossRef]; Schneider, T.D., Panich, L.M., Native agency at the margins of empire: Indigenous landscapes, Spanish missions, and contested histories (2014) Indigenous Landscapes and Spanish Missions: New Perspectives from Archaeology and Ethnohistory, pp. 5-22. , Panich, L.M., Schneider, T.D., Eds.; University of Arizona Press: Tucson, AZ, USA; Conyers, L.B., Cameron, C.M., Ground-penetrating Radar Techniques and Three-dimensional Computer Mapping in the American Southwest (1998) J. Field Archaeol, 25, pp. 417-430; Sturm, J.O., Crown, P.L., Micro-Scale Mapping Using Ground-Penetrating Radar An Example from Room 28, Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico (2015) Adv. Archaeol. Pract, 3, pp. 124-135. , [CrossRef]; Conyers, L.B., Goodman, D., (1997) Ground-Penetrating Radar: An Introduction for Archaeologists, , AltaMira Press: Walnut Creek, CA, USA; Conyers, L.B., Lucius, J.E., Velocity Analysis in Archaeological Ground-Penetrating Radar Studies (1996) Archaeol. Prospect, 3, pp. 25-38. , [CrossRef]; Conyers, L.B., Ground Penetrating Radar (2006) Remote Sensing in Archaeology: An Explicitly North American Perspective, pp. 131-160. , Johnson, J.K., Ed.; University of Alabama Press: Tuscaloosa, AL, USA; Byram, S., (2014) Report on Ground-Penetrating Radar Investigations at Sanchez Adobe Park, , San Mateo County Parks: Redwood City, CA, USA; Wright, C., Brudvik, K., (2016) Results of Additional (Phase II) Ground-Penetrating Radar Survey at Sanchez Adobe, 1000 Linda Mar Boulevard, Pacifica, San Mateo County, California Project Number 16-03324, , https://www.cityofpacifica.org/about/history/adobe/default.asp, District IV, Mid Coast District: County of San Mateo. (accessed on 25 November 2021); Thompson, R., (2013) Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment for the Sisters of the Holy Family Project APN: 513-0505-034-00, 159 Washington Boulevard, Fremont, California. Robson Homes, , https://www.sistersoftheholyfamily.com/, (accessed on 25 November 2021); Dietz, S.A., (1979) Report of Archaeological Investigations at Sanchez Adobe Historical District, , San Mateo County Parks: Redwood City, CA, USA; Smyth, W., Beechey, F.W., An Account of a Visit to California, 1826–1827: Reprinted from a Narrative of a Voyage to the Pacific and Beering’s Strait Performed in his Majesty’s Ship Blossom under the Command of Captain FW Beechey, in 1825,′ 26,′ 27,′ 28 (1826) Book Club of California, , Grabhorn Press: San Francisco, CA, USA; Voss, B.L., (2002) The Archaeology of El Presidio de San Francisco: Culture Contact, Gender, and Ethnicity in a Spanish-Colonial Military Community, , Ph.D. Thesis, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Byram, S., Lightfoot, K.G., Cuthrell, R.Q., Nelson, P., Sunseri, J.U., Jewett, R.A., Parkman, E.B., Tripcevich, N., Geophysical Investigation of Mission San Francisco Solano, Sonoma, California (2018) Hist. Archaeol, 52, pp. 242-263. , [CrossRef]; Peelo, S., Presentation (2017) Community Archaeology at Rancho San Andrés Castro Adobe, , Santa Cruz Archaeological Society: Soquel, CA, USA","Byram, S.; Research Affiliate Archaeological Research Facility, United States; email: scottbyram@featuresurvey.com",,,"MDPI",,,,,20724292,,,,"English","Remote Sens.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85121459492
"Leiermann T.","57204955967;","Rehabilitation of historic Shibam and Zabid, Yemen as an impulse for community and economy",2021,"Built Heritage","5","1","20","","",,,"10.1186/s43238-021-00044-8","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85120871286&doi=10.1186%2fs43238-021-00044-8&partnerID=40&md5=1518c9559698acec8407516422328c45","ICOMOS Germany, Berlin, Germany; UNESCO Doha, Doha, Qatar","Leiermann, T., ICOMOS Germany, Berlin, Germany, UNESCO Doha, Doha, Qatar","Conditions in Yemen involving armed conflict and all kinds of structural challenges have also their impact on the fate of its built heritage. Yemen’s three World Heritage Sites have their particular significance, all of them representing a region with its own cultural background: Sanaa in the highlands, Zabid in the coastal Tihama, and Shibam in the remote desert valley of Hadramaut. Unlike the Old City of Sanaa, the two smaller sites struggle with the limited resources of low-developed hinterland. Both preserve a unique urban culture: Zabid with its many elements of elaborate artistry and a vernacular architecture highly adapted to tropical conditions, and Shibam as a dense structure of unique mud-built tower houses. Preservation in a background of poverty, weak capacities of official structures, and even war destruction risks can only succeed in connection with active engagement and commitment of the community, which however is heterogeneous and heritage preservation is not always their priority. Efficient strategies must therefore link local livelihood interests to preservation concerns. Market quarter and housing rehabilitation in both cities in last years had wide backing, supported income and resulted in visible upgrading of the very heart of these cities—showing locals recovery of historic structures has its potentials—even in the extreme conditions of Yemen. © 2021, The Author(s).","Earthen architecture; Heritage conservation; Shibam; Vernacular architecture; Yemen; Zabid",,,,,,"European Commission, EC","Cash for Work Project: Promoting Livelihood Opportunities of Urban Youth in Yemen, 2018–2021; initiated by UNESCO Gulf countries and Yemen, Doha/Qatar, and funded by the EU.","The Shibam Infrastructure Project (2008–2015) was initiated by PDHCY and funded by SFD, Sanaa (Yemen): It covered the renewal of sewage, water supply, electricity and telephone networks, including the pavement of the old city of Shibam. When the works were halted as a result of the conflicts, almost all components were terminated.",,,,,,,,,"Bonnenfant, P., (2004) Zabid au Yemen, Archéologie du vivant, , Edisud, Aix-en-Provence; Bonnenfant, P., (2008) Les Maisons de Zabid, Eclat et douceur de la decoration, , Maisonneuve & Larose, Paris; Johnston, P., (2007) Intervention architecture: Building for change, , I.B.Tauris, London; Leiermann, T., (2009) Shibam, Leben in Lehmtürmen: Weltkulturerbe im Jemen, , Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden; Leiermann, T., Das Compoundhaus in Zabid (2011) Jemen-Report, pp. 40-53. , Deutsch-Jemenitische Gesellschaft, Freiburg; Leiermann, T., Preserving Shibam: The City of towering mud houses (2017) Architectural heritage of Yemen: Buildings that fill my eye, , Trevor HJ, (ed), Gingko Library, London: Marchand; Lewcock, R.B., (1987) Wadi Hadramawt and the Walled City of Shibam, , UNESCO, Paris","Leiermann, T.; UNESCO DohaQatar; email: tom.leiermann@gmx.de",,,"Springer Science and Business Media B.V.",,,,,20963041,,,,"English","Built Herit.",Review,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85120871286
"Shaffer G.","57224644450;","Ethnoarchaeological research on earthen buildings in Abruzzo",2021,"Antiquity","95","382","e23","","",,,"10.15184/aqy.2021.76","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85108120466&doi=10.15184%2faqy.2021.76&partnerID=40&md5=0d2c7520cbf550edc6d8404c6e0f1c61","Independent Researcher, Corinth, United States","Shaffer, G., Independent Researcher, Corinth, United States","In 2015 an ethnoarchaeological survey of standing earthen buildings took place near the city of Celano in central Italy's Abruzzo region. The study provided observations relevant to archaeologists interpreting earthen architectural remains in many areas of the world: insights on structural function and the longevity of such buildings. Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Antiquity Publications Ltd..","earthen buildings; ethnoarchaeology; Italy; wattle and daub.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Baldacci, O., Capanne agricole e pastorali nella calabria meridionale (1949) Rivista di Etnografia, 3, pp. 96-102; Baldacci, O., L'ambiente geografico della casa di terra in italia (1958) Rivista Geografica Italiana, 65, pp. 13-43; Burri, E., (2011) Sulle Rive della Memoria: Il Prosciugamento Del Fucino, , Pescara: Carsa Edizioni; Cavalcanti, O., Chimirri, R., (1999) Di Fango, di Paglia Architettura in Terra Cruda in Calabria, , Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino; Dagradi, P., L'Abruzzo marittimo (1961) Ricerche Sulle Dimore Rurali in Italia, Volume 21: La Casa Rurale Negli Abruzzi, pp. 73-131. , in M. Ortolani (ed.). Firenze: Leo S. Olschki; Olschki, S., Istituto Luce "" Archivio Sforza, , (ed.). n. d. Dall'acqua alla terra. Celano: G. Sforza; Ortolani, M., (1961) Ricerche Sulle Dimore Rurali in Italia, Volume 21, la Casa Rurale Negli Abruzzi, , Firenze: Leo S. Olschki; Shaffer, G.D., An examination of architectural stability and change: Contributions from southern Italy (1999) Specialist Studies on the Mediterranean, Volume 3: Social Dynamics of the Prehistoric Central Mediterranean, pp. 97-110. , in R. H. Tykot, J. Morter "" J. E. Robb (ed.). London: Accordia Research Institute; Shaffer, G.D., Transmission of architectural knowledge through agricultural practice (2016) 81st Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, , Orlando, Florida, 6-10 April 2016; Shaffer, G.D., (2017) Earthen Buildings Identified near Celano (AQ), Abruzzo, , Report prepared for CeDTerra, Casalincontrada; Tozzi, C., Zamagni, B., (2003) Gli Scavi Nel Villaggio Neolitico di Catignano (1971-1980), , Firenze: Origines; Van Beek, G.W., (2008) Glorious Mud! Ancient and Contemporary Earthen Design and Construction in North Africa, Western Europe, the near East, and South-west Asia, , Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian","Shaffer, G.; Independent ResearcherUnited States; email: shaffers.maine@gmail.com",,,"Cambridge University Press",,,,,0003598X,,,,"English","Antiquity",Review,"Final","All Open Access, Bronze",Scopus,2-s2.0-85108120466
"Egenti C., Khatib J.","57192175702;6701635056;","Affordable and sustainable housing in Rwanda",2021,"Sustainability (Switzerland)","13","8","4188","","",,,"10.3390/su13084188","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85104623444&doi=10.3390%2fsu13084188&partnerID=40&md5=fda12e6fdc4bd929597b4e56749110af","Department of Architecture, College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda; Faculty of Engineering, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon; Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, United Kingdom","Egenti, C., Department of Architecture, College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda; Khatib, J., Faculty of Engineering, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, United Kingdom","Baked clay bricks (Impunyu) is the dominant wall construction material in Rwanda. Clay deposits in the country’s lowlands are utilized for baked clay bricks. Despite the ongoing campaign, the use of wood by some local brick producers is unfriendly to the environment. Recent research has called for alternative methods in order to reduce the cost and impact on the environment. Earlier efforts with compressed earth blocks were saddled with weight and a substantial use of cement for good surface texture and adequate resistance against surface erosion. This research explored the potentials of using an appropriate dose of clay (from Muhanzi), volcanic light aggregate (Amakoro, (from Musanze)), and cement to produce unbaked shelled compressed earth blocks (SCEB). SCEB is a compressed earth block with an outer shell and inner core of different cement content or materials, compressed into a unit block. The result is a masonry unit with a higher surface resistance, durability, and desirable architectural effect produced with a 60% reduction in cement content. A weight reduction of 12% was achieved with an optimum content of 33% of the volcanic lightweight aggregate. A cost reduction of 25% was recorded over conventional compressed earth brick walls and a 54% over sand‐cement block walls. Possible future trends were also identified with appreciable prospects in earthen architecture. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.","Earthen architecture; Shelled compressed earth; Surface protection; Sustainability",,,,,,,"We would like to acknowledge the assistance of Clemence Hagenimana (Laboratory Technician, Concrete Laboratory of University of Rwanda) and Louis Dushimirimana (Laboratory Technician, Soil Laboratory of University of Rwanda) who helped to provide needed support for our laboratory works.",,,,,,,,,,"Mbereyaho, L., Twubahimana, J.D., Mureramanzi, G., Strength characteristics of earth bricks application in construction (2014) Int. Res. J. Eng, 2, pp. 1-7; Industrial Sub‐Sector Masterplan for Construction Materials, Rwandan Ministry of Trade and Industry, , https://rwandatrade.rw/media/MINICOM%20Construction%20Materials%20MasterPlan.pdf, Ministry of Trade and Industry. (accessed on 5 August 2020); Muvumba Gallery Forest Conservation Project, , http://m.humanitariannews.org/20100810/muvumba‐gallery‐forest‐conservation‐project, Humanitarian News. NonProfitBlogs. (accessed on 20 March 2021); Twagiramungu, F., (2006) Environmental Profile of Rwanda, , http://www.vub.ac.be/klimostoolkit/sites/default/files/documents/rwanda‐environmental‐profile.pdf, Consultancy Report, European Commission, Kigali, Rwanda, 78p, (accessed on 5 August 2020); Walker, P., (2002) Standards Australia. The Australian Earth Building Handbook (HB195), , Standards Australia International: Sydney, Australia; Ngowi, B.A., Improving the traditional earth construction: A case study of Botswana (1997) Constr. Build. Mater, 11, pp. 1-7; Ikejiofor, U., If past traditions were building blocks: A perspective on low income housing development in Nigerian cities (1998) Build. Environ, 34, p. 2; Wekesa, B., Steyn, C., Otieno, F., The response of common building construction technologies to the urban poor and their environment (2010) Build. Environ, 45, p. 10; Galan‐Marin, C., Rivera‐Gomez, C., Petric, J., Clay‐based composite stabilized with natural polymer and fibre (2010) Constr. Build. Mater, 24, pp. 1462-1468; Egenti, C., Khatib, J.M., Sustainability of Compressed Earth as a Construction Material (2016) Chapter 13 of Sustainability of Construction Materials, , 2nd ed.; Khatib, J., Ed.; Woodhead Publishers (ELSEVIER): Cambridge, UK; Egenti, C., Khatib, J.M., Oloke, D., Appropriate Design and Construction of Earth Buildings: Contesting issues of protection against cost (2013) Afr. J. Basic Appl. Sci, 5, pp. 102-103; Egenti, C., Khatib, J.M., Oloke, D., Conceptualisation and Pilot Study of Shelled Compressed Earth Block for Sustainable Housing in Nigeria (2014) International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, , http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212609014000223, (accessed on 6 July 2020); (2018) BS EN ISO 17892‐12:2018 Methods of Tests for Soil for Civil Engineering Purposes, , http://www.bsi‐global.com, British Standard Institution. Classification Tests. BSI Group. (accessed on 20 March 2020); Sehgal, S.B., (1984) A Text Book of Soil Mechanics, , CBS Publishers and Distributors Pvt. Ltd.: New Delhi, India; (2011) BS EN 772‐11:2011 Determination of Water Absorption of Aggregate Concrete, Autoclaved Aerated Concrete, Manufactured Stone and Natural Stone Masonry Units Die to Capillary Action and the Initial Rate of Water Absorption of Clay Masonry Units, , http://www.bsi‐global.com, British Standard Institution. BSI Group. (accessed on 20 March 2012); (2011) BS EN 772‐1:2011 Determination of Compressive Strength, , http://www.bsi‐global.com, British Standard Institution. BSI Group. (accessed on 20 March 2012); Abdullah, A.H., Nagapan, S., Antonyova, A., Rasiah, K., Yunus, R., Sohu, S., Strength and absorption rate of compressed stabilized earth bricks (CSEBs) due to different mixture ratios and degree of compaction (2017) MATEC Web Conf, 103, p. 01028; (1996) ARS 675:1996 Compressed Earth Blocks Technical Specifications for Facing Compressed Earth Blocks, pp. 51-55. , ARS. African regional standards: Accra, Ghana","Egenti, C.; Department of Architecture, Rwanda; email: egenti51@gmail.com",,,"MDPI AG",,,,,20711050,,,,"English","Sustainability",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85104623444
"Bachir-Cherif T., Aiche M., Sacko O.","57848881600;57220368129;57222880190;","CONSERVATION OF EARTHEN ARCHITECTURE: GOVERNMENTAL ACTIONS AND OWNERS’ PRACTICES TO PRESERVE KSAR TAGHIT, ALGERIA",2021,"Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage","21",,,"95","108",,,"10.48255/1973-9494.JCSCH.21.2021.03","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85136097455&doi=10.48255%2f1973-9494.JCSCH.21.2021.03&partnerID=40&md5=ffade5e3034315153354d0307487ad57","Department of Architecture, University Salah Boubnider Constantine 3, Algeria; Department of Liberal Arts, Faculty of Humanities, Kyoto Seika University, Japan","Bachir-Cherif, T., Department of Architecture, University Salah Boubnider Constantine 3, Algeria; Aiche, M., Department of Architecture, University Salah Boubnider Constantine 3, Algeria; Sacko, O., Department of Liberal Arts, Faculty of Humanities, Kyoto Seika University, Japan","Southern Algeria offers a wide variety of vernacular earthen architecture: simple houses, granaries, palaces, religious buildings, urban centers, cultural landscapes and archaeological sites and ksour… all of which play, each in its own way, a major role in the expression and revelation of local identities and exemplify their diversity. The quality and durability of the building techniques, moreover, particularly affirm the ability of the inhabitants of this region to develop strategies of adaptation to their environment. © 2022. Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage. All Rights Reserved.","Conservation; Earthen architecture; Heritage; Ksar taghit",,,,,,,"The authors would like to thank Salima Mazri-Badjadja for her observations and guidance in carrying out this work; Professor Joseph Brunet-Jailly for his review and constructive remarks; and Mouad Balegh for his support.",,,,,,,,,,"Bachir Cherif, T., Aiche, M., Ksar Taghit: earthen architecture between authenticity and change. vernacular and earthen architecture: conservation and sustainability; proceeding of sostierra 2017: 3rd versus (2017), pp. 1-45. , [1] Spain; Berbache, W., (2012) preservation du patrimoine ksourien en terre pour un dé-veloppement local durable (Cas du ksar de Taghit), , [2] DSA-Terre, School of architecture of Grenoble, France; Maiza, M., Maiza, Y, Benmouhamed, T., pelerinage aux sources de notre humus, , [3]; Zerari, S., Sriti, L., Mansouri, K., Dégradation du patrimoine ksourien du sud algérien. Cas du tissu résidentiel des ziban (Biskra) (2019), pp. 1-10. , [4] Al-Sabîl: Revue d’His-toire, d’Archéologie et d’Architecture Maghrébines; Bendjalid, A., DARI, O., Hadeif, M., Bellal, S., Gacem, F., BelmahI, M., Hani, S., Mutations sociales et adaptation d’une paysannerie ksourienne du Touat: Ouled Hadj Mamoun (wilaya d ‘ Adrar, Algérie) (1999) Insaniyat, 7, pp. 39-52. , [5]; Bendjalid, A., DARI, O., Hadeif, M., Bellal, S., Gacem, F., BelmahI, M., Hani, S., Mutations sociales et adaptation d’une paysannerie ksourienne du Touat: Ouled Hadj Mamoun (wilaya d ‘ Adrar, Algérie) (1999) Insaniyat, 7, pp. 39-52. , [6]; (1998) mise en valeur des ksour Kénadsa Taghit, rapport préliminaire, , [7] Agence national pour l’aménagement du territoire., Alger; (1999) mise en valeur du ksar Taghit, analyse de l’etat des lieu, , [8] Agence national pour l’aménagement du territoire., .Alger; (1999) mise en valeur des ksour Kénadsa-Taghit, rapport préliminaire, , [9] Agence national pour l’aménagement du territoire., Alger; Journal official de la republique algerienne N°87., (1999) Arrêté du 24 Rajab 1420 correspondant au 3 novembre 1999 portant classement des monuments et sites historiques, , https://www.joradp.dz/FTP/Jo-Francais/1999/F1999087.pdf, [10]; Maiza, Y, (2007) Rehabilitation of the Ksar of Taghit, agha khan award, p. 14. , [11]; Maiza, Y, (2007) Rehabilitation of the Ksar of Taghit, agha khan award, p. 14. , [12]; (2005) route des ksour, p. 34. , [13] Pnud., UNESCO; Brahimi, N., (2014) le sahara des cultures et des hommes, la route des ksour, , [14]; Les routes des ksour: appui au développement local intégré, , [15] Pnud; Brahimi, N., (2014) le sahara des cultures et des hommes, la route des ksour, , [16]; Berbaoui, H., (2014) La rehabilitation du patrimoine en architecture: opportunité et contraintes, les ksour de la wilaya de Bechar, , [17] Magisterium, university of Béchar. Algeria; Abdelkhaleq, B., (2020) personal photographique archive, , [18]; Mebarki, T., (2020), https://www.facebook.com/tayeb.mebarki/posts/102202815669-22947, [19]; Roberto, S., preservation restoration of monuments and sites « Façadisme et speculation » (1989) ICOMOS information N°, 4, p. 1. , [20]; Choay, F., Le patrimoine en question, anthologie pour un combat. La cou-leur des idées (2009), p. 209. , [21] ICOMOS information N 4, Seuil, Paris; Benmohamed, T., (2019), https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=10217591721242445&set=pb.1160463756.-2207520000, [22]; Abdelkhaleq, B., personal photographic archive, , [23]; (1998) Journal officiel de la republique algerienne N° 44, , https://www.cnrpah.org/pci-bnd/images/loi98.pdf, [24] Loi n 98 04 du 20 Safar 1419 correspondant au 15 juin 1998 relative a la protection du patrimoine culturel","Bachir-Cherif, T.; Department of Architecture, Algeria; email: bachircherif.tinhinane@gmail.com",,,"University of Bologna",,,,,19744951,,,,"English","Cons. Sci. Cult. Herit",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85136097455
"Bizzarri S., Esposti M.D., Careccia C., de Gennaro T., Tangheroni E.","57218991489;37461343500;56344551400;57204950779;57218991190;","Traditional masonry and archaeological restoration. A case study from Salūt, Oman [Albañilería tradicional y restauración arqueológica. El caso de Salūt, Omán]",2021,"Loggia, Arquitectura y Restauracion","2021","34",,"46","61",,,"10.4995/loggia.2021.15063","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85124298019&doi=10.4995%2floggia.2021.15063&partnerID=40&md5=922f3eafb4ddfb7717001e6bbb2b743c","Italian Mission to Oman (IMTO), Italy; DZAA Architects; Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures-Polish Academy of Sciences, Italy; Italian Ministry of Culture (MIC), Italy; Italian Agency for development cooperation (AICS), Italy","Bizzarri, S., Italian Mission to Oman (IMTO), Italy, DZAA Architects; Esposti, M.D., Italian Mission to Oman (IMTO), Italy, Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures-Polish Academy of Sciences, Italy; Careccia, C., Italian Mission to Oman (IMTO), Italy, Italian Ministry of Culture (MIC), Italy; de Gennaro, T., Italian Mission to Oman (IMTO), Italy, Italian Agency for development cooperation (AICS), Italy; Tangheroni, E., Italian Mission to Oman (IMTO), Italy","This paper shows the restoration work carried out on the mudbrick structures uncovered at the Iron Age (c. 1300-300 BC) site of Salūt, in central Oman. In the region, traditional earthen architecture represented the key building technique until modern times. The traditional concept of constant upkeep is arguably the only way of efficiently preserving ancient structures. However, different mud plaster compositions were tested which could provide a better aspect and a lower static load on the structures. The work strategy was meant to be sustainable from an economic, ecological, and sociological point of view, as it also aimed at documenting and hopefully reviving the traditional earthen architecture currently endangered by the disinterest of younger generations. © 2021, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia.. All rights reserved.","3D documentation; Ancient mudbrick walls; Earthen heritage; Know-how transmission; Mud plaster",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"ALVA BALDERRAMA, A., CHIARI, G., Protection and conservation of excavated structures of mudbrick (1995) Conservation on archaeological excavations. With particular reference to the Mediterranean area, pp. 101-112. , en Stanley Price, P. (ed): Roma: ICCROM; AVANZINI, A., DEGLI ESPOSTI, M., Husn Salūt and the Iron Age of South East Arabia. Excavations of the Italian Mission to Oman 2004-2014 (2018) Arabia Antica, 15. , (eds) Roma: L’«Erma di Bretschneider; BIZZARRI, S., Restoration works at Salūt (2015) In the heart of Oman. The castle of Salūt. (Ancient Oman, 1), pp. 87-95. , en Avanzini, A. (ed): Roma: L’«Erma di Bretschneider; BIZZARRI, S., DEGLI ESPOSTI, M., CARECCIA, C., DE GENNARO, T., TANGHERONI, E., AVANZINI, N., The use of traditional mud-based masonry in the restoration of the iron age site of Salūt (Oman). A way towards mutual preservation (2020) International archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences, pp. 1081-1088. , https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-1081-2020, XLIV-M-1-2020, Disponible en>; DOAT, P., HAYS, A., HOUBEN, H., MATUK, S., VITOUXEDS, F., (1983) Construire en terre, , París: Editions Alternatives; HAGO, A. W., AL-RAWAS, A., Properties of the Omani Sarooj (1997) Engineering Journal of University of Qatar, 10, pp. 81-91; (2003) ICOMOS Charter-Recommendations for the analysis, conservation and structural restoration of architectural heritage, , Ratified by the; (2003) ICOMOS 14th General Assembly in Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, , https://www.icomos.org/en/about-the-centre/179-articles-en-francais/ressources/charters-and-standards/165-icomos-charter-principles-for-the-analysis-conservation-and-structural-restoration-of-architectural-heritage, Disponible en; MEDDAH, M. S., BENKARI, N., AL-BUSAIDI, M., Potential Use of Locally and Traditionally Produced Bending Construction Material (2019) IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 471 (4), p. 471. , <doi>; MERSHEN, B., Unveiling the Past: the Role of Oral History in Understanding Oasis Development (2010) Oases of Oman. Livelihood System at the crossroads, pp. 60-63. , en Buerkert, A.; Schlecht, E. (eds): Muscat: Al Roya Press & Publishing House; OGEGA, J. J., Oral Traditions in the Conservation of Earthen Architecture (2011) Terra 2008: The 10th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architectural Heritage, pp. 124-128. , Rainer, L.; Bass Rivera, A.; Gandreau, D. (eds): Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute; PETZET, M., Principles of preservation: An introduction to the International Charters for Conservation and Restoration 40 years after the Venice Charter (2004) International Charters for Conservation and Restoration. Monuments & Sites, pp. 7-29. , Petzet, M.; Ziesemer, J. (eds): I. Munich: ICOMOS; RAINER, L., Deterioration and pathology of earthen architecture (2008) Terra Literature Review: An Overview of Research in Earthen Architecture Conservation, pp. 45-61. , Avrami, E.; Guillaud, H.; Hardy, M. (eds): Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute; RUSKULIS, O., Mud Plasters and Renders (2009) Appropriate Technology Journal, , https://answers.practicalaction.org/our-resources/item/mud-plasters-and-renders, Disponible en (Consultado: 15 de enero de 2020)",,,,"Universidad Politecnica de Valencia.",,,,,1136758X,,,,"English; Spanish","Loggia, Arquit. Rest.",Article,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85124298019
"Chorowska M., Pankiewicz A.","57210308439;24176295700;","Masonry Architecture versus Wooden and Earthen Architecture: Examination of Mutual Relations on the Example of the Castle and Gord on Ostrów Tumski in Wrocław in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries [Architektura murowana versus architektura drewniano-ziemna. Badanie wspólnych relacji na przykładzie zamku i grodu na Ostrowie Tumskim we Wrocławiu w XII–XIII wieku]",2021,"Wiadomosci Konserwatorskie",,"68",,"16","29",,,"10.48234/WK68TUMSKI","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85122813566&doi=10.48234%2fWK68TUMSKI&partnerID=40&md5=9c87ef384133af898912c7c7b2a01190","Faculty of Architecture, Wrocław University of Technology, Poland; Archaeology Institute, Wrocław University, Poland","Chorowska, M., Faculty of Architecture, Wrocław University of Technology, Poland; Pankiewicz, A., Archaeology Institute, Wrocław University, Poland","This article is a study of the relationship between the location of wooden-earthen ramparts and the first brick buildings of the castle and suburbium of Wrocław’s Ostrów Tumski. On the basis of specific cases, the relationship between these two types of architecture is traced. The second half of the twelfth century and the thirteenth century, i.e., a specific period when traditional ramparts gradually disappeared and brick architecture appeared in lowland towns, are taken into con-sideration. In the text, an attempt is made to answer the question of whether (and in what way) these two types of architecture co-existed and whether the presence of the old fortifications was an obstacle or, on the contra-ry, a stimulating factor for the development of castles, walls and churches. In the course of the investigation, a different reconstruction of the course of the ramparts surrounding the main castle in the twelfth century emerged, which also resulted in a revision of views on the size of the gord and later the castle. © 2021, Zarzad Glowny Stowarzyszenia Konserwatorow Zabytkow. All rights reserved.","Castles; Gords; Lower Silesia; Masonry architecture; Ramparts; Wrocław",,,,,,"Narodowe Centrum Nauki, NCN: UMO-2017/27/B/HS3/00554","Publication of this article [in open access] was financially supported by the Excellence Initiative - Research University (IDUB) programme for the University of Wroclaw.","This article was realized as a part of the project entitled The development of central centres of the Piast state from the 10th to the 12th century on the example of Ostrów Tumski in Wrocław, financed from the funds of the National Science Centre granted under the contract UMO-2017/27/B/HS3/00554.",,,,,,,,,"Łukasz, K., Aleksander, L., Pa-Weł, R., (1997), Wyniki ratowniczych badań wykopaliskowych prowadzonych na terenie wczesnośredniowiecznego grodu i zamku piastowskiego na Ostrowie Tumski we Wrocławiu, przy ul. św. Marcina 10, w związku z wymianą sieci kanalizacyjnej”, mps w archiwum Wojewódzkiego Urzędu Ochrony Zabytków (dalej WUOZ) we Wrocławiu, Wrocław; Marek, K., (2021), Wyniki analizy dendrochronologicz-nej próbek drewna z Wrocławia”, mps w Archiwum Instytutu Archeologii Uniwersytetu Wrocławskie-go, Kraków; Eryk, W., Małgorzata, C., (2020), Sprawozdanie z wyprzedzających badań archeologiczno-architek-tonicznych przeprowadzonych w związku z inwe-stycją: Zagospodarowanie terenu położonego przy ulicy św. Marcina we Wrocławiu wraz z wykona-niem oświetlenia terenu i kanalizacji deszczowej” – etap II, mps w Archiwum WUOZ we Wrocławiu; Eryk, W., Maciej, K., Małgo-Rzata, C., Sprawozdanie z badań archeologicznych przeprowadzonych na dz. nr 10 AM-27 przy ul. św. Marcina 12 we Wrocławiu w związku z prze-; budową i rozbudową budynku klasztornego Sióstr Szkolnych de Notre Dame”, mps w Archiwum; (2012), WUOZ we Wrocławiu; Ivana, B., (2009), 26. , Počátky budování přemyslovského státu a jeho centra – synchronizace výpovědi archeologických pramenů a její interpretace, „Archaeologia historica” 2013, t. 38 (1). Bykowski Karol, Konczewska Małgorzata, Konczewski Paweł, Lasota Czesław, Paternoga Marcin, Piekalski Jerzy, Rzeźnik Paweł, Sprawozdanie z badań wykopa-liskowych przy ul. Kapitulnej 4 a Ostrowie Tumskim we Wrocławiu, „Śląskie Sprawozdania Archeologiczne” 2004, t. 46. Chorowska Małgorzata, Jeszcze raz o kaplicy św. Marcina na zamku piastowskim we Wrocławiu, [w:] Cum gratia et amicitia: studia z dziejów osadnictwa dedykowane Pani Profesor Marcie Młynarskiej-Kaletynowej z okazji 65-le-cia działalności naukowej, red. Dagmara Adamska, Krystian Chrzan, Aleksandra Pankiewicz, Wrocław 2017. Chorowska Małgorzata, Kaplica czy wieża?: interpretacja najstarszych reliktów zamku na Ostrowie Tumskim we Wrocławiu w świetle badań z lat 2011/2012 oraz analogii europejskich, [w:] III Forum Architecturae Poloniae Me-dievalis, t. 1, red. Klaudia Stala, Kraków 2013. Chorowska Małgorzata, Wrocławskie pałace śląskich Hen-ryków – najmłodsze palatia na terenie Polski?, [w:] Gemma gemmarum: studia dedykowane Profesor Han-nie Kóčce-Krenz, cz. 2, red. Artur Różański, Poznań 2017. Chorowska Małgorzata, Zamek książęcy na Ostrowie Tumskim – komentarz do planszy, [w:] Atlas historyczny miast polskich, t. 4: Śląsk, z. 13: Wrocław, cz. 2, red. Marta Młynarska-Kaletynowa, Wrocław 2017. Chorowska Małgorzata, Bartz Wojciech, Caban Ma-riusz, Wodejko Eryk, The Piast castle on Ostrów Tum-ski island in Wrocław, „Archaeologia Historica Polo-na” 2020, t. 28. 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Katedralnej 9 we Wrocławiu w 1999 r., „Śląskie Sprawozdania Archeologiczne; Hanna, K.-G., (2009) Portale Trzynastowiecznej Architektury Na Śląsku, , Wrocław; Tadeusz, K., (1972), (2), p. 17. , Wyniki badań architektonicznych przeprowadzonych w kościele św. Idziego we Wrocławiu, „Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki; Wojciech, K., (1952), 7 (5). , Badania nad polskim wczesnym średniowieczem w roku 1951, „Przegląd Zachodni; Wojciech, K., Elżbieta, O., (1955) Prace Wykopalisko-We We Wrocławiu W Latach 1949-1951, 3. , Studia Wcze-snośredniowieczne; Hanna, K.-K., (2004), Początki monumentalnej architektury świeckiej na grodzie poznańskim, [w:] Początki architek-tury monumentalnej w Polsce, Materiały z sesji nauko-wej Gniezno, 20–21 listopada 2003, red. Tomasz Janiak, Dariusz Stryniak, Gniezno; Marek, K., Jerzy, P., (2019) Dendrochronology Vs. 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Konserw.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85122813566
"Butler L., Gerrard C.","57219156116;8650405400;","Faxton: Excavations in a deserted Northamptonshire village 1966-68",2020,"Faxton: Excavations in a deserted Northamptonshire village 1966-68",,,,"1","283",,,"10.4324/9781003055150","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85091475085&doi=10.4324%2f9781003055150&partnerID=40&md5=855aebb0ce1a6a7e0fb78f75f0b3adbe",,"Butler, L.; Gerrard, C.","The village of Faxton in Northamptonshire was only finally deserted in the second half of the 20th century. Shortly afterwards, between 1966 and 1968, its medieval crofts were investigated under the direction of archaeologist Lawrence Butler. At the time this was one of the most ambitious excavations of a deserted medieval settlement to have been conducted and, although the results were only published as interim reports and summaries, Butler's observations at Faxton were to have significant influence on the growing academic and popular literature about village origins and desertion and the nature of medieval peasant crofts and buildings. In contrast to regions with abundant building stone, Faxton revealed archaeological evidence of a long tradition of earthen architecture in which so-called 'mud-walling' was successfully combined with other structural materials. The 'rescue' excavations at Faxton were originally promoted by the Deserted Medieval Village Research Group and funded by the Ministry of Public Buildings and Works after the extensive earthworks at the site came under threat from agriculture. Three areas were excavated covering seven crofts. In 1966 Croft 29 at the south-east corner of the village green revealed a single croft in detail with its barns, yards and corn driers; in 1967 four crofts were examined together in the north-west corner of the village in an area badly damaged by recent ploughing and, finally, an area immediately east of the church was opened up in 1968. In all, some 4000m2 were investigated in 140 days over three seasons. The post-excavation process for Faxton was beset by delay. Of the 12 chapters presented in this monograph, only two were substantially complete at the time of the director's death in 2014. The others have had to be pieced together from interim summaries, partial manuscripts, sound recordings, handwritten notes and on-site records. Building on this evidence, a new team of scholars have re-considered the findings in order to set the excavations at Faxton into the wider context of modern research. Their texts reflect on the settlement's disputed pre-Conquest origins, probable later re-planning and expansion, the reasons behind the decline and abandonment of the village, the extraordinary story behind the destruction of its church, the development of the open fields and the enclosure process, as well as new evidence about Faxton's buildings and the finds discovered there. Once lauded, then forgotten, the excavations at Faxton now make a new contribution to our knowledge of medieval life and landscape in the East Midlands. © 2021 The Society for Medieval Archaeology and authors. All rights reserved.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"(1841) Census of England and Wales: Parish of Faxton and Lamport, , Northamptonshire; (1851) Census of England and Wales: Parish of Faxton and Lamport, , Northamptonshire; (1861) Census of England and Wales: Parish of Faxton and Lamport, , Northamptonshire; (1901) Census of England and Wales: Parish of Faxton and Lamport, , Northamptonshire; (1911) Census of England and Wales: Parish of Faxton and Lamport, , Northamptonshire; Charity Commissioners 1831 Reports from Commissioners, XI; (1746) Enclosure map of Faxton, , (NRO map 702); (1967) Faxton tape 1: This BBC tape was recorded as material for the fifth programme in the 'On site' series on 10 September 1967, , Narrator's script only for BBC transmission on 10 September 'Amidst thy desert walks, the lapwing flies' for series 'On Site'. The original tape number was: TLN 37 WT 665. There is a transcript of an interview with Lawrence Butler, but the tape itself is lost; Faxton tape 2: Undated and untitled sound recording made in August 1966, about 15 minutes long, containing interviews with local villagers, Lawrence Butler and his excavation team, , Possibly an unedited tape made by an independent filming unit supervised by Michel J Holding from Kettering. The associated film has not been located; Hartshorne, N.A., Drawings volume 3, 26a: Mid-19th century drawing showing the leper window in Faxton church, , Available at Northamptonshire Record Office; (1803) Journals of the House of Commons from June the 25th, 1741 to September the 19th 1745, , reprinted by Order of the House of Commons, London; JHC; (1910) Kelly's Directories of Northamptonshire, , 1877, Kelly's Directories, Kingston upon Thames; Maxwell Lyte, H.C., (1902) A descriptive catalogue of ancient deeds, Volume 4. 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"Rodríguez González E., Celestino Pérez S., Lapuente Martín C.","57208863717;14827897000;57218994458;","New technologies applied to the documentation and analysis of earthen architecture: The specific case of the tartessian buildings of the central guadiana valley (Spain)",2020,"International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences - ISPRS Archives","54","M-1",,"413","419",,,"10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-413-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090964927&doi=10.5194%2fisprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-413-2020&partnerID=40&md5=283adf5edd07a70ef767cedbdb3213d0","Instituto de Arqueología, (CSIC - Junta de Extremadura), Mérida, Spain","Rodríguez González, E., Instituto de Arqueología, (CSIC - Junta de Extremadura), Mérida, Spain; Celestino Pérez, S., Instituto de Arqueología, (CSIC - Junta de Extremadura), Mérida, Spain; Lapuente Martín, C., Instituto de Arqueología, (CSIC - Junta de Extremadura), Mérida, Spain","Until now, the analysis of earthen architecture, characteristic of the Tartessian culture, has been overlooked by archaeological studies. With the aim of incorporating it into historical research as another social product, the result of the society that thinks and builds it, a research project was initiated with the title ""Building Tartessos: constructive, spatial and territorial analysis of an architectural model in the central Guadiana valley."" This project has three well-differentiated work phases whose development and applied methodology are described in the following pages. The purpose of this method is to identify the types of construction, to characterize the raw materials used and their catchment areas, the construction techniques employed, the types of analysis carried out for the mineralogical characterization of the materials, and to present the 3D technology applied to the documentation and registration of the buildings, from photogrammetry to the virtual reconstruction of the archaeological sites. The final objective is to streamline the process, the data collection and the documentation obtained from all of them, from both a purely scientific and informative perspective, improving the publication of scientific knowledge and education through the application of new methodologies. In order to carry out this process, the Tartessian buildings hidden beneath burial mounds characteristic of the central basin of the Guadiana, dating from the 5th century BC, have been selected. Specifically, we have the excavations being carried out in the area of Casas del Turuñuelo (Guareña, Badajoz), which to date is the best preserved building in the western area of the Mediterranean, and which will undoubtedly lead to a positive result from the project. The aim of the methodology that has been designed is that it can be applied to any architectural model and to any stage of history. © Authors 2020. CC BY 4.0 License.","Architectural Analysis; Construction with Earth; Guadiana; Landscape Archaeology; Spatial Archaeology; Tartessos","Catchments; Maintenance; Archaeological studies; Architectural modeling; Construction technique; Earthen architectures; Mineralogical characterization; Scientific knowledge; Territorial analysis; Virtual reconstruction; Architecture",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Bermejo, J., Leyendo los espacios: una aproximación crítica a la sintaxis espacial como herramienta de análisis arqueológico (2009) Arqueología de la Arquitectura, 6, pp. 47-62; Celestino, S., Los santuarios de Cancho Roano. Del indigenismo al Orientalismo Arquitectónico (2001), pp. 17-56. , Arquitectura Oriental y Orientalizante en la Península Ibérica; Celestino, S., López-Ruiz, C., (2016) Tartessos and the Phoenicians in Iberia, , Oxford University Press, Oxford; Celestino, S., Rodríguez González, E., Il riflesso dell´architecttura fenicia in Tartesso (2016) Santuari Mediterranei tra Oriente y Occidente. Interazioni e contatti culturali, pp. 321-328. , Scienze & Lettere, Roma; Celestino, S., González, Rodríguez, Un espacio para el sacrificio: el patio del yacimiento tartésico de Casas del Turuñuelo (Guareña, Badajoz) (2019) Complutum, 30 (2), pp. 343-366. , doi.org; Celestino, S., Rodríguez González, E., Bashore, C., Dorado, A., Lapuente, C., La arquitectura como actividad productiva: tres casos de estudio de época tartésica en el valle medio del Guadiana (2018) Trabajo Sagrado. Producción y representación en el Mediterráneo Occidental durante el I Mileno a.C., SPAL Monografías, XXV, pp. 231-249. , Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla; Mañana, P., Blanco, R., Ayán, X., Arqueotectura 1: bases teórico-metodológicas para una arqueología de la Arquitectura (2002) Traballos de Arqueoloxía e Patrimonio (TAPA), 2. , Santiago de Compostela; Pastor, M., (2017) La construcción con tierra en arqueología. Teoría, método, técnicas y aplicación, , Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alicante, Alicante; Pérez Hernández, E., Salamanca, S., Cerrada, C., Merchán, P., Adán, A., Relleno de huecos en mallas 3D completas mediante algoritmos de restauración de imagen (2012) Revista Iberoamericana de Automática e Informática industrial, 9, pp. 429-440. , doi. org; Pizzo, A., La Arqueología de la Construcción. Un laboratorio para el análisis de la arquitectura de época romana (2009) Arqueología de la Arquitectura, 6, pp. 31-45; Rodríguez Díaz, A., (2004) El Edificio Protohistórico de la Mata (Campanario, Badajoz) y su estudio territorial, , (ed), Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres; Rodríguez González, E., (2018) El poblamiento del valle medio del Guadiana durante la I Edad del Hierro, , Biblioteca Praehistorica Hispana, XXXIV. CSIC, Madrid; Rodríguez González, E., The Tartessian Tumuli of the Guadiana (2018) Rivista di Studi Fenici, 46, pp. 117-136; Rodríguez González, E., Celestino, S., Las estancias de los dioses: la habitación 100 del yacimiento de Casas del Turuñuelo (Guareña, Badajoz) (2017) Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 43, pp. 179-194. , doi.org","Rodríguez González, E.; Instituto de Arqueología, Spain; email: esther.rodriguez@iam.csic.es","Mileto C.Vegas F.Cristini V.Garcia-Soriano L.",,"International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","2020 International Conference on Vernacular Architecture in World Heritage Sites. Risks and New Technologies, HERITAGE 2020 (3DPast | RISK-Terra)","9 September 2020 through 12 September 2020",,162105,16821750,,,,"English","Int. Arch. Photogramm., Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. - ISPRS Arch.",Conference Paper,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85090964927
"Hernández Navarro Y., de Dato P., Langa Lahoz A.","57218998861;57204956954;57218999321;","Disturbances in vernacular architecture of Togo's rural settlements",2020,"International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences - ISPRS Archives","54","M-1",,"761","766",,,"10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-761-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090951513&doi=10.5194%2fisprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-761-2020&partnerID=40&md5=c65bc9c24869e6b07bdd24fdae45fd5b","Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain","Hernández Navarro, Y., Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; de Dato, P., Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Langa Lahoz, A., Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain","According to the United Nations (UN) Africa accounts for only 13% of the world's urban population and less than half of the inhabitants of this continent (43%) live in urban areas (Xinhua News Agency, 2017). Therefore, the cultural importance of rural architecture in this context is remarkable both locally for each society and generally for human knowledge. As Paul Oliver pointed out, vernacular architecture is the architectural language of people with their ethnic, regional and local dialects (Oliver, 1997), and it should be considered a treasure containing the knowledge, development and progress of a civilization. The formal and material results of this development lead to the reopening of the debate on its sustainability and its effects on human behaviour. The structural changes of rural habitats are putting the preservation of their cultural heritage at serious risk. The current demand for habitability fosters the use of imported materials such as cement and sheet metal to replace earthen walls and straw roofing in the simple constructions, solutions that deceptively improve the comfort of the inhabited spaces. The present article analyses residential construction typologies of traditional rural settlements of Togo, where the constructive, formal and technical variety is replaced by general solutions that, without achieving the desired housing improvement, are nonetheless contributing to the social detachment from traditions that represent the cultural identity of each community. The methodology aims at the identification and characterization of traditional residential typologies, and a final consideration evaluates the balance between sustainable development and the conservation of cultural values in rural settlements. © Authors 2020. CC BY 4.0 License.","Cultural Risks; Earthen Architecture; Imported Building Materials; Rural Settlement; Sustainable Development; Togo","Behavioral research; Historic preservation; Housing; Sheet metal; Sustainable development; Architectural languages; Cultural heritages; Cultural identity; General solutions; Residential construction; Rural settlement; Urban population; Vernacular architecture; Architecture",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"(2007) The World Factbook, , https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/geos/to.html, Central Intelligence Agency USA, (Accessed: 10 January 2020); Fuentes Castaños-Mollor, B., (2017) Policy study on precarious human settlements in sub-Saharan Africa, , Case study: Ghana, Kenya and South Africa. Comillas Pontifical University; Gil Legaz, M.C., (2015) Sustainable Development Goals, , https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/en/, (Accessed: 15 January 2020); Mballa, L.V., (2011) The family and the clan in Africa: a prelude to the socialization of the African, , https://aprenderly.com/doc/3419630/la-familia-y-el-clan-enafrica-antesala-de-socialización, (Accessed: 15 December 2019); Mumtaz, B., Aldeas en el Volta Negro (1978) Cobijo y sociedad, pp. 89-100. , (1a Edición, P. Oliver (Ed). H. Blume Ediciones; (2007) Nations Online Project, , https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/google_map_togo.htm, nationsonline.org, (Accessed: 23 November 2019); Oliver, P., (1997) Encyclopedia of vernacular architecture of the world, , Cambridge University Press (ed). Cambridge University Press; (2004) Decisions adopted at the 28th session of the World Heritage Committee, , United Nations Educational, S. and CO; (2016) Population of Cities in Togo, , https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/togopopulation/cities/, World Populationa Review, (2020). (Accessed: 26 December 2019); (2001) AfricaMap, , http://worldmap.harvard.edu/africamap/, Worl Map Harward Education; (2017) ONU: 68% de población mundial vivirá en zonas urbanas para 2050, , http://spanish.xinhuanet.com/2018-05/17/c_137184574.htm, Xinhua News Agency, (Accessed: 20 January 2020); Yavo, P., (2013) Technical know-how in the indigenous knowledge system underlying Batammariba Traditional Architecture in Togo and Benin, , http://hdl.handle.net/10413/11484, [University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban]. (Accessed: 15 November 2020); Zukang, S., (2010) Avances logrados hasta el momento y lagunas que aún persisten en la aplicación de los resultados de las principales cumbres en la esfera del desarrollo sostenible y análisis de los temas de la Conferencia","Hernández Navarro, Y.; Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaSpain; email: yoherna@upv.es","Mileto C.Vegas F.Cristini V.Garcia-Soriano L.",,"International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","2020 International Conference on Vernacular Architecture in World Heritage Sites. Risks and New Technologies, HERITAGE 2020 (3DPast | RISK-Terra)","9 September 2020 through 12 September 2020",,162105,16821750,,,,"English","Int. Arch. Photogramm., Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. - ISPRS Arch.",Conference Paper,"Final","All Open Access, Gold",Scopus,2-s2.0-85090951513
"Rakotomamonjy B., Joffroy T.","57204314894;6506966104;","Tools for local governments to protect and favor sustainable conservation and (re-) use of earthen heritage in Auvergne RhÔne Alpes Region, France",2020,"International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences - ISPRS Archives","54","M-1",,"1125","1131",,,"10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-1125-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090942803&doi=10.5194%2fisprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-1125-2020&partnerID=40&md5=520eff421a0f58b3eacbdd500066cebc","CRAterre Team of AE&CC Research Unit (Labex), Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture de Grenoble (ENSAG), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France","Rakotomamonjy, B., CRAterre Team of AE&CC Research Unit (Labex), Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture de Grenoble (ENSAG), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France; Joffroy, T., CRAterre Team of AE&CC Research Unit (Labex), Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture de Grenoble (ENSAG), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, France","In 2018, a guide to the attention of the local governments has been published by CRAterre, entitled « Guide à destination des collectivités territoriales pour la réhabilitation et la valorisation du bâti en pisé ». It is one of the main results of a four years projects funded by the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Region on traditional rammed earth buildings that included researches on the geographical repartition, the variety of typologies, the state of conservation and the potential for sustainable development in the Region. It contains an organised series of recommendations and tools that could be implemented for the identification and revitalisation of rammed-earth vernacular heritage at a local level. These have been prepared as a response to the overall assessment made which revealed high potential and responsibility on the part of local governments to protect this heritage, promote continuity of its uses and to disseminate good rehabilitation practices. This paper presents the participative approach adopted for both the research process and the elaboration of the guide. That resulted in developing some original contents to the attention of the variety of groups of stakeholders. These were tested in the field and gradually improved taking into account the interactions with the local politicians and actors. The paper also covers a reflection on further dissemination of the knowledge developed for applications at a wider scale. © Authors 2020. CC BY 4.0 License.","Awareness; Conservation; Contemporary earthen architecture; Local government; Methodology; Participatory Approach; Rehabilitation","Artificial intelligence; Earth sciences; Remote sensing; Software engineering; High potential; Local government; Rammed earth; Rammed earth buildings; Research process; State of conservations; Sustainable conservations; Valorisation; Historic preservation",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Alex, D., (2012) Petit Guide des architectures en pisé à Lyon, p. 38. , Grenoble: CRAterre éditions; Bertin, D., Clémençon, A.S., L'architecture en terre, un mode de construction urbain ? Le cas de Lyon et sa Banlieue (1983) Ministère de l'urbanisme et du logement, pp. 1740-1830. , François Cointeraux Architecture de terre; de l'Ain, CAUE, (1985) Le bâti ancien des pays de l'Ain, p. 135. , Electricité de France Pact, Paris-La Défense; CRAterre-ENSAG, Asterre, Ecologik, Communiqué de presse: premier prix national des architectures en terre crue (2013) Festival Grains d'Isère, p. 26. , du 29 mai au 02 juin 2013. Grenoble: CRATerre-ENSAG, 2013; Guillaud, H., Moriset, S., Gandreau, D., (2014) Continuity of French rammed earth architecture in Restapia; Guibaud, C., L'architecture en pisé dans le canton de Boën (Loire) (2005) Situ. Revue des patrimoines; Joffroy, T., Sapere, D., Baldussi, A., Patrimoine architectural en pisé et en galets en pays de Valloire-Galaure (1991) Repérage de bâtiments typiques et particuliers, , GICAM CRATerre-EAG, Saint Vallier, Grenoble; Joffroy, T., Rakotomamonjy, B., (2018) Guide à destination des collectivités territoriales pour la réhabilitation et la valorisation du bâti en pisé, p. 100. , CRAterre edition, Villefontaine; Mille, E., (2016) Le pisé dans la métropole lyonnaise: si présent, si méconnu: un bâti remarquable à découvrir, valoriser et pérenniser, , ENSAG, Grenoble; Moriset, S., Joffroy, T., Béguin, M., Guillaud, H., Misse, A., Pointet, M., (2018) Réhabiliter le pisé: vers des pratiques adaptées, p. 264. , (dir), (dir) Arles: Actes Sud. Coll. Beaux Arts. ISBN 978-2-330-09258-0; Le Tiec, J., Paccoud, G., (2006) Pisé H2O. De l'eau et des grains pour un renouveau du pisé en Rhône-Alpes, p. 36. , CRAterre edition, Villefontaine; Paccoud, P., Chamodot, M., Génis, L., Gutiérrez, F., Mille, E, Rakotomamonjy, B., Maps, actors & local policies around earth buildings in Auvergne Rhône-Alpes (2017) International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability (SOStierra2017), , Sep 2017, Valence, Spain. hal-01726667; Rakotomamonjy, B., Moriset, S., Gandreau, D., La réhabilitation du pisé en Rhône-Alpes, quelles stratégies ? (2013) In Rapport du séminaire du 30 mai 2013 aux Grands Ateliers de l'Isle d'Abeau, p. 113. , et, Juin 2013. Grenoble: CRATerre éditions; Raulin, H., (1977) Dauphiné, , Berger-Levrault, Paris; Royer, C., (1979) Lyonnais, , Berger-Levrault, Paris; Scarato, P., (1984) Inventaire du patrimoine en pisé du département de la Loire, , Clermont-Ferrand: Pisé Terre d'avenir; Studer, D., (2016) Clés de lecture et enjeux de l'architecture de terre en Pays Voironnais, , ENSAG, Grenoble","Rakotomamonjy, B.; CRAterre Team of AE&CC Research Unit (Labex), France; email: bakonirina.rakotomamonjy@grenoble.archi.fr","Mileto C.Vegas F.Cristini V.Garcia-Soriano L.",,"International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","2020 International Conference on Vernacular Architecture in World Heritage Sites. Risks and New Technologies, HERITAGE 2020 (3DPast | RISK-Terra)","9 September 2020 through 12 September 2020",,162105,16821750,,,,"English","Int. Arch. Photogramm., Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. - ISPRS Arch.",Conference Paper,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85090942803
"Vegas F., Mileto C., García L., Cristini V.","6603127341;36721933700;57220971384;39161117100;","“House Nepal” project: Initial results and perspectives for an anti-seismic cooperation project",2020,"International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences - ISPRS Archives","54","M-1",,"719","722",,,"10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-719-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090936939&doi=10.5194%2fisprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-719-2020&partnerID=40&md5=12eca9710f460e98953a27cfcc8cca4e","Department of Architectural Composition, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Research Centre PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain","Vegas, F., Department of Architectural Composition, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain, Research Centre PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Mileto, C., Department of Architectural Composition, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain, Research Centre PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; García, L., Department of Architectural Composition, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain, Research Centre PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Cristini, V., Department of Architectural Composition, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain, Research Centre PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain","The “HouSe-Nepal” project is being developed within the framework of the ADSIDEO programme (Project for the Centre for Development Cooperation of Universitat Politècnica de València 2018-2020) in collaboration with the Nepalese foundation Abari: Bamboo and Earth Initiative. This action aims to provide the technological and scientific support needed for the construction of anti-seismic housing taking into consideration environmental, socio-cultural, and socio-economic sustainability as key factors for the project. Students from Kathmandu University are taking part in a series of experimental constructive actions in the town of Dhulikhel, aiming to provide a response to the major constructive problems and limitations of local housing (as starkly highlighted by the 2015 Ghorka earthquake). This paper aims to present the initial results of the project and some possible perspectives and actions to be specified in its final year. Basically, the design efforts are being aimed at the promotion of an architecture taking inspiration from local Nepalese architecture, as a sign of identity which is safer in the event of ground movement, and more sustainable in terms of production and execution than conventional constructions whose format and technology have been imported from Europe. © Authors 2020. CC BY 4.0 License.","Development and cooperation; Earthen architecture; Prototype; SDG; Seismic prevention","Architecture; Housing; Seismology; Conventional constructions; Design effort; Development cooperations; Ground movement; Kathmandu; Socio-cultural; Socio-economics; Sustainable development",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"(2018) Índices e indicadores de desarrollo humano, Actualización estadística de 2018, , http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update_es.pdf, AA.VV. UNDP Org Ed; (2016) How to build a transitional shelter, , http://abari.earth/, Abari. a; (2016) How to build a permanent home, , http://abari.earth/, Abari. b; (2016) Model homes, , http://abari.earth/, Abari. c; (2016) How to build a transitional class, , http://abari.earth/, Abari. d; Adhikary, N., Vernacular architecture in post-earthquake Nepal (2016) International Journal of Environmental Studies, 73 (4). , https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2016.1179011; Bernier, MR., (1997) Himalayan Architecture, , Ass. University press, London; Block, P., Tile vaults for low-cost construction in Africa (2010) Journal of the African Technology, 7 (1-2), pp. 4-13. , Taylor and Francis Ed., London; (2014) Annual household survey 2014, , CBS Gov.Nepal Ed.. Katmandú; Davis, L., Funicular Tile Vaults (2012) Structural Engin, 11, pp. 46-56. , ASCE Ed., Michigan; Fortea, M., López, V., (2001) Bóvedas de ladrillo, , Ed.Oficios, Madrid; Gray, J., (2006) Architecture of lifeworlds, , Nepal, Aldershot: Ashgate, UK; Langenbach, R., (2015) Gabion bands” for reconstructing rural rubble stone houses after the 2015 Nepal earthquakes, , https://www.traditional-is-modern.net/NEPAL/RLCorrespondanceReports/ReconstructingRuralStoneHouses(Langenbach)v2.pdf, Report; Moya, L., (1947) Bóvedas tabicadas, , Madrid, Ministerio de Fomento Ed., Madrid; Ramage, M., African vaults with soil-cement tiles (2010) Journal Shell & Spatial Structures, 51 (4), pp. 14-23. , IASS Ed., Madrid; Yeomans, D., The Interaction of Timber and Brick Masonry in the Kathmandu Valley (1996) APT Bull0etin, ½, pp. 74-81","Vegas, F.; Department of Architectural Composition, Spain; email: fvegas@cpa.upv.es","Mileto C.Vegas F.Cristini V.Garcia-Soriano L.",,"International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","2020 International Conference on Vernacular Architecture in World Heritage Sites. Risks and New Technologies, HERITAGE 2020 (3DPast | RISK-Terra)","9 September 2020 through 12 September 2020",,162105,16821750,,,,"English","Int. Arch. Photogramm., Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. - ISPRS Arch.",Conference Paper,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85090936939
"Palmieri A.","57222082953;","Earthen Construction. Graphic Mediation in Spontaneous Architecture",2020,"Springer Series in Design and Innovation","6",,,"678","688",,,"10.1007/978-3-030-47983-1_60","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85130954635&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-030-47983-1_60&partnerID=40&md5=3d2e61c971210eee79510120b9637d11","Department of Architecture and Industrial Design, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Aversa, Italy","Palmieri, A., Department of Architecture and Industrial Design, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Aversa, Italy","This paper proposes a reflection on spontaneous architecture, a theme dealt with in detail by Bernard Rudofsky, who in the exhibition “Architecture without architects” is critical of the author’s architecture that places more emphasis on the creator at the expense of collective logics that have formed the basis of architectural thought. Considering that the evolution of building has not been shaped by architects, but by certain social, political and economic contexts, means reading the history of architecture not on the basis of a scientific production carried out in individual graphic elaborations, but by communitarian reflections and awareness. In this sense, architecture is free from aprioristic thought, and not constrained by a tension that starts from the final form, but generated by the constructive process that progressively occupies the space defining a place. Two fundamental questions are connected to the mediation of design in the project conception (and its possible lack): the first concerns the authorship of the work that is the need -found by Vasari for the first time- to identify an architect and his cultural context in order to attribute meaning and value to a building. The second theme, on the other hand, is closely linked to the constructive reasons and processes that generate a type of participatory architecture, sometimes without overall planning and graphic design representation. This is the case of earthen architecture, its evolutions and the approach to this technique in the contemporary culture. © 2020, The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.","Earthen architecture; Graphic mediation; Spontaneous architecture",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Campos, C., Cirafici, A., Fiorentino, C.C., Del acontecimiento al indumento: Traducciones intersemióticas y diseño contemporáneo (2018) Proceedings CIMODE 2018: 4º Congresso Internacional De Moda E Design; Corrado, M., (2017) Quando l’architettura Non La Facevano Gli Architetti, , http://larchitetto-nella-foresta-design.blogautore.repubblica.it/; Fathy, H., (1986) Costruire Con La Gente, , Jaca Book, Milano; Gregotti, V., (2008) Il Territorio dell’architettura, , Feltrinelli, Milano; Minke, G., (2006) Building with Earth, , Birkhäuser – Publishers for Architecture, Basel; Ratti, C., (2014) Architettura Open Source, , Einaudi, Torino; Rudofsky, B., (1964) Architecture without Architects: A Short Introduction to Non-Pedigreed Architecture, , Doubleday, New York; Vasari, G., Le vite dei più eccellenti pittori, scultori e architetti (2015) Edizioni La Biblioteca Digitale, , Firenze; http://www.ar-co.org/it/progetti/realizzati/terra/index.php","Palmieri, A.; Department of Architecture and Industrial Design, Italy; email: alice.palmieri@unicampania.it",,,"Springer Nature",,,,,26618184,,,,"English","Springer. Ser. Des. Innov.",Book Chapter,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85130954635
"Lorenzon M.","56081528400;","Architecture and Gender: Lessons from Building Archaeology in Africa",2020,"SpringerBriefs in Archaeology",,,,"13","25",,,"10.1007/978-3-030-60858-3_2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85103917763&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-030-60858-3_2&partnerID=40&md5=b78d9bfc9c29840abf6cef44af61a256","Centre of Excellence in Ancient Near Eastern Empires, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","Lorenzon, M., Centre of Excellence in Ancient Near Eastern Empires, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","This chapter focuses upon the role and contribution of women in the architectural process, specifically in earthen architecture, discussing numerous case studies from Africa. The main aim is to foster interdisciplinary research, combining building archaeology, ethnoarchaeology and postcolonial theories to shed lights on understudied aspects of earthen architecture. This contribution also presents the case for a more participative form of archaeology based on community engagement as a key aspect in the analysis of the architecture from archaeological contexts. The chapter addresses two major questions: What is the impact of postcolonial theories on the analysis of earthen architecture in building archaeology? How have gender and subaltern studies improved our understanding of the construction process and overcome pre-existing discipline bias?. © 2020, The Author(s).","African archaeology; Building archaeology; Decolonization; Earthen architecture; Gender",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Arceneaux, K.D., (1989) The Script-Analogue and Its Application in Architectural Analysis: The Relationship of African Women to African Traditional Architecture. Doctoral Thesis Submitted to Virginia Polytechnic; Archer, J., Social theory of space: Architecture and the production of self, culture, and society (2005) Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 64 (4), pp. 430-433; Atalay, S., (2012) Community-Based Archaeology: Research With, By, and for Indigenous and Local Communities, , University of California Press; Aurenche, O., L’origine de la brique dans le Proche-Orient ancien (1993) Between the Rivers and over the Mountains: Archaeologica Anatolica Et Mesopotamica Alba Palmieri Dedicata, pp. 71-85. , M. Frangipane & A. Palmieri (Eds.), (pp. , Rome; Bartlett, A.E.A., Spatial order and psychiatric disorder (1994) Architecture and Order, pp. 178-195. , M. P. Pearson & C. Richards (Eds.), (pp. , New York: Routledge; Butzer, K., (1976) Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt, , Chicago: Chicago University Press; Blier, S.P., (1981) Architecture of the Tamberma (Togo). Doctoral Thesis Submitted to Columbia University; Blier, S.P., (1994) The Anatomy of Architecture: Ontology and Metaphor in Batammaliba Architectural Expression, , Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Blier, S.P., Vernacular architecture (2006) Handbook of Material Culture, pp. 230-253. , C. Tilley, W. Keane, S. Kuechler, M. Rowlands, & P. Spyer (Eds.), (pp. , New York: SAGE; Boivin, N., Material cultures, material minds: The impact of things on human thought, society (2008) And Evolution, , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Brunskill, R.W., (2000) Vernacular Architecture: An Illustrated Handbook, , 4th ed.). London: Faber and Faber; Bourgeois, J.L., The history of the great mosques of Djenné (1987) African Arts, 20 (3), pp. 54-62; Conkey, M., Spector, J., Archaeology and the study of gender (1984) Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, 7, pp. 1-38; Dalton, M., Reconstructing lived experience of domestic space at Amarna west (2017) Nubia in the New Kingdom: Lived Experience, Pharaonic Control and Indigenous Traditions, pp. 357-388. , N. Spencer, A. Stevens, & M. Binder (Eds.), (pp. , Leuven: Peeters; Devolder, M., Lorenzon, M., Minoan master builders? A diachronic study of mudbrick architecture in the bronze age palace at Malia (Crete) (2019) Bulletin De Correspondance hellénique, 143 (1), pp. 63-123; Egenter, N., (1992) Architectural Anthropology: The Present Relevance of The Primitive in Architecture. Structura Mundi I. Lausanne: Presses Centrales; Elcheikh, Z., Tales from two villages: Nubian women and cultural tourism in Gharb Soheil and Ballana (2018) Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies, 5 (1), pp. 241-260; Fodde, E., Traditional earthen building techniques in Central Asia (2009) International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 3 (2), pp. 145-168; (2005) The Hominid Individual in Context: Archaeological Investigations of Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Landscapes, Locales and Artefacts, , Gamble, C. S., & Porr, M. (Eds.), London: Routledge; Gilchrist, R., (1997) Invisible People and Processes: Writing Gender and Childhood into European Archaeology, pp. 88-112. , Ambivalent bodies: gender and medieval archaeology. In J. Moore & E. Scott (Eds.), (pp. , London: Leicester University Press; Gilchrist, R., (1999) Gender and Archaeology: Contesting the Past, , London: Routledge; Gilchrist, R., Archaeology and the life course: A time and age for gender (2004) A Companion to Social Archaeology, pp. 142-160. , (pp. , Oxford: Blackwell; Glassie, H., Vernacular architecture and society (1984) Material Culture, 16 (1), pp. 4-24; Glassie, H., (2000) Vernacular Architecture, , Bloomington: Indiana University Press; Gosden, C. (2001). Postcolonial archaeology: Issues of culture, identity, and knowledge. In I. Hodder (Ed.), Archaeological theory today (pp. 241–261). London: Blackwell; Güvenç, B., Vernacular architecture as a paradigm-case argument (1990) Vernacular Architecture: Paradigms of Environmental Responses, pp. 284-288. , M. Turan (Ed.), (pp. , Aldershot: Averbury; Hanna, M., What has happened to Egyptian heritage after the 2011 unfinished revolution? 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Richards (Eds.), (pp. , New York: Routledge; Humphris, J., Bradshaw, R., Understanding “the community” before community archaeology: A case study from Sudan (2017) Journal of Community Archaeology & Heritage, 4 (3), pp. 203-217; Ikram, S., Cultural heritage in times of crisis: The view from Egypt (2013) Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology & Heritage Studies, 1 (4), pp. 366-371; Ingold, T., The perception of the environment: Essays in livelihood (2000) Dwelling and Skill, , London: Routledge; Jolaoso, A.B., (2001) Housing and Indigenous Building Technology, , Abeokuta: Desi-Oga Publication; Joshi, O.P., Earthen architecture in Indian tribes (2011) TERRA 2008: The 10th International Conference on The Study of Conservation of Earthen Architectural Heritage, pp. 109-113. , L. Rainer, A. B. Rivera, & D. Gandreau (Eds.), (pp. , Los Angeles, California: Getty Publications; Joyce, R.A., A precolumbian gaze: Male sexuality among the ancient Maya (2000) Archaeologies of Sexuality, pp. 263-283. , R. Schmidt & B. Voss (Eds.), (pp. , London: Routledge; Joyce, R.A., Embodied subjectivity: Gender, femininity, masculinity, sexuality (2004) A Companion to Social Archaeology, pp. 82-95. , L. Meskell & R. W. Preucel (Eds.), (pp. , Oxford: Blackwell; Kusimba, C.M., Community archaeology and heritage in coastal and Western Kenya (2017) Journal of Community Archaeology & Heritage, 4 (3), pp. 218-228; Leakey, L.S.B., (1977) The Southern Kikuyu before 1903, 2. , (Vol. , New York: Academic; Lemoine, G., Woman of the house: Gender, architecture, and ideology in Dorset prehistory (2003) Arctic Anthropology, 40 (1), pp. 121-138; Liebmann, M., Introduction: The intersections of archaeology and postcolonial studies (2008) Archaeology and the Postcolonial Critique, pp. 1-21. , M. Liebmann & U. Z. Rizvi (Eds.), (pp. , Plymouth: AltaMira; Lorenzon, M., & Sadozaï, C. (2018). From past to present: Building skill transfer in Tajikistan. In T. J. Joffroy, H. Guillaud, & C. Sadozaï (Eds.), Terra Lyon 2016. Proceedings of the 12th World Congress on Earthen Architecture. Articles sélectionnés pour publication en ligne/articles selected for on-line publication/artículos seleccionados para publicación en línea. Villefontaine: CRATerre. Available at https://craterre.hypotheses.org/files/2018/05/ TERRA-2016_Th-1_Art-226_Lorenzon.pdf. Accessed 10 June 2019; Lorenzon, M., Zermani, I., Common ground: Community archaeology in Egypt, interaction between population and cultural heritage (2016) Journal of Community Archaeology & Heritage, 3 (3), pp. 183-199; McKinnon, J., Mushynsky, J., Cabrera, G., A fluid sea in the Mariana Islands: Community archaeology and mapping the seascape of Saipan (2014) Journal of Maritime Archaeology, 9 (1), pp. 59-79; (1988) The Role of Gender in Pre-Columbian Art and Architecture, , Miller, V. (Ed.), Lanham: University Press of America; Mills, S., (2013) Gender and Colonial Space, , Manchester: Manchester University Press; Morris, J., Blier, S.P., (2004) Butabu: Adobe Architecture of West Africa, , New York: Princeton Architectural Press; Morton, C., Remembering the house: Memory and materiality in Northern Botswana (2007) Journal of Material Culture, 12 (2), pp. 157-179; Moser, S., Glazier, D., Phillips, J.E., Nasser El Nemr, L., Mousa, M.S., Nasr Aiesh, R., Richardson, S., Seymour, M., Transforming archaeology through practice: Strategies for collaborative archaeology and the community archaeology project at Quseir, Egypt (2002) World Archaeology, 34 (2), pp. 229-248; Nicholas, G.P., Welch, J.R., Yellowhorn, E.C., Collaborative encounters (2008) Collaboration in Archaeological Practice: Engaging Descendant Communities, pp. 273-298. , C. Colwell-Chanthaphonh & T. J. Ferguson (Eds.), (pp. , Walnut Creek: Altamira Press; Nicholas, G.P., (2010) Bridging the Divide: Indigenous Communities and Archaeology into the 21St Century, pp. 233-252. , Seeking the end of indigenous archaeology. In C. Phillips & H. Allen (Eds.), (pp. , Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press; Odeyale, T.O., Adekunle, T.O., Innovative and sustainable local material in traditional African architecture – Socio cultural dimension (2008) Structural Analysis of Historic Construction: Preserving Safety and Significance. Proceedings of the 6Th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historic Construction, SAHC08, pp. 991-998. , D. D’Ayala & E. Fodde (Eds.), (pp. , London: CRC Press; Odiaua, I., Earth building culture in Daura, Nigeria: From mythological origin to reality (2008) TERRA 2008: The 10Th International Conference on The Study of Conservation of Earthen Architectural Heritage, pp. 120-123. , L. Rainer, A. B. Rivera, & D. Gandreau (Eds.), (pp. , Los Angeles: Getty Publications; Prussin, L., (1969) Architecture in Northern Ghana: A Study of Forms and Functions, , Berkeley: University of California Press; Prussin, L., An introduction to indigenous African architecture (1974) Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 33 (3), pp. 183-205; Prussin, L., African nomadic architecture: Space (1995) Place and Gender, , Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press; Rapoport, A., (1969) House Form and Culture, , Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall; Rapoport, A., (1976) The Mutual Interaction of People and Their Built Environment: A Cross-Cultural Perspective, , The Hague: Mouton Publishers; Schmidt, P.R., An alternative to a strictly materialist perspective: A review of historical archaeology, ethnoarchaeology, and symbolic approaches in African archaeology (1983) American Antiquity, 48 (1), pp. 62-81; Schmidt, P.R., Rediscovering community archaeology in Africa and reframing its practice (2014) Journal of Community Archaeology & Heritage, 1 (1), pp. 37-55; Schmidt, P.R., Pikirayi, I., (2016) Community Archaeology and Heritage in Africa: Decolonizing Practice, , London: Routledge; Sheldon, B., Indigenous expertise: African women’s artistry connecting across time and space (2017) Africa Review, 9 (1), pp. 13-27; Sogah, F.T., (2010) Master’s Thesis Submitted to Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, , http://ir.knust.edu.gh/bitstream/123456789/317/1/fulltxt.pdf. 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Medicine (Eds.), (pp. , Lanham: University Press of America; Steadman, S.R., Recent research in the archaeology of architecture: Beyond the foundations (1996) Journal of Archaeological Research, 4 (1), pp. 51-93; Strommenger, E., The chronological division of the archaic levels of Uruk-Eanna VI to III/ II: Past and present (1980) American Journal of Archaeology, 84 (4), pp. 479-487; Trigger, B.G., Alternative archaeologies: Nationalist, colonialist, imperialist (1984) Man, 19, pp. 355-370; Tringham, R., Engendered places in prehistory (1994) Gender, Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography, 1 (2), pp. 169-203; Tringham, R., Chang, C., Men and women in prehistoric architecture (1991) Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review, 3 (1), pp. 9-28; Upton, D., The power of things: Recent studies in American vernacular architecture (1983) American Quarterly, 35, pp. 262-279; van Dommelen, P., Postcolonial archaeologies between discourse and practice (2011) World Archaeology, 43 (1), pp. 1-6; van Vuuren, C.J., Features in the intangible domain of Ndebele earthen architecture (2008) TERRA 2008: The 10Th International Conference on The Study of Conservation of Earthen Architectural Heritage, pp. 141-146. , (a), L. Rainer, A. B. Rivera, & D. Gandreau (Eds.), (pp. , Los Angeles, CA: Getty Publications; van Vuuren, C.J., The intricacy of intangible cultural heritage: Some perspectives on Ndebele earthen architecture (2008) South African Journal of Art History, 23 (2), pp. 14-24; Whelan, D., Decorated architecture as material culture: A preliminary look at the vernacular architecture of the Msinga area (2003) Southern African Humanities, 15 (1), pp. 129-141; Wylie, A., Gender theory and the archaeological record: Why is there no archaeology of gender? (1991) Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory, pp. 31-54. , J. Gero & M. W. Conkey (Eds.), (pp. , Oxford: Blackwell","Lorenzon, M.; Centre of Excellence in Ancient Near Eastern Empires, Finland; email: Marta.Lorenzon@helsinki.fi",,,"Springer Nature",,,,,18616623,,,,"English","SpringerBrief. Archaeol.",Book Chapter,"Final","All Open Access, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85103917763
"Gutiérrez-Carrillo M.L., Bestué Cardiel I., Molina Gaitán J.C., Molero Melgarejo E.","56518311700;55420348100;55390987500;57195571107;","Risk analysis methodology applied to earthen fortifications. The Torre de rijana: A case study",2020,"REHABEND",,,,"2631","2639",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85100427439&partnerID=40&md5=99b650d5052c7f45d2d610a679f226d0","Departamento de Construcciones Arquitectónicas Universidad de Granada, Spain; Departamento de Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica y en la Ingeniería Universidad de Granada, Spain; Departamento de Arquitectura y Tecnología de la Edificación Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain; Departamento de Urbanística y Ordenación del Territorio Universidad de Granada, Spain","Gutiérrez-Carrillo, M.L., Departamento de Construcciones Arquitectónicas Universidad de Granada, Spain; Bestué Cardiel, I., Departamento de Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica y en la Ingeniería Universidad de Granada, Spain; Molina Gaitán, J.C., Departamento de Arquitectura y Tecnología de la Edificación Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain; Molero Melgarejo, E., Departamento de Urbanística y Ordenación del Territorio Universidad de Granada, Spain","The state of conservation of the remains of defensive earthen architectural heritage is often compromised by a variety of natural or man-made hazards that, if sustained over time, can aggravate these sites´ deterioration until the consequences become irreversible. This has led to the creation of management tools which, using the defensive earthen architecture of the southeast Iberian Peninsula as their reference and adopting the guidelines set out in the various National Plans, contribute to a more thorough study with regards to its preventive conservation. The study presents findings from the development of an innovative risk assessment protocol founded on sustainability criteria and which is designed to facilitate decisions on protection, conservation and appraisal by the corresponding administration and agencies involved in protecting these sites. The model is logical and operational, sufficient to determine the real risk to these structures, and integrates information regarding their vulnerability and hazardous conditions at the sites where they are located. The determination of risk is made via an assessment of the different, aggregated risk factors present in a specific geographical area. This methodology is applied in the Torre de Rijana case study, which examines a watchtower located on the Granada province coast in Spain and which is protected by Spanish Historical Heritage legislation, with the highest available generic award, as a consequence of its significant heritage value. The protocol allows for a multidisciplinary analysis of its heritage characteristics, an analysis of the risk factors, assesses to what extent it is vulnerable to them, takes into account the area where it is located, as well as its derived state of conservation. It also allows for the creation of preventive measures Action Maps from specific Risk Maps, whilst simultaneously establishes how to prioritise actions, thus promoting sustainable conservation with minimum economic investment and creating an efficient maintenance programme. © 2020, University of Cantabria - Building Technology R&D Group. All rights reserved.","Earthen defensive architecture; Preventive conservation; Risks",,,,,,"Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, FCT: P2020-PTDC/ECM-URB/3329/2014; European Regional Development Fund, ERDF; Fundació Catalana de Trasplantament, FCT","This work was supported by FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia) in the framework of the TRAPHIC project (P2020-PTDC/ECM-URB/3329/2014). The authors would like to thank Professor Lídia Gil Catarino and Eng. Paulo Ribeiro of the Geophysics Institute for their support in this project.","This study is part of the project PREFORTI (BIA2015 69938-R) entitled “Sustainable methodology for the Conservation and Maintenance of medieval rammed-earth fortifications in the South-East of the Iberian Peninsula” financed by the State Research Agency (SRA) and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). To M.D. Casado for producing the maps.",,,,,,,,,"Camuffo, D., (1998) Microclimate for Cultural Heritage, , San Diego, CA, USA: Elsevier; (2000) Hacia Una Estrategia Europea Sobre Conservación Preventiva, , Resolución de Vantaa; García Fernández, I.M., (2013) Historia De La Conservación Preventiva: Parte I, 5, pp. 27-41; Lillie, M., Smith, R., Reed, J., Inglis, R., Southwest Scottish crannogs: Using in situ studies to assess preservation in wetland archaeological contexts (2008) J. Archaeol. Sci, 35, pp. 1886-1900; Lucchi, E., Review of preventive conservation in museum buildings (2008) J of Cultural Heritage, 29, pp. 180-193; Marrion, C., More effectively addressing fire/disaster challenges to protect our cultural heritage (2016) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 20, pp. 746-749. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2016.03.013; Ortiz, P., Antúnez, V., Martín, J.M., Ortiz, R., Vázquez, M.A., Galán, E., Approach to environmental risk analysis for the main monuments in a historical city (2014) J. Cultural Heritage, 15, pp. 432-440; Chiessi, V., Geological, geomechanical and geostatistical assessment of rockfall hazard in San Quirico Village (Abruzzo, Italy) (2010) Geomorphology, 119, pp. 147-161; Law 16/1985 of 25Th June of Spanish Historical Heritage; (2006) Plan Nacional De Arquitectura Defensiva, , http://ipce.mcu.es/conservacion/planesnacionales/defensiva.html, MECD, accessed: June 2019; (2015) Plan Nacional De Emergencias Y Gestión De Riesgos Del Patrimonio Cultural, , http://www.Mecd.Gob.Es/Planes-Nacionales/Planes/Emergencias.Html, (National Emergency and Risk management Plan for Cultural Heritage) MECD, accessed: June 2019; (2011) Plan Nacional De Conservación Preventiva, , http://ipce.mcu.es/conservacion/planesnacionales/preventiva.html, MECD, accessed: June 2019; Malpica Cuello, A., (1996) Poblamiento Y Castillos En Granada. Barcelona, España: Junta De Andalucía, , Legado Andalusí, Lunwerg; Quattrone, G., Risk analysis and vulnerability assessment of archeological areas for the preventive conservation (2016) Euromed 2016, pp. 157-168. , M. Ioannides et al (Eds), Part 1 LNSC 10058; Asprone, D., Jalayer, F., Prota, A., Manfredi, J., Proposal of a probabilistic model formultihazard risk assessment of structures in seismic zones subjected to blast for the limit state of collapse (2010) Structure Safety, 32, pp. 25-34",,"Lombillo I.Blanco H.Boffill Y.",,"University of Cantabria - Building Technology R&D Group","8th Euro-American Congress on Construction Pathology, Rehabilitation Technology and Heritage Management, REHABEND 2020","24 March 2020 through 27 March 2020",,253609,23868198,9788409178711,,,"English","Rehabend",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85100427439
"Dye D.H.","15051548000;","Mississippian religious beliefs and ritual practice: Earthen monuments, rock art, and sacred shrines",2020,"Reviews in Anthropology",,,,"122","147",,,"10.1080/00938157.2020.1778254","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85087522636&doi=10.1080%2f00938157.2020.1778254&partnerID=40&md5=35ac7906a5394ae74e48d24be6847d56","University of Memphis, United States","Dye, D.H., University of Memphis, United States","The five books under review here explicitly call for archaeologists to place greater emphasis on agency and practice in understanding the role of religion and ritual in the ancient world. Four volumes, principally investigating Mississippian polities, draw our attention to the American midcontinent and its earthen monuments, magical plants, rock art, sacra, and sacred shrines. Although spanning a diversity of approaches and perspectives, the authors demonstrate how cosmograms, exotic objects, sacred landscapes, and transcendental beings articulate with people’s daily lives and lived experiences. Each work offers an awareness of religion as expressed through materiality and the ways past belief systems were bundled, constituted, entangled, and intermeshed with agentive things, built landscapes, humans, natural environments, and other-than-human-persons. The fifth book, by Brian Hayden, contributes a significant approach to these ongoing discussions by stressing the importance of secret societies for interpreting and understanding the power of ritual in the ancient world. © 2020, © 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Mississippian; religion; ritual; rock art; secret societies; shrines; social institutions; sodalities",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Abdelnour, S., Hasselbladh, H., Kallinikos, J., Agency and Institutions in Organization Studies (2017) Organization Studies, 38 (12), pp. 1775-1792; Alt, S.M., (2018), Cahokias Complexities: Ceremonies and Politics of the First Mississippian Farmers. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. ; Alt, S.M., Putting Religion Ahead of Politics: Cahokian Origins as Viewed through Emerald’s Shrines (2018) Archaeology and Ancient Religion in the American Midcontinent, pp. 208-233. , Koldehoff B.H., Pauketat T.R., (eds), Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, b, eds; Alt, S.M., Pauketat, T.R., The Elements of Cahokian Shrine Complexes and Basis of Mississippian Religion (2018) Religion and Politics in the Ancient Americas, pp. 51-74. , Barber S.B., Joyce A.R., (eds), New York: Routledge, and, eds; Baires, S.E., (2017) Land of Water, City of the Dead: Religion and Cahokia’s Emergence, , Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press; Baltus, M.R., From Caches to Gatherings: The Relationality of Intentionally Deposited Objects in Mississippian Buildings (2018) Archaeology and Ancient Religion in the American Midcontinent, pp. 81-116. , Koldehoff B.H., Pauketat T.R., (eds), Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, eds; Baltus, M.R., Baires, S.E., (2017) Relational Entanglements of the Indigenous Americas: Alterity, Ontology, and Shifting Paradigms, , Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, and, eds; Baltus, M.R., Wilson, G.D., The Cahokian Crucible: Burning Ritual and the Emergence of Cahokian Power in the Mississippian Midwest (2019) American Antiquity, 84 (3), pp. 438-470; Barber, S.B., Joyce, A.R., (2018) Religion and Politics in the Ancient Americas, , New York: Routledge, and, eds; Barrier, C.R., Carmody, S.B., Introduction: The Materials of Ritual and Religion in Eastern North America (2020) Shaman, Priest, Practice, Belief: The Materials of Ritual and Religion in Eastern North America, pp. 1-12. , Carmody S.B., Barrier C.R., (eds), Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, and, eds; Bell, C., (1992) Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice, , New York: Oxford University Press; Bhabha, H.K., Rutherford, J., The Third Space (1990) Identity: Community Culture, Difference, pp. 207-221. , London: Lawrence and Wishart, ed; Bhabha, H.K., (1994) The Location of Culture, , New York: Routledge; Blakely, S., Toward an Archaeology of Secrecy: Power, Paradox, and the Great Gods of Samothrace (2012) Beyond Belief: The Archaeology of Religion and Ritual, 21 (1), pp. 49-71. , Rowan Y.M., (ed), Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association, ed. Archaeological Papers; Brandt, E.A., Blackburn, T.C., The Role of Secrecy in a Pueblo Society (1977) Flowers in the Wind: Papers on Ritual, Myth, and Symbolism in California and the Southwest, pp. 11-28. , Socorro, NM: Ballena Press, ed. 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K., Timothy R P., (eds), Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, and, b, eds; Krieger, A.D., An Inquiry into Supposed Mexican Influence on a Prehistoric Cult in the Southern United States (1945) American Anthropologist, 47 (4), pp. 483-515; Lankford, G.E., (2007) Reachable Stars: Patterns in the Ethnoastronomy of Eastern North America, , Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press; Lankford, G.E., Reilly, F.K., III, Garber, J.E., (2011) Visualizing the Sacred: Cosmic Visions, Regionalism, and the Art of the Mississippian World, , Austin: University of Texas Press, and, eds; Loubser, J., Ashcraft, S., Wettstaed, J., Betwixt and Between: The occurrence of Petroglyphs Between Townhouses of the Living and Townhouses of Spirit Beings in Northern Georgia and Western North Carolina (2018) Transforming the Landscape: Rock Art and the Mississippian Cosmos, pp. 200-244. , Diaz-Granados C., Simek J., Sabo III G., Wagner M., (eds), Havertown, PA: Oxbow Books, and, and, eds; Mills, B.J., The Establishment and Defeat of Hierarchy: Inalienable Possessions and the History of Collective Prestige Structures in the Pueblo Southwest (2004) American Anthropologist, 106 (2), pp. 238-251; Moore, C.B., Moundville Revisited (1907) Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 13 (3), pp. 337-405; Parker, K.E., Simon, M.L., Magic Plants and Mississippian Ritual (2018) Archaeology and Ancient Religion in the American Midcontinent, pp. 117-166. , Brad H K., Timothy R P., (eds), Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, and, eds; Pauketat, T.R., Founders’ Cults and the Archaeology of Wa-Kan-Da (2008) Memory Work: Archaeologies of Material Practices, pp. 61-79. , Barbara J M., William H W., (eds), Santa Fe: School for American Research, eds; Pauketat, T.R., (2013) An Archaeology of the Cosmos: Rethinking Agency and Religion in Ancient America, , New York: Routledge; Pauketat, T.R., Alt, S.M., Mounds, Memory, and Contested Mississippian History (2003) Archaeologies of Memory, pp. 151-179. , Ruth Van D., Susan A., (eds), Oxford: Blackwell Press, and, eds; Pauketat, T.R., Emerson, T.E., The Ideology of Authority and the Power of the Pot (1991) American Anthropologist, 93 (4), pp. 919-941; Phillips, P., Middle American Influences on the Archaeology of the Southeastern United States (1940) The Maya and Their Neighbors, pp. 349-367. , Hay C.L., Linton R.L., Lothrop S.K., Shapiro H.L., Vaillant G.C., (eds), New York: Appleton-Century, eds; Reilly, F.K., III, Garber, J.F., (2007) Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms: Interpretations of Mississippian Iconography, , Austin: University of Texas Press, and, eds; Richards, J.D., Zych, T.J., A Landscape of Mounds: Community Ethnogenesis at Aztalan (2018) Archaeology and Ancient Religion in the American Midcontinent, pp. 234-268. , Koldehoff B.H., Pauketat T.R., (eds), Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, and, eds; Rodning, C.B., Cherokee Religion and European Contact in Southeastern North America (2018) Religion and Politics in the Ancient Americas, , Barber S.B., Joyce A.R., (eds), New York: Routledge, eds; Romain, W.F., Ancient Skywatchers of the Eastern Woodlands (2018) Archaeology and Ancient Religion in the American Midcontinent, pp. 269-303. , Koldehoff B.H., Pauketat T.R., (eds), Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, eds; Rowan, Y.M., (2012) Beyond Belief: The Archaeology of Religion and Ritual. Archaeological Papers No. 21, , Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association, ed; Sabo, G., III, Simek, J.F., Materiality and Cultural Landscapes in Native America (2018) Transforming the Landscape: Rock Art and the Mississippian Cosmos, pp. 1-28. , Diaz-Granados C., Simek J., Sabo III G., Wagner M., (eds), Havertown, PA: Oxbow Books, and, eds; Sabo, G., III, Hilliard, J.E., Lockhart, J.J., Walker, L., Petroglyphs, Portals, and People Along the Eastern Ozark Escarpment, Arkansas (2018) Transforming the Landscape: Rock Art and the Mississippian Cosmos, pp. 76-98. , Diaz-Granados C., Simek J., Sabo III G., Wagner M., (eds), Havertown, PA: Oxbow Books, and, eds; Sharp, R.V., Townsend, R.F., (2004) Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand: American Indian Art of the Ancient Midwest and South, , New Haven: Yale University Press, and, eds; Sharp, R.V., Knight, V.J., Jr., Lankford, G.E., Woman in the Patterned Shawl: Female Effigy Vessels and Figurines from the Middle Cumberland River Basin (2011) Visualizing the Sacred: Cosmic Visions, Regionalism, and the Art of the Mississippian World, pp. 177-198. , Lankford G.E., Reilly III F.K., Garber J.F., (eds), Austin: University of Texas Press, and, ed; Simek, J.F., Cressler, A., Hanson, B.B., Prehistoric Rock Art, Social Boundaries, and Cultural Landscapes on the Cumberland Plateau of southeast North America (2018) Transforming the Landscape: Rock Art and the Mississippian Cosmos, pp. 156-197. , Diaz-Granados C., Simek J., Sabo III G., Wagner M., (eds), Havertown, PA: Oxbow Books, and, and, eds; Soja, E.W., (1996) Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imaged Places, , Oxford: Blackwell; Spinden, H.J., (1931) Indian Symbolism. 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Bureau of American Ethnology, , Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution; Taussig, M., Viscerality, Faith, and Skepticism: Another Theory of Magic (2016) Hau: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 6 (3), pp. 453-483; Taussig, M., (1999) Defacement: Public Secrecy and the Labor of the Negative, , Stanford: Stanford University Press; Wagner, M.J., Sharp, K., Remo, J., Transformed Spaces: A Landscape Approach to the Rock Art of Illinois (2018) Transforming the Landscape: Rock Art and the Mississippian Cosmos, pp. 100-154. , Diaz-Granados C., Simek J., Sabo III G., Wagner M., (eds), Havertown, PA: Oxbow Books, and, a, eds; Wagner, M.J., Remo, J., Sharp, K., Matsumoto, G., Koldehoff, B.H., Pauketat, T.R., The Power of Place: Ancient Ritual Landscapes in Southwestern Illinois (2018) Archaeology and Ancient Religion in the American Midcontinent, pp. 269-303. , Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, and, b, and, eds; Wallace, A.F.C., (1966) Religion: An Anthropological View, , New York: Random House; Ware, J.A., (2014) A Pueblo Social History: Kinship, Sodality, and Community in the Northern Southwest, , Santa Fe: School for Advanced Research; Waring, A.J., Jr., Brief of Symposium on the Southern Cult (1948) American Antiquity, 14 (2), pp. 151-155; Waring, A.J., Jr., Summary of the 1954 Moundville Meeting (1968) The Waring Papers: The Collected Works of Antonio J. Waring, Jr, pp. 90-92. , Williams S., (ed), Cambridge: Harvard University, ed. Paper 58. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology; Waring, A.J., Jr., Holder, P., A Prehistoric Ceremonial Complex in the Southeastern United States (1945) American Anthropologist, 47 (1), pp. 1-34; Whitley, D.S., Hays-Gilpin, K., (2008) Belief in the Past: Theoretical Approaches to the Archaeology of Religion, , Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, and, eds; Willoughby, C.C., An Analysis of the Decoration upon Pottery from the Mississippi Valley (1897) Journal of American Folklore, 10 (36), pp. 9-20; Willoughby, C.C., Notes on the History and Symbolism of the Muskhogeans and the People of Etowah (1932) Etowah Papers, pp. 7-67. , Moorehead W.K., (ed), Andover: Phillips Academy, ed. Department of Archaeology Publication, 3","Dye, D.H.; University of Memphis, 109 Johnson Hall, United States",,,"Bellwether Publishing, Ltd.",,,,,00938157,,,,"English","Rev. Anthropol.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85087522636
"Nehren U., Lichtenberg S., Mertin H., Dennig N., El Alaoui A., Zgou H., de Nehren S.A., Raedig C.","36497278600;57211375283;57211373460;57211378519;57518063500;16320137900;57193438069;23111638900;","The Atlas Workshops of Agdz, Morocco: A Model Region for a Scientific–Artistic Dialogue",2020,"Springer Climate",,,,"253","278",,,"10.1007/978-3-030-22464-6_15","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85073683783&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-030-22464-6_15&partnerID=40&md5=5b4432c08c4de00cacdc515e2b00f313","Institute for Technology and Resources Management in the Tropics and Subtropics, TH Köln, Köln, Germany; Department of Physical Geography, University of Passau, Passau, Germany; Freelance musician, sound performer and music ethnologist, Cologne, Germany; Dindum Kulturkommunikation e.V., Pulheim-Manstedten, Germany; Natural Resources and Environment Research Team (NR & E), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology Errachidia, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco; Polydisciplinary Faculty of Ouarzazate, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco","Nehren, U., Institute for Technology and Resources Management in the Tropics and Subtropics, TH Köln, Köln, Germany; Lichtenberg, S., Department of Physical Geography, University of Passau, Passau, Germany; Mertin, H., Freelance musician, sound performer and music ethnologist, Cologne, Germany; Dennig, N., Dindum Kulturkommunikation e.V., Pulheim-Manstedten, Germany; El Alaoui, A., Natural Resources and Environment Research Team (NR & E), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology Errachidia, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco; Zgou, H., Polydisciplinary Faculty of Ouarzazate, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco; de Nehren, S.A., Institute for Technology and Resources Management in the Tropics and Subtropics, TH Köln, Köln, Germany; Raedig, C., Institute for Technology and Resources Management in the Tropics and Subtropics, TH Köln, Köln, Germany","The town of Agdz in southeast Morocco was chosen as an applied case for the cooperation project “The Atlas Workshops of Agdz: A model region for a scientific-artistic dialogue.” The aim of the project was to use scientific and artistic approaches to identify transformation processes in the socio-ecological system and the associated impacts on the cultural heritage of the Imazighen (Berbers). Transdisciplinary and intercultural teaching and learning methods provided international students with a holistic view of system contexts and changes and enabled them to analyze and reflect on them. Based on the project results, this chapter discusses transformation processes in Agdz in the course of global change, which pose new challenges for the region. We examine aspects of oasis agriculture, water use, traditional earthen architecture, and the Ahwash ritual, an intangible cultural heritage of the Imazighen. Moreover, we discuss the extent to which transdisciplinarity and interculturality can contribute to a better understanding of the system and foster mediation processes, and what role music and dance play in these. This takes place against the background of the overarching objective of sustainable rural development and socio-ecological resilience. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.","Inquiry-based learning; Interculturality; North–South dialogue; Socio-ecological system; Southeast Morocco; Sustainable development; Transdisciplinarity",,,,,,"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst, DAAD","We would like to express our sincerest thanks to the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) and the German Federal Foreign Office for funding the Atlas Workshops project. Furthermore, we are very grateful to Mr. M’Barek Ait El Kaid for providing us the space in his Kasbah and his valuable time for scientific discussion and practical support. Our heartfelt thanks go to the amazing Ahwash ensemble from Agdz, particularly to Boubker Marrouk, Mohamed Belahcen, and Abdessamad Belahcen, as well as to Prof. Vera Sander who played a decisive role in shaping the artistic part of the project. Furthermore, we would like to thank Prof. Dr. Youness Belahsen and Prof. Dr. Ahmed Ait Hou for their great support. We further thank the community of Agdz with the associations Assalam and the German NGO Dindum who supported the project activities. We are also very grateful to the Villa des Arts, the association La Paix/ Salaam, and the Goethe-Institut for supporting the closing event in Rabat. Finally, we would like to thank Michael Maurissens (artist and film maker), Nezha Rhondali (dancer), Tom Dams (sound engineer), Justyna Niznik (violin player), Manfred Fahnert, Marc Haering, Jana Nolting, Florian Schick, Roman Seliger (scientific support), Belaid Zouhair (logistic support), and the students from science and arts: Oumaima Ait El Kaid, Francesco d’Amelio, Elsa Artmann, Margherita Dello Sbarba, Houda Dribila, Silvia Enis Duarte, Mohamed El-Hodaiby, Maximiliano Estudios, Mariana Garcia de la Torre, Leonie Gembler, Katharina Gübel, Diego Alexander Guarin Cifuentes, Karina Klein, Oumaima Kharkhach, Mihyun Ko, Linda Madio Ngankeng Epse Kemeni, Wyam Mardoukh, Alaa Obeid, Brahim Oumahrir, Maria Isabel Meza Rodríguez, Raphael Pak Lau, Anne-Lene Nöldner, Kenechukwu Albert Okoye, Gonzalo Rodriguez, Jannis Sicker, Marcella Ulrike Sobisch, Svenja Speen, Thea Soti, Seyedeh Taraneh Mousavi, José Carlos Tello Valle Hiriart, Dimitrios Thanos, Yannick Tiemann, and Moritz Wesp.",,,,,,,,,,"Adeel, Z., Bigas, H., Schuster, B., (2008) What Makes Traditional Technologies Tick? 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Constable LTD, , Edinburgh; Moussaid, J., Fora, A.A., Zourarah, B., Using automatic computation to analyze the rate of shoreline change on the Kenitra coast, Morocco (2015) Ocean Eng, 102, pp. 71-77; Ostrom, E., (1990) Governing the Commons. the Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; Rademacher-Schulz, C., The making of the social order – migration, resource and power conflicts in the Moroccan Draa Valley (2014) Erdkunde, 68 (3), pp. 173-183; Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Planetary boundaries: Exploring the safe operating space for humanity (2009) Ecol Soc, 14 (2), p. 32; Sadiqi, F., The role of Moroccan women in preserving Amazigh language and culture (2007) Mus Int, 59 (4), pp. 26-33; Schuyler, P.D., Rwais and ahwash: Opposing tendencies in Moroccan Berber music and society (1979) World Music, 21 (1), pp. 65-80; Shoup, J.A., (2011) Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, , Santa Barbara; Soja, E.W., (1996) Third Space: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-And-Imagined Places, , Blackwell, Malden; United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (2017) the Global Land Outlook, , 1st edn. UNCCD, Bonn; (2014) World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/352); (2018) World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision, Methodology, Working Paper No. ESA/P/WP.252, , New York; Vorlaufer, K., (1999) Tourismus Und Kulturwandel Auf Bali, 87 (1), pp. 29-45. , Geogr Z","Nehren, U.; Institute for Technology and Resources Management in the Tropics and Subtropics, Germany; email: udo.nehren@th-koeln.de",,,"Springer",,,,,23520698,,,,"English","Springer Clim.",Book Chapter,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85073683783
"Manrique J.G., Gutierrez-Carrillo M.L., Melgarejo E.M.","57212407181;56518311700;24069017600;","Risk charter for medieval defensive earthen architecture in southern Spain",2019,"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","362","1","012078","","",,,"10.1088/1755-1315/362/1/012078","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85076617667&doi=10.1088%2f1755-1315%2f362%2f1%2f012078&partnerID=40&md5=4195d53eb3490ed854ac666f5869a154","Dpto. Ingeniería Civil, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva S/n, Granada, 18071, Spain; Dpto. Construcciones Arquitectónicas, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva S/n, Granada, 18071, Spain; Dpto. Urbanística y Ordenación Del Territorio, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva S/n, Granada, 18071, Spain","Manrique, J.G., Dpto. Ingeniería Civil, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva S/n, Granada, 18071, Spain; Gutierrez-Carrillo, M.L., Dpto. Construcciones Arquitectónicas, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva S/n, Granada, 18071, Spain; Melgarejo, E.M., Dpto. Urbanística y Ordenación Del Territorio, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva S/n, Granada, 18071, Spain","Medieval defensive earthen architecture is typically represented by big and well maintained defensive walls, lookout towers or castles despite mostly represented by remains of tower walls or defensive walls. While studies on natural hazards have been carried out concerning these castles or lookout towers, there are no studies on defensive walls. Both are certainly significant from a cultural heritage perspective, despite the fact that the latter are less popular for the general public. In Southeast Spain, most of this kind of architecture has been affected, and occasionally reconstructed, by destructive earthquakes and/or landslides, in accordance with historical chronicles or field evidence, however, there are no records of low-scale natural hazards. Hence, aware of the importance of the prevention of natural hazards regarding the conservation of the cultural heritage, a National Emergency and Risk Management Plan for the Cultural Heritage, a National Plan for Preventive Conservation as well as a National Plan for Defensive Architecture have been enacted by the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport. According to these plans, a risk charter, including natural and man-made hazards, should be completed in order to improve investment programming. Cultural heritage risk and cultural assets maps should be connected in order to become an instrument for managing preventive conservation. Natural hazards studies should be conducted in order to protect cultural heritage, though they are not usually performed, most likely due to their cost. However, some natural hazards studies have been published in scientific journals, mainly signed by university researchers or various Spanish research institutions such as the Geological and Mining Institute of Spain. Some of them, including the Spanish Seismic Network or the old Ministry of Environment (currently known as the Ministry for Ecological Transition), have published several hazard and risk maps which can be usually used in GIS format. Yet, most of them are not even known by researchers on cultural heritage due to the different administrative levels in charge of natural hazards. In this paper, some recommendations to prevent natural hazards in medieval defensive earthen architecture will be discussed. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.",,"Earth sciences; Historic preservation; Investments; Maps; Network architecture; Risk management; Earthen architectures; Ministry of Education; Ministry of environments; National emergencies; Preventive conservation; Research institutions; Risk management plans; University researchers; Hazards",,,,,"Medieval Academy of America; European Regional Development Fund, ERDF","This study is part of a project entitled (BIA2015 69938-R) 'Sustainable Methodology for the Conservation and Maintenance of Medieval Rammed-earth Fortifications in the South-East of the Iberian Peninsula' funded by the State Research Agency (SRA) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).","This study is part of a project entitled (BIA2015 69938-R) “Sustainable Methodology for the Conservation and Maintenance of Medieval Rammed-earth Fortifications in the South-East of the Iberian Peninsula” funded by the State Research Agency (SRA) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).",,,,,,,,,"(2015) Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport:""Plan Nacional de Catedrales (National Plan for Cathedrals), , Institute of Cultural Heritage of Spain (In Spanish); (2015) Plan Nacional de Abadías, Monasterios y Conventos (National Plan for Abbeys, Monasteries and Convents), , Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport: Institute of Cultural Heritage of Spain (In Spanish); (2015) Plan Nacional de Paisaje Cultural (National Plan for Cultural Landscape), , Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport. Institute of Cultural Heritage of Spain (In Spanish); (2012) Plan Nacional de Arquitectura Defensiva (National Plan for Defensive Architecture), , Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport: Institute of Cultural Heritage of Spain (In Spanish); (2011) Plan Nacional de Conservación Preventiva (National Plan for Preventive Conservation), , Ministry of Education, Culture,Sport: Institute of Cultural Heritage of Spain (In Spanish); (2015) Plan Nacional de Emergencias y Gestión de Riesgos en Patrimonio Cultural (National Emergency and Risk Management Plan for Cultural Heritage), , Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport: Institute of Cultural Heritage of Spain (In Spanish); Baltuille, J.M., Rodríguez, B., Hernández, J.R., Orozco, M.T., El SIG/PAM, Una herramienta informática, novedosa y flexible, para aplicar al Plan Nacional de Arquitectura Defensiva, a partir de la cartografía geológica nacional (2014) Patrimonio Cultural de España No 9, , Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (In Spanish); Garrido, J.Y., Gutiérrez, M.L., Andalusian cultural heritage and natural hazards prevention (2015) Preservation of Cultural Heritage, pp. 437-440. , Lollino G.; Giordan, D.; Marunteanu, C.; Christaras, B.; Yoshinori, I. and Margottini, C. (eds). Springer, Heidelberg (In Spanish); Garrido, J.Y., Saunders, W.S.A., Disaster risk reduction and land use planning: Opportunities to improve practice (2019) Geologic Hazards: Earthquakes, Land Subsidence, Coastal Hazards, and Emergency Response, pp. 161-165. , Shakoor, A. y Cato, K. (Eds.). Springer, Heidelberg; Oller, P., González, M., Pinyol, J., Barberà, M.Y., Martínez, P., The geological hazard prevention map of Catalonia 1:25000. A tool for geohazards mitigation (2011) Proceedings of the Second World Landslide Forum, 6p. , Rome",,"Yilmaz I.Marschalko M.Drusa M.Antova G.","LAMA Energy Group;LAMA Gas and Oil;Prague City Tourism","Institute of Physics Publishing","5th World Multidisciplinary Earth Sciences Symposium, WMESS 2019","9 September 2019 through 13 September 2019",,155452,17551307,,,,"English","IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci.",Conference Paper,"Final","All Open Access, Bronze",Scopus,2-s2.0-85076617667
"Chaltiel S., Veenendaal D., Verzura F.","57222350569;55350826600;57222349278;","Terramia: Drone-aided construction for a sustainable biobased housing prototype",2019,"IASS Symposium 2019 - 60th Anniversary Symposium of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures; Structural Membranes 2019 - 9th International Conference on Textile Composites and Inflatable Structures, FORM and FORCE",,,,"113","120",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85102413374&partnerID=40&md5=a22be3a75b6bf30d651099611280e927","MuDD Architects, Ave Diagonal 645, Barcelona, Spain; Summum Engineering, Rotterdam, Netherlands","Chaltiel, S., MuDD Architects, Ave Diagonal 645, Barcelona, Spain; Veenendaal, D., Summum Engineering, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Verzura, F., Summum Engineering, Rotterdam, Netherlands","Terramia is a group of sustainable housing prototypes built during the 2019 Milan Design Week using drones fitted with a spraying pump to deposit different layers of natural mortars onto lightweight formworks. This built project is the largest and most challenging to date - in terms of engineering and on-site fabrication of large elements - compared to previous pavilion-size structures using the same drone architecture referred to as 'bioshotcrete'. The Terramia project consists of three different shells, each built with lightweight lost formworks involving clusters of bamboo rods and textiles, subsequently drone-sprayed, thus offering variations in terms of techniques and results. Different noncementitious mortars composed of clay, sand, fibers and water are carefully formulated to match the capabilities of the drone spray apparatus while still achieving homogeneous layers and good adhesion. The mortars are sprayed following a precise sequence specific to the mix type, proportions and corresponding drying time. The design and engineering of the shells were tailored to the concept of using actively bent bamboo as falsework to create natural mortar, compression-only structures. The project also provided the opportunity to map the drone spraying trajectory in real-time and to identify optimum values for parameters such as distance to the surface, angles and speed. These new processes, developed by a multidisciplinary team, could open up a new page in the shotcrete industry and allow earthen architecture to be used in large urban contexts. In addition, it could result in increased affordability of architectural freeform envelopes. Copyright © 2019 by Stephanie Chaltiel, Diederik Veenendaal, Francesco Verzura Published by the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) with permission.","Bamboo structure; Drone spray architecture; Drones in architecture; Earthen architecture; Light formwork","Architecture; Bamboo; Drones; Housing; Inflatable structures; Mortar; Shells (structures); Textiles; Different layers; Earthen architectures; Homogeneous layers; Multi-disciplinary teams; Site fabrication; Size structure; Sustainable housing; Techniques and results; Composite structures",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Bravo, M., Chaltiel, S., Paste Matter 3D printing in monolithic shells fabrication methods (2017) Proceedings of Kine[SIS]tem International Conference, pp. 10-18. , Joao de Oliveira, M. and Crespo, F. (eds), Lisbon, Portugal, June; Chaltiel, S., Bravo, M., Chronis, A., Digital fabrication with Virtual and Augmented Reality for Monolithic Shells (2017) Proceedings of the 35th eCAADe Conference, 2 (35), pp. 211-218. , Rome, Italy, July; Chaltiel, S., Bravo, M., Digital fabrication phasing for monolithic shells (2017) Proceedings of the IASS Annual Symposium, , Hamburg, Germany, September; Chaltiel, S., Bravo, M., 'Monolithic earthen shells robotic fabrication' (2017) Proceedings of the ACADIA conference, , Boston, November; Chaltiel, S., Bravo, M., Goessens, S., Latteur, P., Mansouri, M., Ahmad, I., Dry and Liquid clay mix drone spraying for Bioshotcrete (2018) Proceedings of the IASS Symposium, , Boston, July; Bravo, M., Chaltiel, S., Monolithic Earthen Shells Digital Fabrication: Hybrid Workflow (2018) Proceedings of the Design Modelling Symposium 2017, pp. 509-521. , De Rycke, K., et al. (eds); Bravo, M., Chaltiel, S., Carazas, W., Matter - Robotic Calibration for Bioshotcrete (2018) Temes de disseny, 34, pp. 80-91; Chaltiel, S., Bravo, M., Abdullah, I., Adaptive Strategies for Mud Shell Robotic Fabrication (2019) International Journal on Environmental Science and Sustainable Development, 3 (2), pp. 64-74; Šamec, E., Srivastava, A., Chaltiel, S., Light Formwork for Earthen Monolithic Shells (2019) Proceedings of the International Symposium on Sustainable Materials, Systems and Structures, , Rovinj, Croatia, March; Veenendaal, D., (2017) Design and form finding of flexibly formed concrete shell structures, , PhD thesis, ETH Zurich; Tang, G., Deployable gridshells and their application as temporary, reuseable and flexible concrete formwork (2012) Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on flexible formwork, pp. 324-333. , J. Orr et al., eds, Bath, UK; Cuvilliers, P., Douthe, C., du Peloux, L., Le Roy, R., Hybrid structural skin: Prototype of a GFRP elastic gridshell braced by a ber-reinforced concrete envelope (2017) Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures, 58 (1), pp. 65-78; Quinn, G., Gengnagel, C., Full scale prototype for the pneumatic erection of elastic gridshells (2018) Proceedings of the IASS Symposium 2018, , Mueller, C. & Adriaenssens, S., eds., Boston, USA; Liuti, A., Colabella, S., Pugnale, A., Airshell prototype: a timber gridshell erected through a pneumatic formwork (2017) Proceedings of the IASS Annual Symposium 2017, , Bögle, A. & Grohmann, M., eds., Hamburg, Germany; Andújar Moreno, R., Fando Morell, M., Palou Julián, O., Peris Renngli, B., Maristany Carreras, J., Estudi del comportament mecànic d'arcs de canya arundo donax (2013) Quaderns d'estructures, 46, pp. 38-52; Kaminski, S., Lawrence, A., Trujillo, D., Feltham, I., López, L. F., Structural use of bamboo. Part 3: Design values (2016) The Structural Engineer, 94 (12), pp. 42-45; Fabiani, M., Physical and mechanical properties of italian bamboo culms (2015) Proceedings of the 10th World Bamboo Congress, , Korea; Janssen, J., (1981) Bamboo in building structures, , PhD thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands; Kaminski, S., Lawrence, A., Trujillo, D., Feltham, I., López, L. F., Structural use of bamboo. Part 4: Element design equations (2017) The Structural Engineer, 95 (3), pp. 24-27; Ota, M., Studies on the properties of bamboo stem (part 9). On the relation between compressive strength parallel to grain and moisture content of bamboo splint (1953) Bulletin of the Kyushu University Forestry, 22 (9), pp. 87-108; Kiryu, T., Miyoshi, Y., Furuta, Y., The mechanism of improvement of physical properties of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) with increasing age I. Relationship between modulus of elasticity in bending and cell wall thickness and/or percentage of cell walls (2016) Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 62 (3), pp. 61-66; Happold, E., Liddell, W., Timber lattice roof for the Mannheim Bundesgartenschau (1975) The Structural Engineer, 53 (3), pp. 99-135; Toussaint, M., (2007) A design tool for timber gridshells. The development of a grid generation tool, , Master's thesis, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands; D'Amico, B., Kerman, A., Zhang, H., Pugnale, A., Colabella, S., Pone, S., Timber gridshells: Numerical simulation, design and construction of a full scale structure (2015) Structures, 3, pp. 227-235; (2015) Canya Viva en Green Utopia, , http://www.ecohabitar.org/22201/Accessed14/04/2019, Ecohabitar; Goessens, Sébastien, Mueller, Caitlin, Latteur, Pierre, (2018) Feasibility study for drone-based masonry construction of real-scale structures Automation in Construction, 94, pp. 458-480. , October Pages ELSEVIER; Geodesic domes made simple, , https://buildwithhubs.co.uk/Accessed14/04/2019, HUBS","Chaltiel, S.; MuDD Architects, Ave Diagonal 645, Spain; email: stephaniechaltiel@gmail.com","Lazaro C.Bletzinger K.-U.Onate E.",,"International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering","IASS Symposium 2019 - 60th Anniversary Symposium of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures; Structural Membranes 2019 - 9th International Conference on Textile Composites and Inflatable Structures, FORM and FORCE","7 October 2019 through 10 October 2019",,167097,,9788412110104,,,"English","IASS Symp. - Anniv. Symp. Int. Assoc. Shell Spatial Struct.; Struct. Membr. - Int. Conf. Text. Compos. Inflatable Struct., FORM and FORCE",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85102413374
"Fabbri A., Morel J.-C.","24398767600;15923548500;","The performance testing of earthen materials: Challenges and future developments",2019,"Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies","3",,,"","",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85071142194&partnerID=40&md5=353420b44ab4947348200d308b61a84a","LTDS, UMR 5513 CNRS, ENTPE, 2 rue Maurice Audin, Vaulx-en-Velin, 69100, France; Coventry University, Centre for the Natural and Built Environment, Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB, United Kingdom","Fabbri, A., LTDS, UMR 5513 CNRS, ENTPE, 2 rue Maurice Audin, Vaulx-en-Velin, 69100, France; Morel, J.-C., Coventry University, Centre for the Natural and Built Environment, Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB, United Kingdom","Modern earth buildings are still a niche market despite their great potential to tackle some of the future challenges of the world housing shortage. The paper will discuss how to assess the engineering limitations of earthen architecture and the challenges faced by its development. As with any construction materials, it is crucial to know the limitations of the material to design and build safely. This is still an issue for earthen architecture, due to the variability of earths (local soils) and the lack of standard testing procedures. In this context, we will explain the work driven by the RILEM Technical committee 274-TCE. © 2019 International Committee of the SCMT conferences. All rights reserved.","Compressive strength; Laboratory testing procedure; Moisture buffering; Round robin test; Vapour permeability","Building materials; Compressive strength; Sustainable development; Design and build; Earthen architectures; Future challenges; Laboratory testing; Moisture-buffering; Performance testing; Round Robin test; Technical committees; Soil testing",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Aubert, J.E., Fabbri, A., Morel, J.C., Maillard, P., An earth block with a compressive strength higher than 45 MPa ! (2013) Construction and Building Materials, 47, pp. 366-369; Bui, T.-T., Bui, Q.-B., Limam, A., Maximilien, S., Failure of rammed earth walls: From observations to quantifications (2014) Construction and Building Materials, 51, pp. 295-302; Champiré, F., Fabbri, A., Morel, J.C., Wong, H., McGregor, F., Impact of hygrometry on mechanical behavior of compacted earth for building constructions (2016) Construction and Buildings Materials, 110, pp. 70-78; Floissac, L., Marcom, A., Morel, J.C., 2010 Proc. 5th Urban Research Symposium, , (Marseille) World Bank; Hamard, E., Cazacliu, B., Razakamanantsoa, A., Morel, J.C., Cob, a vernacular earth construction process in the context of modern sustainable building (2016) Building and Environment, 106, pp. 103-119; Lei, X., Wong, H., Fabbri, A., Limam, A., Cheng, Y.M., A thermo-chemo-electro-mechanical framework of unsaturated expansive clays (2014) Computer and Geotechnics, 62, pp. 175-192; Loti, G., Mecca, S., 2011 Terra Europae: Earthen Architecture in the European Union, 209p. , Pisa: ETS; Nowamooz, H., Chazallon, C., Finite element modelling of a rammed earth wall (2011) Construction and Building Materials, 25 (4), pp. 2112-2121. , Apr; Morel, J., Building houses with local materials: Means to drastically reduce the environmental impact of construction (2001) Building and Environment, 36, pp. 1-7; Soudani, L., Fabbri, A., Morel, J.C., Woloszyn, M., Chabriac, P.A., Wong, H., Grillet, A.C., A coupled hygrothermal model for earthen materials (2016) Energy and Buildings, 116, pp. 498-511; Van Damme, H., (2006) Colloidal Chemo-mechanics of Cement Hydrates and Smectite Clays: Cohesion Vs Swelling, , London: Taylor & Francis Group",,,,"International Committee of the SCMT conferences","5th International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies, SCMT 2019","14 July 2019 through 17 July 2019",,149940,25153048,,,,"English","Sustain. Constr. Mater. Technol.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85071142194
"Cancino C.","37050508900;","It Always Takes a Village: Preserving Earthen Sites",2019,"RILEM Bookseries","18",,,"44","56",,,"10.1007/978-3-319-99441-3_4","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85052289960&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-319-99441-3_4&partnerID=40&md5=12834c9921c34889d271c92f51a7fefe","Building and Sites Department, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States","Cancino, C., Building and Sites Department, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States","The Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) has worked with different institutions and professionals around the world over the past thirty years, engaging in projects and initiatives to advance the field of earthen conservation. The GCI has sought to improve practice, by working across professions and cultures, using both advanced research and traditional know-how through its Getty Seismic Adobe Project (GSAP), the Terra Project (Terra), and nowadays the Earthen Architecture Initiative (EAI). Understanding how earthen buildings were constructed and adapted to their environments has been a fundamental principle of the different training courses, model projects, research and dissemination of information that the GCI has developed and continue working on. The current paper describes the work of the GCI and its multiple partners over the years to improve the field of earthen conservation while emphasizing the importance of multidisciplinary work. © 2019, RILEM.","Archaeological sites; Conservation; Earthen architecture; Historic buildings; Retrofitting",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Cancino, C., Avrami, E., Earthen architecture: Sustaining heritage, diversity, and the environment (2015) In: 30Th Anniversary Conservation Perspectives. Fall 2015. the Getty Conservation Institute, , http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_ resources/newsletters/30_2/earthen_architecture.html, Los Angeles; Ministerio De Energía Y Minas Del Perú, , www.ingemmet.gob.pe; Bromley, J., Barbagelata, J., (1945) Evolución Urbana De La Ciudad De Lima, , Concejo Provincial de Lima, Lima; Fonseca, D., (1755) O Terramoto De Lisboa, p. 86; Walker, C.F., (2008) Shaky Colonialism. the 1746 Earthquake-Tsunami in Lima, Peru and Its Long Aftermath, p. 91. , Duke University Press, Durham and London; Harth-Terré, E., (1975) Perú, Monumentos Históricos Y Arqueológicos, , Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia, México; García Bryce, J., (1980) La Arquitectura En El Virreinato Y La República, pp. 11-161. , Historia del Perú, Procesos e instituciones, 9. Editorial Juan Mejía Baca, Lima; International charter for the conservation and restoration of monuments and sites (The Venice Charter 1964) (1964) 2Nd International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments. ICOMOS, Venice, , https://www.icomos.org/charters/venice:e.pdf","Cancino, C.; Building and Sites Department, United States; email: ccancino@getty.edu",,,"Springer Netherlands",,,,,22110844,,,,"English","RILEM Bookseries",Book Chapter,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85052289960
"Moreno-Navarro J.L.G., Vinyals M.G., Pérez B.O., Balagué A.C.","57204953124;57204949737;57194331749;57204955103;","The systemic approach in the intervention on earthen architecture",2018,"Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability - Proceedings of SOStierra2017 2017",,,,"279","286",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058137313&partnerID=40&md5=c4050a3849cd9b1125798fc2075ec14f","UPC School of Professional and Executive Development, Barcelona, Spain","Moreno-Navarro, J.L.G., UPC School of Professional and Executive Development, Barcelona, Spain; Vinyals, M.G., UPC School of Professional and Executive Development, Barcelona, Spain; Pérez, B.O., UPC School of Professional and Executive Development, Barcelona, Spain; Balagué, A.C., UPC School of Professional and Executive Development, Barcelona, Spain","The application of the systemic approach in the field of monumental architecture heritage has led to a Systemic Method, which allows us to structure and to integrate, without repetitions, the cadence of all the necessary operations in order to carry out a proper intervention in a building, from its knowledge until the selection of criteria on the architectural project. But earthen architecture has a different history. The main point is that the restoration of monumental architecture has a tradition of over four centuries, which brings endless ideas about applicable experiences and intervention in earthen architecture does not exceed three or four decades. The previous scheme is not useful and it is necessary to design another one, albeit following the same principles. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new systemic method for the earthen architecture which operates in a similar way to what is explained about monumental architecture. © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Sustainable development; Architectural projects; Earthen architectures; Monumental architecture; Systemic approach; Architecture",,,,,"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, MICINN: BIA2014-55924-R","This work is part of the research project “Restoration and rehabilitation of traditional earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula. Guidelines and tools for a sustainable intervention”, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Ref.: BIA2014-55924-R).",,,,,,,,,,"Bunge, M., (2001) Philosophy in Crisis: The Need for Reconstruction, , Prometheus Books. New York; Bunge, M., (2003) Emergence and Convergence, , University of Toronto Press; Dossier, D.I.C., (2016) Master Architectural Rehabilitation and Restoration. Teachers Added. Morros, J., Portal, J. UPC School of Professional & Executive Development. Método sistémico Para La intervención En La edificación histórica; González, J.L., (2009) Aplicación Del CTE a Las Obras De restauración arquitectónica, Consejo Superior Colegios Arquitectos De España and the Ministry of Development; González, A., (1999) La Restauración Objetiva. Diputació of Barcelona. Barcelona, and Riegl, A. 1999. El Culto Moderno a Los Monumentos, , Visor. Madrid; Mileto, C., Vegas, F., Cristini, V., García Soriano, L., Earthentechniques in Europe” in Terra Europae (2011) Edizioni ETS. Pisa, pp. 195-202; Mileto, C., Vegas, F., Cristini, V., García Soriano, L., La tapia en la Península Ibérica. In La restauración de la arquitectura de tapia en la Península Ibérica. 1980–2010. TC Cuadernos/Argumentum (2014) Valencia/Lisboa, pp. 32-51; Mileto, C., Vegas, F., Introducción. In La restauración de la arquitectura de tapia en la Península Ibérica. 1980–2010. TC Cuadernos/Argumentum (2014) Valencia/Lisboa, pp. 17-18; Mileto, C., Vegas, F., García Soriano, L., Cristini, V., (2015) Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future. Taylor & Francis Group, Londres",,"Mileto C.Lopez-Manzanares F.V.Garcia-Soriano L.Cristini V.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability, SOStierra 2017","14 September 2017 through 16 September 2017",,220559,,9781138035461,,,"English","Vernac. Earthen Archit.: Conserv. Sustain. - Proc.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85058137313
"Lorusso F.M., Mecca S.","56344807800;27067838700;","Terra nova—earthen architecture and modernity",2018,"Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability - Proceedings of SOStierra2017 2017",,,,"383","388",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058134670&partnerID=40&md5=09f6f7b484077dda9a81cf3e9441f0e1","DIDA Department of Architecture, INN-LINKS Research Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy","Lorusso, F.M., DIDA Department of Architecture, INN-LINKS Research Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Mecca, S., DIDA Department of Architecture, INN-LINKS Research Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy","Earthen architecture can fully satisfy a series of functions, performances and aesthetic concerns. The efficiency of the material and of the technical and constructive historical know-how can be taken into consideration today to offer an adequate answer to the pressing needs for sustainable building strategies. A new central role that ratifies both its unexpected technological modernity and its responsible and innovative compositive and linguistic-formal updating. The interpretative passage from traditional building uses and configurative results to the new possibilities for technical manipulation and as technological-structural support permits defining new horizons for architectural creation. A central role in the contemporary landscape, marked by specific implications in environmental terms, but also of formal investigation: terra nova, not intended as a return to the picturesque or the vernacular, or as rétro nostalgia, but rather as a different repetition, paradoxical cultural and practical territory of another present, which is just as efficient and poetic. © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Architecture; Intelligent buildings; Technology transfer; Compositive; Earthen architectures; Structural support; Sustainable building; Traditional buildings; Sustainable development",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Dudler, M., (2014) Sparrenburg Visitor Centre/ Max Dudler, , http://www.archdaily.com/573158/sparrenburg-visitorcentre-max-dudler, December 2014; (2014) Ricola Herb Center, , http://www.designboom.com/architecture/herzog-de-meuronricola-herb-center-krauterzentrum-07-07-, Herzog & de Meuron, Available: Philip Stevens, herzog & de meuron inaugurate ricola herb center in laufen., 2014/. July 2014; Lorusso, F.M., Mecca, S., Design in Jericho: Contem-porary earthen architecture and local cultural landscape (2015) In Mileto, Vegas, García Soriano & Cristini (Eds), Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future: 233–238, , London: Taylor & Francis Group; Lorusso, F.M., (2014) Architecture of Earth and Shade. in Sustainable Mediterranean Construction, SMC Magazine N. One/2014, pp. 44-49. , http://www.sustainablemediterraneanconstruction.eu/SMC/The_Magazine_files/12_SMC01_Lorusso.pdf, Napoli: Luciano Editore. (Online); Real, R., (2008) Earth Architecture, , Princeton Architectural Press; Özel, B., Mecca, S., Lorusso, F.M., Dipasquale, L., Peri urban agriculture as a new strategy of urban development: A case study in Cenaia, Pisa (2015) Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future: 578–, p. 582. , Mileto, Vegas, García Soriano & Cristini, London: Taylor & Francis Group",,"Mileto C.Lopez-Manzanares F.V.Garcia-Soriano L.Cristini V.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability, SOStierra 2017","14 September 2017 through 16 September 2017",,220559,,9781138035461,,,"English","Vernac. Earthen Archit.: Conserv. Sustain. - Proc.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85058134670
"Syrová Z., Syrový J.","55420185700;57204071140;","Historic cob structures in Moravia",2018,"Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability - Proceedings of SOStierra2017 2017",,,,"233","238",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058133851&partnerID=40&md5=2608e3f6e8e940dc6788daa6a0afe921","Národní Památkový Ústav/National Heritage Institute, Prague, Czech Republic; Společnost Pro Obnovu Vesnice a Malého Města/Association for the Renewal of the Village and the Small Town, Brno, Czech Republic","Syrová, Z., Národní Památkový Ústav/National Heritage Institute, Prague, Czech Republic; Syrový, J., Společnost Pro Obnovu Vesnice a Malého Města/Association for the Renewal of the Village and the Small Town, Brno, Czech Republic","Cob has a long and continued history throughout many parts of the Danubian region, to which Moravia as a historic land of actual Czech Republic belongs. The traditional cob including two basic variants of stacked or coffered bread-shaped pieces—války was the predominant technique in Central and Southern Moravia especially in Haná and Znojmo regions. Besides, these two techniques with many regional variations, several examples of pitched-forked (tooled) cob were identified. Appreciated by generations of art historians and ethnologists for their significant aesthetic qualities války represent today perhaps the most vulnerable part of our earthen architectural heritage. The objective of this paper is to present our actual knowledge of cob in Moravia enriched (through surveys of the last decade) with a number of findings dating from 16th to 20th centuries. © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"History; Sustainable development; 20th century; Aesthetic qualities; Architectural heritage; Art historians; Czech Republic; Regional variation; Architecture",,,,,"DF11P01OVV015 2011–2015","The presented paper is mainly based on a systematic inventorial works of the Association of the village and small town (SOVAMM) and on series of historic structures analysis that were elaborated by its members, and the investigation of historic earthen materials carried out within the project conducted in 90th by Jan Kříž (Kříž & Vorel 1998). The earthen techniques were recently studied in the framework of several research projects, mainly the project Technology of traditional clay architecture in Moravia and its relationship to the Central Danube region focused on the possibilities of transfers and reconstructions in open-air museums, granted by the Czech Ministry of Culture (NAKI project DF11P01OVV015 2011–2015) and the Zpátky na Zem / Down to Earth—Earth Building in Central Europe (transnational cooperation Austria—Czech Republic project Nr. 7AMB16AT019 2016–2017).",,,,,,,,,,"Buzás, M., (2011) The Earthen Architecture in the Carpatian Basin, pp. 21-25. , In Construire en terre, Actes; Colloque européen Construire en terre, Du patrimoine historique à l’architecture contemporaine, Des professionnels, des savoir-faire et des techniques en Europe, Marseille; Frolec, V., Vařeka, J., (2007) Lidová Architektura. Encyklopedie. Praha: Grada; Kříž, J., Vorel, J., (1998) Restaurování, Sanace, Rekonstrukce památkových objektů; Stavby, Konstrukce, Artefakty Z nepálené hlíny, stavebně technologické předpisy. Výzkumný a vývojový úkol MK ČR. Brno, Rožďalovice: Unpublished Document Available at NPÚ, Praha; Kšír, J., Lidové stavebnictví na Hané (1956) Československá Etnografie, 4, pp. 325-366. , Praha; Kšír, J., Lidové stavitelství na Hané (1958) Československá Etnografie, 6, pp. 237-269. , Praha; Kšír, J., Lidové stavitelství na Hané (1961) Československá Etnografie, 9, pp. 222-256. , Praha; Machek, V., (1968) Etymologický slovník Jazyka českého, , Praha; Meingast, R., (2014) Nachweis Historischer Lehmbautechniken in ostösterreich/Hliněná architektura— historické stavební Postupy Ve východním Rakousku, , Plöckinger–Walenta, V.—Novotný, M. (eds), Lehmbau. Tradition und moderne/Hliněná stavba. Tradice a současnost. Atzenbrugg,: 21–36: Weinviertel Museumsdorf Niedersulz GmbH; Mencl, V., (1980) Lidová Architektura V Československu. Praha, , Academia; Mileto, C., Vegas, L., Cob in Spain (2013) Vernacular Heritage and Earthen Architecture. Contributions for Sustainable Development, pp. 301-306. , Correia, M., Carlos, G. & Rocha, S. (eds.), Leiden: CRC Press/Balkema; Mjartan, J., Válkový dom v Kútnikoch na Žitnom ostrove (1970) Zborník Slovenského národného múzea, Lxiv, Etnografia, No11, Bratislava: S, pp. 96-97; Novotný, M., K některým archaickým konstrukčním technologiím hliněných staveb na Hané (2013) Národopisná Revue, 23, pp. 190-196; Novotný, M., (2014) Kritický Katalog K výstavě. Strážnice: Národní ústav lidové Kultury, , Hliněné stavitelství na Moravě a evropské souvislosti; Ruttkay, M., (1998) Dedina a Dom Vo Vrcholnom a Neskorom Stredoveku, , Ľudová architektúra a urbanizmus vidieckych sídiel na Slovensku z pohľadu najnovších poznatkov archeológie a etnografie. 37–66. Bratislava: Academic Electronic Press; Syrová, Z., Syrový, J., (2007) La Bauge En Moravie Dans Le Contexte Des Constructions Historiques En Terre Crue De La région Danubienne, , Patte, E. & Streiff, F. (eds) L’architecture en bauge en Europe, Actes du colloque Colloque européen organisé à Isigny-sur-Mer du 12 au 14 octobre 2006, Les Veys: 117–131. Les Veys: Parc naturel régional des Marais du Cotentin et du Bessin; Syrová, Z., Syrový, J., Rammed earth in Moravia (Czech Republic) in the context of neighboring lands (2012) Rammed Earth Conservation, pp. 229-235. , Mileto, C., Vegas López-Manzanares & F., Cristini, V, Leiden: CRC Press/Balkema; Syrová, Z., Syrový, J., Historic daubed cornertimbered constructions in Czech Republic (2013) Vernacular Heritage and Earthen Architecture: Contributions for Sustainable Development, pp. 29-34. , Correia, M., Carlos, G.. & Rocha, S., Leiden: CRC Press/Balkema; Syrová, Z., Syrový, J., Jak se zdilo a nezdilo z hlíny (2014) Svorník, 12, pp. 267-284; Syrová, Z., Syrový, J., Kříž, J., Inventaire, documentation et méthodologie de conservation de l’architecture en terre en République Tchèque (2000) Terra 2000, 8Th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, Torquay, Devon, UK, May 2000, pp. 430-435. , London: James & James; Václavík, A., (1925) Podunajská Dedina V Česko Slovensku Bratislava: Vydavateľské družstvo V Bratislave; Ziegert, C., (2003) Lehmwellerbau, , Konstruktion. Stuttgart: Schäden und Sanierung. Stuttgart",,"Mileto C.Lopez-Manzanares F.V.Garcia-Soriano L.Cristini V.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability, SOStierra 2017","14 September 2017 through 16 September 2017",,220559,,9781138035461,,,"English","Vernac. Earthen Archit.: Conserv. Sustain. - Proc.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85058133851
"Vestergaard I., Eybye B.T.","56344509700;56344574500;","Contemporary earthen architecture in the northern temperate climate",2018,"Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability - Proceedings of SOStierra2017 2017",,,,"711","716",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058133731&partnerID=40&md5=742235ed3a3246ae59efa24abcd1b6bd","Aarhus School of Architecture, Aarhus, Denmark; Ringkøbing-Skjern Museum, Skjern, Denmark","Vestergaard, I., Aarhus School of Architecture, Aarhus, Denmark; Eybye, B.T., Ringkøbing-Skjern Museum, Skjern, Denmark","Earth was used as in rural Denmark until about 1860. In the 20th century, some progressive social communities saw earth as one of the answers to their building experiments. Contemporary ecological tendencies are rooted in these early experimental houses. Especially the number of experimental family houses designed using passive strategies and renewable materials have increased. Often the earth material, with its low environmental impact, is involved in the construction process. Building qualities include both pleasant living spaces and comfort in terms of better indoor climate. During the last few years new developments towards industrialized earthen building components can be seen. Hence the research question is: how can earth as a building material contribute to future Danish architecture? The results point out possible future developments in earthen architecture in Denmark. © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Architecture; Environmental impact; Sustainable development; Construction process; Earthen architectures; Experimental house; Possible futures; Renewable materials; Research questions; Social communities; Temperate climate; Climatology",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Barbeta Solá, G., Másso Ros, F.X., (2015) Improved Thermal Capacity of Rammed Earth by the Inclusion of Natural Fibers in Ciancio & Beckett (Eds.): Rammed Earth Construction_ 35-40, , London: Taylor & Francis; Berge, B., The Ecology of Building Materials (2001) Oxford: Architectural Press., 121-123, pp. 272-273; (2016) Available At: Www.Claytec.De [Accessed At: 3Rd January 2017]; Correia, M., Dipasquale, L., Terra Europae, Earthen Architecture in the European Union. Pisa ETS (2011) 104–107; Eckermann, W., Ziegert, C., (2006) Auswirkung Von Lehmbaustoffen Auf Die Raumluftfeuchte, , Claytec; (2014), http://www.volvox.de, Accessed 18th January 2017; Eybye, B.T., Vestergaard, I., (2017) A Survey of Danish Earthen Heritage for Sustainable Building, , Unpublished material; (2015), http://www.andelssamfundet.dk/, Accessed 3rd January 2017; (2010) Komforthusene: Erfaringer, Viden Og Inspiration, , Vamdrup: Saint-Gobain – Isover; Lecuelle, P., Lerjordsbyggeri: En fantastisk fortid, en lovende fremtid (2000) In: By & Land. Volume, 48, pp. 11-13; http://www.lehmtonerde.at/de/projekte/projekt.php?pID=28, accessed 23rd Janary 2017; Munch-Andersen, J., Andersen, B.M., Halmhuse udformning og materialeegenskaber (2004) Hørsholm: By Og Byg Resultater 033, Statens Byggeforsknings Institut, 6, pp. 29-30; Rauch, M., (2015) Refined Earth Construction & Design with Rammed Earth. In: Otto Kapfinger & Marco Sauer (Eds.): Munich. Detail; Refsgaard, J., Friberg, J., Det Åndbare Hus, , http://detaandbarehus.dk, Accessed 15th January 2017; Risom, S., (1952) Lerhuse, Stampede Og soltørrede. København: Nyt Nordisk Forlag. Arnold Busck, p. 50; Risom, S., (1959) Nordiske Ler-Jords-Huse. København: Rosenkilde & Bagger, p. 22; Röhlen, U., Ziegert, C., (2014) Lehmbau-Praxis: Plannung Und Ausführung, p. 239. , Berlin: Breuth Verla; http://www.vindrosen.dk/[, accessed 3rd January 2017; http://www.culture-terra-incognita.org, Accessed 31st January 2017; (1993) Lerjord Som Byggemateriale – En Vejledning. København: BUR Byggeriets Udviklingsråd",,"Mileto C.Lopez-Manzanares F.V.Garcia-Soriano L.Cristini V.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability, SOStierra 2017","14 September 2017 through 16 September 2017",,220559,,9781138035461,,,"English","Vernac. Earthen Archit.: Conserv. Sustain. - Proc.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85058133731
"Marcus B., Cancino C., Boussalh M.","55612178000;37050508900;6504615431;","Kasbah taourirt: Conserving earthen heritage in Morocco",2018,"Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability - Proceedings of SOStierra2017 2017",,,,"287","294",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058120270&partnerID=40&md5=f200b2169151216aba975f3abf0f7f0d","Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Centre de Conservation et de Réhabilitation du Patrimoine Architectural Atlasiques et Subatlasiques, Ouarzazate, Morocco","Marcus, B., Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Cancino, C., Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Boussalh, M., Centre de Conservation et de Réhabilitation du Patrimoine Architectural Atlasiques et Subatlasiques, Ouarzazate, Morocco","Southern Morocco is home to thousands of earthen kasbahs and ksour, or fortified earthen settlements. In 2011 the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) partnered with the Centre de Conservation et de Réhabilitation du Patrimoine Architectural Atlasiques et Subatlasiques (CERKAS) to develop a Conservation and Rehabilitation Plan (CRP) for the Kasbah of Taourirt in Ouarzazate. The CRP developed a methodology for preserving this large earthen complex as a model for similar sites in the region. This paper describes the project with a focus on the planning process and the development of conservation policies that guided physical interventions on the site. The important role of these policies in the rehabilitation process is explored and recommendations are made for applying the methodology at earthen sites in Morocco and the wider region. © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Sustainable development; Conservation policy; Earthen sites; Planning process; Architecture",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Ekim, Z., Santana Quintero, M., Percy, K., Ward, S., Fai, S., Gregg, J., Ouimet, C., Boussalh, M., (2013) Documentation for Emergency Stabilization and The Integrated Conservation Planning of Earthen Architecture Settlements: The Kasbah of Taourirt (Ouarzazate, Morocco), , Proceedings CIPA 2013 XXIV International CIPA Symposium: Recording, Documentation and Cooperation for Cultural Heritage. Strasbourg; (2016) Conservation and Rehabilitation Plan for Tighermt (Kasbah) Taourirt, Southern Morocco, , Research Report. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute; Ouarzazate: CERKAS; Boussalh, M., Conservation manual for earth architecture heritage in the pre-Saharan valleys of Morocco. Ouarzazate (2005) Morocco: CERKAS, , Grenoble, France; Boussalh, M., (2009) Quel Avenir Pour Les Architectures De Terre Au Maroc?. in Mediterra 2009. Proceedings of the 1St Mediterranean Conference on Earth Architecture, pp. 259-268. , Monfalcone, Italy. Edicom Edizioni; Boussalh, M., Cancino, C., Marcus, B., Wong, L., The development of a conservation and rehabilitation plan (CRP) for the earthen Kasbah of Taourirt in southern Morocco (2016) In Journal of Materials and Environmental Science, 7 (10), pp. 3579-3583; Ouimet, C., Digital photogrammetry for preserving wall paintings: Application by the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) and training of local personnel in Kasbah Taourirt, Morocco (2014) International Committee for Documentation of Cultural Heritage (CIPA) Newsletter N. 03, , http://cipa.icomos.org/fileadmin/template/pdf/NEWSLETTERS/CIPA_Newsletter_May2014.pdf",,"Mileto C.Lopez-Manzanares F.V.Garcia-Soriano L.Cristini V.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability, SOStierra 2017","14 September 2017 through 16 September 2017",,220559,,9781138035461,,,"English","Vernac. Earthen Archit.: Conserv. Sustain. - Proc.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85058120270
"Crespo L.V., Zaragoza J.M.S., García-Soriano L.","57204956781;57204952036;56344563400;","Traditional earthen architecture in Aragon, Spain",2018,"Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability - Proceedings of SOStierra2017 2017",,,,"243","248",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058119486&partnerID=40&md5=1904711e3cd5cb8a73290138d1ec5725","Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain","Crespo, L.V., Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain; Zaragoza, J.M.S., Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain; García-Soriano, L., Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain","Traditional earthen architecture is highly vulnerable to globalization and adaptation to current requirements and uses. The main aim of this article is to establish the characteristics of different earthen constructive techniques, their state of conservation, and their presence in different points of the Spanish autonomous community of Aragon. This territory has a very heterogeneous geography and climate and the physical, material, structural, and implementation techniques are the response to the optimization of resources in each location. The literature on the different earthen techniques in the region of Aragon was reviewed. In addition, the assessment and reference mappings in the area under study made it possible to establish relationships and comparisons between architecture and specific locations. © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Constructive technique; Earthen architectures; Implementation techniques; Specific location; State of conservations; Sustainable development",,,,,"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, MICINN: BIA2014-55924-R","This work is part of the research project “Restoration and rehabilitation of traditional earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula. Guidelines and tools for a sustainable intervention”, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Ref.: BIA2014-55924-R; main researchers: Camilla Mileto and Fernando Vegas López-Manzanares).",,,,,,,,,,"(2011) Terra Europae: Earthen Architecture in the European Union, , Pisa: Ed. ETS; (1997) Construcciones De Barro En Aragón, , Huesca: La Val de Onsera; Allanegui Burriel, G.J., Arquitectura popular de Aragón (1979) Zaragoza: Librería General; Burillo Mozota, F., (1985) Introducción a Los orígenes De La Arquitectura De Tierra En Aragón, , Turia nº1: 112– 117. Teruel: Instituto de Estudios Turolenses; Figols González, M., (2006) Arquitectura De Tierra En Valdejalón. Zaragoza: Institución “Fernando El Católico”; García Soriano, L., (2015) La restauración De La Arquitectura De Tapia De 1980 a La Actualidad a través De Los Fondos Del Ministerio De Cultura Y Del Ministerio De Fomento Del Gobierno De España. Criterios, técnicas Y Resultados. Tesis Doctoral, , Valencia: Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Valencia, Universitat Politècnica de València. ETSAV-UPV; Vegas, F., Mileto, C., Cristini, V., Construzioni in terra cruda rinforzata con gesso, Aragona, Spagna (2009) Mediterra, 1St Mediterranean Conference on Earth Architecture, , Gagliari; Vegas, F., Mileto, C., Cristini, V., Soriano, L.G., (2014) La Tapia En La Península Ibérica. in La restauración De La Tapia En La Península Ibérica., , Valencia: Ed. TC Cuadernos; Villacampa Crespo, L., Mileto, C., Vegas, F., García Soriano, L., (2016) El Adobe En La Arquitectura Tradicional De Aragón (España). Metodologías De Estudio, , 2016. In Memorias del 16º Seminario Iberoamericano de Construcción con Tierra (SIACOT). Asunción: Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseño y Arte/Red Proterra",,"Mileto C.Lopez-Manzanares F.V.Garcia-Soriano L.Cristini V.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability, SOStierra 2017","14 September 2017 through 16 September 2017",,220559,,9781138035461,,,"English","Vernac. Earthen Archit.: Conserv. Sustain. - Proc.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85058119486
"Olguín D.R.","57204955687;","Mexico’s central area earthen architecture. Rammed earth construction: Use and technique",2018,"Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability - Proceedings of SOStierra2017 2017",,,,"209","214",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058118699&partnerID=40&md5=449e42723d21d41216121d022985ea8c","Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain","Olguín, D.R., Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain","In Mexico, earthen construction techniques were improved during Colonial era as part of culture fusion and cultural melting pot; a mixture between Spain’s techniques and indigenous labor. The use of rammed earth was not as spread as adobe and framework. Nevertheless, it has been identified in Mexico’s central area, where this research was conducted. In this region, several factors influenced the use of rammed earth, such as weather conditions, water scarcity, raw materials availability and worker’s skills. The present research evaluated the technical, constructive and morphological characteristics of rammed earth in Mexico and identified some of its peculiarities and differences, which correlated with the technological development of the region. These characteristics were strongly influenced by environmental and historical conditions. Overall, we propose that this characterization could lead to a more realistic and objective perspective of the built heritage, contributing to a sustainable architecture approach. © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Architecture; Built heritage; Earthen architectures; Earthen constructions; Morphological characteristic; Rammed earth; Sustainable architecture; Technological development; Water scarcity; Sustainable development",,,,,"Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM","Particular thanks to Dr. Luis Fernando Guerrero Baca for providing the facilities for the development of this research work. Likewise, to the Traditional Construction Systems and Procedures Laboratory, F.A. UNAM, for allowing the use of some of its pictures.",,,,,,,,,,"Fuentes, V., (2004) Climas Y Arquitectura, , Ciudad de México: UAM Unidad Azcapotzalco; Guerrero, L.F., Traducción constructiva con tapial en las faldas orientales del Iztlaccíhuatl (2014) In Pálapa, II, 1, pp. 68-81; Hernández, E., (2002) Arquitectura De Tierra En El Municipio De San Andrés Calpan, Puebla, , Ciudad de México: ENCRyM; Kusuhara, I., (2008) La Arquitectura De Haciendas Mexicanas Y El Clima, , Ciudad de México: UNAM. Programa de Maestría y Doctorado en Arquitectura; Lab, P., (2016) UNAM, , http://arquitectura.unam.mx/procedimientos-y-sistemas-constructivos.html, Facultad de Arquitectura. 20 de Agosto de 2016; Maldonado, L., Vela Cossío, F., Hoz, J., (2003) Diccionario De Construcción Tradicional., , Tierra. San Sebastián: Nerea; Meraz, L., Guerrero, L.F., (2011) Calpan (México), Historia, Urbanismo Y Tapial. in Construcción Con Tierra. Tecnología Y Arquitectura, pp. 33-46. , Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid; Mileto, C., Vegas, F., (2007) Renovar Conservando: Manual Para La restauración De La Arquitectura Rural Del Rincón De Ademuz, , Mancomunidad de Municipios Rincón de Ademuz; Mileto, C., Vegas, F., (2014) Aprendiendo a Restaurar, , Valencia, España: Generalitat Valenciana; Minke, G., (1994) Manual De construcción Con Tierra, , 2010 ed. España: Ediciones EcoHabitar","Olguín, D.R.; Universitat Politècnica de ValenciaSpain","Mileto C.Lopez-Manzanares F.V.Garcia-Soriano L.Cristini V.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability, SOStierra 2017","14 September 2017 through 16 September 2017",,220559,,9781138035461,,,"English","Vernac. Earthen Archit.: Conserv. Sustain. - Proc.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85058118699
[No author name available],[No author id available],"International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability, SOStierra 2017",2018,"Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability - Proceedings of SOStierra2017 2017",,,,"","",820,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058118199&partnerID=40&md5=e2ca0e219faaf165d158f2ee6d895182",,"","The proceedings contain 134 papers. The special focus in this conference is on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability. The topics include: A sustainable repair process for heritage buildings in historic Jeddah; santal mud dwellings: Materials, construction and space typology; the study and analysis of the adaptation of earthen constructions in hadhramaut (Yemen); vernacular houses of stratonikeia: Architectural typology, materials and techniques; ksar taghit: Earthen architecture between authenticity and changes; supplemented rammed earth in the northwestern regions of Valencia; earth construction in prehistoric settlements of southern Portugal; vernacular construction techniques and earth employ in arg-e-bam (Iran); vernacular heritage in mendoza (Cuyo region, Argentina); comparative evolution of vernacular mudbrick houses in the nile Delta and qurna (Luxor); tapiabrick: A digital platform on brick-supplemented rammed earth walls; the ancient caves from el alguacilejo. Vernacular habitat and landscape of gran Canaria, Spain; interpretation of sustainable desert architecture in Ghadames city, Libya; thermal performance and comfort of vernacular earthen buildings in Egypt and Portugal; earthen construction in ourense, galicia (Spain); earthen vernacular architecture in cuneo’s territories (Piedmont, Italy); vernacular earthen architecture and its restoration in the region of la manchuela in albacete (Spain); earthen elements in the iberian peninsula: Cataloging and preliminary study; vernacular architecture in El Khorbat, Morocco. Evolution of the Igrems; examination of structural decay processes in adobe vernacular architecture in Spain; mid-century earthen architecture in aotearoa New Zealand—a new vernacular?; stone, clay and turf in architectural construction; transforming kasena houses and indigenous building technology in Burkina Faso; SOSTierra project. Initial results.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Mileto C.Lopez-Manzanares F.V.Garcia-Soriano L.Cristini V.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability, SOStierra 2017","14 September 2017 through 16 September 2017",,220559,,9781138035461,,,"English","Vernac. Earthen Archit.: Conserv. Sustain. - Proc.",Conference Review,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85058118199
"Kurtulus V.B., Asrav E.Ç., Güçhan N.Ş., Altınöz G.B.","57204948158;57189735636;54956707900;57204957201;","Characteristics of earthen architecture in ağlasun",2018,"Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability - Proceedings of SOStierra2017 2017",,,,"611","618",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058113287&partnerID=40&md5=12884b3c918af511726305d755eba35a","Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey","Kurtulus, V.B., Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey; Asrav, E.Ç., Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey; Güçhan, N.Ş., Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey; Altınöz, G.B., Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey","Ağlasun is a rural area in Burdur, on the west Mediterranean Region in Turkey. Most of the buildings in Ağlasun is built with the materials provided from the local resources except the ones effected from the industry of reinforced concrete. The commonly used materials in the vernacular constructions are mud-brick and stone. The specialty that makes the earthen buildings in Ağlasun unique is their respectable structural condition although they are more than 60 years old. Plan layout of the buildings which represents the economic and social life shaped according to the needs of local people. Therefore, this text aims to understand the characteristics of earthen buildings by focusing on the construction technique and plan layout of earthen buildings in Ağlasun and make a contribution to the awareness of the conservation of vernacular earthen architecture in its changing context. © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Architecture; Reinforced concrete; Sustainable development; Construction technique; Earthen architectures; Earthen buildings; Local people; Local resources; Social life; Structural condition; West mediterraneans; Historic preservation",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"(2016) General Command of Cartography, Turkey; Aran, K., (2000) Barınaktan Öte: Anadolu Kır Yapıları, , Tepe Mimarlık Kültürü Merkezi, İstanbu; Bilgin Altınöz, G., Güçhan, N.Ş., Ataöv, A., Uluç, A., Asrav, E.Ç., Balkanay, E., Demirdağ, İ., Kurtuluş, V.B., (2016) Understanding a Historic Rural Landscape in Relation with an Archaeological Site: Ağlasun/Sagalasos, , Unpublished Project Report, METU, Ankara; Torun, E., Poblome, J., (2015) Peyzaj Olarak SagalasssosAğlasun, Sagalassos’ta Disiplinlerarası Arkeolojinin Gelişimi. S. Ceylan (Yaz.), , Ağlasun İlçesinin Alternatif Turizm Kaynakları (Uygulamalı Bir Çalışma) s.71–88, Pegem Akademi Yay. Ankara",,"Mileto C.Lopez-Manzanares F.V.Garcia-Soriano L.Cristini V.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability, SOStierra 2017","14 September 2017 through 16 September 2017",,220559,,9781138035461,,,"English","Vernac. Earthen Archit.: Conserv. Sustain. - Proc.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85058113287
"Roger F.","57204952925;","An approach to earthen fortifications in villages of la serranía (Valencia, Spain)",2018,"Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability - Proceedings of SOStierra2017 2017",,,,"483","488",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058104312&partnerID=40&md5=d4f9a23a1477fc659a33aacbf3e47c40","Freelance Architect, Valencia, Spain","Roger, F., Freelance Architect, Valencia, Spain","The region known as “La Serranía” which lies in the extreme north west of the Valencian province (Spain) crosses over those historical paths of Castile and Aragon, in which you can appreciate certain influences of both Castilian and Aragonese architecture. These classified fortifications form both part of the urban area of their villages and of their surrounding environments. Such elements respond to fortress defensive models or watchtowers. In both cases, the building systems employed the technique of rammed earth. Although, at the moment, we have stopped analysing the morphology, cultural heritage and typology of these fortified remains, as a result of the initial work carried out new lines of investigation about earthen architecture in relation to its use in ceremonial, popular and pre-industrial construction have emerged. © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Rural areas; Sustainable development; Building systems; Cultural heritages; Earthen architectures; Pre-industrial; Rammed earth; Surrounding environment; Urban areas; Valencia; Architecture",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"The Restoration of Rammed Earth Architecture in the Iberian Peninsula –Criteria, Techniques, Results and Perspectives (2012) LEHM 2012, pp. 232-241; Font, F., Hidalgo, P., Rammed Earth in Spain: Current Techniques and Examples (2011) Informes De La construcción, 63 (523), pp. 21-34; Patrimonio Cultural Y Museos. Inventario General Del Patrimonio Cultural Valenciano. Otros Inventarios Sectoriales No Incluidos. Fototeca De Patrimonio Cultural, , http://www.ceice.gva.es/web/patrimonio-cultural-y-museos; Restoration and Refurbishment of Traditional Architecture within the Iberian Peninsula. Guidelines and Tools for Feasible Proposals, , http://sostierra.blogs.upv.es/; Roger, F., Traditional Historic Centres in the Region of La Serranía. (Thesis) (2015) Valencia: Universitat Politècnica De, Valncia, pp. 618-621; Excavation Project, Consolidation and Enhancement of the Entrance and Palatal Alpuente Castle Area (2008) Alpuente, pp. 10-40; (2015) The Master Plan of the Castle and Walls of Alpuente. Traditional Architecture and Heritage of the Valencian Mountain Range. Valencia: General De Ediciones De Arquitectura, pp. 186-191; Benavent, F., Magro, J.V., Building on the constructed: The case of the Inn of Chelva (1998) Proceedings of the Second National Congress of Construction History. Madrid: Universidad Da Coruña, pp. 41-77; Cháfer, A.I., (2015) The Castle of Gestalgar. Previos Studies. Traditional Architecture and Heritage of the Valencian Mountain Range. Valencia: General De Ediciones De Arquitectura, pp. 170-177; Cotino, V., Archeological Intervention in the Restoration of a Section of the Wall of Alpuente (2015) Traditional Architecture and Heritage of the Valencian Mountain Range. Valencia: General De Ediciones De Arquitectura, pp. 108-115; Estela, M.I., García, C., (1990) The Old Barony of Chulilla: Approach to Its History. Saitabi. 40. Valencia: Faculty of Geography and History Universitat De València, pp. 101-124; Herrero, V., The Village of Alpuente (Contrubuition of the Knowledge of a Village with History) (1978) Segorbe: Valeriano Herrero Herrero, 83; Lloria, M.A., Ruiz, J.J., Cantó, J.A., The Almohad Walls of the Torrecilla de Chelva. Traditional Architecture and Heritage of the Valencian Mountain Range (2015) General De Ediciones De Arquitectura, pp. 178-185. , Valencia; López, P., (2002) The Valencian Castles in the Middle Ages. 1. Valencia: Biblioteca Valenciana, pp. 132-140; López, P., (2002) The Valencian Castles in the Middle Ages, , 2. Valencia: Biblioteca Valenciana. 67, 85, 87, 91, 118– 119, 145, 197, 212, 220–221; López, V., Tormo, S., Pellicer, T.M., Restoration of the Castle of Sot de Chera’s Tower (2012) Rammed Earth Conservation. London: Editors C. Mileto, F. Vegas, V. Cristini, pp. 375-380; Mateu, F., (1944) Alpuente, Muslim Kingdom. Valencia: Editorial F. Domenech, S.A. 4; Ribera, A., The castle of Alpuente (Valencia): News about Constructive Remains of the Caliphate Period (1986) Procedings of the 1St Congress of Spanish Medieval Arceology. 3. Zaragoza: Diputación General De Aragón, pp. 249-279; Sebastián, V., Approach to the History of the Barony of Chulilla: Castle and Territory (1991) Chulilla: City Hall, pp. 5-23; (1840) Sketch Castle and Nearby Chulilla (Includes Plan and Profile of the Torre De Castro). Madrid (Cartographic and Geographic Survey of the Geographical Center of the Army, Ministry of Defense, p. 223. , Unknown author, Spain, Sign P; (1949) Boletín Oficial Del Estado, (125); Law 16/1985, on the 25nd June, on the Spanish Historical Heritage. Boletín Oficial del Estado (June 29, 1985), no. 155; Law 4/1998, on the 11nd June, on the Valencian Cultural Heritage. Diari Oficial de la Generalitat Valenciana (18 June 1998), no. 3267. Boletín Oficial del Estado (July 22, 1998), no. 174","Roger, F.; Freelance ArchitectSpain","Mileto C.Lopez-Manzanares F.V.Garcia-Soriano L.Cristini V.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability, SOStierra 2017","14 September 2017 through 16 September 2017",,220559,,9781138035461,,,"English","Vernac. Earthen Archit.: Conserv. Sustain. - Proc.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85058104312
"García-Soriano L.","56344563400;","Vernacular earthen architecture and its restoration in the region of la manchuela in albacete (Spain)",2018,"Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability - Proceedings of SOStierra2017 2017",,,,"113","118",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058103944&partnerID=40&md5=ac0b6ecf66fda53b87bb2504d3ec5792","Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain","García-Soriano, L., Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain","Earthen construction is widespread in the traditional architecture of most of the Spanish mainland. This study focused on the region of La Manchuela in the province of Albacete, where traditional earthen construction was predominant until the early twentieth century, when with the introduction of new materials these traditional constructions began to progressively disappear. The main aim of this research was the cataloguing of earthen buildings still conserved in the region, in order to collect data for subsequent analysis of the different earthen constructive techniques used for buildings as well as the interventions for restoration and maintenance carried out on them over time, finally cross-referencing the case studies to extract a series of overall conclusions. © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Restoration; Sustainable development; Time series analysis; Case-studies; Constructive technique; Earthen architectures; Earthen buildings; Earthen constructions; Traditional architecture; Traditional constructions; Twentieth century; Architecture",,,,,"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, MICINN: BIA2014-55924-R","This work is part of the research project “Restoration and rehabilitation of traditional earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula. Guidelines and tools for a sustainable intervention”, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Ref.: BIA2014-55924-R; main researchers: Camilla Mileto and Fernando Vegas López-Manzanares).",,,,,,,,,,"(2011) Terra Europae: Earthen Architecture in the European Union, , Pisa: ETS; Almendros Toledo, J.M., (2009) A propósito De La Manchuela, , Cultural Albacete nº 14. Albacete: Cultural Albacete ed; Aymat Escalada, C., Patología y rehabilitación de cajones de tapial (2000) Cercha, 52, pp. 75-79. , MUSAATPREMAAT Agrupación de interés económico y consejo general de colegios de aparejadores y arquitectos técnicos de España; Castilla Pascual, F.J., La técnica del tapial en la construcción tradicional de la provincia de Albacete (2010) Zahorra, Revista De Tradiciones Populares, , nº 45. Servicio de Educación, Cultura, Juventud y Deportes; García-Soriano, L., (2015) La restauración De La Arquitectura De Tapia De 1980 a La Actualidad a través De Los Fondos Del Ministerio De Cultura Y Del Ministerio De Fomento Del Gobierno De España. Criterios, técnicas Y Resultados, , Tesis Doctoral. Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Valencia, Universitat Politècnica de València-ETSA/UPV. Valencia, España; Noguerón Cerdán, D., Giménez Ibáñez, R., Barrelles Vicente, E., Arquitectura tradicional de La Manchuela (2011) Zahora. Revista De Tradiciones Populares, , nº 53. Servicio de Educación, Cultura, Juventud y Deportes; Temes, V., Barrios, R., La construcción del tapial en la provincia de Albacete (1933) Arquitectura, (175). , Madrid: COAM. (Subsequently reproduced in Almud nº5, 1982)","García-Soriano, L.; Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Spain","Mileto C.Lopez-Manzanares F.V.Garcia-Soriano L.Cristini V.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability, SOStierra 2017","14 September 2017 through 16 September 2017",,220559,,9781138035461,,,"English","Vernac. Earthen Archit.: Conserv. Sustain. - Proc.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85058103944
"Vinyals M.G., Zebadúa A.P.","57204949737;57204954669;","A method of cataloguing for the earthen architectural heritage in Santo Domingo neighborhood in tuxtla gutierrez, Chiapas, Mexico",2018,"Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability - Proceedings of SOStierra2017 2017",,,,"191","196",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058099515&partnerID=40&md5=ddb35d0af83a9eb096f10a5bf7e9e6be","Polytechnic University of Catalonian, Barcelona, Spain; Bau Design College. UVIC, Barcelona, Spain","Vinyals, M.G., Polytechnic University of Catalonian, Barcelona, Spain; Zebadúa, A.P., Bau Design College. UVIC, Barcelona, Spain","Santo Domingo is one of the oldest neighborhoods, which originated the city of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, capital of Chiapas, Mexico. It was settled in 1560 under the Spanish law for colonization in the New World. The urban grid and its dynamics remained intact until the 1940s when interests to appear as a modern city began. This along with the replacement of historical buildings by new edifications, the displacement of residential uses, and the increase of tertiary uses, broke the dynamism of the neighborhoods and the loss of identity of its inhabitants. In order to return to the roots which gave rise to Tuxtla, and in the absence of a protection model that values and recognizes its existing earthen vernacular architectural heritage, the methodology to establish a specific cataloguing system for the analysis and assessment of this heritage is proposed for one of the most devastated neighborhoods of the historical center. © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Sustainable development; Architectural heritage; Historical buildings; Historical centers; Me-xico; Protection models; Architecture",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Ayuntamiento, H., Constitucional De Tuxtla Gutiérrez, , 1999. Programa Parcial de Ordenamiento para el Centro Histórico. Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México; Casals Balagué, A., González Moreno-Navarro, J.L., Genís Vinyals, M., (2011) Protocolo De Restauración, , Método Sistémico de Restauración Arquitectónica; Cervellati, P.L., Scannavini, R., (1976) Bolonia: política Y metodología De La restauración De Centros históricos, , Barcelona: Ed. Gustavo Gili, S.A; (1999) Catálogo Nacional De Monumentos Históricos Inmuebles, 5. , México, DF; González Moreno-Navarro, A., (1999) La restauración Objetiva. Método SCCM De restauración Monumental, , Barcelona: Diputació de Barcelona; Gutiérrez Nazar, A., (2011) Morfología Y percepción Del Espacio público En Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, , El caso de la plaza central. Thesis, UNAM, Facultad de Arquitectura, México, D.F; The Valletta Principles for the Safeguarding and Management of Historic Cities, Towns and Urban Areas (2011) Retrieved from ICOMOS International, , www.international.icomos.org, (November 28); (2010) Censo De Población Y Vivienda 2010, , Retrieved 03 05, 2014, from inegi.org.mx; (1967) International Council on Monuments and Sites, , The Norms of Quito. Retrieved from ICOMOS International: www.international.icomos.org; International Council on Monuments and Sites (1999) Charter on the Built Vernacular Heritage. Retrieved from ICOMOS International, , www.international. icomos.org; Mérida Mancilla, A., (2000) Cien años De evolución Urbana En Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas (1892–1992), , Thesis, UNACH, Facultad de Arquitectura, Tuxtla Gutiérrez; Ocampo García, L., (2015) Criterios De diseño arquitectónico Y bioclimático Para La Nueva Arquitecturahabitacional De integración Del Centro histórico De Chiapa De Corzo, Chiapas, , Thesis, UNAM, Facultad de Arquitectura, México, D.F; Parra Zebadúa, A., Tuxtla “moderna”: Análisis del Programa de Ordenación del Centro Histórico de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas (2005) Tesina, , Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña, Barcelona; Parra Zebadúa, A., El Patrimonio de Tuxtla: Caracterización y Valoración del Centro Histórico de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. Tesina (2012) Universidad Politécnica De Cataluña, , ETSAB, Barcelona; http://www.unesco.org, Retrieved 2012, 12-August from",,"Mileto C.Lopez-Manzanares F.V.Garcia-Soriano L.Cristini V.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability, SOStierra 2017","14 September 2017 through 16 September 2017",,220559,,9781138035461,,,"English","Vernac. Earthen Archit.: Conserv. Sustain. - Proc.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85058099515
"Juan-Vidal F., Gil Piqueras T.","55419877900;55419658900;","Earthen architecture, appreciation and landscape: The oasis of Ferkla (Morocco)",2018,"Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability - Proceedings of SOStierra2017 2017",,,,"459","464",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058098380&partnerID=40&md5=cdb28b53ab14b2d485b42b47896cfa2b","Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València (IRP/UPV), València, Spain","Juan-Vidal, F., Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València (IRP/UPV), València, Spain; Gil Piqueras, T., Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València (IRP/UPV), València, Spain","This communication shows part of the results obtained in the research project “Arquitectura y Hábitat: investigación para la mejora global de espacios habitacionales en la región del Tafilalt— Arqui-Hábitat” (ADSIDEO 15/16-AD1409-UPV) developed over two years in the oasis of Ferkla, and which included the participation of the Berber population, resident in ksar El Khorbat (earthen city). The study focuses on the findings of the analysis of visual preference, carried out with participation of native population. It aims to diagnose the “health” of its landscape and assess the risks of their identity features, especially of its earthen architecture. © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Health risks; Risk assessment; Sustainable development; Earthen architectures; Architecture",,,,,"City, University of London, City","ABSTRACT: This communication shows part of the results obtained in the research project “Arqui-tectura y Hábitat: investigación para la mejora global de espacios habitacionales en la región del Tafilalt— Arqui-Hábitat” (ADSIDEO 15/16-AD1409-UPV) developed over two years in the oasis of Ferkla, and which included the participation of the Berber population, resident in ksar El Khorbat (earthen city). The study focuses on the findings of the analysis of visual preference, carried out with participation of native population. It aims to diagnose the “health” of its landscape and assess the risks of their identity features, especially of its earthen architecture.",,,,,,,,,,"(2000) European Landscape Convention ELC Florence, , http://ipce.mcu.es/pdfs/convencionflorencia.pdf; Díez Torrijos, I., (2015) Visualidad De Los Paisajes Agricolas-Culturales, , Unpublished doctoral thesis. Universitat Politècnica de València. Spain; Rodríguez-Navarro, P., Gil Piqueras, T., (2015) Arquitectura De Tierra En Marruecos: El Valle Del Outat En El Alto Atlas. Granada, , Almeh editorial; Scazzosi, L., Mata, O., Tarroja, A., (2006) El Paisaje Y La Gestión Del Territorio. Criterios Paisajísticos En La Ordenación Del Territorio Y El Urbanismo, , Diputación de Barcelona, CUIMP; Sierra, N.I., (2014) El Hábitat Humano: Desde La Ecología Y La Antropología Humana, , Ciudades Para las Personas: Escenarios de Vida. Ed. Díaz de Santos. Madrid",,"Mileto C.Lopez-Manzanares F.V.Garcia-Soriano L.Cristini V.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability, SOStierra 2017","14 September 2017 through 16 September 2017",,220559,,9781138035461,,,"English","Vernac. Earthen Archit.: Conserv. Sustain. - Proc.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85058098380
"Dahmen J.","56208057400;","Perceptions of earth in the age of global architecture",2018,"Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability - Proceedings of SOStierra2017 2017",,,,"569","574",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058094090&partnerID=40&md5=5c6df44bcc9a0574f8ef3cbb1699fb3d","School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, University of British Columbia, Canada","Dahmen, J., School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, University of British Columbia, Canada","As much as one third of the global population lives in traditional unfired earthen housing, and the past fifty years have witnessed a resurgence of interest in earthen materials in contemporary architecture. Building with earth can reduce environmental impacts of construction while expressing unique local geophysical characteristics. From a design perspective, earthen materials can be used by architects to express “genus loci” or “spirit of place” that is emerging as a critical aspect of sustainability. Paradoxically, as the popularity of contemporary earth architecture grows, many current inhabitants of traditional earthen housing are abandoning their traditional dwellings in favour of materials more aligned with conventional notions of progress. The paper investigates the reasons behind these trends of adoption and rejection of earthen architecture, and speculates about the role of architectural design in changing perceptions about earthen materials. © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Environmental impact; Housing; Sustainable development; Contemporary architectures; Earthen architectures; Global population; Traditional dwellings; Architecture",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"http://www.lavoutenubienne.org, Association la Voute Nubienne website, accessed April 9, 2017 at; Avrami, E., Guillaud, H., Hardy, M., (2008) Terra Literature review—an Overview of Research in Earthen Architecture Conservation. Los Angeles, , United States): The Getty Conservation Institute. p. xi; Bui, Q., Morela, J., Reddy, B., Ghayada, W., Durability of rammed earth walls exposed for 20 years to natural weathering (2009) Building and Environment, 44, pp. 912-919. , pp; Carpenter, J.L., (2010) Dirt Cheap: The Gardendale Experiment in Rammed Earth. Unpublished Masters Thesis, Faculty of The Graduate School of The University of Maryland, College Park; Chaturvedi, S., Ochsendorf, J., Global Environmental Impacts due to Cement and Steel (2004) Structural Engineering International, 14 (3), pp. 198-200. , Vol, Issue,: pp; Ciancio, D., Boulter, M., (2012) Stabilised Rammed Earth: A Case Study in Western Australia. in Proceedings of the Insitution of Civil Engineers-Engineering Sustainability, , 06/2012, Volume 165, Issue 2; Cole, R., Transitioning from green to regenerative design (2012) Building Research & Information, 40 (1), pp. 39-53; Dahmen, J., Ochsendorf, J., (2012) Earth Masonry Structures: Vaults, Domes and Arches, pp. 425-458. , Matthew R Hall, Rick Lindsay, and Meror Krayenhoff, (eds.) Modern earth buildings; materials, engineering, construction and applications. (Cambridge UK: Woodhead Publishing); Dahmen, J., (2011) Personal Interviews with Residents of Oagadougou and Kieryaoghin, , Burkina Faso; Dixit, M., Fernández-Solís, J., Lavy, S., Culp, C., Identification of parameters for embodied energy measurement: A literature review (2010) Energy and Buildings, 42 (8), pp. 1238-1247. , Vol., Issue; Easterling, K., (2014) Extrastatecraft: The Power of Infrastructure Space, , New York: Verso; Frampton, K., Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance (1983) Hal Foster (Ed) the Anti-Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern Culture, , San Francisco: Bay Press; Guillaud, H., Characterization of earthen materials (2008) Terra Literature review—an Overview of Research in Earthen Architecture Conservation. Los Angeles, pp. 21-31. , Avrami, E., Guillaud, H. & Hardy M, United States): The Getty Conservation Institute; Jaquin, P., Augarde, C., Gerrard, C., Chronological Description of the Spatial Development of Rammed Earth Techniques (2008) In International Journal of Architectural Heritage: Conservation, Analysis, and Restoration., 2 (4), pp. 377-400. , Vol,: Issue; Lax, C., (2010) Life Cycle Assessment of Rammed Earth, , Masters thesis, University of Bath, United Kingdom; Neue Zurcher Zeitung (Zurich), , 2014, July 3; Li, C., (2014) Under Xi, China’s Wave of ‘Weird Architecture’ May have Peaked. in Sinosphere, , Dispatches from China (NY Times Blog), Dec 19. Accessed Sept 20, 2015; Lowe, K., Heaven and Earth—Sustaining Elements in Hakka Tulou (2012) Sustainability, 4 (11), pp. 2795-2802. , Vol, Issue,: pp; Pacheco-Torgal, F., Jalali, S., Earth construction: Lessons from the past for the future eco-efficient construction (2012) Construction and Building Materials, 29, pp. 512-519; Pérez-Lombard, L., Ortiz, J., Pout, C., A review on buildings energy consumption information (2008) Energy and Buildings, 40 (3), pp. 394-398. , Vol, Issue; Reddy, B.V., Kumar, P., Embodied energy in cement stabilized rammed earth walls (2010) Energy and Buildings, 42 (3), pp. 380-385. , Vol, Issue; The ‘Other’ in Anthropology and Philosophy (1997) Economic and Political Weekly, 32 (24), pp. 1406-1409. , Jun. 14–20; Smets, P., van Lindert, P., Sustainable housing and the urban poor (2016) International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 8 (1). , Vol., Iss; Award, T., (2016), http://terraaward.org/, Accessed April 9, 2016 at","Dahmen, J.; School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, Canada","Mileto C.Lopez-Manzanares F.V.Garcia-Soriano L.Cristini V.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability, SOStierra 2017","14 September 2017 through 16 September 2017",,220559,,9781138035461,,,"English","Vernac. Earthen Archit.: Conserv. Sustain. - Proc.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85058094090
"Eybye B.T., Vestergaard I.","56344574500;56344509700;","A survey of danish earthen heritage for sustainable building",2018,"Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability - Proceedings of SOStierra2017 2017",,,,"587","592",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058091212&partnerID=40&md5=08c8b0392aa2b9d4cbc775ddc198aa12","Ringkøbing-Skjern Museum, Skjern, Denmark; Aarhus School of Architecture, Aarhus, Denmark","Eybye, B.T., Ringkøbing-Skjern Museum, Skjern, Denmark; Vestergaard, I., Aarhus School of Architecture, Aarhus, Denmark","Earthen buildings were common in Denmark up until circa 1880, after which the number of such buildings declined. Today earthen buildings are considered as examples of sustainable architecture, nevertheless there are only few contemporary Danish earthen buildings. The first part of this paper investigates heritage uses of earthen building with a view to exploring the factors that led to their decline. To achieve this, the paper will present a literature study and a case study. The second part of this paper comments on the extent to which the earthen heritage techniques have the potential to contribute to future sustainable building. © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Architecture; Intelligent buildings; Denmark; Earthen buildings; Literature studies; Sustainable architecture; Sustainable building; Sustainable development",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Eybye, B.T., (2016) Bæredygtighed I Danmarks førindustrielle Bygningskultur Og Dens Aktuelle Relevans, , Aarhus: Arkitektskolen Aarhus; Guy, S., Farmer, G., Reinterpreting Sustainable Architecture: The Place of Technology (2001) Journal of Architectural Education, 54 (3), pp. 140-148. , Volume, no; Lerche, G., (1987) Bøndergårde I Danmark 1789–90: Byggeskik på Landboreformernes Tid. Odense: Landbohistorisk Selskab; Orduna, J., Juliane Marie Wedel Jarlsberg: En bemærkelsesværdig kvinde fra Guldalderen (2000) In Aarhus Stifts Årbøger, 83, pp. 33-41. , Volume,: pp; Risom, S., (1952) Lerhuse, Stampede Og soltørrede: Praktisk Vejledning Med Kortfattet Historisk Oversigt. København: Nyt Nordisk Forlag, , Arnold Busck; Risom, S., (1959) Nordiske Ler-Jords-Huse: Ledsaget Af En Sammenlignende Studie I Lerbyggeskikkens Udbredelse I Europa, Asien, Afrika Og Amerika. København: Rosenkilde Og Bagger.; Skougaard, M., (1985) Bonden Bygger: Om opførelsen Af bindingsværksbygninger I Det Gamle Landbosamfund. København: Nationalmuseet; Vadstrup, S., (2004) Huse Med sjæl. København: Gyldendal; Vadstrup, S., Udbytterig summer workshop i Viby (2013) By & Land, 100, pp. 10-13. , Volume; Vissonova, K., Explicating the sustainable design of technical artefacts (2016) København: The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, Schools of Architecture, , Design and Conservation",,"Mileto C.Lopez-Manzanares F.V.Garcia-Soriano L.Cristini V.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability, SOStierra 2017","14 September 2017 through 16 September 2017",,220559,,9781138035461,,,"English","Vernac. Earthen Archit.: Conserv. Sustain. - Proc.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85058091212
"Torra i Campos G., Alonso I.G., Cressent M., Ahmed O.H.","57204955293;57204951929;57204955741;57204956619;","The preservation of the nubian earthen architecture",2018,"Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability - Proceedings of SOStierra2017 2017",,,,"495","498",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058081396&partnerID=40&md5=919b6ec0839e4a07ab80c7861111bc12","Freelance Conservators, Barcelona, Spain; University of Lille 3, Lille, France; National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums, Khartoum, Sudan","Torra i Campos, G., Freelance Conservators, Barcelona, Spain; Alonso, I.G., Freelance Conservators, Barcelona, Spain; Cressent, M., University of Lille 3, Lille, France; Ahmed, O.H., National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums, Khartoum, Sudan","In relation to the Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project (QSAP), which promotes the valuation of the Sudanese archaeological sites, some mudbrick tombs superstructures of the Egyptian New Kingdom elite necropolis SA.C.5 on Sai Island (Sudan) were restored in 2015. In order to preserve the few remains from degradation agents (climatic and anthropic), a protective layer was added to the original structures. Our proposal also included other interventions, such as minimal replacement of missing parts or restoration of the landscape, in response to a request to restore value to these monuments. We used local materials and techniques in earthen building, which are probably similar as in ancient times, and we respected the current rules of the restoration international ethical code. © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Restoration; Sustainable development; Archaeological site; Degradation agents; Earthen architectures; Earthen buildings; Egyptians; Local materials; Original structures; Protective layers; Architecture",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"http://acrossborders.oeaw.ac.at, About the excavation of the last tomb discovered in the necropolis SA.C.5 (T26), consult the website, blog of the ERC starting grant project AcrossBorders, by J. Budka; Minault-Gout, A., Thill, F., (2013) Saï II. Le cimetière Des Tombes hypogées Du Nouvel Empire (SAC5), , (FIFAO 69/1–2), Le Caire: IFAO; Thill, F., The ‘pyramid’ of Sai: State of research (2017) Nubia in the New Kingdom (British Museum Publications on Egypt and Sudan 3), pp. 189-207. , N. Spencer, A. Stevens and M. Binder (ed.), London: British Museum (in press)",,"Mileto C.Lopez-Manzanares F.V.Garcia-Soriano L.Cristini V.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability, SOStierra 2017","14 September 2017 through 16 September 2017",,220559,,9781138035461,,,"English","Vernac. Earthen Archit.: Conserv. Sustain. - Proc.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85058081396
"Ros F.M.","57204953109;","CEB factory for seismic resistant earthen architecture design in Nepal",2018,"Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability - Proceedings of SOStierra2017 2017",,,,"393","398",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058076877&partnerID=40&md5=5c4b85397b57aa826038a4ea4b561042","Earthen Construction, University of Girona, Spain","Ros, F.M., Earthen Construction, University of Girona, Spain","The consequences of the earthquakes of Spring 2015 in Nepal, are still being felt a year later. Reconstruction projects funded by NGOs and international groups have been insufficient to deal with reconstruction throughout the country. Providing appropriate solutions, self-managed by the local population, is the only sustainable course of action. The geological and cultural characteristics of Nepal make earthen architecture a real and effective response to this need. But the proposed solutions must be rigorously studied, adapted and designed for each specific area. A cooperative factory of Compressed Earth Block (CEB) run by women has been the central axis of the reconstruction project developed in Nuwakot. The objective is to promote the local micro-economy and provide a way to reconstruct village dwellings. The design of the CEBs, laboratory tests, the quality control of the blocks and the design of the load bearing-walls have been carefully studied to ensure good seismic resistance. © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Columns (structural); Seismology; Sustainable development; Compressed earth blocks; Course of action; Earthen architectures; International group; Load bearing walls; Local populations; Reconstruction projects; Seismic resistance; Seismic design",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"(2005) Standard UNE 41410 Compressed Earth Blocs for Walls and Partitions, , Definitions specifications and test methods. Madrid: AENOR; (2011) Standard UNE EN 772–1 Test Methods for Masonry Units, , Part 1 Determination of compressive strength. Madrid: AENOR; (2003) Indian Standard: IS 875 Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake for Building and Structures)., , New Delhi. BIS: Bureau of Indian Standard; Indian Standard: IS 4326 Earthquake Resistant design and construction buildings – code of practice (2005) New Delhi. CED 43: Soil and Foundation Engineering; Indian Standard: IS 2720 Methods of test for soils. New Delhi (2006) BIS; (1994), NBC: Nepal Building Code. Kathmandu, Ministry of Physical Planning and Works; Masso, F., Barbeta, G., (2014) Thermal Improvement of Rammed Earth Buildings by the Inclusion of Natural Cork. Valencia. VERSUS, p. 2014; Minke, G., (2005) Manual De construcción Para Viviendas Antisisimicas De Tierra [Manual for the Construction of Seismic Resistant Dwellings], , Kassel. University of Kassel; Teutonico, J.M., (1988) A Laboratory Manual for Architectural Conservators, , Rome. ICCROM","Ros, F.M.; Earthen Construction, Spain","Mileto C.Lopez-Manzanares F.V.Garcia-Soriano L.Cristini V.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability, SOStierra 2017","14 September 2017 through 16 September 2017",,220559,,9781138035461,,,"English","Vernac. Earthen Archit.: Conserv. Sustain. - Proc.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85058076877
"Cherif T.B., Aiche M.","57204952922;57220368129;","Ksar taghit: Earthen architecture between authenticity and changes",2018,"Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability - Proceedings of SOStierra2017 2017",,,,"41","46",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058072984&partnerID=40&md5=e845782c4c59e11bd2d477c1c90353a3","University of Constantine 3, Constantine, Algeria","Cherif, T.B., University of Constantine 3, Constantine, Algeria; Aiche, M., University of Constantine 3, Constantine, Algeria","Taghit is a ksar in a small oasis town; it highlights the know-how on which the architectural typology of the place is based. The fortifications provided a good defense system, the public spaces reveal a rich community life, the road network and the building materials reflect an optimal management of the harsh climate. This secular symbiosis between built environment and ecosystem is nowadays threatened by an inadequate urban development. Socioeconomic changes have given way to uncontrolled introduction of inappropriate building materials and equipments, which have pushed the occupants of Taghit away from the ksar. This situation is causing multiple damages to the buildings and the ruin of most of the town. It is clear that this heritage must be protected to enable future generations enjoying this ancestral legacy. For this reason, this paper wishes to describe the potentialities of Taghit as well as the first actions required to maintain this threatened place. © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Building materials; Network architecture; Technology transfer; Urban growth; Architectural typologies; Built environment; Earthen architectures; Future generations; Multiple damages; Optimal management; Socio-economic change; Urban development; Sustainable development",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Benmouhamed, T., (2006) La Production De l’espace Urbain à Béchar Entre Crise Et Mutation, , Magisterium, University of Béchar. Algeria; Berbache, W., (2012) Préservation Du Patrimoine Ksourien En Terre Pour Un Préservation Du Patrimoine Ksourien En Terre Pour Un développement Local Durable (Cas Du Ksar De Taghit). Mémoire Dsa-Terre 2010–2012., , School of architecture of Grenoble. France; Berbaoui, H., (2007) La réhabilitation Du Patrimoine En Architecture: Opportunité Et Contraintes, Les Ksour De La Wilaya De Bechar., , Magisterium, university of Béchar. Algeria; Chabou, M., (2001) Evolution Des Ksour: Habitat Entre Maison Ksourienne Et Maison Moderne. Magisterium., , epau, Alger. Algérie; Cote, M., (2012) Signatures Sahariennes: Terroirs & Territoires Vue Du Ciel, p. 308. , Aix en Provence: Presses universitaires de provence; Moussaoui, A., (2002) Espace Et sacré Au Sahara: Ksour Et Oasis Du Sud-Ouest algérien, , Paris: Edition Cnrs editions; (2005) UNESCO, Les Routes Des Ksour; Bellil, R., (1999) Les Oasis Du Gourara I: Le Temps Des Saints, , Paris; Edition Peeters; Bellil, R., (2000) Les Oasis Du Gourara II: La Fondation Des Ksour, , Paris: Edition Peeters",,"Mileto C.Lopez-Manzanares F.V.Garcia-Soriano L.Cristini V.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability, SOStierra 2017","14 September 2017 through 16 September 2017",,220559,,9781138035461,,,"English","Vernac. Earthen Archit.: Conserv. Sustain. - Proc.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85058072984
"Gutiérrez E.S., Pérez E.C.","57204955803;57204949479;","Campiña segoviana’s earthen heritage and conservation clues from isère",2018,"Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability - Proceedings of SOStierra2017 2017",,,,"335","342",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058072169&partnerID=40&md5=939dd697541f56f8904b383333e9fafd","CRAterre, PROTERRA, EAR Arquitectura de Tierra, Segovia, Spain; EAR Arquitectura de Tierra, Segovia, Spain","Gutiérrez, E.S., CRAterre, PROTERRA, EAR Arquitectura de Tierra, Segovia, Spain; Pérez, E.C., EAR Arquitectura de Tierra, Segovia, Spain","Nowadays, in many territories of Western Europe it is difficult to conserve earthen constructions with adapted techniques and materials, as the know-how is rarely present and the economic logics of construction have evolved from local to industrial solutions. In a global and connected world where local action is more than ever necessary, we shall find inspiration in successful cases. We will put in contact two territories in Western Europe: the Campiña Segoviana in Spain, where earthen vernacular heritage is generally suffering from bad conservation practices, and Isère, in France, were we can find many actors gradually improving the conservation of earthen constructions. We will focus in some examples of how professionals and practitioners are in the core of this positive evolution. © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Technology transfer; Conservation practices; Earthen constructions; Heritage and conservations; Industrial solutions; Western Europe; Sustainable development",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Guillaud, H., Moriset, S., Sánchez Muñoz, N., Sevillano Gutiérrez, E., (2014) Versus: Lessons from Vernacular Heritage to Sustainable Architecture, , Villefontaine: CRAterre; Hoz, O.J., Maldonado, R.L., Vela, C.F., (2003) Diccionario De construcción Tradicional: Tierra. Hondarribia: Nerea; (2013), INEbase; Maldonado, R.L., Rivera, G.D., Vela, C.F., (2002) Arquitectura Y construcción Con Tierra: Tradición E innovación, , Madrid: Mairea; Mileto, C., Vegas, F., (2014) La restauración De La Tapia En La Península Ibérica: Criterios, técnicas, Resultados Y Perspectivas, , Lisboa: Argumentum; Sáinz Guerra, J.L., (2012) Edificios Y Conjuntos De La Arquitectura Popular En Castilla Y León, , Junta de Castilla y León. Consejería de Cultura y Turismo; Sánchez Marcos, M., Arquitectura popular de Castilla y León. Procesos constructivos, técnicas y materiales utilizados en época preindustrial (2000) Revista De Floklore, nº, p. 235; Sevillano Gutiérrez, E., (2014) Des Enseignements Du Patrimoine Local à l’avenir. Parcours Vers Une Implantation Durable Autour De La Terre En Castille, , DSA Terre. CRAterre-ENSAG",,"Mileto C.Lopez-Manzanares F.V.Garcia-Soriano L.Cristini V.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability, SOStierra 2017","14 September 2017 through 16 September 2017",,220559,,9781138035461,,,"English","Vernac. Earthen Archit.: Conserv. Sustain. - Proc.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85058072169
"Rakotomamonjy B., Gutiérrez E.S., Carnevale E.","57204314894;57204955803;57204957086;","A pilot project, a tool for conserving the historic city of Cuenca, Ecuador",2018,"Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability - Proceedings of SOStierra2017 2017",,,,"315","322",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058070074&partnerID=40&md5=59d71d927cdcabc116227368509ffb09","CRAterre, ICOMOS ISCEAH, United States; CRAterre, PROTERRA, Brazil; Terres Contemporaines Research Project, Italy","Rakotomamonjy, B., CRAterre, ICOMOS ISCEAH, United States; Gutiérrez, E.S., CRAterre, PROTERRA, Brazil; Carnevale, E., Terres Contemporaines Research Project, Italy","The historic city centre of Cuenca in Ecuador is mainly built with earthen material. Although prestigious rehabilitations are undertaken on major historic buildings, common dwellings, which compose the majority of the city centre, are in poor condition and gradually abandoned. In this context, earthen conservation works are particularly difficult because of poor interest on earthen material, lack of arguments and incentives for conservation of earthen architecture, difficult materials supply and lack of technical skills on earthen architecture. A pilot project undertaken in 2015, by CRAterre has been instrumental to strengthen capacities of the municipality; bring awareness and disseminate good practices in the maintenance of private houses; to demonstrate how it is feasible and financially accessible to prevent major decay in the houses; and to train at once craftsmen’s, architects, technicians and staff from the municipality. © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Sustainable development; Difficult material; Earthen architectures; Ecuador; Good practices; Historic buildings; Historic city; Pilot projects; Technical skills; Architecture",,,,,"United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO","The project was developed in cooperation between UNESCO - World Heritage Centre - Latin America and Caribbean, CRAterre (France) and the National Institute of Cultural Heritage of Ecuador (INPC - R6), and thanks to the support of the Panasonic Foundation.",,,,,,,,,,"Abad Rodas, M.L., Tommerbak, M., (2009) Cuenca, In: Ciudad Y Arquitectura Republicana De Ecuador, 1850–1950, , Centro de Publicaciones, PUCE Quito, Ecuador; (2007) Junta De Andalucía, , Guía de la arquitectura, Cuenca, Ecuador; Piedra, C., (2008) Patologías Y Sus Causas En Muros De Tierra Cruda Y Cocida En Edificaciones Patrimoniales, , Trabajo de Maestría en Conservación de Monumentos y sitios. Facultad de Arquitectura, Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador; Piedra, C., (2008) Soluciones a daños En Edificaciones Patrimoniales Construidas Con tecnologías Tradicionales, , Trabajo de Maestría en Conservación de Monumentos y sitios. Facultad de Arquitectura, Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador; Rakotomamonjy, B., ; Rakotomamonjy, B., (2015) Orientaciones Para La conservación De Inmuebles Patrimoniales De Tierra En Cuenca, , Villefontaine: CRAterre; (2012) In Proceedings of the UNESCO International Colloquium on the Conservation of World Heritage Earthen Architecture, 17–18 December 2012, the Historic Centre of Santa Ana De Los Cuatro Ríos De Cuenca, Ecuador, María De Lourdes Abad Rodas, En: Earthen Architecture in today’s World, , Paris UNESCO; (2014) Project Document: City of Cuenca, Ecuador, Mobilizes Women and Youth for the Transmission of Artisanal Techniques to Preserve Earthen Architecture; (2016) World Heritage n°81, Urban Heritage, , Paris UNESCO; (2013) El Patrimonio Edificado En Cuenca. Fotogrametría Arquitectural. Ecuador.; (2014) Informe Final Para La Municipalidad De Cuenca, “Campaña De Mantenimiento Aplicada En Las Edificaciones Patrimoniales De San Roque, , Ecuador",,"Mileto C.Lopez-Manzanares F.V.Garcia-Soriano L.Cristini V.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Earthen Architecture, Conservation and Sustainability, SOStierra 2017","14 September 2017 through 16 September 2017",,220559,,9781138035461,,,"English","Vernac. Earthen Archit.: Conserv. Sustain. - Proc.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85058070074
"Baltus M.R.","55239863200;","Building power: Earthen monuments in the construction of elite identities in pre-Columbian North America",2016,"Monumental Earthen Architecture in Early Societies: Technology and power display Proceedings of the XVII UISPP World Congress (1-7 September, Burgos, Spain): Volume 2 / Session B3",,,,"1","12",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85120151286&partnerID=40&md5=7fc0661dad8fb16077213f274e509db6","University of Toledo, 2680G University Hall, Toledo, OH  43606, United States","Baltus, M.R., University of Toledo, 2680G University Hall, Toledo, OH  43606, United States","According to documents recorded by early European explorers, earthen platform mounds in the southeast United States were the domain of indigenous political and religious leaders. Rather than assuming a priori that these were elite spaces, current research into the earthen mounds of the late pre-Contact period (AD 1000-1400) of the American Midcontinent suggests these mounds were monuments of empowerment. Incorporating indigenous ontologies into the study of mound construction suggests that the act of gathering powerful elements (earth, water, fire) along with narrations of deep history (e.g., origin and ancestor-deity traditions) is an empowering act through which elite statuses were (re)constructed and maintained. © Archaeopress, UISPP and authors 2016.","Earthen architecture; Elite; Mississippian; Power",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Alberti, A., Fowles, S., Holbraad, M., Marshall, Y., Whitmore, C., 'Worlds Otherwise': Archaeology, Anthropology, and Ontological Difference (2011) Current Anthropology, 52 (6), pp. 896-912; Alt, S.M., (2006) Cultural Pluralism and Complexity: Analyzing a Cahokian Ritual Outpost, , Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology. Urbana-Champaign:University of Illinois; Alt, S.M., The Power of Diversity: The Roles of Migration and Hybridity in Culture Change (2006) Leadership and Polity in Mississippian Society, pp. 289-308. , Butler, B. M.; Welch, P. D. eds., Center for Archaeological Investigations. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University; Alt, S.M., Pauketat, T., Sex and the Southern Cult (2007) The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, pp. 232-250. , A. King ed., Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press; Anderson, D.G., The Role of Cahokia in the Evolution of Southeastern Mississippian Society (1997) Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World, pp. 248-268. , Pauketat, T. R.; Emerson, T. E., eds., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press; Antrim, Z., (2012) Routes and Realms: The Power of Place in the Early Islamic World, p. 240. , Oxford: University of Oxford Press; Bailey, G.A., (1995) The Osage and the Invisible World: From the Works of Francis La Flesche, p. 344. , Norman: University of Oklahoma Press; Baires, S.E., (2014) Cahokia's Origins: Religion, Complexity and Ridge-top Mortuaries in the Mississippi River Valley, , Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology. Urbana- Champaign: University of Illinois; Baltus, M.R., (2014) Transforming Material Relationships: 13th Century Revitalization of Cahokian Religious-Politics, , Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology. Urbana- Champaign: University of Illinois; Baltus, M.R., Baires, S.E., Elements of Ancient Power in the Cahokian World (2012) Journal of Social Archaeology, 12 (2), pp. 167-192; Bouguerra, L., (2005) Water: Symbolism and Culture, Les Rapports de l'Institut Veolia Environnement, p. 5; Bourne, E.G., (1922) Narratives of the Career of Hernando de Soto in the Conquest of Florida: As Told by a Knight of Elvas, and in a relation by Luys Hernandez de Biedma, Factor of the Expedition, , Translated by Buckingham Smith together with an account of de Soto's expedition based on the diary of Rodrigo Ranjel, his private secretary, translated from Oviedo's Historia General y Natural de las Indias. New York: Allerton Book Co; Butler, A.J., Mississippians in the 'Boonies': New Investigations and Insights at the Collins Site (2013) Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Archaeological Conference, , October 24-27, Columbus, Ohio; Butler, J., (1993) Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of 'Sex', p. 284. , New York: Routledge; Dalan, R.A., Holley, G.R., Woods, W.I., Watters, J.R.H.W., Koepke, J.A., (2003) Envisioning Cahokia: A Landscape Perspective, p. 241. , DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press; Deloria, V., Jr., (1973) God is Red, p. 376. , New York: Grosset & Dunlap; Dorsey, J.O., A Study of Siouan Cults (1894) In Eleventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 351-554. , Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution; Emerson, T.E., (1997) Cahokia and the Archaeology of Power, , Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press; Emerson, T.E., Boles, S.L., Contextualizing Flint Clay Cahokia Figures at the East St (2010) Louis Mound Center. Illinois Archaeology: Journal of the Illinois Archaeological Survey, 22, pp. 473-490; Fletcher, A.C., Flesche, F., (1992) The Omaha Tribe, p. 643. , Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press; Fowler, M.L., (1997) The Cahokia Atlas: A Historical Atlas of Cahokia Archaeology, p. 267. , Revised edition. Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program, Studies in Archaeology, No. 2. Urbana: University of Illinois; Grantham, B., (2002) Creation Myths and Legends of the Creek Indians, p. 337. , Gainesville: University Press of Florida; Hall, R.L., (1997) Archaeology of the Soul: North American Indian Belief and Ritual, p. 222. , Chicago: University of Illinois Press; Hallowell, A.I., Ojibwa Ontology, Behavior, and World View (1975) Teachings from the American Earth: Indian Religion and Philosophy, pp. 141-178. , Tedlock, D.; Tedlock, B., eds., New York: Liveright; Hedman, K.M., Hargrave, E.A., Cahokia Mound 72: Reinterpreting Meaning (2014) Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Archaeological Conference, , October 2-4, Champaign, IL; Hill, E., The Nonempirical Past: Enculturated Landscapes and Other-than-Human Persons in Southwest Alaska (2012) Arctic Anthropology, 49 (2), pp. 41-57; Howard, J.H., (1981) Shawnee! The Ceremonialism of a Native Indian Tribe and its Cultural Background, p. 454. , Athens: Ohio University Press; Hudson, C.M., (1976) The Southeastern Indians, , Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press; Inomata, T., Tsukamoto, K., Gathering in an Open Space: Introduction to Mesoamerican Plazas (2014) Mesoamerican Plazas: Arenas of Community and Power, pp. 3-15. , Tsukamoto, K.; Inomata, T., eds., Tucson: University of Arizona Press; Jennings, J.D., Prehistory of the Lower Mississippi Valley (1952) Archaeology of Eastern United States, pp. 256-271. , J. B. Griffin, ed., Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Knight, V.J., Jr., Symbolism of Mississippian Mounds (1989) Powhatan's Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast, pp. 279-291. , Wood, P H.; Waselkov, G. A.; Hatley, M. T., eds., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press; Knight, V.J., Jr., Some Developmental Parallels between Cahokia and Moundville (1997) Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World, pp. 229-247. , Pauketat, T R.; Emerson, T E., eds., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press; la Flesche, F., (1939) War Ceremony and Peace Ceremony of the Osage Indians, , Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 101. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution; Lewis, R.B., Stout, C., Wesson, C.B., The Design of Mississippian Towns (1998) Mississippian Towns and Sacred Spaces: Searching for an Architectural Grammar, pp. 1-21. , Lewis, R. B.; Stout, C., eds., Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press; Mann, B.A., (2006) Native Americans, Archaeologists, and the Mounds, p. 520. , New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc; Merlan, F., Theorizing Relationality: A Response to the Morphys (2013) American Anthropologist, 115 (4), pp. 637-638; Milner, G.R., Development and Dissolution of a Mississippian Society in the American Bottom, Illinois (1996) Political Structure and Change in the Prehistoric Southeastern United States, pp. 27-52. , Scarry, J. F., ed., Gainesville: University Press of Florida; Milner, G.R., (1998) The Cahokia Chiefdom: The Archaeology ofa Mississippian Society, p. 216. , Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press; Moorehead, W.K., (2000) The Cahokia Mounds, p. 432. , Edited and with introduction by Kelly, J. E. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press; Muller, J., (1997) Mississippian Political Economy, p. 455. , New York: Plenum Press; Neihardt, J.G., Black Elk Speaks: Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux As told through John G (1979) Neihardt, , Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press; Otten, S.E., Baltus, M.R., Pauketat, T.R., New Evidence of Temple Ritual and Earthen Symbolism at the Pfeffer Site (2007) Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southeastern Archaeological Conference, , October 31 - November 3, Knoxville, Tennessee; Pauketat, T.R., (1993) Temples for Cahokia Lords: Preston Holder's 1955-1956 Excavations of Kunnemann Mound, p. 166. , Memoirs, Museum of Anthropology, No. 26. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan; Pauketat, T.R., (1994) The Ascent of Chiefs: Cahokia and Mississippian Politics in Native North America, p. 237. , Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press; Pauketat, T.R., Cahokian Elite Ideology and the Mississippian Cosmos (1997) Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World, pp. 190-228. , Pauketat, T R.; Emerson, T E., eds., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press; Pauketat, T.R., (2004) Ancient Cahokia and the Mississippians, p. 218. , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Pauketat, T.R., (2007) Chiefdoms and other Archaeological Delusions, p. 257. , New York: Altamira Press; Pauketat, T.R., Founders' Cults and the Archaeology of Wa-kan-da (2008) Memory Work: The Archaeologies of Material Practice, pp. 61-80. , Mills, B., ed., Santa Fe: School for Advanced Research Press; Pauketat, T.R., City of Earth and Wood: New Cahokia and its Material-Historical Implications (2011) Paper prepared for A World of Cities conference at the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, , March 25-26, New York University, NY; Pauketat, T.R., (2013) An Archaeology of the Cosmos: Rethinking Agency and Religion in Ancient America, p. 230. , New York: Routledge; Pauketat, T.R., From Memorials to Imaginaries in the Monumentality of Ancient North America (2014) Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology, IEMA Proceedings, Volume 3, pp. 431-446. , Osborne, J. F., ed., Albany: State University of New York Press; Pauketat, T.R., Alt, S.M., Mounds, Memory, and Contested Mississippian History (2003) Archaeologies of Memory, pp. 151-179. , Van Dyke, R. M.; Alcock, S. E., eds., Oxford: Blackwell; Pauketat, T.R., Lopinot, N.H., Cahokian Population Dynamics (1997) Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World, pp. 103-123. , Pauketat, T R.; Emerson, T.E., eds., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press; Pauketat, T.R., Rees, M.A., Vanderwarker, A.M., Parker, K.E., Excavations into Cahokia's Mound 49 (2010) Illinois Archaeology, 22 (2), pp. 397-436; Peebles, C.S., Kus, S.M., Some archaeological correlates of ranked societies (1977) American Antiquity, 42, pp. 421-448; Pursell, C., Geographic Distribution and Symbolism of Colored Mound Architecture in the Mississippian Southeast (2004) Paper presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Southeastern Archaeological Conference and 50th Annual Meeting of the Midwestern Archaeological Conference, , 20-23 Oct, St. Louis, MO; Pursell, C., Colored monuments and sensory theater among the Mississippians (2013) Making Senses of the Past: Toward a Sensory Archaeology, pp. 69-89. , Day, J., ed., Center for Archaeological Investigations Occasional Paper No. 40, Carbondale: Southern Illinois University; Radin, P., (1970) The Winnebago Tribe, p. 560. , Originally published as a paper accompanying the 37th Annual Report of the U.S. Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1915-1916. New York: Johnson Reprint Corporation; Reed, N.A., Bennett, J.W., Porter, J.W., Solid core drilling of Monks Mound: Technique and findings (1968) American Antiquity, 33 (2), pp. 137-148; Sabo, G., III, Mound-building as Material Symbolism: An example from the Western Ozark Highland (1985) Paper presented at the Society for American Archaeology annual meeting, , May, Denver, CO; Sassaman, K., Complex Hunter-Gatherers in Evolution and History: A North American Perspective (2004) Journal of Archaeological Research, 12 (3), pp. 227-280; Sassaman, K., Futurologists Look Back (2012) Archaeologies: Journal of the World Archaeological Congress, 8 (3), pp. 250-268; Slater, P.A., Hedman, K.M., Emerson, T.E., Immigrants at the Mississippian polity of Cahokia: Strontium isotope evidence for population movement (2014) Journal of Archaeological Science, 44, pp. 117-127; Smith, H.M., The Murdock Mound (1969) Explorations into Cahokia Archaeology, Illinois Archaeological Survey Bulletin 7, pp. 49-88. , Fowler M. L., ed., Urbana: University of Illinois; Steponaitis, V.P., Prehistoric archaeology in the southeastern United States, 1970-1985 (1986) Annual Review of Anthropology, 15, pp. 363-404; Swanton, J.R., (2001) Source Material for the Social and Ceremonial Life of the Choctaw Indians, p. 282. , Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press; Varner, J.G., Varner, J.J., (1951) The Florida of the Inca, p. 655. , London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, Ltd; Waring, A.J., Jr., The Southern Cult and Muskhogean Ceremonial (1968) The Waring Papers: The Collected Works of Antonio J. Waring, Jr. Peabody Museum Papers 58, pp. 30-69. , Williams, S., ed., Cambridge: Harvard University; Welch, P., How Early were Cities in the Eastern United States? (2004) Journal of Urban History, pp. 594-603; Weltfish, G., (1965) The Lost Universe, p. 506. , New York: Basic Books, Inc; Zych, T.J., The Construction of a Mound and a New Community: An Analysis of the Ceramic and Feature Assemblages from the Northeast Mound at the Aztalan Site (2013) Unpublished Master's Thesis, Department of Anthropology, , Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin","Baltus, M.R.; University of Toledo, 2680G University Hall, United States; email: Melissa.Baltus@UToledo.Edu",,,"Archaeopress",,,,,,9781784912840; 9781784912833,,,"English","Monum. Earthen Archit. in Early Soc.: Technol. and power disp. Proc. of the XVII UISPP World Congr. (1-7 Sept., Burgos, Spain): Vol. 2 / Sess. B3",Book Chapter,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85120151286
"Ramírez-Rodríguez F.T.A.U.","57356453600;","Traditional Architecture and Socio-Political Organization at Figuig Oasis, Morocco",2016,"Monumental Earthen Architecture in Early Societies: Technology and power display Proceedings of the XVII UISPP World Congress (1-7 September, Burgos, Spain): Volume 2 / Session B3",,,,"53","64",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85120149479&partnerID=40&md5=f4912e6f6601b5d0256edff0d3062a90","Mohamed I University, Faculty of Science, Oujda City, Morocco","Ramírez-Rodríguez, F.T.A.U., Mohamed I University, Faculty of Science, Oujda City, Morocco","Figuig Oasis, located in Eastern Morocco, is a settlement whose ancient core is mainly composed of earthen household units and walled gardens. Historical accounts suggest that it was founded in early Islamic times by Amazigh (also called Berbers) tribes. This paper is primarily concerned with the relation between ancient socio-political organization and architectural layout and technology. The first type of analysis concerns the general settlement pattern, while the second refers to traditional building materials and collective work. © Archaeopress, UISPP and authors 2016.","Segmentary sociopolitical organization; Settlement pattern; Tangible and intangible cultural heritage; Traditional earthen architecture",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Bencherifa, A., Popp, H., (1990) L'Oasis de Figuig, Persistance et Changement, Publication de la Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines de Rabat, Série Essais et Études N, p. 109. , 3, Rabat: Royaume du Maroc, Université Mohamed V; Benamara, H., (2013) Dictionnaire Amazighe - Français, Parler de Figuig et ses régions, Centre de l'Aménagement Linguistique UER-Lexique, Rabat: Institut Royale de la Culture Amazighe, p. 784; Boone, J., Emlen, L., Myers, J., Redman, C.H., Archaeological and Historical Approaches to Complex Societies: The Islamic State of Medieval Morocco (1990) American Anthropologist, New Series, 92 (3), pp. 630-646. , September; Buwziyan, B.M., (2012) Al-tawğih li-Bayt Al-llah Al-harām wa-ziyārah qabrih 'alayhi al-salāh wa- al-salām, p. 196. , Rihlah Abī Al-'Abās Al-Hilālī al-Siğilmâsî (Towards the House of God [Mecca] and visit to the Prophet's tomb. The peace be with him. Travel of Abi Al-Abas al-Hilali al-Sijilmasi). Figuig Cultural Heritage n. 10 - Oujda: Al Josor; Claudot-Hawad, H., (2007) Touaregs, Apprivoiser le désert, p. 143. , Paris: Découvertes Gallimard; Cornell, V., (1998) Realm of the Saint, Power and Authority in Moroccan Sufism, p. 424. , Austin: University of Texas Press; Gellner, E., (1969) Saints of the Atlas, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, p. 317; Gellner, E., Munson, H.J.R., (1995) Segmentation: Reality or Myth? The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol, 1 (4), pp. 821-832. , http://www.jstor.org/stable/3034963, (Dec.), [Consult. 10 Oct. 2012]; Gluckman, M., Costumbre y Conflicto en África, Lima: Universidad Nacional de San Marcos (2009) Fondo Editorial UCH, p. 198; Hart, D.M., (2006) Bandidismo en el Islam: Estudios de Caso en Marruecos, Argelia y la Frontera Noroeste de Pakistan, p. 121. , Barcelona: Anthropos; (1962) The Muqaddimah, Translated by Franz Rosenthal, , http://asadullahali.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/ibn_khaldun-al_muqaddimah.pdf; Laoust, E., (1920) Mots et Choses Berbères, Notes de linguistique et d'Ethnographie, Dialectes du Maroc, p. 531. , Paris: A, Challamel; Levinck, A., (1882) L'Oasis de Figuig, p. 26. , Paris: Revue de Geographie I.G.P; Pastor-López, A., Los Palmerales de Figuig (Marruecos) Y Elche (España) (2012) Comparación estructural Y ecológica, , http://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/26155/1/7%20Antonio%20, Patrones de degradación Y gestión sostenible / Les Palmeraies de Figuig (Maroc) et Elche (Espagne). Comparaison estructurel et ecologique. Schemas de dégradation et aménagement durable. In Vargas-Llovera, M. D., et al. (Eds.), Bases ecológicas y culturales del oasis de Figuig (Marruecos) / Fondations écologiques et culturelles de l'oasis Figuig (Maroc). Oujda: Proyecto de Cooperación Internacional al Desarrollo AP/301-34-2010 de AECID and Facultad de Letras y Humanidades de la Universidad Mohamed VI de Oujda. [Consult. 24 Nov. 2014]; Ramírez-Rodríguez, F.T.A.U., (2013) Los 'Santos' (Imrabden) y el paisaje cultural entre los Ayt Ali u Aissa (Ayt Eli u Eissa) del Rif Central Marroquí desde una perspectiva etnoarqueológica, p. 381. , PhD dissertation Archaeological Studies (Estudios Arqueológicos). México: ENAH (Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia); Seva-Roman, E., Martin-Martin, J., Pastor-Lopez, A., Construcción de un Sistema de Información Geográfica Válido para el Estudio Integrado del Oasis de Figuig (2012) Bases Ecológicas y Culturales del Oasis de Figuig (Marruecos) / Fondations Écologiques et Culturelles de l'Oasis Figuig (Maroc), , Vargas-Llovera, M. D., Seva-Román, E. and Hamdaoui, M. (Eds.), Oujda: Published by Proyecto de Cooperación Internacional al Desarrollo AP/301-34-2010 de AECID, and Facultad de Letras y Humanidades de la Universidad Mohamed VI de Oujda; Vallat, J.-P., (2014) Le Patrimoine Marocain: Figuig une Oasis au Cœur des Cultures, p. 488. , Paris: L'Harmattan","Ramírez-Rodríguez, F.T.A.U.; Mohamed I University, Morocco; email: azulramirez108@gmail.com",,,"Archaeopress",,,,,,9781784912840; 9781784912833,,,"English","Monum. Earthen Archit. in Early Soc.: Technol. and power disp. Proc. of the XVII UISPP World Congr. (1-7 Sept., Burgos, Spain): Vol. 2 / Sess. B3",Book Chapter,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85120149479
"Daneels A.","55347074200;","Monumental earthen architecture in early societies: Technology and power display proceedings of the XVII UISPP world congress (1-7 september, Burgos, Spain): Volume 2 / session B3",2016,"Monumental Earthen Architecture in Early Societies: Technology and power display Proceedings of the XVII UISPP World Congress (1-7 September, Burgos, Spain): Volume 2 / Session B3",,,,"1","65",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85120149213&partnerID=40&md5=cec26aeee4b53e305f9e01a7b2728dde","Institute of Anthropological Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, México D.F., C.P. 04510, Mexico","Daneels, A., Institute of Anthropological Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, México D.F., C.P. 04510, Mexico","Paperback / softback. New. Proceedings from a session held as part of the XVII World UISPP Congress, Burgos, 2014. The theme of the symposium was the archaeology of earthen architecture in pre- and protohistoric cultures, with an emphasis on constructive techniques and systems, and diachronic changes in those aspects. © Archaeopress, UISPP and authors 2016.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Daneels, A.; Institute of Anthropological Research, Mexico; email: annickdaneels@hotmail.com",,,"Archaeopress",,,,,,9781784912840; 9781784912833,,,"English","Monum. Earthen Archit. in Early Soc.: Technol. and power disp. Proc. of the XVII UISPP World Congr. (1-7 Sept., Burgos, Spain): Vol. 2 / Sess. B3",Book,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85120149213
"Zhang Y., Ye W.M., Chen B., Chen Y.G.","35147463400;57202081351;55723005600;8306861900;","Influence of sodium chloride on evaporation and cracking of earthen heritages",2016,"Unsaturated Soil Mechanics from Theory to Practice - Proceedings of the 6th Asia-Pacific Conference on Unsaturated Soils",,,,"575","580",,,"10.1201/b19248-95","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85012202154&doi=10.1201%2fb19248-95&partnerID=40&md5=01901cb970f01787fb3945842ef424ed","Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; United Research Center for Urban Environment and Sustainable Development, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China","Zhang, Y., Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Ye, W.M., Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China, United Research Center for Urban Environment and Sustainable Development, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Chen, B., Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China, United Research Center for Urban Environment and Sustainable Development, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Chen, Y.G., Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China, United Research Center for Urban Environment and Sustainable Development, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China","In the ancient City of Jiaohe, many earthen heritages with high NaCl content suffer the deterioration of cracked surface crusts.To investigate the effect of NaCl on crusting and cracking, desiccation tests were conducted in laboratory on three saturated slurry specimens with different salt contents (0%, 2% and 5%). The results reveal that NaCl enhanced the water retention ability of soil. With increasing salt content, time needed for specimens to reach equilibrium with the environment increased, and the durations of the initial stage and the falling stage of the evaporation process also changed. A smoother and flatter evaporation rate curve was observed in specimen with higher salt content. Image analysis was employed for evaluating the development of drying cracks during the test. Geometric parameters including CIF, the number of intersections and segments and total crack length were analyzed. All parameters decreased in higher salt content specimens, indicating a more extensive cracking in salt-free soil. © 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Deterioration; Evaporation; Sodium chloride; Soil mechanics; Soils; Crack length; Evaporation process; Evaporation rate; Salt content; Water retention ability; Cracks",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Abou Najm, M., Jesiek, J., Mohtar, R.H., Lura, P., Sant, G., Assessing the role of the pore solution concentration on horizontal deformations in an unsaturated soil specimen during drying (2012) Geoderma, 187, pp. 31-40; Arnold, J.G., Potter, K.N., King, K.W., Allen, P.M., Estimation of soil cracking and the effect on surface runoff in a Texas Blackland Prairie watershed (2005) Hydrological Processes, 19 (3), pp. 589-603; Chen, W.W., Lv, H.M., Cui, K., Wu, G.P., Influence on strength of site soils about chlorine and sulfate salt in dry environment (2014) Journal of Engineering Geology, 22, pp. 333-338; Cui, K., Chen, W.W., Kuang, J., Wang, X.D., Han, W.F., Effect of deterioration of earthen ruin with joint function of salinized and alternating wet and dry in arid and semiarid regions (2012) Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), 43 (6), pp. 2378-2384; De Carlo, K.F., Shokri, N., Salinity effects of cracking morphology and dynamics in 3-D desiccating clays (2014) Water Resource Research, 50 (4), pp. 3052-3072; Franzen, C., Mirwald, P.W., Moisture sorption behavior of salt mixtures in porous stone (2009) Chemie Der Erde-Geochemistry, 69 (1), pp. 91-98; Gebrenegus, T., Ghezzehei, T.A., Tuller, M., Physicochemical controls on initiation and evolution of desiccation cracks in sand-bentonite mixtures: X-ray CT imaging and stochastic modeling (2011) Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 126 (1-2), pp. 100-112; Hallett, P.D., Newson, T.A., Describing soil crack formation using elastic-plastic fracture mechanics (2005) European Journal of Soil Science, 56 (1), pp. 31-38; Lakshmikantha, M.R., Prat, P.C., Ledesma, A., Image analysis for the quantification of a developing crack network on a drying soil (2009) Geotechnicaltesting Journal, 32 (6), pp. 505-515; Li, L., Shao, M.S., Wang, S.J., Li, Z.X., Preservation of earthen heritage sites on the Silk Road, northwest China from the impact of the environment (2011) Environmental Earth Sciences, 64 (6), pp. 1625-1639; Lide, D.R., (2004) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, , 2003, Boca Raton: CRC Press; Panayiotopoulos, K.P., Leinas, D., Influence of aggregate size, electrolyte concentration, and sodium adsorption ratio on crack parameters of a vertisol (2009) Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 40 (11-12), pp. 1712-1721; Puppala, A.J., Manosuthkij, T., Nazarian, S., Hoyos, L.R., Threshold moisture content and matric suction potentials in expansive clays prior to initiation of cracking in pavements (2011) Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 48 (4), pp. 519-531; Qiu, G.Y., Ben-Asher, J., Experimental determination of soil evaporation stages with soil surface temperature (2010) Soil Science Society of America Journal, 74 (1), pp. 13-22; Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Doehne, E., Salt weathering: Influence of evaporation rate, supersaturation and crystallization pattern (1999) Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 24 (3), pp. 191-209; Shao, M.S., Li, L., Wang, S.J., Wang, E.Z., Li, Z.X., Deterioration mechanisms of building materials of Jiaohe ruins in China (2013) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 14 (1), pp. 38-44; Shirazi, S.M., Kuwano, J., Kazama, H., Wiwat, S., Ismail, Z., Response to swelling and permeability of bentonite using saline solution for nuclear waste disposal (2011) Disaster Advances, 4 (1), pp. 41-47; Tang, C.S., Shi, B., Liu, C., Zhao, L.Z., Wang, B.J., Influencing factors of geometrical structure of surface shrinkage cracks in clayey soils (2008) Engineering Geology, 101 (3-4), pp. 204-217; Tang, C.S., Cui, Y.J., Shi, B., Tang, A.M., Liu, C., Desiccation and cracking behavior of clay layer from slurry state under wetting-drying cycles (2011) Geoderma, 166 (1), pp. 111-118; Tang, C.S., Shi, B., Liu, C., Suo, W.B., Gao, L., Experimental characterization of shrinkage and desiccation cracking in thin clay layer (2011) Applied Clay Science, 52 (1-2), pp. 69-77; Yesiller, N., Miller, C.J., Inci, G., Yaldo, K., Desiccation and cracking behavior of three compacted landfill liner soils (2000) Engineering Geology, 57 (1-2), pp. 105-121; Zhang, H.Y., Liu, P., Wang, J.F., Wang, X.D., Generation and detachment of surface crust on ancient earthen architectures (2009) Rock and Soil Mechanics, 30 (7), pp. 1883-1891; Zhao, H.Y., Li, Z.X., Han, W.F., Wang, X.D., Chen, W.W., Main diseases and their causes of earthen ruins in arid region of northwestern China (2003) Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 22, pp. 2875-2880; Zhu, C.M., Ye, W.M., Chen, Y.G., Chen, B., Cui, Y.J., Influence of salt solutions on the swelling pressure and hydraulic conductivity of compacted GMZ01 bentonite (2013) Engineering Geology, 166, pp. 74-80",,"Chen Z.Wei C.Sun D.Xu Y.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","6th Asia-Pacific Conference on Unsaturated Soil Mechanics from Theory to Practice, AP-UNSAT 2015","23 October 2015 through 26 October 2015",,160009,,9781138029217,,,"English","Unsaturated Soil Mech. Theory Pract. - Proc. Asia-Pac. Conf. Unsaturated Soils",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85012202154
"Chen Y., Wang J.F., Zhang H.Y., Gai Y.X.","56048878500;57211091632;56907949200;57193266507;","Analogy study on surface deterioration of earthen monuments",2016,"Unsaturated Soil Mechanics from Theory to Practice - Proceedings of the 6th Asia-Pacific Conference on Unsaturated Soils",,,,"895","898",,,"10.1201/b19248-150","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85012188228&doi=10.1201%2fb19248-150&partnerID=40&md5=c5258444b3f6ebf5fb2a33c0ceb0fddb","School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, China; Key Laboratory ofWestern China’s Environment Systems of Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, China; Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China of Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, China","Chen, Y., School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, China; Wang, J.F., Key Laboratory ofWestern China’s Environment Systems of Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, China; Zhang, H.Y., Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China of Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, China; Gai, Y.X., School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, China","Surface fracturing is the primary cause responsible for earthen monuments deterioration. The mechanism of surface deterioration keeps unknown because of the longevity and complexity in weathering. This paper selects the road cuts in loess soil deposits exposed to natural weathering for many years as an analogy to investigate the effects of sun radiation direction, soluble salts and grain size on earthen monument deterioration. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) shows that surface particles with lamelliformwere arranged in an imbricate pattern. Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP) results indicate that pore diameters of theweathered surface soil show a distinctly bimodal distribution, while the unweathered soil shows an unimodal distribution in pore diameter. This means that one part of the pore diameters become larger while some others become smaller than the unweathered soil. The former can be attributed to the leaching out of soluble salts in surface soil by rain, whereas the latter can be attributed to the sedimentation of atmospheric dust into the pores of surface soil. The evolution model of soil pore structures under weathered condition provides another explanation to the surface deterioration of earthen monuments. © 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Pore structure; Radiation effects; Salts; Scanning electron microscopy; Soil mechanics; Soils; Weathering; Bimodal distribution; Evolution modeling; Mercury intrusion porosimetry; Natural weathering; Surface deterioration; Surface fracturing; Surface particles; Unimodal distribution; Deterioration",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Bui, Q.B., Morel, J.C., Reddy, B., Durability of rammed earth walls exposed for 20 years to natural weathering (2009) Building and Environment, 44 (5), pp. 912-919; Chen, Y., Tarchitzky, J., Brouwer, J., Scanning electron microscope observations on soil crusts and their formation (1980) Soil Science, 130 (1), pp. 49-55; Delage, P., Tessier, D., Marcel-Audiguier, M., Use of the Cryoscan apparatus for observation of freeze-fractured planes of a sensitive Quebec clay in scanning electron microscopy (1982) Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 19 (1), pp. 111-114; Jiang, M., Zhang, F., Hu, H., Structural characterization of natural loess and remolded loess under triaxial tests (2014) Engineering Geology, 181, pp. 249-260; Rossi-Manaresi, R., Tucci, A., Pore structure and the disruptive or cementing effect of salt crystallization in various types of stone (1991) Studies in Conservation, 36 (1), pp. 53-58",,"Chen Z.Wei C.Sun D.Xu Y.",,"CRC Press/Balkema","6th Asia-Pacific Conference on Unsaturated Soil Mechanics from Theory to Practice, AP-UNSAT 2015","23 October 2015 through 26 October 2015",,160009,,9781138029217,,,"English","Unsaturated Soil Mech. Theory Pract. - Proc. Asia-Pac. Conf. Unsaturated Soils",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85012188228
"Liu X., Xu J., Wang H.","57192258237;55867056800;55868168700;","Investigation and analysis of earthen architecture in the Dabie Mountain Area",2016,"International Journal of Simulation: Systems, Science and Technology","17","44",,"18.1","18.7",,,"10.5013/IJSSST.a.17.44.18","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85005950529&doi=10.5013%2fIJSSST.a.17.44.18&partnerID=40&md5=54fa075a50f9e7ca6305713abf25093a","Department of Industrial, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei  430074, China","Liu, X., Department of Industrial, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei  430074, China; Xu, J., Department of Industrial, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei  430074, China; Wang, H., Department of Industrial, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei  430074, China","Getting to know the real structure and present situation of the earthen architecture in different areas of our country and in different forms, and the different effects on the environment and human inhabitants, can provide a theoretical basis for future study of earthen buildings. There are many earthen buildings in Dabie Mountain area, we investigate and analyze it to learn more. © 2016, UK Simulation Society. All rights reserved.","Advantage and disadvantage; Dabie Mountain; Earthen buildings; Investigate and analyze the earthen building","Computer simulation; Advantage and disadvantage; Dabie mountains; Earthen architectures; Earthen buildings; Human inhabitants; Investigate and analyze; Investigation and analysis; nocv1; Present situation; Landforms",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Yue, B., (2011) Oasis Architecture, Suzhou, pp. 141-142. , pp. 1.pp.150; Jing, Q., (2005) Earth Sheltered Architecture, Hubei, pp. 27-31. , 55-75; Elizabeth, L.A.C., (2005) Alternative Consturuction: Contemporary Naturel Building Methods, Beijing, pp. 34-71. , 137-140; Hongxiang, H.U., Zou, C., (2013) Environmental Soilscience, Hefei, pp. 301-309. , pp.55-72,pp.1-16",,,,"UK Simulation Society",,,,,14738031,,,,"English","Int. J. Simul. Syst. Sci. Technol.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85005950529
"Mattone M.","55901890800;","Sustainable Interventions for the Preservation of Earthen Heritage",2016,"Procedia Engineering","161",,,"2155","2160",,,"10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.808","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84997784962&doi=10.1016%2fj.proeng.2016.08.808&partnerID=40&md5=0c664b9b4e357203a1abe20788b603b3","Politecnico di Torino, DAD, viale Mattioli 39, Torino, 10125, Italy","Mattone, M., Politecnico di Torino, DAD, viale Mattioli 39, Torino, 10125, Italy","Earth is one of the most common material used for the construction of historical villages, whose conservation ensures the transmission of a technological culture that represents the landscape, as well as historical and architectural values. The preservation of this rich, but very fragile, heritage requires the development of projects that should be promoters of sustainable interventions, not only able to guarantee a limit in the consumption of resources, but also the start-up of local development processes, generating externalities that could significantly contribute to the preservation of tangible and intangible assets. As it concerns Piedmont earthen vernacular architecture the development of thematic itineraries could give a significant contribution to the enhancement of this cultural heritage. © 2016 The Authors.","conservation; earthen architecture; sustainability","Conservation; Sustainable development; Urban planning; Common materials; Cultural heritages; Earthen architectures; Earthen vernacular architectures; Intangible assets; Local development; Technological culture; Architecture",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Bollini, G., Parodi, I., Earth Lands and Colour Project programs: A strategy for the conservation and the enhancement of the earthen heritage (2009) MEDITERRA 2009, i Mediterranean Conference on Earth Architecture, EdicomEdizioni, pp. 233-248. , M. Achenza, M. Correia, H. Guillaud (Eds.) Manzano; (1997), Brundtland Report, Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future; Italian Code of Cultural Heritage and Landscape, , D. Lg. 22 January 2004, n. 42, e s.m.i; Di Tullio, A., (2004) The Albergo Diffuso Project in Abruzzo, pp. 83-91. , G. Conti (Ed.). Anthology of earth land, Tinari, Villamagna; Fuentes, J.M., Methodological bases for documenting and reusing vernacular farm architecture (2010) Journal of Cultural Heritage, 11, pp. 119-129; Germanà, M.L., Earth in the Sicilian architectural heritage: Knowledge and conservation (2009) MEDITERRA 2009, i Mediterranean Conference on Earth Architecture, EdicomEdizioni, pp. 151-158. , M. Achenza, M. Correia, H. Guillaud (Eds.) Manzano; Rules for the Enhancement of Earthen Buildings, , Regional Law n. 2/2006; Masiani, R., The earthen houses: Evidences that should not disappear (1983) Abitare, 215, pp. 12-14; Mattone, R., The earth between tradition and innovation (2005) Earthen Buildings in Italy: Towards A National Regulation, Editoriale Eco, pp. 153-157. , G. Bollini, M. Lion (Eds.) Roma; Mattone, R., (2010) The Earthen Architectures' Landscape, l'Artistica Editrice, , Savigliano; Mollica, E., Malaspina, M., Planning, enhancing and supporting the local development (2012) Search Paths for A Practical Guide to the Protection and Enhancement of the Area, Laruffa Editore, Reggio Calabria; Piccinini, M., Enhancement of the Fraschetta's Earthen Heritage: Thematic Itineraries, , Politecnico di Torino, Bachelor degree, AA 2012-2013, Tutor M. Mattone; Salvati, P., An itinerary for the protection (itinerary: The way to follow to go to a distant place) (2006) Il Progetto Sostenibile, 12, pp. 82-83","Mattone, M.; Politecnico di Torino, viale Mattioli 39, Italy; email: manuela.mattone@polito.it","Salame C.Aillerie M.Papageorgas P.","","Elsevier Ltd","World Multidisciplinary Civil Engineering-Architecture-Urban Planning Symposium, WMCAUS 2016","13 June 2016 through 17 June 2016",,132600,18777058,,,,"English","Procedia Eng.",Conference Paper,"Final","All Open Access, Gold, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-84997784962
"Alatawneh B., Germanà M.L.","57191498411;56367099700;","Earth for social housing in Palestine: An alternative for a sustainable refurbishment of building's envelopes",2016,"Journal of Materials and Environmental Science","7","10",,"3489","3498",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84991082203&partnerID=40&md5=84ebebe3e084d04c1507cd0b67ac3442","Department of Architecture, University of Palermo, Italy","Alatawneh, B., Department of Architecture, University of Palermo, Italy; Germanà, M.L., Department of Architecture, University of Palermo, Italy","The suitable climates in the cities of Jericho and Gaza boosted the emergence of new attempts to revive earthen architecture on organizational and individual levels. These attempts produced a number of earthen buildings in the last few years following the crucial need to find alternative low cost material instead of natural stone, which is used in a large scale in Palestine. Similar attempts had a certain response to the social needs and economic situation there. This paper focuses on the possibility of using earth as an alternative material to refurbish the envelopes of existing housing units including two categories; firstly, refurbishing envelopes of housing units those were partially destroyed during attacks (ex. in Gaza, about 27% of the housing units were damaged in 2014). Secondly, refurbishing existing houses envelopes to follow the basic environmental considerations. Both categories respect the sustainability dimensions; the social contexts, economic levels of occupants, beside the attention toward the technical and environmental improvements of earth in the future.","Aspects sociaux et économiques; Building materials; Earthen envelopes; Matériaux de construction; Refurbishment; Rénovation; Social and economic aspects. Mots clés: enveloppes de terre; Sustainability",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Alatawneh, B., Germanà, M.L., Corrao, R., Near Zero Energy House in Palestine: identification of the future challenges (2015) International Energy Conference-Palestine (IECP)≫, pp. 47-50. , 5 th year; Amiry, S., Tamari, V., (1989) The Palestinian Village Home, , The Trusties of the British Museum, London; Dudeen, B., The soils of Palestine (The West Bank and Gaza Strip) current status and future perspectives (2001) ≪Soil resources of Southern and Eastern Mediterranean countries≫, pp. 203-225. , Bari: CIHEAM; El Jamassi, A., (2013) Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in Soil Classification and Analysis in Gaza CityPalestine. Environment and Natural Resources Research, Canadian Center of Science and Education, 3 (2), pp. 146-159; Germanà, M.L., (2011) Mediterranean Architecture between Heritage and Innovation: Research, Interdisciplinary Approach and Comparison of Methods, , Firenze University Press, Firenze; Germanà, M.L., (2011) Earth as a building material between past and future, pp. 37-39. , Mecca et al. eds; Germanà, M.L., (2011) Earth in ancient Sicilian architecture, pp. 166-188. , Mecca et al. eds; Hirschfeld, Y., (1995) The Palestinian dwelling in the Roman-Byzantine period, , Franciscan Printing Press, Jerusalem; Mecca, S., Briccoli Bati, S., Forlani, M.C., Germanà, M.L., (2011) Earth/Lands, , Earthen Architecture in Southern Italy, ETS, Pisa; Mileto, C., Vegas, F., Garcìa, L., Cristini, V., (2015) Earthen Architecture. Past, Present and Future, , Taylor & Francis Group, London; Rapoport, A., (1969) House Form and Culture, , Prentice-hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs, USA; Shewaka, S., (2011) Using mud bricks as a temporary solution for Gaza reconstruction. Impact of Integrated Clean Energy on the Future of the Mediterranean Environment. Conference proceeding. Energy Procedia, Beirut. Lebanon, 6, pp. 236-240; (2014) The National Early Recovery and Reconstruction Plan for Gaza, International Conference in Support of the Reconstruction of Gaza, , http://www.mfa.gov.eg/gazaconference/documents/finalGaza%20ERP%20report%20ENG30092014.pdf, Cairo (04/2015); Tina, M.Y., Antonelli, G.F., (2013) Reviving Earthen Architecture in the Jordan Valley Towards Adequate Housing for Marginalized Communities, pp. 1-6. , Central Europe Toward Sustainable Development-Prague (CESB); (2012) Gaza in 2020, A Liveable Place. A report by the United Nations Country Team in the occupied Palestinian territory, , http://www.unrwa.org/userfiles/file/publications/gaza/Gaza%20in%202020.pdf, (04/2015)","Alatawneh, B.; Department of Architecture, Italy; email: bader.alatawneh@gmail.com",,,"Mohammed Premier University",,,,,20282508,,,,"English","J. Mater. Environ. Sci.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84991082203
"Daneels A.","55347074200;","Archaeological data as evidence of sustainable development: cases from the Gulf Coast of Mexico",2015,"Global Bioethics","26","2",,"94","106",,,"10.1080/11287462.2015.1037080","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85070763655&doi=10.1080%2f11287462.2015.1037080&partnerID=40&md5=85b6beefe2a95c557e759d0aa4f5b42f","Department of Archaeology, Institute of Anthropological Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, Mexico D.F, Mexico","Daneels, A., Department of Archaeology, Institute of Anthropological Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, Mexico D.F, Mexico","Traditional knowledge as a source of sustainable development is a research topic that generally falls in the realm of ethnology and social anthropology. Archaeology, on the other hand, can provide the longue durée perspective on past and sometimes lost traditions that may be significant as modern sustainable strategies. This paper presents archaeological cases of long-standing traditional knowledge in agriculture and construction in the humid tropical lowlands of the Mexican Gulf Coast, which were lost about ad 1000 through episodes of cultural conflict. The first case concerns the agricultural use of wetlands for the intensive production of commercial and subsistence crops (cotton and maize). The second case is monumental earthen architecture, including pyramids and palaces, apparently achieved by using petroleum derivatives as an earth stabilizer. Besides evidencing sustainable practices, archaeology also provides the economical and socio-political context in which such labor-intensive strategies evolved and thrived for centuries. This context analysis allows cost–benefit concerns to be approached, if the reintroduction of such alternative technologies were contemplated in a modern market-oriented world. © 2015, © 2015 Taylor & Francis.","earthen architecture; intensive agriculture; pre-Columbian archaeology; technology; tradition",,,,,,"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACYT: 27793; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM: IN300812 (2012–14; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, DGAPA, UNAM: IN300812; Fondo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, FONACYT","This work was supported by Mexico’s Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) [individual grant 27793 H (1999–2000)]; Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica of the Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico (DGAPA) of the National Autonomous University of Mexico [grant IN300812 (2012–14)].","The archaeological data presented in this paper were obtained in my capacity as researcher of the Institute of Anthropological Research of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), during several field seasons of the project ?Exploraciones en el Centro de Veracruz?, with the permission of the Mexican Council of Archaeology of the Instituto Nacional de Antropolog?a e Historia (INAH). Giovanna Liberotti and David Pi?a created the 3D reconstructions of the La Joya site while participating in the project between 2012 and 2014. This work was supported by Mexico's Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog?a (CONACyT) [individual grant 27793 H (1999?2000)]; Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigaci?n e Innovaci?n Tecnol?gica of the Direcci?n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad?mico (DGAPA) of the National Autonomous University of Mexico [grant IN300812 (2012?14)].",,,,,,,,,"Avrami, E., Guillaud, H., Hardy, M., (2008) Terra literature review: An overview in earthen architecture conservation, , Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute, &, (Eds; Baltus, M.R., Baires, S.E., Elements of ancient power in the Cahokian world (2012) Journal of Social Archaeology, 12 (2), pp. 167-192; Barbier, E.B., Acreman, M., Knowler, D., (1997) Economic valuation of wetlands. A guide for policy makers and planners, , Ramsar Convention Bureau, Department of Environmental Economics and Environmental Management. University of York, Institute of Hydrology, IUCN-The World Conservation Union. Gland (CH): Ramsar Convention Bureau; Chávez Orozco, L., Introducción. El Algodón en Veracruz (1965) Agricultura e industria textil de Veracruz, siglo XIX, pp. 19-28. , Chávez Orozco L., Florescano E., (eds), Fuentes para la Historia Económica y Social de Veracruz 1, Xalapa: Universidad Veracruzana,. (Eds; Correia, M., Dipasquale, L., Mecca, S., (2014) Versus–Heritage for tomorrow. Vernacular knowledge for sustainable architecture, , Florence: Firenze University Press, &, (Eds; Cyphers, A., Hernández Portilla, A., Varela Gómez, M., Gregor López, L., Cosmological and sociopolitical synergy in preclassic architectural complexes (2006) Precolumbian water management, ideology, ritual and power, pp. 17-32. , Lucero L.J., Fash B.W., (eds), Tucson: University of Arizona Press, &,. (Eds; Daneels, A., Ballcourts and politics in the lower Cotaxtla valley: A model to understand Classic Central Veracruz? (2008) Classic-period cultural currents in southern and Central Veracruz, pp. 197-223. , Arnold P.J., Pool C.A., (eds), Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collections. Precolumbian Studies, Washington, D.C.: Harvard University Press, (Eds; Daneels, A., Características Regionales: El Centro de Veracruz: una cultura única en Mesoamérica (2012) Culturas del Golfo, pp. 9-27. , Ladrón de Guevara S., (ed), Mexico City-Milano: Corpus Precolombino Series, INAH-Jaca Book,. (Ed; Daneels, A., Flores, F., Ibarra, E., Zolá, M., (2006) Proceedings of the XIV Congress of the International Union of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences, , Ancient environment and agriculture tropical lowlands: analysis two archaeological sites Central Veracruz, Mexico., Section 17, II: Préhistoire de lAmérique/American Prehistory. General Session: 137–143. BAR International Series 1524. Oxford: Archaeopress; Daneels, A., Guerrero, L.F., Millenary earthen architecture in the tropical lowlands of Mexico (2011) APT Bulletin, 42 (1), pp. 11-18; Gillespie, S.D., (2008) The Architectural History of La Venta Complex A: A Reconstruction Based on the 1955 Field Records, , http://www.famsi.org/reports/07054/index.html, FAMSI report 07054. Crystal River: Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies. Retrieved from; Hall, M.R., Najim, K.B., Keikahaei, P., Soil stabilization and earth construction: Materials, properties and techniques (2012) Modern earth buildings. Materials, engineering, construction and applications, pp. 222-255. , Hall M.R., Linsdsay R., Krayenhoff M., (eds), Cambridge: Woodhead, &,. (Eds; Heckenberger, M.J., Lost cities of the Amazon (2009) Scientific American, 301 (4), pp. 64-71; Heimo, M., Siemens, A.H., Hebda, R., Prehispanic changes in wetland topography and their implications to past and future wetland agriculture at Laguna Mandinga, Veracruz, Mexico (2004) Agriculture and Human Values, 21, pp. 313-327; Hill, W.D., Clark, J.E., Sports, gambling, and government: America's first social compact? (2001) American Anthropologist, 103 (2), pp. 311-345; (2013) Censo Agropecuario (2007). Cultivos anuales de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos: VIII Censo Agrícola, Ganadero y Forestal, , Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía; Joffroy, T., (2012) World Heritage Inventory of Earthen architecture, , World Heritage Earthen Architecture Program, Grenoble: Craterre ENSAG, (Ed; Kita, Y., Daneels, A., Romo de Vivar, A., Redeeming petroleum products for earthen architecture conservation International Journal of Architectural Heritage, , in press; Libaert, A., (1985) Proceedings. International Colloquim on Earth Construction Technologies Appropriate to Developing Countries, Brussels, Belgium, 10–12 décembre 1984, , Coordinator),. Belgian Administration for Development Cooperation and Belgian Minisitry for Foreign Affaris, United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (HABITAT), PGC-HS-KUL, CRA-UCL, CRATerre (Centre de Recherches et dApplication-Terre), CIB Rotterdam. Brussels: Belgian Administration for Development Cooperation; Mehrpour, M., Codogno, P., Chen, Q., Gossypol: From contraceptive for men to antitumoral activity (2009) Gastroenterology and Hepatology From Bed to Bench, 2, pp. 51-55; Pool, C.A., (2007) Olmec archaeology and early Mesoamerica, , Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press; (1994) Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, , http://www.ramsar.org/library/field_document_type/convention-documents-531, Copy Certified by UNESCO. Gland (CH): The Ramsar Convention Secretariat. Retrieved from; Sanders, W.T., Cultural ecology and settlement patterns of the Gulf Coast (1971) Handbook of Middle American Indians, Volume 11, Part 2: Archaeology of Northern Mesoamerica, pp. 543-557. , Wauchope R., (ed), Austin: University of Texas Press,. (gral Ed; Sanders, W.T., Killion, T., Factors affecting settlement agriculture in the ethnographic and historic record of Mesoamérica (1992) The gardens of prehistory. The archaeology of settlement agriculture in greater Mesoamerica, pp. 14-31. , Killion T., (ed), Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama, &,. (Ed; Sauer, J.D., (1967) Geographic reconnaissance of seashore vegetation along the Mexican Gulf coast, , Coastal Studies Series 21, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University; Siemens, A., (1989) Tierra Configurada, , Mexico City: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes; Sluyter, A., Domínguez, G., Early maize (Zea mays L.) cultivation in Mexico: Dating sedimentary pollen records and its implications (2006) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103 (4), pp. 1147-1151; Volate, S.R., Kawasaki, B.T., Hurt, E.M., Milner, J.A., Kim, Y.S., White, J., Farrar, W., Gossypol induces apoptosis by activating p53 in prostate cancer cells and prostate tumor-initiating cells (2010) Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, 9, pp. 461-470; Wendt, C.J., Cyphers, A., How the Olmec used bitumen in ancient Mesoamerica (2008) Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 27 (2), pp. 175-191; Wilkerson, S.J.K., Die intensive Felderbewirtschaftung an der mexikanischen Golfküste in vorspanischer Zeit: eine Neubewertung (1997) Präkolumbische Kulturen am Golf van Mexiko, pp. 77-82. , Rickenbach J., (ed), Zürich: Museum Rietberg,. (Ed; Wyllie, C., The mural paintings of El Zapotal, Veracruz, Mexico (2010) Ancient Mesoamerica, 21 (2), pp. 209-227. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0956536110000337","Daneels, A.; Department of Archaeology, Mexico; email: annickdaneels@hotmail.com",,,"Routledge",,,,,11287462,,,,"English","Glob. Bioet.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85070763655
"Cancino C., Torrealva D.","37050508900;6504760641;","Seismic retrofitting of historic earthen buildings",2015,"Seismic Retrofitting: Learning from Vernacular Architecture",,,,"43","50",,,"10.1201/b18856","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054358681&doi=10.1201%2fb18856&partnerID=40&md5=7c1d83116f787366db3f7736336f47bc","The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru","Cancino, C., The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Torrealva, D., Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru","During the 1990s, the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) carried out a major research and laboratory testing program – the Getty Seismic Adobe Project (GSAP) – to investigate the seismic performance and develop effective retrofit methods for historical adobe structures. In April 2006, the GCI’s Earthen Architecture Initiative (EAI) hosted an international colloquium, in order to assess the impact and efficacy of the GSAP. The participants concluded that the GSAP methodology was reliable and effective, but its reliance on high-tech materials and professional expertise was a deterrent to its wider implementation. In response to these conclusions, the EAI initiated, in 2010, the Seismic Retrofitting Project (SRP) with the objective of adapting the GSAP guidelines, so that they better matched the equipment, materials, and technical skills available in many countries with earthen buildings. Peru was selected as the project’s location, due to its current and historical knowledge and professional interest in the conservation of earthen sites. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Retrofitting; Software testing; Testing; Earthen architectures; Earthen buildings; High-tech materials; Laboratory testing; Professional expertise; Seismic Performance; Seismic retrofitting; Technical skills; Seismology",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Cancino, C., (2011), Damage Assessment of Historic Earthen Buildings after the August 15, 2007 Pisco, Peru Earthquake. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute; Cancino, C., Lardinois, S., D'ayala, D., Fonseca Ferreira, C., Torrealva Dávila, D., Vicente Meléndez, E., Villacorta Santamato, L., (2012) Seismic Retrofitting Project: Assessment of Building Prototypes, , Los Angeles, CA: The Getty Conservation Institute; Cancino, C., Lardinois, S., D'ayala, D., Fonseca Ferreira, C., Quinn, Q., Torrealva Dávila, D., Vicente Meléndez, E., Seismic Retrofitting of Historic Earthen Buildings. A Project of the Earthen Architecture Initiative, The Getty Conservation Institute (2013) Earthen Architecture in Today's World, , UNESCO International Colloquium on the Conservation of World Heritage Earthen Architecture. Paris, France; Cancino, C., Lardinois, S., D'ayala, D., Fonseca Ferreira, C., Torrealva Dávila, D., Vicente Meléndez, E., Villacorta Santamato, L., (2013) Proyecto De Estabilización Sismorresistente: Estudio De Edificaciones tipológicas, , Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute; Cancino, C., (2014) Estudio De daños a Edificaciones históricas De Tierra después Del Terremoto Del 15 De Agosto Del 2007 En Pisco, , Perú. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute; (2008) Informe Final Del Estudio De Microzonificación Sísmica Y Zonificación De Peligro De Tsunami En Las Ciudades De Chincha Baja Y Tambo De Mora., , http://www.cismid-uni.org/component/k2/item/69-articulos-de-interes; Ferreira, C.F., D'ayala, D., Fernandez Cabo, J.L., Díez, R., Numerical Modelling of Historic Vaulted Timber Structures (2013) Advanced Materials Research, 778, pp. 517-525; Ferreira, C.F., D'ayala, D., Structural analysis of timbervaulted structures with masonry walls (2014) Proceedings of the SAHC2014- 9Th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions, , F. Peñan & M. Chavez (Eds.), Wroclaw, Poland; Fonseca, C., D'ayala, D., Seismic Assessment and Retrofitting of Peruvian Earthen Churches by Means of Numerical Modelling (2012) Proceedings of the Fifthteenth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, , Lisbon, Portugal; Fonseca, C., D'ayala, D., Numerical modelling and structural analysis of historical ecclesiastical buildings in Peru for seismic retrofitting (2012) 8Th International Conference on Structural Analysis Ofhistorical Constructions, , Wroclaw, SAHC: Wroclaw, Poland; Hardy, M., Cancino, C., Ostergren, G., (2009) Proceedings of the Getty Seismic Adobe Project 2006 Colloquium, , Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute; Johansson, J., Mayorca, P., Torres, T., León, E., (2007), p. 1. , http://www.jsce.or.jp/report/45/content.pdf, A Reconnaissance Report on the Pisco, Peru Earthquake of August 15, 2007; Lermo, J., Limaymanta, M., Antayhua, Y., Lázares, F., El Terremoto del 15 de Agosto de 2007 (MW+7.9), Pisco, Perú. Mapas de Clasificación de Terrenos con fines de diseño sísmico para las ciudades de Pisco, Ica y Lima-Callao (2008) El Terremoto De Pisco (Perú) Del 15 De Agosto De 2007, pp. 233-268. , Hernando Tavera. Lima: IGP; Poland, C.D., Hill, J., Sharpe, R.L., Soulages, J.R., Performance based seismic engineering of buildings Sacramento, California (1995) Structural Engineers Association of California, 1995-04-03, , http://nisee.berkeley.edu/documents/elib/www/documents/200806/vision-2000.pdf; Quinn, N., D'ayala, D., Moore, D., Numerical Analysis and Experimental Testing of Quincha under Lateral Loading (2012) Proceedings of the 8Th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions, , 15-17 October 2012, Wroclaw, SAHC: Wroclaw, Poland; Quinn, N., D'ayala, D., Assessment of the Realistic Stiffness and Capacity of the Connections in Quincha Frames to Develop Numerical Models (2013) Advanced Materials Research, 778 (2013), pp. 526-533; Quinn, N., D'ayala, D., In-plane expertimental testing on historic quincha walls (2014) Proceedings of the Sahc2014-9Th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions, , F. Peñan & M. Chavez, Wroclaw, Poland; Tavera, H., Bernal, I., Strasser, F.O., Arango-Gaviria, M.C., El Alarcón, J., Bommer, J.J., Ground motions observed during the 15 August 2007 Pisco, Peru, earthquake (2009) Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 7 (1), pp. 71-111; Tolles, E.L., Kimbro, E.E., Ginell, W.S., (2002) Planning and Engineering Guidelines for the Seismic Retrofitting of Historic Adobe Structures, , Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute; Tolles, E.L., Kimbro, E.E., Ginell, W.S., Guías de planeamiento e ingeniería para la estabilización sis- morresistente de estructuras históricas de adobe (2005) GCI Scientific Program Reports, , Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute; Torrealva, D., Vicente, E., Numerical modelling and structural analysis of historical ecclesiastical buildings in Peru for seismic retrofitting (2012) 8Th International Conference on Structural Analysis Ofhistorical Constructions, , Wroclaw, Poland; Torrealva, D., Vicente, E., Experimental behavior of traditional seismic retrofitting techniques in earthen buildings in Peru (2014) Proceedings of the Sahc2014-9Th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions, , F. Peñan & M. Chavez (Eds.), Wroclaw, Poland; Magnitude 8.0 - Near the coast of central Peru. Earthquake Summary",,,,"CRC Press",,,,,,9781317297888; 9781315647395,,,"English","Seismic Retrofitting: Learning from Vernac. Architecture",Book Chapter,"Final","All Open Access, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85054358681
"Correia M.R.","56868212700;","Criteria and methodology for intervention in vernacular architecture and earthen heritage",2015,"Seismic Retrofitting: Learning from Vernacular Architecture",,,,"29","36",,,"10.1201/b18856","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054351357&doi=10.1201%2fb18856&partnerID=40&md5=042ae9c7a8e7132c52cc1ff737000584","CI-ESG, Escola Superior Gallaecia, Vila Nova de Cerveira, Portugal","Correia, M.R., CI-ESG, Escola Superior Gallaecia, Vila Nova de Cerveira, Portugal","The assessment of criteria and methodology for intervention definition, its significance and the fact that there is a tendency for a non-rigorous application of the terms contributes for its inaccuracy in the field, having therefore a relevant negative impact on the decision-making process, regarding heritage intervention. This paper addresses the concepts associated with criteria and methodology for intervention in vernacular architecture and earthen heritage. A specific literature review is entailed for criteria and methodology for intervention; their frameworks are established; and key-criteria for intervention; and methodology key-components to consider for intervention are addressed. This assessment aims to contribute for a further well-defined and clear ground of work in conservation practice, leading to a more coherent and consistent intervention in heritage. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Conservation practices; Decision making process; Literature reviews; Vernacular architecture; Decision making",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Aguilar, E., Falck, N., San Antonio de Oriente con-servation, restoration, and development (1993) Proceedings of the TERRA 93: 7Th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 250-255. , Silves, Portugal, October 24-29, 1993. Lisbon, Portugal: DGEMN; Brown, L., (1993) The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, , Oxford: Clarendon Press; Calarco, D.A., San Diego Royal Presidio. Conservation of an earthen architecture archaeological site [preprint] (2000) TERRA 2000: 8Th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 20-25. , Torquay, UK, May 11-13, 2000. Torquay, UK: James & James; Correia, M.R.A.R., (2010) Conservation Intervention in Earthen Heritage: Assessment and Significance of Failure, , Criteria, Conservation Theory and Strategies. PhD thesis. Oxford, UK: Oxford Brookes University; Correia, M., Merten, J.D., Restoration ofthe Casas dos Romeiros using traditional materials and methods- A case study in the southern Alentejo area of Portugal [preprint] (2000) TERRA 2000: 8Th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture. Torquay, UK, May 11-13, 2000, pp. 226-230. , Torquay, UK: James & James; Correia, M.R.A.R., Walliman, N.S.R., Defining Criteria for Intervention in Earthen-Built Heritage Conservation, International Journal ofArchitectural Heritage: Conservation (2014) Analysis, and Restoration, 8 (4), pp. 581-601; Fahnert, M., Schroeder, H., (2008). The repair of traditional earthen architecture in Southern Morocco Lehm 2008, 5Th International Conference on Building with Earth, pp. 249-250. , Weimar, Germany: Dachverband Lehm e.V; Giardinelli, S., Conti, G., The restoration of the D'Orazio house, Casalincontrada [preprint] (2000) TERRA 2000: 8Th International Conference on the Study and Conservation Ofearthenarchitecture, pp. 238-241. , Torquay, UK, May 11-13, 2000. Torquay, UK: James & James; Goldberg, A., Larson, C.E., (1975) Group Communication: Discussion Processes & Applications, , Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc; Guerrero Baca, L.F., (2007) Arquitectura En Tierra. Hacia La recuperación De Una Cultura Constructiva. Inarquitectura En Tierra, pp. 182-201. , RevistaApuntes: Instituto Carlos Arbeláez Camacho para el Patrimonio arquitectónico y Urbano (ICAC)] vol. 20, number 2. Bogotá, Columbia: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana; Guillaud, H., Graz, C., Correia, M., Mecca, S., Mileto, C., Vegas, F., (2008) Terra Incognita - Preserving European Earthen Architecture, , No 2. Brussels, Belgium: Culture Lab Editions and Editora Argumentum; Hoyle, A.M., Carcelén, J., Saavedra, F., Conservation of the Tomaval Castle. Proceedings (1993) TERRA 93: 7Th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 222-227. , Silves, Portugal, October 24-29, 1993. Lisbon, Portugal: DGEMN; Lassana Cisse, J., Architecture dogon. Problématique de la conservation des gin'na au regard des changementssociaux et religieux en milieu traditionnel- dogon [preprint] (2000) In TERRA 2000: 8Th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 218-225. , Torquay, UK, May 11-13, 2000. Torquay, UK: James & James; Matero, F., A programme for the conservation of architectural plasters in earthen ruins in the American Southwest (1995) Fort Union National Monument, pp. 5-24. , New Mexico, USA. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites. Volume 1, number 1. London: James & James; Matero, F., Managing change: The role of documentation and condition survey at Mesa Verde National Park (2003) Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, 42 (1), pp. 39-58. , Architecture Issue. Washington DC: The American Institute for Conservation of Historic & Artistic Works; Matero, F., Del Bono, E., Fong, K., Johansen, R., Barrow, J., Condition and Treatment history as prologue to site conservation at Casa Grande Ruins National Monument (2000) Preprints. TERRA 2000: 8Th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 52-64. , Torquay, England. 11-13 May 2000. Torquay, UK: James & James; Mesbah, A., Morel, J.C., Gentilleau, J.M., Olivier, M., Solutions techniques pour la restau- ration des ramparts de Taroudant (Maroc) [preprint] (2000) TERRA 2000: 8Th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 266-271. , Torquay, UK, May 11-13, 2000. Torquay, UK: James & James; Michon, J.L., Guillaud, H., (1995) Bahla Fort and Oasis Restoration and Rehabilitation Project, , Follow-up report to the World Heritage Committee on a mission to the Sultanate ofOman. Paris, France: UNESCO-World Heritage Centre; Morales Gamarra, R., Arquitectura Prehispánica de Tierra: Conservación y uso social en las hua- cas de Moche, Perú (2007) Arquitectura En Tierra, pp. 256-277. , Revista Apuntes: Instituto Carlos Arbeláez Camacho para el Patrimo- nioarquitectónico y Urbano (ICAC)]. vol. 20, number 2. Bogotá, Columbia: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana; Orazi, R., Colosi, F., (2003) Integrated Technologies for the Study, Documentation and Exploitation of the Archaeological Area of Chan Chan, pp. 465-474. , Peru [preprint]. In TERRA 2000: 8th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture. Yazd, Iran, November 19- December 3, 2003. Torquay, UK: James à James; Pujal, A.J., Restoration techniques for earthen buildings of historical value, actual cases. In Proceedings (1993) TERRA 93: 7Th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 244-249. , Silves, Portugal, October 24-29, 1993. Lisbon, Portugal: DGEMN; Shekede, L., Wall paintings on earthen supports. Eval-uating analytical methods for conserva-tion [preprints] (2000) TERRA 2000: 8Th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 169-175. , Torquay, UK, May 11-13,2000. Torquay, UK: James Ä James","Correia, M.R.; CI-ESG, Portugal",,,"CRC Press",,,,,,9781317297888; 9781315647395,,,"English","Seismic Retrofitting: Learning from Vernac. Architecture",Book Chapter,"Final","All Open Access, Green",Scopus,2-s2.0-85054351357
[No author name available],[No author id available],"International Conference on Vernacular Seismic Culture in Portugal Research Project Funded under the National Research Agency FCT, SEISMIC-V 2013",2015,"Seismic Retrofitting: Learning from Vernacular Architecture - Vernacular Seismic Culture in Portugal Research Project Funded under the National Research Agency FCT, SEISMIC-V 2013",,,,"1","245",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84973169255&partnerID=40&md5=dba0a127bbe6c7286c1dc5f4f9c13040",,"","The proceedings contain 43 papers. The special focus in this conference is on Framework, Local seismic culture around the world, Local seismic culture in Portugal, Portuguese local seismic culture and Typology performance study. The topics include: Seismic-resistant building practices resulting from local seismic culture; practices resulting from seismic performance improvement on heritage intervention; criteria and methodology for intervention in vernacular architecture and earthen heritage; structural conservation and vernacular construction; seismic retrofitting of historic earthen buildings; local building cultures valued to better contribute to housing reconstruction programs; local seismic culture in Latin America; local seismic culture in the Mediterranean region; the central and eastern Asian local seismic culture; the earthquake resistant vernacular architecture in the Himalayas; traditional construction in high seismic zones; local seismic culture in vernacular architecture in Algeria; assessment of the seismic resilience of traditional Bhutanese buildings; seismic retrofitting in ancient Egyptian adobe architecture; seismic resistant constructive systems in el Salvador; seismic retrofitting of Japanese traditional wooden structures; local seismic culture in Romanian vernacular architecture; local seismic culture in Taiwan vernacular architecture; contribution for the local seismic culture study in Portugal; seismic behaviour of vernacular architecture; timber frames as an earthquake resisting system in Portugal; seismic-resistant elements in the historical centre of Evora; seismic vulnerability of the Algarve coastal region and the high and intense seismic activity in the Azores.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Varum H.Lourenco P.B.Correia M.R.","","CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Seismic Culture in Portugal Research Project Funded under the National Research Agency FCT, SEISMIC-V 2013",,,159919,,9781138028920,,,"English","Seismic Retrofit. Learn. Vernac. Archit. Vernac. Seismic Cult. Port. Res. Proj. Funded under Natl. Res. Agency FCT, SEISMIC-V",Conference Review,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84973169255
"Cancino C., Torrealva D.","37050508900;6504760641;","Seismic retrofitting of historic earthen buildings",2015,"Seismic Retrofitting: Learning from Vernacular Architecture - Vernacular Seismic Culture in Portugal Research Project Funded under the National Research Agency FCT, SEISMIC-V 2013",,,,"43","50",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84973130075&partnerID=40&md5=c0ef88784843f697da86d3c272e9e7cd","The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru","Cancino, C., The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Torrealva, D., Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru","During the 1990s, the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) carried out a major research and laboratory testing program - the Getty Seismic Adobe Project (GSAP) - to investigate the seismic performance and develop effective retrofit methods for historical adobe structures. In April 2006, the GCI’s Earthen Architecture Initiative (EAI) hosted an international colloquium, in order to assess the impact and efficacy of the GSAP. The participants concluded that the GSAP methodology was reliable and effective, but its reliance on high-tech materials and professional expertise was a deterrent to its wider implementation. In response to these conclusions, the EAI initiated, in 2010, the Seismic Retrofitting Project (SRP) with the objective of adapting the GSAP guidelines, so that they better matched the equipment, materials, and technical skills available in many countries with earthen buildings. Peru was selected as the project’s location, due to its current and historical knowledge and professional interest in the conservation of earthen sites. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,"Retrofitting; Software testing; Testing; Earthen architectures; Earthen buildings; High-tech materials; Laboratory testing; Professional expertise; Seismic Performance; Seismic retrofitting; Technical skills; Seismology",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Cancino, C., (2011) Damage Assessment of Historic Earthen Buildings after the August 15, , 2007 Pisco, Peru Earthquake. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute; Cancino, C., Lardinois, S., D’Ayala, D., Fonseca Ferreira, C., Torrealva Dávila, D., Vicente Meléndez, E., Villacorta Santamato, L., (2012) Seismic Retrofitting Project: Assessment of Building Prototypes, , Los Angeles, CA:The Getty Conservation Institute; Cancino, C., Lardinois, S., D’Ayala, D., Fonseca Ferreira, C., Quinn, Q., Torrealva Dávila, D., Vicente Meléndez, E., Seismic Retrofitting of Historic Earthen Buildings. A Project of the Earthen Architecture Initiative, The Getty Conservation Institut (2013) Earthen Architecture in Today’s World. UNESCO International Colloquium on the Conservation of World Heritage Earthen Architecture. Paris, France, , December); Cancino, C., Lardinois, S., D’Ayala, D., Fonseca Ferreira, C., Torrealva Dávila, D., Vicente Meléndez, E., Villacorta Santamato, L., (2013) Proyecto De Estabilización Sismorresistente: Estudio De Edificaciones tipológicas, , Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute; Cancino, C., (2014) Estudio De daños a Edificaciones históricas De Tierra después Del Terremoto Del 15 De Agosto Del 2007 En Pisco, , Perú. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute; (2008) Informe Final Del Estudio De Microzonificación Sísmica Y Zonificación De Peligro De Tsunami En Las Ciudades De Chincha Baja Y Tambo De Mora, , http://www.cismiduni.org/component/k2/item/69-articulos-de-interes, Facultad de Ingeniería (FCI) & Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería (UNI); Ferreira, C.F., D’Ayala, D., Fernandez Cabo, J.L., Díez, R., Numerical Modelling of Historic Vaulted Timber Structures (2013) Advanced Materials Research, 778, pp. 517-525; Ferreira, C.F., D’Ayala, D., Structural analysis of timber vaulted structures with masonrywalls (2014) Proceedings of the Sahc2014-9Th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions.Wroclaw, Poland, , F. Peñan & M. Chavez (Eds.); Fonseca, C., D’Ayala, D., Seismic Assessment and Retrofitting of Peruvian Earthen Churches by Means of Numerical Modelling (2012) Proceedings of the Fifthteenthworld Conference on Earthquake Engineering, , Lisbon, Portugal; Fonseca, C., D’Ayala, D., Numerical modelling and structural analysis of historical ecclesiastical buildings in Peru for seismic retrofitting (2012) 8Th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions, Wroclaw, SAHC, , Wroclaw, Poland; Hardy, M., Cancino, C., Ostergren, G., (2009) Proceedings of the Getty Seismic Adobe Project 2006 Colloquium, , Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute; Johansson, J., Mayorca, P., Torres, T., León, E., (2007) A Reconnaissance Report on the Pisco, 1p. , http://www.jsce.or.jp/report/45/content.pdf, Peru Earthquake of August 15, 2007; Lermo, J., Limaymanta, M., Antayhua, Y., Lázares, F., El Terremoto del 15 de Agosto de 2007 (MW+7.9), Pisco, Perú (2008) Mapas De Clasificación De Terrenos Con Fines De diseño sísmico Para Las Ciudades De Pisco, Ica Y Lima-Callao, pp. 233-268. , ElTerremoto de Pisco (Perú) del 15 de Agosto de 2007 (7.9 MW), edited by Hernando Tavera. Lima: IGP; Poland, C.D., Hill, J., Sharpe, R.L., Soulages, J.R., (1995) Performance Based Seismic Engineering of Buildings Sacramento, California, , http://nisee.berkeley.edu/documents/elib/www/documents/200806/vision-2000.pdf, Structural Engineers Association of California, 1995-04-03; Quinn, N., D’Ayala, D., Moore, D., NumericalAnalysis and Experimental Testing of Quincha under Lateral Loading (2012) Proceedings of the 8Th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions, , 15-17 October 2012, Wroclaw, SAHC: Wroclaw, Poland; Quinn, N., D’Ayala, D., Assessment of the Realistic Stiffness and Capacity of the Connections in Quincha Frames to Develop Numerical Models (2013) Advanced Materials Research, 778 (2013), pp. 526-533; Quinn, N., D’Ayala, D., In-plane expertimental testing on historic quincha walls (2014) Proceedings of the Sahc2014-9Th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions, , F. Peñan & M. Chavez (Eds.), Wroclaw, Poland; Tavera, H., Bernal, I., Strasser, F.O., Arango-Gaviria, M.C., El Alarcón, J., Bommer, J.J., Ground motions observed during the 15 August 2007 Pisco, Peru, earthquake (2009) Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 7 (1), pp. 71-111; Tolles, E.L., Kimbro, E.E., Ginell, W.S., (2002) Planning and Engineering Guidelines for the Seismic Retrofitting of Historic Adobe Structures, , Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute; Tolles, E.L., Kimbro, E.E., Ginell, W.S., (2005) Guías De Planeamiento E ingeniería Para La estabilización Sismorresistente De Estructuras históricas De Adobe, , GCI Scientific Program Reports. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute; Torrealva, D., Vicente, E., Numerical modelling and structural analysis of historical ecclesiastical buildings in Peru for seismic retrofitting (2012) 8Th International Conference on Structuralanalysis of Historical Constructions, , Wroclaw, Poland; Torrealva, D., Vicente, E., Experimental behaviour of traditional seismic retrofitting techniques in earthen buildings in Peru (2014) Proceedings of the Sahc2014-9Th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions, , F. Peñan & M. Chavez (Eds.), Wroclaw, Poland; Magnitude 8.0 - Near the coast of central Peru Earthquake Summary",,"Varum H.Lourenco P.B.Correia M.R.","","CRC Press/Balkema","International Conference on Vernacular Seismic Culture in Portugal Research Project Funded under the National Research Agency FCT, SEISMIC-V 2013",,,159919,,9781138028920,,,"English","Seismic Retrofit. Learn. Vernac. Archit. Vernac. Seismic Cult. Port. Res. Proj. Funded under Natl. Res. Agency FCT, SEISMIC-V",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84973130075
"van Vuuren C.J.","57198278992;","Anthropology and the study of earthen architecture in South Africa",2015,"Acta Academica","47","2",,"72","101",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84955121954&partnerID=40&md5=16f962ed45b703868836c15db6358b32","Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of South Africa, PO Box 392, Pretoria, 0003, South Africa","van Vuuren, C.J., Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of South Africa, PO Box 392, Pretoria, 0003, South Africa","The contribution of anthropology to the study of shelter in Africa has been found wanting. Social Anthropology in Africa and South Africa in particular has been guilty of this neglect, while scholars from the Volkekunde paradigm have been documenting house, settlement and material culture since the early 1900s. This neglect by anthropology as a discipline could be remedied. The anthropologist as a fieldworker is ideally positioned to study local knowledge and its manifestations and transfer in the earth building world. Among others the resultant research could contribute to our understanding of how poor people use earthen building knowledge to adapt in changing environments such as informal settlements. © UV/UFS.",,,,,,,"European Commission, EC; Seventh Framework Programme, FP7","★Work partially supported by EU-funded project “SENSORIA”, by EU-funded project “CONSEQUENCE” and by EU-funded project “CONNECT”.","Work partially supported by EU-funded project “SENSORIA”, by EU-funded project “CONSEQUENCE” and by EU-funded project “CONNECT”.",,,,,,,,,"Appadurai, M.J., (1986) The Social Life of Things, , ed, New York: Cambridge University Press; Augé, M., (1996) Non-Places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity, , London: Verso; Avrami, E., Earthen Architecture, Sustainability, and Justice (2008) Terra 2008: The 10Th International Conference on The Study and Conservation of Earthen Architectural Heritage, , Rainer L, Gandreau D & Rivera A B, Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute; Bakker, K.A., Van Vuuren, C.J., Change and continuity in Ndebele earthen architecture: Toward a model for conservation of meaning in architectural decoration (2006) The Conservation of Decorated Surfaces on Earthen Architecture, , In: Rainer L & Rivera AB, Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute; Bathi, S.B., Rovero, L., Tonieto, U., Experimental Analysis for Compressive Strength Evaluation of Earthen Materials (2008) Terra 2008: The 10Th International Conference on The Study and Conservation of Earthen Architectural Heritage, , In: Rainer L, Gandreau D & Rivera AB, Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute; Bierman, B., A case study: An African village (1977) Housing People, , Lazenby, M (ed), Johannes-burg: Ad Donker; Carsten, J., Hugh-Jones, S., About the house, Lévi-Strauss and beyond (1996) Architectural Design Profile, 124, pp. 64-65. , (Architecture and Anthropology); Claude, D.J., Traditional architecture of the Tembe (1999) The Journal of Architecture, 4 Autumn, pp. 281-295; Coetzee, T.J., (1978) Die Ekonomiese Organisasie En materiële Skeppinge Van Die Imidushane Van Die Zwelitshadistrik, , Port Elizabeth: Unpublished MA dissertation in Anthropology, University of Port Elizabeth; Cohen, P., Tlholego development project – a sustainable ecovillage in rural South Africa (2004) Building without Borders: Sustainable Construction for the Global Village, , Kennedy, J (ed), Gabriola Island, Canada: New Society Publishers; Colem An, S., Collins, P., Constructing the sacred (1996) Architectural Design, Profile, 124, pp. 14-18. , (Architecture and Anthropology); Colson, E., (1960) Social Organization of the Gwembe Tonga, , Manchester: Manchester University Press; Colson, E., (1971) The Social Consequences of Resettlement, , Manchester: Manchester University Press; Correira, M., Carlos, G., Rocha, S., (2014) Vernacular Heritage and Earthen Architecture: Contributions to Sustainable Development, , (eds), London: CRC Press/Balkema; Cristini, V., Mileto, C., Vegas-Lopez-Manzanares, D., Ruiz-Cheza, J.R., Recycling of bricks in rammed earth-walls (2014) Vernacular Heritage and Earthen Architecture: Contributions to Sustainable Development, , (eds), In: Correira M, Carlos G & Rocha S, London: CRC Press/Balkema; D’Aragon, J., (2008) Straw, Sticks and Mud and Resistance: Development and Evolution of the South African Xhosa Dwelling and Settlement, , Montreal: Unpublished PhD thesis in Architecture, McGill University; Davison, P., (1984) The Material Culture of the Lobedu: A Museum and Field Study, , Stellenbosch: Unpublished MA dissertation in Anthropology, University of Stellenbosch; De Jager, E., (1964) Settlement Types of the Nguni and Sotho Tribes, , Fort Hare: Fort Hare University Press; De Wet, C.J., McAllister, P.A., (1983) Rural Communities in Transition: A Study of the Socio-Economic and Agricultural Implications of Agricultural Betterment and Development, , Grahamstown: Institution of Social & Economic Research; De Wet, C., A spatial analysis of involuntary relocation: A South African case study (1993) Anthropological Approaches to Resettlement Policy, Practice and Theory, , In: Cernea M C & Guggenheim S E, Boulder: Westview; Denyer, S., African traditional architecture (1978) An Historical and Geographical Perspective, , London: Heinemann; Dippenaar, S., (1984) Aspekte Van Vendakuns, , Pretoria: Unpublished MA thesis dissertation in Anthropology, University of Pretoria; Du Toit, A.E., (1968) Die Plek Van Die materiële Skeppinge Van Die Baphalaborwa in Hulle Kultuur, , Pretoria: Unpublished D Phil thesis in Anthropology, University of Pretoria; 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April; Miller, S.M., (1991) A Study of the Adaptation of Traditional Building Methods, with the Aim of Conserving the Existing Balance between Environment and Settlement Pattern of the Present Inhabitants of the North Eastern Soutpansberg, , Johannesburg: Unpublished MArch dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand; Morgan, L.H., (1965) Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines, , Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Nkwankor, N.A., Justification for the combination of organic and inorganic stabilizers to stabilize traditional earth materials (Mud) for quality and capacity utilization in Africa (2008) Terra 2008: The 10Th International Conference on The Study and Conservation of Earthen Architectural Heritage, , Rainer L, Gandreau D & Rivera AB (eds), Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute; Nyembezi, S., Nxumalo, O., (1975) Inqolobane Yesizwe, , Pietermaritzburg: Shuter and Shooter; Odiauwa, I., Earth Building Culture in Daura, Nigeria: From Mythological origin to reality (2008) Terra 2008: The 10Th International Conference on The Study and Conservation of Earthen Architectural Heritage, , In: Rainer L, Gandreau D & Rivera AB, Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute; (1971) Shelter in Africa, , Oliver P, London: Barrie & Jenkins; Oliver, P., (1987) Dwellings. 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Unpublished MA dissertation in Anthropology, University of Stellenbosch; Zami, M.S., Lee, A., Using earth as a building material for sustainable low cost housing in Zimbabwe (2008) The Built &Human Environment Review, 1, pp. 40-55; Ziervogel, D., (1957) Swazi Texts, , Pretoria: JL van Schaik","van Vuuren, C.J.; Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, PO Box 392, South Africa; email: vvuurcj@unisa.ac.za",,,"Sun Media",,,,,05872405,,,,"English","Acta Acad.",Article,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84955121954
"Hernández Salazar I.","56368255400;","Earthen architecture's on seismic areas: Costa Rica's case",2015,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future - Proceedings of the International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture",,,,"187","192",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907373322&partnerID=40&md5=3445be21776fcd3be4cb1a01e166da23","Chalíuk: Arquitectura Y Restauración del Patrimonio, Heredia, Costa Rica","Hernández Salazar, I., Chalíuk: Arquitectura Y Restauración del Patrimonio, Heredia, Costa Rica","In Central America, Costa Rica is located in the zone of convergence of three tectonic plates: Cocos, Caribe and Nazca. This condition causes hundreds of earthquakes each year, some with higher and important magnitudes. As a result of these events, the legislation has hardened to the detriment of the traditional buildings of adobe and wattle and daub further aggravating their deterioration and contributing to its loss. This article is focuses on earthen architecture and its restoration in seismic areas, making aware of problems that include its maintenance under these conditions and showing some techniques for their conservation. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group.",,"Seismology; Sustainable development; Central America; Costa Rica; Earthen architectures; Seismic area; Tectonic plates; Traditional buildings; Architecture",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Blondet, M., (2013) La Intervención del Patrimonio Edificado en Tierra en Áreas Sísmicas Y Las Cartas de Conservación, , Lisboa: Universidad de Coimbra y Porto; Blondet, M., (2003) Construcciones de Adobe Resistentes a Los Terremotos: Tutor, , California: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute; Carranzas Aedo, W., Rivero Olmos, A., (2002) Bahareque: Guía de Construcción Parasísmica, , Villefontaine Cedex: Ediciones CRATerre; (2012) Evaluación de Daños Y Soluciones para Construcciones en Tierra Cruda. Manual de Terreno, , Corporación de Desarrollo Tecnológico. Santiago de Chile: Ediciones Raizfutura; (2006) Proceedings of the Getty Seismic Adobe Project 2006 Colloquium, , Getty Conservation Institute. Los Ángeles: Getty Center; Ginell, W., (2006) Guías de Planeamiento e Ingeniería para la Estabilización Sismorresistente de Estructuras Históricas de Adobe, , Los Ángeles: Getty Conservation Institute; Webster, F., (1999) Seismic Design of Adobe Structures in Costa Rica, , San José: Earth building","Hernández Salazar, I.; Chalíuk: Arquitectura Y Restauración del Patrimonio, Heredia, Costa Rica",,"TARMA;Tragsa Grupo","CRC Press/Balkema","VerSus 2014 2nd Mediterra 2nd ResTapi - International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture","11 September 2014 through 13 September 2014","Valencia",107318,,9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Archit.: Past, Present Future - Proc. Int. Conf. Vernac. Herit., Sustainability Earthen Archit.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84907373322
"Bollini G., Parodi I.","55420035000;26430074200;","The first Italian Rammed earth restoration guidelines",2015,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future - Proceedings of the International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture",,,,"49","54",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907343644&partnerID=40&md5=fd257122d7b09de380f46f8b11545acc","Department of Territorial Management and Urban Planning, Novi Ligure Town Council, Novi Ligure, Italy","Bollini, G.; Parodi, I., Department of Territorial Management and Urban Planning, Novi Ligure Town Council, Novi Ligure, Italy","Rammed earth is one of the earth construction techniques in Italy. Nevertheless the approach proposed in the Guidelines can be applied to other earthen-architecture technologies too. Nowadays part of the rammed earth heritage is lost due to neglect and to the idea that a new house, made of ""performing"" contemporary materials, is synonymous with better living and architectural quality. But something is changing: the growing attention of the Public Administration and the ever more pressing environmental problems demand a more sustainable approach to the building process. The Guidelines evolved on the basis of these thoughts. The starting point is the belief that keeping this heritage alive means keeping it inhabited. To make it possible it is necessary to reintroduce earthen heritage into the normal real estate cycle. This step is not automatic since in the last decades, both the knowledge and the technical know-how were lost, due to the interruption in memory. The Guidelines goal is contributing to fill this gap. This paper illustrates the project that led to the development of the Rammed earth restoration guidelines. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group.",,"Sustainable development; Technology transfer; Architectural quality; Building process; Contemporary materials; Earth construction; Environmental problems; Rammed earth; Real estate; Technical know hows; Restoration",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Barozzi, P., Le Trunere della Frascheta nella piana di Alessandria (1975) L'Universo, (3). , IGM; Bertagnin, M., (1992) Il Pisè e la Regola. Manualistica Settecentesca Per l'Architettura in Terra, , Roma: Edilstampa; Bollini, G., La conservazione e la valorizzazione del patrimonio in terra cruda: Una scelta strategica (2008) Riuso Edilizio e Rigenerazione Urbana, , P. Lombardi (ed), Torino: Celid; Bollini, G., Conservazione e tutela: Lo scoglio della normativa italiana (2009) Scritti Sulla Terra, pp. 65-71. , E. Galdieri (ed), Saonara (PD): Il Prato; Bollini, G., Terra Battuta: Tecnica Costruttiva e Recupero, 2013, pp. 11-18. , Monfalcone (GO): Edicom Edizioni; Coppa Patrini, A., Costruzioni edilizie di terra battuta nel territorio della Frascheta (Alessandria) (1935) Annuario Scolastico. Il Regio Liceo-Ginnasio G. Plana in Alessandria. Cronaca Quinquennale 1929/34, , C. Contessa (ed.), Alessandria: Tip. Colombani & C; Fontaine, L., Anger, R., (2009) Bâtir en Terre. Du Grain de Sable à l'Architecture, , Paris: Éditions Belin; Galbusera, G., Panzeri, A., (2010) Prestazioni Estive degli Edifici, , Milano: TEP srl; Galbusera, G., (2011) Guida Alla Nuova Legge 10, , Milano: TEP srl; Graz, C., Nourissier, G., (2008) Terra Incognita. Preserving European Earthen Architecture, 2. , Lisbon: Argumentum; Gulli, R., (2002) Il Recupero Edilizio in Ambito Sismico, , Monfalcone (GO): Edicom Edizioni; Jeannet, J., Pignal, B., (1997) Le Pisé. Patrimoine, Restauration, Technique d'Avenir, , Nonette: CRÉER; Mattone, R., (2010) Il Paesaggio Delle Case di Terra Cruda, , Savigliano (CN): L'Artistica Editrice; (2011) Norme Tecniche Per Le Costruzioni e Circolare Esplicativa. DM Infrastrutture 14 Gennaio 2008, Circolare 2 Febbraio 2009 N. 617/C.S.LL.PP, , Roma: Dei Tipografia del Genio Civile; Röhlen, U., Ziegert, C., (2013) Construire en Terre Crue. Construction - Rènovation - Finitions, , Paris: Le Moniteur; Sanna, A., Azteni, C., (2009) I Manuali del Recupero dei Centri Storici Della Sardegna. Architettura in Terra Cruda, , Roma: DEI Tipografia del Genio Civile",,,"TARMA;Tragsa Grupo","CRC Press/Balkema","VerSus 2014 2nd Mediterra 2nd ResTapi - International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture","11 September 2014 through 13 September 2014","Valencia",107318,,9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Archit.: Past, Present Future - Proc. Int. Conf. Vernac. Herit., Sustainability Earthen Archit.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84907343644
"Sánchez Torres K.","56367349100;","Guidelines elaboration for a self-building manual with earth in Chiapas State, Mexico",2015,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future - Proceedings of the International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture",,,,"333","338",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907337095&partnerID=40&md5=731f8bf53e6ab64d6342b1f0ef2a9565","University of Nova Gorica, Slovenia","Sánchez Torres, K., University of Nova Gorica, Slovenia","The use of earth as a construction material has been a traditional part of a great number of ethnic groups in the Republic of Mexico. In the State of Chiapas there are a significant number of earth-based constructions due to the significant percentage of indigenous groups concentrated in that area. Due to migration and the arrival of new industrial materials, the community has gradually abandoned its earth-based building tradition. This has caused the ebbing away of its architectural heritage and traditional knowhow. The publication of a self-building manual would be a possible solution. It should meet the needs of the people, minimize costs and curtail the intervention of specialized workers. It would help conserve the earthen architectural heritage of this area and aid the passing on of this tradition's methods to the next generation. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group.",,"Building materials; Sustainable development; Technology transfer; Architectural heritage; Ethnic groups; Industrial materials; Me-xico; Architecture",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Gernot, M., (2005) Manual de Construcción en Tierra. La Tierra Como Material de Construcción Y Su Aplicaciòn en la Arquitectura Actual, , Editorial fin de siglo; (2000) Censo General de Poblaciòn Y Vivenda 2000, , INEGI; Lee Whiting, T., (1992) Tipos de Arquitectura Vernacula de Chiapas: Perspectiva Histórica Cultural, , Instituto Chiapaneco de cultura; Lopez Morales, F., (1987) Arquitectura Vernacula en México, , Editorial Trillas; Moya Rubio, V., (1982) La Vivienda Indígena de México Y del Mundo, , México: UNAM; Obregón Rodríguez, M., (2003) Tzotziles, , Comisión Nacional para el desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas. México; Pérez López, E., (1997) Chamula: Un Pueblo Tzotzil Gobierno del Estado de Chiapas, , México. CONECULTACELALI; Sànchez, K., (2014) Thesis: Earthen Architecture, Tradition and Modernity: Self Construction Through Building Tradition and Technological Innovation Opportunities in Chiapas, Mexico, , Mentor Mauro Bertagnin, University of Nova Gorica","Sánchez Torres, K.; University of Nova GoricaSlovenia",,"TARMA;Tragsa Grupo","CRC Press/Balkema","VerSus 2014 2nd Mediterra 2nd ResTapi - International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture","11 September 2014 through 13 September 2014","Valencia",107318,,9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Archit.: Past, Present Future - Proc. Int. Conf. Vernac. Herit., Sustainability Earthen Archit.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84907337095
"Guerrero L.F., Soria F.J., Roux R.S.","54893545000;54893499000;56368336100;","Puzzolanic materials for restoration of earthen architecture",2015,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future - Proceedings of the International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture",,,,"175","180",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907333285&partnerID=40&md5=c98787a1f72298e9aa77045262e2c43d","U.A.M.-Xochimilco, México D.F., Mexico; U.A.T., Tampico, Mexico","Guerrero, L.F., U.A.M.-Xochimilco, México D.F., Mexico; Soria, F.J., U.A.M.-Xochimilco, México D.F., Mexico; Roux, R.S., U.A.T., Tampico, Mexico","Lime has been used in earthen construction to make protective surfaces or to generate chemical stabilization. But these processes are slow which complicates its application in restoration. This is why people often chose to use cement as a plaster or stabilizer but, when time passes it causes unexpected reactions due to its high stiffness, impermeability and soluble salts developing. For this reason in the UAM-Xochimilco the use of puzzolanic substances in combination with lime it is testing in order to reduce the time for soil stabilization as well as improving its resistance, avoiding cement's collateral problems. This paper details the results of different comparative experiments focused on measuring the structural strength and moisture resistance of soil stabilized with lime, zeolites, volcanic ashes and powdered brick, in order to be used in earthen heritage architecture restoration and in contemporary building. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group.",,"Architecture; Cements; Lime; Lime brick; Restoration; Soil mechanics; Sustainable development; Chemical stabilization; Comparative experiments; Earthen architectures; Earthen constructions; Heritage architectures; Moisture resistance; Soil stabilization; Structural strength; Stabilization",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Soil-cement stabilization (1953) Concrete Quarterly, 20, pp. 2-9. , Cement and Concrete Association London; De Oliveira, M., Santiago, C., D'Affonseca, S., The study of accelerated carbonation of lime-stabilized soils (1990) International Conference on the Conservation on Earthen Architecture, pp. 166-170. , Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute-US/ICOMOS; De Oliveira, M., O solo-cal: Uma visão histórica e documental (2005) Memorias del IV SIACOT-IIIATP, pp. 106-110. , Monsaraz: Escola Superior Gallaecia; Fernández, C., (1982) Mejoramiento y Estabilización de Suelos, , México D.F.: LIMUSA; Guerrero, L., Tierra y cal (2007) Anuario de Estudios de Arquitectura 2007, , UAM-Azcapotzalco, México D.F; Guerrero, L., Arquitectura en tierra. Hacia la recuperación de una cultura constructiva (2007) Apuntes, 20 (2), pp. 182-201; Guerrero, L., La cal y el patrimonio edificado (2008) La Gaceta del Instituto del Patrimonio Cultural, 12, pp. 19-29; Guerrero, L., Roux, R., Soria, F.J., Ventajas constructivas del uso de tierra comprimida y estabilizada con cal en México (2011) Palapa, V-1 (10), pp. 45-57; Hoffmann, M., Negrini, F., Falleiros, A., Tapia (2011) Técnicas de Construcción Con Tierra, pp. 46-61. , Neves, C. & Borges, O. (eds.) Bauru, São Paulo: UNESP-Red Iberoamericana PROTERRA; Juárez, E., Rico, A., (2010) Mecánica de Suelos I, , México D.F.: LIMUSA; Monjo, J., La evolución histórica de la arquitectura de tierra en España (1998) Arquitectura de Tierra. Encuentros Internacionales, pp. 31-44. , Madrid: Ministerio de Fomento; Quintana, E., Relación Entre Las Propriedades Geotécnicas y Los Componentes Puzolánica de Los Sedimentos Pampeanos, , PhD Thesis. Córdoba, Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Sepulcre, A., Análisis comparativo de determinados aspectos sobre la hidraulicidad en los morteros de cal (2005) Tratamientos y Metodologías de Conservación de Pinturas Murales, pp. 71-121. , Palencia: Fundación Santa María la Real; Soria, F., Guerrero, L., Roux, R., Alternative earth building techniques and their experimental applications (2013) Proceedings-EARTH USA 2013, pp. 406-410. , Theimer C. & Wilson, Q. (eds.), Santa Fe: Adobe in action",,,"TARMA;Tragsa Grupo","CRC Press/Balkema","VerSus 2014 2nd Mediterra 2nd ResTapi - International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture","11 September 2014 through 13 September 2014","Valencia",107318,,9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Archit.: Past, Present Future - Proc. Int. Conf. Vernac. Herit., Sustainability Earthen Archit.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84907333285
"Alaidarous A.A.","56367074600;","The documentation and analysis of the earthen architecture in Saudi Arabia",2015,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future - Proceedings of the International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture",,,,"17","22",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907326236&partnerID=40&md5=9b4a115dbe12cc96f2e2051a9d1fbb2a","King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, UPV, Valencia, Spain","Alaidarous, A.A., King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, UPV, Valencia, Spain","This paper will highlight the traditional architecture of Saudi Arabia that seems to be vanishing from the residential construction practices of Saudi Arabia due to the adoption of building materials and techniques of the industrialized nations. The future architects and planners are urged to also pay attention to the historical heritage in order to extract the principles that will help in creating an amalgamation between the modern and the traditional. The practice of unthoughtful adoption of foreign techniques and styles will be discouraged through this paper and the earth construction technology will be introduced to the Saudi building industry. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group.",,"Construction industry; Metals; Sustainable development; Building industry; Earth construction; Earthen architectures; Historical heritages; Industrialized nations; Residential construction; Saudi Arabia; Traditional architecture; Architecture",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Agarwal, A., (1981) Mud, Mud: The Potential of Earth-Based Materials for Third World Housing, , Earthscan, International Institute for Environment and Development, London; Al-Karni, M., (1990) Study of Traditional Settlement Patterns and Building Forms in Asir Region, , UD, 599, Research in Urban Design-Course Paper, College of Architecture and Planning, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Facey, W., (1997) Back to Earth: Adobe Building in Saudi Arabia, , I B Tauris & Co Ltd. London, England; Fathy, H., (1973) Constancy, Transportation and Change in the Arab City: From Medina to Metropolis, , The Darwin Press, Princeton, USA; (2013) The Burra Charter [Online], , http://australia.icomos.org/publications/charters/, Available at: accessed 9 March 2014; Mofti, F.A., (1981) Urban Housing Design in the Context of Saudi Arabia Cultural and Physical Conditions: Potentials and Constraints, , PhD. Thesis Rensselar Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York; Qhtani, M., (2013) Najran Municipality, Interview, , local craftsmen, 17 January; Salem, E., (2006) Building and Energy for Historical of Old Jeddah, , KAU; Sina, B., Saeed, S.A., Al-Hussayen, M.A., (1989) An Analytical Study of the Building Production Systems Recently Introduced in Saudi Arabia, , General Directorate of Research Grants Programs, King Abdul Aziz City For Science and Technology, Riyadh; (2001) Statistical Year Book by Ministry of Trade",,,"TARMA;Tragsa Grupo","CRC Press/Balkema","VerSus 2014 2nd Mediterra 2nd ResTapi - International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture","11 September 2014 through 13 September 2014","Valencia",107318,,9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Archit.: Past, Present Future - Proc. Int. Conf. Vernac. Herit., Sustainability Earthen Archit.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84907326236
"Mileto C., Vegas F., Soriano L.G., Cristini V.","36721933700;6603127341;56344563400;39161117100;","Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future - Proceedings of the International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture: Preface",2015,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future - Proceedings of the International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture",,,,"ix","x",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907326235&partnerID=40&md5=73fd87d96d9934b16251ac8ee7dd460a","Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain; Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, UPV, Spain","Mileto, C., Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain; Vegas, F., Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain; Soriano, L.G., Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, UPV, Spain; Cristini, V., Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain",[No abstract available],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"TARMA;Tragsa Grupo","CRC Press/Balkema","VerSus 2014 2nd Mediterra 2nd ResTapi - International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture","11 September 2014 through 13 September 2014","Valencia",107318,,9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Archit.: Past, Present Future - Proc. Int. Conf. Vernac. Herit., Sustainability Earthen Archit.",Editorial,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84907326235
"Bertagnin M., De Antoni D., Skedzuhn-Safir A., Oeter M., Vets H.","55420422400;55421469500;56368429900;56368459500;56367079300;","36 Thankas to promote the conservation of the Ladakhi earthen heritage",2015,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future - Proceedings of the International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture",,,,"43","48",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907323214&partnerID=40&md5=181b723709fc3b287c95c197bf20254a","University of Udine, Udine, Italy; Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany; University of Bamberg, BBamberg, Germany; Freelance Architect, Berchem, Belgium","Bertagnin, M., University of Udine, Udine, Italy; De Antoni, D., University of Udine, Udine, Italy; Skedzuhn-Safir, A., Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany; Oeter, M., University of Bamberg, BBamberg, Germany; Vets, H., Freelance Architect, Berchem, Belgium","Today it is widely accepted that the conservation of the architectural heritage as an essential ingredient for future local development can be ensured through the active involvement of communities. Therefore it is important to heighten the awareness of the significance of heritage conservation within the communities. The paper discusses the experience of an exhibition, as part of a strategy to increase the interest in heritage conservation, and to foster community driven heritage conservation in Ladakh, India. The exhibition is designed within the framework of a cooperation between the Achi Association, and students of the School of Architecture at the University of Udine. The Achi Association is an NGO based in Europe which has been working in Ladakh since 1999 on earthen architectural heritage endangered through climate change related effects such as excessive rainfall, floods, or landslides, and an increased pressure of modernization on living standards and people's expectations. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group.",,"Climate change; Exhibitions; Sustainable development; Architectural heritage; Heritage conservation; Living standards; Local development; Architecture",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Bertagnin, M., Kanji: The Conservation Manual (2010) Terra Em Seminário 2010, pp. 48-52; Bertagnin, M., De Antoni, D., A Preventive Maintenance Work Site At Kanji And Observations On The Degradation Of Earthen Architecture (2011) Building Materials and Building Technology to Preserve the Built Heritage, 2 (PART 1), pp. 85-94. , Rostislav Drochytka and Stepan Bohus (eds) Munich: WTA Publications; Bertagnin, M., De Antoni, D., Earthen Architecture After Disaster: Initial Risk-Reduction Measures in Kanji Village for Conserving Non-Engineered Rural Ladakhi Architecture Proceedings of Terra 2012-XIth International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architectural Heritage, 2012, pp. 22-27. , Lima, Peru; Kreijer, H.E., (2001) Tibetan Paintings: The Jucker Collection, , Boston: Shambhala Publications; Moore, G., (1916) The Brook Kerith: A Syrian Story, p. 123. , ch. 11; Tucci, G., (1949) Tibetan Painted Scrolls, 3. , Rome; Climate Change and World Heritage. Report on predicting and managing the impacts of climate change on World Heritage and Strategy to assist States Parties to implement appropriate management responses (2007) World Heritage Reports No. 22, , UNESCO Paris: UNESCO World Heritage Centre",,,"TARMA;Tragsa Grupo","CRC Press/Balkema","VerSus 2014 2nd Mediterra 2nd ResTapi - International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture","11 September 2014 through 13 September 2014","Valencia",107318,,9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Archit.: Past, Present Future - Proc. Int. Conf. Vernac. Herit., Sustainability Earthen Archit.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84907323214
[No author name available],[No author id available],"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future - Proceedings of the International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture",2015,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future - Proceedings of the International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture",,,,"","",365,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907313340&partnerID=40&md5=4769152840d07a693b421939d1a53dd3",,"","The proceedings contain 61 papers. The topics discussed include: continuity of French rammed earth architecture; a web map for Italian earthen architecture; earth-based architecture linked to charcoal making in north Aragon mountain ranges; a pentagonal block home; thermal improvement of rammed earth buildings by the inclusion of natural cork; the first Italian rammed earth restoration guidelines; jute fabric to improve the mechanical properties of rammed earth constructions; practices and demands in retrofitting of vernacular rammed earth houses; latest trends in rammed earth restoration in Western Andalucia; Saint Anthony hermitage: an example of earth rammed wall in a reconquest church; transdisciplinarity in rammed earth construction for contemporary practice; from refined to popular architecture. Mixed rammed earth walls with adobe reinforcements; and air lime-earth blended mortars - assessment on fresh state and workability.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"TARMA;Tragsa Grupo","CRC Press/Balkema","VerSus 2014 2nd Mediterra 2nd ResTapi - International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture","11 September 2014 through 13 September 2014","Valencia",107318,,9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Archit.: Past, Present Future - Proc. Int. Conf. Vernac. Herit., Sustainability Earthen Archit.",Conference Review,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84907313340
"Kraus C.","55421335200;","The fitness of earthen architecture",2015,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future - Proceedings of the International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture",,,,"209","215",,,"10.1201/b17392-37","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907303492&doi=10.1201%2fb17392-37&partnerID=40&md5=7e21a23dbd0b6a882015345c172e0481","University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States","Kraus, C., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States","Fitness in phenotypic evolution is a concept that describes the relative ability of certain traits to contribute to the successful reproduction of a thing, e.g. how well a thing is adapted or fit to its circumstances. Typically associated with biological evolution, this concept can equally be applied to the evolution of culture - e.g. the concept of the meme, as a cultural equivalent to the biological gene. In this paper, earthen architecture is viewed through the dual evolutionary lenses of gradual speciation and punctuated equilibrium. Its fitness - or it cultural currency - is explored through a brief survey of ideological constructs that have succeeded in sustaining this time-tested way of building since nearly the beginning of human history to our current age of environmental consciousness. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group.",,"Biology; Cell proliferation; Health; History; Sustainable development; Biological evolution; Earthen architectures; Phenotypic evolution; Punctuated equilibrium; Architecture",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Ban, S. 2009. From conversations with the author; Brinkley, D., Depp, J., This land was his land (2012) The New York Times Sunday Book Review, , July 9; Carpenter, J.L., (2010) Dirt Cheap: The Gardendale Experiment and Rammed Earth Home Construction in the United States, , PhD dissertation, University of Maryland. College Park: Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; Cellauro, L., Richaud, G., François Cointeraux's École d'Architecture Rurale (1790-91) and its influence in Europe and the colonies (2006) Architectural History, 49, pp. 129-148; DeJong, J.T., Fritzges, M.B., Nüsslein, K., Microbially Induced Cementation to Control Sand Response to Undrained Shear (2006) Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132 (11), pp. 1381-1392; Easton, D., Pneumatically impacted stabilized earth (PISE) construction techniques (2012) Modern Earth Buildings, pp. 385-400. , By M. Hall, R. Lindsay, and M. Krayenhoff. Oxford: Woodhead Publishing; Fix, S., Richman, R., (2009) Viability of Rammed Earth Building Construction in Cold Climates, , Toronto: Ryerson Univ; Goodhugh, W., (1845) The Pictorial Dictionary of the Holy Bible, , London: H.G. Bohn; Guillaud, H., Joffroy, T., Odul, P., (1985) Compressed Earth Blocks: Manual of Design and Construction, 2. , Deutsches Zentrum für Entwicklungs technologien-GATE; Guthrie, W., (2013) House of Earth, , New York: Infinitum Nihil/Harper; Hall, M.R., Hygrothermal behavior and occupant comfort in modern earth buildings (2012) Modern Earth Buildings, pp. 17-40. , By M. Hall, R. Lindsay, and M. Krayenhoff. Oxford: Woodhead Publishing; Hallock, G., Pisé construction in early nineteenthcentury Virginia (2004) Perspectives in Vernacular Architecture, 11, pp. 40-53; Hanczyc, M., Fujikawa, S., Szostak, J., Experimental models of primitive cellular compartments: Encapsulation, growth, and division (2003) Science, 302 (5645), pp. 618-622; (1769) The Holy Bible, , King James Version New York: Oxford Edition; Kraus, C., Hirmas, D., Roberts, J., Microbially indurated rammed earth: A long awaited next phase of earthen architecture (2013) ARCC: The Visibility of Research, pp. 58-65; Krayenhoff, M., North American modern earth construction (2012) Modern Earth Buildings, pp. 561-608. , By M. Hall, R. Lindsay, and M. Krayenhoff. Oxford: Woodhead Publishing; Larsson, M., Turning Dunes into Architecture (2009) TED: Ideas Worth Spreading, , December 2; Lee, P.Y., Pisé and the peasantry (2008) Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 67 (1), pp. 58-77; Luo, J., (2004) Over a Cup of Tea: An Introduction to Chinese Life and Culture, , Dallas: University of America Press; Matus, M., Award-winning biomason grows bricks from sand and bacteria to reduce CO2 emissions (2013) Inhabitat, , September 16; Miller, S., Urey, H., Organic compound synthesis on the primitive earth (1959) Science, 130 (3370), pp. 245-251; Minke, G., (2006) Building with Earth: Design and Technology of a Sustainable Architecture, , Basel: Birkhauser; Minner, K., Adobe for women/blaanc borderless architecture and Caeiro Capurso (2011) ArchDaily, , July 21; Oparin, A., (1953) The Origin of Life, , New York: Dover Publications; Ricola, A.G., (2013) The New Ricola Herb Center - Sustainability and Leading Architecture. Press Release, , January 23; Roth, A.M., Roehrig, C.H., Magical bricks and the bricks of birth (2002) The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 88, pp. 121-139; (2011) The Qur'an: English Meanings and Notes, , Saheeh International. Riyadh: Al-Muntada Al-Islami Trust; Urquhart, D., (1850) The Pillars of Hercules, , London: R. Bentley; Wegner, J., A decorated birth-brick from South Abydos (2010) Archaism and Innovation, , by D. Silverman, W. Simpson, & J. Wegner. New Haven: Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Yale University","Kraus, C.; University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States",,"TARMA;Tragsa Grupo","CRC Press/Balkema","VerSus 2014 2nd Mediterra 2nd ResTapi - International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture","11 September 2014 through 13 September 2014","Valencia",107318,,9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Archit.: Past, Present Future - Proc. Int. Conf. Vernac. Herit., Sustainability Earthen Archit.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84907303492
"Vargas-Neumann J., Jonnard F., Gil Zacarias S., Montoya Robles J.","6508071326;56367510200;56367747700;56368523400;","Study of the Pre-Hispanic Road located in the PUCP Campus, Lima, Peru",2015,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future - Proceedings of the International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture",,,,"357","360",,,"10.1201/b17392-62","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907303487&doi=10.1201%2fb17392-62&partnerID=40&md5=57bc29341e8d1ad47f0ed48fa5025051","Centro Tierra, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru","Vargas-Neumann, J., Centro Tierra, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru; Jonnard, F., Centro Tierra, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru; Gil Zacarias, S., Centro Tierra, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru; Montoya Robles, J., Centro Tierra, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru","The Pre-Hispanic Road located at the Campus of Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP) is one of the few remains of the Qhapaq Ñan road system that crosses the city of Lima. Its 467 meters of two parallel walls that have withstood severe earthquakes can provide valuable information on the techniques used by the Ichsma (1100-1472 A.D.) and Incas (1472-1532 A.D.) in the construction. Centro Tierra-INTE, a PUCP research team and UNESCO Chair in Earthen Architecture, is conducting a study to gain an accurate knowledge of the material and the construction technique and to propose guidelines for the conservation of this type of earthen structures so recurrent in archeological sites of the Peruvian Central Coast. The interdisciplinary study includes a bibliographic, historical, archeological compilation, soil mechanic tests, structures laboratories tests, and electronic microscopy sweep assays. Conclusions with a conservation methodology for Ichsma and Inca archaeology sites are presented. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group.",,"Roads and streets; Soil mechanics; Sustainable development; Archeological sites; Construction technique; Earthen architectures; Earthen structures; Electronic microscopy; Inter-disciplinary studies; Research teams; Severe earthquakes; Architecture",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Canziani, J., Análisis del complejo urbano Maranga Chayavilca (1987) Gaceta Arqueológica Andina, (14), pp. 10-17. , Lima; Canziani, J., (2012) Ciudad Y Territorio en Los Andes. Contribuciones a la Historia del Urbanismo Prehispánico, , Fondo Editorial de la PUCP. Lima; Carrion, L., (2014), Personal Communication (authors). Lima; Cobo, B., (1964) Crónicas; Del Águila, I., (2014), Personal Communication (authors). Lima; Vargas, J., Conservación del Complejo arqueológico Mateo Salado (2009) APT's Annual Conference. Los Angeles",,,"TARMA;Tragsa Grupo","CRC Press/Balkema","VerSus 2014 2nd Mediterra 2nd ResTapi - International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture","11 September 2014 through 13 September 2014","Valencia",107318,,9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Archit.: Past, Present Future - Proc. Int. Conf. Vernac. Herit., Sustainability Earthen Archit.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84907303487
[No author name available],[No author id available],"Vernacular Architecture: Towards a Sustainable Future - Proceedings of the International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture",2015,"Vernacular Architecture: Towards a Sustainable Future - Proceedings of the International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture",,,,"","",796,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84906819146&partnerID=40&md5=d8886617fe1c57373cc5c13dc5e26704",,"","The proceedings contain 132 papers. The topics discussed include: vernacular architecture in the modern concept of cultural heritage; conservation of morphological characters as an approach to thermal comfort; approaches to nature in Iranian traditional houses in terms of environmental sustainability; qualitative criteria for defining the safety analysis of ottoman bath structures; vernacular houses of Datca peninsula: architectural typology and its sustainability; vernacular architecture in Saudi Arabia: revival of displaced traditions; 10-year experience from vernacular architecture to contemporary sustainability; preservation of vernacular schist masonry farm walls; preservation and energy behavior in Aosta Valley's traditional buildings; and straw as construction material for sustainable buildings: life cycle assessment of a post-earthquake reconstruction.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"TARMA;Tragsa Grupo","Taylor and Francis - Balkema","VerSus 2014 / 2nd Mediterra / 2nd ResTapia - International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture","11 September 2014 through 13 September 2014","Valencia",107251,,9781138026827,,,"English","Vernac. Archit.: Towards Sustainable Future - Proc. Int. Conf. Vernac. Herit., Sustainability Earthen Archit.",Conference Review,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84906819146
"González A., Lazzarini M.C.","55974109500;56344717500;","Ancient techniques, new architecture",2015,"Vernacular Architecture: Towards a Sustainable Future - Proceedings of the International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture",,,,"349","352",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84906815304&partnerID=40&md5=0f5cc19ed643c4ec1b30ab6f1025cf56","Universidad Tecnologica Nacional, Santa Fe, Argentina; Taller el Hornero, Santa Fe, Argentina","González, A., Universidad Tecnologica Nacional, Santa Fe, Argentina; Lazzarini, M.C., Taller el Hornero, Santa Fe, Argentina","The city of Santa Fe was first founded in 1573 and it was inhabited until the decade of 1660, when it was relocated 78 km south, where it currently stands. Although the whole city was moved, the urban and technological characteristics were exactly the same as those of the original settlement. Among the remains of that first settlement, low parts of walls and foundations built with tapia (rammed earth technique) can be found. The new city of Santa Fe also preserves its earthen architectural heritage, such as Convento de San Francisco (monastery), Casa de los Aldao (private residence) and Casa de los Diez de Andino (private residence). In Santa Rosa de Calchines, a town located between the former city of Santa Fe and the current one, a programme is being carried out with the purpose of recovering the ancient knowledge that resulted from the merge of aboriginal and European cultures. This project involves training, building, recovering, and teaching; and it also requires the joint effort of the community, the government, and the university. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group.",,"Sustainable development; Architectural heritage; Private residence; Rammed earth; San Francisco; Technological characteristics; Architecture",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Calvo, L.M., (1999) Revista América, (15); Kaufmann, R., Hitos de santa fe la vieja (2000) II Conference on Litoral History, , http://www.santafelavieja.ceride.gov.ar/Historia.htm, Santa Fe, 2000, www.jpeh.ceride.gov.ar/lacasadelosaldao/descarga.doc",,,"TARMA;Tragsa Grupo","Taylor and Francis - Balkema","VerSus 2014 / 2nd Mediterra / 2nd ResTapia - International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture","11 September 2014 through 13 September 2014","Valencia",107251,,9781138026827,,,"English","Vernac. Archit.: Towards Sustainable Future - Proc. Int. Conf. Vernac. Herit., Sustainability Earthen Archit.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84906815304
"Moulis I., Jamin M., Marcom A.","56344655500;56344690200;54894416500;","How to understand vernacular sustainability of earthen architecture only considering the inventory and technical knowledge?",2015,"Vernacular Architecture: Towards a Sustainable Future - Proceedings of the International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture",,,,"515","520",,,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84906815178&partnerID=40&md5=99f33c3e130810b80037e102521b961f","Hommes and Territoires, Pignan, France; SCOP Inventerre, Saint-Pierre-de-Lages, France","Moulis, I., Hommes and Territoires, Pignan, France; Jamin, M., SCOP Inventerre, Saint-Pierre-de-Lages, France; Marcom, A., SCOP Inventerre, Saint-Pierre-de-Lages, France","Our contribution raises the question of meaning (and interest) of inventory work and shows the essential contributions of knowledge and reconstitution of the rural society organization in which the vernacular architecture has been erected. How to understand this vernacular architecture, this ""architecture without architects"" called ""non-serious"", without knowing the human context of its construction and its evolution? Can we really speak about sustainability and learn the greatest number of lessons of sustainability, or at least the most important lessons, when we stick only to identify and to describe the technical aspects of the architecture? Our purpose is based on a research conducted in the Midi-Pyrenees region on a very singular kind of earthen architectures: A checkered architecture, consisting in an alternation of adobes and pebbles. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group.",,"Sustainable development; Earthen architectures; Human context; Technical aspects; Vernacular architecture; Architecture",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Aubert, J.E., Marcom, A., Oliva, P., Segui, P., Chequered earth construction in south-western France (2014) Journal of Cultural Heritage; Floissac, L., How to assess the sustainability of building construction processes (2009) 5th Urban Research Symposium, , World Bank; Marcom, A., (2011) Construire en Terre-paille, p. 198. , Ed. Terre vivante; Moulis, I., Marcom, A., Murs en damiers de terre crue du magnoac: Renouer le fil de l'histoire des constructions paysannes (2014) 2eme Congres Francophone Sur L'Histoire de la Construction, , ENSAL-AFCH, Lyon, 29-31/01/2014",,,"TARMA;Tragsa Grupo","Taylor and Francis - Balkema","VerSus 2014 / 2nd Mediterra / 2nd ResTapia - International Conference on Vernacular Heritage, Sustainability and Earthen Architecture","11 September 2014 through 13 September 2014","Valencia",107251,,9781138026827,,,"English","Vernac. Archit.: Towards Sustainable Future - Proc. Int. Conf. Vernac. Herit., Sustainability Earthen Archit.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84906815178
"Bertagnin M., De Antoni D., Skedzuhn-Safir A., Oeter M., Vets H.","55420422400;55421469500;56368429900;56368459500;56367079300;","36 thankas to promote the conservation of the ladakhi earthen heritage",2014,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",,,,"43","48",,,"10.1201/b17392","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054468845&doi=10.1201%2fb17392&partnerID=40&md5=b3c9bc8666f04f91cc63a77813e800e2","University of Udine, Udine, Italy; Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany; University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany; Berchem, Belgium","Bertagnin, M., University of Udine, Udine, Italy; De Antoni, D., University of Udine, Udine, Italy; Skedzuhn-Safir, A., Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany; Oeter, M., University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany; Vets, H., Berchem, Belgium","Today it is widely accepted that the conservation of the architectural heritage as an essential ingredient for future local development can be ensured through the active involvement of communities. Therefore it is important to heighten the awareness of the significance of heritage conservation within the communities. The paper discusses the experience of an exhibition, as part of a strategy to increase the interest in heritage conservation, and to foster community driven heritage conservation in Ladakh, India. The exhibition is designed within the framework of a cooperation between the Achi Association, and students of the School of Architecture at the University of Udine. The Achi Association is an NGO based in Europe which has been working in Ladakh since 1999 on earthen architectural heritage endangered through climate change related effects such as excessive rainfall, floods, or landslides, and an increased pressure of modernization on living standards and people’s expectations. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Bertagnin, M., Kanji: The Conservation Manual (2010) In Terra em Seminário 2010, pp. 48-52; Bertagnin, M., De Antoni, D., A Preventive Maintenance Work Site At Kanji And Observations On The Degradation Of Earthen Architecture (2011) Building Materials and Building Technology to Preserve the Built Heritage, 2, pp. 85-94. , Rostislav Drochytka and Stepan Bohus (eds), Munich: WTA Publications; Bertagnin, M., De Antoni, D., Earthen Architecture After Disaster: Initial Risk-Reduction Measures in Kanji Village for Conserving Non-Engineered Rural Ladakhi Architecture (2012) Proceedings of Terra 2012-XIth International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architectural Heritage, pp. 22-27. , Lima, Peru; Kreijer, H.E., (2001) Tibetan Paintings: The Jucker Collection, , Boston: Shambhala Publications; Moore, G., (1916) The Brook Kerith: A Syrian Story, p. 123. , ch. 11; Tucci, G., (1949) Tibetan Painted Scrolls, 3. , Rome; Climate Change and World Heritage. Report on predicting and managing the impacts of climate change on World Heritage and Strategy to assist States Parties to implement appropriate management responses (2007) World Heritage Reports, (22). , Paris: UNESCO World Heritage Centre",,,,"CRC Press",,,,,,9781315736877; 9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",Book Chapter,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85054468845
"Mileto C., Vegas F., García Soriano L., Cristini V.","36721933700;6603127341;56344563400;39161117100;","Earthen architecture: Past, present and future",2014,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",,,,"1","374",,,"10.1201/b17392","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054468840&doi=10.1201%2fb17392&partnerID=40&md5=64f20e780ff563abd56f26a9c7fe1b63","Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain; Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, UPV, Spain","Mileto, C., Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain; Vegas, F., Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain; García Soriano, L., Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, UPV, Spain; Cristini, V., Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain","Earthen architecture is widespread all over the world and demonstrates a significant richness of varieties both in application and in materials used. This book discusses and debates the lessons that can be learned from earthen architecture to create sustainable architecture today, both for the conservation of traditional existing buildings and the design and construction of new ones. It deals with the study of earthen architecture around the world in order to preserve our earthen built heritage and proposes these building techniques as a sustainable option for building a new architecture of the future. Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future will be a valuable source of information for academics and professionals in the fields of Civil Engineering, Construction and Building Engineering and Architecture. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"CRC Press",,,,,,9781315736877; 9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",Book,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85054468840
"Achenza M., Cocco C.","14029565000;57205891616;","A web map for italian earthen architecture",2014,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",,,,"11","16",,,"10.1201/b17392","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054463938&doi=10.1201%2fb17392&partnerID=40&md5=46018862137dd996d09525203e3c6f30","DICAAR-Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy; Associazione Nazionale Città della Terra Cruda, Samassi, Italy","Achenza, M., DICAAR-Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy; Cocco, C., Associazione Nazionale Città della Terra Cruda, Samassi, Italy","Italian National Association of Earth Built Towns, an association counting 38 municipalities of 4 regions, has been founded in 2001 and since then has encouraged, promoted, sustained a huge variety of actions in favor of the diffusion of the knowledge about earthen architecture in Italy. These actions include publications, seminars, conferences, national and international networking, restoration and conservation projects in cooperation with Universities and enterprises. An important investment of energies that helped earthen architecture gain a dignity and an appreciation that was not known just fifteen years ago. The need to make these information available has become a priority in the very last years, encouraging the Association, in cooperation with the University of Cagliari-Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, to reverse into a web site a mapping of all activities related to Earthen architecture in the Country. This includes a list of academies and institutions that are working on the topic, producers and enterprises, professionals and owners. The mapping of Italy is being coordinated together with German (Weimar University) and French (CRATerre) partners in order to start an European data collection on earthen architecture. By now only the German site is fully available, being the Italian and the French almost ready to be put online, as well. This initiative is going to be an important contribution to the dissemination of correct information on the subject and finally giving the real dimension of the significant amount of people and work involved. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Baldacci, O., (1952) La casa rurale in Sardegna, , Firenze: Centro di studi per la geografia etnologica; Campagna, M., Deplano, G., (2003) Evaluating Geographic Information usage within Public Administration web sites, pp. 31-37. , Pion LTD, 31.1; Campagna, M., Iannuzzi, Y., Le tecnologie informatiche per la costruzione della conoscenza sul patrimonio insediativo: Esperienze in Sardegna (2012) DISEGNARE CON, , speciale, ISSN: 1828-5961; Mossa, V., (1982) Architettura Domestica in Sardegna, , Carlo Delfino Editore, Sassari; Sanna, A., (2009) Manuali del Recupero dei centri storici della Sardegna, 1-5. , Dei, Roma; Sanna, U., Achenza, M., (2009) Il manuale tematico della terra cruda, , Dei, Roma",,,,"CRC Press",,,,,,9781315736877; 9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",Book Chapter,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85054463938
"Sánchez Torres K.","56367349100;","Guidelines elaboration for a self-building manual with earth in Chiapas State, Mexico",2014,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",,,,"333","338",,,"10.1201/b17392","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054462590&doi=10.1201%2fb17392&partnerID=40&md5=aef321222e5050732d304e5f3f9e6033","University of Nova Gorica, Slovenia","Sánchez Torres, K., University of Nova Gorica, Slovenia","The use of earth as a construction material has been a traditional part of a great number of ethnic groups in the Republic of Mexico. In the State of Chiapas there are a significant number of earth-based constructions due to the significant percentage of indigenous groups concentrated in that area. Due to migration and the arrival of new industrial materials, the community has gradually abandoned its earth-based building tradition. This has caused the ebbing away of its architectural heritage and traditional knowhow. The publication of a self-building manual would be a possible solution. It should meet the needs of the people, minimize costs and curtail the intervention of specialized workers. It would help conserve the earthen architectural heritage of this area and aid the passing on of this tradition’s methods to the next generation. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Gernot, M., (2005) Manual de construcción en tierra. La tierra como material de construcción y su aplicaciòn en la arquitectura actual, , Editorial fin de siglo; (2000) Censo general de poblaciòn y vivenda, , 2000; Lee Whiting, T., (1992) Tipos de arquitectura vernacula de Chiapas: Perspectiva histórica cultural, , Instituto Chiapaneco de cultura; Lopez Morales, F., (1987) Arquitectura vernacula en México, , Editorial Trillas; Moya Rubio, V., (1982) La vivienda indígena de México y del mundo, , México: UNAM; Obregón Rodríguez, M., (2003) Tzotziles. Comisión Nacional para el desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas, , México; Pérez López, E., (1997) Chamula: Un pueblo Tzotzil Gobierno del Estado de Chiapas, , México. CONECULTACELALI; Sànchez, K., (2014) Thesis: Earthen architecture, tradition and modernity: Self construction through building tradition and technological innovation opportunities in Chiapas, Mexico, , Mentor Mauro Bertagnin, University of Nova Gorica","Sánchez Torres, K.; University of Nova GoricaSlovenia",,,"CRC Press",,,,,,9781315736877; 9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",Book Chapter,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85054462590
"Fernández Palicio A.","55420958100;","Earthen construction in alto arnoia river valley, Galicia",2014,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",,,,"139","144",,,"10.1201/b17392","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054462229&doi=10.1201%2fb17392&partnerID=40&md5=0c352b96b610d17f06648d9331a94999","Laboratorio de Tecnoloxías Apropiadas, Vigo, Galicia, Spain","Fernández Palicio, A., Laboratorio de Tecnoloxías Apropiadas, Vigo, Galicia, Spain","Maceda region is a sedimentary plain in the south of Galicia where we still find constructions made with half timbers with earth. Nowadays, there are barely a few constructions remaining which show us an interesting vernacular construction made with earth. Furthermore, the region was an important production center of pottery which, at the end of the 19th century, started to diversify its production to manufacture bricks. This evolution allowed the emergence of a new earthen architecture that was built using traditional constructive techniques keeping traditional shapes but employing new materials coming from the first industrialization, which started by replacing the ancient half timbers with earth and terróns walls, and subsequently it generated a new series of building typologies keeping the traditional construction logic. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Barrón, E., Santos, L., Síntesis Paleobotánica crítica de las cuencas terciarias de Galicia (1998) Coloquios de Paleontología, 49, pp. 41-53; Bohuier, A., (2006) Galicia: Ensaio xeográfico de análise e interpretación dun vello complexo agrario, , Compostela: CAGM; Caamaño, M., (2003) As construccións da arquitectura popular: Patrimonio etnográfico de Galicia, , A Coruña: Hércules; Caamaño, M., (2006) Dun tempo e dun país, , Ames: Laiovento; Carmona, X., Nadal, X., (2005) El empeño industrial de Galicia. 250 años de historia (1750-2000), , A Coruña: PBM; (2009) Guía para la descripción de suelos, , Roma; Fernández Palicio, A., Earthen architecture in Galicia (Spain): Rammed earth in Terra de Lemos (2012) Rammed Earth Conservation, , Taylor & Francis. London; Fernández Palicio, A., Constructions with terrons in Alta Limia, Galicia: A lost sustainable architecture (2013) Vernacular Heritage and Earthen Architecture, , London: Taylor & Francis; García Alen, L., (1983) La alfarería de Galicia, , A Coruña: Fundación Pedro Barrie de la Maza; (2002) Mapas de peligrosidad sísmica de España, , Madrid; Juana López, J., (1996) O alto Arnoia (o cerne ourensano), , Vigo: Ir Indo; Martínez, A., Pérez, A., (1999) Atlas climático de Galicia, , Xunta de Galicia; Olmo Sanz, A., Estudio Geológico Sedimentario de la cuencas terciario-cuaternarias de Monforte de Lemos, Maceda y Quiroga (1985) Cadernos do laboratorio Xeolóxico da Laxe, p. 10. , A Coruña; Romero, R., García, C., Pérez, A., Macías, F., Mineralogía de la fracción arcilla de suelos y sedimentos de la cuenca de Maceda (1985) Cadernos do laboratorio Xeolóxico da Laxe, p. 9. , A Coruña; Rueda, J., Muezca, J., Sismicidad, Sismotectónica y peligrosidad sísmica en Galicia (2001) IGN, p. 35","Fernández Palicio, A.; Laboratorio de Tecnoloxías ApropiadasSpain",,,"CRC Press",,,,,,9781315736877; 9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",Book Chapter,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85054462229
"Alaidarous A.A.","56367074600;","The documentation and analysis of the earthen architecture in Saudi Arabia",2014,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",,,,"17","22",,,"10.1201/b17392","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054456267&doi=10.1201%2fb17392&partnerID=40&md5=04216dd8624c3d2c2cf1ad82958109ca","King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, UPV, Valencia, Spain","Alaidarous, A.A., King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Instituto de Restauración del Patrimonio, UPV, Valencia, Spain","This paper will highlight the traditional architecture of Saudi Arabia that seems to be vanishing from the residential construction practices of Saudi Arabia due to the adoption of building materials and techniques of the industrialized nations. The future architects and planners are urged to also pay attention to the historical heritage in order to extract the principles that will help in creating an amalgamation between the modern and the traditional. The practice of unthoughtful adoption of foreign techniques and styles will be discouraged through this paper and the earth construction technology will be introduced to the Saudi building industry. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Agarwal, A., Mud, mud (1981) The Potential of Earth-Based Materials for Third World Housing, , Earthscan, International Institute for Environment and Development, London; Al-Karni, M., (1990) Study of Traditional Settlement Patterns and Building Forms in Asir Region, p. 599. , UD, Research in Urban Design-Course Paper, College of Architecture and Planning, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Facey, W., (1997) Back to Earth: Adobe Building in Saudi Arabia, , I B Tauris & Co Ltd. London, England; Fathy, H., (1973) Constancy, Transportation and Change in the Arab City: From Medina to Metropolis, , The Darwin Press, Princeton, USA; (2013) The Burra Charter, , http://australia.icomos.org/publications/charters/, [Online] accessed 9 March 2014; Mofti, F.A., (1981) Urban Housing Design in the context of Saudi Arabia cultural and physical conditions, , Potentials and Constraints. PhD. Thesis Rensselar Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York; Mohammad, Q., (2013) Local craftsmen, Najran Municipality, , interview, 17 January; Salem, E., (2006) Building And Energy for Historical of Old Jeddah, , KAU; Sina, B., Saeed, S.A., Al-Hussayen, M.A., (1989) An Analytical Study of the Building Production Systems Recently Introduced in Saudi Arabia, , General Directorate of Research Grants Programs, King Abdul Aziz City For Science and Technology, Riyadh; (2001) Ministry of Trade, , Statistical year book","Alaidarous, A.A.; King Saud UniversitySaudi Arabia",,,"CRC Press",,,,,,9781315736877; 9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",Book Chapter,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85054456267
"Germanà M.L.","56367099700;","Early modern period adobe in sicily: Recent finds",2014,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",,,,"163","168",,,"10.1201/b17392","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054446075&doi=10.1201%2fb17392&partnerID=40&md5=a7adf25adf142b80900e9c23fd033e7c","Dipartimento di Architettura, Università di Palermo, Italy","Germanà, M.L., Dipartimento di Architettura, Università di Palermo, Italy","Earthen architecture in ancient Sicily can be linked to a technological continuity common to the whole Mediterranean basin. The island possesses numerous finds, dating back to periods ranging from pre-history to the Hellenistic-Roman age, during which adobe was a widespread technique. The archaeological field had been the only one investigated, also due to the fact that more recent evidence had shown that the use of earth as a principal element in wall-building was unknown in Sicily. Recently, traces of adobe have been discovered in the historical centre of Cefalù, on the northern coast of Sicily; these few scraps are to be found in residential buildings made primarily of stone. Albeit modest in quantity, these traces are important for our historical knowledge and to reinforce the hypothesis of contemporary earthen architecture in Sicily. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Bertagnin, M., (1999) Architetture di terra in Italia. Tipologie, tecnologie e culture costruttive, , Monfalcone (GO): Edicom; Caiazza, G., E il Verbo si fece… Immagine. Dai simboli cruciformi ai crocifissi tridimensionali (2007) Bollettino del Gruppo Archeologico Aquileiese, 17, pp. 3-17; Cavalcanti, O., Chimirri, R., (1999) Di Fango, di Paglia… Architettura in terra cruda in Calabria, , Soveria Mannelli (CZ): Rubbettino; De Chazelles, C.A., Les origines de la construction en adobe en Extrême-Occident (1995) Etudes Massaliètes, (4), pp. 49-58; De Chazelles, C.A., La construction en brique crue moulée dans les pays de la Méditerranée, du Néolithique à l’époque romaine (2011) Le cultures constructives de la brique crue, 153, p. 164. , C.A. de Chazelles, A. Klein, N. Pousthomis (eds), Montpellier: Editions de L’Espérou; Fatta, G., (2011) Earth in Sicilian wall: Notes in progress, pp. 291-299. , Mecca et al. (eds); Germanà, M.L., Terra cruda nel patrimonio architettonico siciliano: Conoscenza e conservazione (2009) Mediterra 2009, I Conferenza Mediterranea sull’architettura in terra cruda, pp. 151-158. , M. Achenza, M. Correia, H. Guillaud (eds), Monfalcone: Edicom; Germanà, M.L., (2011) Earth in ancient Sicilian architecture, pp. 166-188. , Mecca et al. (eds); Germanà, M.L., (2011) A still to be explored heritage: Stone and earthen architecture in Sicily, pp. 280-290. , Mecca et al. (eds); Mecca, S., (2011) Earth/Lands. Earthen Architecture of Southern Italy, , Pisa: ETS; Mungiguerra, C., (1999) Sicilia: Dalle mura di Gela alla ‘pietra e tayu, pp. 247-249. , Bertagnin; Panvini, R., Strutture in mattoni crudi dell’antica Gela. In M.L. Germana & R. Panvini (eds) (2008) La terra cruda nelle costruzioni: Dalle testimonianze archeologiche all’ar-chitettura sostenibile, pp. 87-98. , Palermo: Nuova Ipsa; Pezzini, E., Alcuni dati sull’uso della terra nell’architettura medievale a Palermo: Fonti documentarie e testimonianze materiali (2003) Atti III Congresso Naz. di Archeologia medievale, pp. 624-628. , Fiorillo R. & Peduto P., (eds), 2003, Salerno 2-3/X/2003; Scudo, G., Sabbadini, S., (1997) Le regioni dell’architettura in terra in Italia, , Rimini: Maggioli; Spatafora, F., (2011) The use of earth in central-western Sicily: Attestations and documentary evidence, pp. 201-225. , Mecca et al. (eds); Tusa, S., (2011) Origins and initial developments of Sicilian earthen architecture in the Mediterranean context, pp. 195-200. , Mecca et al. (eds); Vaccaro, F., Cefalù in adobe: Testimonianze in terra cruda report for the final exam of first degree course (2012) Restauro, Recupero e Riqualificazione dell’Architettura, , University of Palermo, supervisor M.L. Germanà","Germanà, M.L.; Dipartimento di Architettura, Italy",,,"CRC Press",,,,,,9781315736877; 9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",Book Chapter,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85054446075
"Kraus C.","55421335200;","The fitness of earthen architecture",2014,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",,,,"209","215",,,"10.1201/b17392","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054441522&doi=10.1201%2fb17392&partnerID=40&md5=83f96567620d09e515fd1d3fd3d8b509","University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States","Kraus, C., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States","Fitness in phenotypic evolution is a concept that describes the relative ability of certain traits to contribute to the successful reproduction of a thing, e.g. how well a thing is adapted or fit to its circumstances. Typically associated with biological evolution, this concept can equally be applied to the evolution of culture-e.g. the concept of the meme, as a cultural equivalent to the biological gene. In this paper, earthen architecture is viewed through the dual evolutionary lenses of gradual speciation and punctuated equilibrium. Its fitness-or it cultural currency-is explored through a brief survey of ideological constructs that have succeeded in sustaining this time-tested way of building since nearly the beginning of human history to our current age of environmental consciousness. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Ban, S., (2009) From conversations with the author; Brinkley, D., Depp, J., This land was his land (2012) The New York Times Sunday Book Review, , July 9; Carpenter, J.L., Dirt cheap: The Gardendale Experiment and rammed earth home construction in the United States (2010) PhD dissertation, University of Maryland, , College Park: Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; Cellauro, L., Richaud, G., François Cointeraux’s École d’Architecture Rurale (1790-91) and its influence in Europe and the colonies (2006) Architectural History, 49, pp. 129-148; DeJong, J.T., Fritzges, M.B., Nüsslein, K., Microbially Induced Cementation to Control Sand Response to Undrained Shear (2006) Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132 (11), pp. 1381-1392; Easton, D., Pneumatically impacted stabilized earth (PISE) construction techniques (2012) Modern earth buildings, pp. 385-400. , By M. Hall, R. Lindsay, and M. Krayenhoff. Oxford: Woodhead Publishing; Fix, S., Richman, R., (2009) Viability of rammed earth building construction in cold climates, , Toronto: Ryerson Univ; Goodhugh, W., (1845) The pictorial dictionary of the Holy Bible, , London: H.G. Bohn; Guillaud, H., Joffroy, T., Odul, P., (1985) Compressed earth blocks: Manual of design and construction, volume II, , Deutsches Zentrum für Entwicklungs technologien-GATE; Guthrie, W., (2013) House of earth, , New York: Infinitum Nihil/Harper; Hall, M.R., Hygrothermal behavior and occupant comfort in modern earth buildings (2012) Modern earth buildings, pp. 17-40. , By M. Hall, R. Lindsay, and M. Krayenhoff. Oxford: Woodhead Publishing; Hallock, G., Pisé construction in early nineteenthcentury Virginia (2004) Perspectives in Vernacular Architecture, 11, pp. 40-53; Hanczyc, M., Fujikawa, S., Szostak, J., Experimental models of primitive cellular compartments: Encapsulation, growth, and division (2003) Science, 302 (5645), pp. 618-622; (1769) The Holy Bible, , New York: Oxford Edition; Kraus, C., Hirmas, D., Roberts, J., Microbially indurated rammed earth: A long awaited next phase of earthen architecture (2013) ARCC: The Visibility of Research, pp. 58-65; Krayenhoff, M., North American modern earth construction (2012) Modern earth buildings, pp. 561-608. , By M. Hall, R. Lindsay, and M. Krayenhoff. Oxford: Woodhead Publishing; Larsson, M., Turning Dunes into Architecture (2009) TED: Ideas worth Spreading, , December 2; Lee, P.Y., Pisé and the peasantry (2008) Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 67 (1), pp. 58-77; Luo, J., (2004) Over a cup of tea: An introduction to Chinese life and culture, , Dallas: University of America Press; Matus, M., Award-winning biomason grows bricks from sand and bacteria to reduce CO2 emissions (2013) Inhabitat, , September 16; Miller, S., Urey, H., Organic compound synthesis on the primitive earth (1959) Science, 130 (3370), pp. 245-251; Minke, G., (2006) Building with earth: Design and technology of a sustainable architecture, , Basel: Birkhauser; Minner, K., Adobe for women/blaanc borderless architecture and Caeiro Capurso (2011) ArchDaily, , July 21; Oparin, A., (1953) The origin of life, , New York: Dover Publications; Ricola, A.G., The new Ricola Herb Center - sustainability and leading architecture (2013) Press Release, , January 23; Roth, A.M., Roehrig, C.H., Magical bricks and the bricks of birth (2002) The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 88, pp. 121-139; International, S., (2011) The Qur’an: English meanings and notes, , Riyadh: Al-Muntada Al-Islami Trust; Urquhart, D., (1850) The pillars of Hercules, , London: R. Bentley; Wegner, J., A decorated birth-brick from South Abydos (2010) Archaism and innovation, , by D. Silverman, W. Simpson, & J. Wegner. New Haven: Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Yale University","Kraus, C.; University of KansasUnited States",,,"CRC Press",,,,,,9781315736877; 9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",Book Chapter,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85054441522
"Bollini G., Parodi I.","55420035000;26430074200;","The first italian rammed earth restoration guidelines",2014,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",,,,"49","54",,,"10.1201/b17392","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054439430&doi=10.1201%2fb17392&partnerID=40&md5=bd5d7cdd9343155c469137476c6b7991","Cassola VI, Italy; Department of Territorial Management and Urban Planning, Novi Ligure Town Council, Novi Ligure, Italy","Bollini, G., Cassola VI, Italy; Parodi, I., Department of Territorial Management and Urban Planning, Novi Ligure Town Council, Novi Ligure, Italy","Rammed earth is one of the earth construction techniques in Italy. Nevertheless the approach proposed in the Guidelines can be applied to other earthen-architecture technologies too. Nowadays part of the rammed earth heritage is lost due to neglect and to the idea that a new house, made of “performing” contemporary materials, is synonymous with better living and architectural quality. But something is changing: the growing attention of the Public Administration and the ever more pressing environmental problems demand a more sustainable approach to the building process. The Guidelines evolved on the basis of these thoughts. The starting point is the belief that keeping this heritage alive means keeping it inhabited. To make it possible it is necessary to reintroduce earthen heritage into the normal real estate cycle. This step is not automatic since in the last decades, both the knowledge and the technical know-how were lost, due to the interruption in memory. The Guidelines goal is contributing to fill this gap. This paper illustrates the project that led to the development of the Rammed earth restoration guidelines. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Barozzi, P., Le Trunere della Frascheta nella piana di Alessandria (1975) L’Universo, (3). , IGM; Bertagnin, M., (1992) Il pisè e la regola. Manualistica settecentesca per l’architettura in terra, , Roma: Edilstampa; Bollini, G., La conservazione e la valorizzazione del patrimonio in terra cruda: Una scelta strategica (2008) Riuso edilizio e rigenerazione urbana, , P. Lombardi (ed), Torino: Celid; Bollini, G., Conservazione e tutela: Lo scoglio della normativa italiana (2009) Scritti sulla terra, pp. 65-71. , E. Galdieri (ed), Saonara (PD): Il Prato; Bollini, G., (2013) Terra battuta: Tecnica costruttiva e recupero, pp. 11-18. , Monfalcone (GO): Edicom Edizioni; Coppa Patrini, A., Costruzioni edilizie di terra battuta nel territorio della Frascheta (Alessandria) (1935) Annuario Scolastico. Il Regio Liceo-Ginnasio G. Plana in Alessandria. Cronaca quinquennale 1929/34, , C. Contessa (ed.), Alessandria: Tip. Colombani & C; Fontaine, L., Anger, R., (2009) Bâtir en terre. Du grain de sable à l’architecture, , Paris: Éditions Belin; Galbusera, G., Panzeri, A., (2010) Prestazioni estive degli edifici, , Milano: TEP srl; Galbusera, G., (2011) Guida alla nuova Legge, (10). , Milano: TEP srl; Graz, C., Nourissier, G., (2008) Terra incognita. Preserving European Earthen Architecture, 2. , Lisbon: Argumentum; Gulli, R., (2002) Il recupero edilizio in ambito sismico, , Monfalcone (GO): Edicom Edizioni; Jeannet, J., Pignal, B., (1997) Le pisé. Patrimoine, restauration, technique d’avenir, , Nonette: CRÉER; Mattone, R., (2010) Il paesaggio delle case di terra cruda, , Savigliano (CN): L’Artistica Editrice; (2011) Norme tecniche per le costruzioni e circolare esplicativa. DM Infrastrutture 14 gennaio 2008, Circolare 2 febbraio 2009 n. 617/C.S.LL.PP, , Roma: Dei Tipografia del Genio Civile; Röhlen, U., Ziegert, C., (2013) Construire en terre crue. Construction-Rènovation-Finitions, , Paris: Le Moniteur; Sanna, A., Azteni, C., (2009) I manuali del recupero dei centri storici della Sardegna. Architettura in terra cruda, , Roma: DEI Tipografia del Genio Civile",,,,"CRC Press",,,,,,9781315736877; 9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",Book Chapter,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85054439430
"Domínguez Martínez O., García Hermida A., Moreno Adán C.","56367281300;55419487100;56367659700;","Stratigraphic analysis of earthen architecture: The mosque of m’hamid el ghizlane",2014,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",,,,"127","132",,,"10.1201/b17392","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054437973&doi=10.1201%2fb17392&partnerID=40&md5=3ce1b7d12d1e7675003496b3c2a38e1e","Terrachidia Association, Madrid, Spain","Domínguez Martínez, O., Terrachidia Association, Madrid, Spain; García Hermida, A., Terrachidia Association, Madrid, Spain; Moreno Adán, C., Terrachidia Association, Madrid, Spain","This paper presents the results of some of the studies developed by the interdisciplinary team of Terrachidia, focused on the earthen architecture of the last oasis in the Drâa Valley (Morocco), M’Hamid, one of the main gates to the Sahara desert. The most monumental building in the M’Hamid Oasis is the ancient mosque of M’Hamid El Ghizlane. This building is the result of an extensive process of alterations and extensions which needed to be studied and understood before proposing any solution for its future conservation. This study was developed in 2013, during January and May documentation campaigns, when the evolution and main historical phases of the mosque could be completely figured out. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Dłużewski, M., Reasons for development of the dune fields in the Coude du Dra region (2008) Contemporary evolution of the natural environment of the region between Antiatlas and Sahara (Morocco), pp. 51-63. , Skiba S. & Krzemień K. (eds.), Kraków: Instytut Geografii i Gospodarki Przestrzennej; Domínguez Martínez, O., Garcia Hermida, A., Learning from Tradition. The Experience of Terrachidia in the South of Morocco (2013) Architecture in the Age of Austerity, pp. 61-64. , García Hermida A. (ed.), Madrid: Mairea Libros; Jacques-Meunié, D., (1982) Le Maroc Saharien des Origines a 1670, , Paris: Librairie Klincksieck; Landau, R., (1969) The Kasbas of southern Morocco, , London: Faber and Faber; Mimó, R., (1996) Fortalezas de barro en el sur de Marruecos, , Madrid: Compañía Literaria; Nijst, A.L.M.T., (1973) Living on the edge of the Sahara. A study of traditional forms of habitation and types of settlement in Morocco, , The Hague: Government Publishing Office; Soriano Alfaro, V., (2006) Arquitectura de tierra en el sur de Marruecos, , Barcelona, Fundación Caja de Arquitectos",,,,"CRC Press",,,,,,9781315736877; 9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",Book Chapter,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85054437973
"Lorusso F.M., Mecca S.","56344807800;27067838700;","Design in Jericho: Contemporary earthen architecture and local cultural landscape",2014,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",,,,"233","238",,,"10.1201/b17392","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054436707&doi=10.1201%2fb17392&partnerID=40&md5=dfc249dc992776823b7c93aa10a88f40","DIDA Department of Architecture, INN-LINKS Research Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy","Lorusso, F.M., DIDA Department of Architecture, INN-LINKS Research Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Mecca, S., DIDA Department of Architecture, INN-LINKS Research Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy","The paper will analyse the design of a Cultural Centre in Jericho, Palestine. The project develops an integrated centre for the production, representation and cultural exchange together with hostel in collaboration with the Palestinian administration. Based on a partnership between Italian and Palestinian professors and students, the project and design goal is to build a sustainable Mediterranean architecture as evolution of a specific cultural landscape induced by interaction with contemporary architectural language and environmental needs. The final project was prepared after a Palestinian and Italian students workshop as requested by the Ministry of Public Works & Housing and the local authorities. The local culture of earthen architecture in Tel el Sultan, Ottoman adobe and timber frame buildings, together with the splendour of the mosaic floors of the remains of the Hisham Palace, reverberate immaterial and material echoes, evoking substances, forms and signs. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Breschi, A., Roggio, L.F.M., Vallerini, L., (2006) Parco delle Cave. Seminario di progettazione di un ambito periurbano nella città di Cagliari, , Milano: Electa; Fathy, H., (1986) Natural energy and vernacular architecture: Principles and examples, with reference to hot arid climates, , Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Fathy, H., (2008) Costruire con la gente. Storia di un villaggio d’Egitto: Gourna, , Milan: Editoriale Jaca Book SpA; Lorusso, F.M., (2005) Mediterraneo, paradigmi di architettura nuova, , Convegno internazionale sull’architettura mediterranea, Ordine degli Architetti di Nuoro; Lorusso, F.M., (2005) “Progettare i luoghi” in Architettura ʼnaturale’. Origine e diffusione dell’architettura vegetale e in terra cruda, , Cabras (OR); Lorusso, F.M., Mecca, (2010) ""…un’immagine fugace con tutte le sue ombre” L’architettura mediterranea di Álvaro Siza, , Hiart, n° 4",,,,"CRC Press",,,,,,9781315736877; 9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",Book Chapter,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85054436707
"Hernández Salazar I.","56368255400;","Earthen architecture’s on seismic areas: Costa rica’s case",2014,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",,,,"187","192",,,"10.1201/b17392","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054431963&doi=10.1201%2fb17392&partnerID=40&md5=38c383744b75a0c4127a26617a068e5e","Chalíuk: Arquitectura y Restauración del Patrimonio, Heredia, Costa Rica","Hernández Salazar, I., Chalíuk: Arquitectura y Restauración del Patrimonio, Heredia, Costa Rica","In Central America, Costa Rica is located in the zone of convergence of three tectonic plates: Cocos, Caribe and Nazca. This condition causes hundreds of earthquakes each year, some with higher and important magnitudes. As a result of these events, the legislation has hardened to the detriment of the traditional buildings of adobe and wattle and daub further aggravating their deterioration and contributing to its loss. This article is focuses on earthen architecture and its restoration in seismic areas, making aware of problems that include its maintenance under these conditions and showing some techniques for their conservation. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Blondet, M., (2013) La Intervención del Patrimonio Edificado en Tierra en Áreas Sísmicas y las Cartas de Conservación, , Lisboa: Universidad de Coimbra y Porto; Blondet, M., (2003) Construcciones de Adobe Resistentes a los Terremotos: Tutor, , California: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute; Carranzas Aedo, W., Rivero Olmos, A., (2002) Bahareque: Guía de construcción parasísmica, , Villefontaine Cedex: Ediciones CRATerre; (2012) Evaluación de Daños y Soluciones Para Construcciones en Tierra Cruda. Manual de Terreno, , Santiago de Chile: Ediciones Raizfutura; (2006) Proceedings of the Getty Seismic Adobe Project 2006 Colloquium, , Los Ángeles: Getty Center; Ginell, W., (2006) Guías de Planeamiento e Ingeniería Para la Estabilización Sismorresistente de Estructuras Históricas de Adobe, , Los Ángeles: Getty Conservation Institute; Webster, F., (1999) Seismic design of adobe structures in Costa Rica, , San José: Earth building","Hernández Salazar, I.; Chalíuk: Arquitectura y Restauración del PatrimonioCosta Rica",,,"CRC Press",,,,,,9781315736877; 9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",Book Chapter,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85054431963
"Vargas-Neumann J., Jonnard F., Gil Zacarias S., Montoya Robles J.","6508071326;56367510200;56367747700;56368523400;","Study of the pre-hispanic road located in the PUCP campus, Lima, Peru",2014,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",,,,"357","360",,,"10.1201/b17392","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054431454&doi=10.1201%2fb17392&partnerID=40&md5=ee2efeb55ea1d23fd9835e27bce6bafb","Centro Tierra, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru","Vargas-Neumann, J., Centro Tierra, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru; Jonnard, F., Centro Tierra, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru; Gil Zacarias, S., Centro Tierra, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru; Montoya Robles, J., Centro Tierra, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru","The Pre-Hispanic Road located at the Campus of Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP) is one of the few remains of the Qhapaq Ñan road system that crosses the city of Lima. Its 467 meters of two parallel walls that have withstood severe earthquakes can provide valuable information on the techniques used by the Ichsma (1100-1472 A.D.) and Incas (1472-1532 A.D.) in the construction. Centro Tierra-INTE, a PUCP research team and UNESCO Chair in Earthen Architecture, is conducting a study to gain an accurate knowledge of the material and the construction technique and to propose guidelines for the conservation of this type of earthen structures so recurrent in archeological sites of the Peruvian Central Coast. The interdisciplinary study includes a bibliographic, historical, archeological compilation, soil mechanic tests, structures laboratories tests, and electronic microscopy sweep assays. Conclusions with a conservation methodology for Ichsma and Inca archaeology sites are presented. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Canziani, J., Análisis del complejo urbano Maranga Chayavilca (1987) Gaceta Arqueológica Andina, (14), pp. 10-17. , Lima; Canziani, J., (2012) Ciudad y territorio en los Andes. Contribuciones a la historia del urbanismo Prehispánico, , Fondo Editorial de la PUCP. Lima; Carrion, L., (2014) Personal Communication, , (authors). Lima; Cobo, B., (1964) Crónicas, , Del Águila I. 2014. Personal Communication (authors). Lima; Vargas, J., Conservación del Complejo arqueológico Mateo Salado (2009) APT’s Annual Conference, , Los Angeles",,,,"CRC Press",,,,,,9781315736877; 9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",Book Chapter,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85054431454
"Mileto C., Vegas F.","36721933700;6603127341;","Conservation of earthen architecture in the United States of America: Some case studies",2014,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",,,,"269","275",,,"10.1201/b17392","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054430626&doi=10.1201%2fb17392&partnerID=40&md5=0b5dc58e415a09242d7c3d9c73322e90","Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain","Mileto, C., Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Vegas, F., Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain","The United States has a broad and varied built heritage using different architectural earthen techniques. Diverse conservation works have been performed on this monumental and domestic heritage, regarding both the criteria and techniques used. The text attempts to present a range of different criteria and intervention techniques by examining some case studies, representative because of their different construction dates, location, constructive technique and the type of intervention carried out. A compared analysis of these cases allows us to take a preliminary look at the conservation of earthen architecture in this country and understand it also as a useful experience in other geographic and cultural contexts. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Adler, R.S., (2009) Weathering The Storm: Diagnostic Monitoring For Preventive Conservation At Spruce Tree House, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, , University of Pennsylvania; Aloiz, E.M., (2011) Investigations into a Historic Treatment: The Efficacy of Gelatin as an Adhesive for Earthen Finishes at Mesa Verde National Park, , University of Pennsylvania; Arnon, N., Baca, S., Churches, symbols of community: The preservation of New Mexico’s adobe churches (1990) 6th International Conference on the Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 143-148. , Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute; Austin, G.S., Adobe and related building materials in New Mexico, U.S.A (1990) 6th International Conference on the Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 417-423. , Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute; Beas Guerrero, M.I., Consolidation of traditional plasters: A laboratory research (1993) 7a Conferência Internacional sobre o Estudo e Conservação da Arquitectura de Terra, pp. 410-416. , Lisboa: Direcção Geral dos Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais; Bunting, B., (1964) Taos Adobes. Spanish Colonial and Territorial Architecture of the Taos Valley, , Albunquerque: University of New Mexico Press; Burt, R.A., Woods, P.K., Warden, R., Three-Dimensional Modeling of Erosion to Historic Adobe Wall Ruins at Fort Davis, Texas (1998) APT Bulletin, 29 (2), pp. 35-38; Byungwook Lim, A., (2009) Soft Capping of Archaeological Masonry Walls: Far View House, Mesa Verde National Park, , University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Collum, N.S., (2008) A Comparative Study of Earthen Surface Finishes of the Eastern Façade of Open Area J and the Northern Façade of Open Area 26 at Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, , University of Pennsylvania; (2006) Adobe Conservation. A Preservation Handbook, , Santa Fe, Sunstone Press; Crosby, A., A Preservation Monitoring System at Tumacacori National Monument (1978) Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 47-76. , U.S. National Park Service Issue; Crosby, A., Preservation Maintenance in the Southwest (1986) Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology, 18 (3), pp. 48-55; Crosby, A., Monitoring Moisture at Tumacacori (1987) APT Bulletin, 19 (4), pp. 32-44; Dassler, L., (1990) Nineteenth century New York state earthen homes. 6th International Conference on the Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 430-437. , Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute; Ferron, A., (2007) The Consolidation of Earthen Surface Finishes: A Study of Disaggregating Plasters at Mesa Verde National Park, , University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Gardner, M.L., (2005) Fort Union National Monument, , Tucson: Western National Parks Association; Garrison, J.W., (1990) The evolution of adobe construction systems in the Southwest (U.S.A.) and related conservation issues. 6th International Conference on the Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 53-56. , Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute; Golebiowski, J., (2009) Rammed Earth Architecture’s Journey to the High Hills of The Santee and its Role as an Early Concrete, , Graduate Schools of Clemson University & The College of Charleston; Hannaford, D., Edwards, R., (1990) Spanish colonial or adobe architecture of California, 1800-1850, , Stamford: Architectural Book Publishing Company; Houk, R., (1996) Casa Grande Ruins National Monument, , Tucson: Western National Parks Association; Iowa, J., (1985) Ageless Adobe. History and Preservation in Southwestern Architecture, , Santa Fe: Sunstone Press; Krieger, R., (2011) Architectural Finishes at Spruce Tree House, Mesa Verde National Park: Characterization and Interpretation of Room, 115 (2). , Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Lee, A.J., Spanish Missions (1990) APT Bulletin, 22 (3), pp. 42-54; Lumpkins, W., (1972) Adobe Past and Present, , Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico; Matero, F.G., A programme for the conservation of architectural plasters in earthen ruins in the American Southwest: Fort Union National Monument, New Mexico, U.S.A (1995) Conservation and management of archaeological sites, 1, pp. 5-24. , London: James & James; Matero, F.G., The conservation of plasters in earthen archeological sites. Cultural resource management: Conserving earthen architecture (1999) Halifax: Cultural Resource Management, 22 (6), pp. 59-62; Matero, F.G., Bass, A., Orphans of the storm: The preservation of architectural plasters in earthen ruins. Cultural resource management: Conserving earthen architecture (1994) Halifax: Cultural Resource Management, 17 (4), pp. 21-26; Matero, F.G., Bass, A., Design and evaluation of hydraulic lime grouts for the reattachment of lime plasters on earthen walls (1995) Conservation and management of archaeological sites, 1 (2), pp. 97-108. , London: James & James; Matero, F.G., Del Bono, E., Fong, K.L., Johansen, R., Barrow, J., Condition and treatment history as prologue to site conservation at Casa Grande Ruins National Monument (2000) Terra 2000: 8th international conference on the study and conservation of earthen architecture, pp. 52-64. , London: James & James; McHenry, P.G., Rebuilding Ácoma Sky City (1990) APT Bulletin, 22 (3), pp. 55-64; Mindeleff, C., Aboriginal Architecture in the United States (1898) Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York, 30 (5), pp. 414-427; Noble, A.G., Patterns of Building Material as Revealed in the Farm Housing Survey of 1934 (2000) Material Culture, 32 (1), pp. 57-77; Piper, R., Earthen architecture of New York State: Adobe construction in a non arid climate (1990) 6th International Conference on the Conservation of Earthen Architecture, pp. 117-121. , Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute; Piper, R., Earthen Architecture in the Northern United States European Traditions in Earthen Construction. Cultural resource management: Conserving earthen architecture (1999) Halifax: Cultural Resource Management, 22 (6), pp. 30-33; Reynolds Hall, L., (2007) Characterization, Analysis and Interpretation of the Surface Finishes of Kiva E, Long House, Mesa Verde National Park, , University of Pennsylvania; Rohn, A.H., Ferguson, W., (2006) Puebloan Ruins of the Southwest, , Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press; Romero Taylor, M., The Fort Selden Adobe Test Wall Project (1990) APT Bulletin, 22 (3), pp. 35-41; Russo Zinn, W.A., (2005) Cement Modified Earthen Mortar-An Investigation Of Soil-Cement Performance Characteristics At Three Southwestern National Monuments, , (Master’s Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Selwitz, C., Caperton, T.J., Chemical Stabilization of Adobe in the Restoration of the Montaño Store (1995) APT Bulletin, 26 (2-3), pp. 37-41; Seth, S., Seth, L., (1988) Adobe! Homes and interiors of Taos, Santa Fe and the Southwest, , Stamford: Architectural Book Publishing Company; Shapiro, J.S., New Light on Old Adobe: A Space Syntax Analysis of the Casa Grande (1999) Kiva, 64 (4), pp. 419-446; Smith, E.W., (1982) Adobe bricks in New Mexico, , Socorro: New Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources; Spears, B., (1986) American Adobes. Rural Houses of Northen New Mexico, , Albunquerque: University of New Mexico Press; Thybony, S., (1990) Fort Davis National Monument, , Tucson: Western National Parks Association; White, C., Adobe Typology and Site Chronology: A Case Study from Pecos National Historical Park (1996) Kiva, 61 (4), pp. 347-363",,,,"CRC Press",,,,,,9781315736877; 9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",Book Chapter,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85054430626
"Guerrero L.F., Soria F.J., Roux R.S.","54893545000;54893499000;56368336100;","Puzzolanic materials for restoration of earthen architecture",2014,"Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",,,,"175","180",,,"10.1201/b17392","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054430291&doi=10.1201%2fb17392&partnerID=40&md5=f6694d88d5bb4c67c2ded203391bc9b5","U.A.M.-Xochimilco, México D.F., Mexico; U.A.T., Tampico, Mexico","Guerrero, L.F., U.A.M.-Xochimilco, México D.F., Mexico; Soria, F.J., U.A.M.-Xochimilco, México D.F., Mexico; Roux, R.S., U.A.T., Tampico, Mexico","Lime has been used in earthen construction to make protective surfaces or to generate chemical stabilization. But these processes are slow which complicates its application in restoration. This is why people often chose to use cement as a plaster or stabilizer but, when time passes it causes unexpected reactions due to its high stiffness, impermeability and soluble salts developing. For this reason in the UAM-Xochimilco the use of puzzolanic substances in combination with lime it is testing in order to reduce the time for soil stabilization as well as improving its resistance, avoiding cement’s collateral problems. This paper details the results of different comparative experiments focused on measuring the structural strength and moisture resistance of soil stabilized with lime, zeolites, volcanic ashes and powdered brick, in order to be used in earthen heritage architecture restoration and in contemporary building. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Soil-cement stabilization (1953) Concrete Quarterly, 20, pp. 2-9. , London; De Oliveira, M., Santiago, C., D’Affonseca, S., The study of accelerated carbonation of lime-stabilized soils (1990) International Conference on the Conservation on Earthen Architecture, pp. 166-170. , Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute-US/ICOMOS; De Oliveira, M., O solo-cal: Uma visão histórica e documental (2005) Memorias del IV SIACOT-IIIATP, pp. 106-110. , Monsaraz: Escola Superior Gallaecia; Fernández, C., (1982) Mejoramiento y estabilización de suelos, , México D.F.: LIMUSA; Guerrero, L., Tierra y cal (2007) Anuario de Estudios de Arquitectura 2007, , UAM-Azcapotzalco, México D.F; Guerrero, L., Arquitectura en tierra. Hacia la recuperación de una cultura constructiva (2007) Apuntes, 20 (2), pp. 182-201; Guerrero, L., La cal y el patrimonio edificado (2008) La Gaceta del Instituto del Patrimonio Cultural, 12, pp. 19-29; Guerrero, L., Roux, R., Soria, F.J., Ventajas constructivas del uso de tierra comprimida y estabilizada con cal en México (2011) Palapa, 1-5 (10), pp. 45-57; Hoffmann, M., Negrini, F., Falleiros, A., Tapia (2011) Técnicas de construcción con tierra, pp. 46-61. , Neves, C. & Borges, O. (eds.), Bauru, São Paulo: UNESP-Red Iberoamericana PROTERRA; Juárez, E., Rico, A., (2010) Mecánica de suelos, , México D.F.: LIMUSA; Monjo, J., La evolución histórica de la arquitectura de tierra en España (1998) Arquitectura de tierra. Encuentros Internacionales, pp. 31-44. , Madrid: Ministerio de Fomento; Quintana, E., Relación entre las propriedades geotécnicas y los componentes puzolánica de los sedimentos pampeanos, , PhD Thesis. Córdoba, Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Sepulcre, A., (2005) Tratamientos y metodologías de conservación de pinturas murales, pp. 71-121. , Análisis comparativo de determinados aspectos sobre la hidraulicidad en los morteros de cal, Palencia: Fundación Santa María la Real; Soria, F., Guerrero, L., Roux, R., Alternative earth building techniques and their experimental applications (2013) Proceedings-EARTH USA 2013, pp. 406-410. , Theimer C. & Wilson, Q. (eds.), Santa Fe: Adobe in action",,,,"CRC Press",,,,,,9781315736877; 9781138027114,,,"English","Earthen Architecture: Past, Present and Future",Book Chapter,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85054430291
"Moulis I., Jamin M., Marcom A.","56344655500;56344690200;54894416500;","How to understand vernacular sustainability of earthen architecture only considering the inventory and technical knowledge?",2014,"Vernacular Architecture: Towards a Sustainable Future",,,,"515","520",,,"10.1201/b17393","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054400118&doi=10.1201%2fb17393&partnerID=40&md5=7601387e9a0250b1758d26ab28627ec2","Hommes and Territoires, Pignan, France; SCOP Inventerre, Saint-Pierre-de-Lages, France","Moulis, I., Hommes and Territoires, Pignan, France; Jamin, M., SCOP Inventerre, Saint-Pierre-de-Lages, France; Marcom, A., SCOP Inventerre, Saint-Pierre-de-Lages, France","Our contribution raises the question of meaning (and interest) of inventory work and shows the essential contributions of knowledge and reconstitution of the rural society organization in which the vernacular architecture has been erected. How to understand this vernacular architecture, this “architecture without architects” called “non-serious”, without knowing the human context of its construction and its evolution? Can we really speak about sustainability and learn the greatest number of lessons of sustainability, or at least the most important lessons, when we stick only to identify and to describe the technical aspects of the architecture? Our purpose is based on a research conducted in the Midi-Pyrenees region on a very singular kind of earthen architectures: a checkered architecture, consisting in an alternation of adobes and pebbles. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Aubert, J.E., Marcom, A., Oliva, P., Segui, P., Chequered earth construction in south-western France (2014) Journal of Cultural Heritage; Floissac, L., How to assess the sustainability of building construction processes (2009) 5Th Urban Research Symposium, World Bank; Marcom, A., (2011) Construire En Terre-Paille, p. 198. , Ed. Terre vivante; Moulis, I., Marcom, A., Murs en damiers de terre crue du Magnoac: Renouer le fil de l’histoire des constructions paysannes (2014) 2ème Congrès Francophone Sur l’Histoire De La Construction, ENSAL-AFCH, , Lyon, 29–31/01",,,,"CRC Press",,,,,,9781315736907; 9781138026827,,,"English","Vernac. Architecture: Towards a Sustainable Future",Book Chapter,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85054400118
"González A., Lazzarini M.C.","55974109500;56344717500;","Ancient techniques, new architecture",2014,"Vernacular Architecture: Towards a Sustainable Future",,,,"349","352",,,"10.1201/b17393","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054364320&doi=10.1201%2fb17393&partnerID=40&md5=d6ce95c1de7672b618aa38d063212b5d","Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Santa Fe, Argentina; Taller el Hornero, Santa Fe, Argentina","González, A., Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Santa Fe, Argentina; Lazzarini, M.C., Taller el Hornero, Santa Fe, Argentina","The city of Santa Fe was first founded in 1573 and it was inhabited until the decade of 1660, when it was relocated 78 km south, where it currently stands. Although the whole city was moved, the urban and technological characteristics were exactly the same as those of the original settlement. Among the remains of that first settlement, low parts of walls and foundations built with tapia (rammed earth technique) can be found. The new city of Santa Fe also preserves its earthen architectural heritage, such as Convento de San Francisco (monastery), Casa de los Aldao (private residence) and Casa de los Diez de Andino (private residence). In Santa Rosa de Calchines, a town located between the former city of Santa Fe and the current one, a programme is being carried out with the purpose of recovering the ancient knowledge that resulted from the merge of aboriginal and European cultures. This project involves training, building, recovering, and teaching; and it also requires the joint effort of the community, the government, and the university. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Calvo, L.M., (1999), Revista América Nº 15; Kaufmann, R., (2000), www.jpeh.ceride.gov.ar/lacasadelosaldao/descarga.doc, Hitos de Santa Fe La Vieja, II Conference on Litoral History (Santa Fe, 2000). http://www.santafelavieja.ceride.gov.ar/Historia.htm",,,,"CRC Press",,,,,,9781315736907; 9781138026827,,,"English","Vernac. Architecture: Towards a Sustainable Future",Book Chapter,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-85054364320
"Wu Y.","56849656200;","The experimental study on consolidation of RTV for wet-area earthen ruins in southwest China",2014,"Applied Mechanics and Materials","457-458",,,"32","35",,,"10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.457-458.32","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84887548716&doi=10.4028%2fwww.scientific.net%2fAMM.457-458.32&partnerID=40&md5=459b05a69818af7b898cb0c239f74222","Civil Engineering and Architecture School, Southwest university of science and technology, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China","Wu, Y., Civil Engineering and Architecture School, Southwest university of science and technology, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China","It is a worldwide difficulty to preserve earth monument in wet area. To solve this problem, Physical Chemistry Institute of Zhejiang University in China developed a consolidation agent named RTV (organopolysiloxanes+tetraethylorthosilicate). But the study on this consolidation agent is still in its initial stage at present for most of its experimental researches are limited to east china and no research reports aimed at wet area in southwest China were found so far. To check out the efficiency of this consolidation agent for earth in wet area, southwest China, a consolidating experiment was conducted by applying this consolidation agent to soil samples from kiln Qionglai earthen monuments located in outskirt of Chengdu city, the capital of Sichuan province. In this experiment, the changes of weight, permeating speed and depth and compressive strength of specimens after consolidating were investigated and compared with those for northwest area. The study shows that RTV consolidation agent developed by Physical Chemistry Institute of Zhejiang University is also effective to a certain degree for the earth monument in wet area, southwest China. © (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.","Consolidation; Earthen ruins; Preserve; RTV; Wet-area","Earthen ruins; Experimental research; Organopolysiloxanes; Preserve; RTV; Sichuan province; Tetra-ethyl-ortho-silicate; Wet-area; Compressive strength; Consolidation; Mechanical engineering; Physical chemistry; Experiments",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"http://www.dha.ac.cn/010C/index.htm, Information on; Zhou, H., Zhang, B.J., Li, Z.X., Wang, X.D., Protect earthen ruins in wet areas with moist-consolidating organic silicon material (2002) China Association For Preservation Technology of Cultural Relics, Proc. 2nd Conference On China's Relic Protection Technology, 1, pp. 253-257. , China Association for preservation technology of cultural heritage, Beijing; Zhou, H., Zhang, B.J., Cheng, G.Q., Zhao, H.Y., Zeng, Y.Y., Guo, Q.L., Li, Z.X., Wang, X.D., Study on consolidation and conservation of historic earthen sites in moisture circumstances conservation of Tangshan site in situ (2008) Rock and Soil Mechanics, 29 (4), pp. 954-962; Zhou, H., Zhang, B.J., Li, Z.X., Wang, X.D., The study on water-proof and consolidation for earthen monuments in wet areas (2004) China Association For Preservation Technology of Cultural Relics, Proc. 3nd Conference On China's Relic Protection Technology, 1, pp. 47-51. , China Association for preservation technology of cultural heritage, Beijing; (2011), Building Dept., P. R. C., Code for design of building foundation GB 50007-2011, China architecture and building press, Beijing; Zhou, H., (2008) Study On Consolidation and Conservation of Earthen Sites In Moisture Circumstances, , Zhejiang University, Hangzhou; (2004) Principles For the Conservation of Heritage Sites In China, , ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites), the Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles; Zhou, S.L., Wang, X.Y., Hu, Y., Huang, K.Q., Selection of Strengthening Medium for Archeological Site of Hongshan Culture at Niuheliang, Liaoliang Province (2005) Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 27 (5), pp. 567-570","Wu, Y.; Civil Engineering and Architecture School, , Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China; email: w-em@163.com",,"International Frontiers of science and;technology Research Association;HongKong Control Engineering and Information Science;Research Association",,"2013 2nd International Conference on Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Engineering, MEME 2013","12 October 2013 through 13 October 2013",,100879,16609336,9783037859247,,,"English","Appl. Mech. Mater.",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84887548716
"Yi W.","55754486300;","The experimental study on consolidation of acrylic non-aqueous dispersion for wet-area earthen ruins in southwest china",2014,"Key Engineering Materials","575-576",,,"327","330",,,"10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.575-576.327","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84885708156&doi=10.4028%2fwww.scientific.net%2fKEM.575-576.327&partnerID=40&md5=6b60ca9ec55040cbbf195bad83531a06","Civil Engineering and Architecture School, Southwest university of science and technology, Sichuan, Mianyang 621010, China","Yi, W., Civil Engineering and Architecture School, Southwest university of science and technology, Sichuan, Mianyang 621010, China","It is a worldwide difficulty to preserve earth monument in wet area. To solve this problem, professor Zhou Shuanglin, an expert of earth monument preserving with College of Archaeology and Museum, Peking University, developed a consolidation agent named acrylic non-aqueous dispersion. But the study on this consolidation agent is still in its initial stage at present for most of its experimental researches are limited to northwest china and no research reports aimed at wet area in southwest China were found so far. To check out the efficiency of this consolidation agent in wet area, southwest China, a consolidating experiment was conducted by applying this consolidation agent to soil samples from kiln Qionglai earthen monuments located in outskirt of Chengdu city, the capital of Sichuan province. In this experiment, the changes of weight, permeating speed and short-term water resistance of specimens after consolidating were investigated and compared with those for northwest area. The study shows that acrylic non-aqueous dispersion consolidation agent developed by professor Zhou Shuanglin is also effective to a certain degree for the earth monument in wet area, southwest China. ©2014 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.","Acrylic non-aqueous dispersion; Consolidate; Earth monument; Wet","Materials science; Consolidate; Experimental research; Non-aqueous dispersion; Peking University; Permeating speed; Research reports; Sichuan province; Water-resistances; Dispersions",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Information on http://www.dha.ac.cn/010C/index.htm; Zhou, S.L., Yang, Y.L., Yang, X.W., Yang, S.X., Preliminary screening of consolidation and conservation materials for earthen sites in moist areas (2002) Proceedings of the 2nd Conference by China Relic Protection Technology Society, pp. 229-237. , China Relic Protection Technology Society, The, China Relic Protection Technology Society, Beijing; http://baike.baidu.com/view/188877.htm, Information on (in Chinese; http://www.qionglai.com/html/yizhan/wj/200703/21-328.html, Information on; (2011) Code for Design of Building Foundation, , GB 50007-2011, China architecture and building press, Beijing; Zhou, S.L., Yuan, S.X., Yang, X.W., Guo, B.F., Xia, Y., Comparison of consolidation effectiveness of acrylic non aqueous dispersion and other anti weathering consolidants for earthen architectures and monuments (2003) SCIENCES of CONSERVATION and ARCHAEOLOGY, 2, pp. 40-48; Zhou, S.L., Yuan, S.X., Non-aqueous acrylic dispersions (2001) Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 6, pp. 869-874; Principles for the conservation of heritage sites (2004) ICOMOS(International Council on Monuments and Sites), , China, the Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles; Zhou, S.L., Wang, X.Y., Hu, Y., Huang, K.Q., Selection of strengthening medium for archeological site of hongshan culture (2005) Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 5, pp. 567-570. , at Niuheliang, Liaoliang Province","Yi, W.; Civil Engineering and Architecture School, , Sichuan, Mianyang 621010, China; email: w-em@163.com",,"Chinese Advanced Materials Society;et al.;International Union of Advanced Materials;Jiangsu University;University of Jinan","Trans Tech Publications Ltd","2nd International Congress on Advanced Materials, AM 2013","16 May 2013 through 19 May 2013","Zhenjiang",100136,10139826,9783037858295,KEMAE,,"English","Key Eng Mat",Conference Paper,"Final","",Scopus,2-s2.0-84885708156