The adoption of GDPR has resulted in a significant shift in how the data of European Union citizens is handled. A variety of data sharing challenges in scenarios such as smart cities have arised, especially, when attempting to semantically represent GDPR legal basis, such as consent, contracts and the data types and specific data sources related to them. Many ontologies that model GDPR exist, however, they focus mainly on consent. In order to represent other GDPR basis such as contracts, multiple ontologies need to be reused. The process is time-consuming and requires expert knowledge of semantics. To solve this challenge, we present the smashHit Core ontology, which provides an unified and coherent model for both consent and contracts, as well as the sensor data and data processing associated with them, in one place. The ontology was developed in response to real-world data sharing use cases in the insurance and smart cities domains.
smashHit project consortium partners (This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 871477)
Albert Zilverberg (ATB Bremen)
Amar Tauqeer (University of Innsbruck)
Ana Correia (ATB Bremen)
Anelia Kurteva (University of Innsbruck)
Anna Fensel (University of Innsbruck)
Elena Demidova (University of Bonn)
Kevin Nagorny (ATB Bremen)
Rainer Hilscher (University of Innsbruck)
Stefan Schestakov (Leibniz University Hannover)
Tek Raj Chhetri (University of Innsbruck)
Thorben Funke (Leibniz University Hannover)
The smashHit Core ontology extends the scope of existing ontologies by providing an integrated semantic model for multiple domains such as consent, contracts, licenses and sensor data. This work is part of the smashhit project, which is developing a framework for trusted and secure sharing of data streams from both personal and industrial platforms needed to build sectorial and cross-sectorial services. The ontology models multiple GDPR legal bases such as consent and contracts, but is not limited to them. Concepts such as metadata, sensor data, data processing, involved entities, which can be useful for compliance checking, are modelled as well.
Description may include but is not limited to an abstract, a table of contents, a graphical representation, or a free text account of the resource.
description
A related resource that is a version, edition, or adaptation of the described resource. Can be the version of consent and/or contract.
hasVersion
Idiomatic property used for structured values.
The defininition of the subject resource.
Further information about the subject resource.
The annotation property that indicates that a given ontology is backward compatible with another ontology.
The annotation property that indicates that a given entity has been deprecated.
The property that is used for importing other ontologies into a given ontology.
The annotation property that indicates that a given ontology is incompatible with another ontology.
The annotation property that indicates the predecessor ontology of a given ontology.
The property that identifies the version IRI of an ontology.
The annotation property that provides version information for an ontology or another OWL construct.
Relates to agents who are the recipient of the rules.
assignee
Relates to agents to assign some rule to others.
assigner
dateTimeStamp
Links a trust to a named beneficiary.
has beneficiary
Links consent to the time it was granted.
granted at time
Used to retrieve a list of all the companies with which the data has been shared based on the consent given (consent id) or on the contract given (contract id)
Links consent to the time it was withdrawn.
withdrawn at time
Specifies that the location of an event is a municipality such as a city, town, village.
at city
Specifies that the location of an event is a country.
at country
Associates status with an instant of time when a change occurred.
at date time
Relates consent, contract, license with a specific location, where a status change occurred.
at location
Specifies that the location of an event is a region.
at region
Specifies that the location of an event is a state.
at state
Relates consent to specific data processing.
for data processing
Associates a business to business category to a contract.
Associates a business to consumer category to a contract.
Used to link consent to its status.
has consent status
Associated an agent with specific contact information
has contact point
Relates the consent, contracts and licenses to their specific context.
has context
Used to related a contract to a specific contract category (e.g., business to consumer).
Links contract status to a contract
has contract status
Used to related a contract to a specific contract type.
has contract type
Relates contracts and licenses to their creation date.
creation date
Relates consent and contracts to a specific data controller.
has data controller
Relates consent and contract to a specific data processor.
has data processor
Relates consent and contract to a specific data protection officer.
has data protection officer
Relates consent and contract to a specific data subject.
has data subject
Associates an agent with an email address.
has email
Relates contracts and licenses to their ending dates.
has end date
The expiration date of consent or contract. Format: xsd:dateTime
expiration date
Used to indicate the expired state of contract.
has expired
specifies the fingerprint of a resource
has fingerprint
Links a resource to some metadata from the class InformationEntity.
has metadata
identifies the method used
has method
Specifies the minimum duration of a contract or license.
has minimum duration
Used to associate and agent, for example, a person with a name.
has name
the parameter involved
has parameter
Associates an agent with his/her password.
has password
Used to indicate the pending state of contract.
has pending
Associates agents with their personal data.
has personal data
Used to specify the physical address of a location.
has postal address
Used to specify the postal code related to a postal address.
has postal code
Associates an agent to his/her purpose preference.
has purpose preference
Associates a personal data category to its retention date.
has retention date
Associates the sensor data to a specific sensor data category.
has sensor data category
Used to indicate the signed state of contract.
has signed
Used to associate and agent, for example, a person with an email.
has telephone
Used to specify the basic term types related with a contract.
Used to indicate the terminated state of contract.
has terminated
Used to specify the obligations to a contract
has terms and conditions
Associates an agent with his/her username.
has username
specifies the watermark of a resource
has watermark
Used to associate consent and contract with the medium through which they were created.
in medium
Used to specify the resource and/or data source which this consent is about.
is about data
Indicates the entity or activitiy that provided the consent.
is provided by
Indicates the company which received the data.
Used by Data Provider to register new data in smashHit that makes the data available to other Actors.
Indicates the company which sent the data.
Used to specify the agent by whom this consent was requested by.
requested by
An entity responsible for making the resource.
creator
Associates input data from a resource with specific processing.
has input data
Associates output data with a type of processing.
has output data
has type
The object property that does not relate any two individuals.
The property that determines that two given individuals are different.
The property that determines that two given individuals are equal.
The property that determines the subject of a negative property assertion.
The property that determines the object of a negative object property assertion.
The object property that relates every two individuals.
Beginning of a temporal entity.
has beginning
End of a temporal entity.
has end
The geographic bounding box of a resource.
bounding box
A specific representation of a dataset. A dataset might be available in multiple serializations that may differ in various ways, including natural language, media-type or format, schematic organization, temporal and spatial resolution, level of detail or profiles (which might specify any or all of the above).
distribution
The function of an entity or agent with respect to another entity or resource.
had role
This property associates a personal data category with an instance of legal data handling or consent
has personal data category
This property associates a purpose with an instance of legal data handling or consent
has purpose
An object property to express the accountability of an agent towards another agent. The subordinate agent acted on behalf of the responsible agent in an actual activity.
acted on behalf of
Used to identify how a dataset was generated. Specifically, what data processing generated the dataset.
was generated by
Influence is the capacity of an entity, activity, or agent to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of another by means of usage, start, end, generation, invalidation, communication, derivation, attribution, association, or delegation.
See https://www.w3.org/TR/prov-o/#wasInfluencedBy
was influenced by
Used to indicate something that is a component of an agreement/contract.
has contractual element
Used to indicate the date a contract, relationship, or policy comes into force.
has effective date
Indicates the role played by specified Person or Organisation or Third Party in the specified Association.
has role
Links a status to the consent that uses it.
is status for
Used to associate a consent with a consent ID.
Used to associate an agent with an agent ID.
agent id
consent id
Used to associate a contract to a contract ID.
Used to store signature text or url for a contract.
Used to contain a list of contractor signatures to a specific contract.
A hash function is any function that can be used to map data of arbitrary size to fixed-size values. smashHit uses hashes for traceability.
hash
The identifier property represents any kind of identifier for any kind of Thing, such as ISBNs, GTIN codes, UUIDs etc. Schema.org provides dedicated properties for representing many of these, either as textual strings or as URL (URI) links.
identifier
Used to associate a license with a license ID.
license id
Used to associate a obligation state to a obligation state ID.
Used to associate a contractor signature with an signature ID.
Used to associate a term type to a contract term type ID.
A rights statement that concerns how the distribution is accessed.
access rights
The file format of the distribution.
format
Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the distribution.
issued
A language of the item. This refers to the natural language used for textual metadata (i.e. titles, descriptions, etc) of a cataloged resource (i.e. dataset or service) or the textual values of a dataset distribution
language
Most recent date on which the distribution was changed, updated or modified.
modified
Information about rights held in and over the distribution.
rights
A name given to the distribution.
title
The data property that does not relate any individual to any data value.
The property that determines the cardinality of an exact cardinality restriction.
The property that determines the cardinality of a maximum cardinality restriction.
The property that determines the cardinality of a maximum qualified cardinality restriction.
The property that determines the cardinality of a minimum cardinality restriction.
The property that determines the cardinality of a minimum qualified cardinality restriction.
The property that determines the cardinality of an exact qualified cardinality restriction.
The data property that relates every individual to every data value.
the angle formed by the intersection of a line perpendicular to the Earth's surface at a point and the plane of the Equator
has latitude
the angle between a plane that passes through the point and the North and South poles, and a reference plane
has longitude
The maximum latitude value that was recorded.
has maximum latitude
The maximum longitude value that was recorded.
has maximum longitude
The minimum latitude value that was recorded.
has minimum latitude
The minimum longitude value that was recorded.
has minimum longitude
A GPS Sensor
GPS
A humidity sensor.
Humidity
A Motion Sensor
Motion
An orientation sensor.
Orientation
Sensor
Acoustic sensors can be used to measure speed, volume, carriageway occupancy and presence. The advantage of acoustic sensors is that they can function under all lighting conditions and during adverse weather.
Acoustic
Air Data
Sensor data from an air pollution sensor.
Air Pollution Data
Air pollution sensors detect gases like carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide by measuring the absorption of infrared light.
Air Pollution Sensor
To attack or alter the data with the aim of data breach and illegal redistribution
Attack
Sensor data from a building.
Building Data
Describes a business to business contract.
Describes a business to consumer contract.
Sensor data from a car.
Car Data
Charity Organisation
Specifies the status of consent.
Consent Status
Describes the status of a contract.
Contract Status
A contract has been created within the smashHit system.
Created
As per Article 4(7) of the GDPR, ‘controller’ means the natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body which, alone or jointly with others, determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data; where the purposes and means of such processing are determined by Union or Member State law, the controller or the specific criteria for its nomination may be provided for by Union or Member State law;
Data Controller
As per Article 4(8) of the GDPR,‘processor’ means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body which processes personal data on behalf of the controller;
Data Processor
The Data Protection Officer (DPO) ensures, in an independent manner, that the European Commission correctly applies the law protecting individuals’ personal data. The DPO keeps a public register explaining all operations carried out by the Commission that involve processing personal data.
Data Protection Officer
As per GDPR article 4 (1) a Data Subject is identified or identifiable natural person to which an information relates.
Data Subject
A thing made or adapted for a particular purpose, especially a piece of mechanical or electronic equipment.
Device
A contract has been expired within the smashHit system.
Expired
to recognize two versions of the same data and later perform re-identification
Fingerprint
An obligation state is said to be fulfilled if the obligaion has been asigned and its action has been carried out during the time window [ts, te], where ts presents as a start time and te as end time.
Specifies that the consent has been granted/given.
Granted
to identify the data, and also later, capture modifications in the data
Inductive loop detectors are mainly used at intersections in conjunction with advanced signal traffic control systems, and on freeways for traffic monitoring and incident detection purposes.
Inductive Loop Detector
Something that consists of knowledge about something, including that obtained from analysis, instruction, investigation, study, and other processes
Information Entity
An obligation state is said to be invalid if te (end time) is already passed when it is assigned.
A set of requests/permissions to users of a Work, e.g. a copyright license, the public domain, information for distributors.
License
Magnetometers can provide information on traffic volume, lane occupancy, speed as well as vehicle length. Further, magnetometers provide for point detection.
Magnetometer
A type of magnetometer that is installed in pavements.
Micro Loop
Microwave radar detectors are examples of non-intrusive detection devices whose installation and maintenance does NOT require lane closure and pavement modifications. Unlike inductive loops, non-intrusive detection devices are not embedded in the pavement.
Microwave Radar Detector
This section includes the exploitation of vegetal and animal natural resources, comprising the activities of growing of crops, raising and breeding of animals, harvesting of timber and other plants, animals or animal products from a farm or their natural habitats.
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing
Mining and quarrying include the extraction of minerals occurring naturally as solids (coal and ores), liquids (petroleum) or gases (natural gas).
Extraction can be achieved by different methods such as underground or surface mining, well operation, seabed mining etc. This section includes supplementary activities aimed at preparing the crude materials for marketing, for example, crushing, grinding, cleaning, drying, sorting, concentrating ores, liquefaction of natural gas and agglomeration of solid fuels. These operations are often accomplished by the units that extracted the resource and/or others located nearby. Mining activities are classified into divisions, groups and classes on the basis of the principal mineral produced. Divisions 05, 06 are concerned with mining and quarrying of fossil fuels (coal, lignite, petroleum, gas); divisions 07, 08 concern metal ores, various minerals and quarry products. Some of the technical operations of this section, particularly related to the extraction of hydrocarbons, may also be carried out for third parties by specialised units as an industrial service which is reflected in division 09.
This section excludes: processing of the extracted materials, see section C (Manufacturing) usage of the extracted materials without a further transformation for construction purposes, see section F (Construction) bottling of natural spring and mineral waters at springs and wells, see 11.07 crushing, grinding or otherwise treating certain earths, rocks and minerals not carried on in conjunction with mining and quarrying, see 23.9
Mining and Quarrying
This section includes the physical or chemical transformation of materials, substances, or components into new products, although this cannot be used as the single universal criterion for defining manufacturing (see remark on processing of waste below). The materials, substances, or components transformed are raw materials that are products of agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining or quarrying as well as products of other manufacturing activities.
Substantial alteration, renovation or reconstruction of goods is generally considered to be manufacturing. The output of a manufacturing process may be finished in the sense that it is ready for utilisation or consumption, or it may be semi-finished in the sense that it is to become an input for further manufacturing. For example, the output of alumina refining is the input used in the primary production of aluminium; primary aluminium is the input to aluminium wire drawing; and aluminium wire is the input for the manufacture of fabricated wire products. Manufacture of specialised components and parts of, and accessories and attachments to, machinery and equipment is, as a general rule, classified in the same class as the manufacture of the machinery and equipment for which the parts and accessories are intended. Manufacture of unspecialised components and parts of machinery and equipment, e.g. engines, pistons, electric motors, electrical assemblies, valves, gears, roller bearings, is classified in the appropriate class of manufacturing, without regard to the machinery and equipment in which these items may be included. However, making specialised components and accessories by moulding or extruding plastics materials is included in group 22.2. Assembly of the component parts of manufactured products is considered manufacturing. This includes the assembly of manufactured products from either self-produced or purchased components. The recovery of waste, i.e. the processing of waste into secondary raw materials is classified in group 38.3 (Materials recovery). While this may involve physical or chemical transformations, this is not considered to be a part of manufacturing. The primary purpose of these activities is considered to be the treatment or processing of waste and they are therefore classified in Section E (Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities). However, the manufacture of new final products (as opposed to secondary raw materials) is classified in manufacturing, even if these processes use waste as an input. For example, the production of silver from film waste is considered to be a manufacturing process. Specialised maintenance and repair of industrial, commercial and similar machinery and equipment is, in general, classified in division 33 (Repair, maintenance and installation of machinery and equipment). However, the repair of computers and personal and household goods is classified in division 95 (Repair of computers and personal and household goods), while the repair of motor vehicles is classified in division 45 (Wholesale and retail trade and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles). The installation of machinery and equipment, when carried out as a specialised activity, is classified in 33.2. Remark: The boundaries of manufacturing and the other sectors of the classification system can be somewhat blurry. As a general rule, the activities in the manufacturing section involve the transformation of materials into new products. Their output is a new product. However, the definition of what constitutes a new product can be somewhat subjective. As clarification, the following activities are considered manufacturing in NACE: fresh fish processing (oyster shucking, fish filleting), not done on a fishing boat (see 10.20) milk pasteurising and bottling (see 10.51) leather converting (see 15.11) wood preserving (see 16.10) printing and related activities (see 18.1) tyre retreading (see 22.11) ready-mixed concrete production (see 23.63) electroplating, plating, and metal heat treating (see 25.61) rebuilding or remanufacturing of machinery (e.g. automobile engines, see 29.10) Conversely, there are activities that, although sometimes involving transformation processes, are classified in other sections of NACE; in other words, they are not classified as manufacturing. They include: logging, classified in section A (Agriculture, forestry and fishing); beneficiating of agricultural products, classified in section A (Agriculture, forestry and fishing); preparation of food for immediate consumption on the premises is classified to division 56 (Food and beverage service activities); beneficiating of ores and other minerals, classified in section B (Mining and quarrying); construction of structures and fabricating operations performed at the site of construction, classified in section F (Construction); activities of breaking bulk and redistribution in smaller lots, including packaging, repackaging, or bottling products, such as liquors or chemicals; sorting of scrap; mixing paints to customer order; and cutting metals to customer order; treatment not resulting into a different good is classified to section G (Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles).
Manufacturing
This section includes the activity of providing electric power, natural gas, steam, hot water and the like through a permanent infrastructure (network) of lines, mains and pipes.
The dimension of the network is not decisive; also included are the distribution of electricity, gas, steam, hot water and the like in industrial parks or residential buildings. This section therefore includes the operation of electric and gas utilities, which generate, control and distribute electric power or gas. Also included is the provision of steam and air-conditioning supply.
This section excludes the operation of water and sewerage utilities, see 36, 37. This section also excludes the (typically longdistance) transport of gas through pipelines.
Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning Supply
This section includes activities related to the management (including collection, treatment and disposal) of various forms of waste, such as solid or non-solid industrial or household waste, as well as contaminated sites.
The output of the waste or sewage treatment process can either be disposed of or become an input into other production processes. Activities of water supply are also grouped in this section, since they are often carried out in connection with, or by units also engaged in, the treatment of sewage.
Water Supply, Sewerage, Waste Management and Remediation Activities
This section includes general construction and specialised construction activities for buildings and civil engineering works. It includes new work, repair, additions and alterations, the erection of prefabricated buildings or structures on the site and also construction of a temporary nature.
General construction is the construction of entire dwellings, office buildings, stores and other public and utility buildings, farm buildings etc., or the construction of civil engineering works such as motorways, streets, bridges, tunnels, railways, airfields, harbours and other water projects, irrigation systems, sewerage systems, industrial facilities, pipelines and electric lines, sports facilities etc. This work can be carried out on own account or on a fee or contract basis. Portions of the work and sometimes even the whole practical work can be subcontracted out. A unit that carries the overall responsibility for a construction project is classified here. Also included is the repair of buildings and engineering works. This section includes the complete construction of buildings (division 41), the complete construction of civil engineering works (division 42), as well as specialised construction activities, if carried out only as a part of the construction process (division 43). The renting of construction equipment with operator is classified with the specific construction activity carried out with this equipment. This section also includes the development of building projects for buildings or civil engineering works by bringing together financial, technical and physical means to realise the construction projects for later sale. If these activities are carried out not for later sale of the construction projects, but for their operation (e.g. renting of space in these buildings, manufacturing activities in these plants), the unit would not be classified here, but according to its operational activity, i.e. real estate, manufacturing etc.
Construction
This section includes wholesale and retail sale (i.e. sale without transformation) of any type of goods, and rendering services incidental to the sale of merchandise. Wholesaling and retailing are the final steps in the distribution of merchandise.
Also included in this section are the repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles. Sale without transformation is considered to include the usual operations (or manipulations) associated with trade, for example sorting, grading and assembling of goods, mixing (blending) of goods (for example sand), bottling (with or without preceding bottle cleaning), packing, breaking bulk and repacking for distribution in smaller lots, storage (whether or not frozen or chilled). Division 45 includes all activities related to the sale and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles, while divisions 46 and 47 include all other sale activities. The distinction between division 46 (wholesale) and division 47 (retail sale) is based on the predominant type of customer. Wholesale is the resale (sale without transformation) of new and used goods to retailers, business-to-business trade, such as to industrial, commercial, institutional or professional users, or resale to other wholesalers, or involves acting as an agent or broker in buying merchandise for, or selling merchandise to, such persons or companies. The principal types of businesses included are merchant wholesalers, i.e. wholesalers who take title to the goods they sell, such as wholesale merchants or jobbers, industrial distributors, exporters, importers, and cooperative buying associations, sales branches and sales offices (but not retail stores) that are maintained by manufacturing or mining units apart from their plants or mines for the purpose of marketing their products and that do not merely take orders to be filled by direct shipments from the plants or mines. Also included are merchandise and commodity brokers, commission merchants and agents and assemblers, buyers and cooperative associations engaged in the marketing of farm products. Wholesalers frequently physically assemble, sort and grade goods in large lots, break bulk, repack and redistribute in smaller lots, for example pharmaceuticals; store, refrigerate, deliver and install goods, engage in sales promotion for their customers and label design. Retailing is the resale (sale without transformation) of new and used goods mainly to the general public for personal or household consumption or utilisation, in shops, department stores, stalls, mail-order houses, door-to-door sales persons, hawkers, consumer cooperatives, auction houses etc. Most retailers take title to the goods they sell, but some act as agents for a principal and sell either on consignment or on a commission basis.
Wholesale and Retail Trade
This section includes the provision of passenger or freight transport, whether scheduled or not, by rail, pipeline, road, water or air and associated activities such as terminal and parking facilities, cargo handling, storage etc.
Included in this section is the renting of transport equipment with driver or operator. Also included are postal and courier activities.
This section excludes: major repair or alteration of transport equipment, except motor vehicles, see group 33.1 construction, maintenance and repair of roads, railways, harbours, airfields, see division 42 maintenance and repair of motor vehicles, see 45.20 renting of transport equipment without driver or operator, see 77.1, 77.3
Transporting and Storage
This section includes the provision of short-stay accommodation for visitors and other travellers and the provision of complete meals and drinks fit for immediate consumption.
The amount and type of supplementary services provided within this section can vary widely.
This section excludes the provision of long-term accommodation as primary residences, which is classified in real estate activities (section L). Also excluded is the preparation of food or drinks that are either not fit for immediate consumption or that are sold through independent distribution channels, i.e. through wholesale or retail trade activities. The preparation of these foods is classified in manufacturing (section C).
Accommodation and Food Service Activities
This section includes the production and distribution of information and cultural products, the provision of the means to transmit or distribute these products, as well as data or communications, information technology activities and the processing of data and other information service activities.
The main components of this section are publishing activities (division 58), including software publishing, motion picture and sound recording activities (division 59), radio and TV broadcasting and programming activities (division 60), telecommunications activities (division 61), information technology activities (division 62) and other information service activities (division 63). Publishing includes the acquisition of copyrights for content (information products) and making this content available to the general public by engaging in (or arranging for) the reproduction and distribution of this content in various forms. All the feasible forms of publishing (in print, electronic or audio form, on the Internet, as multimedia products such as CD-ROM reference books etc.) are included in this section. Activities related to production and distribution of TV programming span divisions 59, 60 and 61, reflecting different stages in this process. Individual components, such as movies, television series etc. are produced by activities in division 59, while the creation of a complete television channel programme, from components produced in division 59 or other components (such as live news programming) is included in division 60. Division 60 also includes the broadcasting of this programme by the producer. The distribution of the complete television programme by third parties, i.e. without any alteration of the content, is included in division 61. This distribution in division 61 can be done through broadcasting, satellite or cable systems.
Information and Communication
This section includes Financial Service activities, including Insurance, Reinsurance and pension funding activities and activities to support financial services.
This section also includes the activities of holding assets, such as activities of holding companies and the activities of trusts, funds and similar financial entities.
Financial and Insurance Activities
This section includes acting as lessors, agents and/or brokers in one or more of the following: selling or buying real estate, renting real estate, providing other real estate services such as appraising real estate or acting as real estate escrow agents.
Activities in this section may be carried out on own or leased property and may be done on a fee or contract basis. Also included is the building of structures, combined with maintaining ownership or leasing of such structures. This section includes real estate property managers.
Real Estate Activities
This section includes specialised professional, scientific and technical activities. These activities require a high degree of training, and make specialised knowledge and skills available to users.
Professional, Scientific and Technical Activities
This section includes a variety of activities that support general business operations.
These activities differ from those in section M, since their primary purpose is not the transfer of specialised knowledge.
Administrative and Support Service Activities
This section includes activities of a governmental nature, normally carried out by the public administration.
This includes the enactment and judicial interpretation of laws and their pursuant regulation, as well as the administration of programmes based on them, legislative activities, taxation, national defence, public order and safety, immigration services, foreign affairs and the administration of government programmes. The legal or institutional status is not, in itself, the determining factor for an activity to belong in this section, rather than the activity being of a nature specified in the previous paragraph. This means that activities classified elsewhere in NACE do not fall under this section, even if carried out by public entities. For example, administration of the school system (i.e. regulations, checks, curricula) falls under this section, but teaching itself does not (see section P), and a prison or military hospital is classified to health (see section Q). Similarly, some activities described in this section may be carried out by non-government units. This section also includes compulsory social security activities.
Public Administration and Defence, Compulsory Social Security
This section includes education at any level or for any profession. The instructions may be oral or written and may be provided by radio, television, Internet or via correspondence.
It includes education by the different institutions in the regular school system at its different levels as well as adult education, literacy programmes etc. Also included are military schools and academies, prison schools etc. at their respective levels. The section includes public as well as private education. For each level of initial education, the classes include special education for physically or mentally handicapped pupils. The breakdown of the categories in this section is based on the level of education offered as defined by the levels of ISCED 1997. The activities of educational institutions providing courses: on ISCED level 0 are classified in 85.10 on ISCED level 1 in 85.20 on ISCED levels 2-3 in group 85.3 on ISCED level 4 in 85.41 and on ISCED level 5-6 in 85.42. This section also includes instruction primarily concerned with sport and recreational activities such as tennis or golf and education support activities.
Education
This section includes the provision of health and social work activities.
Activities include a wide range of activities, starting from health care provided by trained medical professionals in hospitals and other facilities, over residential care activities that still involve a degree of health care activities to social work activities without any involvement of health care professionals.
Human Health and Social Work Activities
This section includes a wide range of activities to meet varied cultural, entertainment and recreational interests of the general public, including live performances, operation of museum sites, gambling, sports and recreation activities.
Arts, Entertainment and Recreation
This section (as a residual category) includes the activities of membership organisations, the repair of computers and personal and household goods and a variety of personal service activities not covered elsewhere in the classification.
Other Service Activities
This section includes activities of Households as Employers and Undifferentiated Goods and Services-producing Activities of Households for own use
Activities of Households as Employers
This section includes activities of Extraterritorial Organisations and Bodies
Activities of Extraterritorial Organisations and Bodies
A contract has a status "pending" when some action related to its signing or termination is in progress.
The status is "pending", for example, when an entity has requested a contract to be terminated and the process has begun but is not completed yet.
Pending
If an obligation is not invalid but has not yet become fulfilled or violated, then it is pending.
Personal data are any information which are related to an identified or identifiable natural person (GDPR Art.4 (1)).
Personal Data
A photoelectric sensor uses a light beam to detect smoke.
Photoelectric Sensor
A textual entity that is used as directive to deliver something to a person, or organization
Postal Address
A short series of letters and/or numbers that is part of an address, and shows exactly where a place is.
Postal Code
A profit organisation exists primarily to generate a profit, that is, to take in more money than it spends.
Profit Organisation
To receive a notification from company B to a company A accusing the data reception
Receive
To register (sign) a data record
Each data, to be registered, has an owner that makes the data available to other actors. Data subject signs the hash of data with metadata and inserts the signature in the list of parameters that will constitute the data record.
Register
To reidentificate a dataset
The aim is to answer the question is given data belongs to the data subject or not, even if some parts of the data were modified.
Reidentificate
A contract has been renewed.
Renewed
Sensor data from a road sensor.
Road Data
The sector or domain of a purpose e.g. Agriculture, Advertising
There are various sector codes used commonly to indicate the domain of an organisation or business. The sector follows NACE (Nomenclature of Economic Activities). This is the European statistical classification of economic activities. NACE groups organizations according to their business activities.
Sector
To send data from company A to company B
Send
Data from a sensor.
Sensor Data
Sensor Data Category
A contract has been signed by all entities involved in it.
Signed
Information about a place, person, or thing from which something originates or can be obtained.
Source
Describes the status of both consent and contracts.
Status
Technical storage location defined e.g. by a URL
Storage Location
Describes the types of terms and coditions.
Term Types
A contract has been terminated.
Terminated
Terms & Conditions means the Special Conditions of Contract and General Conditions of Contract herein mentioned and other stipulations incorporated in any part of Tender Document and /or Agreement.
Terms And Conditions
To trace the use of registered data
Data subject may use this entity to indicate the request to trace of its own registered data, meaning the data not received from another companies but either owned by the company or directly collected from the data owner.
Trace
A contract has been updated within the smashHit system.
If the obligation has been assigned, has not been fulfilled, and is not invalid, but te has passed, then it is violated.
to insert a secret (watermark) in the data and later perform re-identification
Watermark
A type of magnetometers that do not require extensive work under concrete.
Wireless Magentometers
It identifies if the consent is taken in the form of mobile application.
It also identifies if the contract/license is taken in the form of mobile application.
App Based
It is used to identify if the consent is taken in the form of audio.
It also identifies if the contract is made in the form of audio or verbal.
Audio
It identifies if the consent is taken in the form of an online form.
It also identifies if the contract/license is made in the form of an online form.
Online Form
It identifies if the consent is taken as an online opt-in option.
It also identifies if the contract/license is made as an online opt-in option.
Opt-In Option
It identifies if the consent is taken on paper.
It also identifies if the contract/license is made on paper.
Paper
It identifies if the consent is taken in the form of video.
It also identifies if the contract/license is made in the form of video.
Video
Automobile Organisation
Construction Organisation
Educational Organisation
Government Organisation
A nonprofit organization is a business that has been granted tax-exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) because it furthers a social cause and provides a public benefit
Non Profit Organisation
University
A temporal entity with zero extent or duration
Instant
A temporal entity with an extent or duration
Interval
A temporal interval or instant.
Temporal Entity
A curated collection of metadata about resources (e.g., datasets and data services in the context of a data catalog)
A Web-based data catalog is typically represented as a single instance of this class
Catalog
A collection of data, published or curated by a single agent, and available for access or download in one or more representations.
Dataset
Distribution
Resource published or curated by a single agent.
Resource
A role is the function of a resource or agent with respect to another resource, in the context of resource attribution or resource relationships.
Role
Research conducted in an academic context e.g. within universities
Academic Research
To conduct or enforce access control
Access Control
To modify the data, often rewritten into a new form for a new use
Adapt
To adjust the data to be in relation to another data
Align
To change the data withouth changing it into something else
Alter
Information used to authenticate an individual with something they know
Authenticating
To gather data from someone
Collect
To join or merge data
Combine
For purposes of commercial activities i.e. of profit or benefit to the Controller
Commercial Interest
Research conducted in a commercial setting e.g. in a company
Commercial Research
To consult or query data
Consult
Information that can be used for contacting an individual e.g. email address or phone number
Contact
Create and provide personalised recommendations for events to the individual
Create Event Recommendations
Create and provide personalised recommendations to the individual
Create Personalized Recommendations
To create product recommendations e.g. suggest similar products
Create Product Recommendations
Processes related to providing assistance for customer satisfaction
Customer Care
Source of data
Data Source
To deliver goods and services
Delivery of Goods
To process data in a way it no longer exists or cannot be repaired
Destruct
To disclose data by means of transmission
Disclose by Transmission
To spread data throughout
Disseminate
Information about an individual's Email address.
Email Address
To delete data
Erase
Personal Data that can be observed by another person i.e. has external characteristics that make it visible
External
Personal data regarding finance or monetary information
Financial
To detect and prevent fraud
Fraud Prevention And Detection
Information that uniquely or semi-uniquely identifies a specific individual
Identifying
To verify and authorise identity
Identity Verification
To improve existing products and services
Improve Existing Products and Services
To improve customer-relationship management (CRM) processes
Improve Internal CRM Processes
To improve the robustness and resilience of services
Increase Service Robustness
Personal data about characteristics of an individual that are internal i.e. cannot be seen or observed
Internal
Optimisation of internal resources used by the organisation e.g. resource usage
Internal Resource Optimisation
Research conducted in a non-commercial setting e.g. for a non-profit-organisation (NGO)
Non-Commercial Research
Information on an official identification document used by an individual.
Official ID
Optimisation of activities and services for the consumer or user
Optimisation For Consumer
Optimisation of activities and services for the Controller
Optimisation For Controller
Optimisation of interfaces presented to the user
Optimise User Interface
To organise data for arranging or classifying
Organise
Information about things an individual has owned, rented, borrowed, possessed
Ownership
An individual's password used in the process of authenticating the individual as a user accessing a system.
Password
A category of personal data (as defined by GDPR article 4.1) from the personal data categories taxonomy, i.e. for instance denoting the category of an object/field or data item that is used for processing
Personal Data Category
Personalisation of benefits received by the user
Personalised Benefits
Information about an individual’s preferences or interests
Preference
Information about an individual's privacy preferences
Privacy Preference
The processing performed on personal data
Processing is defined by the GDPR (Article 4-2) as "any operation or set of operations which is performed on personal data or on sets of personal data, whether or not by automated means, such as collection, recording, organisation, structuring, storage, adaptation or alteration, retrieval, consultation, use, disclosure by transmission, dissemination or otherwise making available, alignment or combination, restriction, erasure or destruction;". Processing can be considered as the action, within an activity for example, that uses data in a particular or specific way. Therefore, processing specifies what is happening to/with the data.
Processing
The purpose of Data Handling, from the purposes Taxonomy
Purpose
To make a record (especially media)
Record
Performing research and developing new methods,products, or services
Research And Development
To apply a restriction on the processsing of specific records
Restrict
To retrieve data, often in an automated manner
Retrieve
A risk or possibility or uncertainty of negative effects, impacts, or consequences.
This entity is a connection point to other ontologies identifying all possible Risks that can occur to the data of a data subject, as for instance the Risks defined in the DPV-GDPR vocabulary: https://w3c.github.io/dpv/dpv-gdpr/
Risk
Security of data
Security
To sell data or information to third parties
Sell Data To Third Parties
To sell or commercially provide insights obtained from analysis of data
Sell Insights From Data
To sell products or services to the data subject or user
Sell Products To DataSubject
To sell or provide targetted advertisements about the user to Third Parties
Sell Targeted Advertisements
Optimization of service or activity
Service Optimization
Personalization of service or activity for the user
Service Personalization
Provision of service or activity
Service Provision
Share
To keep data for future use
Store
To arrange data according to a structure
Structure
Information about telephone number
Telephone Number
Personal data that can be used to track an individual or used as an identifier e.g. location or email
Tracking
An unique identifier used to identify an individual.
UID
To use data
Use
Personalisation of interfaces presented to the user
User Interface Personalisation
A username used to identify an individual.
Username
The obligation to perform an Action.
Duty
The ability to perform an Action over an Asset.
Permission
A non-empty group of Permissions and/or Prohibitions.
Policy
An abstract concept that represents the common characteristics of Permissions, Prohibitions, and Duties.
Rule
An agent is something that bears some form of responsibility for an activity taking place, for the existence of an entity, or for another agent's activity.
Agent
An organization is a social or legal institution such as a company, society, etc.
Organisation
Person agents are people.
Person
A software agent is running software.
Software Agent
Date of birth
Birth Date
A non-depository institution whose primary and predominant business activity is the writing of insurance or the reinsuring of risks underwritten by insurance companies, and that provides compensation based on the happening of at least one contingency
In the US, insurance companies are subject to supervision by the insurance commissioner or a similar official or agency of a State; or any receiver or similar official or any liquidating agent for such a company, in his capacity as such. Common forms of insurance include life, property and casualty, and health insurance. In addition to insuring against hazards, many insurance companies also sell investments or investment-like products. The most prevalent investment products offered by insurers are annuities and life insurance policies that also feature investment elements.
Insurance Company
Voluntary, deliberate agreement between competent parties to which the parties agree to be legally bound, and for which the parties provide valuable consideration.
A contractual relationship is evidenced by (1) an offer, (2) acceptance of the offer, and a (3) valid (legal and valuable) consideration. A contract is a kind of agreement, and as such it embodies the assertion that it has been negotiated, such negotiation having included the presence of some offer and the acceptance of that offer on the part of either or both of the parties. Contracts are usually written but may be spoken or implied, and generally have to do with employment, sale or lease, or tenancy.
Contract
contract between named parties whose individual rights and obligations are not transferable to another party without prior written permission.
Explanatory Note A mutual contractual agreement involves an exchange of a promises in which the promises made by each party represent considerations supporting the promises of the other party(ies).
Mutual Contractual Agreement
Urban administrative division having corporate status and usually powers of self-government or jurisdiction
The territory over which a municipality has jurisdiction may encompass: - only one populated place such as a city, town, or village - several of such places (e.g., early jurisdictions in the state of New Jersey (1798-1899) as townships governing several villages, Municipalities of Mexico) - only parts of such places, sometimes boroughs of a city such as the 34 municipalities of Santiago, Chile.
Municipality
As per Article 4(11) of the GDPR, ‘consent’ of the data subject means any freely given, specific, informed and unambiguous indication of the data subject’s wishes by which he or she, by a statement or by a clear affirmative action, signifies agreement to the processing of personal data relating to him or her; In the case of this ontology, 'Consent' is a concept as well as a tangible entity (something that has a provenance record). To separate this distinction with relation to the data subject, the Consent class represents the consent of the data subject in its entirely, including any history and annotations for it.
Consent
Indicates consent has been withdrawn.
Also used when consent is revoked.
Withdrawn
Describes the medium through which consent was given/provided. Example: web form, recorded voice, signature on document.
The class can also be used for contracts and licenses, which have the same types of mediums.
Medium
Specified that the consent is invalid.
Invalid
Specifies that the consent is valid.
Valid
a geopolitical entity representing a country or dependent territory
Country
A geopolitical entity, typically a division of a country, dependency, or other area of special geopolitical interest related to a country or other geopolitical entity
State
An area, especially part of a country or the world having definable characteristics but not always fixed boundaries
Geographic Region
Any country, federal province, city or other administrative unit that represents a geophysical location and has some political identity
Geopolitical Entity
A place or position in time and/or space, including virtual place
Location
A geopolitical entity, typically considered an area of special geopolitical interest, related to a country or other geopolitical entity
Certain territories are included in the ISO 3166-2 code set without an alpha 2 or alpha 3 code. In these cases, the numeric code for the subregion may have more than 3 characters in their corresponding numeric region codes.
Territory
A spatial region or named place.
An interval of time that is named or defined by its start and end dates.
A short series of letters and/or numbers that is part of an address, and shows exactly where a place is
Post Code
Used to associate a contractor to a contractor ID.
Given
has hash
Used to associate a concept with its hash.
Used to associate and agent with an id.
has id
NotGiven
Used to associate a obligation to a contract obligation ID.
Used to associate a term to a contract term ID.
The nature or genre of the resource.
The empty list, with no items in it. If the rest of a list is nil then the list has no more items in it.
The object of the subject RDF statement.
The predicate of the subject RDF statement.
The rest of the subject RDF list after the first item.
The subject of the subject RDF statement.
The subject is a subproperty of a property.
The property that determines the class that a universal property restriction refers to.
The property that determines the predicate of an annotated axiom or annotated annotation.
The property that determines the subject of an annotated axiom or annotated annotation.
The property that determines the object of an annotated axiom or annotated annotation.
The property that determines the predicate of a negative property assertion.
The property that determines that a given class is the complement of another class.
The property that determines that a given data range is the complement of another data range with respect to the data domain.
The property that determines that a given class is equivalent to the disjoint union of a collection of other classes.
The property that determines that two given classes are disjoint.
The property that determines the collection of pairwise different individuals in a owl:AllDifferent axiom.
The property that determines that two given classes are equivalent, and that is used to specify datatype definitions.
The property that determines that two given properties are equivalent.
The property that determines the collection of properties that jointly build a key.
The property that determines the property that a self restriction refers to.
The property that determines the individual that a has-value restriction refers to.
The property that determines the collection of classes or data ranges that build an intersection.
The property that determines that two given properties are inverse.
The property that determines the collection of members in either a owl:AllDifferent, owl:AllDisjointClasses or owl:AllDisjointProperties axiom.
The property that determines the class that a qualified object cardinality restriction refers to.
The property that determines the data range that a qualified data cardinality restriction refers to.
The property that determines the datatype that a datatype restriction refers to.
The property that determines the n-tuple of properties that a property restriction on an n-ary data range refers to.
The property that determines the property that a property restriction refers to.
The property that determines the collection of individuals or data values that build an enumeration.
The property that determines the n-tuple of properties that build a sub property chain of a given property.
The property that determines that two given properties are disjoint.
The property that determines the class that an existential property restriction refers to.
The property that determines the value of a negative data property assertion.
The property that determines the collection of classes or data ranges that build a union.
The property that determines the collection of facet-value pairs that define a datatype restriction.
A7-3 Right to Withdraw Consent