Version,Set,Old_Set_ID,CID,QID,Sub-ID,Wording,Response,Comment,Respondent,Dom,DomOrder,DataType,Answer1,Answer2,Answer3,Answer4,Answer5,Answer6,Answer7,Answer8,Surname,[q2o1answer],FLang,F_ISO,F_Glottocode,[q2o2answer],NLang,N_ISO,N_Glottocode,ContactPair,ContactPair_ISO,ContactPair_Glottocode,AArea,Reviewer
1.0.0,set29,set10,P1,DEM00,,1. Has exchange ever been a relevant domain of contact between [q2o1answer] and [q2o2answer]?,Yes,"Both social exchange and marriage are relevant to contact between various subgroups of the Burarra and Yolngu Matha language groups. These connections were likely more codified in pre-colonial and early colonial times, but certainly continue in the present time. Both ceremony and gift-exchange are salient domains. I provide specific examples below.
EXCHANGE BETWEEN SPECIFIC GROUPS
Distinct patterns of exchange and marriage exist between different clan and dialect groups within the Burarra and Yolngu Matha groups. Extensive ceremonial, cultural and economic links existed and still exist to a degree between the Yan-nhangu (a Yolngu group of the Crocodile Islands) and north-eastern Burarra people who own territory around Cape Stewart (e.g. Bowern and James 2006). The two groups interact closely and regularly, characterising themselves as ‘close’ (yi-gurrepa in Burarra; galki in Yan-nhangu) (Bagshaw 1998: 249). The two groups share major religious resources and can be subsumed under a variety of (in some cases moiety-specific) designations which each pick out some salient aspect of the shared territory (e.g. Maringa (‘coast’); Gulala (‘mangrove pod’)).
At the southern reaches of Burarra territory, speakers of the Gun-nartpa dialect of Burarra also connect closely with Yolngu groups. They are more closely affiliated with inland freshwater country kin from the Yolngu Djinang/Wurlaki-speaking clans (as well as Rembarrnga/Kune, Kuninjku and Gurr-goni – speaking clans) than with their coastal Burarra neighbours. They connect also with Yolngu groups from the further-afield Yurrwi/Milingimbi area on the Crocodile Islands (including Yan-nhangu speaking groups). There is a local theory of language origins that states that the Gun-nartpa, along with other Burarra speakers, originated at Yurrwi, but following tribal war the ancestors of the Gun-nartpa moved inland. A contemporary example of the connection between these groups is the presence of large jambang ‘tamarind’ trees that grow at Gochan Jiny-jirra, a Gun-nartpa outstation of the An-nguliny clan. These were grown from seeds collected from Yurrwi by a young Gun-nartpa man who was encouraged to take them from a Macassan trepang site by the local landowners. As Carew notes, “the presence of the trees is an instantiation of the kinship and ceremonial connections between their group and Yirrichinga clan groups at Milingimbi, who do own Macassan sites” (Carew 2016: 72).
At various points along the Burarra/Yolngu boundary, speakers from both groups have been in close long-term contact within particular clan ‘aggregates’ or ‘clusters’ – higher level groupings of clans which were/are affiliated, which would have spent much time together (perhaps seasonally) and which may share Dreamings, sites and territory. Examples: the Manydjikay clan aggregate includes Burarra and Yan-nhangu (Keen 1978: 24; see also Bagshaw 1998: 271), and the Marrangu clan aggregate or ceremonial polity includes (Jowunga/Dhuwa moiety) Djinang and Martay Burarra clans (Elliot 1991, 2015; Carew 2016).

THE NATURE OF BURARRA/YOLNGU CEREMONIAL EXCHANGE 
– ceremony
Exchange between Burarra and Yolngu groups occurs often through diplomacy rituals, funeral performances and initiation ceremonies. The reciprocity observable in ceremonial participation and exchange is central to structuring social life in Arnhem Land (Carew 2016: 102, Brown 2014). Examples of ceremonies conducted for inter-group diplomacy which implicate these two groups include Rom (involving the presentation of a decorated pole as a gift e.g. Altman 2008, Wild 1986) and Marrajiri (pre-colonially a post-burial ceremony but now a birth celebration, e.g. Borsboom 1978). Historically, these ceremonies would have provided opportunities for exchanging goods, but now goods are acquired through the market. Nevertheless, ceremonies like these continue to provide opportunities for social exchange and serve as markers of distinct group identity (Altman 2008: 15).
– funerals and initiation
Funerals, especially for clan leaders, and japi (young men’s initiation), and associated bunggul (dance performance) and manakay (song performance), are other rituals attracting participants from across a large region (e.g. Brown 2014) and regularly across Burarra/Yolngu Matha groups. Typically particular kin relations will have special roles in these ceremonies, necessitating cooperation and exchange between culturally connected groups, such as the Burarra and Yolngu. Mortuary rituals also function as sites of ceremonial exchange, such as the lorrkon ceremony performed by both Yolngu (e.g. Djinang) and Burarra groups (e.g. Keen 1978: 157) in which the bones of dead person are prepared for final internment in a carved and painted hollow log. The film ‘Waiting for Harry’ (McKenzie 1980) documents the recovery of the remains of Frank Gurrmanamana's brother (who had been buried in Maningrida six years earlier) to Jina-wunya – a Burarra outstation – for Frank for arrange the final mortuary ceremony. The ceremony crucially involved the participation of Yan-nhangu men from Cape Stewart whose mothers’ mothers came from the deceased’s clan (see also Clunies-Ross 1989). At this and other similar funeral/mortuary gatherings involving Burarra and Yolngu groups, there is evidence from several accounts that Burarra has been used as a lingua franca between the coastal groups (Carew 2016: 79). E.g. Clunies-Ross (1983) describes a Yan-nhangu man giving an oration in Burarra at an An-barra Burarra funeral, his language being “somewhat accented but not ... ungrammatical” (Clunies-Ross 1983:10) (although Carew (2016: 79) suggests that this may in fact just be the Maringa dialect of Burarra).

– gift exchange

Gift exchange between the Burarra and Yolngu has occurred as a ritualised part of ceremonial exchange, and also in some other non-ritualised contexts. As part of the modern Marajiri/Maradjiri ceremony, for example, a ‘birth pole’ is prepared and gifted ""to make friends"" with another group, ""[to] stress the indissoluble unity between a group of people, natural species and a certain locality"" (Borsboom 1978: xiv and 15, cited in Elliot 1991). The gifting described above of tamarind seeds to a young Gun-nartpa man from landowners at Yurrwi provides an example of non-ceremonial gifting (Carew 2016: 72).

N.B.: REGARDING DESCRIBING CONTACT BETWEEN THESE GROUPS
1) A complicating factor in discussing contact between language groups in northern Australia is that language does not always delineate the most salient and important social boundaries between groups. That is to say, examples are readily observable where a single social and political group (such as a clan) is affiliated with more than one language (e.g. the Gamal and Bindararr clans which are affiliated with both Burarra and the Yolngu variety Yan-nhangu). Conversely, there are groups which are socially, culturally and geographically distinct but which ostensibly share the same language (e.g. the ‘freshwater’ Gun-nartpa people and the coastal Burarra, both of whom speak Burarra). As anthropologist Ad Borsboom notes of Djinang-speaking groups: “[s]hared language does not make a unity of these clans” (Borsboom 1978:23, see also Keen 1978; Carew 2016). Instead, the clan is typically the most prominent social unit, with language one of many secondary indices for identity in the region. ‘Burarra’ and ‘Yolngu Matha’, then, refer to loose affiliations of interconnected social groups, but are cross-cut by various other intergroup boundaries – social, ceremonial, cultural, economic, geographical etc. It’s therefore the case that I am able to generalise across these loose groups on some points but on others I will need to be more specific, say at the clan/clan aggregate/dialect or someother level (where information exists).
2) When considering contact between these two groups, it’s important to centralise the long-standing high levels of multilingualism in the region. Although an individual will typically identify with a single language through her/his patrilineal line, local language repertoires usually take in several languages. So many Burarra people would have spoken Yolngu languages pre-colonially and still do, and vice versa. So yes there is ‘contact’ between somewhat distinct social groups which can be identified as Burarra or Yolngu, but linguistic contact is not restricted to these encounters as many speakers involved would already speak both languages since childhood (e.g. through mother or grandparents, see marriage discussion below). For example, Gun-nartpa people today typically speak the Yolngu language Djinang and Kune as well their own variety of Burarra (Carew 2016: 67).",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1286,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1286,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D12,DEM45,,"10. How often are these speech styles typically used during practices of exchange, in comparison with unmonitored speech?",Sometimes,"Within certain classificatory kinship dyads speech taboos are always the case, and within the specific ceremonial context the other speech taboos are likely pretty consistently observed. But in other exchange contexts where the speech taboos would not be in place, so it depends on the context.",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Scalar,Always,Sometimes,As much as unmonitored speech,Rarely,Never,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1298,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1298,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DEM03,DEM03-3,"11. Social categories. Does involvement in Exchange practices differ based on a person's descent group, such as clan, house, lineage group, kinship group?",Yes,"Clan – determines ceremonial role in many cases, e.g. funeral's where clan of deceased are ceremony hosts and overseers",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1301,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1301,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DEM03,DEM03-6,11. Social categories. Does involvement in Exchange practices differ based on a person’s age or life stage?,Yes,Age – seniority in clan knowledge and performance may come with advanced age; initiation ceremonies involve distinct roles for young initiates,Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1304,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1304,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DEM03,DEM03-4,"11. Social categories. Does involvement in Exchange practices differ based on a person’s group of land ownership, such as tribe, clan, territorial group?",Yes,"Land-owners – often equates to clan group, land-owners have rights and responsibilities for ceremonial events on their land and in ceremonies on other territory connected e.g. by song lines",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1302,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1302,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DEM03,DEM03-7,11. Social categories. Does involvement in Exchange practices differ based on a person’s place identity and affiliation?,No,,Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1305,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1305,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DEM03,DEM03-5,"11. Social categories. Does involvement in Exchange practices differ based on a person’s race, ethnicity, or some other similar grouping?",No,,Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1303,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1303,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DEM03,DEM03-8,11. Social categories. Does involvement in Exchange practices differ based on a person’s sex or gender?,Yes,"Sex/gender – men and women have strongly circumscribed roles at ceremonies, e.g. women and children may not be allowed to come near where the ceremonial preparations are taking place, nor look at the art works involved.",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1306,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1306,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DEM03,DEM03-9,11. Social categories. Does involvement in Exchange practices differ based on any other communities of practice?,Yes,Other CoPs include moiety groups – e.g. women of one moiety prepare food for opposite moiety men during the secret phase of ceremonies,Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1307,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1307,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DEM03,DEM03-1,"11. Social categories. Does involvement in Exchange practices differ based on hierarchies associated to profession or wealth, such as a person's class or caste?",No,,Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1299,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1299,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DEM03,DEM03-2,"11. Social categories. Does involvement in Exchange practices differ based on whether a person belongs to some magico-religiously sanctioned group, such as religious denomination?",No,,Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1300,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1300,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D10,DEM41,,12. Do [q2o1answer] people experience exchange differently depending on social group?,No,"Everyone participates in social exchange, albeit with somewhat distinct roles as detailed above",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1308,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1308,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S1,DEM08,,13. How often do [q2o1answer] people exchange with [q2o2answer] people?,Very often,"Across interactions through clan aggregate connections, ceremonial exchange, intermarriage etc. Again though, this is a tricky notion within an inherently multilingual language ecology and with Burarra and YM not always delineating entirely separate social groups. So for some subsets the language 'groups' are in daily contact, and in others less frequent (e.g. once or twice yearly) contact.",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Scalar,Very often,Often,Sometimes,Rarely,Very rarely,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1309,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1309,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S3,DEM11,,14. How many people are typically involved in interactions between [q2o1answer] and [q2o2answer] in the context of exchange?,Interactions are sometimes under 5 people,"Interactions are usually in larger groups, e.g. at the clan level, but with dyadic and small group conversation occurring with these larger group exchanges",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Scalar,Interactions are practically always under 5 people,Interactions are often under 5 people,Interactions are sometimes under 5 people,Interactions are rarely under 5 people,Interactions are practically never under 5 people,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1310,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1310,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S5,DEM10,,15. How would you rate the overall relationship between [q2o1answer] and [q2o2answer] people in the domain of exchange?,Friendly,"The Burarra and YM, despite speaking languages that are on either side of a major linguistic boundary, are close associate and 'friends' (or at least there are subgroups of each group that are close), sharing social structures that contrast with those of western Arnhem. E.g. Elwell (1977: 24-26) groups the Burarra with various Yolngu groups (Djinang, Yan-ngangu, Gupapuyngu, Gumatj and Wangurri) under the 'Eastern Arnhem Land tribes' umbrella, noting their shared patrilineal social structure (also Armstrong 1967: 14-15).

Within a ceremonial context (as described above in discussion on influence), the relationship could be characterised as complementary and fairly egalitarian. And as is typical of small-scale multilingual contexts, the languages are understood to be egalitarian, with each having its own special rights associated with a particular tract of land. Having said this, in Clunies-Ross' (1989: 120) discussion of the participation of Yan-nhangu (YM) men in a Burarra mortuary ritual says the following: ""It is clear from this speech [i.e. a speech from one of the Yan-nhangu men] and many others like it on the Waiting for Harry footage that the spirit of cooperation and helpfulness between aburramari [i.e. men whose mother's mothers came from the deceased's clan] and the owning clans points to an only thinly veiled underlying rivalry. Rivalry between owners and ngamonbeninga [i.e. men whose mother's came from the deceased's clan] is also evident, and in both cases alternates with statements of concern and threat against anyone who would dare to steal and use their clan designs without permission"".",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Scalar,Friendly,Somewhat friendly,Neutral,Somewhat hostile,Hostile,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1311,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1311,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S6,DEM40,,16. What is the proportion of total [q2o1answer] people who have opportunities for contact with [q2o2answer] people in the context of exchange?,Almost everyone,"It is my understanding that pre-colonially more or less all Burarra people would have had some opportunity for contact, both with larger YM groups and through intermarriage patterns with various subgroups.",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Scalar,Almost everyone,Many people,Some people,Few people,Practically no one,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1312,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1312,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S7,DEM44,,17. What is the proportion of total [q2o2answer] people who have opportunities for contact with [q2o1answer] people in the context of exchange?,Many people,"Although for many YM groups, the same applies as for Burarra people above, it is likely that the easternmost YM groups would have had less opportunity for Burarra contact. But nevertheless *some* contact was probably still the case, so perhaps 70% is an underestimate?",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Scalar,Almost everyone,Many people,Some people,Few people,Practically no one,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1313,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1313,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,BA,DEM17,,18. What is the overall attitude that [q2o1answer] people have towards [q2o2answer] people in the context of exchange?, Positive,"As noted above, the Burarra and YM tend to group together within an eastern Arnhem bloc in contrast to the western groups, sharing social structures. This positive affiliation is evident in many arenas, from orthographic choices for the languages to politics at the football. In personal linguistic biographies I've collected these positive attitudes also emerge, with Burarra folks more likely to overstate their YM competence and connections, and to underplay their connections to their western neighbours, e.g. the Ndjébbana and Bininj Kunwok. I've not said 'very positive' though as group distinctiveness is still very important and there are still examples of somewhat negative evaluations of YM ppl from Burarra ppl.",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Scalar,Very positive,Positive,Neutral,Negative,Very negative,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1314,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1314,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,BH,DEM18,,19. How do [q2o1answer] people view themselves overall in relation to [q2o2answer] people in the context of exchange?,[q2o1answer] see themselves as neither superior nor inferior to [q2o2answer],"While each group has prestige and rights on their own country, these are not inherent to the group but rather about custodianship of country, sites and ceremonies. Prestige is a difficult concept to operationalise in Indigenous Australia, pre-colonially at least, as it shifts across contexts. E.g. the members of a particular would have special prestige wrt a sacred site owned by that clan if members of another group were visiting.",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Scalar,[q2o1answer] see themselves as very superior to [q2o2answer],[q2o1answer] see themselves as superior to [q2o2answer],[q2o1answer] see themselves as neither superior nor inferior to [q2o2answer],[q2o1answer] see themselves as inferior to [q2o2answer],[q2o1answer] see themselves as very inferior to [q2o2answer],NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1315,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1315,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,BI,DEM05,,20. What language do [q2o1answer] people expect to be used when interacting with [q2o2answer] people through practices of exchange?,This is highly contextual,"Various scenarios are observed, all characteristic of the small-scale multilingual context (see Singer & Harris 2016; Vaughan 2020, 2021a, b). 

Strong language ideologies exist dictating use of the patrilect by both groups across all settings, and this does play out in many contexts, including certain more 'performative' and broadcast communication, and in the practice of receptive multilingualism whereby e.g. married couples will each use their own language in conversation. 

However situations also arise where Burarra and YM speakers would use an L2, and for these speakers that would often be Burarra and YM. E.g. during ceremonial exchange ppl may use the language of their hosts. Clunies-Ross (1983: 10) notes that Burarra is used in an funeral oration by a Yan-nhangu man, and Elwell (1977: 25-6) also notes Gupapuyngu (YM) as a regional lingua franca among the 'eastern bloc'.

Code-switching does occur but is less prevalent than might be predicted from the typological congruence on the languages (Vaughan 2021) – i.e. Burarra and YM linguistically ‘congruent’ but not socially congruent (following Sebba 1998). Examples of intersentential code-switching are however fairly common, and intrasentential code-switching does happen sometimes, for example between Burarra and Yan-nhangu formerly as an expression of a hybrid ‘Yan-nhangu-Burarra’ identity which, in contemporary times, is now largely expressed through the Burarra language (as very few speakers now have fluent command of Yan-nhangu).",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1316,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1316,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,O1,DEM14,,21. What language do [q2o1answer] people typically speak during practices of exchange with [q2o2answer] people?,This is highly contextual,See comment for Q20,Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1317,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1317,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,O2,DEM15,,22. Do [q2o1answer] people typically simplify their [q2o1answer] language when speaking with [q2o2answer] people during practices of Exchange?,No,"Given the daily multilingualism of the region, I don't believe this would have been the case. Burarra's role as a common L2 has in recent decades at least resulted in some simplifications and levelling of variation, but it's difficult to say whether this would have been the case pre-colonially.",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Types,Yes,No,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1318,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1318,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,O3,DEM16,,"23. Typically in the context of exchange practices, how fluently to [q2o1answer] people speak the [q2o2answer] language?",Fluently,"Struggled a bit with this answer as some speakers are highly fluent, basically L1-level usually from having a YM-speaking caregiver. Others would have functional competence, and others largely receptive competence.",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Scalar,Very fluently,Fluently,Somewhat fluently,A little fluently,Not fluently at all,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1319,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1319,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,I1,DEM12,,24. What language do [q2o2answer] people typically speak to [q2o1answer] people during practices of exchange?,This is highly contextual,"As with this question for Burarra people, various scenarios are observed, all characteristic of the small-scale multilingual context (see Singer & Harris 2016; Vaughan 2020, 2021a, b). I would expect that the patrilect would be observed in many contexts (incl, receptive multilingual conversations) but that concessions to the landowners languages would be made in other settings. It has also been noted that Burarra functioned as a lingua franca of sorts in mixed contexts, so the balance may tip slightly in this direction in some settings. E.g. as described above a Yan-nhangu man is noted to have delivered a funeral address in Burarra. Also in early footage of Maningrida, government officials are explaining voting to a large group of local people from several language groups. A senior local man is engaged to translate and deliver the information in broadcast speech to the group and Burarra is the language used (the man is Burarra though).",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1320,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1320,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,I2,DEM13,,"25. Typically in contexts of exchange practices, how well do [q2o1answer] people understand the [q2o2answer] language?",Very well,"For many Burarra people, this would be the case. For others there may be some lexical gaps in certain contexts.",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Types,Very well,Well,Somewhat,Poorly,Very poorly,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1321,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1321,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T1,DEM06,,26. How much do [q2o1answer] children participate in practices of exchange?,They participate a lot,"If we are considering ceremonial exchange, then children (and women) are restricted from certain secret parts of the ceremony, e.g. the preparation of artworks on a hollow log coffin. However, I imagine many intergroup interactions would have been happening away from these areas with women and children from the other group.",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Scalar,They practically always participate,They participate a lot,They participate somewhat,They participate a little,They practically never participate,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1322,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1322,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T6,DEM39,DEM39-2,"27. Child socialisation. Typically during practices of exchange, do parents look after children up to five year of age?",Yes,"Young children are cared for by parents, especially mothers and mothers' sisters (who are considered mothers), other adults (most likely female), and older children. Researchers in northern Australia have noted the contemporary importance of the 'kid mob' – i.e. groups of children spending time together away from communal areas and from adult social activities – and this is assumed to have been the case pre-colonially also. Loakes et al (2013): ""In Indigenous Australian communities, older children not only play with and interact with younger children, but are also expected to take on some responsibility with respect to looking after them in the community. This means that for many older children, a large proportion of their daily interactions are likely to take place with other children"". Hamilton (1981), in her study of Burarra child-rearing practices, notes that children usually stay with caregivers for the first 18–24 months of life, but from ~2 are ""expected to adapt rapidly to new circumstances, to accept the peer group as the most significant force in its daily life, and to look to other children rather than mother or father for support and learning experiences"" (1981: 100). These peer groups then develop into the more structured 'kid mobs' for children 5-9. To an extent, these groups are determined by common language and kinship ties (1981: 103), and remain important for older kids and adolescents.",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1324,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1324,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T6,DEM39,DEM39-1,"27. Child socialisation. Typically during practices of exchange, do adults other than the parents look after children up to five year of age?",Yes,"Young children are cared for by parents, especially mothers and mothers' sisters (who are considered mothers), other adults (most likely female), and older children. Researchers in northern Australia have noted the contemporary importance of the 'kid mob' – i.e. groups of children spending time together away from communal areas and from adult social activities – and this is assumed to have been the case pre-colonially also. Loakes et al (2013): ""In Indigenous Australian communities, older children not only play with and interact with younger children, but are also expected to take on some responsibility with respect to looking after them in the community. This means that for many older children, a large proportion of their daily interactions are likely to take place with other children"". Hamilton (1981), in her study of Burarra child-rearing practices, notes that children usually stay with caregivers for the first 18–24 months of life, but from ~2 are ""expected to adapt rapidly to new circumstances, to accept the peer group as the most significant force in its daily life, and to look to other children rather than mother or father for support and learning experiences"" (1981: 100). These peer groups then develop into the more structured 'kid mobs' for children 5-9. To an extent, these groups are determined by common language and kinship ties (1981: 103), and remain important for older kids and adolescents.",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1323,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1323,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T6,DEM39,DEM39-3,"27. Child socialisation. Typically during practices of exchange, do children from sibling-kin groups look after children up to five year of age?",Yes,"Young children are cared for by parents, especially mothers and mothers' sisters (who are considered mothers), other adults (most likely female), and older children. Researchers in northern Australia have noted the contemporary importance of the 'kid mob' – i.e. groups of children spending time together away from communal areas and from adult social activities – and this is assumed to have been the case pre-colonially also. Loakes et al (2013): ""In Indigenous Australian communities, older children not only play with and interact with younger children, but are also expected to take on some responsibility with respect to looking after them in the community. This means that for many older children, a large proportion of their daily interactions are likely to take place with other children"". Hamilton (1981), in her study of Burarra child-rearing practices, notes that children usually stay with caregivers for the first 18–24 months of life, but from ~2 are ""expected to adapt rapidly to new circumstances, to accept the peer group as the most significant force in its daily life, and to look to other children rather than mother or father for support and learning experiences"" (1981: 100). These peer groups then develop into the more structured 'kid mobs' for children 5-9. To an extent, these groups are determined by common language and kinship ties (1981: 103), and remain important for older kids and adolescents.",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1325,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1325,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T6,DEM39,DEM39-4,"27. Child socialisation. Typically during practices of exchange, do children up to five year of age look after each other as part of the same peer group?",Yes,"Young children are cared for by parents, especially mothers and mothers' sisters (who are considered mothers), other adults (most likely female), and older children. Researchers in northern Australia have noted the contemporary importance of the 'kid mob' – i.e. groups of children spending time together away from communal areas and from adult social activities – and this is assumed to have been the case pre-colonially also. Loakes et al (2013): ""In Indigenous Australian communities, older children not only play with and interact with younger children, but are also expected to take on some responsibility with respect to looking after them in the community. This means that for many older children, a large proportion of their daily interactions are likely to take place with other children"". Hamilton (1981), in her study of Burarra child-rearing practices, notes that children usually stay with caregivers for the first 18–24 months of life, but from ~2 are ""expected to adapt rapidly to new circumstances, to accept the peer group as the most significant force in its daily life, and to look to other children rather than mother or father for support and learning experiences"" (1981: 100). These peer groups then develop into the more structured 'kid mobs' for children 5-9. To an extent, these groups are determined by common language and kinship ties (1981: 103), and remain important for older kids and adolescents.",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1326,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1326,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T11,DEM20,,"28. Typically, how much supervision do adults provide to children during practices of exchange?",Some supervision,See above regarding the supervision and infleunce of the peer group at different ages,Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Scalar,Constant supervision,A lot of supervision,Some supervision,Little supervision,No supervision at all,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1327,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1327,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T2,DEM21,,29. What language do [q2o2answer] adults typically speak to [q2o1answer] children during practices of exchange?,This is highly contextual,"All the earlier comments re language choice in exchange contexts apply here, but I would add that since these exchanges are more or less occurring within a 'society of intimates', the YM adult is likely to know something of the language repertoire of the Burarra child and this would probably affect whether YM or Burarra is used.",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1328,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1328,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P2,DEM0a,,3. How long have [q2o1answer] and [q2o2answer] people practised exchange for? ,"For many hundreds of years, certainly stretching back a significant period of time prior to colonisation in the late 18th century.",,Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1287,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1287,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T4,DEM22,,"30. Typically, what language do [q2o1answer] children prefer to speak with [q2o2answer] adults in the context of exchange?",This is highly contextual,"I would say that many Burarra children would use Burarra with adults they know less well, but with YM-speaking adults they know well (e.g. kin) they may well use YM if it is within their family language repertoire.",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1329,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1329,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T5,DEM25,,"31. Typically, what language do [q2o1answer] children speak to [q2o2answer] children during practices of exchange?",This is highly contextual,"I'm not certain here, but based on contemporary interactions and descriptions of 'kid mob' interactions elsewhere, I would guess that various strategies would be drawn on. Although code-mixing between 'traditional' languages is not widespread, I could imagine this occurring in children's usage for whom the language ideologies that dictate code separation have not yet taken strong hold. I could also see both Burarra and YM used in these interactions, again partly determined by which languages children are already familiar with. But also the 'kid mobs' were likely sites of intensive language acquisition so Burarra children who hadn't already acquired any YM would almost certainly acquire some if spending time with YM peers.",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Types,There are no [q2o2answer] children in the domain of exchange,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1330,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1330,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DEM26,DEM26-2,"32. Marrying out: When marrying each other, should [q2o1answer] people and [q2o2answer] people marry somebody outside their descent group or clan?",Yes,"Marriage rules dictate ideal marriage with designated skin (‘malk’) groups – subsections of the opposite moiety. This also means outside the clan group, since clans are patrilineal and therefore made up of people from the same moiety. Both groups have ideologies about which kin category is an ideal marriage. For Yolngu – “the ideal wife for a man is a woman classified as 'mother's brother's daughter', called galay (Warner 1969:43). An actual MBD is best, but if no-one of that near relationship is available, then one as near by blood as possible is preferred (1969:46); ""men marry a woman of their mother's clan who is their galay, and/or the daughter of a mukul rumaru of their mother's mother's clan or a classificatory mother's mother's clan"" (Keen 1978:110). For Burarra – “a man has rights in certain women as potential mothers-in-law. These are women to whom the man applies the kin term djabur, who are members of his mother's generation or alternate generations, and who are members of his mother's mother's patrilineal group, or whose own mother's mothers belong(ed) to the man's patrilineal group. Among a man's genealogically closest djabur, his MMBD, MMBSSD, FZDD and DDD are his potential mothers-in-law” (Keen 1982). These are all kin categories of the opposite moiety, and often result in close connections between clans linked by regular marriage links. As Keen (1982) summarises: “The Gidjingali [Burarra] community consists of a number of small patrilineal land-owning units linked together in a dense mesh of marriage ties through which each group is united to many of the others. The Yolngu clan on the other hand is linked to far fewer groups, but by many marriage ties to each group. Members of two clans of the opposite moiety who are united by a persistent marriage alliance are political allies. Clans of the same moiety in a wife-bestower-wife- receiver relation (a relation of MM-ZDC, mdri-gutharra in the idiom of kinship) are often members of the same named clan-aggregate and are also political allies in some contexts”. Keen (1982, 2016) also notes how these webs of cross-cutting marriages between patrigroups map onto regional (often referred to as dialect) identities.

There are some sources that state a (Yolngu) ideology about marrying within the clan, such as this one from a senior Yolngu man: ""Marrying from another tribal clan is dishonouring to the clan group and will “mix” the descendant line. The purpose of both men and women under Ngarra marriage law is to continue the descendant line of the tribal clan […] A boyfriend or girlfriend from another clan is known as a “lubra” boyfriend or girlfriend. Having a lubra boyfriend or girlfriend is inappropriate and dangerous as it is a breach of Ngarra marriage law and a breach of kinship rules and offenders may be cursed. A lubra boyfriend or girlfriend may be seen as a prostitute."" (Gaymarani 2011: 290). However since clans are patrilineal this would mean marrying within the moiety which contravenes the marriage-outside-the-moiety ideology. Perhaps here ‘clan’ refers in fact to some higher level grouping or a different clan understood to provide marriage partners? In any case clan exogamy certainly is the norm in practice.

Regarding language group – for Burarra and Yolngu people, these are sometimes outside of linguistic group, but is not stated as an ideology. These are relatively large language groups, so this happens a bit less often than for some smaller language groups, but is still common enough. In the same Yolngu source as above though, Gaymarani states “A mixed marriage (Yolngu with non-Yolngu) will only cause one problem after another and there will be no sense of peace in the marriage” so perhaps these ideologies do exist at least on one side? Of Keen’s (1982) account, McConvell (2013) says, “Keen, in keeping with the practice of most anthropologists (‘fictive closure’ In Denham’s terms) talks about Yolngu marriage (i.e. between Yolngu) and does not mention the fact that there are significant numbers of marriages between Yolngu and neighbouring groups, including the Burarra.”",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1332,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1332,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DEM26,DEM26-3,"32. Marrying out: When marrying each other, should [q2o1answer] people and [q2o2answer] people marry somebody outside their designated marriage group such as a moiety?",Yes,"Marriage rules dictate ideal marriage with designated skin (‘malk’) groups – subsections of the opposite moiety. This also means outside the clan group, since clans are patrilineal and therefore made up of people from the same moiety. Both groups have ideologies about which kin category is an ideal marriage. For Yolngu – “the ideal wife for a man is a woman classified as 'mother's brother's daughter', called galay (Warner 1969:43). An actual MBD is best, but if no-one of that near relationship is available, then one as near by blood as possible is preferred (1969:46); ""men marry a woman of their mother's clan who is their galay, and/or the daughter of a mukul rumaru of their mother's mother's clan or a classificatory mother's mother's clan"" (Keen 1978:110). For Burarra – “a man has rights in certain women as potential mothers-in-law. These are women to whom the man applies the kin term djabur, who are members of his mother's generation or alternate generations, and who are members of his mother's mother's patrilineal group, or whose own mother's mothers belong(ed) to the man's patrilineal group. Among a man's genealogically closest djabur, his MMBD, MMBSSD, FZDD and DDD are his potential mothers-in-law” (Keen 1982). These are all kin categories of the opposite moiety, and often result in close connections between clans linked by regular marriage links. As Keen (1982) summarises: “The Gidjingali [Burarra] community consists of a number of small patrilineal land-owning units linked together in a dense mesh of marriage ties through which each group is united to many of the others. The Yolngu clan on the other hand is linked to far fewer groups, but by many marriage ties to each group. Members of two clans of the opposite moiety who are united by a persistent marriage alliance are political allies. Clans of the same moiety in a wife-bestower-wife- receiver relation (a relation of MM-ZDC, mdri-gutharra in the idiom of kinship) are often members of the same named clan-aggregate and are also political allies in some contexts”. Keen (1982, 2016) also notes how these webs of cross-cutting marriages between patrigroups map onto regional (often referred to as dialect) identities.

There are some sources that state a (Yolngu) ideology about marrying within the clan, such as this one from a senior Yolngu man: ""Marrying from another tribal clan is dishonouring to the clan group and will “mix” the descendant line. The purpose of both men and women under Ngarra marriage law is to continue the descendant line of the tribal clan […] A boyfriend or girlfriend from another clan is known as a “lubra” boyfriend or girlfriend. Having a lubra boyfriend or girlfriend is inappropriate and dangerous as it is a breach of Ngarra marriage law and a breach of kinship rules and offenders may be cursed. A lubra boyfriend or girlfriend may be seen as a prostitute."" (Gaymarani 2011: 290). However since clans are patrilineal this would mean marrying within the moiety which contravenes the marriage-outside-the-moiety ideology. Perhaps here ‘clan’ refers in fact to some higher level grouping or a different clan understood to provide marriage partners? In any case clan exogamy certainly is the norm in practice.

Regarding language group – for Burarra and Yolngu people, these are sometimes outside of linguistic group, but is not stated as an ideology. These are relatively large language groups, so this happens a bit less often than for some smaller language groups, but is still common enough. In the same Yolngu source as above though, Gaymarani states “A mixed marriage (Yolngu with non-Yolngu) will only cause one problem after another and there will be no sense of peace in the marriage” so perhaps these ideologies do exist at least on one side? Of Keen’s (1982) account, McConvell (2013) says, “Keen, in keeping with the practice of most anthropologists (‘fictive closure’ In Denham’s terms) talks about Yolngu marriage (i.e. between Yolngu) and does not mention the fact that there are significant numbers of marriages between Yolngu and neighbouring groups, including the Burarra.”",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1333,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1333,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DEM26,DEM26-4,"32. Marrying out: When marrying each other, should [q2o1answer] people and [q2o2answer] people marry somebody outside their hierarchical social group such as class or caste?",No,"Marriage rules dictate ideal marriage with designated skin (‘malk’) groups – subsections of the opposite moiety. This also means outside the clan group, since clans are patrilineal and therefore made up of people from the same moiety. Both groups have ideologies about which kin category is an ideal marriage. For Yolngu – “the ideal wife for a man is a woman classified as 'mother's brother's daughter', called galay (Warner 1969:43). An actual MBD is best, but if no-one of that near relationship is available, then one as near by blood as possible is preferred (1969:46); ""men marry a woman of their mother's clan who is their galay, and/or the daughter of a mukul rumaru of their mother's mother's clan or a classificatory mother's mother's clan"" (Keen 1978:110). For Burarra – “a man has rights in certain women as potential mothers-in-law. These are women to whom the man applies the kin term djabur, who are members of his mother's generation or alternate generations, and who are members of his mother's mother's patrilineal group, or whose own mother's mothers belong(ed) to the man's patrilineal group. Among a man's genealogically closest djabur, his MMBD, MMBSSD, FZDD and DDD are his potential mothers-in-law” (Keen 1982). These are all kin categories of the opposite moiety, and often result in close connections between clans linked by regular marriage links. As Keen (1982) summarises: “The Gidjingali [Burarra] community consists of a number of small patrilineal land-owning units linked together in a dense mesh of marriage ties through which each group is united to many of the others. The Yolngu clan on the other hand is linked to far fewer groups, but by many marriage ties to each group. Members of two clans of the opposite moiety who are united by a persistent marriage alliance are political allies. Clans of the same moiety in a wife-bestower-wife- receiver relation (a relation of MM-ZDC, mdri-gutharra in the idiom of kinship) are often members of the same named clan-aggregate and are also political allies in some contexts”. Keen (1982, 2016) also notes how these webs of cross-cutting marriages between patrigroups map onto regional (often referred to as dialect) identities.

There are some sources that state a (Yolngu) ideology about marrying within the clan, such as this one from a senior Yolngu man: ""Marrying from another tribal clan is dishonouring to the clan group and will “mix” the descendant line. The purpose of both men and women under Ngarra marriage law is to continue the descendant line of the tribal clan […] A boyfriend or girlfriend from another clan is known as a “lubra” boyfriend or girlfriend. Having a lubra boyfriend or girlfriend is inappropriate and dangerous as it is a breach of Ngarra marriage law and a breach of kinship rules and offenders may be cursed. A lubra boyfriend or girlfriend may be seen as a prostitute."" (Gaymarani 2011: 290). However since clans are patrilineal this would mean marrying within the moiety which contravenes the marriage-outside-the-moiety ideology. Perhaps here ‘clan’ refers in fact to some higher level grouping or a different clan understood to provide marriage partners? In any case clan exogamy certainly is the norm in practice.

Regarding language group – for Burarra and Yolngu people, these are sometimes outside of linguistic group, but is not stated as an ideology. These are relatively large language groups, so this happens a bit less often than for some smaller language groups, but is still common enough. In the same Yolngu source as above though, Gaymarani states “A mixed marriage (Yolngu with non-Yolngu) will only cause one problem after another and there will be no sense of peace in the marriage” so perhaps these ideologies do exist at least on one side? Of Keen’s (1982) account, McConvell (2013) says, “Keen, in keeping with the practice of most anthropologists (‘fictive closure’ In Denham’s terms) talks about Yolngu marriage (i.e. between Yolngu) and does not mention the fact that there are significant numbers of marriages between Yolngu and neighbouring groups, including the Burarra.”",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1334,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1334,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DEM26,DEM26-5,"32. Marrying out: When marrying each other, should [q2o1answer] people and [q2o2answer] people marry somebody outside their linguistic group?",B,"Marriage rules dictate ideal marriage with designated skin (‘malk’) groups – subsections of the opposite moiety. This also means outside the clan group, since clans are patrilineal and therefore made up of people from the same moiety. Both groups have ideologies about which kin category is an ideal marriage. For Yolngu – “the ideal wife for a man is a woman classified as 'mother's brother's daughter', called galay (Warner 1969:43). An actual MBD is best, but if no-one of that near relationship is available, then one as near by blood as possible is preferred (1969:46); ""men marry a woman of their mother's clan who is their galay, and/or the daughter of a mukul rumaru of their mother's mother's clan or a classificatory mother's mother's clan"" (Keen 1978:110). For Burarra – “a man has rights in certain women as potential mothers-in-law. These are women to whom the man applies the kin term djabur, who are members of his mother's generation or alternate generations, and who are members of his mother's mother's patrilineal group, or whose own mother's mothers belong(ed) to the man's patrilineal group. Among a man's genealogically closest djabur, his MMBD, MMBSSD, FZDD and DDD are his potential mothers-in-law” (Keen 1982). These are all kin categories of the opposite moiety, and often result in close connections between clans linked by regular marriage links. As Keen (1982) summarises: “The Gidjingali [Burarra] community consists of a number of small patrilineal land-owning units linked together in a dense mesh of marriage ties through which each group is united to many of the others. The Yolngu clan on the other hand is linked to far fewer groups, but by many marriage ties to each group. Members of two clans of the opposite moiety who are united by a persistent marriage alliance are political allies. Clans of the same moiety in a wife-bestower-wife- receiver relation (a relation of MM-ZDC, mdri-gutharra in the idiom of kinship) are often members of the same named clan-aggregate and are also political allies in some contexts”. Keen (1982, 2016) also notes how these webs of cross-cutting marriages between patrigroups map onto regional (often referred to as dialect) identities.

There are some sources that state a (Yolngu) ideology about marrying within the clan, such as this one from a senior Yolngu man: ""Marrying from another tribal clan is dishonouring to the clan group and will “mix” the descendant line. The purpose of both men and women under Ngarra marriage law is to continue the descendant line of the tribal clan […] A boyfriend or girlfriend from another clan is known as a “lubra” boyfriend or girlfriend. Having a lubra boyfriend or girlfriend is inappropriate and dangerous as it is a breach of Ngarra marriage law and a breach of kinship rules and offenders may be cursed. A lubra boyfriend or girlfriend may be seen as a prostitute."" (Gaymarani 2011: 290). However since clans are patrilineal this would mean marrying within the moiety which contravenes the marriage-outside-the-moiety ideology. Perhaps here ‘clan’ refers in fact to some higher level grouping or a different clan understood to provide marriage partners? In any case clan exogamy certainly is the norm in practice.

Regarding language group – for Burarra and Yolngu people, these are sometimes outside of linguistic group, but is not stated as an ideology. These are relatively large language groups, so this happens a bit less often than for some smaller language groups, but is still common enough. In the same Yolngu source as above though, Gaymarani states “A mixed marriage (Yolngu with non-Yolngu) will only cause one problem after another and there will be no sense of peace in the marriage” so perhaps these ideologies do exist at least on one side? Of Keen’s (1982) account, McConvell (2013) says, “Keen, in keeping with the practice of most anthropologists (‘fictive closure’ In Denham’s terms) talks about Yolngu marriage (i.e. between Yolngu) and does not mention the fact that there are significant numbers of marriages between Yolngu and neighbouring groups, including the Burarra.”",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1335,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1335,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DEM26,DEM26-1,"32. Marrying out: When marrying each other, should [q2o1answer] people and [q2o2answer] people marry somebody outside their village or other kind of local community?",B,"Marriage rules dictate ideal marriage with designated skin (‘malk’) groups – subsections of the opposite moiety. This also means outside the clan group, since clans are patrilineal and therefore made up of people from the same moiety. Both groups have ideologies about which kin category is an ideal marriage. For Yolngu – “the ideal wife for a man is a woman classified as 'mother's brother's daughter', called galay (Warner 1969:43). An actual MBD is best, but if no-one of that near relationship is available, then one as near by blood as possible is preferred (1969:46); ""men marry a woman of their mother's clan who is their galay, and/or the daughter of a mukul rumaru of their mother's mother's clan or a classificatory mother's mother's clan"" (Keen 1978:110). For Burarra – “a man has rights in certain women as potential mothers-in-law. These are women to whom the man applies the kin term djabur, who are members of his mother's generation or alternate generations, and who are members of his mother's mother's patrilineal group, or whose own mother's mothers belong(ed) to the man's patrilineal group. Among a man's genealogically closest djabur, his MMBD, MMBSSD, FZDD and DDD are his potential mothers-in-law” (Keen 1982). These are all kin categories of the opposite moiety, and often result in close connections between clans linked by regular marriage links. As Keen (1982) summarises: “The Gidjingali [Burarra] community consists of a number of small patrilineal land-owning units linked together in a dense mesh of marriage ties through which each group is united to many of the others. The Yolngu clan on the other hand is linked to far fewer groups, but by many marriage ties to each group. Members of two clans of the opposite moiety who are united by a persistent marriage alliance are political allies. Clans of the same moiety in a wife-bestower-wife- receiver relation (a relation of MM-ZDC, mdri-gutharra in the idiom of kinship) are often members of the same named clan-aggregate and are also political allies in some contexts”. Keen (1982, 2016) also notes how these webs of cross-cutting marriages between patrigroups map onto regional (often referred to as dialect) identities.

There are some sources that state a (Yolngu) ideology about marrying within the clan, such as this one from a senior Yolngu man: ""Marrying from another tribal clan is dishonouring to the clan group and will “mix” the descendant line. The purpose of both men and women under Ngarra marriage law is to continue the descendant line of the tribal clan […] A boyfriend or girlfriend from another clan is known as a “lubra” boyfriend or girlfriend. Having a lubra boyfriend or girlfriend is inappropriate and dangerous as it is a breach of Ngarra marriage law and a breach of kinship rules and offenders may be cursed. A lubra boyfriend or girlfriend may be seen as a prostitute."" (Gaymarani 2011: 290). However since clans are patrilineal this would mean marrying within the moiety which contravenes the marriage-outside-the-moiety ideology. Perhaps here ‘clan’ refers in fact to some higher level grouping or a different clan understood to provide marriage partners? In any case clan exogamy certainly is the norm in practice.

Regarding language group – for Burarra and Yolngu people, these are sometimes outside of linguistic group, but is not stated as an ideology. These are relatively large language groups, so this happens a bit less often than for some smaller language groups, but is still common enough. In the same Yolngu source as above though, Gaymarani states “A mixed marriage (Yolngu with non-Yolngu) will only cause one problem after another and there will be no sense of peace in the marriage” so perhaps these ideologies do exist at least on one side? Of Keen’s (1982) account, McConvell (2013) says, “Keen, in keeping with the practice of most anthropologists (‘fictive closure’ In Denham’s terms) talks about Yolngu marriage (i.e. between Yolngu) and does not mention the fact that there are significant numbers of marriages between Yolngu and neighbouring groups, including the Burarra.”",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1331,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1331,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DEM27,DEM27-2,"33. Marrying within: When marrying each other, should [q2o1answer] people and [q2o2answer] people marry somebody from the same descent group or clan?",No,See discussion in DEM26. Marriage partners should come from a specified kin category which often equates to a specific clan group or group of clans.,Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1337,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1337,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DEM27,DEM27-3,"33. Marrying within: When marrying each other, should [q2o1answer] people and [q2o2answer] people marry somebody from the same designated marriage group such as a moiety?",No,See discussion in DEM26. Marriage partners should come from a specified kin category which often equates to a specific clan group or group of clans.,Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1338,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1338,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DEM27,DEM27-4,"33. Marrying within: When marrying each other, should [q2o1answer] people and [q2o2answer] people marry somebody from the same hierarchical social group such as class or caste?",B,See discussion in DEM26. Marriage partners should come from a specified kin category which often equates to a specific clan group or group of clans.,Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1339,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1339,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DEM27,DEM27-5,"33. Marrying within: When marrying each other, should [q2o1answer] people and [q2o2answer] people marry somebody from the same linguistic group?",B,See discussion in DEM26. Marriage partners should come from a specified kin category which often equates to a specific clan group or group of clans.,Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1340,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1340,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DEM27,DEM27-1,"33. Marrying within: When marrying each other, should [q2o1answer] people and [q2o2answer] people marry somebody from the same village or other kind of local community?",B,See discussion in DEM26. Marriage partners should come from a specified kin category which often equates to a specific clan group or group of clans.,Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1336,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1336,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DEM28,DEM28-1,34. Polygyny. Is polygyny possible for [q2o1answer] men?,Yes,"Keen (1982) ‘How Some Murngin Men Marry Ten Wives: The Marital Implications of Matrilateral Cross-Cousin Structures’ summarises this issue thoroughly. While polygyny is possible for Burarra men, with the average number of wives per (married) man 1.52, Yolngu men tend to marry more wives with an average of 2.21 per (married) man and with some older Yolngu men with as many as ten wives by the time they are in their 50s and 60s.

This is for a variety of reasons summarised below (all from Keen 1982):
– Yolngu men especially continue to marry new wives across the lifespan, and an ‘appropriate’ age difference is more likely to be consistently reproduced in the Yolngu system
– Burarra men are less likely than Yolngu men to find women in whom they have primary rights as potential wives of marriageable age
– married Burarra men are expected to be generous in waiving their rights in women for the benefit of unmarried men. Yolngu men are not so much – older brothers are likely to marry most ‘claimable’ women
– the smaller Burarra patrilineal groups are not as effective as political units, providing little or no support for male members' claims in women, while larger Yolngu clans are able to provide effective support for members' claims

Therefore the men with the most wives are likely to be Yolngu eldest brothers who are members of relatively large clans.",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1341,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1341,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DEM28,DEM28-2,34. Polygyny. Is polygyny possible for [q2o2answer] men?,Yes,"Keen (1982) ‘How Some Murngin Men Marry Ten Wives: The Marital Implications of Matrilateral Cross-Cousin Structures’ summarises this issue thoroughly. While polygyny is possible for Burarra men, with the average number of wives per (married) man 1.52, Yolngu men tend to marry more wives with an average of 2.21 per (married) man and with some older Yolngu men with as many as ten wives by the time they are in their 50s and 60s.

This is for a variety of reasons summarised below (all from Keen 1982):
– Yolngu men especially continue to marry new wives across the lifespan, and an ‘appropriate’ age difference is more likely to be consistently reproduced in the Yolngu system
– Burarra men are less likely than Yolngu men to find women in whom they have primary rights as potential wives of marriageable age
– married Burarra men are expected to be generous in waiving their rights in women for the benefit of unmarried men. Yolngu men are not so much – older brothers are likely to marry most ‘claimable’ women
– the smaller Burarra patrilineal groups are not as effective as political units, providing little or no support for male members' claims in women, while larger Yolngu clans are able to provide effective support for members' claims

Therefore the men with the most wives are likely to be Yolngu eldest brothers who are members of relatively large clans.",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1342,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1342,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DEM28,DEM28-3,34. Polygyny. Is polygyny possible for men from all societal strata?,Yes,"Keen (1982) ‘How Some Murngin Men Marry Ten Wives: The Marital Implications of Matrilateral Cross-Cousin Structures’ summarises this issue thoroughly. While polygyny is possible for Burarra men, with the average number of wives per (married) man 1.52, Yolngu men tend to marry more wives with an average of 2.21 per (married) man and with some older Yolngu men with as many as ten wives by the time they are in their 50s and 60s.

This is for a variety of reasons summarised below (all from Keen 1982):
– Yolngu men especially continue to marry new wives across the lifespan, and an ‘appropriate’ age difference is more likely to be consistently reproduced in the Yolngu system
– Burarra men are less likely than Yolngu men to find women in whom they have primary rights as potential wives of marriageable age
– married Burarra men are expected to be generous in waiving their rights in women for the benefit of unmarried men. Yolngu men are not so much – older brothers are likely to marry most ‘claimable’ women
– the smaller Burarra patrilineal groups are not as effective as political units, providing little or no support for male members' claims in women, while larger Yolngu clans are able to provide effective support for members' claims

Therefore the men with the most wives are likely to be Yolngu eldest brothers who are members of relatively large clans.",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1343,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1343,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DEM29,DEM29-3,"35. Polyandry. If possible, is polyandry of fraternal type?",NA,,Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1346,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1346,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DEM29,DEM29-4,"35. Polyandry. If possible, is polyandry of non-fraternal type?",NA,,Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1347,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1347,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DEM29,DEM29-1,35. Polyandry. Is polyandry possible for [q2o1answer] women?,No,,Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1344,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1344,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DEM29,DEM29-2,35. Polyandry. Is polyandry possible for [q2o2answer] women?,No,,Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1345,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1345,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DEM37,DEM37-1,36. What type of marriage payments and transfers are expected when [q2o1answer] and [q2o2answer] marry? Bride wealth,No,,Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1348,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1348,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DEM37,DEM37-2,36. What type of marriage payments and transfers are expected when [q2o1answer] and [q2o2answer] marry? Dowry,No,,Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1349,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1349,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DEM37,DEM37-3,36. What type of marriage payments and transfers are expected when [q2o1answer] and [q2o2answer] marry? Other,Yes,"I don’t have a heap of evidence on this question, but it seems that gifting desirable commodities was the case, and possibly also providing services to the woman’s father. A couple of sources state that the men did the gift giving (Hiatt 1956; Keen 1982; Gaymarani 2011):

“men press claims to women not only on the basis of seniority or priority of rights but on the grounds of niece exchange, the levirate, the sororate or as a return for gifts (Hiatt 1965: 82)”

“A man's daugher's husbands and promised husbands owe him gifts and services, even if the mother is living apart and he is not the genitor.” (Keen 1982: 641)

“An exchange of goods accompanies a marriage. Items such as clothing and money are exchanged according to the customary obligation on supporting family. Generous giving is required by the law even if the giving individuals are themselves in poverty.” (Gaymarani 2011)",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1350,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1350,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DEM31,DEM31-1,37. Intermarriage. Is it typical for [q2o1answer] men to marry [q2o2answer] women?,Yes,"Although I wouldn't say it's the norm exactly, it certainly happens in both directions (e.g. McConvell 2013; Carew 2016; Elliott 1991)",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1351,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1351,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DEM31,DEM31-2,37. Intermarriage. Is it typical for [q2o1answer] women to marry [q2o2answer] men?,Yes,"Although I wouldn't say it's the norm exactly, it certainly happens in both directions (e.g. McConvell 2013; Carew 2016; Elliott 1991)",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1352,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1352,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D6,DEM32,,38. Where do marriage ceremonies between [q2o1answer] and [q2o2answer] take place?,This is highly contextual,"There aren't marriage 'ceremonies' as such, but essentially the woman joins her husband where he lives",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Types,At places which belong to the [q2o1answer],At places which belong to the [q2o2answer],At places which belong to some other group,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1353,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1353,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S5,DEM34,,39. How would you rate the overall relationship between [q2o1answer] and [q2o2answer] people in practices of marriage exchanges?,Somewhat friendly,"As noted in the earlier answer to Q15, subsets of the Burarra and Yolngu are close associates and 'friends'. In the context of marriage exchange this still holds but I've downgraded it to 'somewhat friendly' for a couple of reasons. 1) due to competition between rival men and their clans for wives and the hostility that can arise in those contexts (although this probably also the case between clans who spoke the same language); and 2) due to the ideologies mentioned above reported by some against marrying outside of the Yolngu bloc.",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Scalar,Friendly,Somewhat friendly,Neutral,Somewhat hostile,Hostile,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1354,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1354,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P3,DEM0b,,4. What is the time frame when the largest number of people had the most opportunities for interaction in exchange?,"1600-1800. The start date here is fairly arbitrary, it just delineates a usefully large chunk of time. The end date captures the arrival of British colonists in 1788 (colonial incursions into Arnhem Land were much later than their arrival in Australia).",,Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1289,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1289,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S6,DEM42,,40. What is the proportion of total [q2o1answer] people who have opportunities for contact with [q2o2answer] people in the context of marriage exchanges?,Many people,"Hard to be certain here, but there are well documented examples of intermarriage patterns both along the Burarra/Yolngu boundary as well as between non-contiguous groups like the An-barra Burarra at Jinawunya and the Yan-nhangu at Yinangarnduwa/Cape Stewart.",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Scalar,Almost everyone,Many people,Some people,Few people,Practically no one,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1355,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1355,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S7,DEM43,,41. What is the proportion of total [q2o2answer] people who have opportunities for contact with [q2o1answer] people in the context of marriage exchanges? ,Some people,Again an estimate. A bit less than the Burarra proportion to account for the easternmost Yolngu who may not encounter Burarra people so often.,Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Scalar,Almost everyone,Many people,Some people,Few people,Practically no one,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1356,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1356,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,BA,DEM35,,42. What is the overall attitude that [q2o1answer] people have towards [q2o2answer] people in practices of marriage exchanges?, Positive,"The Burarra are typically grouped with the Yolngu under the 'Eastern Arnhem Land tribes' umbrella, sharing social structures and enjoying friendly relations. Yolngu speaking clans would feature among positively-evaluated matches in marriage for many Burarra people.",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Scalar,Very positive,Positive,Neutral,Negative,Very negative,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1357,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1357,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,BH,DEM36,,"43. How do [q2o1answer] people view themselves overall in relation to [q2o2answer] people, within the context of marriage?",[q2o1answer] see themselves as neither superior nor inferior to [q2o2answer],"Generally speaking, I believe the perception to be fairly egalitarian although there may be some ideologies in some corners that privilege Burarra unions",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Scalar,[q2o1answer] see themselves as very superior to [q2o2answer],[q2o1answer] see themselves as superior to [q2o2answer],[q2o1answer] see themselves as neither superior nor inferior to [q2o2answer],[q2o1answer] see themselves as inferior to [q2o2answer],[q2o1answer] see themselves as very inferior to [q2o2answer],NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1358,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1358,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,BI,DEM33,,44. What language do [q2o1answer] people expect to be used in marriage ceremonies with [q2o2answer] people?,This is highly contextual,No marriage ceremonies as such. In marriages themselves strategies vary.,Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1359,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1359,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T6,DEM30,DEM30-1,45. Does marriage impose any child rearing obligations for both parents and grandparents on both sides?,Yes,"While the mother, her sisters and her mother are usually more central to child-rearing and early socialisation, the father is often also involved as are his parents and siblings.",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1360,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1360,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T6,DEM30,DEM30-4,"45. Does marriage impose any child rearing obligations for one parent, and grandparents from the other side?",No,"While the mother, her sisters and her mother are usually more central to child-rearing and early socialisation, the father is often also involved as are his parents and siblings.",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1363,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1363,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T6,DEM30,DEM30-2,"45. Does marriage impose any child rearing obligations for one parent, and grandparents on both sides?",No,"While the mother, her sisters and her mother are usually more central to child-rearing and early socialisation, the father is often also involved as are his parents and siblings.",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1361,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1361,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T6,DEM30,DEM30-3,"45. Does marriage impose any child rearing obligations for one parent, and grandparents on that side?",No,"While the mother, her sisters and her mother are usually more central to child-rearing and early socialisation, the father is often also involved as are his parents and siblings.",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1362,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1362,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,E1,DEM96,,"46. List any other groups that the [q2o1answer] practiced Social Exchange with in the past, in so far as you believe this had linguistic consequences for the [q2o1answer] language. Where possible, please also give an indication of when this contact through Social Exchange practices happened. ","In the focus period pre-colonially, some minor linguistic influence is likely to have resulted from social exchange with the western Arnhem bloc, plausibly the Bininj Kunwok varieties and the other Maningrida languages (Ndjébbana, Na-kara and Gurr-goni). Also possibly Rembarrnga to the south. 

In contemporary times, the picture is quite different but Burarra's status as a common L2 for all these language groups is likely to have resulted in some simplification and dialect levelling of modern day Burarra as spoken in Maningrida",NA,Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1364,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1364,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,E4,DEM97,,47. What type of data informed your answers to the questions in the domain of social exchange overall? ,Impressions from my own fieldwork with the exact or related community Reports from language consultants Published or ongoing research project of my own on topics covered in this questionnaire Published material by linguists Published materials by other researchers in other fields,NA,Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,TypesMultiple,Impressions from my own fieldwork with the exact or related community,Reports from language consultants,Published or ongoing research project of my own on topics covered in this questionnaire,Published material by linguists,Published materials by other researchers in other fields,Other,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1365,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1365,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,E5,DEM98,,48. How certain are you in your responses for the domain of social exchange?,Certain,NA,Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Scalar,Very certain,Certain,Somewhat certain,Uncertain,Very uncertain,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1366,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1366,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,E6,DEM99,,49. List any comments or notes that you feel are relevant to this section of the questionnaire.,B,NA,Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1367,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1367,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P4,DEM01,,"5. What other languages, if any, are spoken in this domain?","Na-kara
Gurr-goni
Ndjébbana
Bininj Kunwok
Rembarrnga
Dalabon",,Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1291,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1291,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DEM02,DEM02-2,6. Characteristic of the domain of Exchange. Is Exchange between [q2o1answer] and [q2o2answer] an institutionalised procedure?,No,"Although individual gift exchange does occur (see earlier description of gift of tamarind seeds from Yan-nhangu landowner to Gun-nartpa man), most exchange occurs within highly ritualised exchange ceremonies such as Rom and Marrajiri (semi-publicly displayed gift artefact) or funerals and initiation ceremonies.",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1293,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1293,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DEM02,DEM02-3,6. Characteristic of the domain of Exchange. Is Exchange between [q2o1answer] and [q2o2answer] part of a ceremonial event to which both communities participate?,Yes,"Although individual gift exchange does occur (see earlier description of gift of tamarind seeds from Yan-nhangu landowner to Gun-nartpa man), most exchange occurs within highly ritualised exchange ceremonies such as Rom and Marrajiri (semi-publicly displayed gift artefact) or funerals and initiation ceremonies.",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1294,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1294,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DEM02,DEM02-1,6. Characteristic of the domain of Exchange. Is Exchange between [q2o1answer] and [q2o2answer] the individual’s initiative?,No,"Although individual gift exchange does occur (see earlier description of gift of tamarind seeds from Yan-nhangu landowner to Gun-nartpa man), most exchange occurs within highly ritualised exchange ceremonies such as Rom and Marrajiri (semi-publicly displayed gift artefact) or funerals and initiation ceremonies.",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1292,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1292,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D6,DEM04,,7. Where does exchange between [q2o1answer] and [q2o2answer] people typically take place?,This is highly contextual,"Ceremonies involving the Burarra and the Yolngu Matha would have happened on land belonging to both groups, and sometimes on land belonging to other groups to which both these groups connected. This would depend on factors such as which group a young male initiate belonged to, who a funeral was for, or which group was designated as the receiver of the Rom pole gift).",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Types,At places which belong to the [q2o1answer],At places which belong to the [q2o2answer],At places which belong to some other group,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1295,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1295,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D11,DEM19,,8. How much influence can the [q2o1answer] exert over exchange?,Influence is somewhat exerted,"Participant groups in ceremonial exchange typically have designated roles, e.g. responsibility for dances and music, responsibility of approving artwork on hollow log. These roles are distinct but ultimately viewed as equal in importance and power. 

For example, in the mortuary ceremony featured in the documentary 'Waiting for Harry' (McKenzie 1980), the deceased's (male) clan members are responsible for assembling and hosting the ceremony on their own land, providing gifts for performers, and deciding which designs to paint on the hollow log. Men whose mothers were from the deceased's clan are responsible for actually drawing the designs, as the custodians of the owner's sacred emblems through their mothers' affiliation. Finally, the visiting men whose mother's mothers were from the deceased's clan (Yan-nhangu men) have the special role of inspecting the work at the end of the preparation phase and approving it so the final phase of breaking up the deceased's bones and placing them in the hollow log can commence. There is tension in the event featured in the documentary because in a similar recent ceremony the same men has disapproved of the art work and returned home, endangering the ceremony.",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Scalar,Influence is practically always exerted,Influence is often exerted,Influence is somewhat exerted,Influence is exerted very little,Influence is practically never exerted,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1296,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1296,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D9,DEM38,,9. Are there any speech styles used during practices of exchange?,Yes,"There are speech taboos in place, e.g. for the initiate and (I believe) for women e.g. in certain kinship roles towards the initiate. There are also more general speech taboos for certain avoidance dyads – such as a man and his mother-in-law and for other poison cousins ('jongok', e.g. MMBS).",Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1297,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1297,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P3,DEM0bN,,"Coarse time range, numerical",1600-1800,NA,Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Value,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1290,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1290,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P2N,DEM0aN,,"Coarse time range, numerical",1500-2020,NA,Jill Vaughan,DEM,1,Value,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1288,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1288,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S4,DFK37,,10. How physically proximate to each other are the households of the husband and wife?,Very proximate to each other,Typically they live together,Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Scalar,Very proximate to each other,Proximate to each other,Somewhat proximate to each other,Far from each other,Very far from each other,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1381,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1381,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,BA,DFK16,,11. What is the overall level of affection that the [q2o1answer] person has towards their [q2o2answer] spouse?, Affectionate,"At least this is what I would assume, and I have not heard anything to the contrary",Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Scalar,Very affectionate,Affectionate,Neutral,Unaffectionate,Very unaffectionate,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1382,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1382,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,O1,DFK06,,12. What language do [q2o1answer] people typically speak with their [q2o2answer] spouse?,This is highly contextual,In some scenarios monolingual modes might well be used (either Burarra or YM depending on factors such as location) but receptive multilingualism also widely attested among couples in the region,Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1383,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1383,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,O2,DFK07,,13. Do [q2o1answer] people typically simplify their [q2o1answer] language when speaking with their [q2o2answer] spouse?,No,"I wouldn't expect so given typically multilingual repertoires which would often include both languages, so comprehension likely to be good",Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Types,Yes,No,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1384,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1384,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,O3,DFK08,,"14. Typically in the domain of family, how fluently to [q2o1answer] people speak the [q2o2answer] language?",Fluently,"Language skills would vary among individuals and across subgroups of the Burarra, but generally speaking this would be the case for many",Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Scalar,Very fluently,Fluently,Somewhat fluently,A little fluently,Not fluently at all,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1385,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1385,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,I1,DFK09,,15. What language do [q2o2answer] people typically speak with their [q2o1answer] spouse?,This is highly contextual,As above – both monolingual modes and receptive multilingualism likely,Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1386,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1386,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,I2,DFK10,,"16. Typically in the domain of family, how well do [q2o1answer] people understand the [q2o2answer] language?",Very well,If YM was part of the family repertoire then comprehension would have been good,Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Scalar,Very well,Well,Somewhat,Poorly,Very poorly,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1387,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1387,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T6,DFK04,DFK04-3,17. Looking after children. Do adults other than the parents look after children up to five year of age?,Yes,"While care is provided by all of the above categories, particularly important are mothers, mothers’ sisters, grandmothers and the peer group (from around age 2). The following comments repeated from an earlier question:
 Young children are cared for by parents, especially mothers, mothers' sisters (who are considered mothers), grandmothers, other adults (most likely female), and older children. Researchers in northern Australia have noted the contemporary importance of the 'kid mob' – i.e. groups of children spending time together away from communal areas and from adult social activities – and this is assumed to have been the case pre-colonially also. Loakes et al (2013): ""In Indigenous Australian communities, older children not only play with and interact with younger children, but are also expected to take on some responsibility with respect to looking after them in the community. This means that for many older children, a large proportion of their daily interactions are likely to take place with other children"". Hamilton (1981), in her study of Burarra child-rearing practices, notes that children usually stay with caregivers for the first 18–24 months of life, but from ~2 are expected to ""expected to adapt rapidly to new circumstances, to accept the peer group as the most significant force in its daily life, and to look to other children rather than mother or father for support and learning experiences"" (1981: 100). These peer groups then develop into the more structured 'kid mobs' for children 5-9. To an extent, these groups are determined by common language and kinship ties (1981: 103), and remain important for older kids and adolescents.",Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1390,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1390,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T6,DFK04,DFK04-4,17. Looking after children. Do children from sibling-kin groups look after children up to five year of age?,Yes,"While care is provided by all of the above categories, particularly important are mothers, mothers’ sisters, grandmothers and the peer group (from around age 2). The following comments repeated from an earlier question:
 Young children are cared for by parents, especially mothers, mothers' sisters (who are considered mothers), grandmothers, other adults (most likely female), and older children. Researchers in northern Australia have noted the contemporary importance of the 'kid mob' – i.e. groups of children spending time together away from communal areas and from adult social activities – and this is assumed to have been the case pre-colonially also. Loakes et al (2013): ""In Indigenous Australian communities, older children not only play with and interact with younger children, but are also expected to take on some responsibility with respect to looking after them in the community. This means that for many older children, a large proportion of their daily interactions are likely to take place with other children"". Hamilton (1981), in her study of Burarra child-rearing practices, notes that children usually stay with caregivers for the first 18–24 months of life, but from ~2 are expected to ""expected to adapt rapidly to new circumstances, to accept the peer group as the most significant force in its daily life, and to look to other children rather than mother or father for support and learning experiences"" (1981: 100). These peer groups then develop into the more structured 'kid mobs' for children 5-9. To an extent, these groups are determined by common language and kinship ties (1981: 103), and remain important for older kids and adolescents.",Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1391,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1391,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T6,DFK04,DFK04-5,17. Looking after children. Do children up to five year of age look after each other as part of the same peer group?,Yes,"While care is provided by all of the above categories, particularly important are mothers, mothers’ sisters, grandmothers and the peer group (from around age 2). The following comments repeated from an earlier question:
 Young children are cared for by parents, especially mothers, mothers' sisters (who are considered mothers), grandmothers, other adults (most likely female), and older children. Researchers in northern Australia have noted the contemporary importance of the 'kid mob' – i.e. groups of children spending time together away from communal areas and from adult social activities – and this is assumed to have been the case pre-colonially also. Loakes et al (2013): ""In Indigenous Australian communities, older children not only play with and interact with younger children, but are also expected to take on some responsibility with respect to looking after them in the community. This means that for many older children, a large proportion of their daily interactions are likely to take place with other children"". Hamilton (1981), in her study of Burarra child-rearing practices, notes that children usually stay with caregivers for the first 18–24 months of life, but from ~2 are expected to ""expected to adapt rapidly to new circumstances, to accept the peer group as the most significant force in its daily life, and to look to other children rather than mother or father for support and learning experiences"" (1981: 100). These peer groups then develop into the more structured 'kid mobs' for children 5-9. To an extent, these groups are determined by common language and kinship ties (1981: 103), and remain important for older kids and adolescents.",Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1392,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1392,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T6,DFK04,DFK04-1,"17. Looking after children. Typically, do fathers look after children up to five year of age?",Yes,"While care is provided by all of the above categories, particularly important are mothers, mothers’ sisters, grandmothers and the peer group (from around age 2). The following comments repeated from an earlier question:
 Young children are cared for by parents, especially mothers, mothers' sisters (who are considered mothers), grandmothers, other adults (most likely female), and older children. Researchers in northern Australia have noted the contemporary importance of the 'kid mob' – i.e. groups of children spending time together away from communal areas and from adult social activities – and this is assumed to have been the case pre-colonially also. Loakes et al (2013): ""In Indigenous Australian communities, older children not only play with and interact with younger children, but are also expected to take on some responsibility with respect to looking after them in the community. This means that for many older children, a large proportion of their daily interactions are likely to take place with other children"". Hamilton (1981), in her study of Burarra child-rearing practices, notes that children usually stay with caregivers for the first 18–24 months of life, but from ~2 are expected to ""expected to adapt rapidly to new circumstances, to accept the peer group as the most significant force in its daily life, and to look to other children rather than mother or father for support and learning experiences"" (1981: 100). These peer groups then develop into the more structured 'kid mobs' for children 5-9. To an extent, these groups are determined by common language and kinship ties (1981: 103), and remain important for older kids and adolescents.",Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1388,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1388,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T6,DFK04,DFK04-2,"17. Looking after children. Typically, do mothers primarily look after children up to five year of age?",Yes,"While care is provided by all of the above categories, particularly important are mothers, mothers’ sisters, grandmothers and the peer group (from around age 2). The following comments repeated from an earlier question:
 Young children are cared for by parents, especially mothers, mothers' sisters (who are considered mothers), grandmothers, other adults (most likely female), and older children. Researchers in northern Australia have noted the contemporary importance of the 'kid mob' – i.e. groups of children spending time together away from communal areas and from adult social activities – and this is assumed to have been the case pre-colonially also. Loakes et al (2013): ""In Indigenous Australian communities, older children not only play with and interact with younger children, but are also expected to take on some responsibility with respect to looking after them in the community. This means that for many older children, a large proportion of their daily interactions are likely to take place with other children"". Hamilton (1981), in her study of Burarra child-rearing practices, notes that children usually stay with caregivers for the first 18–24 months of life, but from ~2 are expected to ""expected to adapt rapidly to new circumstances, to accept the peer group as the most significant force in its daily life, and to look to other children rather than mother or father for support and learning experiences"" (1981: 100). These peer groups then develop into the more structured 'kid mobs' for children 5-9. To an extent, these groups are determined by common language and kinship ties (1981: 103), and remain important for older kids and adolescents.",Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1389,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1389,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T11,DFK24,,"18. Typically, how much supervision do grandparents provide to children?",A lot of supervision,"I'm sure this varies quite a bit, but my sense is that care (of younger children) occurs primarily in larger groups which may include mothers, aunts, grandmothers and other kin.",Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Scalar,Constant supervision,A lot of supervision,Some supervision,Little supervision,No supervision at all,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1393,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1393,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,BI,DFK05,,19. What language are children expected to speak to their [q2o2answer] parent?,This is highly contextual,"Generally speaking, in ideology this would depend on whether this is the child's mother or father. A strong ideology exists requiring the child to use the patrilect, and this could extend even to using this with their mother if she belongs to another language group.",Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1394,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1394,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P1,DFK00,,"2. Do [q2o1answer] people and [q2o2answer] people marry each other, or have they done so in the past?",Yes,"Burarra and Yolngu people often marry outside of the clan group. As a result, marriages are often linguistically exogamous. This is one key factor that supports the region's high levels of multilingualism. 
The connections between clans are mediated by kinship categories, and therefore also marriage patterns between groups. Cultural guidelines exist for which clans are preferred as marriage partners (e.g. in Keen’s (1978) data on Yolngu marriages the mother’s clan accounts for nearly three-quarters of pairings). Marriage patterns are therefore quite localised and may or may not cross language boundaries. 
The Burarra and the Yolngu have somewhat distinct marriage practices. For example, traditionally the Yolngu were known to have more wives, continuing to marry additional wives throughout the lifespan (Keen 1978: 7). Relevant groups which are known to intermarry include the Yan-nhangu with the Maringa/Martay Burarra and the Djinang with the Gun-nartpa Burarra (i.e. the same pairs which are strongly connected in ceremonial exchange as described above) (e.g. (Bagshaw 1998; Elwell 1977; Bowern and James 2006).",Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1368,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1368,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P2,DFK0a,,2. How long have [q2o1answer] and [q2o2answer] peoples been forming families with each other for?,"For many hundreds of years, likely stretching back a significant period of time prior to colonisation in the late 18th century.",,Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1369,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1369,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T7,DFK20,,20. What language do [q2o1answer] parents typically speak with their children?,The [q2o1answer] language,"I'm sure there are exceptions, but generally speaking parents will use their own primary language with their children",Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1395,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1395,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T8,DFK21,,21. What language do [q2o2answer] parents typically speak with their children?,The [q2o2answer] language,"I'm sure there are exceptions, but generally speaking parents will use their own primary language with their children",Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1396,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1396,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T9,DFK22,,22. What language do children typically speak with their [q2o1answer] parent?,This is highly contextual,"Probably Burarra more often than not, but in some cases I would say multilingual strategies such as receptive multilingualism would be drawn on, or perhaps the child's patrilect might be used with his/her mother",Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1397,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1397,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T10,DFK23,,23. What language do children typically speak with their [q2o2answer] parent?,This is highly contextual,"Probably Yolngu Matha more often than not, but in some cases I would say multilingual strategies such as receptive multilingualism would be drawn on, or perhaps the child's patrilect might be used with his/her mother",Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1398,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1398,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T2,DFK25,,24. What language do [q2o2answer] grandparent/aunts/uncles typically speak to the children?,The [q2o2answer] language,"I would say the same response applies here as for YM parents – I'm sure there are exceptions, but generally speaking caregivers will use their own primary language with their children. Especially for languages like YM which have large speaker bases and are common in local repertoires.",Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1399,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1399,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T4,DFK26,,"25. Typically, what language do [q2o1answer] children speak with their [q2o2answer] grandparents/aunts/uncles?",This is highly contextual,"Some would use Burarra, some YM, and some would use receptive multilingualism. Code-switching could also occur, esp for those clan and residence groups with multilingual identities such as the Yan-nhangu Burarra.",Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1400,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1400,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D9,DFK38,DFK38-1,26. Are any of the following features characteristic when speaking to one’s [q2o2answer] in-laws? Lexical avoidance,Yes,Mother-in-law registers are relevant here – this tends to mean avoidance of direct speech and interaction altogether. Also 'kintax' – morphosyntactic forms reflecting the kin connections e.g. between speaker and addressee – are relevant.,Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1401,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1401,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D9,DFK38,DFK38-2,26. Are any of the following features characteristic when speaking to one’s [q2o2answer] in-laws? The use of certain morphosyntactic forms,Yes,Mother-in-law registers are relevant here – this tends to mean avoidance of direct speech and interaction altogether. Also 'kintax' – morphosyntactic forms reflecting the kin connections e.g. between speaker and addressee – are relevant.,Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1402,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1402,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D9,DFK38,DFK38-3,26. Are any of the following features characteristic when speaking to one’s [q2o2answer] in-laws? The use of certain pronominal forms,No,Mother-in-law registers are relevant here – this tends to mean avoidance of direct speech and interaction altogether. Also 'kintax' – morphosyntactic forms reflecting the kin connections e.g. between speaker and addressee – are relevant.,Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1403,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1403,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S1,DFK12,,"27. Thinking about the [q2o1answer] person and their [q2o2answer] in-laws, how often would they typically meet?",Very often,"For some people, this would be a daily encounter if they lived with their partners family. For others this might be rare though if one's partner had moved away from their parents.",Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Scalar,Very often,Often,Sometimes,Rarely,Very rarely,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1404,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1404,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S3,DFK15,,28. How many people are typically involved in interactions between a [q2o1answer] person and their [q2o2answer] in-laws?,Interactions are rarely under 5 people,"Various permutations are likely to have been common, but in contexts with a Burarra man and his mother-in-law this would almost always occur in group settings",Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Scalar,Interactions are practically always under 5 people,Interactions are often under 5 people,Interactions are sometimes under 5 people,Interactions are rarely under 5 people,Interactions are practically never under 5 people,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1405,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1405,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S4,DFK11,,29. How physically proximate to each other are a [q2o1answer] person and their [q2o2answer] in-laws?,Very proximate to each other,"They are likely to be in the immediate environment, but in deference to the respect required between men and their mothers-in-law there might be some attempt to face away from each other and interactions would be indirect (e.g. via other people or if handing something to her the man might grasp his arm with his other hand to make the move less direct)",Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Scalar,Very proximate to each other,Proximate to each other,Somewhat proximate to each other,Far from each other,Very far from each other,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1406,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1406,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P3,DFK0b,,3. What’s the time frame of densest contact between [q2o1answer] and [q2o2answer] as far as family formation is concerned?,"1600-1800. Again this time frame is slightly arbitrary just identifying a usefully large span of time before colonisaton. It's difficult t say whether family formation–type contact would have been denser then than in contemporary times, but for some subsection it certainly would have been (as those groups now encounter other groups besides the Yolngu more often and clan pairings wrt marriage patterns have likely weakened to an extent.",,Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1371,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1371,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S5,DFK14,,30. How would you rate the overall relationship between a [q2o1answer] person and their [q2o2answer] in-laws?,Friendly,This would usually be a relationship characterised by respect,Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Scalar,Friendly,Somewhat friendly,Neutral,Somewhat hostile,Hostile,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1407,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1407,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,BA,DFK33,,31. What is the overall attitude that a [q2o1answer] person has towards their [q2o2answer] in-laws?,Positive,"I believe this would have been fairly positive, but maybe respectful doesn't necessarily mean positive? I guess this is something that would vary from family to family",Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Scalar,Very positive,Positive,Neutral,Negative,Very negative,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1408,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1408,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,O1,DFK30,,32. Your child has married a [q2o2answer] person. What language do you typically speak when speaking with your [q2o2answer] son/daughter-in-law?,The [q2o1answer] language,"(Assuming I am a Burarra person) I believe I would generally speak Burarra, but that's not to say that my son/daughter-in-law would use Burarra in return – we might use the receptive multilingual mode.",Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1409,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1409,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,O2,DFK31,,"33. Typically, does a [q2o1answer] person simplify their [q2o1answer] language when speaking to their [q2o2answer] in-laws?",No,,Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Types,Yes,No,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1410,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1410,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,O3,DFK32,,"34. Typically, how fluently does a [q2o1answer] person speak the [q2o2answer] language when speaking to their [q2o2answer] in-laws?",NA,,Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Scalar,Very fluently,Fluently,Somewhat fluently,A little fluently,Not fluently at all,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1411,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1411,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,I1,DFK28,,"35. Your child has married a [q2o2answer] person. What language does your child’s spouse typically speak to you, a [q2o1answer] person?",This is highly contextual,"Many would certainly use Burarra in a receptive multilingual mode, but if they were fluent YM speakers then YM would very possibly be used",Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1412,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1412,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,I2,DFK29,,"36. Typically, how well does a [q2o1answer] person understand the [q2o2answer] in-law’s language?",Very well,Receptive competence likely to be high,Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Scalar,Very well,Well,Somewhat,Poorly,Very poorly,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1413,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1413,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,I1,DFK34,,37. You have married a [q2o2answer] person. What language do you typically speak to your [q2o2answer] in-laws (your spouse’s parents and siblings)?,This is highly contextual,"As above, I might use Burarra or YM if I speak it well, or we might have receptive multilingual interactions",Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1414,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1414,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,I2,DFKXX,,"37b. Typically, how well does a [q2o1answer] person understand the [q2o2answer] in-law’s language?",Very well,This question is a repeat of Q36?,Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Scalar,Very well,Well,Somewhat,Poorly,Very poorly,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1415,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1415,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,E1,DFK96,,38. Who do [q2o1answer] people typically form families with besides [q2o2answer] people?,Other [q2o1answer] people,NA,Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Types,Other [q2o1answer] people,People from other groups,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1416,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1416,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,E4,DFK97,,"39. What type of data informed your answers to the questions in the domain of family and kin, overall?",Impressions from my own fieldwork with the exact or related community Reports from language consultants Published or ongoing research project of my own on topics covered in this questionnaire Published material by linguists Published materials by other researchers in other fields,NA,Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,TypesMultiple,Impressions from my own fieldwork with the exact or related community,Reports from language consultants,Published or ongoing research project of my own on topics covered in this questionnaire,Published material by linguists,Published materials by other researchers in other fields,Other,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1417,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1417,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P4,DFK01,,"4. What other languages, if any, are spoken between family members?","Bininj Kunwok varieties (Kune, Kuninjku)
Rembarrnga
Na-kara
Ndjébbana
Gurr-goni
Dalabon
Mawng
Kunbarlang","Plausibly any of these could feature in the highly multilingual individual repertoires, but there would have been significant variation.",Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1373,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1373,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,E5,DFK98,,40. How certain are you in your responses for the domain of family and kin?,Certain,NA,Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Scalar,Very certain,Certain,Somewhat certain,Uncertain,Very uncertain,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1418,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1418,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,E6,DFK99,,41. List any comments or notes that you feel are relevant to this section of the questionnaire.,In DFK97 I was unable to select both 'other Burarra people' and 'people from other groups' which is the case,NA,Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1419,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1419,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D6,DFK35,,5. What is the typical pattern of relocation for [q2o1answer] women when starting a new family?,[q2o1answer] women often relocate to [q2o2answer] locations,"(Assuming, that is, that the question implies 'What is the pattern of relocation for Burarra women *when marrying a YM man*'). 

It seems that patrilocal residence was common, but reports certainly exist of cases of men residing with their in-laws. E.g.: “Older men tended to retain their daughters within their own residence groups for their labour, leading to the uxori-patrilocal residence of daughters’ husbands."" (Keen 2011: 102), also Hiatt 1966.

In many cases however people were already residing in the same location where relocation may not have been necessary.",Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Scalar,[q2o1answer] women practically always relocate to [q2o2answer] locations,[q2o1answer] women often relocate to [q2o2answer] locations,[q2o1answer] women sometimes relocate to [q2o2answer] locations,[q2o1answer] women rarely relocate to [q2o2answer] locations,[q2o1answer] women practically never relocate to [q2o2answer] locations,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1374,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1374,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D6,DFK39,,6. What is the typical pattern of relocation for [q2o2answer] women when starting a new family? ,[q2o2answer] women often relocate to [q2o1answer] locations,As far as I can tell the same applies as above. However the higher incidence of polygyny among the Yolngu presumably made patrilocal residence the most common outcome.,Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Scalar,[q2o2answer] women practically always relocate to [q2o1answer] locations,[q2o2answer] women often relocate to [q2o1answer] locations,[q2o2answer] women sometimes relocate to [q2o1answer] locations,[q2o2answer] women rarely relocate to [q2o1answer] locations,[q2o2answer] women practically never relocate to [q2o1answer] locations,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1375,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1375,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DFK02,DFK02-1,7. Do mothers form a co-residential unit with their children and their husbands?,Yes,Reports suggest that women usually lived with their husbands.,Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1376,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1376,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DFK02,DFK02-3,7. Do mothers form a co-residential unit with their children and their mother in laws?,B,,Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1378,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1378,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DFK02,DFK02-2,7. Do mothers form a co-residential unit with their children and their mothers?,B,,Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1377,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1377,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D10,DFK40,,8. Do [q2o1answer] people experience family life differently depending on social group?,No,All participate in socialising via family life,Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1379,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1379,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S1,DFK03,,"9. Typically, how much of their lives do spouses spend with each other during the course of their lifetime?",Some of their lives,Answer is different for men and women – men tended to marry later (often 30s or older) while women were married from puberty I believe,Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Scalar,Practically all their lives,Much of their lives,Some of their lives,A little of their lives,Practically none of their lives,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1380,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1380,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P3N,DFK0bN,,"Coarse time range, numerical",1600-1800,NA,Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Value,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1372,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1372,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P2N,DFK0aN,,"Coarse time range, numerical",1500-2020,NA,Jill Vaughan,DFK,1,Value,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1370,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1370,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P1,DKN00,,1. Have [q2o1answer] and [q2o2answer] people occupied the same spaces of knowledge transfer together?,No,"I'm a bit unsure here. My impression is that knowledge transfer of this kind would take place within, rather than across, groups, and interactions would probably be more monolingual than in most other settings. That is to say, masters and novices for the most part would belong to the same patrilineally inherited language group. But as most individuals were and are multilingual, with repertoires for both groups often including Burarra and Yolngu Matha, it’s plausible that both languages would have been used in this domain at times. But I’ll say no for now, and am happy to revisit if that sort of ‘contact’ qualifies (or if I come on some more information that indicates that my impressions are wrong about how this domain worked).",Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1515,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1515,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D12,DKN31,,"10. How often are these speech styles typically used in knowledge transmission, in comparison with unmonitored speech?",NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Scalar,Always,Sometimes,As much as unmonitored speech,Rarely,Never,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1526,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1526,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DKN03,DKN03-3,"11. Involvement in the knowledge domain. Does involvement in the knowledge domain differ based on a person's descent group, such as clan, house, lineage group, kinship group?",NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1529,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1529,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DKN03,DKN03-6,11. Involvement in the knowledge domain. Does involvement in the knowledge domain differ based on a person’s age or life stage?,NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1532,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1532,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DKN03,DKN03-4,"11. Involvement in the knowledge domain. Does involvement in the knowledge domain differ based on a person’s group of land ownership, such as tribe, clan, territorial group?",NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1530,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1530,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DKN03,DKN03-7,11. Involvement in the knowledge domain. Does involvement in the knowledge domain differ based on a person’s place identity and affiliation?,NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1533,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1533,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DKN03,DKN03-5,"11. Involvement in the knowledge domain. Does involvement in the knowledge domain differ based on a person’s race, ethnicity, or some other similar grouping?",NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1531,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1531,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DKN03,DKN03-8,11. Involvement in the knowledge domain. Does involvement in the knowledge domain differ based on a person’s sex or gender?,NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1534,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1534,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DKN03,DKN03-9,11. Involvement in the knowledge domain. Does involvement in the knowledge domain differ based on any other communities of practice?,NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1535,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1535,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DKN03,DKN03-1,"11. Involvement in the knowledge domain. Does involvement in the knowledge domain differ based on hierarchies associated to profession or wealth, such as a person's class and caste?",NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1527,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1527,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DKN03,DKN03-2,"11. Involvement in the knowledge domain. Does involvement in the knowledge domain differ based on whether a person belongs to some magico-religiously sanctioned group, such as religious denomination?",NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1528,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1528,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D10,DKN07,,12. Do [q2o1answer] people experience the knowledge domain differently depending on social group?,NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1536,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1536,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S1,DKN08,,13. How often do [q2o1answer] people interact with [q2o2answer] people in the knowledge domain?,NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Scalar,Very often,Often,Sometimes,Rarely,Very rarely,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1537,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1537,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S3,DKN10,,14. How many people are typically involved in interactions between [q2o1answer] people and [q2o2answer] people in the knowledge domain?,NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Scalar,Interactions are practically always under 5 people,Interactions are  often under 5 people,Interactions are sometimes under 5 people,Interactions are rarely under 5 people,Interactions are practically never under 5 people,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1538,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1538,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S4,DKN11,,15. How physically proximate to each other are people in the knowledge domain?,NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Scalar,Very proximate to each other,Proximate to each other,Somewhat proximate to each other,Far from each other,Very far from each other,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1539,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1539,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S5,DKN12,,16. How would you rate the overall relationship between [q2o1answer] and [q2o2answer] people in the knowledge domain?,NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Scalar,Friendly,Somewhat friendly,Neutral,Somewhat hostile,Hostile,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1540,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1540,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S6,DKN29,,"17. What is the proportion of total [q2o1answer] people who have opportunities for contact with [q2o2answer] people, in the knowledge domain?",NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Scalar,Almost everyone,Many people,Some people,Few people,Practically no one,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1541,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1541,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S7,DKN30,,"18. What is the proportion of total [q2o2answer] people who have opportunities for contact with [q2o1answer] people, in the knowledge domain?",NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Scalar,Almost everyone,Many people,Some people,Few people,Practically no one,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1542,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1542,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,BA,DKN13,,19. What is the overall attitude that [q2o1answer] people have towards [q2o2answer] people in the knowledge domain?,NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Scalar,Very positive,Positive,Neutral,Negative,Very negative,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1543,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1543,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P2,DKN0a,,2. How long have [q2o1answer] and [q2o2answer] people been involved in the knowledge domain together for?,NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1516,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1516,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,BH,DKN14,,"20. How do [q2o1answer] people view themselves overall in relation to [q2o2answer] people, in the context of the knowledge domain?",NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Scalar,[q2o1answer] see themselves as very superior to [q2o2answer],[q2o1answer] see themselves as superior to [q2o2answer],[q2o1answer] see themselves as neither superior nor inferior to [q2o2answer],[q2o1answer] see themselves as inferior to [q2o2answer],[q2o1answer] see themselves as very inferior to [q2o2answer],NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1544,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1544,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,BI,DKN16,,21. What language do [q2o1answer] people expect to be used with [q2o2answer] people in the knowledge domain?,NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1545,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1545,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,O1,DKN17,,22. What language do [q2o1answer] people typically speak with [q2o2answer] people when in the knowledge domain?,NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1546,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1546,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,O2,DKN18,,23. Do [q2o1answer] people typically simplify their language when speaking with [q2o2answer] people in the knowledge domain?,NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Types,Yes,No,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1547,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1547,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,O3,DKN19,,"24. Typically in the knowledge domain, how fluently do [q2o1answer] people speak the [q2o2answer] language?",NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Scalar,Very fluently,Fluently,Somewhat fluently,A little fluently,Not fluently at all,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1548,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1548,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,I1,DKN20,,25. What language do [q2o2answer] people typically speak with [q2o1answer] people in the knowledge domain?,NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1549,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1549,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,I2,DKN21,,"26. Typically in the knowledge domain, how well do [q2o1answer] people understand the [q2o2answer] language?",NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Scalar,Very well,Well,Somewhat,Poorly,Very poorly,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1550,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1550,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T1,DKN22,,27. How much do [q2o1answer] children participate in the activities of the knowledge domain?,NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Scalar,They practically always participate,They participate a lot,They participate somewhat,They participate a little,They practically never participate,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1551,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1551,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T6,DKN23,DKN23-1,"28. Looking after children in the knowledge domain. Typically, do adults other than the parents look after children up to five year of age in the knowledge domain?",NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1552,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1552,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T6,DKN23,DKN23-3,"28. Looking after children in the knowledge domain. Typically, do children from sibling-kin groups look after children up to five year of age in the knowledge domain?",NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1554,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1554,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T6,DKN23,DKN23-4,"28. Looking after children in the knowledge domain. Typically, do children up to five year of age look after each other as part of the same peer group in the knowledge domain?",NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1555,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1555,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T6,DKN23,DKN23-2,"28. Looking after children in the knowledge domain. Typically, do parents look after children up to five year of age in the knowledge domain?",NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1553,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1553,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T11,DKN27,,"29. Typically, how much structured instruction do adults provide to children in the knowledge domain?",NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Scalar,Constant structured supervision,A lot of structured supervision,Some structured supervision,Little structured supervision,No structured supervision at all,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1556,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1556,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P3,DKN0b,,3. What is the time frame when the largest number of people had the most opportunities for interaction in the knowledge domain?,NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1518,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1518,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T2,DKN24,,30. What language do [q2o2answer] adults typically speak to a [q2o1answer] children in the knowledge domain?,NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1557,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1557,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T4,DKN25,,"31. Typically, what language do [q2o1answer] children from four/five year of age prefer to speak with [q2o2answer] adults?",NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1558,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1558,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T5,DKN26,,"32. Typically, what language would a [q2o1answer] child speak to [q2o2answer] children in the knowledge domain?",NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Types,[q2o1answer] children do not interact with [q2o2answer] children,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1559,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1559,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,E1,DKN96,,"33. List any other groups that the [q2o1answer] people intereacted with in the past, in the knowledge domain. List any other group in so far as you believe they had linguistic consequences for the [q2o1answer] language. Where possible, please also give an indication of when this interaction happened.",NA,NA,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1560,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1560,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,E4,DKN97,,"34. What type of data informed your answers to the questions in the domain of knowledge, overall?",NA,NA,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,TypesMultiple,Impressions from my own fieldwork with the exact or related community,Reports from language consultants,Published or ongoing research project of my own on topics covered in this questionnaire,Published material by linguists,Published materials by other researchers in other fields,Other,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1561,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1561,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,E5,DKN98,,35. How certain are you in your responses for the domain of knowledge?,NA,NA,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Scalar,Very certain,Certain,Somewhat certain,Uncertain,Very uncertain,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1562,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1562,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,E6,DKN99,,36. List any comments or notes that you feel are relevant to this section of the questionnaire.,NA,NA,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1563,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1563,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P4,DKN01,,"4. What other languages, if any, are spoken in the knowledge domain?",NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1520,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1520,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DKN02,,5. The most influential form of knowledge in this contact scenario is:,NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Types,Global,Local,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1521,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1521,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D4,DKN04,,6. The relationship between [q2o1answer] people and [q2o2answer] people in the knowledge domain can typically be characterised as:,NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Types,"[q2o1answer] people are masters, [q2o2answer] are novices","[q2o2answer] people are masters, [q2o1answer] are novices",None of the above,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1522,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1522,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D6,DKN05,,7. Where does knowledge transmission between [q2o1answer] people and [q2o2answer] people typically take place?,NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Types,At places which belong to the [q2o1answer],At places which belong to the [q2o2answer],At places which belong to some other group,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1523,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1523,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D11,DKN28,,8. How much influence can the [q2o1answer] people exert over the decision of what constitutes legitimate knowledge in this domain?,NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Scalar,Influence is practically always exerted,Influence is very much exerted,Influence is somewhat exerted,Influence is exerted very little,Influence is practically never exerted,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1524,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1524,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D9,DKN06,,9. Are there any speech styles used in the knowledge domain?,NA,,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1525,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1525,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P3N,DKN0bN,,"Coarse time range, numerical",NA,NA,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Value,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1519,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1519,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P2N,DKN0aN,,"Coarse time range, numerical",NA,NA,Jill Vaughan,DKN,2,Value,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1517,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1517,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P1,DLB00,,1. Has work ever been a relevant domain of contact between [q2o1answer] and [q2o2answer]?,Yes,"Pre-colonially, contact dynamics with regard to labour overlapped considerably with other interactions in the local community, so my responses to the 'local community' questionnaire can apply for that. 

In this questionnaire I'll answer for the contemporary setting (~1960-current day) which is split between labour in the public domain and domestic production which includes the continuation of some pre-colonial practices.",Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1420,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1420,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D12,DLB31,,"10. How often are these speech styles typically used during work, in comparison with unmonitored speech?",Sometimes,"Sometimes in that it would occur where taboo relationships have to be navigated and observed. 

(Just a note on the continuum though – I would think 'sometimes' would mean less often than 'as much as unmonitored speech'. If not then perhaps should be changed to 'rarely')",Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Scalar,Always,Sometimes,As much as unmonitored speech,Rarely,Never,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1431,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1431,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DLB03,DLB03-6,11. Involvement in work. Does involvement in work differ based on a person’s age or life stage?,Yes,,Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1437,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1437,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DLB03,DLB03-7,11. Involvement in work. Does involvement in work differ based on a person’s place identity and affiliation?,No,,Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1438,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1438,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DLB03,DLB03-5,"11. Involvement in work. Does involvement in work differ based on a person’s race, ethnicity, or some other similar grouping?",No,,Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1436,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1436,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DLB03,DLB03-8,11. Involvement in work. Does involvement in work differ based on a person’s sex or gender?,Yes,"In domestic domains of work, subsistence labour is often split along male/female lines (e.g. men hunt for large game fashion spears, women collect smaller animals, dye and weave fibres)",Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1439,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1439,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DLB03,DLB03-9,11. Involvement in work. Does involvement in work differ based on any other communities of practice?,No,,Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1440,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1440,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DLB03,DLB03-1,"11. Involvement in work. Does involvement in work differ based on hierarchies associated to profession or wealth, such as a person's class and caste?",No,,Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1432,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1432,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DLB03,DLB03-2,"11. Involvement in work. Does involvement in work differ based on whether a person belongs to some magico-religiously sanctioned group, such as religious denomination?",No,,Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1433,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1433,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DLB03,DLB03-3,"11. Involvement in work. Does involvement in work domain differ based on a person's descent group, such as clan, house, lineage group, kinship group?",Yes,"Specific clans specialise in the production of different kinds of material culture – e.g. fish traps, fibre sculpture. Senior clan members may specialise in artistic work.",Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1434,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1434,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DLB03,DLB03-4,"11. Involvement in work. Does involvement in work domain differ based on a person’s group of land ownership, such as tribe, clan, territorial group?",Yes,"Specific clans specialise in the production of different kinds of material culture – e.g. fish traps, fibre sculpture. Senior clan members may specialise in artistic work.",Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1435,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1435,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D10,DLB30,,12. Do [q2o1answer] people experience work differently depending on social group?,Yes,"I'm not sure I could definitely label the social group for whom work is a more salient field of contact, but there are people who work in the public domain and people who don't, and as noted above subsistence labour is typically split along gender lines.; Perhaps town-based men could circumscribe a useful social group here?",Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1441,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1441,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S1,DLB07,,13. How often do [q2o1answer] people work with [q2o2answer] people?,Often,"This is tricky to answer as some Burarra people would work with Yolngu people daily, while others not at all.",Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Scalar,Very often,Often,Sometimes,Rarely,Very rarely,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1442,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1442,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S3,DLB09,,14. How many people are typically involved in interactions between [q2o1answer] people and [q2o2answer] people when working?,Interactions are often under 5 people,,Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Scalar,Interactions are practically always under 5 people,Interactions are often under 5 people,Interactions are sometimes under 5 people,Interactions are rarely under 5 people,Interactions are practically never under 5 people,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1443,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1443,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S4,DLB10,,15. How physically proximate to each other are people when working?,Very proximate to each other,"For most jobs in Maningrida, work is within the same space for at least part of the time",Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Scalar,Very proximate to each other,Proximate to each other,Somewhat proximate to each other,Far from each other,Very far from each other,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1444,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1444,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S5,DLB11,,16. How would you rate the overall relationship between [q2o1answer] and [q2o2answer] people involved in work?,Friendly,"As noted earlier, Burarra and Yolngu tend to fall within the same eastern Arnhem bloc characterised by friendly relations",Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Scalar,Friendly,Somewhat friendly,Neutral,Somewhat hostile,Hostile,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1445,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1445,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S6,DLB27,,"17. What is the proportion of total [q2o1answer] people who have opportunities for contact with [q2o2answer] people, in work?",Some people,"In the case of traditional subsistence work it would only be some groups that would include primary speakers of both languages. In the case of work in the public domain, some but not all work places would include primary speakers of both languages.",Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Scalar,Almost everyone,Many people,Some people,Few people,Practically no one,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1446,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1446,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S7,DLB28,,"18. What is the proportion of total [q2o2answer] people who have opportunities for contact with [q2o1answer] people, in work?",Some people,As above,Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Scalar,Almost everyone,Many people,Some people,Few people,Practically no one,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1447,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1447,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,BA,DLB22,,19. What is the overall attitude that [q2o1answer] people have towards [q2o2answer] people in work?,Positive,I would imagine that attitudes would be fairly positive given the aforementioned long-term friendly relations between the groups. I've not said 'very positive' as I would say there are still in vs out-group dynamics.,Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Scalar,Very positive,Positive,Neutral,Negative,Very negative,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1448,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1448,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P2,DLB0a,,2. How long have [q2o1answer] people and [q2o2answer] people worked together for?,"Labour involving both groups goes back at least several hundred years and possibly many more, but the form of labour has dramatically changed in the post-colonial era with much labour now taking place in the public sphere as part of a wider market.",Subsistence labour is included here. In some specific regions this kind of work would have been a site of contact I believe. Labour harvesting trepang with the Makassans is from the mid-18th C.,Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1421,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1421,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,BH,DLB23,,"20. How do [q2o1answer] people view themselves overall in relation to [q2o2answer] people, within the context of work?",[q2o1answer] see themselves as neither superior nor inferior to [q2o2answer],I don't know of any superiority/inferiority perceptions in this domain – I would imagine that the close associations between the groups would lead to the groups perceiving each other as relative equals,Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Scalar,[q2o1answer] see themselves as very superior to [q2o2answer],[q2o1answer] see themselves as superior to [q2o2answer],[q2o1answer] see themselves as neither superior nor inferior to [q2o2answer],[q2o1answer] see themselves as inferior to [q2o2answer],[q2o1answer] see themselves as very inferior to [q2o2answer],NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1449,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1449,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,BI,DLB25,,21. What language do [q2o1answer] people expect to be used when working with [q2o2answer] people?,This is highly contextual,"Although multilingualism is expected and to an extent ideologised, Burarra people would probably say that they would mainly use Burarra in these settings. However many work places in Maningrida also use a lot of English, so this would play a central role.",Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1450,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1450,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,O1,DLB32,,22. What language do [q2o1answer] people typically speak when working with [q2o2answer] people?,This is highly contextual,"I would say that Burarra gets used more often in this context given its role in Maningrida (due to Burarra being the largest speaker group), but could imagine that in majority Yolngu work settings Yolngu might be used. Receptive multilingual and code-switching strategies are also likely to be used.",Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1451,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1451,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,O2,DLB13,,23. Do [q2o1answer] people typically simplify their language when working with [q2o2answer] people?,No,"Given the daily multilingualism of the region, I don't believe this would be the case. Burarra's role as a common L2 has in recent decades resulted in some simplifications and levelling of variation, but this more general language change rather than an interactional strategy.",Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Types,Yes,No,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1452,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1452,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,O3,DLB14,,"24. Typically in work, how fluently do [q2o1answer] people speak the [q2o2answer] language?",Somewhat fluently,"Language skills would vary among individuals and across subgroups of the Burarra, but generally speaking this would be the case for many. I’ve put language competence as slightly lower in this domain as this may involve people who don’t have Yolngu Matha as a family language and instead just encounter it in the workplace.",Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Scalar,Very fluently,Fluently,Somewhat fluently,A little fluently,Not fluently at all,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1453,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1453,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,I1,DLB15,,25. What language do [q2o2answer] people typically speak when working with [q2o1answer] people?,This is highly contextual,"As above, I would say that Burarra gets used more often in this context given its role in Maningrida (due to Burarra being the largest speaker group), but could imagine that in majority Yolngu work settings Yolngu might be used. Receptive multilingual and code-switching strategies are also likely to be used.",Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1454,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1454,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,I2,DLB16,,"26. Typically in work, how well do [q2o1answer] people understand the [q2o2answer] language?",Very well,I would say most Burarra people would have good receptive skills in Yolngu Matha in this setting.,Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Scalar,Very well,Well,Somewhat,Poorly,Very poorly,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1455,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1455,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T1,DLB17,,27. How much do [q2o1answer] children participate in work?,They participate a little ,"If we're talking only about the densest context of town-based men still, then children are often present on the peripheries of work settings but not directly involved. They are much more central in domestic and subsistence labour.",Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Scalar,They practically always participate,They participate a lot,They participate somewhat,They participate a little,They practically never participate,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1456,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1456,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T6,DLB21,DLB21-1,"28. Looking after children during work. Typically, do adults other than the parents look after children up to five year of age during work?",No,"In the context of town-based men, men do not care for children during work. For other labour, see local community/kin questionnaire.",Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1457,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1457,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T6,DLB21,DLB21-3,"28. Looking after children during work. Typically, do children from sibling-kin groups look after children up to five year of age during work?",No,"In the context of town-based men, men do not care for children during work. For other labour, see local community/kin questionnaire.",Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1459,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1459,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T6,DLB21,DLB21-4,"28. Looking after children during work. Typically, do children up to five year of age look after each other as part of the same peer group during work?",No,"In the context of town-based men, men do not care for children during work. For other labour, see local community/kin questionnaire.",Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1460,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1460,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T6,DLB21,DLB21-2,"28. Looking after children during work. Typically, do parents look after children up to five year of age during work?",No,"In the context of town-based men, men do not care for children during work. For other labour, see local community/kin questionnaire.",Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1458,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1458,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T11,DLB26,,"29. Typically, how much supervision do adults provide to children in work?",Little supervision,Children are not involved in the work activities but rather may be on the peripheries of adults who are engaged in work.,Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Scalar,Constant supervision,A lot of supervision,Some supervision,Little supervision,No supervision at all,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1461,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1461,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P3,DLB0b,,3. What is the time frame when the largest number of people had the most opportunities for interaction in the labour domain?,"Arguably, the contemporary era has provided the most opportunities for interaction in the labour domain. Shared labour is likely to have characterised pre-colonial group dynamics (e.g. the production of material culture, subsistence labour), and to some extent these practices still continue alongside newer forms of labour made possible in larger urban communities – in this case at Maningrida particularly where many Burarra and YM people live and work every day.",,Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1423,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1423,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T2,DLB18,,30. What language do [q2o2answer] adults typically speak to a [q2o1answer] children in work?,This is highly contextual,"I could see both Burarra and YM being used in this setting, likely determined by the connection between the adult and child and theie knowledge of the child's repertoire.",Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1462,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1462,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T4,DLB19,,"31. Typically, what language do [q2o1answer] children from four/five year of age prefer to speak with [q2o2answer] adults in work?",This is highly contextual,"Some children might be in the habit of using YM with certain adults, e.g. within their family, or they might use Burarra and expect YM in return (or some other strategy).",Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1463,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1463,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T5,DLB20,,"32. Typically, what language would a [q2o1answer] child speak to [q2o2answer] children in work?",The [q2o1answer] language,"Although all sorts of interactional patterns no doubt exist, in the setting of work contexts in Maningrida I would say that Burarra would often be used among Burarra and YM children. But I'm not certain here.",Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Types,[q2o1answer] children do not interact with [q2o2answer] children,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1464,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1464,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,E1,DLB96,,"33. List any other groups that the [q2o1answer] people worked with in the past. List any other group in so far as you believe they had linguistic consequences for the [q2o1answer] language. Where possible, please also give an indication of when this interaction happened.",[See comment],"Pre-colonially the Burarra might have worked with neighbouring groups the Ndjébbana, Gurr-goni, Na-kara, Kune and Rembarrnga. In contemporary work, these same groups are relevant along with Kuninjku and of course English-speaking European Australians.",Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1465,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1465,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,E4,DLB97,,"34. What type of data informed your answers to the questions in the domain of labour, overall?",Impressions from my own fieldwork with the exact or related community Reports from language consultants Published or ongoing research project of my own on topics covered in this questionnaire,,Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,TypesMultiple,Impressions from my own fieldwork with the exact or related community,Reports from language consultants,Published or ongoing research project of my own on topics covered in this questionnaire,Published material by linguists,Published materials by other researchers in other fields,Other,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1466,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1466,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,E5,DLB98,,35. How certain are you in your responses for the domain of labour?,Somewhat certain,,Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Scalar,Very certain,Certain,Somewhat certain,Uncertain,Very uncertain,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1467,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1467,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,E6,DLB99,,36. List any comments or notes that you feel are relevant to this section of the questionnaire.,"Given the significant numbers of local communities of practice that arise around contemporary work domains, I have no doubt that there are many language practices unknown to me that may not have been captured here.",NA,Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1468,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1468,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P4,DLB01,,"4. What other languages, if any, are spoken in the labour domain?","English, Kriol, Bininj Kunwok varieties (Kune, Kuninjku) and Ndjébbana especially, but also some amount of Gurr-goni, Na-kara and Rembarrnga also possible.
",,Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1425,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1425,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DLB02,,5. How commonly are [q2o1answer] people and [q2o2answer] people involved in public modes of production?,Commonly,Work in the public domain is commonplace but not everyone is involved in it.,Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Scalar,Very commonly,Commonly,Somewhat commonly,Uncommonly,Very uncommonly,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1426,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1426,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D4,DLB04,,6. Is there hierarchy involved in work?,Yes,"In various ways hierarchies exist. In contemporary work int he public domain, there are bosses and people who work under them etc. In domestic modes of work then there are other kinds of hierarchy to do with seniority and knowledge (e.g. master/apprentice dynamics).",Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1427,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1427,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D6,DLB05,,7. Where do [q2o1answer] people and [q2o2answer] people typically work together?,This is highly contextual,"While in contemporary times the majority of both public and domestic work is likely occurring in Maningrida – i.e. on land belonging to the Ndjébbana people – it's also the case that some domestic work is likely still occurring on Burarra and Yolngu outstations, and at larger communities on Yolngu country (e.g. Milingimbi)",Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Types,At places which belong to the [q2o1answer],At places which belong to the [q2o2answer],At places which belong to some other group,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1428,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1428,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D11,DLB29,,8. How much influence can the [q2o1answer] exert over the terms of work?,Influence is somewhat exerted,"This varies significantly. In terms of public domains of work it's more about who is in what position of seniority, or perhaps about which group is more represented in a given workplace (which in Maningrida might be the Burarra as there are more of them). For domestic labour I'm not really sure how to interpret this question.",Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Scalar,Influence is practically always exerted,Influence is very much exerted,Influence is somewhat exerted,Influence is exerted very little,Influence is practically never exerted,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1429,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1429,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D9,DLB06,,9. Are there any speech styles used during work?,Yes,"If taboo relationships (e.g. mother-in law, classificatory poison cousin) have to be navigated in a workplace of any kind, then some interactional concessions/circumlocutions are likely to be adopted. In domestic labour this would certainly be the case, but I've heard that in public workplaces these can be put aside to some extent where necessary (although I'd say not entirely). I don't have first hand information about how this plays out, however.

If code-switching is considered a speech style, then this is certainly commonly attested – especially code-switching with English/Kriol.",Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1430,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1430,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P3N,DLB0bN,,"Coarse time range, numerical",1960-2020,NA,Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Value,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1424,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1424,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P2N,DLB0aN,,"Coarse time range, numerical",1500-2020,NA,Jill Vaughan,DLB,3,Value,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1422,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1422,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P1,DLC00,,1. Has the local community ever been a relevant domain of contact between [q2o1answer] and [q2o2answer]?,Yes,"Both in the pre-colonial and contemporary era, subsections of Burarra and Yolngu people have been in regular contact in their local communities",Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1469,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1469,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S1,DLC16,,10. How often do [q2o1answer] people interact with [q2o2answer] people in the local community?,Very often,"Within groups where speakers of both languages co-reside, encounters would be daily. For other groups, encounters might be seasonal or less frequent.",Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Scalar,Very often,Often,Sometimes,Rarely,Very rarely,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1488,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1488,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S3,DLC15,,11. How many people are typically involved in interactions between [q2o1answer] people and [q2o2answer] people in the local community?,Interactions are sometimes under 5 people,"In the local community, people tended to socialise in larger groups with speech often 'broadcast' and non-dyadic – directed to ‘no particular individual and there need not be any direct response’ (Walsh 1991) rather than directly targeted, with extended silences the norm (see also e.g. Eades 2000). However of course smaller interactions would also have been commonplace between close kin and others.",Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Scalar,Interactions are practically always under 5 people,Interactions are often under 5 people,Interactions are sometimes under 5 people,Interactions are rarely under 5 people,Interactions are practically never under 5 people,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1489,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1489,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S4,DLC05,,12. How physically proximate to each other are people in the local community?,Very proximate to each other,"People lived in relatively close quarters, with other small groups also within fairly close proximity at certain times of the year.",Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Scalar,Very proximate to each other,Proximate to each other,Somewhat proximate to each other,Far from each other,Very far from each other,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1490,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1490,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S5,DLC14,,13. How would you rate the overall relationship between [q2o1answer] and [q2o2answer] people in the local community?,Friendly,NA,Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Scalar,Friendly,Somewhat friendly,Neutral,Somewhat hostile,Hostile,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1491,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1491,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S6,DLC32,,"14. What is the proportion of total [q2o1answer] people who have opportunities for contact with [q2o2answer] people, in the form of local communities?",Some people,I'm not really sure here – there are plenty of reports of co-residence of these groups but if we're talking about the immediate group that interacts daily that might well not be more than half.,Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Scalar,Almost everyone,Many people,Some people,Few people,Practically no one,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1492,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1492,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S7,DLC33,,"15. What is the proportion of total [q2o2answer] people who have opportunities for contact with [q2o1answer] people, in the form of local communities?",Few people,"Again not totally sure, but I imagine it would just be a subsection of the western Yolngu groups who end up in daily contact with the Burarra (but a much higher proportion who have seasonal or less frequent interactions)",Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Scalar,Almost everyone,Many people,Some people,Few people,Practically no one,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1493,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1493,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,BA,DLC18,,16. What is the overall attitude that [q2o1answer] people have towards [q2o2answer] people in the local community?,Positive,Again attitudes would be fairly positive given the aforementioned long-term friendly relations between the groups. I've not said 'very positive' as I would say there are still in vs out-group dynamics.,Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Scalar,Very positive,Positive,Neutral,Negative,Very negative,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1494,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1494,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,BH,DLC19,,"17. How do [q2o1answer] people view themselves overall in relation to [q2o2answer] people, in the context of the local community?",[q2o1answer] see themselves as neither superior nor inferior to [q2o2answer],"Similar to other domains – while each group has prestige and rights on their own country and so in the local community would enjoy some additional roles, these are not inherent to the group but rather about custodianship of country, sites and ceremonies.",Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Scalar,[q2o1answer] see themselves as very superior to [q2o2answer],[q2o1answer] see themselves as superior to [q2o2answer],[q2o1answer] see themselves as neither superior nor inferior to [q2o2answer],[q2o1answer] see themselves as inferior to [q2o2answer],[q2o1answer] see themselves as very inferior to [q2o2answer],NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1495,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1495,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,BI,DLC04,,18. What language do [q2o1answer] people expect to be used with [q2o2answer] people in the local community?,This is highly contextual,"While strong ideologies exist dictating the use of the patrilect in many contexts, multilingualism is also expected and the use of other languages would be captured in local ideologies for a variety of reasons (e.g. in deference to the land the speaker is on, as a narrative device...)",Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1496,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1496,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,O1,DLC11,,19. What language do [q2o1answer] people typically speak with [q2o2answer] people in the local community?,This is highly contextual,This would be determined buy a number of factors and different multilingual strategies would be drawn on in different dyads and across different interactions. This would be influenced in part by the majority language(s) in the community – which might be either Burarra or YM or both (or something else entirely). People might use their own primary languages or sometimes another language within their repertoire to achieve all sorts of social goals.,Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1497,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1497,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P2,DLC0a,,2. How long have [q2o1answer] and [q2o2answer] people been in contact in the local community?,"As with the other domains, we can assume that there's been contact for at least several hundred years and probably much longer",,Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1470,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1470,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,O2,DLC12,,20. Do [q2o1answer] people typically simplify their language when speaking with [q2o2answer] people in the local community?,No,As in other domains I would say no given how common it would have been to have Burarra within local repertoires. It was well understood by local groups and so I imagine simplifications should not have been required.,Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Types,Yes,No,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1498,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1498,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,O3,DLC13,,"21. Typically in the local community, how fluently do [q2o1answer] people speak the [q2o2answer] language?",Fluently,"Again – some speakers would have been entirely fluent, basically L1-level usually from having a YM-speaking caregiver. Others would have functional competence, and others largely receptive competence.",Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Scalar,Very fluently,Fluently,Somewhat fluently,A little fluently,Not fluently at all,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1499,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1499,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,I1,DLC09,,22. What language do [q2o2answer] people typically speak with [q2o1answer] people in the local community?,This is highly contextual,See response to Q 19 above – I don't believe it would be any different for speakers of YM,Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1500,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1500,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,I2,DLC10,,"23. Typically in the local community, how well do [q2o1answer] people understand the [q2o2answer] language?",Very well,I would expect that comprehension levels for people in regular contact in the local community would be pretty high,Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Scalar,Very well,Well,Somewhat,Poorly,Very poorly,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1501,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1501,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T1,DLC31,,24. How much do [q2o1answer] children participate in the activities of the local community?,They practically always participate,"My sense is that children are thoroughly embedded in most contexts in the local community, that there is not any particular separation of adults and children",Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Scalar,They practically always participate,They participate a lot,They participate somewhat,They participate a little,They practically never participate,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1502,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1502,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T6,DLC03,DLC03-1,"25. Looking after children in the local community. Typically, do adults other than the parents look after children up to five year of age in the local community?",Yes,"Earlier comments regarding caregiving and the 'kid mob' apply here, I repeat these below:
While care is provided by all of the above categories, particularly important are mothers, mothers’ sisters, grandmothers and the peer group (from around age 2).  Young children are cared for by parents, especially mothers, mothers' sisters (who are considered mothers), grandmothers, other adults (most likely female), and older children. Researchers in northern Australia have noted the contemporary importance of the 'kid mob' – i.e. groups of children spending time together away from communal areas and from adult social activities – and this is assumed to have been the case pre-colonially also. Loakes et al (2013): ""In Indigenous Australian communities, older children not only play with and interact with younger children, but are also expected to take on some responsibility with respect to looking after them in the community. This means that for many older children, a large proportion of their daily interactions are likely to take place with other children"". Hamilton (1981), in her study of Burarra child-rearing practices, notes that children usually stay with caregivers for the first 18–24 months of life, but from ~2 are expected to ""expected to adapt rapidly to new circumstances, to accept the peer group as the most significant force in its daily life, and to look to other children rather than mother or father for support and learning experiences"" (1981: 100). These peer groups then develop into the more structured 'kid mobs' for children 5-9. To an extent, these groups are determined by common language and kinship ties (1981: 103), and remain important for older kids and adolescents.",Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1503,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1503,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T6,DLC03,DLC03-3,"25. Looking after children in the local community. Typically, do children from sibling-kin groups look after children up to five year of age in local community?",Yes,"Earlier comments regarding caregiving and the 'kid mob' apply here, I repeat these below:
While care is provided by all of the above categories, particularly important are mothers, mothers’ sisters, grandmothers and the peer group (from around age 2).  Young children are cared for by parents, especially mothers, mothers' sisters (who are considered mothers), grandmothers, other adults (most likely female), and older children. Researchers in northern Australia have noted the contemporary importance of the 'kid mob' – i.e. groups of children spending time together away from communal areas and from adult social activities – and this is assumed to have been the case pre-colonially also. Loakes et al (2013): ""In Indigenous Australian communities, older children not only play with and interact with younger children, but are also expected to take on some responsibility with respect to looking after them in the community. This means that for many older children, a large proportion of their daily interactions are likely to take place with other children"". Hamilton (1981), in her study of Burarra child-rearing practices, notes that children usually stay with caregivers for the first 18–24 months of life, but from ~2 are expected to ""expected to adapt rapidly to new circumstances, to accept the peer group as the most significant force in its daily life, and to look to other children rather than mother or father for support and learning experiences"" (1981: 100). These peer groups then develop into the more structured 'kid mobs' for children 5-9. To an extent, these groups are determined by common language and kinship ties (1981: 103), and remain important for older kids and adolescents.",Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1505,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1505,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T6,DLC03,DLC03-4,"25. Looking after children in the local community. Typically, do children up to five year of age look after each other as part of the same peer group in the local community?",Yes,"Earlier comments regarding caregiving and the 'kid mob' apply here, I repeat these below:
While care is provided by all of the above categories, particularly important are mothers, mothers’ sisters, grandmothers and the peer group (from around age 2).  Young children are cared for by parents, especially mothers, mothers' sisters (who are considered mothers), grandmothers, other adults (most likely female), and older children. Researchers in northern Australia have noted the contemporary importance of the 'kid mob' – i.e. groups of children spending time together away from communal areas and from adult social activities – and this is assumed to have been the case pre-colonially also. Loakes et al (2013): ""In Indigenous Australian communities, older children not only play with and interact with younger children, but are also expected to take on some responsibility with respect to looking after them in the community. This means that for many older children, a large proportion of their daily interactions are likely to take place with other children"". Hamilton (1981), in her study of Burarra child-rearing practices, notes that children usually stay with caregivers for the first 18–24 months of life, but from ~2 are expected to ""expected to adapt rapidly to new circumstances, to accept the peer group as the most significant force in its daily life, and to look to other children rather than mother or father for support and learning experiences"" (1981: 100). These peer groups then develop into the more structured 'kid mobs' for children 5-9. To an extent, these groups are determined by common language and kinship ties (1981: 103), and remain important for older kids and adolescents.",Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1506,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1506,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T6,DLC03,DLC03-2,"25. Looking after children in the local community. Typically, do parents look after children up to five year of age in the local community?",Yes,"Earlier comments regarding caregiving and the 'kid mob' apply here, I repeat these below:
While care is provided by all of the above categories, particularly important are mothers, mothers’ sisters, grandmothers and the peer group (from around age 2).  Young children are cared for by parents, especially mothers, mothers' sisters (who are considered mothers), grandmothers, other adults (most likely female), and older children. Researchers in northern Australia have noted the contemporary importance of the 'kid mob' – i.e. groups of children spending time together away from communal areas and from adult social activities – and this is assumed to have been the case pre-colonially also. Loakes et al (2013): ""In Indigenous Australian communities, older children not only play with and interact with younger children, but are also expected to take on some responsibility with respect to looking after them in the community. This means that for many older children, a large proportion of their daily interactions are likely to take place with other children"". Hamilton (1981), in her study of Burarra child-rearing practices, notes that children usually stay with caregivers for the first 18–24 months of life, but from ~2 are expected to ""expected to adapt rapidly to new circumstances, to accept the peer group as the most significant force in its daily life, and to look to other children rather than mother or father for support and learning experiences"" (1981: 100). These peer groups then develop into the more structured 'kid mobs' for children 5-9. To an extent, these groups are determined by common language and kinship ties (1981: 103), and remain important for older kids and adolescents.",Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1504,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1504,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T11,DLC20,,"26. Typically in the local community, how much supervision do adults provide to children’s own activities, such as playing?",Little supervision,"I'm not sure if the options here capture what I mean – adults are often present in the vicinity, but tend not to supervise in a very active or controlling way. Hamilton (1981) in her in-depth study of child-rearing among the An-barra Burarra observes that infants and children were largely recognised as autonomous. Independence in children was encouraged by non-intrusive indirect supervision so as not to interfere with natural  development. Children were generally given choice and control over their own activities.",Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Scalar,Constant supervision,A lot of supervision,Some supervision,Little supervision,No supervision at all,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1507,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1507,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T2,DLC21,,27. What language do [q2o2answer] adults typically speak to a [q2o1answer] children?,This is highly contextual,"As in other domains, various multilingual strategies likely to have been in use. Code-switching, receptive multilingualism, monolingual mode also possible. Likely influenced by adult's knowledge of child's repertoire and ideologised patrilect.",Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1508,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1508,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T4,DLC22,,"28. Typically, what language do [q2o1answer] children from four/five year of age prefer to speak with [q2o2answer] adults?",This is highly contextual,"I would say in general the preference for many would be to use Burarra, but for some children for whom YM is a family language this would be perfectly accepted with certain YM adults",Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1509,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1509,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T5,DLC23,,"29. Typically, what language would a [q2o1answer] child speak to [q2o2answer] children in the local community?",This is highly contextual,See other responses re multilingual strategies that are the norm in community interactions,Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Types,[q2o1answer] children do not interact with [q2o2answer] children],The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1510,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1510,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P3,DLC0b,,3. What is the time frame when the largest number of people had the most opportunities for interaction in the local community?,"1600-1800. For certain subsections of the Burarra and Yolngu at least, this is likely to have been pre-colonially so again – the start date here is fairly arbitrary, it just delineates a usefully large chunk of time. The end date captures the arrival of British colonists in 1788 (colonial incursions into Arnhem Land were much later than their arrival in Australia). It's true though that post-colonially probably more Burarra people are involved in contact with Yolngu people (in Maningrida), but the contact is less direct I would say than in pre-colonial small multilingual communities.",,Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1472,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1472,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,E1,DLC96,,"30. List any other groups that the [q2o1answer] formed local communities with in the past, in so far as you believe this had linguistic consequences for the [q2o1answer] language. Where possible, please also give an indication of when this happened.","The main groups are listed below. The time frames would have been similar to Yolngu Matha as far as I know – stretching back pre-colonially for at least several hundred years.
Na-kara
Gurr-goni
Rembarrnga
Dalabon
Kuninjku
Kune",NA,Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1511,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1511,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,E4,DLC97,,"31. What type of data informed your answers to the questions in the domain of local community, overall?",Impressions from my own fieldwork with the exact or related community Reports from language consultants Published or ongoing research project of my own on topics covered in this questionnaire Published material by linguists Published materials by other researchers in other fields,NA,Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,TypesMultiple,Impressions from my own fieldwork with the exact or related community,Reports from language consultants,Published or ongoing research project of my own on topics covered in this questionnaire,Published material by linguists,Published materials by other researchers in other fields,Other,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1512,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1512,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,E5,DLC98,,32. How certain are you in your responses for the domain of local community?,Certain,NA,Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Scalar,Very certain,Certain,Somewhat certain,Uncertain,Very uncertain,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1513,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1513,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,E6,DLC99,,33. List any comments or notes that you feel are relevant to this section of the questionnaire.,B,NA,Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1514,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1514,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P4,DLC01,,"4. What other languages, if any, are spoken in the local community?","This will basically equate to the family/kin domain answer:

Bininj Kunwok varieties (Kune, Kuninjku)
Rembarrnga
Na-kara
Ndjébbana
Gurr-goni
Dalabon
Mawng
Kunbarlang

Plausibly any of these could feature in the highly multilingual individual repertoires, but there would have been significant variation.",,Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1474,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1474,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DLC02,,5. Choose one of the following where [q2o1answer] people are most likely to speak in an unmonitored way.,Band,"I would say the residential groups made up of interconnected families would be the best level at which to think about this, but I guess I can't really say if within that group speech would be less monitored with close family – I don't think so?",Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Types,Nuclear Family,Band,Neighbourhood or village,Town or city,Other,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1475,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1475,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D6,DLC28,,6. Where do [q2o1answer] and [q2o2answer] people typically meet up in the local community?,This is highly contextual,"In local communities, Burarra/Yolngu contact is most likely to be between majority language-speakers of some group and people who have married in, so this can go in either direction. I.e. Yolngu women who have married and moved to stay with the families of Burarra men, and vice versa.",Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Types,At places which belong to the [q2o1answer],At places which belong to the [q2o2answer],At places which belong to some other group,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1476,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1476,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D11,DLC27,,7. How much influence can the [q2o1answer] exert over [q2o2answer] in the activities of the local community?,Influence is somewhat exerted,"See earlier comments re egalitarian and friendly relations between groups. Perhaps in this context there may be some local imbalances to do with which group is in the majority vs. which have married, but this is not inherent to the group.",Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Scalar,Influence is practically always exerted,Influence is very much exerted,Influence is somewhat exerted,Influence is exerted very little,Influence is practically never exerted,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1477,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1477,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DLC25,DLC25-3,"8. Involvement in the Local Community. Does involvement in the local community differ based on a person's descent group, such as clan, house, lineage group, kinship group?",Yes,,Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1480,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1480,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DLC25,DLC25-6,8. Involvement in the Local Community. Does involvement in the local community differ based on a person’s age or life stage?,Yes,,Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1483,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1483,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DLC25,DLC25-4,"8. Involvement in the Local Community. Does involvement in the local community differ based on a person’s group of land ownership, such as tribe, clan, territorial group?",Yes,,Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1481,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1481,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DLC25,DLC25-7,8. Involvement in the Local Community. Does involvement in the local community differ based on a person’s place identity and affiliation?,No,,Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1484,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1484,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DLC25,DLC25-5,"8. Involvement in the Local Community. Does involvement in the local community differ based on a person’s race, ethnicity, or some other similar grouping?",No,,Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1482,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1482,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DLC25,DLC25-8,8. Involvement in the Local Community. Does involvement in the local community differ based on a person’s sex or gender?,Yes,,Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1485,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1485,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DLC25,DLC25-9,8. Involvement in the Local Community. Does involvement in the local community differ based on any other communities of practice?,B,,Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1486,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1486,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DLC25,DLC25-1,"8. Involvement in the Local Community. Does involvement in the local community differ based on hierarchies associated to profession or wealth, such as a person's class and caste?",No,,Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1478,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1478,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DLC25,DLC25-2,"8. Involvement in the Local Community. Does involvement in the local community differ based on whether a person belongs to some magico-religiously sanctioned group, such as religious denomination?",No,,Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1479,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1479,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D10,DLC29,,9. Do [q2o1answer] people experience the local community differently depending on social group?,Yes,"Men may have had a different experience of the local community (e.g. Keen 2004) e.g. due to distinct patterns of mobility, fewer caring responsibilities.
",Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1487,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1487,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P3N,DLC0bN,,"Coarse time range, numerical",1600-1800,NA,Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Value,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1473,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1473,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P2N,DLC0aN,,"Coarse time range, numerical",1500-2020,NA,Jill Vaughan,DLC,4,Value,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1471,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1471,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P1,DTR00,,1. Has trade ever been a relevant domain of contact between [q2o1answer] and [q2o2answer]?,Yes,"Almost certainly this has been the case, but I'll be working from scant information from the literature and general impressions here.",Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1564,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1564,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D12,DTR35,,"10. How often are these speech styles typically used in trade, in comparison with unmonitored speech?",NA,,Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Scalar,Always,Sometimes,As much as monitored speech,Rarely,Never,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1580,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1580,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DTR03,DTR03-4,"11. Involvement in trade. Does involvement in the knowledge domain differ based on a person’s group of land ownership, such as tribe, clan, territorial group?",Yes,Clan – established networks of trade would differ depending on clan group and residence locality,Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1584,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1584,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DTR03,DTR03-3,"11. Involvement in trade. Does involvement in trade differ based on a person's descent group, such as clan, house, lineage group, kinship group?",Yes,Clan – established networks of trade would differ depending on clan group and residence locality,Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1583,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1583,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DTR03,DTR03-6,11. Involvement in trade. Does involvement in trade differ based on a person’s age or life stage?,Yes,Age – I believe men in their 20s-40s would likely have been most involved in trade exchanges,Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1586,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1586,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DTR03,DTR03-7,11. Involvement in trade. Does involvement in trade differ based on a person’s place identity and affiliation?,Yes,"Place identity – trade patterns would differ significantly based on location I would imagine, e.g. coastal v.s inland groups",Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1587,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1587,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DTR03,DTR03-5,"11. Involvement in trade. Does involvement in trade differ based on a person’s race, ethnicity, or some other similar grouping?",No,,Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1585,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1585,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DTR03,DTR03-8,11. Involvement in trade. Does involvement in trade differ based on a person’s sex or gender?,Yes,Sex/gender – I don't believe women participated in trade (except sometimes as the thing being traded...),Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1588,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1588,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DTR03,DTR03-9,11. Involvement in trade. Does involvement in trade differ based on any other communities of practice?,No,,Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1589,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1589,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DTR03,DTR03-1,"11. Involvement in trade. Does involvement in trade differ based on hierarchies associated to profession or wealth, such as a person's class or caste?",No,,Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1581,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1581,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D3,DTR03,DTR03-2,"11. Involvement in trade. Does involvement in trade differ based on whether a person belongs to some magico-religiously sanctioned group, such as religious denomination?",No,,Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1582,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1582,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D10,DTR32,,12. Do [q2o1answer] people experience trade differently depending on social group?,Yes,"I don't believe that women participated much in trade, so contact would primarily have been between adult men in this domain; Adult men",Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1590,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1590,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S1,DTR14,,13. How often do [q2o1answer] people trade with [q2o2answer] people?,Sometimes,"I'm really not sure here, but given seasonal contact between groups a few times a year seems likely but for some groups it might be much more regular",Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Scalar,Very often,Often,Sometimes,Rarely,Very rarely,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1591,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1591,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S3,DTR22,,14. How many people are typically involved in interactions between [q2o1answer] people and [q2o2answer] people when trading?,Interactions are sometimes under 5 people,"Again, not sure but this seems likely",Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Scalar,Interactions are practically always under 5 people,Interactions are often under 5 people,Interactions are sometimes under 5 people,Interactions are rarely under 5 people,Interactions are practically never under 5 people,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1592,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1592,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S4,DTR36,,15. How physically proximate to each other are people involved in trade?,Very proximate to each other,"Think trade occurred in pretty close proximity, but I'm not sure",Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Scalar,Very proximate to each other,Proximate to each other,Somewhat proximate to each other,Far from each other,Very far from each other,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1593,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1593,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S5,DTR23,,16. How would you rate the overall relationship between [q2o1answer] and [q2o2answer] people in trade?,Friendly,Again I imagine the friendly relations among the Eastern Arnhem bloc would shape relationships in the trade domain,Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Scalar,Friendly,Somewhat friendly,Neutral,Somewhat hostile,Hostile,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1594,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1594,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S6,DTR33,,17. What is the proportion of total [q2o1answer] people who have opportunities for contact with [q2o2answer] people in trade?,Many people,(just to be sure – this means many people within the designated subsection of adult men),Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Scalar,Almost everyone,Many people,Some people,Few people,Practically no one,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1595,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1595,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,S7,DTR34,,18. What is the proportion of total [q2o2answer] people who have opportunities for contact with [q2o1answer] people in trade?,Some people,"As far as I know, anyway. Slightly lower proportion to reflect the fact that eastern Yolngu groups may not have been in direct contact with Burarra people.",Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Scalar,Almost everyone,Many people,Some people,Few people,Practically no one,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1596,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1596,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,BA,DTR16,,19. What is the overall attitude that [q2o1answer] people have towards [q2o2answer] people in trade?,Positive,See comments re eastern Arnhem bloc,Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Scalar,Very positive,Positive,Neutral,Negative,Very negative,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1597,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1597,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P2,DTR0a,,2. How long have [q2o1answer] and [q2o2answer] people traded for?,At least several hundred years. Again – contact between the groups is spoken about as if it has always been the case. It would appear that it has been happening for hundreds of years before the colonial era in any case and possibly very much longer.,,Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1565,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1565,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,BH,DTR29,,"20. How do [q2o1answer] people view themselves overall in relation to [q2o2answer] people, within the context of trade?",[q2o1answer] see themselves as neither superior nor inferior to [q2o2answer],,Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Scalar,[q2o1answer] see themselves as very superior to [q2o2answer],[q2o1answer] see themselves as superior to [q2o2answer],[q2o1answer] see themselves as neither superior nor inferior to [q2o2answer],[q2o1answer] see themselves as inferior to [q2o2answer],[q2o1answer] see themselves as very inferior to [q2o2answer],NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1598,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1598,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,BI,DTR08,,21. What language do [q2o1answer] people expect to be used when trading with [q2o2answer] people?,This is highly contextual,"I expect the patrilectal ideology would dominate still, but no doubt it would also be expected that multilingual strategies would come into play",Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1599,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1599,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,O1,DTR11,,22. What language do [q2o1answer] people typically speak when trading with [q2o2answer] people?,This is highly contextual,"As in earlier domains – I would expect that a wide range of multilingual strategies characteristic of small-scale multilingual settings would be drawn on, influenced by a range of local social goals",Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1600,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1600,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,O2,DTR12,,23. Do [q2o1answer] people typically simplify their language when speaking with [q2o2answer] people during trade?,No,,Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Types,Yes,No,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1601,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1601,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,O3,DTR13,,"24. Typically in trade, how fluently do [q2o1answer] people speak the [q2o2answer] language?",Fluently,"Language skills would vary among individuals and across subgroups of the Burarra, but generally speaking this would be the case for many. Especially those for whom Burarra was a family language.",Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Scalar,Very fluently,Fluently,Somewhat fluently,A little fluently,Not fluently at all,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1602,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1602,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,I1,DTR09,,25. What language do [q2o2answer] people typically speak when trading with the [q2o1answer]?,This is highly contextual,"As in earlier domains – I would expect that a wide range of multilingual strategies characteristic of small-scale multilingual settings would be drawn on, influenced by a range of local social goals",Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1603,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1603,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,I2,DTR10,,"26. Typically in trade, how well do [q2o1answer] people understand the [q2o2answer] language?",Very well,"I would say most Burarra people would have good receptive skills in Yolngu Matha in this setting, especially given multilingual competence was seen as an asset in trade",Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Scalar,Very well,Well,Somewhat,Poorly,Very poorly,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1604,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1604,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T1,DTR18,,27. How much do [q2o1answer] children participate in trade?,They participate a little ,"In some trade interactions that occur near more domestic settings, children would have been in the local environment but not involved",Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Scalar,They practically always participate,They participate a lot,They participate somewhat,They participate a little,They practically never participate,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1605,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1605,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T6,DTR27,DTR27-1,"28. Looking after children during trade. Typically, do adults other than the parents look after children up to five year of age during trade?",No,For the focus subgroup of adult men – they are not providing caregiving while engaged in trade,Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1606,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1606,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T6,DTR27,DTR27-3,"28. Looking after children during trade. Typically, do children from sibling-kin groups look after children up to five year of age during trade?",No,For the focus subgroup of adult men – they are not providing caregiving while engaged in trade,Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1608,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1608,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T6,DTR27,DTR27-4,"28. Looking after children during trade. Typically, do children up to five year of age look after each other as part of the same peer group during trade?",No,For the focus subgroup of adult men – they are not providing caregiving while engaged in trade,Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1609,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1609,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T6,DTR27,DTR27-2,"28. Looking after children during trade. Typically, do parents look after children up to five year of age during trade?",No,For the focus subgroup of adult men – they are not providing caregiving while engaged in trade,Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1607,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1607,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T11,DTR31,,"29. Typically, how much supervision do adults provide to children in trade?",Some supervision,Children are not involved in the trade activities but rather may be on the peripheries of adults who are engaged in trade.,Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Scalar,Constant supervision,A lot of supervision,Some supervision,Little supervision,No supervision at all,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1610,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1610,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P3,DTR0b,,3. What is the time frame when the largest number of people had the most opportunities for interaction in trade?,1600-1800. To capture pre-colonial trade have chosen a large stretch of time leading up to the colonial era,,Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1567,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1567,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T2,DTR19,,30. What language do [q2o2answer] adults typically speak to a [q2o1answer] children in trade?,This is highly contextual,Children only on the periphery of some trade interactions. See earlier comments re likely multilingual strategies drawn on,Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1611,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1611,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T4,DTR20,,"31. Typically, what language do [q2o1answer] children from four/five year of age prefer to speak with [q2o2answer] adults?",This is highly contextual,"Same as other domains, e.g. local community",Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Types,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1612,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1612,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,T5,DTR37,,"32. Typically, what language would a [q2o1answer] child speak to [q2o2answer] children in trade?",This is highly contextual,"Same as other domains, e.g. local community",Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Types,[q2o1answer] children do not interact with [q2o2answer] children,The [q2o1answer] language,The [q2o2answer] language,Some other language,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1613,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1613,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,E1,DTR96,,"33. List any other groups that the [q2o1answer] traded with in the past, in so far as you believe this had linguistic consequences for the [q2o1answer] language. Where possible, please also give an indication of when this happened.",[See comment],,Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1614,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1614,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,E4,DTR97,,"34. What type of data informed your answers to the questions in the domain of trade, overall?",Impressions from my own fieldwork with the exact or related community;Published material by linguists;Published materials by researchers in other fields,,Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,TypesMultiple,Impressions from my own fieldwork with the exact or related community,Reports from language consultants,Published or ongoing research project of my own on topics covered in this questionnaire,Published material by linguists,Published materials by other researchers in other fields,Other,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1615,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1615,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,E5,DTR98,,35. How certain are you in your responses for the domain of trade?,Somewhat certain,NA,Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Scalar,Very certain,Certain,Somewhat certain,Uncertain,Very uncertain,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1616,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1616,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,E6,DTR99,,36. List any comments or notes that you feel are relevant to this section of the questionnaire.,B,NA,Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1617,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1617,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P4,DTR01,,"4. What other languages, if any, are spoken in trade?","I would guess that trade would have involved most major languages in the local space, i.e.:
Ndjébbana
Gurr-goni
Na-kara
Kune
Kuninjku
Rembarrnga
Dalabon
Mawng
Kunbarlang

But also Makassar as trade occured in this timeframe with Macassans fishermen from southern Sulawesi who travelled yearly to the northern coast of Australia to harvest trepang/sea cucumbers. For the Indigenous people of Arnhem Land and the Kimberley, the Macassans were among the first foreigners they had ever come across, provoking a great deal of interest in the various material cultures they subsequently introduced. These items include canoes, sails, hooks, fishing lines, beads and metals, to name just a few. Besides introducing various items of material culture, the Macassans employed Indigenous people to help gather and process the trepang catch (Clark & May 2013).",,Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1569,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1569,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DTR02,DTR02-2,5. Traded good types. Do [q2o1answer] people trade luxury items to [q2o2answer] people?,Yes,"I have no information about the directionality of trade of any particular item, but some examples of things known to be traded in the region include:
ochre
pounding stones
fur 
dillybags
spearheads 
boomerangs
didgeridoos
hooked spears
fighting-clubs 
ritual paraphernalia: decorated poles, carved bones, ceremonial belts, string decorations for dancers)
foreign goods (traded by Macassan sailors – e.g. metal blades, knives and axes, cloth, tobacco, rice, gin)
shells and shell jewellery possibly

Most are therefore manufactured goods. Ochre could be classed as a raw material but also as a luxury item of sorts?",Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1571,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1571,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DTR02,DTR02-3,5. Traded good types. Do [q2o1answer] people trade manufactured goods to [q2o2answer] people?,Yes,"I have no information about the directionality of trade of any particular item, but some examples of things known to be traded in the region include:
ochre
pounding stones
fur 
dillybags
spearheads 
boomerangs
didgeridoos
hooked spears
fighting-clubs 
ritual paraphernalia: decorated poles, carved bones, ceremonial belts, string decorations for dancers)
foreign goods (traded by Macassan sailors – e.g. metal blades, knives and axes, cloth, tobacco, rice, gin)
shells and shell jewellery possibly

Most are therefore manufactured goods. Ochre could be classed as a raw material but also as a luxury item of sorts?",Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1572,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1572,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DTR02,DTR02-1,5. Traded good types. Do [q2o1answer] people trade raw materials and primary produce to [q2o2answer] people?,Yes,"I have no information about the directionality of trade of any particular item, but some examples of things known to be traded in the region include:
ochre
pounding stones
fur 
dillybags
spearheads 
boomerangs
didgeridoos
hooked spears
fighting-clubs 
ritual paraphernalia: decorated poles, carved bones, ceremonial belts, string decorations for dancers)
foreign goods (traded by Macassan sailors – e.g. metal blades, knives and axes, cloth, tobacco, rice, gin)
shells and shell jewellery possibly

Most are therefore manufactured goods. Ochre could be classed as a raw material but also as a luxury item of sorts?",Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1570,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1570,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DTR02,DTR02-5,5. Traded good types. Do [q2o2answer] people trade luxury items to [q2o1answer] people?,Yes,"I have no information about the directionality of trade of any particular item, but some examples of things known to be traded in the region include:
ochre
pounding stones
fur 
dillybags
spearheads 
boomerangs
didgeridoos
hooked spears
fighting-clubs 
ritual paraphernalia: decorated poles, carved bones, ceremonial belts, string decorations for dancers)
foreign goods (traded by Macassan sailors – e.g. metal blades, knives and axes, cloth, tobacco, rice, gin)
shells and shell jewellery possibly

Most are therefore manufactured goods. Ochre could be classed as a raw material but also as a luxury item of sorts?",Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1574,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1574,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DTR02,DTR02-6,5. Traded good types. Do [q2o2answer] people trade manufactured goods to [q2o1answer] people?,Yes,"I have no information about the directionality of trade of any particular item, but some examples of things known to be traded in the region include:
ochre
pounding stones
fur 
dillybags
spearheads 
boomerangs
didgeridoos
hooked spears
fighting-clubs 
ritual paraphernalia: decorated poles, carved bones, ceremonial belts, string decorations for dancers)
foreign goods (traded by Macassan sailors – e.g. metal blades, knives and axes, cloth, tobacco, rice, gin)
shells and shell jewellery possibly

Most are therefore manufactured goods. Ochre could be classed as a raw material but also as a luxury item of sorts?",Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1575,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1575,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D1,DTR02,DTR02-4,5. Traded good types. Do [q2o2answer] people trade raw material and primary produce to [q2o1answer] people?,Yes,"I have no information about the directionality of trade of any particular item, but some examples of things known to be traded in the region include:
ochre
pounding stones
fur 
dillybags
spearheads 
boomerangs
didgeridoos
hooked spears
fighting-clubs 
ritual paraphernalia: decorated poles, carved bones, ceremonial belts, string decorations for dancers)
foreign goods (traded by Macassan sailors – e.g. metal blades, knives and axes, cloth, tobacco, rice, gin)
shells and shell jewellery possibly

Most are therefore manufactured goods. Ochre could be classed as a raw material but also as a luxury item of sorts?",Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1573,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1573,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D4,DTR24,,"6. Typically when trading with [q2o2answer] people, the [q2o1answer] people will",Exchange objects,No pre-colonial currency attested,Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Types,Use money,Exchange objects,This is contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1576,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1576,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D6,DTR06,,7. Where does trade between [q2o1answer] and [q2o2answer] people typically take place?,This is highly contextual,I don't know of any special locations for trade. As far as I can tell this occurred at places belonging to both groups and on land belonging to other groups.,Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Types,At places which belong to the [q2o1answer],At places which belong to the [q2o2answer],At places which belong to some other group,This is highly contextual,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1577,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1577,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D11,DTR17,,8. How much influence can the [q2o1answer] exert over the [q2o2answer] in terms of trade?,Influence is somewhat exerted,No particular influence inherent to one group or the other – would depend on other contextual factors I imagine,Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Scalar,Influence is practically always exerted,Influence is very much exerted,Influence is somewhat exerted,Influence is exerted very little,Influence is practically never exerted,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1578,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1578,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,D9,DTR28,,9. Are there any speech styles used in trade?,No,"Assuming we are distinguishing trade from ceremonial exchange (where speech style do occur as noted earlier), then not that I know of. I guess there could well have been particular kinds of multilingual practices that were associated with trade, but I don't know anything specific about these.",Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1579,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1579,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P3N,DTR0bN,,"Coarse time range, numerical",1600-1800,NA,Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Value,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1568,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1568,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,P2N,DTR0aN,,"Coarse time range, numerical",1500-2020,NA,Jill Vaughan,DTR,5,Value,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1566,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1566,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,O10,O10,,[q2o1answer] peoples’ language loyalty towards [q2o1answer] can be characterised as:,High,"Here the patrilectal ideology is particularly relevant – Burarra people expect to speak Burarra most of the time, but also know that it is appropriate and desirable to draw on their multilingual repertoires in some contexts",Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Scalar,Very high,High,Neither low nor high,Low,Very low,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1261,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1261,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OT1,OT1,,1. How long have [q2o1answer] and [q2o2answer] people been in contact overall?,For at least several hundred years. This time period stretches back prior to the colonial era (1788 onwards) but continues to the present day,,Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1239,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1239,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OD1,OD1,,1. What is the total number of native-like speakers of [q2o1answer]?,"1,000-9,999 speakers","2016 census recorded 995 speakers, but I would say this is an underestimate. Including L1 and L2 speakers I would guess there are around 2000 speakers.",Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Types,10-99 speakers,100-999 speakers,"1,000-9,999 speakers","10,000-99,999 speakers","100,000-999,999 speakers","1,000,000-9,999,999 speakers","10,000,000-99,999,999 speakers","100,000,000-999,999,999 speakers",Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1243,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1243,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OI6,OI6,,"10. What are the [q2o1answer] speakers' attitudes towards linguistic transfers from [q2o2answer], such as lexical or grammatical borrowing?",Neither positive nor negative,"They seem to either be not noted at all – i.e. very much naturalised as Burarra lexical stock – or noted without much evaluation positive or negative. I think for some speakers there is some sense of satisfaction in the presence of shared or borrowed lexical stock as it evidenced the close connections between the groups and the shared cultural property and knowledge that the lexemes often depict. I haven’t heard any commentary regarding grammatical borrowing – as is fairly common in language contact scenarios, these linguistic outcomes tend to fly more under the radar than lexical ones.",Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Scalar,Very positive,Positive,Neither positive nor negative,Negative,Very negative,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1256,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1256,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OI7,OI7,,"11. What are the [q2o1answer] speakers' general attitudes towards linguistic transfer, such as lexical or grammatical borrowing, from any other language than [q2o2answer]?",Negative,This is difficult to answer as I can't really think of examples of clear and acknowledged borrowings from other languages. No doubt they do exist but their source is not known by contemporary speakers. I can comment however on attitudes towards single-word code-switches – these would be quite marked and unless done for some well-motivated social reason would probably be frowned upon as language boundaries tend to be commented on and policed to an extent.,Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Scalar,Very positive,Positive,Neither positive nor negative,Negative,Very negative,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1257,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1257,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OI9,OI9,,12. What are the [q2o1answer] speakers' attitudes towards lectal differences within [q2o1answer]?,Positive,"Speakers often comment on the existence of (geography-based) dialectal differences within Burarra, although the actual differences are not hugely significant – I believe this is more of a cultural division that in a kind of 'fractal recursivity' (Irvine & Gal 2000) is reflected into the linguistic field. Although speakers may evaluate the variants of other dialect groups as inferior to their own, the existence of these variants is seen as important and is frequently noted – so I'd consider this to be a positive attitude.

One exception here would be attitudes to contemporary sociolectal variation – especially wrt youth language. Predictably, this tends to be evaluated more negatively.",Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Scalar,Very positive,Positive,Neither positive nor negative,Negative,Very negative,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1258,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1258,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OI8,OI8,,13. How significant is language as part of group identity for the speakers of [q2o1answer]?,Significant,"Language is definitely not the primary emblem of identity – it's one of several – but I wouldn't say it's insignificant. As I noted earlier, it's become more important in the post-colonial era.",Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Scalar,Very significant,Significant,Neither significant nor insignificant,Insignificant,Very insignificant,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1259,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1259,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OB1,OB1,,14. There is an emic conception of [q2o1answer] as “a language” or some other categorical or objective thing?,Yes,,Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1260,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1260,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OL3,OL3,,15. Do the [q2o1answer] speaking people use some orthography in writing their language?,"No, the Focus Group language is not written",Answering here for the pre-colonial era. In the last ~60 years an orthography has been developed with the assistance of missionaries and linguists and is now fairly standardised.,Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Types,"Yes, in a non-standardised way","Yes, in a standardised way","No, the Focus Group language is not written",NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1262,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1262,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OL1,OL1,,16. What is the approximate rate of formal literacy in the [q2o1answer] speaking community?,Low,Again this is for the focus period of densest contact –1600-1800. The contemporary picture is quite different with literacy levels perhaps around 50/60%,Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Scalar,High,Fairly high,Intermediate,Fairly low,Low,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1263,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1263,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OL2,OL2,OL2-6,"17. Restrictions in access to literacy in terms of social categories. Is the ability to read and write restricted, in practice, to a certain sex or genders?",No,Pre-colonially no writing system existed,Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1269,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1269,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OL2,OL2,OL2-7,"17. Restrictions in access to literacy in terms of social categories. Is the ability to read and write restricted, in practice, to other communities of practice not mentioned above?",No,Pre-colonially no writing system existed,Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1270,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1270,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OL2,OL2,OL2-5,"17. Restrictions in access to literacy in terms of social categories. Is the ability to read and write restricted, in practice, to people of certain age cohorts or life stages?",No,Pre-colonially no writing system existed,Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1268,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1268,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OL2,OL2,OL2-3,"17. Restrictions in access to literacy in terms of social categories. Is the ability to read and write restricted, in practice, to people of certain descent groups, such as clan, house, lineage group, kinship group)?",No,Pre-colonially no writing system existed,Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1266,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1266,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OL2,OL2,OL2-1,"17. Restrictions in access to literacy in terms of social categories. Is the ability to read and write restricted, in practice, to people of certain hierarchy groups associated with profession or wealth (such as class and caste)?",No,Pre-colonially no writing system existed,Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1264,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1264,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OL2,OL2,OL2-2,"17. Restrictions in access to literacy in terms of social categories. Is the ability to read and write restricted, in practice, to people of certain magico-religiously sanctioned groups (such as religious denomination)?",No,Pre-colonially no writing system existed,Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1265,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1265,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OL2,OL2,OL2-4,"17. Restrictions in access to literacy in terms of social categories. Is the ability to read and write restricted, in practice, to people of certain races, ethnicities, or some other similar grouping?",No,Pre-colonially no writing system existed,Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1267,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1267,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OS1,OS1,,"18. Typically, how many levels of jurisdictional hierarchy are there in the [q2o1answer] speaking society, beyond the local community?",No levels,"Although there were loose higher level groupings outside the clan/residence group, I don't believe these had any particular jurisdictional authority. I guess during ceremonial gatherings there would be some decisions made at a higher (e.g. clan aggregate) level, but in terms of doling out punishments and so on this was more of a clan-level responsibility. This seems to align with the lack of hierarchy between languages and is probably pretty typical of small-scale multilingual settings.",Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Scalar,Four levels,Three levels,Two levels,One level,No levels,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1271,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1271,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OS2,OS2,,"19. Typically, how many levels of jurisdictional hierarchy are there in [q2o2answer] society, beyond the local community?",No levels,As above in Q18 [OS1] wrt the Burarra,Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Scalar,Four levels,Three levels,Two levels,One level,No levels,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1272,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1272,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OT2,OT2,,2. What is the overall time frame when the largest number of people had the most opportunities for interaction?,"1600-1800. In the pre-colonial era contact would have been densest between many Burarra and YM people, however it's possible that a greater number of Burarra and YM people have the opportunity for some kind of interaction in the contemporary era due to concentration of populations at urban centres",,Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1241,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1241,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OD3,OD3,,2. What is the total number of native-like speakers of [q2o2answer]?,"1,000-9,999 speakers","The 2016 census records 5,701 speakers across the 6 major subdivisions of Yolngu Matha. Likely this is a bit of an underestimate.",Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Types,10-99 speakers,100-999 speakers,"1,000-9,999 speakers","10,000-99,999 speakers","100,000-999,999 speakers","1,000,000-9,999,999 speakers","10,000,000-99,999,999 speakers","100,000,000-999,999,999 speakers",Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1244,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1244,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OS4,OS4,,"20. Which of the following best characterises the dominant form of the [q2o1answer] speaking group's mobility and sedentism, in regards to subsistence?",Mobile,"Groups moved about during the year for access to food sources and travel to ceremonies, for trade etc.",Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Types,Sedentary,Mobile,Mixed,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1273,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1273,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OS5,OS5,,"21. Which of the following best characterises the dominant form of the [q2o2answer] speaking group's mobility and sedentism, in regards to subsistence?",Mobile,As above re the Burarra,Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Types,Sedentary,Mobile,Mixed,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1274,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1274,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OS6,OS6,,22. The [q2o1answer] speaking society's subsistence pattern can be broadly characterised as... ,Hunter-Gatherer,"fishing also very important though, and gathering shellfish",Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Types,Hunter-gatherer,Fishing,Animal Husbadry,"Agricultural, casual","Agricultural, shifting","Agricultural, permanent",Highly Mixed,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1275,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1275,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OH1,OH1,,"23. Have there been any natural disasters or major societal upheaval during the densest period of contact between the [q2o1answer] speaking and [q2o2answer] speaking people, such it impacted people's mobility, and [q2o1answer] speaking people talk about it?",Yes,"Seasonal contact with Macassan fishermen occurred during this time period. This is commonly discussed and had wide-ranging impacts, including on local mobility. Coastal groups came together to trade and work with the Macassans on harvesting trepang.

No natural disasters I know of in the selected time period – although it is of interest that coastal inundation seems to have occurred over 7000 years ago and is still noted in stories around the island in oral narratives. Underwater sacred sites known about by local groups may have originally been on land but information handed down for a remarkably long time.

Obviously the most calamitous and impactful social upheaval is that of European invasion in the late 18th century, but that is after the focus time period.",Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1276,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1276,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OE1,OE1,,24. How long time have you spent working with this community?,A total of about a year spent with the community since 2014.,NA,Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1277,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1277,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OE2,OE2,,25. Whom did you mostly interact with during your stay and through community-based research?,"Burarra people from the Martay, An-barra and Maringa subgroups.",NA,Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1278,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1278,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OE3,OE3,,26. Was your interaction with members of the community typically mediated by one/a few person(s)? Who were they?,"There is a handful of Burarra women with whom I have worked most regularly – Abigail Carter, Doreen Jingarrabarra, Cindy Jinmarabynana, Laurie Guraylayla and Rebecca Baker.",NA,Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Comment,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1279,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1279,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OC1,OC1,,27. How certain are you in your responses to the set of questions about each domain?,Certain,Certainly varies quite a bit from domain to domain though,Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Scalar,Very certain,Certain,Somewhat certain,Uncertain,Very uncertain,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1280,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1280,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OC2,OC2,,28. How certain are you in your responses to the set of questions about social networks (The S-Set of questions)?,Somewhat certain,NA,Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Scalar,Very certain,Certain,Somewhat certain,Uncertain,Very uncertain,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1281,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1281,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OC3,OC3,,29. How certain are you in your responses to the set of questions about attitudes and ideologies (The B-Set of questions)?,Certain,NA,Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Scalar,Very certain,Certain,Somewhat certain,Uncertain,Very uncertain,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1282,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1282,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OD4,OD4,,3. What is the approximate proportion of native-like speakers in the total population of all speakers of [q2o1answer]?,Intermediate proportion,"Burarra is a common L2(+) among Maningrida residents. Perhaps half of all speakers are L2 speakers, although this category would encompass fluent speakers and those who have low levels of competence.",Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Scalar,High proportion,Fairly high proportion,Intermediate proportion,Fairly low proportion,Low proportion,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1245,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1245,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OC4,OC4,,30. How certain are you in your responses to the set of questions about language production (The O-Set of questions)?,Certain,NA,Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Scalar,Very certain,Certain,Somewhat certain,Uncertain,Very uncertain,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1283,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1283,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OC5,OC5,,31. How certain are you in your responses to the set of questions about the languages spoken to the [q2o1answer] people (The I-Set of questions)?,Somewhat certain,NA,Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Scalar,Very certain,Certain,Somewhat certain,Uncertain,Very uncertain,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1284,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1284,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OC6,OC6,,32. How certain are you in your responses to the set of questions about children (The T-Set of questions)?,Somewhat certain,NA,Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Scalar,Very certain,Certain,Somewhat certain,Uncertain,Very uncertain,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1285,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1285,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OD5,OD5,,4. What is the approximate proportion of native-like speakers in the total population of all speakers of [q2o2answer]?,Intermediate proportion,"As with Burarra, Yolngu is a common L2(+) particularly in eastern Arnhem Land. I don't have any kind of accurate figures for the L2 population though.",Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Scalar,High proportion,Fairly high proportion,Intermediate proportion,Fairly low proportion,Low proportion,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1246,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1246,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OG1,OG1,,5. What is the population density within the area where [q2o1answer] is spoken?,5–19 persons per 10 sq. km,I would estimate the traditional Burarra territory to be around 600 sq. km. Assuming there were around 1000 speakers pre-colonially (which is impossible to be sure of) this means there would have been roughly 17 speakers per 10 sq km.,Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Types,Less than 2 persons per 10 sq. km,2–4 persons per 10 sq. km,5–19 persons per 10 sq. km,20–99 persons per 10 sq. km,100–399 persons per 10 sq. km,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1247,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1247,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OS7,OS7,,6. What is the mean size of the [q2o1answer] speaking communities at the local level?,Fewer than 50 persons,"Can't really be certain, but general consensus suggests that residential groups ranged from around a dozen to around 50 people, with occasional larger gatherings for activities such as ceremonies reaching several hundred people",Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Types,Fewer than 50 persons,From 50 to 99 persons,From 100 to 199 persons,From 200 to 399 persons,"From 400 to 1,000 persons","More than 1,000 persons in the absence of indigenous urban aggregations","One or more indigenous towns of more than 5,000 inhabitants but none of more than 50,000",NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1248,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1248,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OS9,OS9,,7. How frequently do [q2o1answer] people generally interact with out-group people? ,Frequently,"This captures seasonal gatherings for accessing food sources, ceremonies and other gatherings. It doesn't capture all contact between language groups as linguistic boundaries may not align with those of social groups.",Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Scalar,Very Frequently,Frequently,Neither frequently nor infrequently,Infrequently,Very infrequently,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1249,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1249,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OI1,OI1,OI1-5,"8. Is [q2o1answer] stated as an expression of identity of any of the following? Formal or informal relationships between non-kin, such as alliances, sodality membership, ad-hoc relationships between families or individuals",No,"Clan groups are affiliated with (usually) one language, and sometimes higher level groupings of clans (sometimes called clan aggregates or companies) may also be associated with a single language, but they may well be associated with more than one (e.g. Maringa --> Burarra and Yan-nhangu). 

The Burarra language as an expression of identity is most stable at the clan level, but post-colonially higher level groupings have become more important. Now, groups of clans are labelled with Burarra 'dialect' labels (e.g. An-barra, Martay) and Burarra as an identity subsuming all Burarra-speaking clans has become somewhat more salient.",Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1254,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1254,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OI1,OI1,OI1-1,"8. Is [q2o1answer] stated as an expression of identity of any of the following? Group centered around shared descent, such as clan, house, lineage group, kinship group",Yes,"Clan groups are affiliated with (usually) one language, and sometimes higher level groupings of clans (sometimes called clan aggregates or companies) may also be associated with a single language, but they may well be associated with more than one (e.g. Maringa --> Burarra and Yan-nhangu). 

The Burarra language as an expression of identity is most stable at the clan level, but post-colonially higher level groupings have become more important. Now, groups of clans are labelled with Burarra 'dialect' labels (e.g. An-barra, Martay) and Burarra as an identity subsuming all Burarra-speaking clans has become somewhat more salient.",Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1250,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1250,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OI1,OI1,OI1-4,"8. Is [q2o1answer] stated as an expression of identity of any of the following? Macro-level (politico-)territorial group, such as nation, tribe, state",No,"Clan groups are affiliated with (usually) one language, and sometimes higher level groupings of clans (sometimes called clan aggregates or companies) may also be associated with a single language, but they may well be associated with more than one (e.g. Maringa --> Burarra and Yan-nhangu). 

The Burarra language as an expression of identity is most stable at the clan level, but post-colonially higher level groupings have become more important. Now, groups of clans are labelled with Burarra 'dialect' labels (e.g. An-barra, Martay) and Burarra as an identity subsuming all Burarra-speaking clans has become somewhat more salient.",Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1253,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1253,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OI1,OI1,OI1-3,"8. Is [q2o1answer] stated as an expression of identity of any of the following? Micro-level (politico-)territorial group, including regional or areal groups, clans, bands, tribes",Yes,"Clan groups are affiliated with (usually) one language, and sometimes higher level groupings of clans (sometimes called clan aggregates or companies) may also be associated with a single language, but they may well be associated with more than one (e.g. Maringa --> Burarra and Yan-nhangu). 

The Burarra language as an expression of identity is most stable at the clan level, but post-colonially higher level groupings have become more important. Now, groups of clans are labelled with Burarra 'dialect' labels (e.g. An-barra, Martay) and Burarra as an identity subsuming all Burarra-speaking clans has become somewhat more salient.",Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1252,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1252,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OI1,OI1,OI1-2,"8. Is [q2o1answer] stated as an expression of identity of any of the following? Race, ethnicity, or some other similar grouping",No,"Clan groups are affiliated with (usually) one language, and sometimes higher level groupings of clans (sometimes called clan aggregates or companies) may also be associated with a single language, but they may well be associated with more than one (e.g. Maringa --> Burarra and Yan-nhangu). 

The Burarra language as an expression of identity is most stable at the clan level, but post-colonially higher level groupings have become more important. Now, groups of clans are labelled with Burarra 'dialect' labels (e.g. An-barra, Martay) and Burarra as an identity subsuming all Burarra-speaking clans has become somewhat more salient.",Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1251,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1251,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OI3,OI3,,9. Is there a codified standard variety for [q2o1answer]?,No,,Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Binary-YesNo,Yes,No,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1255,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1255,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OT2N,OT2N,,"Coarse time range, numerical",1600-1800,NA,Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Value,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1242,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1242,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK
1.0.0,set29,set10,OT1N,OT1N,,"Coarse time range, numerical",1500-2020,NA,Jill Vaughan,OV,6,Value,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,Vaughan,Burarra,Burarra,bvr,bura1267,Yolngu Matha,Yolngu Matha,yuul1240,yuul1239,Burara - Yolngu Matha,bvr-yuul1240,bura1267-yuul1239,North Australia,EK