AU,SO,PY,TI,AB,DI,DU,RD,SD,RK,UI,LK,Indicator targeted by the search procedure,Checked by,Reports explicitly or implicitly on changes in state of nature,More than a single direct driver,Current or past (not future) impact of drivers,One or more predefined indicators,Suitability check done?,Suitability,Assessed by,Suitability,Type of analysis,Indicator(s) targeted directly and explicitly,Indicator(s) targeted but not directly and explicitly,Assessment of temporal change in indicator(s),Spatial coverage,IPBES region(s) at least partly covered,Realm(s) analysed,Number of driver(s) analysed/assessed,Assessment of climate change impact,Assessment of land/sea use change impact,Assessment of resource extraction impact,Assessment of invasive alien species impact,Assessment of pollution impact,Assessment of other driver(s) impact,Type of assessment of the impact of direct drivers ,Level of assessment of the impact of direct drivers (within-driver assessment),Level of assessment of the relative impacts of direct drivers (among-driver assessment),Level of assessment of the interactive impacts of direct drivers (interactions between drivers),Priority assessment done?,Priority,Comments
Maxwell SJ; Fuller RA; Brooks T; Watson JEM,,2016,"The ravages of guns, nets and bulldozers",,10.1038/536143a,,,,1,SDM-1,http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/536143a,SDM,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,meta-analysis,none,one of the indicators,n.a.,global,All regions,All realms,5,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,prevalence-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,intermediate,IPBES-core-ind-man1
Collen B; Whitton F; Dyer EE; Baillie JEM; Cumberlidge N; Darwall WRT; Pollock C; Richman NI; Soulsby AM; Böhm M,,2014,"Global patterns of freshwater species diversity, threat and endemism",,10.1111/geb.12096 ,,,,2,SDM-2,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geb.12096 ,SDM,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,meta-analysis,one of the indicators,none,n.a.,global,All regions,Freshwater,5,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,prevalence-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,high,IPBES-core-ind-man2
Collen B; Böhm M; Kemp R; Baillie JEM,,2012,Spineless: status and trends of the world’s invertebrates,,,,,,3,SDM-3,,SDM,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,meta-analysis,one of the indicators,none,n.a.,global,All regions,Terrestrial/Freshwater,5,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,prevalence-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,high,IPBES-core-ind-man3
Hosonuma N; Herold M; De Sy V; De Fries RS; Brockhaus M; Verchot L; Angelsen A; Romijn E,,2012,An assessment of deforestation and forest degradation drivers in developing countries,,10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044009,,,,4,SDM-4,http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044009,SDM,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,meta-analysis,one of the indicators,none,direct (qualitative),global,All regions,Terrestrial,2,No,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,prevalence-based,quantitative (magnitude),ordinal scale,none,Yes,high,IPBES-core-ind-man4
Joppa LN; O'Connor B; Visconti P; Smith C; Geldmann J; Hoffmann M; Watson JEM; Butchart SHM; Virah-Sawmy M; Halpern BS; Ahmed SE; Balmford A; Sutherland WJ; Harfoot M; Hilton-Taylor C; Foden W; Di Minin E; Pagad S; Genovesi P; Hutton J; Burgess ND,,2016,Filling in biodiversity threat gaps,,10.1126/science.aaf3565,,,,5,SDM-5,http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf3565,SDM,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,meta-analysis,,,,global,,,4,,,,,,,,,,,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-man5
Kok MTJ; Alkemade R; Bakkenes M; van Eerdt M; Janse J; Mandryk M; Kram T; Lazarova T; Meijer J; van Oorschot M; Westhoek H; van der Zagt R; van der Berg M; van der Esch S; Prins AG; van Vuuren DP,,2018,Pathways for agriculture and forestry to contribute to terrestrial biodiversity conservation: A global scenario-study,,10.1016/j.biocon.2018.03.003,,,,6,SDM-6,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.03.003,SDM,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,empirical data,,,direct (quantitative),global,,,3,,,,,,,,,,,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-man6
Potapov P; Hansen MC; Laestadius L; Turubanova S; Yaroshenko A; Thies C; Smith W; Zhuravleva I; Komarova A; Minnemeyer S; Esipova E,,2017,The last frontiers of wilderness: Tracking loss of intact forest landscapes from 2000 to 2013,,10.1126/sciadv.1600821,,,,7,SDM-7,http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600821,SDM,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),global,All regions,Terrestrial,2,No,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,effect-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,high,IPBES-core-ind-man7
Regan EC; Santini L; Ingwall‐King L; Hoffmann M; Rondinini C; Symes A; Taylor J; Butchart SHM,,2015,Global Trends in the Status of Bird and Mammal Pollinators,,10.1111/conl.12162,,,,8,SDM-8,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/conl.12162,SDM,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),global,All regions,Terrestrial,5,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,prevalence-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,high,"IPBES-core-ind-man8
Thi study includes all bird and mammals pollinators"
Vié JC; Hilton-Taylor C; Stuart SN,,2009,Wildlife in a Changing World – An Analysis of the 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species,,,,,,9,SDM-9,,SDM,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,meta-analysis,none,one of the indicators,n.a.,global,All regions,All realms,5,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,prevalence-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,intermediate,IPBES-core-ind-man9
WWF,,2016,Living Planet Report 2016. Risk and resilience in a new era.,,,,,,10,SDM-10,,SDM,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,meta-analysis,none,one of the indicators,n.a.,global,All regions,All realms,5,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,prevalence-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,intermediate,IPBES-core-ind-man10
Bhathal B; Pauly D,,2008,"‘Fishing down marine food webs’ and spatial expansion of coastal fisheries in India, 1950–2000",,10.1016/j.fishres.2007.10.022,,,,11,SDM-11,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2007.10.022,SDM,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,PJ,Yes,meta-analysis,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),regional,Asia-Pacific,Marine,1,,,,,,,,,,,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-man11
Davidson AD; Boyer AG; Kim H; Pompa-Mansilla S; Hamilton MJ; Costa DP; Ceballos G; Brown JH,,2012,Drivers and hotspots of extinction risk in marine mammals,,10.1073/pnas.1121469109,,,,12,SDM-12,http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1121469109,SDM,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,PJ,Yes,meta-analysis,one of the indicators,none,n.a.,global,All regions,Marine,5,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,prevalence-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,high,IPBES-core-ind-man12
FAO,,2016,State of the World’s Forests 2016,,,,,,13,SDM-13,,SDM,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,PJ,Yes,review,,,direct (quantitative),global,,,1,,,,,,,,quantitative (magnitude),none,none,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-man13
Freire KMF; Pauly D,,2010,"Fishing down Brazilian marine food webs, with emphasis on the east Brazil large marine ecosystem",,10.1016/j.fishres.2010.02.008,,,,14,SDM-14,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2010.02.008,SDM,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,PJ,Yes,meta-analysis,,,direct (quantitative),regional,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-man14
Kissinger G; Herold M; De Sy V ,,2012,Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation: A Synthesis Report for REDD+ Policymakers,,,,,,15,SDM-15,,SDM,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,PJ,Yes,review,,,n.a.,global,,,2,,,,,,,,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-man15
Kleisner K; Mansour H; Pauly D,,2014,Region-based MTI: resolving geographic expansion in the Marine Trophic Index,,10.3354/meps10949,,,,16,SDM-16,http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps10949,SDM,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,PJ,Yes,meta-analysis,,,direct (quantitative),regional,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-man16
Newbold T; Hudson LN; Hill SLL; Contu S; Lysenko I; Senior RA; Börger L; Bennett DJ; Choimes A; Collen B; Day J; De Palma A; Díaz S; Echeverria-Londono S; Edgar MJ; Feldman A; Garon M; Harrison MLK; Alhusseini T; Ingram DJ; Itescu Y; Kattge J; Kemp V; Kirkpatrick L; Kleyer M; Laginha Pinto Correia D; Martin CD; Meiri S; Novosolov M; Pan Y; Phillips HRP; Purves DW; Robinson A; Simpson J; Tuck SL; Weiher E; White HJ; Ewers RM; Mace GM; Scharlemann JPW; Purvis A,,2015,Global effects of land use on local terrestrial biodiversity,,10.1038/nature14324,,,,17,SDM-17,http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature14324,SDM,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,PJ,Yes,meta-analysis,,,direct (quantitative),global,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-man17
Newbold T; Hudson LN; Arnell AP; Contu S; De Palma A; Ferrier S; Hill SLL; Hoskins AJ; Lysenko I; Phillips HRP; Burton VJ; Chng CWT; Emerson S; Gao D; Pask-Hale G; Hutton J; Jung M; Sanchez-Ortiz K; Simmons BI; Whitmee S; Zhang H; Scharlemann JPW; Purvis A,,2016,Has land use pushed terrestrial biodiversity beyond the planetary boundary? A global assessment,,10.1126/science.aaf2201,,,,18,SDM-18,http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf2201,SDM,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,PJ,Yes,meta-analysis,,,direct (quantitative),global,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-man18
Tittensor DP; Walpole M; Hill SLL; Boyce DG; Britten GL; Burgess ND; Butchart SHM; Leadley PW; Regan EC; AlkemadeR; Baumung R; Bellard C; Bouwman L; Bowles-Newark NJ; Chenery AM; Cheung WWL; Christensen V; Cooper HD; Crowther AR; Dixon MJR; Galli A; Gaveau V; Gregory RD; Gutierrez NL; Hirsch TL; Höft R; Januchowski-Hartley SR; Karmann M; Krug CB; Leverington FJ; Loh J; Kutsch Lojenga R; Malsch K; Marques A; Morgan DHW; Mumby PJ; Newbold T; Noonan-Mooney K; Pagad SN; Parks BC; Pereira HM; Robertson T; Rondinini C; Santini L; Scharlemann JPW; Schindler S; Sumaila UR; Teh LSL; van Kolck J; Visconti P; Ye Y,,2014,A mid-term analysis of progressc toward international biodiversity targets,,10.1126/science.1257484,,,,19,SDM-19,http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1257484,SDM,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,PJ,Yes,meta-analysis,,,direct (quantitative),global,,,3,,,,,,,,,,,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-man19
Zhu Z; Piao S; Myneni RB; Huang M; Zeng Z; Canadell JG; Ciais P; Sitch S; Friedlingstein P; Arneth A; Cao C; Cheng L; Kato E; Koven C; Li Y; Lian X; Liu Y; Liu R; Mao J; Pan Y; Peng S; Peñuelas J; Poulter B; Pugh TAM; Stocker BD; Viovy N; Wang X; Wang Y; Xiao Z; Yang H; Zaehle S; Zeng N,,2016,Greening of the Earth and its drivers,,10.1038/nclimate3004,,,,20,SDM-20,http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3004,SDM,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,PJ,Yes,meta-analysis,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),global,All regions,Terrestrial,2,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,effect-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,high,IPBES-core-ind-man20
"Kalikoski, DC; Neto, PQ; Almudi, T",MARINE POLICY,2010,"Building adaptive capacity to climate variability: The case of artisanal fisheries in the estuary of the Patos Lagoon, Brazil","The vulnerabilities of fishing communities to climate and environmental change represent major issues for the governance of fisheries resources which have a direct effect on human security, livelihoods and rights This paper explores the dynamics of social-ecological systems in the estuary of the Patos Lagoon in southern Brazil The paper identifies key factors that Increase and/or minimize the vulnerabilities of the fishing communities in this lagoon with the objective of understanding (a) the degree to which fishing communities are able to build adaptive and learning capacities to minimize/reduce vulnerabilities and maintain their livelihoods, and (b) how and under what circumstances external and internal factors may influence and disrupt the social-ecological resilience in this lagoon system. Results show that fishing communities with a higher degree of self-organization are able to create ways to minimize their vulnerability to adverse climatic conditions However, only a few communities have developed adaptive mechanisms to cope with the influence of climate on resource abundance and availability. Little external institutional support for small-scale fishing communities, erosion of their traditional resource use systems and decreasing fish stocks in recent decades have all led to a gradual increase in the vulnerability of fishing livelihoods in this lagoon The uncertainties associated with climate are related to increasing vulnerability and influence the degree of resource conservation and exploitation The lack of public policies to deal with the impact of climate variability on the livelihoods of fishing communities and the presence of weak institutions in resource governance represent major threats to the social security of fishers in this region (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved",10.1016/j.marpol.2010.02.003,,,Yes,1,SDA-1,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2010.02.003,SDA,UJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,AG,Yes,empirical data,,,direct (quantitative),local,,,2,,,,,,,,,,,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex496
"Cardinale, M; Svedang, H; Bartolino, V; Maiorano, L; Casini, M; Linderholm, H",JOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY,2012,Spatial and temporal depletion of haddock and pollack during the last century in the Kattegat-Skagerrak,"By reconstructing a centennial time-series of stock spatio-temporal dynamics and commercial landings, the long-term erosion is shown of the spatial structure of haddock and pollack in the Skagerrak and Kattegat that resulted in their regional depletion in the area. The erosion occurred in parallel with the development of the industrial fisheries and the peak in landings was followed by a decline in adult biomass and individual size. Also found was that pollack adult biomass was significantly lower for elevated water temperatures, while the response for haddock was less clear. However the main decline of both stocks and the disappearance of their adult aggregations occurred several decades before the unprecedented warming trend, which started in the Skagerrak and Kattegat only in the mid-1980s. These findings also suggest that haddock in the study area is not responding to the scale on which the management of the neighbouring North Sea haddock stock is currently performed. These results illustrate the hazardous consequences of prolonged overfishing on the population structure of commercially exploited stocks and the lack of knowledge which ultimately leads to spurious assumptions on the recovery potential of many fish stocks. Also argued is that the continuation of commercial fishery at sustainable levels adjusted to the present stock productivity might hinder the recovery of these depleted stocks for a long period of time.",10.1111/j.1439-0426.2012.01937.x,,,Yes,2,SDA-2,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2012.01937.x,SDA,UJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,AG,Yes,empirical data,,,direct (quantitative),regional,,,2,,,,,,,,,,,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex513
"Gehrig-Fasel, J; Guisan, A; Zimmermann, NE",JOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE,2007,Tree line shifts in the Swiss Alps: Climate change or land abandonment?,"Questions: Did the forest area in the Swiss Alps increase between 1985 and 1997? Does the forest expansion near the tree line represent an invasion into abandoned grasslands (ingrowth) or a true upward shift of the local tree line? What land cover / land use classes did primarily regenerate to forest, and what forest structural types did primarily regenerate? And, what are possible drivers of forest regeneration in the tree line ecotone, climate and/or land use change? Location: Swiss Alps. Methods: Forest expansion was quantified using data from the repeated Swiss land use statistics GEOSTAT. A moving window algorithm was developed to distinguish between forest ingrowth and upward shift. To test a possible climate change influence, the resulting upward shifts were compared to a potential regional tree line. Results: A significant increase of forest cover was found between 1650 to and 2450 m. Above 1650 m, 10% of the new forest areas were identified as true upward shifts whereas 90% represented ingrowth, and we identified both land use and climate change as likely drivers. Most upward shift activities were found to occur within a band of 300 m below the potential regional tree line, indicating land use as the most likely driver. Only 4% of the upward shifts were identified to rise above the potential regional tree line, thus indicating climate change. Conclusions: Land abandonment was the most dominant driver for the establishment of new forest areas, even at the tree line ecotone. However, a small fraction of upwards shift can be attributed to the recent climate warming, a fraction that is likely to increase further if climate continues to warm, and with a longer time-span between warming and measurement of forest cover.",10.1658/1100-9233(2007)18[571:TLSITS]2.0.CO;2,,,Yes,3,SDA-3,http://dx.doi.org/10.1658/1100-9233(2007)18[571:TLSITS]2.0.CO;2,SDA,MW,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,AG,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),local,Europe and Central Asia,Terrestrial,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,effect-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,intermediate,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex707
"Frias-Alvarez, P; Zuniga-Vega, JJ; Flores-Villela, O",BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION,2010,A general assessment of the conservation status and decline trends of Mexican amphibians,"We present a review on the conservation status and population trends of the 372 amphibian species currently recognized for Mexico. We based our analyses on the information gathered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature-the Global Amphibian Assessment (IUCN-GAA) as well as on available literature about imminent or potential threats to these organisms in Mexico. This country has the fifth largest amphibian fauna in the world and almost 58% of the species that inhabit this country are considered as threatened. We highlight the proportion of species per order, family, and genus that are currently under severe risk in Mexico. In addition, we prepared a detailed list of the main factors that are threatening amphibians in this country. Evidence is provided that the six main mechanisms that are globally leading amphibians to extinction (alien species, over-exploitation, land use change, global changes, pollution, and infectious diseases) are indeed currently operating in Mexico. We discuss the relative importance of each of these causes. We also highlight the paucity of quantitative studies that support the current conservation status of Mexican amphibian species.",10.1007/s10531-010-9923-9,,,Yes,4,SDA-4,http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9923-9,SDA,MW,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,AG,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),regional,Americas,Terrestrial/Freshwater,5,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,prevalence-based,qualitative (direction),ratio scale,none,Yes,high,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex785
"Kratina, P; Mac Nally, R; Kimmerer, WJ; Thomson, JR; Winder, M",JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY,2014,Human-induced biotic invasions and changes in plankton interaction networks,"1. Pervasive and accelerating changes to ecosystems due to human activities remain major sources of uncertainty in predicting the structure and dynamics of ecological communities. Understanding which biotic interactions within natural multitrophic communities are weakened or augmented by invasions of non-native species in the context of other environmental pressures is needed for effective management. 2. We used multivariate autoregressive models with detailed time-series data from largely freshwater and brackish regions of the upper San Francisco Estuary to assess the topology, direction and strength of trophic interactions following major invasions and establishment of non-native zooplankton in the early 1990s. We simultaneously compared the effects of fish and clam predation, environmental temperature and salinity intrusion using time-series data from > 60 monitoring locations spanning more than three decades. 3. We found changes in the networks of biotic interactions in both regions after the major zooplankton invasions. Our results imply an increased pressure on native herbivores; intensified negative interactions between herbivores and omnivores; and stronger bottom-up influence of juvenile copepods but weaker influence of phytoplankton as a resource for higher trophic levels following the invasions. We identified salinity intrusion as a primary pressure but showed relatively stronger importance of biotic interactions for understanding the dynamics of entire communities. 4. Synthesis and applications. Our findings highlight the dynamic nature of biotic interactions and provide evidence of how simultaneous invasions of exotic species may alter interaction networks in diverse natural ecosystems over large spatial and temporal scales. Efforts to restore declining fish stocks may be in vain without fully considering the trophic dynamics that limit the flow of energy to target populations. Focusing on multitrophic interactions that may be threatened by invasions rather than a limited focus on responses of individual species or diversity is likely to yield more effective management strategies.",10.1111/1365-2664.12266,,,Yes,5,SDA-5,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12266,SDA,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,CG,Yes,empirical data,,,direct (quantitative),local,,,2,,,,,,,,,,,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex226
"Brunel, T; Boucher, J",FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY,2007,Long-term trends in fish recruitment in the north-east Atlantic related to climate change,"This study investigates the temporal correspondence between the main patterns of recruitment variations among north-east Atlantic exploited fish populations and large-scale climate and temperature indices. It is of primary importance to know what changes in fish stock productivity can be expected in response to climate change, to design appropriate management strategies. The dominant patterns of recruitment variation were extracted using a standardized principal component analysis (PCA). The first principal component (PC) was a long-term decline, with a stepwise change occurring in 1987. A majority of Baltic Sea, North Sea, west of Scotland and Irish Sea populations, especially the gadoids, have followed this decreasing trend. On the contrary, some herring populations and the populations of boreal ecosystems have followed an opposite increasing trend. The dominant signal in north-east Atlantic sea surface temperature, also extracted by a PCA, was highly correlated with the increase in the Northern Hemisphere Temperature anomaly, which is considered to be an index of global warming. The first component of recruitment was inversely correlated with these changes in regional and global temperature. The second PC of recruitment was a decadal scale oscillation, which was not correlated with climate indicators. The analysis of correlations between population recruitment and local temperature also indicated that the dominant pattern of recruitment variation may be related to an effect of global warming. The influence of fishing on recruitment, via its effect on the spawning stock biomass (SSB), was also investigated by the analysis of correlations between fishing mortality, SSB and recruitment. Results indicate that fishing can be another factor explaining recruitment trends, probably acting in combination with the effect of climate, but cannot explain alone the patterns of recruitment variation found here.",10.1111/j.1365-2419.2007.00435.x,,,Yes,6,SDA-6,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2419.2007.00435.x,SDA,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,DB,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),regional,Europe and Central Asia,Marine,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,No,effect-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,high,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex150
"Catsadorakis, G; Onmus, O; Bugariu, S; Gul, O; Hatzilacou, D; Hatzofe, O; Malakou, M; Michev, T; Naziridis, T; Nikolaou, H; Rudenko, A; Saveljic, D; Shumka, S; Siki, M; Crivelli, AJ",ENDANGERED SPECIES RESEARCH,2015,Current status of the Dalmatian pelican and the great white pelican populations of the Black Sea/Mediterranean flyway,"The Dalmatian pelican (DP) Pelecanus crispus and the great white pelican (GWP) Pelecanus onocrotalus are listed as 'Vulnerable' and 'Least Concern', respectively, in the IUCN Red List. We present an updated estimation of the Black Sea/Mediterranean flyway population status of both species, based on data provided by experts working in all 7 countries of the region where pelicans breed and/or overwinter, who came together at the 1st Workshop on Pelican Research and Conservation in Prespa, Greece. The DP breeding population in the Black Sea and Mediterranean countries increased from 1730-2105 pairs in the years 2000-2010 to 2154-2437 pairs in 2011-2012. Approximately 40% of the Palaearctic breeding population of GWP occurred in Southeast Europe and Turkey. In 2011-2012 the GWP population in this region was estimated to be 4702-5175 pairs, and has remained more or less stable during the last decade. Although all the breeding sites for both species are in protected areas, disturbance at nesting places was considered to be the main threat. Direct persecution and electric power lines still cause occasional problems. In deltaic lagoons, erosion and inundation of nesting sites cause breeding failures in DPs, while in inland wetlands large water level fluctuations are a widespread problem. Decrease of fish stocks is a threat, especially in coastal areas. Many stop-over wetlands along GWP migration routes between Southeast Europe and Africa have been seriously degraded or have disappeared, resulting in serious implications for their populations. Conservation needs are listed, but further research is recommended for both species.",10.3354/esr00659,,,Yes,7,SDA-7,http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr00659,SDA,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,DB,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),regional,Europe and Central Asia,Terrestrial/Marine,3,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,No,prevalence-based,quantitative (magnitude),ordinal scale,none,Yes,high,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex254
"Muallil, RN; Mamauag, SS; Cababaro, JT; Arceo, HO; Alino, PM",MARINE POLICY,2014,Catch trends in Philippine small-scale fisheries over the last five decades: The fishers' perspectives,"Understanding catch trends through time is a crucial management consideration that would ensure long term sustainability of the fisheries. This study describes some changes in small-scale fisheries in the Philippines over the past five decades using both ""quantitative"" and ""qualitative"" estimates of current and past daily catches. ""Quantitative"" estimate was determined as the difference between current and past catches in kg per trip, as reported by fishers, on a normal fishing day. ""Qualitative"" estimate, on the other hand, was determined by asking fishers whether current catches are (i) less than half, (ii) lower to 50%, or (iii) the same or higher than past levels. ""Quantitative estimate"" indicated that current catches are lower by 16 +/- 14% of the 2000-2010 levels and 24 +/- 13-26 +/- 19% of catch levels in the preceding four decades. Catch decline over the past five decades was much worse based on ""qualitative"" estimate. The relatively more stable catches from ""quantitative"" estimate could be attributed to the improvement in fishing strategies employed by fishers to keep catches high even as the fish stocks continue to decline. The results of the study further suggest that the condition of small-scale fisheries in the Philippines has been deteriorating since the 1970s but initial signs of severe depletion of fish stocks to the level indicative of biological and economic overfishing occurred in 1990s. Increasing fishing population was attributed as the main cause of fishery decline. Other factors include destructive fishing, large-scale fishing in coastal waters, climate change, siltation/pollution from land-based activities and even marine protected areas establishment and tourism activities that closed some traditional fishing grounds. Important insights and policy prescriptions for improved management of small-scale fisheries are further discussed. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",10.1016/j.marpol.2014.02.008,,,Yes,8,SDA-8,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2014.02.008,SDA,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,LC,Yes,empirical data,,,direct (quantitative),regional,,,3,,,,,,,,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,qualitative,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex38
"Jennings, R","PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW, 3RD EDITION",2012,"Oceans, seas and marine living resources",,,,,Yes,9,SDA-9,,SDA,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,LC,Yes,review,,,direct (quantitative),global,,,2,,,,,,,,quantitative (magnitude),ordinal scale,qualitative,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex74
"Fontoura, NF; Vieira, JP; Becker, FG; Rodrigues, LR; Malabarba, LR; Schulz, UH; Moller, OO; Garcia, AM; Vilella, FS",JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY,2016,Aspects of fish conservation in the upper Patos Lagoon basin,"The Patos Lagoon basin is a large (201 626 km(2)) and complex drainage system in southern Brazil. The lagoon is 250 km long and 60 km wide, covering an area of 10 360 km(2). The exchange of water with the Atlantic Ocean occurs through a 0.8 km wide and 15 m deep inlet, fixed by 4 km long jetties, at the southernmost part of the Patos Lagoon. The estuarine area is restricted to its southern portion (10%), although the upper limit of saline waters migrates seasonally and year to year, influenced by the wind regime and river discharge. The known number of recorded limnetic fish species is 200, but this number is expected to increase. A higher endemism is observed in fish species occurring in upper tributaries. The basin suffers from the direct impact of almost 7 million inhabitants, concentrated in small to large cities, most with untreated domestic effluents. There are at least 16 non-native species recorded in natural habitats of the Patos Lagoon basin, about half of these being from other South American river basins. Concerning the fishery, although sport and commercial fisheries are widespread throughout the Patos Lagoon basin, the lagoon itself and the estuarine area are the main fishing areas. Landing statistics are not available on a regular basis or for the whole basin. The fishery in the northern Patos Lagoon captures 31 different species, nine of which are responsible for most of the commercial catches, but only three species are actually sustaining the artisanal fishery: the viola Loricariichthys anus: 455 kg per 10 000 m(2) gillnet per day, the mullet Mugil liza: 123 kg per 10 000 m(2) gillnet per day and the marine catfish Genidens barbus: 50 kg per 10 000 m(2) gillnet per day. A decline of the fish stocks can be attributed to inadequate fishery surveillance, which leads to overfishing and mortality of juveniles, or to decreasing water quality because of urban and industrial activities and power production. Global climatic changes also represent a major threat to the Patos system by changing the frequency of El Nino-La Nina-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). (C) 2016 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles",10.1111/jfb.13005,,,Yes,10,SDA-10,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13005,SDA,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,LC,Yes,review,,,direct (quantitative),regional,,,4,,,,,,,,quantitative (magnitude),ordinal scale,qualitative,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex233
"Cardinale, M; Hjelm, J; Casini, M",RESILIENCY OF GADID STOCKS TO FISHING AND CLIMATE CHANGE,2008,Disentangling the Effect of Adult Biomass and Temperature on the Recruitment Dynamics of Fishes,"Here we analyzed the relation between recruitment dynamic (recruitment or recruitment success) and temperature of 57 commercial fish stocks of the North Atlantic. We showed that, although the effect of temperature was generally significant, spawning biomass is the main factor governing recruitment dynamic. A significant effect of spawning biomass was evident for 67% of all stocks analyzed in this study. For gadoids, the effect of spawning biomass was larger than the effect of temperature (both in terms of number of stocks and proportion of variance explained). For clupeids, spawning biomass was more important than temperature for a higher number of stocks, but the strength of the two effects, when present, was similar. Also, stocks living in colder and warmer areas showed, respectively, a positive and negative response to temperature for both families. Our results highlight that failing to account for spawning biomass effect in climate-recruitment studies could mask the influence of climate variability on recruitment dynamic. In this context, although management of several exploited fish populations cannot be entirely decoupled from the effect of climate on stock reproductive success, it is likely that the observed changes in exploited fish population dynamics are mainly the consequences of an unsustainable human impact and not climate changes.",10.4027/rgsfcc.2008.12,,,Yes,11,SDA-11,http://dx.doi.org/10.4027/rgsfcc.2008.12,SDA,UJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,LC,Yes,empirical data,,,direct (quantitative),regional,,,2,,,,,,,,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,quantitative,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex405
"Kenny, AJ; Skjoldal, HR; Engelhard, GH; Kershaw, PJ; Reid, JB",PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY,2009,An integrated approach for assessing the relative significance of human pressures and environmental forcing on the status of Large Marine Ecosystems,"An ecosystem approach to the management of the marine environment has received considerable attention over recent years. However, there are few examples which demonstrate its practical implementation. Much of this relates to the history of existing marine monitoring and assessment programmes which (for many countries) are sectoral, making it difficult to integrate monitoring data and knowledge across programmes at the operational level. To address this, a scientific expert group, under the auspices of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), prepared a plan for how ICES could contribute to the development of an Integrated Ecosystem Assessment (IEA) for the North Sea by undertaking a pilot study utilising marine monitoring data. This paper presents the main findings arising from the expert group and in particular it sets out one possible integrated approach for assessing the relative significance of environmental forcing and fishing pressure on the ecological status of the North Sea, it then compares the findings with assessments made of other Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs). We define the North Sea ecosystem on the basis of 114 state and pressure variables resolved as annual averages between 1983 and 2003 and at the spatial scale of ICES rectangles. The paper presents results of integrated time-series and spatial analysis which identifies and explains significant spatial and temporal gradients in the data. For example, a significant shift in the status of the North Sea ecosystem (based upon 114 state-pressure variables) is identified to have occurred around 1993. This corresponds to previously documented shifts in the environmental conditions (particularly sea surface temperature) and changes in the distribution of key species of plankton (Calanus sp.), both reported to have occurred in 1989. The difference in specific timing between reported regime shifts for the North Sea may be explained, in part, by time-lag dependencies in the trophic structure of the ecosystem with shifts in higher trophic levels occurring later than 1989. By examining the connection (or relatedness) between ecosystem components (e.g. environment, plankton, fish, fishery and seabirds) for the identified regime states (1983-1993; 1993-2003) we conclude that both the North Sea pelagic and benthic parts of the ecosystem were predominantly top-down (fishery) controlled between 1983 and 1993, whereas between 1993 and 2003 the pelagic stocks shifted to a state responding mainly to bottom-up (environment) influences. However, for the demersal fish stocks between 1993 and 2003 top-down (fishery) pressure dominated even though over this period significant reductions in fishing pressure occurred. The present analysis, therefore, provides further evidence in support of the need for precautionary management measures taken in relation to setting fishery quotas. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",10.1016/j.pocean.2009.04.007,,,Yes,12,SDA-12,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.04.007,SDA,MW,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,LC,Yes,empirical data,,,direct (quantitative),continental,,,2,,,,,,,,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,quantitative,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex771
"Chen, DQ; Xiong, F; Wang, K; Chang, YH",ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES,2009,Status of research on Yangtze fish biology and fisheries,"The Yangtze is the largest river in China and the third largest river in the world. Being pregnant with plentiful fish resources, it is not only the representative of the areas with biological diversity, but also a cradle of freshwater fisheries in China. In the Yangtze, at present, the fishery resources are seriously depleted; the fishery yield by fishing is significantly reduced; significant changes have occurred on the structure of fish community, with decrease in migratory fish species, reduction in the quantity of the populations of rare, peculiar and economically important fish species and increase in the number of exotic fish species, and severe trend in fish stunting. Habitat fragmentation and shrinkage, resources overexploitation, water pollution and invasion of exotic species are the main causes for threatening fish stocks in the Yangtze River. Since 1950's, a lot of scientific researches have been conducted on biology of fishes from the Yangtze River and its fisheries to provide scientific basis for their protection. In recent years, measures such as closed spring, fish reserves, artificial enhancement & release, ecological rehabilitation, fishery management and international cooperation have played important roles. Nevertheless, researches on fishes from the Yangtze cannot adequately meet the demand for their protection. Especially, those in the aspects of population ecology of Yangtze fishes, species endangerment mechanism, ecological effects of large hydraulic projects and protection strategy are not deep enough. It is recommended that scientific researches should be conducted in comprehensive survey of Yangtze fish resources, fish endangerment mechanism, techniques in artificial enhancement and release of key species, risk assessment of exotic species, ecological rehabilitation of major fisheries functional zones, etc.",10.1007/s10641-009-9517-0,,,Yes,13,SDA-13,http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10641-009-9517-0,SDA,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,MW,Yes,review,,,n.a.,local,,,4,,,,,,,,quantitative (magnitude),ordinal scale,none,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex58
"Kulakowski, D; Seidl, R; Holeksa, J; Kuuluvainen, T; Nagel, TA; Panayotov, M; Svoboda, M; Thorn, S; Vacchiano, G; Whitlock, C; Wohlgemuth, T; Bebi, P",FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT,2017,A walk on the wild side: Disturbance dynamics and the conservation and management of European mountain forest ecosystems,"Mountain forests are among the most important ecosystems in Europe as they support numerous ecological, hydrological, climatic, social, and economic functions. They are unique relatively natural ecosystems consisting of long-lived species in an otherwise densely populated human landscape. Despite this, centuries of intensive forest management in many of these forests have eclipsed evidence of natural processes, especially the role of disturbances in long-term forest dynamics. Recent trends of land abandonment and establishment of protected forests have coincided with a growing interest in managing forests in more natural states. At the same time, the importance of past disturbances highlighted in an emerging body of literature, and recent increasing disturbances due to climate change are challenging long-held views of dynamics in these ecosystems. Here, we synthesize aspects of this Special Issue on the ecology of mountain forest ecosystems in Europe in the context of broader discussions in the field, to present a new perspective on these ecosystems and their natural disturbance regimes. Most mountain forests in Europe, for which long-term data are available, show a strong and long-term effect of not only human land use but also of natural disturbances that vary by orders of magnitude in size and frequency. Although these disturbances may kill many trees, the forests themselves have not been threatened. The relative importance of natural disturbances, land use, and climate change for ecosystem dynamics varies across space and time. Across the continent, changing climate and land use are altering forest cover, forest structure, tree demography, and natural disturbances, including fires, insect outbreaks, avalanches, and wind disturbances. Projected continued increases in forest area and biomass along with continued warming are likely to further promote forest disturbances. Episodic disturbances may foster ecosystem adaptation to the effects of ongoing and future climatic change. Increasing disturbances, along with trends of less intense land use, will promote further increases in coarse woody debris, with cascading positive effects on biodiversity, edaphic conditions, biogeochemical cycles, and increased heterogeneity across a range of spatial scales. Together, this may translate to disturbance-mediated resilience of forest landscapes and increased biodiversity, as long as climate and disturbance regimes remain within the tolerance of relevant species. Understanding ecological variability, even imperfectly, is integral to anticipating vulnerabilities and promoting ecological resilience, especially under growing uncertainty. Allowing some forests to be shaped by natural processes may be congruent with multiple goals of forest management, even in densely settled and developed countries. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",10.1016/j.foreco.2016.07.037,,,Yes,14,SDA-14,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.07.037,SDA,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,MW,Yes,review,,,direct (qualitative),continental,,,2,,,,,,,,qualitative (direction),ordinal scale,none,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex172
"Perrings, C",ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND POLICY STUDIES,2016,The economics of the marine environment: A Review,"More than two-thirds of all wild capture marine fish stocks are currently being exploited at or beyond the maximum sustainable yield. Many coastal systems, including the mangrove forests and coral reefs that serve as fish nurseries, have been severely depleted through coastal habitat conversion and land-based emissions. Nutrient runoff is responsible for an increasing number of dead zones-areas of the ocean so depleted of oxygen that they cannot sustain life. Reasons for this include the facts (a) that many ocean resources are effectively open access (b) that markets fail to signal the true scarcity of many marine resources, and (c) that governments fail either to protect against or to correct for the inability of markets to allocate resources. This paper considers the problems of overexploitation and pollution of marine systems, and reviews the impact of institutions on each problem. It then discusses the options for reform.",10.1007/s10018-016-0149-2,,,Yes,15,SDA-15,http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10018-016-0149-2,SDA,UJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,MW,Yes,review,,,direct (quantitative),global,,,4,,,,,,,,quantitative (magnitude),ordinal scale,none,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex454
"Bauer, HG; Lemoine, N; Peintinger, M",JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY,2008,Avian species richness and abundance at Lake Constance: diverging long-term trends in Passerines and Nonpasserines,"In Central Europe, massive losses in species richness of breeding birds have been documented in the last decades, but the question arises whether species richness is currently still decreasing or again increasing due to conservation efforts. In this study, we investigated regional and local species richness as well as mean number of breeding pairs and mean biomass per tetrad over a period of some 20 years at Lake Constance. Three quantitative censuses of 303 tetrads (2 x 2 km(2)) repeated at 10-year intervals (1980-1981, 1990-1992, 2000-2002) revealed an increase in regional species richness (total number of breeding species). At the same time, however, a strong decline in local species richness (number of breeding species per tetrad), number of breeding pairs, and estimated biomass were observed. Changes of species richness differed markedly between Nonpasserine and Passerine birds. Whereas species richness of Nonpasserines remained constant from 1980 to 1990, and even increased between 1990 and 2000, that of Passerines decreased in both periods. This indicates that effects of conservation efforts apparently eclipse more general effects of climate and habitat change in Nonpasserines. The massive abundance and biomass losses observed in formerly common Passerine species are not compensated by gains in populations of Nonpasserine species. The results of the three bird censuses at Lake Constance imply that ongoing habitat degradation and human impacts as well as increasing effects of climate change are the main drivers of the observed population changes.",10.1007/s10336-007-0262-x,,,Yes,16,SDA-16,http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-007-0262-x,SDA,MW,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,MW,Yes,empirical data,,,direct (quantitative),local,,,3,,,,,,,,qualitative (direction),ordinal scale,none,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex751
"Yang, HF; Mu, SJ; Li, JL",CATENA,2014,"Effects of ecological restoration projects on land use and land cover change and its influences on territorial NPP in Xinjiang, China","Since the Chinese government initiated its economic reform in 1978, rapid economic development has spurred land use and land cover change (LULCC) in China, which resulted in many ecological problems such as land degradation and desertification. To address these serious ecological crises, the government launched a series of ecological restoration programs which have caused significant LULCC and a profound impact on the terrestrial ecosystem. This study used net primary productivity (NPP) as an important indicator of the arid and semi-arid ecosystem's productivity to estimate the impacts of the LULCC driven by ecological restoration programs in Xinjiang from 2001 to 2009. The modeling method was based upon the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) terrestrial carbon model and Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) remote sensing data and meteorological data for modeling simulation. The results demonstrated that the forest area of Xinjiang had the most net increase of 9093 km(2) in the study period, compared to other land cover types. The most dominant land cover changes during 2001-2009 were from grassland to forest and mutual transformation between grassland and desert. Total NPP of whole area increased by 252.51 Gg C during the study period. The increase of total NPP in forest was the most obvious among all vegetation types, with a net increase of 1782.88 GgCyr(-1). It can be concluded that the increase of regional NPP mainly resulted from forest expansion. During 2001-2009, the mean NPP in forest, grassland and desert had a slight decrease, whereas the cropland and crop/natural vegetation mosaic land mean NPP increased fractionally. By using the climate in 2001 to simulate the NPP of Xinjiang in 2009, we explored the influences of land use and cover changes and climate change on regional NPP. Compared to climate change, human activities produced an obvious positive effect in the increase of total NPP, especially for forest land. As a result, ecological restoration programs produced positive impacts on forest expansion and carbon sequestration in Xinjiang. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",10.1016/j.catena.2013.11.020,,,Yes,17,SDA-17,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2013.11.020,SDA,MW,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,MW,Yes,empirical data,,,direct (quantitative),local,,,2,,,,,,,,quantitative (magnitude),ordinal scale,none,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex772
"Giriraj, A; Irfan-Ullah, M; Murthy, MSR; Beierkuhnlein, C",SENSORS,2008,Modelling Spatial and Temporal Forest Cover Change Patterns (1973-2020): A Case Study from South Western Ghats (India),"This study used time series remote sensing data from 1973, 1990 and 2004 to assess spatial forest cover change patterns in the Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (KMTR), South Western Ghats (India). Analysis of forest cover changes and its causes are the most challenging areas of landscape ecology, especially due to the absence of temporal ground data and comparable space platform based data. Comparing remotely sensed data from three different sources with sensors having different spatial and spectral resolution presented a technical challenge. Quantitative change analysis over a long period provided a valuable insight into forest cover dynamics in this area. Time-series maps were combined within a geographical information system (GIS) with biotic and abiotic factors for modelling its future change. The land-cover change has been modelled using GEOMOD and predicted for year 2020 using the current disturbance scenario. Comparison of the forest change maps over the 31-year period shows that evergreen forest being degraded (16%) primarily in the form of selective logging and clear felling to raise plantations of coffee, tea and cardamom. The natural disturbances such as forest fire, wildlife grazing, invasions after clearance and soil erosion induced by anthropogenic pressure over the decades are the reasons of forest cover change in KMTR. The study demonstrates the role of remote sensing and GIS in monitoring of large-coverage of forest area continuously for a given region over time more precisely and in cost-effective manner which will be ideal for conservation planning and prioritization.",10.3390/s8106132,,,Yes,18,SDA-18,http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s8106132,SDA,MW,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,AG,Yes,empirical data,,,direct (quantitative),local,,,2,,,,,,,,quantitative (magnitude),ordinal scale,none,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex721
"Fernandes, PG; Ralph, GM; Nieto, A; Criado, MG; Vasilakopoulos, P; Maravelias, CD; Cook, RM; Pollom, RA; Kovacic, M; Pollard, D; Farrell, ED; Florin, AB; Polidoro, BA; Lawson, JM; Lorance, P; Uiblein, F; Craig, M; Allen, DJ; Fowler, SL; Walls, RHL; Comeros-Raynal, MT; Harvey, MS; Dureuil, M; Biscoito, M; Pollock, C; Phillips, SRM; Ellis, JR; Papaconstantinou, C; Soldo, A; Keskin, C; Knudsen, SW; de Sola, LG; Serena, F; Collette, BB; Nedreaas, K; Stump, E; Russell, BC; Garcia, S; Afonso, P; Jung, ABJ; Alvarez, H; Delgado, J; Dulvy, NK; Carpenter, KE",NATURE ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION,2017,Coherent assessments of Europe's marine fishes show regional divergence and megafauna loss,"Europe has a long tradition of exploiting marine fishes and is promoting marine economic activity through its Blue Growth strategy. This increase in anthropogenic pressure, along with climate change, threatens the biodiversity of fishes and food security. Here, we examine the conservation status of 1,020 species of European marine fishes and identify factors that contribute to their extinction risk. Large fish species (greater than 1.5 m total length) are most at risk; half of these are threatened with extinction, predominantly sharks, rays and sturgeons. This analysis was based on the latest International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) European regional Red List of marine fishes, which was coherent with assessments of the status of fish stocks carried out independently by fisheries management agencies: no species classified by IUCN as threatened were considered sustainable by these agencies. A remarkable geographic divergence in stock status was also evident: in northern Europe, most stocks were not overfished, whereas in the Mediterranean Sea, almost all stocks were overfished. As Europe proceeds with its sustainable Blue Growth agenda, two main issues stand out as needing priority actions in relation to its marine fishes: the conservation of marine fish megafauna and the sustainability of Mediterranean fish stocks.",10.1038/s41559-017-0170,,,Yes,19,SDA-19,http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0170,SDA,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,empirical data,,,direct (quantitative),continental,,,4,,,,,,,,qualitative (direction),ordinal scale,none,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex25
"Kappel, CV",FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT,2005,"Losing pieces of the puzzle: threats to marine, estuarine, and diadromous species","The number of marine species at risk of extinction is rising. Understanding the threats that contribute to extinction risk in the seas is thus critical to conservation. When major threats to marine, estuarine, and diadromous species on the US Endangered Species Act and IUCN Red lists were ranked according to the number of species they affect, strong consensus in the ranking of threats across species and between institutions emerged. Overexploitation is the most frequent threat to vulnerable marine species, with approximately half of threatened species caught as bycatch in fisheries. Habitat degradation, the primary threat to terrestrial species, ranks second in impact on marine species. Loss of listed marine species would probably affect ecosystem function and delivery of ecosystem services because many of these species are strong interactors, including ecosystem engineers, taxa that provide important nutrient links between terrestrial and marine ecosystems, and a disproportionate number of high trophic-level predators.",10.1890/1540-9295(2005)003[0275:LPOTPT]2.0.CO;2,,,Yes,20,SDA-20,http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2005)003[0275:LPOTPT]2.0.CO;2,SDA,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,review,,,direct (quantitative),continental,,,5,,,,,,,,quantitative (magnitude),ordinal scale,none,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex159
"Pekcan-Hekim, Z; Gardmark, A; Karlson, AML; Kauppila, P; Bergenius, M; Bergstrom, L",ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE,2016,The role of climate and fisheries on the temporal changes in the Bothnian Bay foodweb,"Climate change, eutrophication, and fishing are main pressures associated with changes in the abiotic and biotic environment in several sub-basins of the Baltic Sea. Identifying the nature of such changes is of relative importance for fisheries and environmental management. The Bothnian Bay is the northernmost sub-basin in the Baltic Sea and the responses of the foodweb to long-term changes in combined pressures have not been investigated. In this study, we explore long-term changes in the Bothnian Bay foodweb, represented by key species across all trophic levels over the past 34 years, and identify potential environmental and anthropogenic drivers. The results indicate that salinity is the most important driver to explain changes in the composition of the offshore biota in the Bothnian Bay. These changes are probably driven by indirect effects of salinity rather than bottom-up effects. A decline in the herring spawning-stock biomass was most plausibly attributed to an increased competition for food due to a parallel increase in vendace, which uses the same food resources (zooplankton and zoobenthos) and may benefit from declining salinity due to its limnic origin. A strong increase in the abundance of grey seal and ringed seal populations was seen in the late 2000s but was not related to any of the pressure variables analysed. Temperature and nutrients were not identified as important drivers of changes in the overall biota. Our study explores correlative relationships between variables and identifies potential interactions in the foodweb to generate hypotheses for further studies.",10.1093/icesjms/fsw032,,,Yes,21,SDA-21,http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw032,SDA,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,empirical data,,,direct (quantitative),local,,,2,,,,,,,,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,qualitative,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex180
"Stobutzki, IC; Silvestre, GT; Abu Talib, A; Krongprom, A; Supongpan, M; Khemakorn, P; Armada, N; Garces, LR",FISHERIES RESEARCH,2006,Decline of demersal coastal fisheries resources in three developing Asian countries,"Worldwide, there is serious concern about the state of fisheries; yet for Asia, which accounts for half of the global fisheries production, information on the state of fisheries in order to guide management is sparse. In this paper we review the results of a regional study that examined the state of demersal fisheries resources in the coastal areas of Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand. In each country time series of scientific trawl survey data (spanning 12-49 years, depending on the area) were used to assess changes in the total biomass of demersal species over time. All countries showed substantial declines in the total biomass. In Malaysia, the declines were greatest in the shallow depths (< 50 m) where the biomass declined to 4-20% of the original estimates. In the Gulf of Thailand, by 1995 the total biomass estimates had declined to less than 8% of the 1965 estimates. In the Philippines, changes in the biomass were examined in different bays and fishing areas and the recent estimates of the biomass were 12-64% of the original estimates. These severe declines in the total biomass are thought to be due to over-fishing, compounded by environmental degradation. While over-fishing has been previously documented for selected species or fisheries in these countries, the fishery-independent data analysed here provide the first multi-country evidence of the widespread degradation of demersal coastal resources. Exploitation ratios (fishing mortality:total mortality), calculated from length frequency data, were on average > 0.5, suggesting over-fishing. In Thailand a time series of exploitation ratios for 17 species showed increasing fishing pressure over time. Environmental degradation, in terms of changes in water quality and habitat modification and loss, has been documented in all countries and this is likely to be a contributing factor for the declines. The serious declines observed in these three countries are illustrative of a regional trend and highlight the urgent need for countries to reduce and manage their fishing capacity. This regional study also identified a requirement for key interventions, such as strengthening licensing systems, limiting entry to fisheries and increasing gear selectivity. It also highlighted the fact that the strategies developed must take into account the context of the developing countries and the broader socioeconomic role of fisheries. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",10.1016/j.fishres.2006.02.004,,,Yes,22,SDA-22,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2006.02.004,SDA,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,empirical data,,,direct (quantitative),regional,,,3,,,,,,,,qualitative (direction),ordinal scale,none,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex241
"MacLennan, MM; Vinebrooke, RD",HYDROBIOLOGIA,2016,"Effects of non-native trout, higher temperatures and regional biodiversity on zooplankton communities of alpine lakes","Global warming threatens to further impoverish communities of naturally fishless alpine lakes already stressed by introduced trout. However, dispersal of tolerant regional species, such as those from warmer montane lakes, may mediate the effects of non-native trout and higher temperatures on alpine lake communities. We compared the zooplankton community of an alpine lake when non-native trout were absent and present across a 24-year period of climatic variation and conducted an experiment to test the hypotheses that (1) size-selective predation by non-native trout and higher temperatures suppress large zooplankton while small species are resistant to both, and (2) species imported from a diverse array of lakes can functionally compensate for resident alpine species suppressed by predation and warming. Both non-native trout and higher temperatures decreased large zooplankton but surprisingly, warming suppressed small herbivores, not large Daphnia. Declines of local species in stressed alpine communities increased the establishment of regional zooplankton, including a diversity of montane species under warmed conditions. Despite this, regional species did not alleviate the negative effects of size-selective predation and warming on zooplankton biomass. Further research is needed to assess the influence of regional dispersers on stressed alpine lake communities over ecologically relevant spatio-temporal scales.",10.1007/s10750-015-2591-8,,,Yes,23,SDA-23,http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-015-2591-8,SDA,UJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,empirical data,,,direct (quantitative),local,,,2,,,,,,,,quantitative (magnitude),ordinal scale,quantitative,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex410
"Ault, JS; Bohnsack, JA; Smith, SG; Luo, JG",BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE,2005,"Towards sustainable multispecies fisheries in the Florida, USA, coral reef ecosystem","Southern Florida coral reefs generated an estimated 71,000 jobs and US$6 billion in economic activity in 2001. These ecosystem goods and services, however, are threatened by increased exploitation and environmental changes from a rapidly growing regional human population. To address these threats, we adopted an ecosystem-based perspective and developed a systems science analysis framework over the last decade to better assess and improve sustainable multispecies reef fisheries in the Florida Keys. Here we describe our progress and provide three example applications. We first built upon traditional catch and effort stock assessment methodologies by collecting spatially-explicit, fishery-independent data covering all reef fishes and reef habitats in the Keys. An optimized sampling strategy and a new length-based assessment framework provided synoptic spatial estimates of species abundance and size structures. Models were developed that encompassed the complex biological dynamics of fish stocks and a broad range of environmental and human impacts, including fisheries, non-target species, predator-prey interactions, species movements, ontogenetic changes in habitat associations, and physical processes. We show that the snapper-grouper fishery in the Florida Keys is experiencing overfishing and that stocks are overfished relative to established benchmarks for resource sustainability. Spatially explicit models demonstrated the potential effectiveness of no-take marine reserves to support sustainable fisheries, and were employed to objectively evaluate marine reserve boundary options in the Dry Tortugas. We show the importance of considering physical coupling and regional water quality changes resulting from Everglades restoration. A fishery systems science framework improves understanding of impacts from fishery extraction, ecosystem alterations, and natural oceanographic variability on the dynamics of exploited fish stocks.",,,,Yes,24,SDA-24,,SDA,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,UJ,Yes,empirical data,,,direct (quantitative),local,,,2,,,,,,,,quantitative (magnitude),ordinal scale,none,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex101
"Hinrichsen, HH",DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY,2009,Biological processes and links to the physics,"Analysis of the temporal and spatial variability of biological processes and identification of the main variables that drive the dynamic regime of marine ecosystems is complex. Correlation between physical variables and long-term changes in ecosystems has routinely been identified, but the specific mechanisms involved remain often unclear. Reasons for this could be various: the ecosystem can be very sensitive to the seasonal timing of the anomalous physical forcing: the ecosystem can be contemporaneously influenced by many physical variables and the ecosystem can generate intrinsic variability on climate time scales. Marine ecosystems are influenced by a variety of physical factors, e.g., light, temperature, transport, turbulence. Temperature has a fundamental forcing function in biology, with direct influences on rate processes of organisms and on the distribution of mobile species that have preferred temperature ranges. Light and transport also affect the physiology and distribution of marine organisms. Small-scale turbulence determines encounter between larval fish and their prey and additionally influences the probability of successful pursuit and ingestion. The impact of physical forcing variations on biological processes is studied through long-term observations, process studies, laboratory experiments, retrospective analysis of existing data sets and modelling. This manuscript reviews the diversity of physical influences on biological processes, marine organisms and ecosystems and their variety of responses to physical forcing with special emphasis on the dynamics of zooplankton and fish stocks. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.11.008,,,Yes,25,SDA-25,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.11.008,SDA,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,UJ,Yes,review,,,direct (qualitative),global,,,2,,,,,,,,qualitative (direction),ordinal scale,qualitative,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex243
"Eide, A",AMBIO,2017,"Climate change, fisheries management and fishing aptitude affecting spatial and temporal distributions of the Barents Sea cod fishery","Climate change is expected to influence spatial and temporal distributions of fish stocks. The aim of this paper is to compare climate change impact on a fishery with other factors impacting the performance of fishing fleets. The fishery in question is the Northeast Arctic cod fishery, a well-documented fishery where data on spatial and temporal distributions are available. A cellular automata model is developed for the purpose of mimicking possible distributional patterns and different management alternatives are studied under varying assumptions on the fleets' fishing aptitude. Fisheries management and fishing aptitude, also including technological development and local knowledge, turn out to have the greatest impact on the spatial distribution of the fishing effort, when comparing the IPCC's SRES A1B scenario with repeated sequences of the current environmental situation over a period of 45 years. In both cases, the highest profits in the simulation period of 45 years are obtained at low exploitation levels and moderate fishing aptitude.",10.1007/s13280-017-0955-1,,,Yes,26,SDA-26,http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-017-0955-1,SDA,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,UJ,Yes,meta-analysis,,,direct (quantitative),local,,,2,,,,,,,,quantitative (magnitude),ordinal scale,none,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex378
"Dvoretsky, AG; Dvoretsky, VG",REVIEWS IN FISH BIOLOGY AND FISHERIES,2015,Commercial fish and shellfish in the Barents Sea: Have introduced crab species affected the population trajectories of commercial fish?,"The Barents Sea shelf system, particularly the southwestern, western and southern parts, is one of the most productive ocean regions in the world due to the influence of warm Atlantic water. We conducted an analysis of long-term data based on original and published sources focused on the trends in abundance of key commercial species in the Barents Sea. We specifically examined the patterns and characteristics of both invasive species and invasion processes, using the example of two introduced crabs: the red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) and the snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio), which in polar ecosystems may provide an important case study for improving our ability to predict the impact of new invaders. Warm temperature anomalies were observed in the Barents Sea in the 20th century and in the early twenty-first century, with peaks from 2001 to 2007 and in 2012, associated with a pronounced decrease in total ice cover since 1999. Since their introduction, the stock biomass of red king crabs has varied widely. These fluctuations were associated with high levels of illegal fishing of red king crab. The total biomass of commercial snow crabs increased exponentially in the last decade. Since the late 1990s the stock of northern shrimp has varied with an overall rising trend, although landings in more recent years were relatively stable. Cod, haddock, and saithe stocks remained at relatively high levels. Capelin stock size is characterized by large fluctuations that are likely to reflect natural processes. Cross-correlation analysis suggests that neither crab species had negative effects on the stocks of important fish. However, a potential negative impact of snow crab on the northern shrimp population could not be rejected due to their overlapping distribution and predator-prey interactions. The high overall productivity of the Barents Sea in recent years, as evidenced by high abundances of major fish stocks, is more likely associated with warming in the Arctic region, and the introduction of both crab species has had no apparent detrimental effects on fish stocks while resulting in positive economic benefits.",10.1007/s11160-015-9382-1,,,Yes,27,SDA-27,http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11160-015-9382-1,SDA,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,UJ,Yes,empirical data,,,direct (quantitative),regional,,,2,,,,,,,,quantitative (magnitude),ordinal scale,qualitative,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex396
"Belhabib, D; Lam, VWY; Cheung, WWL",MARINE POLICY,2016,"Overview of West African fisheries under climate change: Impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptive responses of the artisanal and industrial sectors","Climate change affects ocean conditions, fish stocks and hence fisheries. In West Africa, climate change impacts on fisheries were projected to be mainly negative through multi-facet ways. However, analysis of adaptation responses of fishers to climate change impacts is scarce. This paper reviews the impacts on climate change on fisheries in West Africa and discusses the potential adaptation strategies adopted by both the artisanal and industrial fishing sectors. Overall, climate change and over-exploitation have altered species composition of fisheries catches in West Africa. The effect of ocean warming on fisheries is indicated by the increase in dominance of warmer water species in the landings, shown from an increase in Mean Temperature of Catch, in the region. Climate change induced changes in potential catch and species composition, which inherently have similar symptoms as over-exploitation, are expected to have repercussions on the economic and social performance of fisheries. Both artisanal and industrial sectors may adapt to these changes mainly through expansion of fishing ground that increases operation costs. Our results highlight that historical changes in target species are more common in industrial than artisanal fisheries. This result challenges the prevailing assumption that artisanal fisheries, given their limited movement capacity, would adapt to climate change by shifting target species and/or gear type. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",10.1016/j.marpol.2016.05.009,,,Yes,28,SDA-28,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.05.009,SDA,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,YT,Yes,meta-analysis,,,direct (quantitative),regional,,,2,,,,,,,,quantitative (magnitude),ordinal scale,qualitative,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex102
"Kolding, J; van Zwieten, P; Mkumbo, O; Silsbe, G; Hecky, R",ECOSYSTEM APPROACH TO FISHERIES,2008,Are the Lake Victoria Fisheries Threatened by Exploitation or Eutrophication? Towards an Ecosystem-based Approach to Management,"Lake Victoria's ecosystem has shown fundamental changes over its past recorded history in terms of nutrient loadings, productivity, faunal composition and fisheries. As yet, however, no attempt has been made to link the driving processes of eutrophication and fisheries to understand the feedback observed in fish stocks, food webs, exploitation patterns and trade. Single-and multi-species stock assessments, based on steady-state models with effort (and/or predation) as the only driver - still used in the region to advise on management - uniformly indicate overfished stocks of Nile perch that are in danger of collapse. These current views of overfishing are not validated by empirical observations. This chapter presents a holistic integrated ecosystem approach which combines a phenomenological analysis of key processes with a comprehensive set of simple indicators, covering physical, biological and human development, where directionality in time is made explicit to understand ongoing processes in the changing ecosystem. This new approach results in: (i) no signs of overfishing in any of the verifiable indicators; and (ii) biological production increasing over time together with effort and yield as a function of increased eutrophication. The results indicate that continued eutrophication presents a much graver risk to the resource base and thus livelihoods of Lake Victoria's coastal populations than fishing pressure. Lake Victoria can serve as an interesting case study for the inherent risk of using traditional fish stock assessment in changing ecosystems, and for the development of holistic monitoring systems for ecosystem-based management.",10.1079/9781845934149.0309,,,Yes,29,SDA-29,http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845934149.0309,SDA,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,YT,Yes,empirical data,,,direct (quantitative),local,,,2,,,,,,,,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex119
"Mcowen, CJ; Cheung, WWL; Rykaczewski, RR; Watson, RA; Wood, LJ",FISH AND FISHERIES,2015,Is fisheries production within Large Marine Ecosystems determined by bottom-up or top-down forcing?,"Understanding the mechanisms driving fisheries production is essential if we are to accurately predict changes under climate change and exploit fish stocks in a sustainable manner. Traditionally, studies have sought to distinguish between the two most prominent drivers, bottom-up' (resource driven) and top-down' (consumer driven); however, this dichotomy is increasingly proving to be artificial as the relative importance of each mechanism has been shown to vary through space and time. Nevertheless, the reason why one predominates over another within a region remains largely unknown. To address this gap in understanding, we identified the dominant driver of commercial landings within 47 ecosystems, encompassing a wide range of biogeochemical conditions and fishing practices to elucidate general patterns. We show that bottom-up and top-down effects vary consistently with past fishing pressure and oceanographic conditions; bottom-up control predominates within productive, overfished regions and top-down in relatively unproductive and under-exploited areas. We attribute these findings to differences in the species composition and oceanographic properties of regions, together with variation in fishing practices and (indicative) management effectiveness. Collectively, our analyses suggest that despite the complexity of ecological systems, it is possible to elucidate a number of generalities. Such knowledge could be used to increase the parsimony of ecosystem models and to move a step forward in predicting how the global ocean, particularly fisheries productivity, will respond to climate change.",10.1111/faf.12082,,,Yes,30,SDA-30,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/faf.12082,SDA,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,YT,Yes,empirical data,,,direct (quantitative),global,,,2,,,,,,,,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex214
"Sherman, K",OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT,2006,The Large Marine Ecosystem network approach to WSSD targets,"Since the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, considerable movement has been made by international organizations engaged in ocean affairs towards adopting ecosystem-based assessment and management practices. A decade later, at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), another significant milestone was reached with the support, by over 100 countries, for a Plan of Implementation that agreed on several specific ecosystem-related targets including: achievement of ""substantial"" reductions in land-based sources of pollution by 2006; introduction of the ecosystems approach to marine resource assessment and management by 2010; designation of a network of marine protected areas by 2012; and the maintenance and restoration of fish stocks to maximum sustainable yield levels by 2015. An international financial mechanism, the Global Environment Facility (GEF), is assisting developing countries in meeting the WSSD targets by supporting Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) assessment and management projects. Of the 29 LMEs for which published case study information is available on analyses of principal forces driving changes in biomass yields, fishing effort was the primary forcing mechanism in 14 LMEs, climate forcing was the principal factor in 13 LMEs, eutrophication in one case and the data were inconclusive in another. Fishing effort was a secondary driver of change in biomass yields in the 13 LMEs driven by climate forcing. Mitigating actions for reducing fishing effort to promote recovery of lost biomass yield is proving successful in one case study. Actions for improving forecasts of oceanographic conditions affecting fish stocks are underway in four GEF-supported LME projects (e.g., Humboldt Current, Canary Current, Guinea Current and Benguela Current); measures to assess and manage excessive fishing effort are planned for eight LME projects, eutrophication reduction and control in another; and six LMEs with relatively stable decadal biomass yields appear suitable for mandating precautionary total allowable catch levels. The GEF/LME projects include countries that contributed to 45% of global marine biomass yields in 1999. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.06.012,,,Yes,31,SDA-31,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.06.012,SDA,UJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,YT,Yes,review,,,direct (qualitative),global,,,3,,,,,,,,qualitative (direction),ordinal scale,none,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex512
"Pereira, HM; Navarro, LM; Martins, IS","ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES, VOL 37",2012,"Global Biodiversity Change: The Bad, the Good, and the Unknown","Global biodiversity change is one of the most pressing environmental issues of our time. Here, we review current scientific knowledge on global biodiversity change and identify the main knowledge gaps. We discuss two components of biodiversity change-biodiversity alterations and biodiversity loss-across four dimensions of biodiversity: species extinctions, species abundances, species distributions, and genetic diversity. We briefly review the impacts that modern humans and their ancestors have had on biodiversity and discuss the recent declines and alterations in biodiversity. We analyze the direct pressures on biodiversity change: habitat change, overexploitation, exotic species, pollution, and climate change. We discuss the underlying causes, such as demographic growth and resource use, and review existing scenario projections. We identify successes and impending opportunities in biodiversity policy and management, and highlight gaps in biodiversity monitoring and models. Finally, we discuss how the ecosystem services framework can be used to identify undesirable biodiversity change and allocate conservation efforts.",10.1146/annurev-environ-042911-093511,,,Yes,32,SDA-32,http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-042911-093511,SDA,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,review,,,n.a.,global,,,5,,,,,,,,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-orig-flex-1
"Sugimura, K; Ishida, K; Abe, S; Nagai, Y; Watari, Y; Tatara, M; Takashi, M; Hashimoto, T; Yamada, F",ORYX,2014,"Monitoring the effects of forest clear-cutting and mongoose Herpestes auropunctatus invasion on wildlife diversity on Amami Island, Japan","Wildlife populations on Amami Island, Japan, have been affected by forest clear-felling and the introduction of alien species, in particular the mongoose Herpestes auropunctatus. We used monitoring data collected over 24 years to track changes in the population sizes of five species of mammals and 20 species of birds. We assigned species to the following groups: indigenous, rare, insectivorous, negatively affected by forest clear-cutting, and negatively affected by mongoose invasion. We examined trends in each group at four time points between 1985 and 2010 using two methods: species abundance estimates and the Living Planet Index. We then assessed the usefulness of these methods as tools for conservation planning. Inspecting species individually we identified four main patterns of abundance change: (a) an increase from the first to the last census period, (b) an increase in all periods except 2009-2010, (c) a decrease from 1985-1986 to 2001-2002 but an increase in 2009-2010, and (d) a decrease in all census periods. We observed certain relationships between these patterns and the species groups assigned as above. According to the Living Planet Index the group negatively affected by forest clear-cutting did not show significant recovery and the groups of rare species and species negatively affected by mongoose recovered to c. 40% of the original level after a sharp decline during 1985-2002. The Living Planet Index is a more useful tool for assessing the urgency of particular conservation needs, although limited information on species abundance reduces its representativeness for some groups.",10.1017/S0030605312001639,,,Yes,33,SDA-33,http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605312001639,SDA,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,DB,Yes,empirical data,,,direct (quantitative),local,,,2,,,,,,,,quantitative (magnitude),ordinal scale,none,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-orig-flex-12
"Stuart-Smith, RD; Edgar, GJ; Barrett, NS; Bates, AE; Baker, SC; Bax, NJ; Becerro, MA; Berkhout, J; Blanchard, JL; Brock, DJ; Clark, GF; Cooper, AT; Davis, TR; Day, PB; Duffy, E; Holmes, TH; Howe, SA; Jordan, A; Kininmonth, S; Knott, NA; Lefcheck, JS; Ling, SD; Parr, A; Strain, E; Sweatman, H; Thomson, R",BIOSCIENCE,2017,Assessing National Biodiversity Trends for Rocky and Coral Reefs through the Integration of Citizen Science and Scientific Monitoring Programs,"Reporting progress against targets for international biodiversity agreements is hindered by a shortage of suitable biodiversity data. We describe a cost-effective system involving Reef Life Survey citizen scientists in the systematic collection of quantitative data covering multiple phyla that can underpin numerous marine biodiversity indicators at high spatial and temporal resolution. We then summarize the findings of a continentaland decadal-scale State of the Environment assessment for rocky and coral reefs based on indicators of ecosystem state relating to fishing, ocean warming, and invasive species and describing the distribution of threatened species. Fishing impacts are widespread, whereas substantial warming-related change affected some regions between 2005 and 2015. Invasive species are concentrated near harbors in southeastern Australia, and the threatened-species index is highest for the Great Australian Bight and Tasman Sea. Our approach can be applied globally to improve reporting against biodiversity targets and enhance public and policymakers' understanding of marine biodiversity trends.",10.1093/biosci/biw180,,,Yes,34,SDA-34,http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biw180,SDA,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,DB,Yes,review,,,direct (quantitative),regional,,,3,,,,,,,,qualitative (direction),ordinal scale,none,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-orig-flex-23
"Hoffmann, M; Belant, JL; Chanson, JS; Cox, NA; Lamoreux, J; Rodrigues, ASL; Schipper, J; Stuart, SN",PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES,2011,The changing fates of the world's mammals,"A recent complete assessment of the conservation status of 5487 mammal species demonstrated that at least one-fifth are at risk of extinction in the wild. We retrospectively identified genuine changes in extinction risk for mammals between 1996 and 2008 to calculate changes in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List Index (RLI). Species-level trends in the conservation status of mammalian diversity reveal that extinction risk in large-bodied species is increasing, and that the rate of deterioration has been most accelerated in the Indomalayan and Australasian realms. Expanding agriculture and hunting have been the main drivers of increased extinction risk in mammals. Site-based protection and management, legislation, and captive-breeding and reintroduction programmes have led to improvements in 24 species. We contextualize these changes, and explain why both deteriorations and improvements may be under-reported. Although this study highlights where conservation actions are leading to improvements, it fails to account for instances where conservation has prevented further deteriorations in the status of the world's mammals. The continued utility of the RLI is dependent on sustained investment to ensure repeated assessments of mammals over time and to facilitate future calculations of the RLI and measurement against global targets.",10.1098/rstb.2011.0116,,,Yes,35,SDA-35,http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0116,SDA,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,DB,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,one of the indicators,direct (quantitative),global,All regions,All realms,6,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,prevalence-based,quantitative (magnitude),ordinal scale,none,Yes,high,IPBES-core-ind-orig-flex-37
"Olah, G; Butchart, SHM; Symes, A; Guzman, IM; Cunningham, R; Brightsmith, DJ; Heinsohn, R",BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION,2016,Ecological and socio-economic factors affecting extinction risk in parrots,"Parrots (Psittaciformes) are among the most threatened bird orders with 28 % (111 of 398) of extant species classified as threatened under IUCN criteria. We confirmed that parrots have a lower Red List Index (higher aggregate extinction risk) than other comparable bird groups, and modeled the factors associated with extinction risk. Our analyses included intrinsic biological, life history and ecological attributes, external anthropogenic threats, and socio-economic variables associated with the countries where the parrot species occur, while we controlled for phylogenetic dependence among species. We found that the likelihood of parrot species being classified as threatened was less for species with larger historical distribution size, but was greater for species with high forest dependency, large body size, long generation time, and greater proportion of the human population living in urban areas in the countries encompassing the parrots' home ranges. The severity of extinction risk (from vulnerable to critically endangered) was positively related to the per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of the countries of occurrence, endemism to a single country, and lower for species used as pets. A disproportionate number of 16 extinct parrot species were endemic to islands and single countries, and were large bodied, habitat specialists. Agriculture, hunting, trapping, and logging are the most frequent threats to parrots worldwide, with variation in importance among regions. We use multiple methods to rank countries with disproportionately high numbers of threatened parrot species. Our results promote understanding of global and regional factors associated with endangerment in this highly threatened taxonomic group, and will enhance the prioritization of conservation actions.",10.1007/s10531-015-1036-z,,,Yes,36,SDA-36,http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-015-1036-z,SDA,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,DB,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),global,All regions,All realms,6,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,prevalence-based,quantitative (magnitude),ordinal scale,none,Yes,high,IPBES-core-ind-orig-flex-44
"Brummitt, NA; Bachman, SP; Griffiths-Lee, J; Lutz, M; Moat, JF; Farjon, A; Donaldson, JS; Hilton-Taylor, C; Meagher, TR; Albuquerque, S; Aletrari, E; Andrews, AK; Atchison, G; Baloch, E; Barlozzini, B; Brunazzi, A; Carretero, J; Celesti, M; Chadburn, H; Cianfoni, E; Cockel, C; Coldwell, V; Concetti, B; Contu, S; Crook, V; Dyson, P; Gardiner, L; Ghanim, N; Greene, H; Groom, A; Harker, R; Hopkins, D; Khela, S; Lakeman-Fraser, P; Lindon, H; Lockwood, H; Loftus, C; Lombrici, D; Lopez-Poveda, L; Lyon, J; Malcolm-Tompkins, P; McGregor, K; Moreno, L; Murray, L; Nazar, K; Power, E; Tuijtelaars, MQ; Salter, R; Segrott, R; Thacker, H; Thomas, LJ; Tingvoll, S; Watkinson, G; Wojtaszekova, K; Lughadha, EMN",PLOS ONE,2015,Green Plants in the Red: A Baseline Global Assessment for the IUCN Sampled Red List Index for Plants,"Plants provide fundamental support systems for life on Earth and are the basis for all terrestrial ecosystems; a decline in plant diversity will be detrimental to all other groups of organisms including humans. Decline in plant diversity has been hard to quantify, due to the huge numbers of known and yet to be discovered species and the lack of an adequate baseline assessment of extinction risk against which to track changes. The biodiversity of many remote parts of the world remains poorly known, and the rate of new assessments of extinction risk for individual plant species approximates the rate at which new plant species are described. Thus the question 'How threatened are plants?' is still very difficult to answer accurately. While completing assessments for each species of plant remains a distant prospect, by assessing a randomly selected sample of species the Sampled Red List Index for Plants gives, for the first time, an accurate view of how threatened plants are across the world. It represents the first key phase of ongoing efforts to monitor the status of the world's plants. More than 20% of plant species assessed are threatened with extinction, and the habitat with the most threatened species is overwhelmingly tropical rain forest, where the greatest threat to plants is anthropogenic habitat conversion, for arable and livestock agriculture, and harvesting of natural resources. Gymnosperms (e.g. conifers and cycads) are the most threatened group, while a third of plant species included in this study have yet to receive an assessment or are so poorly known that we cannot yet ascertain whether they are threatened or not. This study provides a baseline assessment from which trends in the status of plant biodiversity can be measured and periodically reassessed.",10.1371/journal.pone.0135152,,,Yes,37,SDA-37,http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135152,SDA,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,DB,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,one of the indicators,direct (quantitative),global,All regions,All realms,6,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,prevalence-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,high,IPBES-core-ind-orig-flex-67
"Szabo, JK; Butchart, SHM; Possingham, HP; Garnett, ST",BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION,2012,Adapting global biodiversity indicators to the national scale: A Red List Index for Australian birds,"The Red List Index (RLI), which uses information from the IUCN Red List to track trends in the projected overall extinction risk of sets of species, is among the indicators adopted by the world's governments to assess performance under the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. For greatest impact, such indicators need to be measured and used at a national scale as well as globally. We present the first application of the RLI based on assessments of extinction risk at the national scale using IUCN's recommended methods, evaluating trends in the status of Australian birds for 1990-2010. We calculated RLIs based on the number of taxa in each Red List category and the number that changed categories between assessments in 1990, 2000 and 2010 as a result of genuine improvement or deterioration in status. A novel comparison between trends at the species and ultrataxon (subspecies or monotypic species) level showed that these were remarkably similar, suggesting that current global RLI trends at the species level may also be a useful surrogate for tracking losses in genetic diversity at this scale, for which no global measures currently exist. The RLI for Australia is declining faster than global rates when migratory shorebirds and seabirds are included, but not when changes resulting from threats in Australia alone are considered. The RLI of oceanic island taxa has declined faster than those on the continent or on continental islands. There were also differences in the performance of different jurisdictions within Australia. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",10.1016/j.biocon.2012.01.062,,,Yes,38,SDA-38,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.01.062,SDA,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,DB,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),continental,Asia-Pacific,All realms,6,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,prevalence-based,quantitative (magnitude),ordinal scale,none,Yes,high,"IPBES-core-ind-orig-flex-68
This study includes all Australian birds"
"de Waroux, YL; Lambin, EF",APPLIED GEOGRAPHY,2012,Monitoring degradation in arid and semi-arid forests and woodlands: The case of the argan woodlands (Morocco),"Arid and semi-arid forests and woodlands (hereafter called ""dryland forests""), in spite of their ecological and social importance, have received little attention in land change studies. Growing evidence shows that these forests have been receding at very high rates in many places, suggesting a need for a better understanding of the processes and causes of dryland forest degradation. Changes in the extent of dryland forests are debated in part because estimates of forest and woodland areas in drylands are uncertain. Causal explanations of the degradation tend to draw on the literature on desertification and tropical deforestation, and to emphasize either local or remote, and either social or biophysical drivers. This study contributes to a better understanding of dryland forest degradation as a basis for conservation policies. Firstly, we argue that monitoring arid and semi-arid forests and woodlands using area estimates may lead to an underestimation of the severity of change because tree density change often exceeds area change. Secondly, we argue that the analysis of degradation processes in these multifunctional landscapes should integrate both local and remote, and both social and biophysical factors. We use a case study of degradation in the argania woodlands in semi-arid to arid Southwest Morocco to test these two claims. We used gridded tree counts on aerial photographs and satellite images to estimate forest change between 1970 and 2007, and we tested several possible causes of change on the basis of original socioeconomic field surveys and climatic and topographic data. We found that forest density declined by 44.5% during this period, a figure that is significantly underestimated if forest area change is used as a measure of degradation. Increasing aridity and, to a lesser extent, fuelwood extraction were related to forest decline. No effect of grazing by local livestock was found. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.08.005,,,Yes,39,SDA-39,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.08.005,SDA,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,PJ,Yes,empirical data,,,direct (quantitative),local,,,3,,,,,,,,quantitative (magnitude),ordinal scale,none,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex81
"Barbraud, C; Rolland, V; Jenouvrier, S; Nevoux, M; Delord, K; Weimerskirch, H",MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES,2012,Effects of climate change and fisheries bycatch on Southern Ocean seabirds: a review,"Over the last century, major climate changes and intense human exploitation of natural living resources have occurred in the Southern Ocean, potentially affecting its ecosystems up to top marine predators. Fisheries may also directly affect seabirds through bycatch and additional food resources provided by discards. The past 20 yr of research has seen an increasing number of studies investigating the effects of climate change and fisheries activities on Southern Ocean seabirds. Here, we review these studies in order to identify patterns in changes in distribution, phenology, demography and population dynamics in response to changes in climate and fisheries bycatch. Shifts in distribution and breeding phenology were documented in parallel to increases in sea-surface temperatures and changes in sea-ice cover. Above all warm sea-surface temperatures negatively affected demographic parameters, although exceptions were found. Relationships suggest non-linear effects of sea-ice cover on demographic parameters and population dynamics, with optimum sea-ice cover conditions appearing to be the rule. Fishing efforts were mainly negatively related to survival rates, and only for a few species positively related to breeding success. A handful of studies found that chronic mortality of immature birds due to fisheries negatively affected populations. Climate factors and fisheries bycatch may simultaneously affect demographic parameters in a complex way, which can be integrated in population models to project population trajectories under future climate or fisheries scenarios. Needed are studies that integrate other environmental factors, trophic levels, foraging behaviour, climate-fisheries inter actions, and the mechanisms underlying phenotypic plasticity, such as some pioneering studies conducted elsewhere.",10.3354/meps09616,,,Yes,40,SDA-40,http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps09616,SDA,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,PJ,Yes,review,,,direct (quantitative),continental,,,2,,,,,,,,quantitative (magnitude),ordinal scale,qualitative,Yes,incomplete,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex393
"Kirby, JS; Stattersfield, AJ; Butchart, SHM; Evans, MI; Grimmett, RFA; Jones, VR; O'Sullivan, J; Tucker, GM; Newton, I",BIRD CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL,2008,Key conservation issues for migratory land- and waterbird species on the world's major flyways,"An estimated 19% of the world's 9,856 extant bird species are migratory, including some 1,600 species of land- and waterbirds. In 2008, 11% of migratory land- and waterbirds were classed by BirdLife International as threatened or near-threatened on the IUCN Red List. Red List indices show that these migrants have become more threatened since 1988, with 33 species deteriorating and just six improving in status. There is also increasing evidence of regional declines. Population trend data show that more Nearctic-Neotropical migrants have declined than increased in North America since the 1980s, and more Palearctic-Afrotropical migrants breeding in Europe declined than increased during 1970-2000. Reviews of the status of migratory raptors show unfavourable conservation status for 51% of species in the African-Eurasian region (in 2005), and 33% of species in Central, South and East Asia (in 2007). Land-use change owing to agriculture is the most frequently cited threat affecting nearly 80% of all threatened and near-threatened species. However, while agricultural intensification on the breeding grounds is often proposed as the major driver of declines in Palearctic-Afrotropical migrants, some species appear to be limited by the quantity and quality of available habitat in non-breeding areas, notably the drylands of tropical Africa. Forest fragmentation in breeding areas has contributed to the declines of Nearctic-Neotropical migrants with deforestation in non-breeding areas another possible factor. Infrastructure development including wind turbines, cables, towers and masts can also be a threat. Over-harvesting and persecution remain serious threats, particularly at key migration locations. Climate change is affecting birds already, is expected to exacerbate all these pressures, and may also increase competition between migratory and non-migratory species. The conservation of migratory birds thus requires a multitude of approaches. Many migratory birds require effective management of their critical sites, and Important Bird Areas (IBAs) provide an important foundation for such action; however to function effectively in conserving migratory species, IBAs need to be protected and the coherence of the network requires regular review. Since many migratory species (c. 55%) are widely dispersed across their breeding or non-breeding ranges, it is essential to address the human-induced changes at the wider landscape scale, a very considerable challenge. Efforts to conserve migratory birds in one part of the range are less effective if unaddressed threats are reducing these species' populations and habitats elsewhere. International collaboration and coordinated action along migration flyways as a whole are thus key elements in any strategy for the conservation of migratory birds.",10.1017/S0959270908000439,,,Yes,41,SDA-41,http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0959270908000439,SDA,MW,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,PJ,Yes,review,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),global,All regions,All realms,6,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,prevalence-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,high,IPBES-core-ind-ext-flex757
"Bowler, D.E., Heldbjerg, H., Fox, A.D., O'Hara, R.B., Bšhning_Gaese, K.", Journal of Animal Ecology,2018,Disentangling the effects of multiple environmental drivers on population changes within communities,,10.1111/1365-2656.12829,,,,1,MAN-1,https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1365-2656.12829,MAN,DB,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,DB,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),regional,Europe and Central Asia,Terrestrial,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,effect-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,high,
"Eglington, S. M., & Pearce_Higgins, J. W.",PLoS ONE,2012,Disentangling the relative importance of changes in climate and land_use intensity in driving recent bird population trends,"Threats to biodiversity resulting from habitat destruction and deterioration have been documented for many species, whilst climate change is regarded as increasingly impacting upon species' distribution and abundance. However, few studies have disentangled the relative importance of these two drivers in causing recent population declines. We quantify the relative importance of both processes by modelling annual variation in population growth of 18 farmland bird species in the UK as a function of measures of land-use intensity and weather. Modelled together, both had similar explanatory power in accounting for annual fluctuations in population growth. When these models were used to retrodict population trends for each species as a function of annual variation in land-use intensity and weather combined, and separately, retrodictions incorporating land-use intensity were more closely linked to observed population trends than retrodictions based only on weather, and closely matched the UK farmland bird index from 1970 onwards. Despite more stable land-use intensity in recent years, climate change (inferred from weather trends) has not overtaken land-use intensity as the dominant driver of bird populations.",10.1371/journal.pone.0030407,,,,2,MAN-2,http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030407,MAN,DB,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,DB,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),regional,Europe and Central Asia,Terrestrial,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,effect-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,high,
"Burns, F., Eaton, M. A., Barlow, K. E., Beckmann, B. C., Brereton, T., Brooks, D. R., É Gregory, R. D.",PLoS ONE,2016,Agricultural management and climatic change are the major drivers of biodiversity change in the UK,"Action to reduce anthropogenic impact on the environment and species within it will be most effective when targeted towards activities that have the greatest impact on biodiversity. To do this effectively we need to better understand the relative importance of different activities and how they drive changes in species’ populations. Here, we present a novel, flexible framework that reviews evidence for the relative importance of these drivers of change and uses it to explain recent alterations in species’ populations. We review drivers of change across four hundred species sampled from a broad range of taxonomic groups in the UK. We found that species’ population change (~1970–2012) has been most strongly impacted by intensive management of agricultural land and by climatic change. The impact of the former was primarily deleterious, whereas the impact of climatic change to date has been more mixed. Findings were similar across the three major taxonomic groups assessed (insects, vascular plants and vertebrates). In general, the way a habitat was managed had a greater impact than changes in its extent, which accords with the relatively small changes in the areas occupied by different habitats during our study period, compared to substantial changes in habitat management. Of the drivers classified as conservation measures, low-intensity management of agricultural land and habitat creation had the greatest impact. Our framework could be used to assess the relative importance of drivers at a range of scales to better inform our policy and management decisions. Furthermore, by scoring the quality of evidence, this framework helps us identify research gaps and needs.",10.1371/journal.pone.0151595,,,,3,MAN-3,http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151595,MAN,DB,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,DB,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),regional,Europe and Central Asia,Terrestrial/Freshwater,6,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,prevalence-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,high,
"Jorgensen, P. S., Boehning_Gaese, K., Thorup, K., Tottrup, A. P., Chylarecki, P., Jiguet, F., É Rahbek, C.",Global Change Biology,2016,Continent_scale global change attribution in European birds _ combining annual and decadal time scales,"Species attributes are commonly used to infer impacts of environmental change on multiyear species trends, e.g. decadal changes in population size. However, by themselves attributes are of limited value in global change attribution since they do not measure the changing environment. A broader foundation for attributing species responses to global change may be achieved by complementing an attributes‐based approach by one estimating the relationship between repeated measures of organismal and environmental changes over short time scales. To assess the benefit of this multiscale perspective, we investigate the recent impact of multiple environmental changes on European farmland birds, here focusing on climate change and land use change. We analyze more than 800 time series from 18 countries spanning the past two decades. Analysis of long‐term population growth rates documents simultaneous responses that can be attributed to both climate change and land‐use change, including long‐term increases in populations of hot‐dwelling species and declines in long‐distance migrants and farmland specialists. In contrast, analysis of annual growth rates yield novel insights into the potential mechanisms driving long‐term climate induced change. In particular, we find that birds are affected by winter, spring, and summer conditions depending on the distinct breeding phenology that corresponds to their migratory strategy. Birds in general benefit from higher temperatures or higher primary productivity early on or in the peak of the breeding season with the largest effect sizes observed in cooler parts of species' climatic ranges. Our results document the potential of combining time scales and integrating both species attributes and environmental variables for global change attribution. We suggest such an approach will be of general use when high‐resolution time series are available in large‐scale biodiversity surveys.",10.1111/gcb.13097,,,,4,MAN-4,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13097,MAN,DB,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,DB,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),regional,Europe and Central Asia,Terrestrial,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,effect-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,quantitative,Yes,high,
"Lemoine, N., Bauer, H._G., Peintinger, M., & Boehning_Gaese, K.",Conservation Biology,2007,Effects of climate and land_use change on species abundance in a central European bird community,"Although it is known that changes in land use and climate have an impact on ecological communities, it is unclear which of these factors is currently most important. We sought to determine the influence of land‐use and climate alteration on changes in the abundance of Central European birds. We examined the impact of these factors by contrasting abundance changes of birds of different breeding habitat, latitudinal distribution, and migratory behavior. We examined data from the semiquantitative Breeding Bird Atlas of Lake Constance, which borders Germany, Switzerland, and Austria. Changes in the regional abundance of the 159 coexisting bird species from 1980–1981 to 2000–2002 were influenced by all three factors. Farmland birds, species with northerly ranges, and long‐distance migrants declined, and wetland birds and species with southerly ranges increased in abundance. A separate analysis of the two decades between 1980–1981 and 1990–1992 and between 1990–1992 and 2000–2002 showed that the impact of climate change increased significantly over time. Latitudinal distribution was not significant in the first decade and became the most significant predictor of abundance changes in the second decade. Although the spatial scale and temporal resolution of our study is limited, this is the first study that suggests that climate change has overtaken land‐use modification in determining population trends of Central European birds.",10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00633.x,,,,5,MAN-5,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00633.x,MAN,DB,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,DB,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),local,Europe and Central Asia,Terrestrial/Freshwater,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,effect-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,intermediate,
"Mantyka-Pringle CS, Martin TG, Moffatt DB, et al",Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,Understanding and predicting the combined effects of climate change and land-use change on freshwater macroinvertebrates and fish,"Climate change and land‐use change are having substantial impacts on biodiversity world‐wide, but few studies have considered the impact of these factors together. If the combined effects of climate and land‐use change are greater than the effects of each threat individually, current conservation management strategies may be inefficient and/or ineffective. This is particularly important with respect to freshwater ecosystems because freshwater biodiversity has declined faster than either terrestrial or marine biodiversity over the last three decades.
This is the first study to model the independent and combined effects of climate change and land‐use change on freshwater macroinvertebrates and fish. Using a case study in south‐east Queensland, Australia, we built a Bayesian belief network populated with a combination of field data, simulations, existing models and expert judgment. Different land‐use and climate scenarios were used to make predictions on how the richness of freshwater macroinvertebrates and fish is likely to respond in future.
We discovered little change in richness averaged across the region, but identified important impacts and effects at finer scales. High nutrients and high runoff as a result of urbanization combined with high nutrients and high water temperature as a result of climate change and were the leading drivers of potential declines in macroinvertebrates and fish at fine scales. Synthesis and applications. This is the first study to separate out the constituent drivers of impacts on biodiversity that result from climate change and land‐use change. Mitigation requires management actions that reduce in‐stream nutrients, slows terrestrial runoff and provides shade, to improve the resilience of biodiversity in streams. Encouragingly, the restoration of riparian habitats is identified as an important buffering tool that can mitigate the negative effects of climate change and land‐use change.",10.1111/1365-2664.12236,,,,6,MAN-6,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12236,MAN,DB,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,DB,No,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Harley CDG, Rogers-Bennett L.",California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Reports,2004,The potential synergistic effects of climate change and fishing pressure on exploited invertebrates on rocky intertidal shores,,,,,,7,MAN-7,,MAN,DB,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,DB,No,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,direct (qualitative),local,Americas,Marine,4,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,effect-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,qualitative,Yes,not suitable,
"Fraixedas S, Lehikoinen A, Linden A.",Journal of Avian Biology,2015,Impacts of climate and land-use change on wintering bird populations in Finland,"Few studies have covered both the effects of climate and land‐use change on animal populations under a single framework. Besides, the scarce multi‐species studies conducted have focused on breeding data, and there is little information published on changes in wintering populations. Here, we relate the pattern of long‐term temporal trends of wintering bird populations in Finland, north Europe, to covariates associated with climate and land‐use change. Finnish wintering populations have been monitored using ca 10 km winter bird census routes (> 420 routes counted annually) during 1959–2012. Population trends of 63 species were related to migratory strategy, urbanity, and thermal niche measured as species‐specific centre of gravity of the wintering distribution. Waterbird trends have shown a marked increase compared to landbirds. Among landbirds, forest species have suffered severe declines, whereas urban species have considerably increased in their wintering numbers. To follow up these results, we produced three multi‐species indices (for waterbirds, forest and urban species, respectively), which can improve our ability to detect and monitor the specific consequences of climate change and changes in land‐use, but at the same time act as a feedback to track the conservation status of the species. Our results suggest that waterbirds are responding to climate change, given their dependence on open water and the correlation with early‐winter temperature over the last decades. On the other hand, we believe trends of landbirds have been mainly driven by human‐induced land‐use changes. While urban species have likely benefited from the increase of supplementary feeding, forest species have probably suffered from the loss of native habitats.",10.1111/jav.00441,,,,8,MAN-8,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jav.00441,MAN,DB,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,DB,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),regional,Europe and Central Asia,Terrestrial/Freshwater,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,trait-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,high,
"Ferger SW, Peters MK, Appelhans T, et al.",,2017,Synergistic effects of climate and land use on avian beta-diversity,"Aim - Gradients in climate and land use occur simultaneously in many of the Earth's ecosystems and thus collectively impact most ecological communities. Albeit climate and land use have potentially interacting effects on ecological communities that may exacerbate or ameliorate their individual effects, little is known about the effect of the climate–land use interaction on community composition. A better understanding of the interaction between climate and land use is essential to predict the impacts of environmental change on ecological communities. 
Location - Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Methods - We quantified the community composition of bird species and feeding guilds on 64 study plots of 13 different habitat types along an elevational gradient from 870 to 4550 m a.s.l. We partitioned the variation in pairwise beta‐diversity (βcc) of birds and its two additive components, abundance differences (βabu) and replacement (β−3), among the effects of temperature, land‐use intensity and their interaction. Results - Temperature and land use had synergistic effects on beta‐diversity (βcc) of birds; that is, the combination of high temperature and high land‐use intensity led to higher beta‐diversity than expected from the sum of both individual effects. While temperature explained more of the variation in abundance differences (βabu), land use explained more of the variation in the replacement of individuals between species and feeding guilds (β−3), indicating that different processes drove avian beta‐diversity along the temperature and land‐use gradients. Main Conclusions - Our results challenge previous studies that investigated the effects of climate and land use in isolation because disregarding their synergistic interaction underestimates the joint effect of climate and land use on biodiversity. A consideration of the synergy between climate and land use is essential for adequate predictions of the impact of global change on biodiversity.",10.1111/ddi.12615,,,,9,MAN-9,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12615,MAN,DB,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,DB,No,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Baptista J, Martinho F, Nyitrai D, et al.",Marine Pollution Bulletin,2015,Long-term functional changes in an estuarine fish assemblage,"The functional diversity of the fish assemblages of the Mondego estuary was studied for a discontinuous 30-year period (1988–2012). During this time, hydrological changes occurred due to man-induced alterations and weather extremes. These changes led to alterations in the structure and function of the fish community. Species richness and functional richness decreased over time and the fish community started to explore new micro-habitats and food resources. Before severe hydrological changes, the community was dominated by pelagic, detritivorous and species with wider salinity ranges. After, the community became dominated by demersal, benthic, piscivorous and marine species. During a drought, omnivorous became increasingly important, reflecting greater possibilities of using available feeding resources. We have also found an increase in sub-tropical species throughout the years, which might be related to gradual temperature increases at a global scale. This study also confirmed estuaries as extremely important for restocking several commercial species.",10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.06.025,,,,10,MAN-10,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.06.025,MAN,DB,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,DB,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),local,Europe and Central Asia,Marine,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,trait-based,qualitative (direction),nominal scale,none,Yes,low,
"Suikkanen S, Pulina S, Engstrom-Ost J, et al.",PLoS One,2013,Climate Change and Eutrophication Induced Shifts in Northern Summer Plankton Communities,"Marine ecosystems are undergoing substantial changes due to human-induced pressures. Analysis of long-term data series is a valuable tool for understanding naturally and anthropogenically induced changes in plankton communities. In the present study, seasonal monitoring data were collected in three sub-basins of the northern Baltic Sea between 1979 and 2011 and statistically analysed for trends and interactions between surface water hydrography, inorganic nutrient concentrations and phyto- and zooplankton community composition. The most conspicuous hydrographic change was a significant increase in late summer surface water temperatures over the study period. In addition, salinity decreased and dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations increased in some basins. Based on redundancy analysis (RDA), warming was the key environmental factor explaining the observed changes in plankton communities: the general increase in total phytoplankton biomass, Cyanophyceae, Prymnesiophyceae and Chrysophyceae, and decrease in Cryptophyceae throughout the study area, as well as increase in rotifers and decrease in total zooplankton, cladoceran and copepod abundances in some basins. We conclude that the plankton communities in the Baltic Sea have shifted towards a food web structure with smaller sized organisms, leading to decreased energy available for grazing zooplankton and planktivorous fish. The shift is most probably due to complex interactions between warming, eutrophication and increased top-down pressure due to overexploitation of resources, and the resulting trophic cascades.",10.1371/journal.pone.0066475,,,,11,MAN-11,http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066475,MAN,DB,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,DB,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),local,Europe and Central Asia,Marine,2,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,No,effect-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,intermediate,
"Kampichler C, van Turnhout CAM, Devictor V, van der Jeugd HP.",PLoS ONE,2012,Large-scale changes in community composition: Determining land use and climate change signals,"Human land use and climate change are regarded as the main driving forces of present-day and future species extinction. They may potentially lead to a profound reorganisation of the composition and structure of natural communities throughout the world. However, studies that explicitly investigate both forms of impact—land use and climate change—are uncommon. Here, we quantify community change of Dutch breeding bird communities over the past 25 years using time lag analysis. We evaluate the chronological sequence of the community temperature index (CTI) which reflects community response to temperature increase (increasing CTI indicates an increase in relative abundance of more southerly species), and the temporal trend of the community specialisation index (CSI) which reflects community response to land use change (declining CSI indicates an increase of generalist species). We show that the breeding bird fauna underwent distinct directional change accompanied by significant changes both in CTI and CSI which suggests a causal connection between climate and land use change and bird community change. The assemblages of particular breeding habitats neither changed at the same speed and nor were they equally affected by climate versus land use changes. In the rapidly changing farmland community, CTI and CSI both declined slightly. In contrast, CTI increased in the more slowly changing forest and heath communities, while CSI remained stable. Coastal assemblages experienced both an increase in CTI and a decline in CSI. Wetland birds experienced the fastest community change of all breeding habitat assemblages but neither CTI nor CSI showed a significant trend. Overall, our results suggest that the interaction between climate and land use changes differs between habitats, and that comparing trends in CSI and CTI may be useful in tracking the impact of each determinant.",10.1371/journal.pone.0035272,,,,12,MAN-12,http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035272,MAN,DB,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,DB,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),local,Europe and Central Asia,Terrestrial,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,trait-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,quantitative,Yes,intermediate,
Georg H. Engelhard  David A. Righton  John K. Pinnegar,Global Change Biology,2013,Climate change and fishing: a century of shifting distribution in North Sea cod,"Globally, spatial distributions of fish stocks are shifting but although the role of climate change in range shifts is increasingly appreciated, little remains known of the likely additional impact that high levels of fishing pressure might have on distribution. For North Sea cod, we show for the first time and in great spatial detail how the stock has shifted its distribution over the past 100 years. We digitized extensive historical fisheries data from paper charts in UK government archives and combined these with contemporary data to a time_series spanning 1913Ð2012 (excluding both World Wars). New analysis of old data revealed that the current distribution pattern of cod Ð mostly in the deeper, northern_ and north_easternmost parts of the North Sea Ð is almost opposite to that during most of the Twentieth Century Ð mainly concentrated in the west, off England and Scotland. Statistical analysis revealed that the deepening, northward shift is likely attributable to warming; however, the eastward shift is best explained by fishing pressure, suggestive of significant depletion of the stock from its previous stronghold, off the coasts of England and Scotland. These spatial patterns were confirmed for the most recent 3_ decades by data from fisheries_independent surveys, which go back to the 1970s. Our results demonstrate the fundamental importance of both climate change and fishing pressure for our understanding of changing distributions of commercially exploited fish.",10.1111/gcb.12513 ,,,,13,MAN-13,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12513 ,MAN,DB,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,DB,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),regional,Europe and Central Asia,Marine,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,No,effect-based,qualitative (direction),ratio scale,none,Yes,high,
"Chen-Yi Tu, Kuan-Ting Chen & Chih-hao Hsieh ",Scientific Reports,2018,Fishing and temperature effects on the size structure of exploited fish stocks,"Size structure of fish stock plays an important role in maintaining sustainability of the population. Size distribution of an exploited stock is predicted to shift toward small individuals caused by size-selective fishing and/or warming; however, their relative contribution remains relatively unexplored. In addition, existing analyses on size structure have focused on univariate size-based indicators (SBIs), such as mean length, evenness of size classes, or the upper 95-percentile of the length frequency distribution; these approaches may not capture full information of size structure. To bridge the gap, we used the variation partitioning approach to examine how the size structure (composition of size classes) responded to fishing, warming and the interaction. We analyzed 28 exploited stocks in the West US, Alaska and North Sea. Our result shows fishing has the most prominent effect on the size structure of the exploited stocks. In addition, the fish stocks experienced higher variability in fishing is more responsive to the temperature effect in their size structure, suggesting that fishing may elevate the sensitivity of exploited stocks in responding to environmental effects. The variation partitioning approach provides complementary information to univariate SBIs in analyzing size structure.",10.1038/s41598-018-25403-x,,,,14,MAN-14,http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25403-x,MAN,DB,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,DB,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),regional,Americas/Europe and Central Asia,Marine,2,Yes,No,Yes,No,No,No,effect-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,quantitative,Yes,high,
MaryToewsaFrancisJuanesaA. ColeBurtonab,Journal of Environmental Management,2018,Mammal responses to the human footprint vary across species and stressors,"A rapidly expanding human footprint – comprised of anthropogenic land-use change and infrastructure - is profoundly affecting wildlife distributions worldwide. Cumulative effects management (CEM) is a regional approach that seeks to manage combined effects of the human footprint on biodiversity across large spatial scales. Challenges to implementing this approach include a lack of ecological data at large spatial scales, the high cost of monitoring multiple indicators, and the need to manage multiple footprints across industries. To inform development of effective CEM, we used large mammals as indicators to address the following questions: a) do species respond more strongly to individual footprint features or to cumulative effects (combined area of all footprint types, measured as total footprint), b) which features elicit the strongest responses across species, and c) are the direction of responses to footprint consistent? We used data from 12 years of snowtrack surveys (2001–2013) in the boreal forest of Alberta, coupled with regional footprint and landcover data, to develop generalized linear mixed-effects models relating the relative abundance of five boreal mammals [gray wolf (Canis lupus), Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), coyote (Canis latrans), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and moose (Alces alces)] to individual and cumulative effects of the human footprint. We found that across species the strongest responses were to agriculture, roads, and young cutblocks (<10 years), suggesting these as potential priority stressors to address within CEM. Most species also responded to total footprint, indicating that in the absence of detailed information on individual features, this coarse measure can serve as an index of cumulative effects. There was high variability in direction and magnitude of responses across species, indicating that community-level responses are likely and should be considered within CEM planning.",10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.009,,,,15,MAN-15,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.009,MAN,NT,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,NT,No,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Déborah R.O.SilvaaAlan T.HerlihybRobert M.HughescDiego R.MacedodMarcosCallistoa,Science of The Total Environment,2018,Assessing the extent and relative risk of aquatic stressors on stream macroinvertebrate assemblages in the neotropical savanna,"Freshwater ecosystems are among the most threatened by human activities, influencing losses of biodiversity. To efficiently address management practices to conserve and restore those ecosystems it is important to correctly identify and quantify the severity and magnitude of anthropogenic stressors degrading freshwater biota. In this study we assessed seven stressors describing poor water quality, physical habitat alteration, and land use by means of the relative risk (RR) and relative extent (RE) approach. The RR measures the co-occurrence probability of high stressor condition and poor biological condition. The RE measures the proportion of stream length in the region in high stressor condition. To obtain accurate estimations of RR and RE we used a probabilistic survey design to select a representative sample of perennial, wadeable and accessible streams within four hydrologic units in the neotropical savanna. Results were evaluated at two spatial scales: local – within each of the four hydrologic units, and regional – all four units combined. From 143 randomly selected sites we inferred our results to a target population of 9466 km of streams. Regionally, we found turbidity, % fine sediments and % agriculture as key stressors associated with poor biological condition. At the local scale, we also found that % pasture and total nitrogen were key stressors of biological condition, but their extent was relatively small. By evaluating both RR and RE we conclude that reducing excess sedimentation on streambeds should be the most effective means of improving biological condition over the region. That finding should guide decision makers and land managers to better focus their efforts and resources on improving biological condition of savanna streams.",10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.127,,,,16,MAN-16,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.127,MAN,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,empirical data,none,one of the indicators,none,local,Americas,Freshwater,3,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,Yes,effect-based,quantitative (magnitude),ordinal scale,none,Yes,low,
"Zajicek P1, Radinger J2, Wolter C3.",Science of The Total Environment,2018,Disentangling multiple pressures on fish assemblages in large rivers.,"European large rivers are exposed to multiple human pressures and maintained as waterways for inland navigation. However, little is known on the dominance and interactions of multiple pressures in large rivers and in particular inland navigation has been ignored in multi-pressure analyzes so far. We determined the response of ten fish population metrics (FPM, related to densities of diagnostic guilds and biodiversity) to 11 prevailing pressures including navigation intensity at 76 sites in eight European large rivers. Thereby, we aimed to derive indicative FPM for the most influential pressures that can serve for fish-based assessments. Pressures' influences, impacts and interactions were determined for each FPM using bootstrapped regression tree models. Increased flow velocity, navigation intensity and the loss of floodplains had the highest influences on guild densities and biodiversity. Interactions between navigation intensity and loss of floodplains and between navigation intensity and increased flow velocity were most frequent, each affecting 80% of the FPM. Further, increased sedimentation, channelization, organic siltation, the presence of artificial embankments and the presence of barriers had strong influences on at least one FPM. Thereby, each FPM was influenced by up to five pressures. However, some diagnostic FPM could be derived: Species richness, Shannon and Simpson Indices, the Fish Region Index and lithophilic and psammophilic guilds specifically indicate rhithralisation of the potamal region of large rivers. Lithophilic, phytophilic and psammophilic guilds indicate disturbance of shoreline habitats through both (i) wave action induced by passing vessels and (ii) hydromorphological degradation of the river channel that comes along with inland navigation. In European large rivers, inland navigation constitutes a highly influential pressure that adds on top of the prevailing hydromorphological degradation. Therefore, river management has to consider river hydromorphology and inland navigation to efficiently rehabilitate the potamal region of large rives.",10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.307,,,,17,MAN-17,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.307,MAN,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,No,empirical data,none,more than one of the indicators,none,regional,Europe and Central Asia,Freshwater,0,,,,,,,,,,,Yes,not suitable,
Jason D. Toft  Stuart H. Munsch  Jeffery R. Cordell  Kiira Siitari  Van C. Hare  Brett M. Holycross Lisa A. DeBruyckere  Correigh M. Greene  Brent B. Hughes,Global Change Biology,2018,Impact of multiple stressors on juvenile fish in estuaries of the northeast Pacific,"A key step in identifying global change impacts on species and ecosystems is to quantify effects of multiple stressors. To date, the science of global change has been dominated by regional field studies, experimental manipulation, meta‐analyses, conceptual models, reviews, and studies focusing on a single stressor or species over broad spatial and temporal scales. Here, we provide one of the first studies for coastal systems examining multiple stressor effects across broad scales, focused on the nursery function of 20 estuaries spanning 1,600 km of coastline, 25 years of monitoring, and seven fish and invertebrate species along the northeast Pacific coast. We hypothesized those species most estuarine dependent and negatively impacted by human activities would have lower presence and abundances in estuaries with greater anthropogenic land cover, pollution, and water flow stress. We found significant negative relationships between juveniles of two of seven species (Chinook salmon and English sole) and estuarine stressors. Chinook salmon were less likely to occur and were less abundant in estuaries with greater pollution stress. They were also less abundant in estuaries with greater flow stress, although this relationship was marginally insignificant. English sole were less abundant in estuaries with greater land cover stress. Together, we provide new empirical evidence that effects of stressors on two fish species culminate in detectable trends along the northeast Pacific coast, elevating the need for protection from pollution, land cover, and flow stressors to their habitats. Lack of response among the other five species could be related to differing resistance to specific stressors, type and precision of the stressor metrics, and limitations in catch data across estuaries and habitats. Acquiring improved measurements of impacts to species will guide future management actions, and help predict how estuarine nursery functions can be optimized given anthropogenic stressors and climate change scenarios.",10.1111/gcb.14055,,,,18,MAN-18,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14055,MAN,NT,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,NT,No,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Galic N1, Sullivan LL1, Grimm V2,3, Forbes VE1.",Ecology Letters,2018,When things don't add up: quantifying impacts of multiple stressors from individual metabolism to ecosystem processing,"Ecosystems are exposed to multiple stressors which can compromise functioning and service delivery. These stressors often co-occur and interact in different ways which are not yet fully understood. Here, we applied a population model representing a freshwater amphipod feeding on leaf litter in forested streams. We simulated impacts of hypothetical stressors, individually and in pairwise combinations that target the individuals' feeding, maintenance, growth and reproduction. Impacts were quantified by examining responses at three levels of biological organisation: individual-level body sizes and cumulative reproduction, population-level abundance and biomass and ecosystem-level leaf litter decomposition. Interactive effects of multiple stressors at the individual level were mostly antagonistic, that is, less negative than expected. Most population- and ecosystem-level responses to multiple stressors were stronger than expected from an additive model, that is, synergistic. Our results suggest that across levels of biological organisation responses to multiple stressors are rarely only additive. We suggest methods for efficiently quantifying impacts of multiple stressors at different levels of biological organisation.",10.1111/ele.12923,,,,19,MAN-19,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.12923,MAN,NT,No,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,NT,No,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
PedroSeguradoaCarinaAlmeidabRamiroNevesbMaria TeresaFerreiraaPauloBrancoa,Science of The Total Environment,2018,"Understanding multiple stressors in a Mediterranean basin: Combined effects of land use, water scarcity and nutrient enrichment","River basins are extremely complex hierarchical and directional systems that are affected by a multitude of interacting stressors. This complexity hampers effective management and conservation planning to be effectively implemented, especially under climate change. The objective of this work is to provide a wide scale approach to basin management by interpreting the effect of isolated and interacting factors in several biotic elements (fish, macroinvertebrates, phytobenthos and macrophytes). For that, a case study in the Sorraia basin (Central Portugal), a Mediterranean system mainly facing water scarcity and diffuse pollution problems, was chosen. To develop the proposed framework, a combination of process-based modelling to simulate hydrological and nutrient enrichment stressors and empirical modelling to relate these stressors - along with land use and natural background - with biotic indicators, was applied. Biotic indicators based on ecological quality ratios from WFD biomonitoring data were used as response variables. Temperature, river slope, % of agriculture in the upstream catchment and total N were the variables more frequently ranked as the most relevant. Both the two significant interactions found between single hydrological and nutrient enrichment stressors indicated antagonistic effects. This study demonstrates the potentialities of coupling process-based modelling with empirical modelling within a single framework, allowing relationships among different ecosystem states to be hierarchized, interpreted and predicted at multiple spatial and temporal scales. It also demonstrates how isolated and interacting stressors can have a different impact on biotic quality. When performing conservation or management plans, the stressor hierarchy should be considered as a way of prioritizing actions in a cost-effective perspective.",10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.201,,,,20,MAN-20,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.201,MAN,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,empirical data,none,more than one of the indicators,none,local,Europe and Central Asia,Freshwater,4,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,Yes,effect-based,quantitative (magnitude),ordinal scale,none,Yes,low,
Isabel C.AvilaKristinKaschnerCarsten F.Dormann,Biological Conservation,2018,Current global risks to marine mammals: Taking stock of the threats,"Marine mammals are impacted by many anthropogenic activities and mitigating these impacts requires knowledge about the geographic occurrence of threats. Here, we systematically reviewed, categorized and geo-referenced information from >1780 publications about threats affecting 121 marine mammal species worldwide between 1991 and 2016. We created risk maps by assigning threat to countries where they had been reported, further refining spatial allocation to specific ocean basins and Longhurst biogeographical provinces and subsequent intersection with mapped species' distributions. We superimposed risk maps for different taxa and threats to visualize geographic patterns of risks and quantify risk severity with respect to number of species affected. Almost all marine mammal species have been reported to face at least one threat. Incidental catch affected the most species (112 species), followed by pollution (99 species), direct harvesting (89 species) and traffic-related impacts (86 species). Direct human activities, mainly fisheries, urban development, whaling/hunting and tourism were the major source of threats affecting most species (>60 species). Risk areas were identified for 51% of marine mammal core habitat. Besides, the majority of local marine mammal communities are at high-risk in 47% of world coastal-waters. Hotspots were located mainly in temperate and polar coastal waters and in enclosed seas such as the Mediterranean or Baltic Sea. However, risk areas differed by threat types and taxa. Our maps show that human activities in coastal waters worldwide impose previously unrecognized levels of cumulative risk for most of marine mammal species, and provide a spatially explicit frame of reference for the assessment of mammals' species conservation status.",10.1016/j.biocon.2018.02.021,,,,21,MAN-21,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.02.021,MAN,NT,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,NT,No,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Torbjörn Tyler  Lina Herbertsson  Pål Axel Olsson  Lars Fröberg  Kjell‐Arne Olsson  Åke Svensson Ola Olsson,Global Change Biology,2017,Climate warming and land‐use changes drive broad‐scale floristic changes in Southern Sweden,"Land‐use changes, pollution and climate warming during the 20th century have caused changes in biodiversity across the world. However, in many cases, the environmental drivers are poorly understood. To identify and rank the drivers currently causing broad‐scale floristic changes in N Europe, we analysed data from two vascular plant surveys of 200 randomly selected 2.5 × 2.5 km grid‐squares in Scania, southernmost Sweden, conducted 1989–2006 and 2008–2015, respectively, and related the change in frequency (performance) of the species to a wide range of species‐specific plant traits. We chose traits representing all plausible drivers of recent floristic changes: climatic change (northern distribution limit, flowering time), land‐use change (light requirement, response to grazing/mowing, response to soil disturbance), drainage (water requirement), acidification (pH optimum), nitrogen deposition and eutrophication (N requirement, N fixation ability, carnivory, parasitism, mycorrhizal associations), pollinator decline (mode of reproduction) and changes in CO2 levels (photosynthetic pathway). Our results suggest that climate warming and changes in land‐use were the main drivers of changes in the flora during the last decades. Climate warming appeared as the most influential driver, with northern distribution limit explaining 30%–60% of the variance in the GLMM models. However, the relative importance of the drivers differed among habitat types, with grassland species being affected the most by cessation of grazing/mowing and species of ruderal habitats by on‐going concentration of both agriculture and human population to the most productive soils. For wetland species, only pH optimum was significantly related to species performance, possibly an effect of the increasing humification of acidic water bodies. An observed relative decline of mycorrhizal species may possibly be explained by decreasing nitrogen deposition resulting in less competition for phosphorus. We found no effect of shortage or decline of pollinating lepidopterans and bees.",10.1111/gcb.14031,,,,22,MAN-22,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14031,MAN,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,empirical data,none,one of the indicators,direct (quantitative),local,Europe and Central Asia,Terrestrial,3,Yes,Yes,No,No,Yes,No,trait-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,intermediate,
Katharina Schulze  Kathryn Knights  Lauren Coad  Jonas Geldmann  Fiona Leverington  April Eassom Melitta Marr  Stuart H. M. Butchart  Marc Hockings  Neil D. Burgess,Conservation Letters,2017,An assessment of threats to terrestrial protected areas,"Protected areas (PAs) represent a cornerstone of efforts to safeguard biodiversity, and if effective should reduce threats to biodiversity. We present the most comprehensive assessment of threats to terrestrial PAs, based on in situ data from 1,961 PAs across 149 countries, assessed by PA managers and local stakeholders. Unsustainable hunting was the most commonly reported threat and occurred in 61% of all PAs, followed by disturbance from recreational activities occurring in 55%, and natural system modifications from fire or its suppression in 49%. The number of reported threats was lower in PAs with greater remoteness, higher control of corruption, and lower human development scores. The main reported threats in developing countries were linked to overexploitation for resource extraction, while negative impacts from recreational activities dominated in developed countries. Our results show that many of the most serious threats to PAs are difficult to monitor with remote sensing, and highlight the importance of in situ threat data to inform the implementation of more effective biodiversity conservation in the global protected area estate.",10.1111/conl.12435 ,,,,23,MAN-23,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/conl.12435 ,MAN,NT,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,No,NT,No,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Jamie R. Wood  Robert J. Holdaway  Kate H. Orwin  Chris Morse  Karen I. Bonner  Carina Davis Nicola Bolstridge  Ian A. Dickie,Ecosphere,2017,No single driver of biodiversity: divergent responses of multiple taxa across land use types,"Understanding the responses of biodiversity to different land use regimes is critical for managing biodiversity in the face of future land use change. However, there is still significant uncertainty around how consistent the responses of different taxonomic groups to land use change are. Here, we use a combination of high‐throughput environmental DNA sequencing and traditional field‐based survey methods to examine how patterns of richness and community composition correlate among four domains/kingdoms (bacteria, fungi, plants, and metazoans) and the four most‐abundant animal taxonomic groups (arachnids, Collembola, insects, and nematodes) across five different land use types (natural forest, planted forest, unimproved grassland, improved grassland, and vineyards). Richness for each taxonomic group varied between land use types, yet different taxa showed inconsistent responses to land use, and their richness was rarely correlated. This contrasted with community composition of taxonomic groups, for which there was relatively good discrimination of land use types and there was strong correlation between group responses. We found little evidence for consistent drivers of taxonomic richness, yet identified several significant drivers of community composition that were shared across many groups. Drivers of composition were not the same as the drivers of diversity, suggesting diversity and composition are independently controlled. While land use intensification has been viewed as having generally negative effects on biodiversity, our results provide evidence that different taxa respond divergently across different land uses. Further, our study demonstrates the power of high‐throughput sequencing of environmental DNA as a tool for addressing broad ecological patterns relating to landscape biodiversity.",10.1002/ecs2.1997,,,,24,MAN-24,http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1997,MAN,NT,No,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,NT,No,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Jean‐Yves Barnagaud  W. Daniel Kissling  Constantinos Tsirogiannis  Vissarion Fisikopoulos Sébastien Villéger  Cagan H. Sekercioglu  Jens‐Christian Svenning,Global Ecology and Biogeography,2017,"Biogeographical, environmental and anthropogenic determinants of global patterns in bird taxonomic and trait turnover","Aim - To assess contemporary and historical determinants of taxonomic and ecological trait turnover in birds worldwide. We tested whether taxonomic and trait turnover (1) are structured by regional bioclimatic conditions, (2) increase in relationship with topographic heterogeneity and environmental turnover and change according to current and historical environmental conditions, and (3) decrease with human impact. Major Taxa - Birds. Location - Global. Methods - We used computationally efficient algorithms to map the taxonomic and trait turnover of 8,040 terrestrial bird assemblages worldwide, based on a grid with 110 km × 110 km resolution overlaid on the extent‐of‐occurrence maps of 7,964 bird species, and nine ecological traits reflecting six key aspects of bird ecology (diet, habitat use, thermal preference, migration, dispersal and body size). We used quantile regression and model selection to quantify the influence of biomes, environment (temperature, precipitation, altitudinal range, net primary productivity, Quaternary temperature and precipitation change) and human impact (human influence index) on bird turnover. Results - Bird taxonomic and trait turnover were highest in the north African deserts and boreal biomes. In the tropics, taxonomic turnover tended to be higher, but trait turnover was lower than in other biomes. Taxonomic and trait turnover exhibited markedly different or even opposing relationships with climatic and topographic gradients, but at their upper quantiles both types of turnover decreased with increasing human influence. Main conclusions - The influence of regional, environmental and anthropogenic factors differ between bird taxonomic and trait turnover, consistent with an imprint of niche conservatism, environmental filtering and topographic barriers on bird regional assemblages. Human influence on these patterns is pervasive and demonstrates global biotic homogenization at a macroecological scale.",10.1111/geb.12629,,,,25,MAN-25,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geb.12629,MAN,NT,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,NT,No,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Wiegand T1,2, May F3,4, Kazmierczak M1, Huth A1,2,5.",Proceedgins Biol. Sci.,2017,What drives the spatial distribution and dynamics of local species richness in tropical forest?,"Understanding the structure and dynamics of highly diverse tropical forests is challenging. Here we investigate the factors that drive the spatio-temporal variation of local tree numbers and species richness in a tropical forest (including 1250 plots of 20 × 20 m2). To this end, we use a series of dynamic models that are built around the local spatial variation of mortality and recruitment rates, and ask which combination of processes can explain the observed spatial and temporal variation in tree and species numbers. We find that processes not included in classical neutral theory are needed to explain these fundamental patterns of the observed local forest dynamics. We identified a large spatio-temporal variability in the local number of recruits as the main missing mechanism, whereas variability of mortality rates contributed to a lesser extent. We also found that local tree numbers stabilize at typical values which can be explained by a simple analytical model. Our study emphasized the importance of spatio-temporal variability in recruitment beyond demographic stochasticity for explaining the local heterogeneity of tropical forests.",10.1098/rspb.2017.1503,,,,26,MAN-26,http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1503,MAN,NT,Yes,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,NT,No,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Lucas B.FortiniabKaipoDyecd,Global Ecology and Conservation,2017,"At a global scale, do climate change threatened species also face a greater number of non-climatic threats?","For many species the threats of climate change occur in a context of multiple existing threats. Given the current focus of global change ecology in identifying and understanding species vulnerable to climate change, we performed a global analysis to characterize the multi-threat context for species threatened by climate change. Utilizing 30,053 species from the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, we sought to evaluate if species threatened by climate change are more likely threatened by a greater number of non-climatic threats than species not threatened by climate change. Our results show that species threatened by climate change are generally impacted by 21% more non-climatic threats than species not threatened by climate change. Across all species, this pattern is related to IUCN risk status, where endangered species threatened by climate change face 33% more non-climatic threats than endangered species not threatened by climate change. With the clear challenges of assessing current and projected impacts of climate change on species and ecosystems, research often requires reductionist approaches that result in downplaying this multi-threat context. This cautionary note bears relevance beyond climate change threatened species as we also found other (but not all) anthropogenic threats are also similarly associated with more threats. Our findings serve as a reminder that ecological research should seriously consider these potential threat interactions, especially for species under elevated conservation concern.",10.1016/j.gecco.2017.06.006,,,,27,MAN-27,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2017.06.006,MAN,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,indirect,global,All regions,All realms,6,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,prevalence-based,qualitative (direction),none,none,Yes,low,
Tijl EssensFrank van LangeveldeRutger A. VosChris A. M. Van SwaayMichiel F. WallisDeVries,Journal of Insect Conservation,2017,Ecological determinants of butterfly vulnerability across the European continent,"In drawing up Red Lists, the extinction risks of butterflies and other insects are currently assessed mainly by using information on trends in distribution and abundance. Incorporating information on species traits may increase our ability to predict species responses to environmental change and, hence, their vulnerability. We summarized ecologically relevant life-history and climatic niche traits in principal components, and used these to explain the variation in five vulnerability indicators (Red List status, Endemicity, Range size, Habitat specialisation index, Affinity for natural habitats) for 397 European butterfly species out of 482 species present in Europe. We also evaluated a selection of 238 species to test whether phylogenetic correction affected these relationships. For all but the affinity for natural habitats, climatic niche traits predicted more variation in vulnerability than life-history traits; phylogenetic correction had no relevant influence on the findings. The life-history trait component reflecting mobility, development rate, and overwintering stage, proved the major non-climatic determinant of species vulnerability. We propose that this trait component offers a preferable alternative to the frequently used, but ecologically confusing generalist-specialist continuum. Our analysis contributes to the development of trait-based approaches to prioritise vulnerable species for conservation at a European scale. Further regional scale analyses are recommended to improve our understanding of the biological basis of species vulnerability.",10.1007/s10841-017-9972-4,,,,28,MAN-28,http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10841-017-9972-4,MAN,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,No,NT,No,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
David J. Currie  Simon Venne,Global Ecology and Biogeography,2016,Climate change is not a major driver of shifts in the geographical distributions of North American birds,"Aim - Many studies postulate that physiological tolerance of climatic variables imposes the primary limit on species geographical distributions, that tolerances are constant through time, that climate has warmed and that geographical distributions shift to maintain species in their thermal niches when climate changes. However, recent studies present evidence that is inconsistent with each of these propositions. Here we ask: how strongly did avian species entire geographical distributions (as opposed to their latitudinal extremes) in North America track temperature changes between 1979 and 2010? Location - The continental United States (excluding Alaska) and southern Canada. Methods - We examined changes from 1979 to 2010 in the geographical distributions, and the realized temperature niches, of 21 species of passerine birds whose entire breeding ranges fall within the area well sampled by the North American Breeding Bird Survey. We related changes in breeding distributions to the concomitant changes in breeding season temperature. Results - The median temperature increased within the breeding ranges of most, but not all, species. Temperature on the coolest 2.5% of routes increased significantly for only 8 of 21 species. Most species' distributions shifted geographically, but the most frequent shift was westward, not northward. Most species' realized temperature niches changed detectably through time, mainly as a result of changing temperature (versus geographical shifts). Where shifts in geographical distribution occurred, in most cases they did not result in smaller changes in species realized temperature niche than species would have experienced by not moving at all. There is little suggestion of a lagged response to climate change. Main conclusions - We find only slight evidence that the geographical distributions of North American passeriform birds, considered in their entirety (as opposed to their latitudinal extremes), tracked temperature change. Of the factors that have driven recent shifts in the geographical distributions of North American avian species temperature change is probably only a minor one.",10.1111/geb.12538 ,,,,29,MAN-29,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geb.12538 ,MAN,NT,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,NT,No,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Jan E. VermaatEmail authorFritz A. HellmannAstrid J. A. van TeeffelenJelle van MinnenRob AlkemadeRegula BilleterCarl BeierkuhnleinLuigi BoitaniMar CabezaChristian K. FeldBrian HuntleyJames PatersonMichiel F. WallisDeVries,Ambio,2016,Differentiating the effects of climate and land use change on European biodiversity: A scenario analysis,"Current observed as well as projected changes in biodiversity are the result of multiple interacting factors, with land use and climate change often marked as most important drivers. We aimed to disentangle the separate impacts of these two for sets of vascular plant, bird, butterfly and dragonfly species listed as characteristic for European dry grasslands and wetlands, two habitats of high and threatened biodiversity. We combined articulations of the four frequently used SRES climate scenarios and associated land use change projections for 2030, and assessed their impact on population trends in species (i.e. whether they would probably be declining, stable or increasing). We used the BIOSCORE database tool, which allows assessment of the effects of a range of environmental pressures including climate change as well as land use change. We updated the species lists included in this tool for our two habitat types. We projected species change for two spatial scales: the EU27 covering most of Europe, and the more restricted biogeographic region of ‘Continental Europe’. Other environmental pressures modelled for the four scenarios than land use and climate change generally did not explain a significant part of the variance in species richness change. Changes in characteristic bird and dragonfly species were least pronounced. Land use change was the most important driver for vascular plants in both habitats and spatial scales, leading to a decline in 50–100% of the species included, whereas climate change was more important for wetland dragonflies and birds (40–50 %). Patterns of species decline were similar in continental Europe and the EU27 for wetlands but differed for dry grasslands, where a substantially lower proportion of butterflies and birds declined in continental Europe, and 50 % of bird species increased, probably linked to a projected increase in semi-natural vegetation. In line with the literature using climate envelope models, we found little divergence among the four scenarios. Our findings suggest targeted policies depending on habitat and species group. These are, for dry grasslands, to reduce land use change or its effects and to enhance connectivity, and for wetlands to mitigate climate change effects.",10.1007/s13280-016-0840-3,,,,30,MAN-30,http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0840-3,MAN,NT,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,NT,No,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Vörösmarty, C.J., McIntyre, P.B., Gessner, M.O., Dudgeon, D., Prusevich, A., Green, P., Glidden, S., Bunn, S.E., Sullivan, C.A., Liermann, C.R., Davies, P.M.",Nature,2010,Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity,,10.1038/nature09440,,,,31,MAN-31,http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09440,MAN,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,meta-analysis,none,one of the indicators,indirect,global,All regions,Freshwater,6,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,n.a.,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,intermediate,
"Belinda Arunarwati Margono, Peter V. Potapov, Svetlana Turubanova, Fred Stolle & Matthew C. Hansen",Nature Climate Change,2014,Primary forest cover loss in Indonesia over 2000–2012,"Extensive clearing of Indonesian primary forests results in increased greenhouse gas emissions and biodiversity loss. However, there is no consensus on the areal extent and temporal trends of primary forest clearing in Indonesia. Here we report a spatially and temporally explicit quantification of Indonesian primary forest loss, which totalled over 6.02 Mha from 2000 to 2012 and increased on average by 47,600 ha per year. By 2012, annual primary forest loss in Indonesia was estimated to be higher than in Brazil (0.84 Mha and 0.46 Mha, respectively). Proportional loss of primary forests in wetland landforms increased and almost all clearing of primary forests occurred within degraded types, meaning logging preceded conversion processes. Loss within official forest land uses that restrict or prohibit clearing totalled 40% of all loss within national forest land. The increasing loss of Indonesian primary forests has significant implications for climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation efforts.",10.1038/nclimate2277,,,,32,MAN-32,http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2277,MAN,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),regional,Asia-Pacific,Terrestrial,2,No,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,effect-based,quantitative (magnitude),ordinal scale,none,Yes,high,
"Alexandra Tyukavina1,*, Matthew C. Hansen1, Peter V. Potapov1, Stephen V. Stehman2, Kevin Smith-Rodriguez1, Chima Okpa1 and Ricardo Aguilar1",Science Advances,2017,"Types and rates of forest disturbance in Brazilian Legal Amazon, 2000–2013","Deforestation rates in primary humid tropical forests of the Brazilian Legal Amazon (BLA) have declined significantly since the early 2000s. Brazil’s national forest monitoring system provides extensive information for the BLA but lacks independent validation and systematic coverage outside of primary forests. We use a sample-based approach to consistently quantify 2000–2013 tree cover loss in all forest types of the region and characterize the types of forest disturbance. Our results provide unbiased forest loss area estimates, which confirm the reduction of primary forest clearing (deforestation) documented by official maps. By the end of the study period, nonprimary forest clearing, together with primary forest degradation within the BLA, became comparable in area to deforestation, accounting for an estimated 53% of gross tree cover loss area and 26 to 35% of gross aboveground carbon loss. The main type of tree cover loss in all forest types was agroindustrial clearing for pasture (63% of total loss area), followed by small-scale forest clearing (12%) and agroindustrial clearing for cropland (9%), with natural woodlands being directly converted into croplands more often than primary forests. Fire accounted for 9% of the 2000–2013 primary forest disturbance area, with peak disturbances corresponding to droughts in 2005, 2007, and 2010. The rate of selective logging exploitation remained constant throughout the study period, contributing to forest fire vulnerability and degradation pressures. As the forest land use transition advances within the BLA, comprehensive tracking of forest transitions beyond primary forest loss is required to achieve accurate carbon accounting and other monitoring objectives.",10.1126/sciadv.1601047,,,,33,MAN-33,http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601047,MAN,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),regional,Americas,Terrestrial,2,No,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,effect-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,high,
"Abood, S.A., Lee, J.S.H., Burivalova, Z., Garcia-Ulloa, J., & Koh, L.P.",Conservation Letters,2015,"Relative Contributions of the Logging, Fiber, Oil Palm, and Mining Industries to Forest Loss in Indonesia","Indonesia contributes significantly to deforestation in Southeast Asia. However, much uncertainty remains over the relative contributions of various forest‐exploiting sectors to forest losses in the country. Here, we compare the magnitudes of forest and carbon loss, and forest and carbon stocks remaining within oil palm plantation, logging, fiber plantation (pulp and paper), and coal mining concessions in Indonesia. Forest loss in all industrial concessions, including logging concessions, relate to the conversion of forest to nonforest land cover. We found that the four industries accounted for ∼44.7% (∼6.6 Mha) of forest loss in Kalimantan, Sumatra, Papua, Sulawesi, and Moluccas between 2000 and 2010. Fiber plantation and logging concessions accounted for the largest forest loss (∼1.9 Mha and ∼1.8 Mha, respectively). Although the oil palm industry is often highlighted as a major driver of deforestation, it was ranked third in terms of deforestation (∼1 Mha), and second in terms of carbon dioxide emissions (∼1,300–2,350 Mt CO2). Crucially, ∼34.6% (∼26.8 Mha) of Indonesia's remaining forests is located within industrial concessions, the majority of which is found within logging concessions (∼18.8 Mha). Hence, future development plans within Indonesia's industrial sectors weigh heavily on the fate of Southeast Asia's remaining forests and carbon stocks.",10.1111/conl.12103 ,,,,34,MAN-34,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/conl.12103 ,MAN,NT,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,NT,No,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Barlow, J., Lennox, G.D., Ferreira, J., Berenguer, E., Lees, A.C., Nally, R. Mac, Thomson, J.R., Ferraz, S.F. de B., Louzada, J., Oliveira, V.H.F., Parry, L., Ribeiro de Castro Solar, R., Vieira, I.C.G., Arag‹o, L.E.O.C., Begotti, R.A., Braga, R.F., Cardoso, T.M., Jr, R.C. de O., Souza Jr, C.M., Moura, N.G., Nunes, S.S., Siqueira, J.V., Pardini, R., Silveira, J.M., Vaz-de-Mello, F.Z., Veiga, R.C.S., Venturieri, A., & Gardner, T.A.",Nature,2016,Anthropogenic disturbance in tropical forests can double biodiversity loss from deforestation,"Concerted political attention has focused on reducing deforestation1,2,3, and this remains the cornerstone of most biodiversity conservation strategies4,5,6. However, maintaining forest cover may not reduce anthropogenic forest disturbances, which are rarely considered in conservation programmes6. These disturbances occur both within forests, including selective logging and wildfires7,8, and at the landscape level, through edge, area and isolation effects9. Until now, the combined effect of anthropogenic disturbance on the conservation value of remnant primary forests has remained unknown, making it impossible to assess the relative importance of forest disturbance and forest loss. Here we address these knowledge gaps using a large data set of plants, birds and dung beetles (1,538, 460 and 156 species, respectively) sampled in 36 catchments in the Brazilian state of Pará. Catchments retaining more than 69–80% forest cover lost more conservation value from disturbance than from forest loss. For example, a 20% loss of primary forest, the maximum level of deforestation allowed on Amazonian properties under Brazil’s Forest Code5, resulted in a 39–54% loss of conservation value: 96–171% more than expected without considering disturbance effects. We extrapolated the disturbance-mediated loss of conservation value throughout Pará, which covers 25% of the Brazilian Amazon. Although disturbed forests retained considerable conservation value compared with deforested areas, the toll of disturbance outside Pará’s strictly protected areas is equivalent to the loss of 92,000–139,000 km2 of primary forest. Even this lowest estimate is greater than the area deforested across the entire Brazilian Amazon between 2006 and 2015 (ref. 10). Species distribution models showed that both landscape and within-forest disturbances contributed to biodiversity loss, with the greatest negative effects on species of high conservation and functional value. These results demonstrate an urgent need for policy interventions that go beyond the maintenance of forest cover to safeguard the hyper-diversity of tropical forest ecosystems.",10.1038/nature18326,,,,35,MAN-35,http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature18326,MAN,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,empirical data,none,one of the indicators,none,regional,Americas,Terrestrial,2,No,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,effect-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,low,
"Berkunsky, I., Quillfeldt, P., Brightsmith, D.J., Abbud, M.C., Aguilar, J.M.R.E., Alem‡n-Zelaya, U., Aramburœ, R.M., Arce Arias, A., Balas McNab, R., Balsby, T.J.S., Barredo Barberena, J.M., Beissinger, S.R., Rosales, M., Berg, K.S., Bianchi, C.A., Blanco, E., Bodrati, A., Bonilla-Ruz, C., Botero-Delgadillo, E., Canavelli, S.B., Caparroz, R., Cepeda, R.E., Chassot, O., Cinta-Magall—n, C., Cockle, K.L., Daniele, G., de Araujo, C.B., de Barbosa, A.E., de Moura, L.N., Del Castillo, H., D’az, S., D’az-Luque, J.A., Douglas, L., Figueroa Rodr’guez, A., Garc’a-Anleu, R.A., Gilardi, J.D., Grilli, P.G., Guix, J.C., Hern‡ndez, M., Hern‡ndez-Mu–oz, A., Hiraldo, F., Horstman, E., Ibarra Portillo, R., Isacch, J.P., JimŽnez, J.E., Joyner, L., Juarez, M., Kacoliris, F.P., Kanaan, V.T., Klemann-Jœnior, L., Latta, S.C., Lee, A.T.K., Lesterhuis, A., Lezama-L—pez, M., Lugarini, C., Marateo, G., Marinelli, C.B., Mart’nez, J., McReynolds, M.S., Mejia Urbina, C.R., Monge-Arias, G., Monterrubio-Rico, T.C., Nunes, A.P., Nunes, F., Olaciregui, C., Ortega-Arguelles, J., Pacifico, E., Pagano, L., Politi, N., Ponce-Santizo, G., Portillo Reyes, H.O., Prestes, N.P., Presti, F., Renton, K., Reyes-Macedo, G., Ringler, E., Rivera, L., Rodr’guez-Ferraro, A., Rojas-Valverde, A.M., Rojas-Llanos, R.E., Rubio-Rocha, Y.G., Saidenberg, A.B.S., Salinas-Melgoza, A., Sanz, V., Schaefer, H.M., Scherer-Neto, P., Seixas, G.H.F., Serafini, P., Silveira, L.F., Sipinski, E.A.B., Somenzari, M., Susanibar, D., Tella, J.L., Torres-Sovero, C., Trofino-Falasco, C., Vargas-Rodr’guez, R., V‡zquez-Reyes, L.D., White, T.H., Williams, S., Zarza, R., & Masello, J.F.",Biological Conservation,2017,Current threats faced by Neotropical parrot populations,"Psittaciformes (parrots, cockatoos) are among the most endangered birds, with 31% of Neotropical species under threat. The drivers of this situation appear to be manifold and mainly of anthropogenic origin. However, this assessment is based on the last extensive consultation about the conservation situation of parrots carried out in the 1990s. Given the rapid development of anthropogenic threats, updated data are needed to strategize conservation actions. Using a population approach, we addressed this need through a wide-ranging consultation involving biologists, wildlife managers, government agencies and non-governmental conservation organizations. We gathered up-to-date information on threats affecting 192 populations of 96 Neotropical parrot species across 21 countries. Moreover, we investigated associations among current threats and population trends. Many populations were affected by multiple threats. Agriculture, Capture for the Pet Trade, Logging, each of them affected > 55% of the populations, suggesting a higher degree of risk than previously thought. In contrast to previous studies at the species level, our study showed that the threat most closely associated with decreasing population trends is now Capture for the local Pet Trade. Other threats associated with decreasing populations include Small-holder Farming, Rural Population Pressure, Nest Destruction by Poachers, Agro-industry Grazing, Small-holder Grazing, and Capture for the international Pet Trade. Conservation actions have been implemented on < 20% of populations. Our results highlight the importance of a population-level approach in revealing the extent of threats to wild populations. It is critical to increase the scope of conservation actions to reduce the capture of wild parrots for pets.",10.1016/j.biocon.2017.08.016,,,,36,MAN-36,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.08.016,MAN,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,empirical data,none,one of the indicators,indirect,continental,Americas,Terrestrial,4,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,No,prevalence-based,qualitative (direction),ratio scale,none,Yes,intermediate,
"De Palma, A., Kuhlmann, M., Bugter, R., Ferrier, S., Hoskins, A.J., Potts, S.G., Roberts, S.P.M., Schweiger, O., & Purvis, A.",Diversity and Distributions,2017,"Dimensions of biodiversity loss: Spatial mismatch in land-use impacts on species, functional and phylogenetic diversity of European bees","Aim - Agricultural intensification and urbanization are important drivers of biodiversity change in Europe. Different aspects of bee community diversity vary in their sensitivity to these pressures, as well as independently influencing ecosystem service provision (pollination). To obtain a more comprehensive understanding of human impacts on bee diversity across Europe, we assess multiple, complementary indices of diversity. Location - One Thousand four hundred and forty six sites across Europe. Methods - We collated data on bee occurrence and abundance from the published literature and supplemented them with the PREDICTS database. Using Rao's Quadratic Entropy, we assessed how species, functional and phylogenetic diversity of 1,446 bee communities respond to land‐use characteristics including land‐use class, cropland intensity, human population density and distance to roads. We combined these models with statistically downscaled estimates of land use in 2005 to estimate and map—at a scale of approximately 1 km2—the losses in diversity relative to semi‐natural/natural baseline (the predicted diversity of an uninhabited grid square, consisting only of semi‐natural/natural vegetation). Results - We show that—relative to the predicted local diversity in uninhabited semi‐natural/natural habitat—half of all EU27 countries have lost over 10% of their average local species diversity and two‐thirds of countries have lost over 5% of their average local functional and phylogenetic diversity. All diversity measures were generally lower in pasture and higher‐intensity cropland than in semi‐natural/natural vegetation, but facets of diversity showed less consistent responses to human population density. These differences have led to marked spatial mismatches in losses: losses in phylogenetic diversity were in some areas almost 20 percentage points (pp.) more severe than losses in species diversity, but in other areas losses were almost 40 pp. less severe. Main conclusions - These results highlight the importance of exploring multiple measures of diversity when prioritizing and evaluating conservation actions, as species‐diverse assemblages may be phylogenetically and functionally impoverished, potentially threatening pollination service provision.",10.1111/ddi.12638,,,,37,MAN-37,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12638,MAN,NT,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,NT,No,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Devictor, V., van Swaay, C., Brereton, T., Brotons, L., Chamberlain, D., HelišlŠ, J., Herrando, S., Julliard, R., Kuussaari, M., Lindstršm, ., Reif, J., Roy, D.B., Schweiger, O., Settele, J., Stefanescu, C., Van Strien, A., Van Turnhout, C., Vermouzek, Z., WallisDeVries, M., Wynhoff, I., & Jiguet, F.",Nature Climate Change,2012,Differences in the climatic debts of birds and butterflies at a continental scale,"Climate changes have profound effects on the distribution of numerous plant and animal species1,2,3. However, whether and how different taxonomic groups are able to track climate changes at large spatial scales is still unclear. Here, we measure and compare the climatic debt accumulated by bird and butterfly communities at a European scale over two decades (1990–2008). We quantified the yearly change in community composition in response to climate change for 9,490 bird and 2,130 butterfly communities distributed across Europe4. We show that changes in community composition are rapid but different between birds and butterflies and equivalent to a 37 and 114 km northward shift in bird and butterfly communities, respectively. We further found that, during the same period, the northward shift in temperature in Europe was even faster, so that the climatic debts of birds and butterflies correspond to a 212 and 135 km lag behind climate. Our results indicate both that birds and butterflies do not keep up with temperature increase and the accumulation of different climatic debts for these groups at national and continental scales.",10.1038/nclimate1347,,,,38,MAN-38,http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1347,MAN,NT,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,NT,No,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Didham, R.K., Tylianakis, J.M., Gemmell, N.J., Rand, T.A., & Ewers, R.M.",Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2007,Interactive effects of habitat modification and species invasion on native species decline,"Different components of global environmental change are often studied and managed independently, but mounting evidence points towards complex non-additive interaction effects between drivers of native species decline. Using the example of interactions between land-use change and biotic exchange, we develop an interpretive framework that will enable global change researchers to identify and discriminate between major interaction pathways. We formalise a distinction between numerically mediated versus functionally moderated causal pathways. Despite superficial similarity of their effects, numerical and functional pathways stem from fundamentally different mechanisms of action and have fundamentally different consequences for conservation management. Our framework is a first step toward building a better quantitative understanding of how interactions between drivers might mitigate or exacerbate the net effects of global environmental change on biotic communities in the future.",10.1016/j.tree.2007.07.001,,,,39,MAN-39,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2007.07.001,MAN,NT,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,NT,No,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Erb, K.-H., Kastner, T., Plutzar, C., Bais, A.L.S., Carvalhais, N., Fetzel, T., Gingrich, S., Haberl, H., Lauk, C., Niedertscheider, M., Pongratz, J., Thurner, M., & Luyssaert, S.",Nature,2017,Unexpectedly large impact of forest management and grazing on global vegetation biomass,"Carbon stocks in vegetation have a key role in the climate system1,2,3,4. However, the magnitude, patterns and uncertainties of carbon stocks and the effect of land use on the stocks remain poorly quantified. Here we show, using state-of-the-art datasets, that vegetation currently stores around 450 petagrams of carbon. In the hypothetical absence of land use, potential vegetation would store around 916 petagrams of carbon, under current climate conditions. This difference highlights the massive effect of land use on biomass stocks. Deforestation and other land-cover changes are responsible for 53–58% of the difference between current and potential biomass stocks. Land management effects (the biomass stock changes induced by land use within the same land cover) contribute 42–47%, but have been underestimated in the literature. Therefore, avoiding deforestation is necessary but not sufficient for mitigation of climate change. Our results imply that trade-offs exist between conserving carbon stocks on managed land and raising the contribution of biomass to raw material and energy supply for the mitigation of climate change. Efforts to raise biomass stocks are currently verifiable only in temperate forests, where their potential is limited. By contrast, large uncertainties hinder verification in the tropical forest, where the largest potential is located, pointing to challenges for the upcoming stocktaking exercises under the Paris agreement.",10.1038/nature25138,,,,40,MAN-40,http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature25138,MAN,NT,No,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,NT,No,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"FEELEY, K.J., & SILMAN, M.R.",Global Change Biology,2010,Land-use and climate change effects on population size and extinction risk of Andean plants,"Andean plant species are predicted to shift their distributions, or ‘migrate,’ upslope in response to future warming. The impacts of these shifts on species' population sizes and their abilities to persist in the face of climate change will depend on many factors including the distribution of individuals within species' ranges, the ability of species to migrate and remain at equilibrium with climate, and patterns of human land‐use. Human land‐use may be especially important in the Andes where anthropogenic activities above tree line may create a hard barrier to upward migrations, imperiling high‐elevation Andean biodiversity. In order to better understand how climate change may impact the Andean biodiversity hotspot, we predict the distributional responses of hundreds of plant species to changes in temperature incorporating population density distributions, migration rates, and patterns of human land‐use. We show that plant species from high Andean forests may increase their population sizes if able to migrate onto the expansive land areas above current tree line. However, if the pace of climate change exceeds species' abilities to migrate, all species will experience large population losses and consequently may face high risk of extinction. Using intermediate migration rates consistent with those observed for the region, most species are still predicted to experience population declines. Under a business‐as‐usual land‐use scenario, we find that all species will experience large population losses regardless of migration rate. The effect of human land‐use is most pronounced for high‐elevation species that switch from predicted increases in population sizes to predicted decreases. The overriding influence of land‐use on the predicted responses of Andean species to climate change can be viewed as encouraging since there is still time to initiate conservation programs that limit disturbances and/or facilitate the upward migration and persistence of Andean plant species.",10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02197.x,,,,41,MAN-41,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02197.x,MAN,NT,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,NT,No,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Haddad, N.M., Brudvig, L.A., Clobert, J., Davies, K.F., Gonzalez, A., Holt, R.D., Lovejoy, T.E., Sexton, J.O., Austin, M.P., Collins, C.D., Cook, W.M., Damschen, E.I., Ewers, R.M., Foster, B.L., Jenkins, C.N., King, A.J., Laurance, W.F., Levey, D.J., Margules, C.R., Melbourne, B.A., Nicholls, A.O., Orrock, J.L., Song, D.X., & Townshend, J.R.",Science Advances,2015,Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth's ecosystems,"We conducted an analysis of global forest cover to reveal that 70% of remaining forest is within 1 km of the forest’s edge, subject to the degrading effects of fragmentation. A synthesis of fragmentation experiments spanning multiple biomes and scales, five continents, and 35 years demonstrates that habitat fragmentation reduces biodiversity by 13 to 75% and impairs key ecosystem functions by decreasing biomass and altering nutrient cycles. Effects are greatest in the smallest and most isolated fragments, and they magnify with the passage of time. These findings indicate an urgent need for conservation and restoration measures to improve landscape connectivity, which will reduce extinction rates and help maintain ecosystem services.",10.1126/sciadv.1500052,,,,42,MAN-42,http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500052,MAN,NT,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,NT,No,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Knapp, S., Schweiger, O., Kraberg, A., Asmus, H., Asmus, R., Brey, T., Frickenhaus, S., Gutt, J., KŸhn, I., Liess, M., Musche, M., Pšrtner, H.-O., Seppelt, R., Klotz, S., & Krause, G.",Science of The Total Environment,2017,Do drivers of biodiversity change differ in importance across marine and terrestrial systems - Or is it just different research communities' perspectives?,"Cross-system studies on the response of different ecosystems to global change will support our understanding of ecological changes. Synoptic views on the planet's two main realms, the marine and terrestrial, however, are rare, owing to the development of rather disparate research communities. We combined questionnaires and a literature review to investigate how the importance of anthropogenic drivers of biodiversity change differs among marine and terrestrial systems and whether differences perceived by marine vs. terrestrial researchers are reflected by the scientific literature. This included asking marine and terrestrial researchers to rate the relevance of different drivers of global change for either marine or terrestrial biodiversity. Land use and the associated loss of natural habitats were rated as most important in the terrestrial realm, while the exploitation of the sea by fishing was rated as most important in the marine realm. The relevance of chemicals, climate change and the increasing atmospheric concentration of CO2 were rated differently for marine and terrestrial biodiversity respectively. Yet, our literature review provided less evidence for such differences leading to the conclusion that while the history of the use of land and sea differs, impacts of global change are likely to become increasingly similar.",10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.002,,,,43,MAN-43,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.002,MAN,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,review,none,more than one of the indicators,n.a.,global,All regions,Terrestrial/Marine,5,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,n.a.,qualitative (direction),ratio scale,none,Yes,intermediate,
"Laurance, W.F., Sayer, J., & Cassman, K.G.",Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2014,Agricultural expansion and its impacts on tropical nature,"The human population is projected to reach 11 billion this century, with the greatest increases in tropical developing nations. This growth, in concert with rising per-capita consumption, will require large increases in food and biofuel production. How will these megatrends affect tropical terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity? We foresee (i) major expansion and intensification of tropical agriculture, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa and South America; (ii) continuing rapid loss and alteration of tropical old-growth forests, woodlands, and semi-arid environments; (iii) a pivotal role for new roadways in determining the spatial extent of agriculture; and (iv) intensified conflicts between food production and nature conservation. Key priorities are to improve technologies and policies that promote more ecologically efficient food production while optimizing the allocation of lands to conservation and agriculture.",10.1016/j.tree.2013.12.001,,,,44,MAN-44,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2013.12.001,MAN,NT,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,NT,No,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Lenoir, J., GŽgout, J.C., Marquet, P.A., de Ruffray, P., & Brisse, H.",Science,2008,A Significant Upward Shift in Plant Species Optimum Elevation During the 20th Century,"Spatial fingerprints of climate change on biotic communities are usually associated with changes in the distribution of species at their latitudinal or altitudinal extremes. By comparing the altitudinal distribution of 171 forest plant species between 1905 and 1985 and 1986 and 2005 along the entire elevation range (0 to 2600 meters above sea level) in west Europe, we show that climate warming has resulted in a significant upward shift in species optimum elevation averaging 29 meters per decade. The shift is larger for species restricted to mountain habitats and for grassy species, which are characterized by faster population turnover. Our study shows that climate change affects the spatial core of the distributional range of plant species, in addition to their distributional margins, as previously reported.",10.1126/science.1156831,,,,45,MAN-45,http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1156831,MAN,NT,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,NT,No,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"McClure, C.J.W., Westrip, J.R.S., Johnson, J.A., Schulwitz, S.E., Virani, M.Z., Davies, R., Symes, A., Wheatley, H., Thorstrom, R., Amar, A., Buij, R., Jones, V.R., Williams, N.P., Buechley, E.R., & Butchart, S.H.M.",Biological Conservation,2018,"State of the world's raptors: Distributions, threats, and conservation recommendations","Raptors provide critical ecosystem services, yet there is currently no systematic, global synthesis of their conservation status or threats. We review the International Union for the Conservation of Nature's Red List to examine the conservation status, distributions, threats, and conservation recommendations for all 557 raptor species. We further assess the significance of Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs) for raptor conservation. We also determine which countries contain the most species listed under the Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Birds of Prey in Africa and Eurasia (Raptors MoU). Raptors, especially Old World vultures, are more threatened than birds in general. Eighteen percent of raptors are threatened with extinction and 52% of raptors have declining global populations. South and Southeast Asia have the highest richness and the largest number of threatened raptor species. By country, Indonesia has the highest richness of raptor species (119) and most declining species (63). China and Russia contain the most Raptors MoU species, although they are not yet signatories to the agreement. Raptor species that require forest are more likely to be threatened and declining than those that do not. Agriculture and logging are the most frequently identified threats, although poisoning is especially detrimental to Old World vultures. Of the 10 most important IBAs for raptors, six are in Nepal. Highest priority conservation actions to protect raptors include preventing mortality and conserving key sites and priority habitats. Improved long-term monitoring would allow for conservation to be appropriately targeted and effectiveness of interventions to be assessed.",10.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.012,,,,46,MAN-46,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.012,MAN,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,indirect,global,All regions,Terrestrial,6,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,prevalence-based,qualitative (direction),ratio scale,none,Yes,high,
"Micheli, F., Halpern, B.S., Walbridge, S., Ciriaco, S., Ferretti, F., Fraschetti, S., Lewison, R., Nykjaer, L., & Rosenberg, A.A.",PLOS ONE,2013,Cumulative Human Impacts on Mediterranean and Black Sea Marine Ecosystems: Assessing Current Pressures and Opportunities,"Management of marine ecosystems requires spatial information on current impacts. In several marine regions, including the Mediterranean and Black Sea, legal mandates and agreements to implement ecosystem-based management and spatial plans provide new opportunities to balance uses and protection of marine ecosystems. Analyses of the intensity and distribution of cumulative impacts of human activities directly connected to the ecological goals of these policy efforts are critically needed. Quantification and mapping of the cumulative impact of 22 drivers to 17 marine ecosystems reveals that 20% of the entire basin and 60–99% of the territorial waters of EU member states are heavily impacted, with high human impact occurring in all ecoregions and territorial waters. Less than 1% of these regions are relatively unaffected. This high impact results from multiple drivers, rather than one individual use or stressor, with climatic drivers (increasing temperature and UV, and acidification), demersal fishing, ship traffic, and, in coastal areas, pollution from land accounting for a majority of cumulative impacts. These results show that coordinated management of key areas and activities could significantly improve the condition of these marine ecosystems.",10.1371/journal.pone.0079889,,,,47,MAN-47,http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079889,MAN,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,empirical data,none,one of the indicators,indirect,regional,Europe and Central Asia,Marine,6,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,effect-based,quantitative (magnitude),ordinal scale,none,Yes,intermediate,
"Mora, C.","In Woodward, G. & Jacob, U.B.T.-A.F.B. (eds.), pp. 115-126. Academic Press, San Diego.",2015,Limited Functional Redundancy and Lack of Resilience in Coral Reefs to Human Stressors,"Coral reefs worldwide are failing to cope with the challenges of increasing human pressures and are thus facing shifts from coral dominance to less desirable and less productive states. The incredible diversity of species in coral reefs will intuitively suggest that they will have a great functional redundancy and thus it will be easy for them to cope with human disturbances. But they do not. I suggest that the incredible diversity of species in coral reefs has actually led to a great degree of specialization, making almost every species unique and thus the entire ecosystem vulnerable to the loss of a few species. Coral reefs do not conform to the expectation that their great diversity will confer them with great resilience. Clearly, the capacity of this ecosystem to withstand human assaults can no longer be assumed and thus considerable management interventions are needed to afford this ecosystem some slack.",10.1016/B978-0-12-417015-5.00005-0,,,,48,MAN-48,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-417015-5.00005-0,MAN,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Nellemann, C., Hain, S., & Alder, J.","United Nations Environment Programme, Arendal, Norway.",2008,"In dead water_: merging of climate change with pollution, over-harvest, and infestations in the world's fishing grounds: rapid response assessment",,,,,,49,MAN-49,https://lccn.loc.gov/2008349752,MAN,NT,,,,,,,NT,,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"NORI, J., LEYNAUD, G.C., VOLANTE, J., ABDALA, C.S., SCROCCHI, G.J., RODRêGUEZ-SOTO, C., PRESSEY, R.L., & LOYOLA, R.",Environmental Conservation,2018,Reptile species persistence under climate change and direct human threats in north-western Argentina,"Protected areas have been established historically in residual places where the potential for extractive uses is low, implying that places at risk are usually under-protected. Argentina is no exception, with few protected areas established in productive regions that are prone to conversion. Here, using reptiles as a study group and considering the most important human threats in north-western Argentina, we estimated priority conservation areas where we expect species to persist in the face of climate change and land conversion. Protected areas cover no more than 9% of the study region, but represent less than 15% of reptile distributions. There are great opportunities for improving the conservation status in the region by protecting only 8% more of north-western Argentina, with the level of species protection inside the protected area network increasing almost four-fold, reaching 43% of species distributions on average and 59% of the distributions of threatened reptiles. Fortunately, the highest diversity of reptiles in the region does not match the places targeted for agriculture expansion. Our findings suggest that future prioritization schemes should embrace other groups that are especially diverse in the Chaco ecoregion, which overlaps with our study area.",10.1017/S0376892917000285,,,,50,MAN-50,http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892917000285,MAN,NT,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,NT,No,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Richman, N.I., Bšhm, M., Adams, S.B., Alvarez, F., Bergey, E.A., Bunn, J.J.S., Burnham, Q., Cordeiro, J., Coughran, J., Crandall, K.A., Dawkins, K.L., DiStefano, R.J., Doran, N.E., Edsman, L., Eversole, A.G., FŸreder, L., Furse, J.M., Gherardi, F., Hamr, P., Holdich, D.M., Horwitz, P., Johnston, K., Jones, C.M., Jones, J.P.G., Jones, R.L., Jones, T.G., Kawai, T., Lawler, S., L—pez-Mej’a, M., Miller, R.M., Pedraza-Lara, C., Reynolds, J.D., Richardson, A.M.M., Schultz, M.B., Schuster, G.A., Sibley, P.J., Souty-Grosset, C., Taylor, C.A., Thoma, R.F., Walls, J., Walsh, T.S., & Collen, B.",Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,2015,Multiple drivers of decline in the global status of freshwater crayfish (Decapoda: Astacidea),"Rates of biodiversity loss are higher in freshwater ecosystems than in most terrestrial or marine ecosystems, making freshwater conservation a priority. However, prioritization methods are impeded by insufficient knowledge on the distribution and conservation status of freshwater taxa, particularly invertebrates. We evaluated the extinction risk of the world's 590 freshwater crayfish species using the IUCN Categories and Criteria and found 32% of all species are threatened with extinction. The level of extinction risk differed between families, with proportionally more threatened species in the Parastacidae and Astacidae than in the Cambaridae. Four described species were Extinct and 21% were assessed as Data Deficient. There was geographical variation in the dominant threats affecting the main centres of crayfish diversity. The majority of threatened US and Mexican species face threats associated with urban development, pollution, damming and water management. Conversely, the majority of Australian threatened species are affected by climate change, harvesting, agriculture and invasive species. Only a small proportion of crayfish are found within the boundaries of protected areas, suggesting that alternative means of long-term protection will be required. Our study highlights many of the significant challenges yet to come for freshwater biodiversity unless conservation planning shifts from a reactive to proactive approach.",10.1098/rstb.2014.0060,,,,51,MAN-51,http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0060,MAN,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,indirect,global,All regions,Freshwater,6,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,prevalence-based,qualitative (direction),ratio scale,none,Yes,high,
"Rischkowsky, B., & Pilling, D.","Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.",2007,The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture,,,,,,52,MAN-52,http://www.fao.org/3/a-a1260e.pdf,MAN,NT,,,,,,,NT,,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Song, X.-P., Hansen, M.C., Stehman, S. V, Potapov, P. V, Tyukavina, A., Vermote, E.F., & Townshend, J.R.",Nature,2018,Global land change from 1982 to 2016,"Land change is a cause and consequence of global environmental change1,2. Changes in land use and land cover considerably alter the Earth’s energy balance and biogeochemical cycles, which contributes to climate change and—in turn—affects land surface properties and the provision of ecosystem services1,2,3,4. However, quantification of global land change is lacking. Here we analyse 35 years’ worth of satellite data and provide a comprehensive record of global land-change dynamics during the period 1982–2016. We show that—contrary to the prevailing view that forest area has declined globally5—tree cover has increased by 2.24 million km2 (+7.1% relative to the 1982 level). This overall net gain is the result of a net loss in the tropics being outweighed by a net gain in the extratropics. Global bare ground cover has decreased by 1.16 million km2 (−3.1%), most notably in agricultural regions in Asia. Of all land changes, 60% are associated with direct human activities and 40% with indirect drivers such as climate change. Land-use change exhibits regional dominance, including tropical deforestation and agricultural expansion, temperate reforestation or afforestation, cropland intensification and urbanization. Consistently across all climate domains, montane systems have gained tree cover and many arid and semi-arid ecosystems have lost vegetation cover. The mapped land changes and the driver attributions reflect a human-dominated Earth system. The dataset we developed may be used to improve the modelling of land-use changes, biogeochemical cycles and vegetation–climate interactions to advance our understanding of global environmental change1,2,3,4,6.",10.1038/s41586-018-0411-9,,,,53,MAN-53,http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0411-9,MAN,NT,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,No,NT,No,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Szabo, J.K., Khwaja, N., Garnett, S.T., & Butchart, S.H.M.",PLOS ONE,2012,Global Patterns and Drivers of Avian Extinctions at the Species and Subspecies Level,"Birds have long fascinated scientists and travellers, so their distribution and abundance through time have been better documented than those of other organisms. Many bird species are known to have gone extinct, but information on subspecies extinctions has never been synthesised comprehensively. We reviewed the timing, spatial patterns, trends and causes of avian extinctions on a global scale, identifying 279 ultrataxa (141 monotypic species and 138 subspecies of polytypic species) that have gone extinct since 1500. Species extinctions peaked in the early 20th century, then fell until the mid 20th century, and have subsequently accelerated. However, extinctions of ultrataxa peaked in the second half of the 20th century. This trend reflects a consistent decline in the rate of extinctions on islands since the beginning of the 20th century, but an acceleration in the extinction rate on continents. Most losses (78.7% of species and 63.0% of subspecies) occurred on oceanic islands. Geographic foci of extinctions include the Hawaiian Islands (36 taxa), mainland Australia and islands (29 taxa), the Mascarene Islands (27 taxa), New Zealand (22 taxa) and French Polynesia (19 taxa). The major proximate drivers of extinction for both species and subspecies are invasive alien species (58.2% and 50.7% of species and subspecies, respectively), hunting (52.4% and 18.8%) and agriculture, including non-timber crops and livestock farming (14.9% and 31.9%). In general, the distribution and drivers of subspecific extinctions are similar to those for species extinctions. However, our finding that, when subspecies are considered, the extinction rate has accelerated in recent decades is both novel and alarming.",10.1371/journal.pone.0047080,,,,54,MAN-54,http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047080,MAN,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,indirect,global,All regions,Terrestrial/Marine,6,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,prevalence-based,qualitative (direction),ratio scale,none,Yes,high,
"Tershy, B.R., Shen, K.-W., Newton, K.M., Holmes, N.D., & Croll, D.A.",BioScience,2015,The Importance of Islands for the Protection of Biological and Linguistic Diversity,"Islands make up 5.3% of Earth's land area yet maintain an estimated 19% of bird species, 17% of rodents, 17% of flowering plants, and 27% of human languages. Species diversity is disproportionately threatened on islands in relation to the islands’ proportion of both global land area and species, with 61% of all extinct species and 37% of all critically endangered species confined to islands. Languages are disproportionately threatened on islands in relation to land area with 11% of extinct languages and 25% of critically endangered languages on islands. Islands are a priority area for integrated conservation efforts because they have 14 times greater density of critically endangered terrestrial species and 6 times greater density of critically endangered languages than continental areas. Invasive species and habitat loss are the largest threats to island terrestrial species diversity. Proven management actions can reduce these threats, benefiting both local peoples and species diversity on islands.",10.1093/biosci/biv031,,,,55,MAN-55,http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biv031,MAN,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,review,one of the indicators,none,indirect,global,All regions,Terrestrial/Marine,6,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,prevalence-based,qualitative (direction),ratio scale,none,Yes,high,
"Thomas, N., Lucas, R., Bunting, P., Hardy, A., Rosenqvist, A., & Simard, M.",PLOS ONE,2017,"Distribution and drivers of global mangrove forest change, 1996-2010","For the period 1996-2010, we provide the first indication of the drivers behind mangrove land cover and land use change across the (pan-)tropics using time-series Japanese Earth Resources Satellite (JERS-1) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array-type L-band SAR (PALSAR) data. Multi-temporal radar mosaics were manually interpreted for evidence of loss and gain in forest extent and its associated driver. Mangrove loss as a consequence of human activities was observed across their entire range. Between 1996-2010 12% of the 1168 1°x1° radar mosaic tiles examined contained evidence of mangrove loss, as a consequence of anthropogenic degradation, with this increasing to 38% when combined with evidence of anthropogenic activity prior to 1996. The greatest proportion of loss was observed in Southeast Asia, whereby approximately 50% of the tiles in the region contained evidence of mangrove loss, corresponding to 18.4% of the global mangrove forest tiles. Southeast Asia contained the greatest proportion (33.8%) of global mangrove forest. The primary driver of anthropogenic mangrove loss was found to be the conversion of mangrove to aquaculture/agriculture, although substantial advance of mangroves was also evident in many regions.",10.1371/journal.pone.0179302,,,,56,MAN-56,http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179302,MAN,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),global,All regions,Terrestrial/Marine,2,No,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,effect-based,quantitative (magnitude),ordinal scale,none,Yes,high,
"Wen, Y., Schoups, G., & van de Giesen, N.",Scientific Reports,2017,"Organic pollution of rivers: Combined threats of urbanization, livestock farming and global climate change","Organic pollution of rivers by wastewater discharge from human activities negatively impacts people and ecosystems. Without treatment, pollution control relies on a combination of natural degradation and dilution by natural runoff to reduce downstream effects. We quantify here for the first time the global sanitation crisis through its impact on organic river pollution from the threats of (1) increasing wastewater discharge due to urbanization and intensification of livestock farming, and (2) reductions in river dilution capacity due to climate change and water extractions. Using in-stream Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) as an overall indicator of organic river pollution, we calculate historical (2000) and future (2050) BOD concentrations in global river networks. Despite significant self-cleaning capacities of rivers, the number of people affected by organic pollution (BOD >5 mg/l) is projected to increase from 1.1 billion in 2000 to 2.5 billion in 2050. With developing countries disproportionately affected, our results point to a growing need for affordable wastewater solutions.",10.1038/srep43289,,,,57,MAN-57,http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep43289,MAN,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,No,NT,No,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Gudrun Carl1*, Daniel Doktor2, Oliver Schweiger1 and Ingolf K€uhn1,3,4",Journal of Biogeography,2016,Assessing relative variable importance across different spatial scales: a two-dimensional wavelet analysis,,10.1111/jbi.12781,,,,58,MAN-58,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12781,MAN,MW,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,MW,No,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),regional,Europe and Central Asia,Terrestrial,3,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,trait-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,not suitable,
"Juan P. Gonza´ lez-Varo1, Jacobus C. Biesmeijer2, Riccardo Bommarco3, Simon G. Potts4, Oliver Schweiger5, Henrik G. Smith6, Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter7, Hajnalka Szentgyo¨ rgyi8, Michał  Woyciechowski8, and Montserrat Vila`",Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2013,Combined effects of global change pressures on animal-mediated pollination,,10.1016/j.tree.2013.05.008,,,,59,MAN-59,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2013.05.008,MAN,MW,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,MW,Yes,review,one of the indicators,none,n.a.,global,Unclear or not specified,Terrestrial,4,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,No,Yes,effect-based,qualitative (direction),nominal scale,qualitative,Yes,low,
"Petr Keil1,2*, Oliver Schweiger3, Ingolf Ku¨hn3, William E. Kunin4, Mikko Kuussaari5, Josef Settele3, Klaus Henle6, Lluı´s Brotons7,8, Guy Pe’er6,9, Szabolcs Lengyel10, Aristides Moustakas4,9, Henning Steinicke6 and David Storch2,11",Journal of Biogeography,2012,"Patterns of beta diversity in Europe: the role of climate, land cover and distance across scales",,10.1111/j.1365-2699.2012.02701.x,,,,60,MAN-60,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2012.02701.x,MAN,MW,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,MW,No,empirical data,more than one of the indicators,none,indirect,continental,Europe and Central Asia,Terrestrial,3,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,Yes,effect-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,not suitable,
"Tom H. Oliver1,2*, Harry H. Marshall3, Mike D. Morecroft4, Tom Brereton5, Christel Prudhomme1 and Chris Huntingford1",Nature Climate Change,2015,Interacting effects of climate change and habitat fragmentation on drought-sensitive butterflies,,10.1038/nclimate2746,,,,61,MAN-61,http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2746,MAN,MW,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,MW,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),regional,Europe and Central Asia,Terrestrial,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,effect-based,qualitative (direction),nominal scale,quantitative,Yes,low,
"TOM H. OLIVER1 , 2 , SIMON GILLINGS3 , JAMES W. PEARCE-HIGGINS3 , TOM BRERETON4 , HUMPHREY Q. P . CRICK5 , SIMON J . DUFFIELD5, MICHAEL D. MORECROFT5 and DAVID B. ROY2",Global Change Biology,2017,Large extents of intensive land use limit community reorganization during climate warming,,10.1111/gcb.13587,,,,62,MAN-62,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13587,MAN,MW,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,MW,Yes,empirical data,more than one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),regional,Europe and Central Asia,Terrestrial,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,effect-based,qualitative (direction),nominal scale,quantitative,Yes,low,
Alexandra D. Papanikolaou . Ingolf Ku¨hn . Mark Frenzel . Oliver Schweiger,Landscape Ecology,2017,"Landscape heterogeneity enhances stability of wild bee abundance under highly varying temperature, but not under highly varying precipitation",,10.1007/s10980-016-0471-x,,,,63,MAN-63,http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-016-0471-x,MAN,MW,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,MW,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),local,Europe and Central Asia,Terrestrial,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,effect-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,quantitative,Yes,intermediate,
"Alexandra D. Papanikolaou1*, Ingolf K€uhn1,2,3, Mark Frenzel1 and Oliver Schweiger1",Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,Semi-natural habitats mitigate the effects of temperature rise on wild bees,,10.1111/1365-2664.12763,,,,64,MAN-64,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12763,MAN,MW,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,MW,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),local,Europe and Central Asia,Terrestrial,2,Yes,Yes,No,No,No,No,effect-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,quantitative,Yes,intermediate,
"Simon G. Potts1, Jacobus C. Biesmeijer2, Claire Kremen3, Peter Neumann4, Oliver Schweiger5 and William E. Kunin2",Trends in Ecology and Evolution,2010,"Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers",,10.1016/j.tree.2010.01.007,,,,65,MAN-65,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.01.007,MAN,MW,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,MW,Yes,review,one of the indicators,none,direct (qualitative),global,All regions,Terrestrial,5,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,effect-based,qualitative (direction),ordinal scale,qualitative,Yes,high,
"Simon G. Potts1, Vera Imperatriz-Fonseca2, Hien T. Ngo3, Marcelo A. Aizen4, Jacobus C. Biesmeijer5,6, Thomas D. Breeze1, Lynn V. Dicks7, Lucas A. Garibaldi8, Rosemary Hill9, Josef Settele10,11 & Adam J. Vanbergen12",Nature,2016,Safeguarding pollinators and their values to human well-being,,10.1038/nature20588,,,,66,MAN-66,http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature20588,MAN,MW,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,MW,Yes,review,one of the indicators,none,direct (qualitative),global,All regions,Terrestrial,5,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,effect-based,qualitative (direction),nominal scale,none,Yes,low,
"O. SCHWEIGER,* J. P. MAELFAIT,† W. VAN WINGERDEN,‡ F. HENDRICKX,† R. BILLETER,§ M. SPEELMANS,† I. AUGENSTEIN,¶ B. AUKEMA,** S. AVIRON,†† D. BAILEY,†† R. BUKACEK,‡‡ F. BUREL,§§ T.  DIEKÖTTER,§ J. DIRKSEN,‡ M. FRENZEL,* F. HERZOG,†† J. LIIRA,¶¶ M. ROUBALOVA*** and R. BUGTER‡",Journal of Applied Ecology,2005,Quantifying the impact of environmental factors on arthropod communities in agricultural landscapes across organizational levels and spatial scales,,10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01085.x,,,,67,MAN-67,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01085.x,MAN,MW,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,MW,No,empirical data,more than one of the indicators,none,indirect,continental,Europe and Central Asia,Terrestrial,3,No,Yes,No,No,Yes,Yes,effect-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,quantitative,Yes,not suitable,
"Oliver Schweiger1∗, Jacobus C. Biesmeijer2, Riccardo Bommarco3, Thomas Hickler4, Philip E. Hulme5, Stefan Klotz1, Ingolf Kuhn1, Mari Moora6, Anders Nielsen7, Ralf Ohlemuller8, Theodora Petanidou7, Simon G. Potts9, Petr Pysek10, Jane C. Stout11, Martin T. Sykes4, Thomas Tscheulin7, Montserrat Vila12, Gian-Reto Walther13, Catrin Westphal14,15, Marten Winter1,16, Martin Zobel6 and Josef Settele1",Biological Reviews,2010,Multiple stressors on biotic interactions: how climate change and alien species interact to affect pollination,,10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00125.x,,,,68,MAN-68,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00125.x,MAN,MW,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,No,MW,No,review,one of the indicators,none,direct (qualitative),global,Unclear or not specified,Terrestrial,2,Yes,No,No,Yes,No,No,effect-based,qualitative (direction),ordinal scale,qualitative,Yes,not suitable,
LPI data base 2018,,2018,LPI data base 2018,,,,,,000,LPI-000,,LPI,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,PJ,Yes,meta-analysis,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),global,All regions,All realms,5,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,prevalence-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,high,LPI data base (analysis September 2018) - Louise McRae
RLI data base 2018,,2018,RLI data base 2018,,,,,,000,RLI-000,,RLI,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,PJ,Yes,meta-analysis,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),global,All regions,All realms,6,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,prevalence-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,high,RLI data base (analysis September 2018) - Stuart Butchart
DiBattista J.D.,Conservation Genetics,2008,Patterns of genetic variation in anthropogenically impacted populations,"Genetic variation is considered critical for allowing natural populations to adapt to their changing environment, and yet the effects of human disturbance on genetic variation in the wild are poorly understood. Different types of human disturbances may genetically impact natural populations in a predictable manner and so the aim of this study was to provide an overview of these changes using a quantitative literature review approach. I examined both allozyme and microsatellite estimates of genetic variation from peer-reviewed journals, using the mean number of alleles per locus and expected heterozygosity as standardized metrics. Populations within each study were categorized according to the type of human disturbance experienced (“hunting/harvest”, “habitat fragmentation”, or “pollution”), and taxon-specific, as well as time- and context-dependent disturbance effects were considered. I found that human disturbances are associated with weak, but consistent changes in neutral genetic variation within natural populations. The direction of change was dependent on the type of human disturbance experienced, with some forms of anthropogenic challenges consistently decreasing genetic variation from background patterns (e.g., habitat fragmentation), whereas others had no effect (e.g., hunting/harvest) or even slightly increased genetic variation (e.g., pollution). These same measures appeared sensitive to both the time of origin and duration of the disturbance as well. This suggests that the presence or absence, strength, type, as well as the spatial and temporal scale of human disturbance experienced may warrant careful consideration when conservation management plans are formulated for natural populations, with particular attention paid to the effects of habitat fragmentation.",10.1007/s10592-007-9317-z,,,,69,MAN-69,http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-007-9317-z,MAN,NT,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,NT,Yes,review,none,one of the indicators,indirect,global,All regions,All realms,3,No,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,No,prevalence-based,qualitative (direction),ordinal scale,none,Yes,intermediate,
Jono & Pavoine,PlosOne,2012,Threat Diversity Will Erode Mammalian Phylogenetic Diversity in the Near Future ,"To reduce the accelerating rate of phylogenetic diversity loss, many studies have searched for mechanisms that could explain why certain species are at risk, whereas others are not. In particular, it has been demonstrated that species might be affected by both extrinsic threat factors as well as intrinsic biological traits that could render a species more sensitive to extinction; here, we focus on extrinsic factors. Recently, the International Union for Conservation of Nature developed a new classification of threat types, including climate change, urbanization, pollution, agriculture and aquaculture, and harvesting/hunting. We have used this new classification to analyze two main factors that could explain the expected future loss of mammalian phylogenetic diversity: 1. differences in the type of threats that affect mammals and 2. differences in the number of major threats that accumulate for a single species. Our results showed that Cetartiodactyla, Diprotodontia, Monotremata, Perissodactyla, Primates, and Proboscidea could lose a high proportion of their current phylogenetic diversity in the coming decades. In contrast, Chiroptera, Didelphimorphia, and Rodentia could lose less phylogenetic diversity than expected if extinctions were random. Some mammalian clades, including Marsupiala, Chiroptera, and a subclade of Primates, are affected by particular threat types, most likely due solely to their geographic locations and associations with particular habitats. However, regardless of the geography, habitat, and taxon considered, it is not the threat type, but the threat diversity that determines the extinction risk for species and clades. Thus, some mammals might be randomly located in areas subjected to a large diversity of threats; they might also accumulate detrimental traits that render them sensitive to different threats, which is a characteristic that could be associated with large body size. Any action reducing threat diversity is expected to have a significant impact on future mammalian phylogeny.",10.1371/journal.pone.0046235,,,,70,MAN-70,http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0046235,MAN,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,PJ,Yes,review,one of the indicators,none,indirect,global,All regions,All realms,6,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,prevalence-based,qualitative (direction),ordinal scale,none,Yes,high,
Prescott et al.,Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,Managing Neotropical oil palm expansion to retain phylogenetic diversity,"1. The expansion of tropical agriculture is a major driver of the extinction crisis. A key question is whether biodiversity losses can be minimized by restricting future expansion to low-productivity farmland and retaining forest fragments, especially in rapidly changing Neotropical landscapes. 2. We investigated these methods in the context of avian phylogenetic diversity, which summarizes the evolutionary history preserved within communities. Evidence suggests that phylogenetic diversity plays an important role in maintaining key ecosystem functions. 3. We collected data on avian communities in the Colombian Llanos, a region highlighted as being optimal for the expansion of oil palm, at the expense of existing habitats including forest remnants and improved cattle pastures. 4. PD, a measure of phylogenetic richness, and MPD, a measure of the phylogenetic distance between individuals in a community in deep evolutionary time, were significantly higher in forest than in oil palm or pasture, but did not differ significantly between oil palm and pasture. MNTD, a measure of distance between individuals in a community at the intra-familial and intra-generic level, was significantly higher in oil palm and pasture than in forest. However, median evolutionary distinctiveness (ED) was highest in pasture, partly due to the abundance of distinct waterbirds, but did not differ between oil palm and forest. PD in oil palm and pasture increased with the extent of remnant forest cover. 5. Synthesis and applications. The PD (a measure of phylogenetic richness) and MPD (a measure of the phylogenetic distance) of bird communities in this region can best be conserved by ensuring that new oil palm plantations replace pasturelands rather than forest. A secondary benefit of preserving forest would be the enhancement of PD in the surrounding agricultural landscape. This strategy will need to be coupled with measures to either reduce pasture demand or to intensify existing cattle production to ensure that forest is not replaced by pasture elsewhere.",10.1111/1365-2664.12571,,,,71,MAN-71,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12571,MAN,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,PJ,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,n.a.,local,Americas,Terrestrial/Freshwater,1,No,Yes,No,No,No,No,effect-based,quantitative (magnitude),none,none,Yes,low,
Redding & Mooers,PlosOne,2015,Ranking Mammal Species for Conservation and the Loss of Both Phylogenetic and Trait Diversity,"The 'edge of existence' (EDGE) prioritisation scheme is a new approach to rank species for conservation attention that aims to identify species that are both isolated on the tree of life and at imminent risk of extinction as defined by the World Conservation Union (IUCN). The self-stated benefit of the EDGE system is that it effectively captures unusual 'unique' species, and doing so will preserve the total evolutionary history of a group into the future. Given the EDGE metric was not designed to capture total evolutionary history, we tested this claim. Our analyses show that the total evolutionary history of mammals preserved is indeed much higher if EDGE species are protected than if at-risk species are chosen randomly. More of the total tree is also protected by EDGE species than if solely threat status or solely evolutionary distinctiveness were used for prioritisation. When considering how much trait diversity is  captured by IUCN and EDGE prioritisation rankings, interestingly, preserving the highest-ranked EDGE species, or indeed just the most threatened species, captures more total trait diversity compared to sets of randomly-selected at-risk species. These results suggest that, as advertised, EDGE mammal species contribute evolutionary history to the evolutionary tree of mammals non-randomly, and EDGE-style rankings among endangered species can also capture important trait diversity. If this pattern holds for other groups, the EDGE prioritisation scheme has greater potential to be an efficient method to allocate scarce conservation effort.",10.1371/journal.pone.0141435,,,,72,MAN-72,http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141435,MAN,PJ,Yes,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,PJ,No,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Santos et al. ,PlosOne,2014,Phylogenetic Impoverishment of Amazonian Tree Communities in an Experimentally Fragmented Forest Landscape,"Amazonian rainforests sustain some of the richest tree communities on Earth, but their ecological and evolutionary responses to human threats remain poorly known. We used one of the largest experimental datasets currently available on tree dynamics in fragmented tropical forests and a recent phylogeny of angiosperms to test whether tree communities have lost phylogenetic diversity since their isolation about two decades previously. Our findings revealed an overall trend toward phylogenetic impoverishment across the experimentally fragmented landscape, irrespective of whether tree communities were in 1-ha, 10-ha, or 100-ha forest fragments, near forest edges, or in continuous forest. The magnitude of the phylogenetic diversity loss was low (,2% relative to before-fragmentation values) but  widespread throughout the study landscape, occurring in 32 of 40 1-ha plots. Consistent with this loss in phylogenetic diversity, we observed a significant decrease of 50% in phylogenetic dispersion since forest isolation, irrespective of plot location. Analyses based on tree genera that have significantly increased (28 genera) or declined (31 genera) in abundance and basal area in the landscape revealed that increasing genera are more phylogenetically related than decreasing ones. Also, the loss of phylogenetic diversity was greater in tree communities where increasing genera proliferated and decreasing genera reduced their importance values, suggesting that this taxonomic replacement is partially underlying the phylogenetic impoverishment at the landscape scale. This finding has clear implications for the current debate about the role human-modified landscapes play in sustaining biodiversity persistence and key ecosystem services, such as carbon storage. Although the generalization of our findings to other fragmented tropical forests is uncertain, it could negatively affect ecosystem productivity and stability and have broader impacts on coevolved organisms.",10.1371/journal.pone.0113109,,,,73,MAN-73,http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113109,MAN,PJ,Yes,No,No,Yes,Yes,No,PJ,No,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Frishkoff et al. ,Science,2014,Loss of avian phylogenetic diversity in neotropical agricultural systems,,10.1126/science.1251560,,,,74,MAN-74,http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1251560,MAN,PJ,Yes,No,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,PJ,No,,,,,,,,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Schipper AM, Bakkenes M, Meijer JR, Alkemade R, Huijbregts MAJ","PBL publication 2369, The Hague, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency",2016,The GLOBIO model. A technical description of version 3.5,,,,,,75,MAN-75,http://www.pbl.nl/node/62870,MAN,PJ,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,Yes,PJ,Yes,empirical data,one of the indicators,none,direct (quantitative),global,All regions,All realms,4,Yes,Yes,Yes,No,Yes,No,effect-based,quantitative (magnitude),ratio scale,none,Yes,high,