New Unique ID,National Park Name,Place name,Feature,Name type,Natural or Human-constructed,Indigenous or Western (the word itself),is it the orig. IPN or transl. of oIPN?,Honoring Indigenous person or people? (Indigenous type of names only),"If Western word, is it a translation from indigenous name? (if not Western give NA)",Word meaning class,ERASURE-use this column for analysis,DIMENSIONS OF RACISM AND COLONIALISM,DEROGATORY - NEW,Explanation of name (NA if no info available),Links to news or other web resources,Links to news or other web resources - 2.0,"Indigenous name found in research (give name, if not give NA)"
1,Acadia,Abbe Museum,Infrastructure,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The museum is named for its founder, Dr. Robert Abbe (1851-1928), an eminent New York physician known for his pioneering use of radiation therapy. A beloved summer resident of Bar Harbor, during the 1920s Dr. Abbe assembled a collection of early Native American artifacts found in the Frenchman Bay area. He persuaded others with similar collections to join him in establishing a museum that would protect these objects and display them for public education and enjoyment. Early supporters included George B. Dorr, the father of Acadia,"" and John D. Rockefeller, Jr.""",https://www.abbemuseum.org/history,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Abbe,
2,Acadia,Acadia,Park,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Acadia was first established as Sieur de Monts National Monument in July 1916 by President Woodrow Wilson but then was changed to Lafayette National Park in February 1919 when it became the first national park east of the Mississippi. It was not until January 1929 that it officially was named Acadia National Park. The word “Acadia” likely stems from “Arcadia,” a part of Greece that this area reminded the explorer, Giovanni Verrazano of as he sailed by in 1524. ""Acadia"" was also the name of the nearby French colony",https://acadiamagic.com/acadia_national_park.html,,
3,Acadia,Acadia Mountain,Mountain,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Acadia was first established as Sieur de Monts National Monument in July 1916 by President Woodrow Wilson but then was changed to Lafayette National Park in February 1919 when it became the first national park east of the Mississippi. It was not until January 1929 that it officially was named Acadia National Park. The word “Acadia” likely stems from “Arcadia,” a part of Greece that this area reminded the explorer, Giovanni Verrazano of as he sailed by in 1524.",https://acadiamagic.com/acadia_national_park.html,,
4,Acadia,Aunt Betty Pond,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","No information, but probably named after woman named Aunt Betty",NA,,
5,Acadia,Baker Island,Island,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person,NA,,
6,Acadia,Bald Peak,Mountain,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
7,Acadia,Bald Porcupine Island,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The Porcupine Islands, named for their resemblance to a group of porcupines, in Frenchman Bay off the coast of Bar Harbor. The islands are Sheep Porcupine Island, Burnt Porcupine Island, Long Porcupine Island and Bald Porcupine Island.",https://swhplibrary.net/digitalarchive/items/show/8731,,
8,Acadia,Bar Island,Island,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,https://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h2156.html,,
9,Acadia,Bass Harbor Head Lighthouse,Infrastructure,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
10,Acadia,Bass Harbor Marsh,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
11,Acadia,Beaver Dam Pond,Lake,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The pond itself sits in a natural bowl as Bear Brook expands from the activities of the resident wildlife from which this spot gets its name. ,http://www.byrononeal.com/blog/2016/10/11/beaver-dam-pond-in-acadia-national-park,,
12,Acadia,Beech Mountain,Mountain,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",for the numerous copper beech trees once found there,Pinkham 2009; The Mountains of Maine: Intriguing Stories Behind Their Names https://books.google.com/books?id=w3oYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT71&lpg=PT71&dq=hadlock+mountain+name+maine&source=bl&ots=lol3aFPYUc&sig=ACfU3U2YrdR1Oxf79W-deHE9vY8oS4YseQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP2vrzxLrkAhUunq0KHVYlAooQ6AEwA3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=hadlock%20mountain%20name%20maine&f=false,,
13,Acadia,Bernard Mountain,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","renamed...by George Dorr for Governor Bernard, the last English governor, who was driven out during the American Revolution. Colonialism b/c involved in the process of colonization.",Pinkham 2009; The Mountains of Maine: Intriguing Stories Behind Their Names https://books.google.com/books?id=w3oYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT71&lpg=PT71&dq=hadlock+mountain+name+maine&source=bl&ots=lol3aFPYUc&sig=ACfU3U2YrdR1Oxf79W-deHE9vY8oS4YseQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP2vrzxLrkAhUunq0KHVYlAooQ6AEwA3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=hadlock%20mountain%20name%20maine&f=false,,
14,Acadia,Blackwoods Campground,Campground,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwoods_Campground,,
15,Acadia,Blueberry Hill (parking),Infrastructure,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
16,Acadia,Bowditch Mountain,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","in 1880, Ernest Bowditch, a noted landscape designer from Boston...first visited Isle au Haut and were so taken by its beauty and remoteness that they soon purchased land there...formed the Point Lookout Club, a private fishing fraternity. They proceeded to construct a clubhouse and series of cottages for themselves and new roads, library, school, and much neeed wharf...When the National Park Service obtained a large part of the island from the descendants of Bowditch and other club members, they named one of the higher peaks after the...Bowditch family""  --colonialism because like a homesteader",Pinkham 2009; The Mountains of Maine: Intriguing Stories Behind Their Names https://books.google.com/books?id=w3oYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT71&lpg=PT71&dq=hadlock+mountain+name+maine&source=bl&ots=lol3aFPYUc&sig=ACfU3U2YrdR1Oxf79W-deHE9vY8oS4YseQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP2vrzxLrkAhUunq0KHVYlAooQ6AEwA3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=hadlock%20mountain%20name%20maine&f=false,,
17,Acadia,Breakneck Ponds,Lake,Unknown,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely lyrical or narrative name,NA,,
18,Acadia,Bubble Pond,Lake,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",named after the two Bubble Mountains,Pinkham 2009; The Mountains of Maine: Intriguing Stories Behind Their Names https://books.google.com/books?id=w3oYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT71&lpg=PT71&dq=hadlock+mountain+name+maine&source=bl&ots=lol3aFPYUc&sig=ACfU3U2YrdR1Oxf79W-deHE9vY8oS4YseQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP2vrzxLrkAhUunq0KHVYlAooQ6AEwA3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=hadlock%20mountain%20name%20maine&f=false,,
19,Acadia,Buck Cove Mountain,Mountain,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
20,Acadia,Cadillac Mountain,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Before being renamed in 1918, the mountain had been called Green Mountain. The new name honors the French explorer and adventurer Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac. Cadillac was involved in colonialism, re-settling Indigenous people, selling them alcohol. no direct evidence of violence per se.",http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/laumet_antoine_2E.html,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_de_la_Mothe_Cadillac,
21,Acadia,Carroll Homestead Interpretive Trail,Cultural heritage (Western),Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","The Carroll Homestead is a typical Maine mountain farm that was first settled by John Carroll and his family in 1825. They raised cows, sheep, and chickens on their 45 acres. Four generations of Carrolls lived on the farm, with the last full-time residents moving to Southwest Harbor in 1917 for more modern conveniences. However, the property remained in the family until it was acquired by the National Park Service in 1982 for Acadia National Park. Between 1917 and the park’s involvement, the Carroll family still grew hay on the fields and rented the house to summer tourists. Today, only the house remains standing.",https://npplan.com/parks-by-state/maine-national-parks/acadia-national-park-park-at-a-glance/acadia-national-park-historic-sites/acadia-national-park-carroll-homestead/,,
22,Acadia,Champlain Mountain,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Many sites and landmarks have been named to honour Champlain, who was a prominent figure in many parts of Acadia, Ontario, Quebec, New York, and Vermont. Memorialized as the ""Father of New France"" and ""Father of Acadia"", his historic significance endures in modern times...Champlain Mountain, Acadia National Park – which he first observed in 1604.[51] was a French colonist, navigator, cartographer, draftsman, soldier, explorer, geographer, ethnologist, diplomat, and chronicler. He made between 21 and 29 trips across the Atlantic Ocean,[4] and founded Quebec, and New France, on 3 July 1608. An important figure in Canadian history, Champlain created the first accurate coastal map during his explorations, and founded various colonial settlements.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain,,
23,Acadia,Connors Nubble,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person,NA,,
24,Acadia,Day Mountain,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","more likely it was named for John Day, an early settler in the area",Pinkham 2009; The Mountains of Maine: Intriguing Stories Behind Their Names https://books.google.com/books?id=w3oYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT71&lpg=PT71&dq=hadlock+mountain+name+maine&source=bl&ots=lol3aFPYUc&sig=ACfU3U2YrdR1Oxf79W-deHE9vY8oS4YseQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP2vrzxLrkAhUunq0KHVYlAooQ6AEwA3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=hadlock%20mountain%20name%20maine&f=false,,
25,Acadia,Dorr Mountain,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","George Bucknam Dorr, (December 29, 1853-August 5, 1944) known as the father of Acadia National Park, spent most of his adult life bringing the park into being, caring for the park, and expanding it.",https://www.nps.gov/people/george-b-dorr.htm,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dorr,
26,Acadia,Duck Harbor Landing,Infrastructure,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","named after ""A cove on the southeastern end of the Isle au Haut, harks back to the mid 1880s when the inhabitants of the island would hunt ducks during the molting seaons, when the ducks could not fly.""",https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/22/travel/maine-islands-acadia-national-park.html,,
27,Acadia,Duck Harbor Mountain,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","named after ""A cove on the southeastern end of the Isle au Haut, harks back to the mid 1880s when the inhabitants of the island would hunt ducks during the molting seaons, when the ducks could not fly.""",Pinkham 2009; The Mountains of Maine: Intriguing Stories Behind Their Names https://books.google.com/books?id=w3oYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT71&lpg=PT71&dq=hadlock+mountain+name+maine&source=bl&ots=lol3aFPYUc&sig=ACfU3U2YrdR1Oxf79W-deHE9vY8oS4YseQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP2vrzxLrkAhUunq0KHVYlAooQ6AEwA3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=hadlock%20mountain%20name%20maine&f=false,,
28,Acadia,Eagle Lake,Lake,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence"," Originally named Great Pond and Young’s Pond, Eagle Lake was renamed by the artist Frederic Church sometime in the mid-1800s.",https://downeastacadia.com/story/eagle-lake,,
29,Acadia,Eastern Head,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
30,Acadia,Echo Lake Beach,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
31,Acadia,Fabbri,Picnic area,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The Alessandro Fabbri Memorial marks the location of a radio station run by Lieutenant Fabbri during the First World War.  ""The Fabbri Picnic Area was named after Alessandro Fabbri, a local resident who built a radio station on this spot and offered it to the Navy in exchange for a commission as its commanding officer. The station was the most important in the United States during World War I because there was no noise or other interference from the surrounding area. While Fabbri died in 1922, the station remained in operation until 1935 when John D. Rockefeller Jr. agreed to build a new station on the Schoodic Peninsula in exchange for the land that was needed to build the Park Loop Road for Acadia National Park.""",http://frenchhillpond.org/Acadia/Fabbri%20Monument.htm,,
32,Acadia,Flying Mountain,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,translation,Other,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Known originally as Carroll Mountain after a local resident, this hill was later endowed with its current name based on a Penobscot legend. C. Tracey, one of the early historicans of Mountain Desert Island, was told that the local Wabanakis believed this mountain broke off from St. Sauveur Mountain and ""flew down"" to its lower perch next to Somes Sound. Probably this tale alludes to a rockslide that may have occurred several centuries ago.""",Pinkham 2009; The Mountains of Maine: Intriguing Stories Behind Their Names https://books.google.com/books?id=w3oYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT71&lpg=PT71&dq=hadlock+mountain+name+maine&source=bl&ots=lol3aFPYUc&sig=ACfU3U2YrdR1Oxf79W-deHE9vY8oS4YseQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP2vrzxLrkAhUunq0KHVYlAooQ6AEwA3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=hadlock%20mountain%20name%20maine&f=false,,
33,Acadia,Frazer Point,Picnic area,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,yes,No,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The first census in the late 1700s shows Thomas Frazer and his family as the first non-native residents of the point that now bears his name. Frazer, a free African-American, operated a saltworks to supply fishing schooners with the valuable commodity necessary to preserve their catch. The American Revolution had destabilized international trade, drastically reducing access to salt from previous sources like Spain and Portugal. Fishing captains increasingly relied on small-scale saltworks like that operated at Frazer Point. not colonialism b/c Frazer was a free African-American, problem=no, erasure= not erasure ***special case**** because named for a freed enslaved person.",https://www.downeastfisheriestrail.org/sites/frazer-point/,,
34,Acadia,Gilley Field,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Probably named after Wendell Gilley, a famous bird carver active on Mt. Desert Island.",https://www.wendellgilleymuseum.org/about,,NA
35,Acadia,Gilmore Peak,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; possibly named after a person. ""Several sources say that this rocky peak between Parkman and Sargent mountains was named for a local family, though a search through records finds no family there by that name.""",The Mountains of Maine: Intriguing Stories Behind Their Names https://books.google.com/books?id=w3oYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT71&lpg=PT71&dq=hadlock+mountain+name+maine&source=bl&ots=lol3aFPYUc&sig=ACfU3U2YrdR1Oxf79W-deHE9vY8oS4YseQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP2vrzxLrkAhUunq0KHVYlAooQ6AEwA3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=hadlock%20mountain%20name%20maine&f=false,,
36,Acadia,Gorham Mountain,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; conflicting theories that suggest different problem classes. It is not known whether it was named for a person who first discovered and climbed it, for a nearby settled, or for the town of Gorham in southern Maine. The first possibility is the most likely.""",Pinkham 2009; The Mountains of Maine: Intriguing Stories Behind Their Names https://books.google.com/books?id=w3oYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT71&lpg=PT71&dq=hadlock+mountain+name+maine&source=bl&ots=lol3aFPYUc&sig=ACfU3U2YrdR1Oxf79W-deHE9vY8oS4YseQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP2vrzxLrkAhUunq0KHVYlAooQ6AEwA3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=hadlock%20mountain%20name%20maine&f=false,,
37,Acadia,Gorham Mountain Trailhead,Trailhead,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","It is not known whether it was named for a person who first discovered and climbed it, for a nearby settled, or for the town of Gorham in southern Main. The first possibility is the most likely.""",Pinkham 2009; The Mountains of Maine: Intriguing Stories Behind Their Names https://books.google.com/books?id=w3oYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT71&lpg=PT71&dq=hadlock+mountain+name+maine&source=bl&ots=lol3aFPYUc&sig=ACfU3U2YrdR1Oxf79W-deHE9vY8oS4YseQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP2vrzxLrkAhUunq0KHVYlAooQ6AEwA3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=hadlock%20mountain%20name%20maine&f=false,,
38,Acadia,Great Head,Park region,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",no research available; it is a peninsula so likely the shape of the peninsula,https://acadiamagic.com/great-head-trail.html,,
39,Acadia,Great Notch,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
40,Acadia,Hodgdon Pond,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person,NA,,
41,Acadia,Hulls Cove Visitor Center,Visitor Center,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person,NA,,
42,Acadia,Hunters Head,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
43,Acadia,Ikes Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person,NA,,
44,Acadia,Isle Au Haut,Park region,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","It was territory of the Penobscot Abenaki Indians when, in 1604, French explorer Samuel de Champlain named it Isle au Haut, meaning High Island. English Capt. John Smith, charting the coast in 1614, noted that it was the highest island in Penobscot Bay.","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_au_Haut,_Maine",,
45,Acadia,Jerusalem Mountain,Mountain,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after the place in Israel,NA,,
46,Acadia,Jordan Pond,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","The first settlers conducted a logging operation. The original farm house was built by the Jordan family of Seal Harbor, for whom the pond and house were named.",http://www.jordanpond.com/history.html,,
47,Acadia,Jordan Pond House,Infrastructure,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","The first settlers conducted a logging operation. The original farm house was built by the Jordan family of Seal Harbor, for whom the pond and house were named.",http://www.jordanpond.com/history.html,,
48,Acadia,Kebo Mountain,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,no,No,Act,No information,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","If Indian, perhaps Abnaki, from kiba, I fall""[?]. "" Not clear if this is the original IPN.",https://archive.org/stream/indianplacenames00hude/indianplacenames00hude_djvu.txt,,
49,Acadia,Lake Wood,Lake,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
50,Acadia,Little Hunters Beach,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
51,Acadia,Little Moose Island,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
52,Acadia,Long Pond,Lake,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
53,Acadia,Long Porcupine Island,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The Porcupine Islands, named for their resemblance to a group of porcupines, in Frenchman Bay off the coast of Bar Harbor. The islands are Sheep Porcupine Island, Burnt Porcupine Island, Long Porcupine Island and Bald Porcupine Island.",https://swhplibrary.net/digitalarchive/items/show/8731,,
54,Acadia,Lower Hadlock Pond,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Samuel Hadlock moved his family to Norweast Harbor iin 1785, and built a sawmill at the outlet of Lower Hadlock Pond. His venture was short-lived, for in 1789 he got into a fight with a drunken visitor named Eliab Littlefield Gott. It appears tha the may only hav ebeen defending himself against the younger and stronger man, but newspapers of the day indicate that he was indicted, tried, convited, and hanged for killing Gott. Hadlock's son Samuel, Jr. continued to run the lumber business until the mill burned...The Upper and Lower Hadlock Ponds were named for this family and nearby Bald Mountain was once known as Hadlock Mountain",Pinkham 2009; The Mountains of Maine: Intriguing Stories Behind Their Names https://books.google.com/books?id=w3oYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT71&lpg=PT71&dq=hadlock+mountain+name+maine&source=bl&ots=lol3aFPYUc&sig=ACfU3U2YrdR1Oxf79W-deHE9vY8oS4YseQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP2vrzxLrkAhUunq0KHVYlAooQ6AEwA3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=hadlock%20mountain%20name%20maine&f=false,,
55,Acadia,Mansell Mountain,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Mount Desert had been granted as Mount Mansell by the Council for New England to Sir Robert Mansell whose name is borne by one of the mountains in Acadia National Park; but as the grant was never consumated, it did not stand in the way of the County of Canada. Welsh businessman and gentry, no apparent history of racism or violence against a group.",https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1087&context=mainehistory,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mansell,
56,Acadia,Mill Field,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Unknown,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,https://naturalatlas.com/trailheads/mill-field-2072966,
57,Acadia,Mount Desert Island,Island,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Place,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The first meeting between the people of Pemetic and the Europeans is unknown, but a Frenchman, Samuel Champlain, made the first important contribution to the historical record of Mount Desert Island. He led the expedition that landed on Mount Desert on September 5, 1604, and wrote in his journal, ""The mountain summits are all bare and rocky..... I name it Isles des Monts Déserts."" Champlain's visit to the island 16 years before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock destined this land to be come known as New France before it became New England. from the second source: ""The first recorded Etchemin term for Mount Desert Island is an example of such a geographically des*criptive place name. Because this island is visible from far away in almost every direction, the region’s Etchemin-speaking inhabitants called it Pemetic,translated as a “range of mountains” or also as “mountains seen at a distance.”""",https://www.nps.gov/acad/learn/historyculture/history-of-acadia.htm,https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/acad/wabanaki_peoples_vol1.pdf,Pemetic
58,Acadia,Natural Seawall,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
59,Acadia,North Bubble,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","These two almost perfectly rounded mountains at the head of Jordan Pond were earlier known as the Boobies or Bubbies, for obvious reasons. The Twin Hills and The Bubbles were more respectable alterantive names....Native Americans who visited the island each summer had their own tale of how The Bubbles originated uring a terrible battle between a good got and an evil god. One of them stood on Sargent Mountain and the other on Pemetic Mountain, and they squared off for a great duel. During the ensuing battle the evil god fell from this mountain and on his way down tore two mounds of rock off the cliff. These great slabs, which became the two Bubbles, landed on the evil god, burying him forever. The good god became the victor and peace came to the valley.",Pinkham 2009; The Mountains of Maine: Intriguing Stories Behind Their Names https://books.google.com/books?id=w3oYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT71&lpg=PT71&dq=hadlock+mountain+name+maine&source=bl&ots=lol3aFPYUc&sig=ACfU3U2YrdR1Oxf79W-deHE9vY8oS4YseQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP2vrzxLrkAhUunq0KHVYlAooQ6AEwA3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=hadlock%20mountain%20name%20maine&f=false,,
60,Acadia,Norumbega Mountain,Mountain,Mythology,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,no,NA,Other,No information,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Norumbega is an Algonquin word meaning quiet waters."" An old name for Norumbega Mountain was Brown Mountain. Opposite the southeast base of the mountain is a gate/carriage house named ""Brown Mountain Gate/Carriage House"" after the original name of the mountain.""  As for its connection to the area, it is legendary area, like El Dorado. ""In the early centuries of exploration, it was the unspoken goal of the English, French, and Spanish to find Norumbega, a fabled city of gold that was thought to be somehwere around the forty-fifth parallel in the region of Maine...Phillip Rutherford wrote that it might be Wabanaki meaning ""still water between falls"" making it a reference to the Penobscot River above Bangor....It was George Dorr who changed the name to honor the mythological city."" unclear if it is the oIPN.",Pinkham 2009; The Mountains of Maine: Intriguing Stories Behind Their Names https://books.google.com/books?id=w3oYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT71&lpg=PT71&dq=hadlock+mountain+name+maine&source=bl&ots=lol3aFPYUc&sig=ACfU3U2YrdR1Oxf79W-deHE9vY8oS4YseQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP2vrzxLrkAhUunq0KHVYlAooQ6AEwA3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=hadlock%20mountain%20name%20maine&f=false,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norumbega,Brown Mountain is the translation of the origiinal name
61,Acadia,Otter Cliff,Park region,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,https://acadiamagic.com/OtterCliff.html,,
62,Acadia,Otter Point Bustop,Infrastructure,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",no research available; likely named after the otters that inhabit the area,https://acadiamagic.com/OtterCliff.html,,
63,Acadia,Parkman Mountain,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Francis Parkman wrote Pioneers of France in the New World in 1865, just after the end of the Civil War. He dedicated his work to three kinsmen, slain in battle.""24 One might picture Parkman laboring over his account of bloody conflict at Saint Sauveur, while nearby lay the newspapers with their accounts of slaughter at places like Antietam, Gettysburg, and Cold Harbor. Parkman was a prodigious American historian who is influential to this day. Every year, the American Historical Association gives the Francis Parkman Award to the author of the best book of American History. One of the peaks in Acadia National Park is named Parkman Mountain, in the author's honor. """,https://mdihistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2011-The-Histories-of-Saint-Sauveur_ocr.pdf,,
64,Acadia,Pemetic Mountain,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",“Pemetic” was the word that early Native Americans used to describe the whole island - “the sloping land.” Treating as if this is an original IPN (pretty darn close),https://acadiamagic.com/pemetic-mountain.html,,
65,Acadia,Penobscot Mountain,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,yes,NA,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","The Penobscot (Panawahpskek) are an indigenous peoples in North America with members who reside in the United States and Canada. They are organized as a federally recognized tribe in Maine and as a First Nations band government in the Atlantic provinces and Quebec....The word Penobscot"" originates from a mispronunciation of their name for themselves: Penawapskewi. The word means ""rocky part"" or ""descending ledges,"" and originally referred to their territory on the portion of the Penobscot River between present-day Old Town and Bangor."" one of the tribal nations in the Acadia area, along with Abenaki, Maliseet, Mi'kmaq, Passamaquoddy, was known as the Wabanki people.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penobscot,https://mdihistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2011-The-Histories-of-Saint-Sauveur_ocr.pdf,
66,Acadia,Pond Island,Island,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
67,Acadia,Precipice Trailhead,Trailhead,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely descriptive; no research available; likely named after the place/object, the precipice",http://www.acadia.ws/precipice.htm,,
68,Acadia,Pretty Marsh,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
69,Acadia,Rolling Island,Island,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
70,Acadia,Round Pond,Lake,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
71,Acadia,Sand Beach,Park region,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
72,Acadia,Sand Beach Entrance Station,Ranger station,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
73,Acadia,Sargent Mountain,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",This peak was first known as Brassy Mountain for the golden hue created when the setting sun shone on it. The name was changed to Sargent Mountain after the family that owned land to the north of the mountain. Not enough info about Sargents to know if they meet colonialism def.,Pinkham 2009; The Mountains of Maine: Intriguing Stories Behind Their Names https://books.google.com/books?id=w3oYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT71&lpg=PT71&dq=hadlock+mountain+name+maine&source=bl&ots=lol3aFPYUc&sig=ACfU3U2YrdR1Oxf79W-deHE9vY8oS4YseQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP2vrzxLrkAhUunq0KHVYlAooQ6AEwA3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=hadlock%20mountain%20name%20maine&f=false,,
74,Acadia,Schoodic Head,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","the peninsula marking the eastern end of Frenchman Bay is still known as Schoodic, a word that has been variously interpreted as Mi’kmaq for “the end” (eskwodek) or as Passamaquoddy (eastern Etchemin) for “the burnt place” (scoudiac).32",https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/acad/wabanaki_peoples_vol1.pdf,,
75,Acadia,Schoodic Institute and Welcome Center,Infrastructure,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","the peninsula marking the eastern end of Frenchman Bay is still known as Schoodic, a word that has been variously interpreted as Mi’kmaq for “the end” (eskwodek) or as Passamaquoddy (eastern Etchemin) for “the burnt place” (scoudiac).32",https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/acad/wabanaki_peoples_vol1.pdf,,
76,Acadia,Schoodic Island,Island,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","the peninsula marking the eastern end of Frenchman Bay is still known as Schoodic, a word that has been variously interpreted as Mi’kmaq for “the end” (eskwodek) or as Passamaquoddy (eastern Etchemin) for “the burnt place” (scoudiac).32",https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/acad/wabanaki_peoples_vol1.pdf,,
77,Acadia,Schoodic Peninsula,Park region,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","the peninsula marking the eastern end of Frenchman Bay is still known as Schoodic, a word that has been variously interpreted as Mi’kmaq for “the end” (eskwodek) or as Passamaquoddy (eastern Etchemin) for “the burnt place” (scoudiac).32",https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/acad/wabanaki_peoples_vol1.pdf,,
78,Acadia,Schoodic Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","the peninsula marking the eastern end of Frenchman Bay is still known as Schoodic, a word that has been variously interpreted as Mi’kmaq for “the end” (eskwodek) or as Passamaquoddy (eastern Etchemin) for “the burnt place” (scoudiac).32",https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/acad/wabanaki_peoples_vol1.pdf,,
79,Acadia,Schoodic Woods Campground,Campground,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","the peninsula marking the eastern end of Frenchman Bay is still known as Schoodic, a word that has been variously interpreted as Mi’kmaq for “the end” (eskwodek) or as Passamaquoddy (eastern Etchemin) for “the burnt place” (scoudiac).32",https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/acad/wabanaki_peoples_vol1.pdf,,
80,Acadia,Seal Cove Pond,Lake,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
81,Acadia,Seawall Campground,Campground,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
82,Acadia,Sheep Porcupine Island,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The Porcupine Islands, named for their resemblance to a group of porcupines, in Frenchman Bay off the coast of Bar Harbor. The islands are Sheep Porcupine Island, Burnt Porcupine Island, Long Porcupine Island and Bald Porcupine Island.",https://swhplibrary.net/digitalarchive/items/show/8731,,
83,Acadia,Sieur de Monts Entrance,Infrastructure,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","got its name from Pierre Du Gua de Monts, an early 1600's Lieutenant Governor of New France who was commissioned by King Henry IV in 1603. The King directed Sieur de Monts “to establish the name, power, and authority of the King of France; to summon the natives to a knowledge of the Christian religion; to people, cultivate, and settle the said lands; to make explorations and especially to seek out mines of precious metals.” At that time, Lieutenant Governor Sieur de Monts had authority over all of North America between the 40th and 46th parallels (from Montreal to present day Philadelphia). Even though de Monts was a colonizer to say the least, this settler-made structure did not have an IPN.",https://acadiamagic.com/sieur-de-monts-spring.html,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Dugua,_Sieur_de_Mons",
84,Acadia,South Bubble,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","These two almost perfectly rounded mountains at the head of Jordan Pond were earlier known as the Boobies or Bubbies, for obvious reasons. The Twin Hills and The Bubbles were more respectable alterantive names....Native Americans who visited the island each summer had their own tale of how The Bubbles originated uring a terrible battle between a good got and an evil god. One of them stood on Sargent Mountain and the other on Pemetic Mountain, and they squared off for a great duel. During the ensuing battle the evil god fell from this mountain and on his way down tore two mounds of rock off the cliff. These great slabs, which became the two Bubbles, landed on the evil god, burying him forever. The good god became the victor and peace came to the valley.",Pinkham 2009; The Mountains of Maine: Intriguing Stories Behind Their Names https://books.google.com/books?id=w3oYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT71&lpg=PT71&dq=hadlock+mountain+name+maine&source=bl&ots=lol3aFPYUc&sig=ACfU3U2YrdR1Oxf79W-deHE9vY8oS4YseQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP2vrzxLrkAhUunq0KHVYlAooQ6AEwA3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=hadlock%20mountain%20name%20maine&f=false,,
85,Acadia,St. Sauveur Mountain,Mountain,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Local legend tells how a somewhat crazy and senile woman from Somesville climbed to the summit of this mountain with her dog. Because the smaller mountain below had been named Flying Mountain, she hurled the poor dog off the cliff to see if he would fly down to the other moutnain. Unfortunately for the dog, her attempt to defy gravity did not work. For many years, this peak was known as Dog Mountain for that unlucky canine. It was renamed to commemorate the failed Jesuit mission on Fernald Point nearby. Father Biard and his small band who settled there in 1613 had been connected to St. Sauveur Church in France and had christened their new home with the same name. the name in English means 'Holy Savior'. A mission = colonialism, as in the process of colonizing, not in this case, an individual profiting directly from natural resource extraction.",Pinkham 2009; The Mountains of Maine: Intriguing Stories Behind Their Names https://books.google.com/books?id=w3oYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT71&lpg=PT71&dq=hadlock+mountain+name+maine&source=bl&ots=lol3aFPYUc&sig=ACfU3U2YrdR1Oxf79W-deHE9vY8oS4YseQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP2vrzxLrkAhUunq0KHVYlAooQ6AEwA3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=hadlock%20mountain%20name%20maine&f=false,,
86,Acadia,The Anvil,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,https://www.chimani.com/park/poi.html?id=9297#sthash.8JG2Dr1z.dpbs,,
87,Acadia,The Beehive,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Fredrick Edwin Church, student of renowed painter Thomas Cole, first visited Mountain Desert Island in 1850. He gave this conical-shaped pinnacle its current name due to its resemblance to an old-fashioned straw beehive (skep) when viewed from the south. ",Pinkham 2009; The Mountains of Maine: Intriguing Stories Behind Their Names https://books.google.com/books?id=w3oYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT71&lpg=PT71&dq=hadlock+mountain+name+maine&source=bl&ots=lol3aFPYUc&sig=ACfU3U2YrdR1Oxf79W-deHE9vY8oS4YseQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP2vrzxLrkAhUunq0KHVYlAooQ6AEwA3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=hadlock%20mountain%20name%20maine&f=false,,
88,Acadia,The Tarn,Lake,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive (tarn=a small mountain lake),NA,,
89,Acadia,The Thrumcap (Island),Island,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",“‘Thrum’  is a word from the weaving community and it means the short ends after the weaving has been taken off the loom. And so these rocky little islands with some growth on top are often called ‘thrumcap.’ ”,https://jenniferbooher.com/wp-walking/bonus-post-whats-a-thrumcap/,,
90,Acadia,The Triad,Mountain,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","It has one main peak and two smaller peaks on its western ridge, making three summits, hence the name",Pinkham 2009; The Mountains of Maine: Intriguing Stories Behind Their Names https://books.google.com/books?id=w3oYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT71&lpg=PT71&dq=hadlock+mountain+name+maine&source=bl&ots=lol3aFPYUc&sig=ACfU3U2YrdR1Oxf79W-deHE9vY8oS4YseQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP2vrzxLrkAhUunq0KHVYlAooQ6AEwA3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=hadlock%20mountain%20name%20maine&f=false,,
91,Acadia,Thompson Island Information Center,Infrastructure,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Originally called Bark Island, Thompson Island derives its name from Cornelius Thompson, a Revolutionary War colonel who owned the island in the late 1700s. A few years later, Thompson’s son William operated a ferry service between the mainland and the island. Foot passengers were charged ten cents for the ride.",https://downeastacadia.com/story/thompson-island,,
92,Acadia,Thunder Hole Bus stop,Infrastructure,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Thunder Hole is the place in Acadia National Park to experience the thunder of the sea against the rocky shores of Maine! On calm days you may wonder what the fuss is all about. But wait until the waves kick up a few notches. Thunder Hole is a small inlet, naturally carved out of the rocks, where the waves roll into. At the end of this inlet, down low, is a small cavern where, when the rush of the wave arrives, air and water is forced out like a clap of distant thunder. Water may spout as high as 40 feet with a thunderous roar! Hence the name: Thunder Hole.",https://acadiamagic.com/ThunderHole.html,,
93,Acadia,Upper Hadlock Pond,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Samuel Hadlock moved his family to Norweast Harbor iin 1785, and built a sawmill at the outlet of Lower Hadlock Pond. His venture was short-lived, for in 1789 he got into a fight with a drunken visitor named Eliab Littlefield Gott. It appears tha the may only have been defending himself against the younger and stronger man, but newspapers of the day indicate that he was indicted, tried, convicted, and hanged for killing Gott. Hadlock's son Samuel, Jr. continued to run the lumber business until the mill burned...The Upper and Lower Hadlock Ponds were named for this family and nearby Bald Mountain was once known as Hadlock Mountain",Pinkham 2009; The Mountains of Maine: Intriguing Stories Behind Their Names https://books.google.com/books?id=w3oYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT71&lpg=PT71&dq=hadlock+mountain+name+maine&source=bl&ots=lol3aFPYUc&sig=ACfU3U2YrdR1Oxf79W-deHE9vY8oS4YseQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP2vrzxLrkAhUunq0KHVYlAooQ6AEwA3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=hadlock%20mountain%20name%20maine&f=false,,
94,Acadia,Western Ear,Park region,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
95,Acadia,Western Head,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
96,Acadia,Western Mountain,Mountain,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The largest mountain on the western quadrant of Mount Desert Island, and is actually a range of hills rather than a single mountain.",Pinkham 2009; The Mountains of Maine: Intriguing Stories Behind Their Names https://books.google.com/books?id=w3oYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT71&lpg=PT71&dq=hadlock+mountain+name+maine&source=bl&ots=lol3aFPYUc&sig=ACfU3U2YrdR1Oxf79W-deHE9vY8oS4YseQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP2vrzxLrkAhUunq0KHVYlAooQ6AEwA3oECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=hadlock%20mountain%20name%20maine&f=false,,
97,Acadia,Wild Gardens of Acadia,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
98,Acadia,Wildwood Stables bustop,Infrastructure,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Bus stop named for Wildwood Stables. They provide a variety of daily horse-drawn carriage rides & tours from end of May through mid-October of each year. Tours follow the famous and scenic carriage roads that were originally constructed by John D. Rockefeller between 1913 and 1940.,https://acadiamagic.com/wildwood-stables.html,,
99,Acadia,Witch Hole Pond,Lake,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","One of the most mysterious aspects about Witch Hole Pond is its name, which has changed slightly since the earliest records in the late 1800s. The above property map from 1887 names it ""Pond or Witch Hollow,"" a railroad tourism document names it ""Witch Hollow,"" and a map from 1893 shows the first use of ""The Witch Hole."" A railroad map from 1900 again names it ""The Pond of Witch Hollow,"" but most maps from 1900 used ""The Witch Hole"" until the name ""Witch Hole Pond"" became permanent after the time of the creation of the national park. (Photo left from Library of Congress, Jet Lowe,1994). But this does not explain where the name Witch Hollow came from in the first place. One suggestion comes from tall evergreens that used to shroud the banks of the pond before the 1947, which could have given the pond quite an eerie feeling. The origin of the name is hidden in history and has been attempted to be explained by numerous legends or stories, many of which, according to a local historian, are not at all sensible. One story is told as follows: Another long explanation appearing in the Mount Desert Herald (Legends 1885) involved a Josiah Doane, formerly of Ipswich, Massachusetts, who passed through the area one dark night, following an evening’s revelry in Somesville. Doane was abducted to witness a wedding of one Ralph Seton and his bride. The marriage was challenged by Ruben Hayward, presumed to have been killed by Seton some five years earlier. In attempting to finish the job by knife, Seton was shot by Hayward. Josiah Doane finally made his way home about sunrise; later that same day he was unable to find the wedding house, it having mysteriously disappeared. (H. Raup, personal communication, October 4, 19, 2015)",https://sites.google.com/a/coa.edu/witch-hole-pond/history,,NA
100,Acadia,Wonderland,Trail,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive or lyrical,NA,,
101,Big Bend,Alamo Creek,River,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Also known as Alamo Cesario Creek. A band of MEscalero Apaches had been on a raid into Mexico where they captured a Mexican girl named Cesaria. They carried her to their camp near Agua Fria Creek which runs into Alamo Cesaria Creek. While unloading their plunder, they tied their captive to a cottonwood tree which the Mexicans call ""alamo"".",Madison 1955,,NA
102,Big Bend,Big Bend National Park,Park,,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",name derives from the big bend in the Rio Grande River (the bend in the southern boundary of Texas with Mexico),https://www.nps.gov/bibe/learn/management/statistics.htm,,NA
103,Big Bend,Balanced Rock,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Large rock balanced and suspended overhead by two other rocks.,https://www.hikingproject.com/gem/96/balanced-rock,,NA
104,Big Bend,Black Dike,Campground,Mineral,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The forces that erupted the Chisos through thousands of feet of sedimentary rock are evident at Black Dike where a finger of magma (called a dike) once intruded softer rock. That soft rock has eroded away, leaving the blackish basalt standing alone. Black Dike is named for the volcanic dike that crosses the river nearby.",https://www.nps.gov/bibe/planyourvisit/campsite_blackdike.htm,,NA
105,Big Bend,Blue Creek,River,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Blue Creek and Blue Mountain are so named because of the color of the rocks, and because a blue haze seems to surround them",Madison 1955,,NA
106,Big Bend,Boquillas Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Boquillas is the Spanish word for ""little mouths"" and the name was given because of the narrowness of the canyon with its straight up-and-down walls of almost 2,000 feet. Bocquillas, a Mexican village near the canyon, was once an important and prosperous mining village.",Madison 1955,,NA
107,Big Bend,Boquillas Canyon Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Overlooks the Boquillas Canyon. Boquillas is the Spanish word for ""little mouths"" and the name was given because of the narrowness of the canyon with its straight up-and-down walls of almost 2,000 feet. Bocquillas, a Mexican village near the canyon, was once an important and prosperous mining village.",Madison 1955,,NA
108,Big Bend,Boquillas Canyon Trail,Trail,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Boquillas is the Spanish word for ""little mouths"" and the name was given because of the narrowness of the canyon with its straight up-and-down walls of almost 2,000 feet. Bocquillas, a Mexican village near the canyon, was once an important and prosperous mining village.",Madison 1955,,NA
109,Big Bend,Buenos Aires,Campground,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","near Buenos Aires trail and the old community of Buenos Aires that was integrated into Castolon. Means ""good air""",https://www.trails.com/us/tx/big-bend-national-park/buenos-aires,https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hrc31,NA
110,Big Bend,Burro Mesa,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Its name derives from the many wild burros that once wandered and grazed there.,https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rjb85,,NA
111,Big Bend,Burro Mesa Pouroff,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Narrow box canyon where water has carved a deep channel into Burro Mesa.,https://www.nps.gov/bibe/planyourvisit/desert_hikes.htm,,NA
112,Big Bend,Camp Chilicotal,Campground,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for Chilicotal Mountain nearby. Chilicote is the Spanish name for the coral bean bushes found on the mountain.,https://stopandvisittx.com/scenic-drives-big-bend-national-park/,,NA
113,Big Bend,Camp de Leon,Campground,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Possibly named for the unsolved murder of Juan de Leon in the park in 1932.,https://www.nps.gov/bibe/learn/historyculture/juan-de-leon.htm,,NA
114,Big Bend,Candelilla,Campground,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Candelilla is a flowering plant native to Texas, New Mexico, and multiple Mexican provinces.",https://www.nps.gov/articles/big-bend-wax-camps.htm,,NA
115,Big Bend,Casa Grande,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Dominates the major part of the Sierra, is so called because of its peculiar shape which gives the impression of an old abandoned castle still showing its turrets on the main wall.",Madison and Stillwell 1997,,NA
116,Big Bend,Castolon,Visitor Center,Unknown,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Formerly known as Santa Helena. The establishment of the post office in Castolon also marked the change of the community's name to Castolon, derived from the nearby Cerro Castellan; there was already another post office in Texas called Santa Helena. The name Cerro Castellan seems to mean ""castle-warden's hill."" Madison and Stillwell: In the early days an old man named Castulo lived by a little spring in the vicinity and the name Castolon derives from his name, Castellan being a corruption of Castolon.",https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hrc31,https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rjc30,NA
117,Big Bend,Castolon/Santa Elena Junction,Infrastructure,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for the community of Castolon, which was formerly known as Santa Helena. From my research, it seems like this name is arbitrary",https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hrc31,,NA
118,Big Bend,Cerro Castellan,Mountain,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","In the early days an old man named Castulo lived by a little spring in the vicinity and the name of the settlement, Castolon, derives from his name, Castellan being a corruption of Castolon. OR . The name Cerro Castellan seems to mean ""castle-warden's hill.""",Madison and Stillwell 1997,https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hrc31,NA
119,Big Bend,Chilicotal Mountain,Mountain,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",named for chilicotal plant,https://stopandvisittx.com/scenic-drives-big-bend-national-park/,,NA
120,Big Bend,Chimneys Trail,Trail,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",A moderate hike to a series of prominent volcanic dike formations that resemble chimneys.,https://www.nps.gov/bibe/planyourvisit/desert_hikes.htm,,NA
121,Big Bend,Chisos Basin Visitor Center,Visitor Center,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,NA,unclear,no,NA,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Maybe: The name is of Castillian (Spanish) origin from the word ""hechizos"" meaning ""enchantment"" (Madison and Stillwell 1997). OR The Chisos Indians who lived there were likely Apaches, commonly called chishi in their language. It appears that Chizos or Chisos is a Spanish pluralization of the Apachean word chishi, which means 'people of the forest'.       From wikipedia (from Encyclopedia Britannica). Honoring a group of people. Unclear if the word is western or Indigenous, competing theories, so problem = no info",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisos_Mountains,Madison and Stillwell 1997,
122,Big Bend,Chisos Mountains,Mountain,Unknown,Natural,NA,unclear,no,NA,People,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Maybe: The name is of Castillian (Spanish) origin from the word ""hechizos"" meaning ""enchantment"" (Madison and Stillwell 1997). OR The Chisos Indians who lived there were likely Apaches, commonly called chishi in their language. It appears that Chizos or Chisos is a Spanish pluralization of the Apachean word chishi, which means 'people of the forest'.       From wikipedia (from Encyclopedia Britannica). Honoring a group of people. Unclear if the word is western or Indigenous, competing theories, so problem = no info; erasure = potentially.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisos_Mountains,Madison and Stillwell 1997,NA
123,Big Bend,Chisos Mountains Basin Junction,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Unknown,Human-constructed,NA,unclear,no,NA,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Maybe: The name is of Castillian (Spanish) origin from the word ""hechizos"" meaning ""enchantment"" (Madison and Stillwell 1997). OR The Chisos Indians who lived there were likely Apaches, commonly called chishi in their language. It appears that Chizos or Chisos is a Spanish pluralization of the Apachean word chishi, which means 'people of the forest'.       From wikipedia (from Encyclopedia Britannica). Honoring a group of people. Unclear if the word is western or Indigenous, competing theories, so problem = no info",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisos_Mountains,Madison and Stillwell 1997,
124,Big Bend,Chisos Mountains Lodge,Lodge,Unknown,Human-constructed,NA,unclear,no,NA,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Maybe: The name is of Castillian (Spanish) origin from the word ""hechizos"" meaning ""enchantment"" (Madison and Stillwell 1997). OR The Chisos Indians who lived there were likely Apaches, commonly called chishi in their language. It appears that Chizos or Chisos is a Spanish pluralization of the Apachean word chishi, which means 'people of the forest'.       From wikipedia (from Encyclopedia Britannica). Honoring a group of people. Unclear if the word is western or Indigenous, competing theories, so problem = no info",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisos_Mountains,Madison and Stillwell 1997,
125,Big Bend,Cottonwood,Campground,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Shaded with Cottonwoods,https://www.nps.gov/bibe/planyourvisit/cottonwood_campground.htm,,NA
126,Big Bend,Cross Canyon Trail,Trail,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Crosses the Mariscal Canyon and provides hikers access to the Rio Grande,https://www.alltrails.com/trail/us/texas/cross-canyon-trail--3,,NA
127,Big Bend,Croton Peak,Mountain,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Croton is an extensive flowering plant genus in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. The Croton Spring is at the base of the mountain.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croton_(plant),,NA
128,Big Bend,Croton Spring,River,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Croton is an extensive flowering plant genus in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croton_(plant),,NA
129,Big Bend,Dagger Flat,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",A small valley with a forest of giant dagger yuccas,https://www.nps.gov/bibe/planyourvisit/improved-dirt-roads.htm,,NA
130,Big Bend,Dagger Flat Auto Trail,Trail,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",This road winds eastward to a small valley with a forest of giant dagger yuccas.,https://www.nps.gov/bibe/planyourvisit/improved-dirt-roads.htm,,NA
131,Big Bend,Dagger Mountain,Mountain,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Dagger Mountain is named for giant daggers, a yucca cariety that grows several meters tall, which are abundant on higher elevations of the peak.",Maxwell 1968,,NA
132,Big Bend,Daniels Ranch,Cultural heritage (Western),Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for John R. Daniels and Mary Coe Daniels of Presdisio. The Daniels lived here when the park was established and were the last known inhabitants.  They bought the land in 1937, after several different owners--suggests not colonialism.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniels_Farm_House,,NA
133,Big Bend,Dodson Trail,Trail,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",This trail leads to the ruins of the Dodson ranch and nearby the Dodson Spring,https://www.nps.gov/bibe/planyourvisit/oml-itinerary.htm,,NA
134,Big Bend,Dog Canyon Trail,Trail,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Trail that traverses Dog Canyon. Named after early settlers found a wagon and ox team with a dog gaurding them. There was no trace of the owner.,Madison 1955,,NA
135,Big Bend,Dogie Mountain,Mountain,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",A dogie is a motherless or neglected calf. This mountain a nod to the livestock in the area,https://www.google.com/search?q=dogie&rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS797US797&oq=dogie&aqs=chrome..69i57j35i39l2j0l3.4525j1j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8,https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/geology/publications/state/tx/1968-7/intro.htm,NA
136,Big Bend,Dominguez,Campground,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Near the base of the Dominguez Mountain, which was named for Félix Dominguez, whose cattle grazed in this part of the Big Bend in the 1890s.",Parent 2005,,NA
137,Big Bend,Dorgan House Trail,Trail,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The National Parks Service had to turn this area into an official trail since the ruins of the old ranch could be seen by passersby on Ross Maxwell Scenic Drive. People would see the ruins, stop their cars and make their own paths through the brush to explore the site. The Dorgan house belonged to Albert W. Dorgan of Castolon, Texas, who was a landscape architect.",http://www.treksw.com/dorgan-sublett-trail-big-bend-national-park/,http://www.forgottenfrontiers.com/big-bend-revealed,NA
138,Big Bend,Dugout Wells,Cultural heritage (Western),Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",a historic desert oasis spring,http://www.treksw.com/chihuahuan-desert-nature-trail-big-bend-national-park/,,NA
139,Big Bend,Elephant Tusk,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",A peak in the Chisos Mountains which is named for its resemblance to an elephant's tusk,Madison 1955,,NA
140,Big Bend,Emory Peak,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Major W.H. Emory, commissioner of the US-Mexico boundary survey in 1852, which established the Rio Grande as the boundary line between the US and Mexico.",Madison 1955,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Emory#Mexican%E2%80%93American_War_and_Gadsden_Purchase,NA
141,Big Bend,Entrance Station,Infrastructure,Title,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Where patrons purchase entrance into the park,https://www.nps.gov/bibe/planyourvisit/fees.htm,,NA
142,Big Bend,Ernst Basin,Valley,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Max Ernst, who served as Justice of the Peace when he was shot in the back on Old Ore Road in this area.",http://prism-redfern.org/bbvirtualtrip/ernst/ernst.html,,NA
143,Big Bend,Ernst Tinaja,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Tinajas are hollows in bedrock along stream beds where water can collect. A deep tinaja, like the Ernst, can be a deadly trap when an animal that accidentally falls in cannot get out. Apparently, at least one human (and possibly more) have drowned here. Named specifically for Max Ernst who served as Justice of the Peace when he was shot in the back while traveling on the Old Ore Road.",http://prism-redfern.org/bbvirtualtrip/ernst/ernst.html,,NA
144,Big Bend,Ernst Valley,Valley,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Max Ernst, who served as Justice of the Peace when he was shot in the back on Old Ore Road in this area.",http://prism-redfern.org/bbvirtualtrip/ernst/ernst.html,,NA
145,Big Bend,Fossil Discover Exhibit,Visitor Center,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","At the Fossil Discovery Exhibit visitors can experience the changes to Big Bend's plants and animals, and the world they lived in, through 130 million years of geologic time. Specimens from Big Bend's remarkable fossil record and vivid artwork illustrate the fascinating story of Big Bend's ancient life.",https://www.nps.gov/bibe/planyourvisit/fossil-discovery-exhibit.htm,,NA
146,Big Bend,Fresno,Campground,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","fresno is ""ash tree""","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno,_California",,NA
147,Big Bend,Gauging Station,Campground,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",An IBWC river gauging station is nearby. Readings of river flow have been taken here since1936. (explanation for IBWC not given),https://www.nps.gov/bibe/planyourvisit/campsite_gaugingstation.htm,,NA
148,Big Bend,Glenn Spring,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","named for an old settler who grazed a herd of horses in that section. To provide a better water supply for his horses he dug out and enlarged the spring. Subsequently he was killed near the springs by Indians or Mexicans. A raid was carried out at the springs in 1916 and as a result of the murders and destruction by Mexican bandits, hard feeling between the population groups in the Big Bend lasted for years.",Madison 1955,,NA
149,Big Bend,Goat Mountain,Mountain,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",likely named for the goat ranches in the area,https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/american_latino_heritage/Big_Bend_National_Park.html,,NA
150,Big Bend,Government Spring,Lake,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information,NA,,NA
151,Big Bend,Grapevine Spring,Lake,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for the Grapevine Hills, named for the wild grapes that grew there",Madison and Stillwell 1997,,NA
152,Big Bend,Gravel Pit,Campground,Mineral,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",It appears that this campsite is in a valley or flat that contains gravel,https://www.nps.gov/bibe/planyourvisit/campsites_gravelpit.htm,,NA
153,Big Bend,Hannold Draw,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Unknown,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Curits and Nina Hannold were pioneer homesteaders, Nina's grave is near the campsite.--source is a photo someone took of the interpretive sign at the site.",https://www.google.com/maps/uv?hl=en&pb=!1s0x86f2227bfe22f979%3A0xcdcee08a6b4bdc67!2m22!2m2!1i80!2i80!3m1!2i20!16m16!1b1!2m2!1m1!1e1!2m2!1m1!1e3!2m2!1m1!1e5!2m2!1m1!1e4!2m2!1m1!1e6!3m1!7e115!4shttps%3A%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipN3PDCvTdoitG91iDaBGG4lEWNvc4pN382JjWrR%3Dw239-h160-k-no!5sHannold%20draw%20big%20bend%20-%20Google%20Search&imagekey=!1e10!2sAF1QipP2Gz02P870yXcgrDWfva9tvtJObmSLBnbJro0g&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjR267CiPzjAhVIAZ0JHbUIBFQQoiowE3oECA4QBg,,NA
154,Big Bend,Homer Wilson Ranch,Cultural heritage (Western),Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Established by Homer Wilson, a WW1 veteran, in 1929.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer_Wilson_Ranch,,NA
155,Big Bend,Hot Springs,Visitor Center,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Preserves a rich history of human occupation from thousands of years ago to the not-so-distant past. Named for the nearby natural hot springs.,https://www.nps.gov/bibe/planyourvisit/soakinthesprings.htm,,NA
156,Big Bend,Javelina Wash,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Javelina is an animal, no information on why this wash was given this name, likely a literal reference to the animal in the area",https://www.desertmuseum.org/kids/oz/long-fact-sheets/Javelina.php,,NA
157,Big Bend,Johnson Ranch,Campground,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Elmo and Ada Johnson established their ranch and trading post on the banks of the Rio Grande in 1927. In response to events following the 1929 Escobar Rebellion in Mexico, an airfield was established at Johnson's Ranch. When the National Parks Service aquired this land, they demolished the airfield and constructed a campground. Around the beginning of the 18th century (1700 CE), the Mescalero Apaches began to invade the Big Bend region, eventually displacing or absorbing the Chisos Indians. The last aboriginal group to use the Big Bend was the Comanche who passed through along the Great Comanche Trail on their way to and from periodic raids into the Mexican interior. These raids continued until the mid-1800s. Johnson Ranch is colonialism even though Indigenous people removed by mid-1800s, removal had to happen for the ranch to be possible.",https://www.nps.gov/bibe/learn/historyculture/johnsonsranch.htm,Madison and Stillwell 1997,NA
158,Big Bend,Juniper Canyon Trail,Trail,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
159,Big Bend,K-Bar,Campground,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","K-Bar is a Texas Electric Company. From my research, it seems that K-Bar road runs past one of these facilities and the K-Bar campground is on this road. Electrical lines are visible from the campsite.",https://kbar-inc.com/,https://www.nps.gov/bibe/planyourvisit/campsite_k-bar.htm,NA
160,Big Bend,La Clocha,Campground,Unknown,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Not clear. Possibly a corrupted translation of the word ""cloche""-- a cover for bread or food or a woman's hat, bell shaped. Perhaps there is a formation in the vicinity that is this shape.",NA,,NA
161,Big Bend,La Noria,Campground,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Scattered remains of the La Noria settlement are near that La Noria campsites. La Noria means ""the well"" . La Noria was a farming community established around 1900 by Max A. Ernst. Spanish for well, La Noria refers to the spectacular tinaja (now called Ernst Tinaja) located nearby. The town of La Noria was an important area for local residents, with a store, post office, and school located there. After the Mexican Revolution began in 1910, the U.S. Army established a camp at La Noria to patrol the border and provide protection from bandit raids. Not much remains at the La Noria site today, but building foundations and other evi- dence can be seen by the careful observer",https://www.nps.gov/bibe/planyourvisit/campsite_la-noria.htm,http://www.npshistory.com/publications/bibe/newspaper/v23n2.pdf,NA
162,Big Bend,Loop Camp,Campground,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
163,Big Bend,Lost Mine Peak,Mountain,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Early Spanish explorers of the Southwest, in their fervent search for gold and other riches, discovered and developed many mines. According to legend, a rich ore body was discovered on the highest point of Lost Mine Peak. The Comanche Indians, who resented the Spaniards' invasion of their homeland and hunting grounds, attacked and killed them to the last man. Their last act was to seal the mine entrance to prevent further exploitation, i.e. make it ""lost"". Potentially a translation of the Comanche's name but not clear.",https://www.nps.gov/bibe/learn/historyculture/upload/lmt_1956.pdf,,NA
164,Big Bend,Lost Mine Trail,Trail,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Early Spanish explorers of the Southwest, in their fervent search for gold and other riches, discovered and developed many mines. According to legend, a rich ore body was discovered on the highest point of Lost Mine Peak. The Comanche Indians, who resented the Spaniards' invasion of their homeland and hunting grounds, attacked and killed htem to the last man. The last act was to seal the mine entrance to prevent further exploitation.",https://www.nps.gov/bibe/learn/historyculture/upload/lmt_1956.pdf,,NA
165,Big Bend,Luna's Jacal,Cultural heritage (Western),Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Luna was a person who build a jacal, (a Jacal is a wattle and daub structure used as a home, typically found in the Desert Southwest).",http://www.treksw.com/lunas-jacal-big-bend-national-park/,,NA
166,Big Bend,Mariscal Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Mariscal Canyon cut through a mountain by the same name and on the north end of this mountain there used to be a settlement called Mariscal. The Spanish word mariscal means ""marshal"" or ""blacksmith""; and some say it is used to denote ""an important person"", and that it was named for Albino Villa Alfelias, an Indian fighter.",Madison 1955,https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/mariscal-mountain,NA
167,Big Bend,Mariscal Canyon Rim Trail,Trail,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Mariscal Canyon cut through a mountain by the same name and on the north end of this mountain there used to be a settlement called Mariscal. The Spanish word mariscal means ""marshal"" or ""blacksmith""; and some say it is used to denote ""an important person"", and that it was named for Albino Villa Alfelias, an Indian fighter.  Competing theories / unknown name origin.",Madison 1955,,NA
168,Big Bend,Mariscal Mine,Cultural heritage (Western),Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Mariscal Canyon cut through a mountain by the same name and on the north end of this mountain there used to be a settlement called Mariscal. The Spanish word mariscal means ""marshal"" or ""blacksmith""; and some say it is used to denote ""an important person"", and that it was named for Albino Villa Alfelias, an Indian fighter.",Madison 1955,,NA
169,Big Bend,Mariscal Mountain,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","On the north end of this mountain there used to be a settlement called Mariscal. The Spanish word mariscal means ""marshal"" or ""blacksmith"" and is used to denote an important person. It is thought that this is named for Albino Villa Alfelias, an Indian fighter.",Madison 1955,https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/mariscal-mountain,NA
170,Big Bend,Marufo Vega Loop Trail,Trail,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Named after Gregorio Marufo who once grazed goats along the Rio Grande,https://www.nps.gov/bibe/planyourvisit/bc_marufovega.htm,,NA
171,Big Bend,Maverick Junction,Infrastructure,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Could be named after the definition of maverick that describes an unbranded range animal, especially a motherless calf",https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/maverick,https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/geology/publications/state/tx/1968-7/intro.htm,NA
172,Big Bend,McKinney Spring,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","A spring in the McKinney Hills. The spring and the namesake community were named in the 1880s for rancher E. L. Gage's foreman T. Devine McKinney, whose later discovery of a major cinnabar deposit near Terlingua helped make that town the leading mercury producer in the nation.",https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hvm63,,NA
173,Big Bend,Mesa de Anguila,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","The name Mesa de Anguila has several possible origins. Spanish anguila means ""eel,"" but ""Mesa of the Eel"" is hard to explain. The name may have come from a Spanish ángel (""angel"") or águila (""eagle""). Yet another possibility occurs in a folk take that claims the name referred to a Comanche, Angulo, who was allegedly the last of his people in the region. According to the tale, Angula lived in caves on the mesa and in Santa Elena Canyon, which were known as las cuevas de Angulo.",https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rjm45,,NA
174,Big Bend,Mule Ears Spring,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for distinctive appearance,https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rjm42,,NA
175,Big Bend,Mule Ears Peaks,Mountain,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for distinctive appearance; look just like mule's ears,https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rjm42,Madison and Stillwell 1997,NA
176,Big Bend,Mule Ears View Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for distinctive appearance,https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rjm42,,NA
177,Big Bend,Nine Point Draw,Campground,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Originates in numerous dry washes on the east side of Packsaddle Mountain and passes between Nine Point Mesa and the Christmas Mountains.,https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rbn22,,NA
178,Big Bend,Nugent Mountain,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for a man who once lived there. Not clear if man gained from extracting resources there, not colonialism.",Madison and Stillwell 1997,,NA
179,Big Bend,Ocotillo Grove,Campground,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Ocotillo is a flowering spiny shrub characteristic of rocky deserts from western Texas to southern California and southward into Mexico.,https://www.britannica.com/plant/ocotillo,,NA
180,Big Bend,Ore Terminal Trail,Trail,Mineral,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The trail follows the steel cable used to transport ore on the aerial tramway for much of the way.,http://www.hikingtrailhead.com/Locations/ShowLocation.aspx?LocationID=17756,,NA
181,Big Bend,Paint Gap,Campground,Unknown,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for the brilliant coloring of the Paint Gap Hills,Madison and Stillwell 1997,,NA
182,Big Bend,Paint Gap Hills,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for their brilliant coloring,Madison and Stillwell 1997,,NA
183,Big Bend,Panther Junction Visitor Center,Visitor Center,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Located on Panther Junction, which is named for Panther Peak",https://www.nps.gov/bibe/planyourvisit/visitorcenters.htm,,NA
184,Big Bend,Panther Peak,Mountain,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",May have been named after a mountain-lion hunt led by the legendary Brewster County cowman Will James,https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rjp11,,NA
185,Big Bend,Pena Mountain,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Peña, meaning ""rocky outcrop"" or ""rocky summit"" in Spanish",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C3%B1a,,NA
186,Big Bend,Persimmon Gap Visitor Center,Visitor Center,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for Persimmon Peak and Persimmon Gap. Persimmon is the edible fruit of a number of species of trees in the genus Diospyros.,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persimmon,,NA
187,Big Bend,Pine Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",the canyon is named for its Ponderosa pines. The forest is a relic of the last ice age.,https://www.nps.gov/bibe/planyourvisit/campsites_pinecanyon.htm,,NA
188,Big Bend,Pine Canyon Trail,Trail,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Trail traverses the Pine Canyon, which is named for its ponderosa pines.",https://www.nps.gov/bibe/planyourvisit/campsites_pinecanyon.htm,,NA
189,Big Bend,Pummel Peak,Mountain,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Resembles the pommel (or pummel) of a saddle,Madison 1955,,NA
190,Big Bend,Punta de la Sierra,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",translates to the point or tip of the mountain range,https://www.spanishdict.com/answers/143780/what-does-punta-mean-from-spanish-to-english,https://www.google.com/search?q=sierra+meaning+spanish&rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS797US797&oq=sierra+meaning&aqs=chrome.2.69i57j0l5.4978j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8,NA
191,Big Bend,Rattlesnake Mountain,Mountain,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Many rattlesnakes are found in the caves and among the rocks there,Madison 1955,,NA
192,Big Bend,Rice Tank,Campground,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","This campsite it located next to an earthen ""tank/dam"" used to hold water for livestock during early ranching days.",https://www.nps.gov/bibe/planyourvisit/campsite_ricetank.htm,,NA
193,Big Bend,Rio Grande,River,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The Rio Grande (""Big River"") was named ""El Rio Bravo del Norte,"" or ""The fierce River of the North,"" by Spanish explorers in the 1500s.",https://www.americanrivers.org/river/rio-grande-river/,,NA
194,Big Bend,Rio Grande Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Overlooks the Rio Grande River, literal descriptive.",NA,,NA
195,Big Bend,Rio Grande Village Visitor Center,Visitor Center,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Near the Rio Grande Village. Named for the iconic river in the area,https://www.nps.gov/bibe/planyourvisit/visitorcenters.htm,,NA
196,Big Bend,Rio Grande Wild and Scenic River,River,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The National Park Service at the Rio Grande Wild and Scenic River preserves and protects free-flowing and natural and scenic conditions of the river and its immediate environment for the benefit and enjoyment of present and future generations. Rio Grande means ""big river""",https://www.nps.gov/rigr/planyourvisit/wildscenic.htm,https://www.americanrivers.org/river/rio-grande-river/,NA
197,Big Bend,Robbers Roost,Campground,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named in honor of the nearby home site of the same name, owned by Captain C.D. Wood, owner and operator of the Glenn Springs wax factory.",http://web.archive.org/web/20090416055551/http://www.nps.gov/bibe/planyourvisit/roadsidecamps_rr.htm,,NA
198,Big Bend,Rock Slide Rapids,River,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","This class IV rapid was created millions of years ago when a portion of the cliffs overhead collapsed and choked the river with house-sized boulders. Early explorers wrote about a painful portage around this great barrier, which they considered impossible to navigate.",https://www.bigbendrivertours.com/2SE.html,,NA
199,Big Bend,Rosillos Mountains,Mountain,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for their pinkish color,Madison 1955,,NA
200,Big Bend,Rosillos Peak,Mountain,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Tallest peak in the Rosillos Mountains,Madison 1955,,NA
201,Big Bend,Ross Maxwell Scenic Drive,Infrastructure,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Ross Maxwell (1904-1993) served as the first superintendent of Big Bend Naitonal Park from the establishment of the park in 1944 through 1952,https://www.nps.gov/bibe/learn/historyculture/rossmaxwell.htm,,NA
202,Big Bend,Rough Run,River,Unknown,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Unknown. But described as ""The stream initially passes through terrain with low hills and dense dissection with gullies. The land is bare of soil in places and is surfaced in others by shallow soils that support sparse vegetation. For most of the rest of its length the creek traverses steep to gently sloping terrain with variable soils that support scrub brush and sparse grasses."" Sounds like a rough stream to float or rough area to cross on foot?",https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rbrat,,NA
203,Big Bend,Roys Peak,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Roy Stillwell, who was among the first pioneers to take root in the Big Bend.",Madison 1955,,NA
204,Big Bend,Roys Peak Vista (Overlook),Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Roy Stillwell, who was among the first pioneers to take root in the Big Bend.",Madison 1955,,NA
205,Big Bend,Sam Nail Ranch,Cultural heritage (Western),Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Sam Nail was a rancher,https://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g60733-d3915543-i190968604-Sam_Nail_Ranch-Big_Bend_National_Park_Texas.html,,NA
206,Big Bend,Santa Elena,Village,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for the Santa Elena Canyon, which is believed to have been named after Saint Helena.",Madison 1955,,NA
207,Big Bend,Santa Elena Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Other - truly does not fit any other classes,"No info - not likely, no evidence","The Mexicans say that Louis Ramirez, an Indian fighter, named Santa Elena Canyon. It is believed to be named for Saint Helena, a native of Britain. Early maps used the name Santa Helena, but the 'H' is silent in the Spanish pronounciation and is probably why it was dropped in later maps. This canyon is one of BBNP's MAIN TOURIST ATTRACTIONS.",Madison 1955; Madison and Stillwell 1997,https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rks05,NA
208,Big Bend,Santa Elena Canyon Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The Mexicans say that Louis Ramirez, an Indian fighter, named Santa Elena Canyon. It is believed to be named for Saint Helena, a native of Britain. Early maps used the name Santa Helena, but the 'H' is silent in the Spanish pronounciation and is probably why it was dropped in later maps. This canyon is one of BBNP's MAIN TOURIST ATTRACTIONS.",Madison 1955; Madison and Stillwell 1997,https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rks05,NA
209,Big Bend,Santa Elena Canyon Trail,Trail,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The Mexicans say that Louis Ramirez, an Indian fighter, named Santa Elena Canyon. It is believed to be named for Saint Helena, a native of Britain. Early maps used the name Santa Helena, but the 'H' is silent in the Spanish pronounciation and is probably why it was dropped in later maps. This canyon is one of BBNP's MAIN TOURIST ATTRACTIONS.",Madison 1955; Madison and Stillwell 1997,https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rks05,NA
210,Big Bend,Santa Elena River Access,Infrastructure,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The Mexicans say that Louis Ramirez, an Indian fighter, named Santa Elena Canyon. It is believed to be named for Saint Helena, a native of Britain. Early maps used the name Santa Helena, but the 'H' is silent in the Spanish pronounciation and is probably why it was dropped in later maps. This canyon is one of BBNP's MAIN TOURIST ATTRACTIONS.",Madison 1955; Madison and Stillwell 1997,https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rks05,NA
211,Big Bend,Santiago Mountains,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","There are several possible explanations for this name. The first is that it was named for the son of a ninteenth-century Spanish soldier, a youth who set off in pursuit of a band of Indians who had stolen some cattle. He caught up with them and bravely engaged them in combat but the Indians killed him at the foot of the mountain which now bears his name. Another explanation holds that it honors the patron saint of the Spanish military order of Santiago (St. James). Yet another tells that a group of Indians under a chief named Santiago raided the Mexican village of San Carlos and escaped to the mountains.",https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rjs14,,NA
212,Big Bend,Sierra del Caballo Muerto,Mountain,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Sierra del Caballo Muerto is a segment or subrange of the Sierra del Carmen. The name means ""Dead Horse Range"".  Dead Horse Mountains is, in fact, the name most commonly applied by residents of the region to the entire del Carmen range on the Texas side of the river. The name has several possible origins: the most popular version cites an incident in 1881 in which a detachment of Texas Rangers under Capt. Charles L. Neville captured a number of Indian ponies in a canyon in those mountains and slaughtered them on the spot rather than permit their owners to recover them. A second story claims that two cowboys in the 1880s discovered a group of horses trapped in a canyon there. The cowboys, despite repeated attempts, were unable to rescue the horses and were instead forced to watch for a number of weeks as the horses starved to death (BM: sounds unlikely that they would stick around that long). Alternatively, several sources claim that government surveyor Arthur A. Stiles, who conducted a number of ""naming meetings"" with local residents in 1903 to designate regional place names, coined the name Caballo Muerto because his favorite saddle horse fell to its death from a high cliff in those mountains. It is also possible that the name originated with the eighteenth-century Spanish explorers who traversed the region.",https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rjs81,,
213,Big Bend,Sierra del Carmen,Mountain,Unknown,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","NA - this name when used in Spanish is usually a reference to María del Carmen, María del Carmen, Nuestra Señora del Carmen (Our Lady of Carmen), or Virgen del Carmen, stemming from a Catholic monastery established on Mount Carmel in Israel during the Crusades, dedicated to the Mother of Jesus. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_(given_name); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Carmel",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_(given_name),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Carmel,NA
214,Big Bend,Slickrock Mountain,Mountain,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Slickrock is smooth wind-polished rock,https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/slickrock,,NA
215,Big Bend,Smoky Creek,River,Unknown,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Likely named for its opaque appearance,https://www.alltrails.com/trail/us/texas/mule-ears-smoky-creek-trail,,NA
216,Big Bend,Smoky Creek Trail,Trail,Unknown,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Trail that features the Smoky Creek river,https://www.alltrails.com/trail/us/texas/mule-ears-smoky-creek-trail,,NA
217,Big Bend,Solis,Campground,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Farmer Martin Solis discovered the bright red mercuty-bearing ore called cinnabar near his farm in 1900, and set the Mariscal Mine in motion. This campground is near the Mariscal Mountain and old settlement.",https://www.nps.gov/bibe/learn/historyculture/mariscalmine.htm,,NA
218,Big Bend,Sotol Vista (Overlook),Point of Interest or geologic formation,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Sotol is commonly known as Desert Spoon, a plant that grows in northern Mexico and the American Southwest. Vista means view and Sotol Vista is known for its amazing views.",https://www.nps.gov/bibe/planyourvisit/ross-maxwell-scenic-drive.htm,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotol,NA
219,Big Bend,South Rim,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Title,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",South Rim of Chisos Mountains. Known for amazing views of the park,https://www.outdoorproject.com/united-states/texas/south-rim-loop,,NA
220,Big Bend,Talley,Campground,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Near the base of the Talley Mountain. The mountain was named for J.M. Talley, who settled in the area in the early 1900s",https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rjt04,,NA
221,Big Bend,Talley Mountain,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",named for a man who farmed and ranched there in 1904. No evidence that was or was not racist or violent.,Madison 1955,,NA
222,Big Bend,Telephone Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","It is rumored that there was once some sort of government project during WWI to string telephone wire through the canyon. Exactly what the purpose of that might have been is hard to fathom, but considering the difficulty, surely it must have been a major part of the effort to win the war. A telephone system was never installed in the canyon, but the name stuck.",http://prism-redfern.org/bbvirtualtrip/telephone2/telephone2.html,,NA
223,Big Bend,Telephone Canyon Trail,Trail,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The trail follows an arroyo through a network of canyons, including telephone canyon; which is named for the government project during WWI to run telephone wire through the canyon.",http://www.texashiking.com/Locations/ShowLocation.aspx?LocationID=1705,,NA
224,Big Bend,Terlingua Abajo,Campground,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","On Terlingua creek, near the community of Terlingua, which may have been a corrupted pronunciation of the original ""Latis Lengua, Tas Lengua, Los Lenguas"" and other similar names.",https://naturalatlas.com/campsites/terlingua-abajo-2073089,https://terlinguacitylimits.com/terlingua-name/,NA
225,Big Bend,Terlingua Creek,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","near the community of Terlingua, which may have been a corrupted pronunciation of the original ""Latis Lengua, Tas Lengua, Los Lenguas"" and other similar names. It is believed that ""Lajitas Lengua"" was the orginal Western name, meaning ""flat rock tongue""",https://naturalatlas.com/campsites/terlingua-abajo-2073089,https://terlinguacitylimits.com/terlingua-name/,NA
226,Big Bend,The Window,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",A gap between two mountains,Madison 1955,,NA
227,Big Bend,Tight Squeeze Rapids,River,Other Western reference,natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","a rapid with a very large, flattop block of stone across much of the river at that point, making it difficult to navigate",http://southwestpaddler.com/docs/riogrande5.html,,NA
228,Big Bend,Toll Mountain,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after Roger Toll, the person most responsible for helping found Big Bend National Park.",https://www.summitpost.org/toll-mountain/153869,,NA
229,Big Bend,Tornillo Creek,River,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Tornilo is the name of a shrub which grows in this region; it bears a twisted screw-like bean, and its roots are said to be twisted also. Tornillo is the Spanish word for ""screw"", and because the course of the creek, running through the flat by the same name, is twisted as a screw.",Madison 1955,,NA
230,Big Bend,Tornillo Flat,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Tornilo is the name of a shrub which grows in this region; it bears a twisted screw-like bean, and its roots are said to be twisted also. Tornillo is the Spanish word for ""screw"", and because the course of the creek, running through the flat by the same name, is twisted as a screw.",Madison 1955,,NA
231,Big Bend,Triangulation Station Mountain,Mountain,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","A triangulation station is a fixed surveying station, used in geodetic surveying and other surveying projects in its vicinity.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulation_station,,NA
232,Big Bend,Tuff Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Tuff is a light, porous rock fromed by consolidation of volcanic ash",http://www.texashiking.com/Locations/ShowLocation.aspx?LocationID=1406,,NA
233,Big Bend,Tule Mountain,Mountain,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Tule is either of two large New World bulrushes (Scirpus californicus and S. acutus),https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tule,,NA
234,Big Bend,Tunnel,Infrastructure,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",An iconic tunnel on Highway 118 approaching the Rio Grande Village,https://www.americansouthwest.net/texas/big_bend/tx118-tunnel_l.html,,NA
235,Big Bend,Twisted Shoe,Campground,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,Translation,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","The Twisted Shoe campsite is named in honor of Mescalero Apache chief Zapato Tuerto (Twisted Shoe), who led Apache warriors in a battle against Spanish soldiers in this vicinity in April 1787.",http://web.archive.org/web/20090324112120/http://www.nps.gov/bibe/planyourvisit/roadsidecamps_ts.htm,,
236,Big Bend,Willow Tank,Campground,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Willow Tank is named for the large earthen ""tank"" built by ranchers to provide water to livestock. It is near a natural spring.",https://www.nps.gov/bibe/planyourvisit/campsite_willow-tank.htm,,NA
237,Canyonlands,Airport Tower,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Either named because the rock formation looks like an airport control tower OR dare devil pilot in the 50s or 60s actually landed a little single engine plane on top of the butte (Jim Hurst?),Allen 2012,,NA
238,Canyonlands,Anderson Bottom,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Oilman Albert Isaac Anderson settled in the bottom in 1910, growing crops, living in tent, tried to start a town, abandoned in 1911.",Allen 2012,,NA
239,Canyonlands,Angel Arch,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Arch looks like buttressed by a winged figure. Named in 1953 by photographers Chaffee C. Young and R.E. Badger.,Allen 2012,,NA
240,Canyonlands,Aztec Butte,Cultural heritage (Indigenous),Native American reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,no,NA,People,Yes - know IPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","The English name of the Aztec people, who dominated much of central Mexico at the time of the Spanish conqquest, comes from the Spanish ""azteca"" which in turn is from the Nahuatl (Aztecan) singular form aztecatl, the name means ""coming from aztlan"", the legendary home of hte Aztecs (Bright 2003). Around 1300 A.D. or so, there were many tribes of Anasazi Indians living within the boundaries/confines of Canyonlands National Park. People would generally live in the lower canyons below because of the good access to water. However, that's not to say they didn't venture up onto the plateau's and mesas for food and supplies. There is a great deal of evidence of their habitation on the Island in the Sky Mesa. One of the best place's to see the remnants of these prehistoric people efforts is atop Aztec Butte, where the Anasazis built a number of granaries for storing the food they collected. Aztec Butte sits within the confines of the ""Island in the Sky"" ditrict of Canyonlands National Park. 
The butte more or less blends in with the rest of the terrain and the only reason why this particular feature has its own parking area I believe, is because of the ancient granaries located around the cap--granaries at the top. ",https://www.summitpost.org/aztec-butte/249896,https://www.zionnationalpark.com/zion-national-park/the-sacred-history-of-southern-utah-indian-tribes/,NA
241,Canyonlands,Big Drop Rapids,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Literally a big drop in the river that is one of the most famous and deadliest sequences of rapids on the Colorado River (see Cataract Canyon entry),Allen 2012,,NA
242,Canyonlands,Big Spring Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Large spring in the canyon,Allen 2012,,NA
243,Canyonlands,Big Spring Canyon Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",A big spring is in the canyon. Name given in 1979.,Allen 2012,,NA
244,Canyonlands,Brown Betty Rapids,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"Name itself promotes racist ideas and/or violence against a group [2,4,6]",Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"If named for the dessert ""Brown Betty"" it is considered a racist name (first link). Boat does not seem to be named by the Black cook Gibson but assigned to him, sources differ on whether or not he named the rapids either. DETAILS:  According to Allen 2012 (see Cataract Canyon entry) it was named by George W. Gibson, the Black cook for the Stanton-Brown Survey of 1889, for a boat named for the dessert (unclear if Gibson named the boat),  boat crashed at this rapid (Rapid 1 of Cataract Canyon). (From http://www.riverguides.org/Confluence/25/25ChangingRapidsColoradoRiverWebbBelnapWeisheit.pdf--also saved as PDF): This boat, named the Brown Betty after a favorite dessert of the time, became the cook boat (perhaps Gibson did not name the boat). Because Brown and Stanton hadn’t accounted for the voluminous baggage in the other boats, the kitchen—packed in water-proof compartments that were removed from the other boats—was towed as a “float” behind the Brown Betty. The water level was high and the float made the Brown Betty difficult to maneuver. When the group reached Rapid 1, Brown ordered the crew to cross the river, possibly to begin a portage. As Richards and Gibson (cooks) reached midstream, they knew their float would drag them into the rapid and potentially to their deaths. They cut the rope, saving themselves but losing valuable provisions.
Because of this boating accident, river historian Dock Marston decided that Rapid 1 should be called Brown Betty Rapid (the rapid not named by Gibson after his boat). This is highly ironic, because the Brown Betty survived the accident and was destroyed down- stream in Rapid 6.",https://www.chowhound.com/food-news/106699/apple-brown-betty-a-race-based-dessert/,,NA
245,Canyonlands,Buck Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Howard Lathrop wintered his buck sheep in the canyon in the 1940s.,Allen 2012,,NA
246,Canyonlands,Buck Canyon Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Howard Lathrop wintered his buck sheep in the canyon in the 1940s.,Allen 2012,,NA
247,Canyonlands,Buck Mesa,Mountain,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Howard Lathrop wintered his buck sheep in the canyon in the 1940s.,Allen 2012,,NA
248,Canyonlands,Butler Flat,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","~Butler Wash: named for Monte Butler a member of the Wild Bunch (gang of American outlaws, who roamed the southern plains OK, KS, but Monte did roam the Canyonlands area in the 1890s (but Butler not named in Wikipedia page for Wild Bunch, does not mean he didn't exist). Definitely erasure, but not non-violent as in colonialism, but did benefit from removal of Native Americans",Allen 2012,https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=2ahUKEwif3aSrnvbiAhVKL6wKHYZ9DqUQFjAAegQIARAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Feq.uen.org%2Femedia%2Fitems%2F30525a26-a1e5-bb1f-7ee5-d9325274319a%2F1%2Ft_001624.pdf%3F.vi%3Dsave&usg=AOvVaw290xEcG21rUob03bXk64Cj,NA
249,Canyonlands,Candlestick Tower,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
250,Canyonlands,Candlestick Tower Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
251,Canyonlands,Canyonlands National Park,Park,,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The park's name, Canyonlands, is derived from the geologic term ""Canyon Lands,” which is defined as the province south of the Uinta Basin and between the High Plateaus on the west and the Rocky Mountains to the east. The park lies at the rugged and remote heart of the Canyon Lands section of the Colorado Plateau physiographic province in southeast Utah. The park is characterized by sedimentary rock, which has been deformed by anticlines, synclines, and monoclines. Uplift of the Colorado Plateau and concurrent water erosion have produced the extensive, deep canyon systems that are the defining features and of the park and physiographic section.",https://www.nps.gov/im/ncpn/bpd-cany.htm,,NA
252,Canyonlands,Castle Arch,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named by photographers Ray and Virginia Gerner in 1949 for its likeness from one angle to a castle with the arch forming a flying buttress,Allen 2012,,NA
253,Canyonlands,Cataract Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","According to the dictionary, cataract is not just in eyes, it's a waterfall. This canyon has the deepest gorge in Utah at 2100 ft drop.",Allen 2012,,NA
254,Canyonlands,Caterpillar Arch,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Shaped like a caterpillar,https://www.us-parks.com/canyonlands-national-park/the-needles.html,,NA
255,Canyonlands,Cathedral Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Highest elevation point in Canyonlands NP, this is near Cathedral Butte (outside the park), assuming either the point or the butte look like a cathedral. No mention in Allen or explanation online. Likely descriptive",NA,,NA
256,Canyonlands,Cave Spring,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","First used by the Anasazi, later became important camp for cowboys on the range, when designated a NP, first rangers lived in the cave, now uses cave as a museum",Allen 2012,,NA
257,Canyonlands,Cedar Mesa,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",This is both a specific mesa and the larger region to the south of Canyonlands NP (Grand Gulch Plateau and Cedar Mesa names are interchangeable).  The Cedar Mesa name comes from pioneers who referred to juniper trees as cedar trees. Sometimes referred to as Enchanted Mesa.,Allen 2012,,"The Navajo name for it is ""Atsi"" or ""Dahididlo'ii"" meaning Hanging Meat Mesa. Landmark obtained its name from a hunter who tied his deer meat in a tree to cool and dry before cutting smaller pieces."
258,Canyonlands,Chesler Park,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for Chesler a rancher who drove cattle or horses in the area in 1885. Perhaps originally Shisler but became Chesler.,Allen 2012,https://eq.uen.org/emedia/items/6cbc98fc-9d56-28ef-8fca-2ceaf5b1eba4/1/,NA
259,Canyonlands,Chimney Rock,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Red sandstone rock standing out away from the main ledge resembling a chimney,Allen 2012,,NA
260,Canyonlands,Chocolate Drops,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Looks like chocolate drops,Allen 2012,,NA
261,Canyonlands,Cleft Arch,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named by members of a Nat Geo Society expedition (1961). Named after the vertical lengthwise crack or ""cleft"" in ithe span that can be seen only while standing in its opening.",Allen 2012,,NA
262,Canyonlands,Colorado River Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Colorado River from Spanish ""red"" for the river's color, carrying red silt, various other Spanish and English names in the past. this data point is for the overlook not the river, so it is not erasure.",Allen 2012,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River#Indigenous_peoples,"Xakxwet (Maricopa); 'Aha Kwahwat' (Mohave); Ha Ŧay Gʼam /
Sil Gsvgov (Havasupai); Hakhwata (Yavapai)...(Wikipedia)"
263,Canyonlands,Confluence,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The joining of the Colorado and Green rivers. I could not easily find Indigenous names for the Confluence but surely they exist(ed).,Allen 2012,,NA
264,Canyonlands,Confluence Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The joining of the Colorado and Green rivers. I could not easily find Indigenous names for the Confluence but surely they exist(ed).,Allen 2012,,NA
265,Canyonlands,Cross Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",A couple of grabens (rift valleys) cross the canyon,Allen 2012,,NA
266,Canyonlands,Cyclone Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","named by the cowboys who while searching for stray cattle experienced the frequent winds which howl between the high walls,",Allen 2012,,NA
267,Canyonlands,Davis Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Named after J. J. Davis an Indian Creek pioneer. The canyon is a tributary of Indian Creek (Davis was not Indigenous). In the 1980s this was a proposed repository site for nuclear waste.,Allen 2012,,NA
268,Canyonlands,Devils Kitchen,Park region,Bible reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"Name itself promotes racist ideas and/or violence against a group [2,4,6]",Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"Associated with Devils Lane, see Devils Lane. Potentially derogatory because devil can be a slur toward Native Americans.",Allen 2012,,NA
269,Canyonlands,Devils Lane,Infrastructure,Bible reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"Name itself promotes racist ideas and/or violence against a group [2,4,6]",Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"Story that one of the managers of the cowboys went to spy on the cowboys, camped out alone, apparently saw the devil and his mule, heard them, and was so scared would never go back. Potentially derogatory because devil can be a slur toward Native Americans.",Allen 2012,,NA
270,Canyonlands,Devils Pocket,Infrastructure,Bible reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"Name itself promotes racist ideas and/or violence against a group [2,4,6]",Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"Associated with Devils Lane, see Devils Lane. Potentially derogatory because devil can be a slur toward Native Americans.",Allen 2012,,NA
271,Canyonlands,Druid Arch,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","My son was along, and a cousin from Pennsylvania, who incidentally is a Philadelphia lawyer named [Robert] Deckert. [Robert] was completely nuts about the country, and was the one who named Druid Arch.",https://www.nps.gov/cany/learn/historyculture/bateswilson.htm,,NA
272,Canyonlands,Elaterite Butte,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Elaterite is a soft mineral resin that oozes out of the rocks, it is used as a substitute for rubber.",Allen 2012,,NA
273,Canyonlands,Elephant Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for Elephant Hill cowboys who thought the surrounding domelands looked like elephants,Allen 2012,,NA
274,Canyonlands,Elephant Hill,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Big, ""thrilling"" hill to driver over, part of famous road that leads from Squaw Flat into the heart of Needles Country",Allen 2012,,NA
275,Canyonlands,Ernies Country,Park region,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for Ernie Larsen supposedly first person to graze sheep in the area. Treat indigenous name found as original IPN.,Allen 2012,,(Nequoia?)
276,Canyonlands,Fort Bottom,Cultural heritage (Indigenous),Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Ancient Fort-like cliff dwelling is on top of a pominent hill ovelooking this bottomland. Named by James S. Best Expedition of 1891. formerly called Aztec Fort. Built structure with homes, farmed with irrigation ditches. (Allen 2012). But NPS says: Constructed roughly 1,000 years ago, Fort Bottom Ruin remains one of the more dramatic reminders of ancestral Puebloan culture along the Green River. Amazing 360-degree views greet visitors willing to make the climb. Just above river level, an historic cabin (not visible) lends Fort Bottom its name. (Even though we do not know the original IPN, it is a ruin and most certainly had one, so erasure=yes)",Allen 2012,https://www.nps.gov/cany/learn/photosmultimedia/virtualtour.htm,NA
277,Canyonlands,Fortress Arch,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Arch looks like a crumbling mountain stronghold,Allen 2012,,NA
278,Canyonlands,Gooseberry Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Gooseberries in the canyon.,Allen 2012,,NA
279,Canyonlands,Gooseneck Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Extreme bend in the Colorado River shaped like a goose's neck,Allen 2012,,NA
280,Canyonlands,Gothic Arch,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named by CNPS Superintendent Bates Wilson in 1957 for reminds viewer of medieval architecture with its characteristic flying buttresses and pointed arches,Allen 2012,,NA
281,Canyonlands,Grays Pasture,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","out beyond the Neck (Gooseneck?) is named that because the Delbert Taylors ahd a big gray stud who ran there, said Ken Allred.",Allen 2012,,NA
282,Canyonlands,Great Gallery Pictographs,Cultural heritage (Indigenous),Native art,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","It is known for its collection of Barrier Canyon Style (BCS) rock art, including both pictographs and petroglyphs, which was first recognized as a unique style here.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe_Canyon_(Utah),,NA
283,Canyonlands,Green River Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for the color of its waters, despite many known previous names. This data point is for the overlook not the river itself. So it is not erasure.",Allen 2012,,Tó Dootl'zhì (Navajo); Ka'na (Ute meaning bitterroot); Seeds-Kee-dee Agie (Crow meaning Prairie Hen River)
284,Canyonlands,Hardscrabble Bottom,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Hardscrabble is a term referring to an area of rocky sandy ground that does not support vegetation. The trail getting into and out of the area was difficult.,Allen 2012,,NA
285,Canyonlands,Harvest Scene Pictographs,Cultural heritage (Indigenous),Native art,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",the supposition that the stooped figures in the pictograph are gathering a harvest.,http://www.jqjacobs.net/rock_art/barrier1.html,,NA
286,Canyonlands,Hogback,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","In geology and geomorphology, a hogback or hog's back is a long, narrow ridge or a series of hills with a narrow crest and steep slopes of nearly equal inclination on both flanks.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogback_(geology),,NA
287,Canyonlands,Holeman Spring Basin,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",named for Al Holman (correct spelling) who ran cattle on the White Rim.,Allen 2012,,NA
288,Canyonlands,Horse Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Where the Scorup-Somerville Cattle Company would fence in the riding horses and they had a camp there,Allen 2012,,NA
289,Canyonlands,Horse Thief Trail,Trail,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named after a horse thief who used to be in the area in the 1800s,https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1327/report.pdf,,NA
290,Canyonlands,Horseshoe Canyon Unit,Park region,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for butte in abandoned meander at mouth of canyong that forms a horseshoe-shaped canyon, butte called the Frog, (frog horseman's term fo the bottom of a hose's hoof)",Allen 2012,,NA
291,Canyonlands,Island in the Sky Visitor Center,Visitor Center,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","From March 1961 Desert Magazine article p28 ""Our Island in the Sky"" by Alfred Nestler. Island above the Colorado River.",Allen 2012,,NA
292,Canyonlands,Junction Butte,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The merging of the Green and Grand Rivers,Allen 2012,,NA
293,Canyonlands,Land of Standing Rocks,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,translation,Object,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Area dotted with pinnacles, towers, and fins formed in the Moenkopi and Organ Rock Shale formations.",Allen 2012,,Toom'pin Tuweap' (Rock Land) or Toom'pinwunear' Tuweap' (Land of Standing Rock) (J.W. Powell expedition)
294,Canyonlands,Lathrop Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","During the 1940s, before Canyonlands was designated a national park, Howard Lathrop – a Colorado sheep farmer – blazed this trail into the canyons so he could get his and others’ supplies to and from the river, and to their grazing sheep. But in time, the numbers of Bighorn Sheep in southeast Utah dwindled due to the diseases (scabies and anthrax included) these domesticated sheep brought with them. When Canyonlands became a national park, only about one hundred Bighorn Sheep remained, down from the believed two million who once roamed these desolate mesas.",https://gotaltitudesite.wordpress.com/2017/03/10/canyonlands-national-park-lathrop-canyon/,,NA
295,Canyonlands,Lavender Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Ed Lavender was a CO rancher. In the 1920s bought cattle from the Scorup-Somerville Cattle Co. When S/S sold a batch of cattle to Ed, they rounded them up and held them in the closest box canyon near the Dugout Ranch until Ed's drovers would arrive and drive them off; hence, that canyon became known as Lavender's Canyon. Ed is the father of the author David Lavender.",Allen 2012,,NA
296,Canyonlands,Little Bridge Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","originally applied to the next side canyon upriver, which contains a small bridge in its upper end. The name was given by John Shafe and Ross Musselman in the early 1900s",Allen 2012,,NA
297,Canyonlands,Lizard Rock,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Rock where two large, multi colored lizards were found fighting intensely.",Allen 2012,,NA
298,Canyonlands,Lost Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Was once a popular cowboy camp in the canyong but then started using another site, this one was abandoned (ALLEN 2012) OR The canyon was named by the
local cattlemen because it was so difficult to find and easy to lose. (web link)",Allen 2012,https://eq.uen.org/emedia/items/171893fa-3a54-1fde-aa4b-31756a78f0d7/1/,NA
299,Canyonlands,Lower Jump,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The last or ""lower"" jump (waterfall) in Salt Wash",Allen 2012,,NA
300,Canyonlands,Maze Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The Maze named for complex topography: dendritic ancient drainage channels,Allen 2012,,NA
301,Canyonlands,Meander Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
302,Canyonlands,Mesa Arch,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
303,Canyonlands,Mile Long Rapids,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",A series of rapids (see Cataract Canyon entry in Allen 2012),Allen 2012,,NA
304,Canyonlands,Monument Basin,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for monument-like towers and pinnacles,Allen 2012,,tse'hidzo bihili (Navajo meaning Flow of Fluted Rock)
305,Canyonlands,Moses and Zeus,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Greek mythology,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Natural towers. Named Zeus because of spectacular distant lightning viewed from the summit and Moses by Lin Ottinger (a guide)'s mother viewed the slender spire and said it looked like Moses. Between Zeus and Moses is the Ark a 150 foot tower.,Allen 2012,,NA
306,Canyonlands,Murphy,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person,NA,,
307,Canyonlands,Musselman Arch,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","The old timers in Moab tell an interesting story about how Musselman Arch got its name. Sometime in the early 1940s a man named Ross Musselman heard about the arch and persuaded a friend in Moab to show him where it was. He owned a dude ranch in the area and was looking for interesting places to take his guests. Word of the arch spread quickly after Musselman began showing it, and before long outsiders visiting the area started calling it the Musselman Arch. Needless to say this greatly irritated the local cowboys and ranchers who had known about the arch for decades before it was ""discovered"" by Ross Musselman. They grumbled for years about his ill-deserved fame. Now, as if to rub salt into the old timers’ wounds, the USGS has also given Musselman’s name to a nearby canyon and even to the 7.5 minute topographical map covering this section of Canyonlands. Colonialism because Musselman gained from tourism, he also ranched in the area.",explanation from: http://www.utahtrails.com/WtRimRoad.html  About the Musselmans https://www.dreamride.com/musselman.html,,NA
308,Canyonlands,Natural Arch,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
309,Canyonlands,North Trail,Trail,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
310,Canyonlands,Orange Cliffs Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",John Wesley Powell named it for the color of hte cliffs at sunset,Allen 2012,,NA
311,Canyonlands,Paul Bunyans Potty,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Other - truly does not fit any other classes,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Arch named by CNPS superintendent Bates Wilson in 1951, quote in book says unfortunate that this beautiful arch has such a silly, controversial name. a distinguished name for such a large arch would be appropriate in a national park. The arch is horizontal like a toilet seat. problem= ""other"" because does not fit the other categories but is not ""no problem""--toilet is an offensive notion associated with feces, connotation of disrespect.",Allen 2012,,NA
312,Canyonlands,Peekaboo Spring,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Pipe stuck in small crevice beneath rock at base of spring--still does not explain Peekaboo, also Ticaboo is a place name in the region, Ute means ""friendly"", and name of ""Ute Indian Chief""; Peekaboo used in other areas of Utah for tunnels and narrow places affording glimpses ahead on a trail.Word Peekaboo seems to be Western in origin",Allen 2012,https://eq.uen.org/emedia/items/53b590c7-9bf4-cdd5-baf7-158af7f75fdc/1/,NA
313,Canyonlands,Petes Mesa,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for French sheepherder Pierre Mazet (1881-1954),Allen 2012,,NA
314,Canyonlands,Potato Bottom,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Valley canyon below Potato Spring where old cowboys were said to have thrown out a bunch of rotten potatoes, that then years and years after that they would come and dig fresh potatoes.",Allen 2012,,NA
315,Canyonlands,Pothole Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Not in Allen, but NPS Canyonlands has a page explaining that potholes are small basins in the sandstone that form ephemeral pools when they collect rain. Pothole Point is in an area with a lot of potholes",https://www.nps.gov/articles/ephemeral-pools.htm,,NA
316,Canyonlands,Red Sea Flat,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Once a natural reservoir that had water in it most of the year and was red in color from the sediment in it, as written by Arthur Ekker in 1951",Allen 2012,,NA
317,Canyonlands,Roadside Ruin,Cultural heritage (Indigenous),Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,"Name itself promotes racist ideas and/or violence against a group [2,4,6]",Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"A Puebloan ruin that is within view of the paved road. Perpetuates idea that Indigenous people are not here anymore. But they would not call this a ruin, not abandoned, considered occuppied in modern day by ancestors spirits. From NPS link: ""Some later visitor named this place “ruin,” and the name ""Roadside Ruin"" first appeared on a National Park Service map in 1985. But today’s tribes would not use that word. They say these areas are still living and that their ancestors in the spiritual world continue to use this place.""",https://www.nps.gov/thingstodo/cany-roadside-ruin.htm,,NA
318,Canyonlands,S.O.B. Hill,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","Yes - swear words only, evidence offensive","not in Allen, not explained in Wikipedia page, USGS entry. There was an S.O.B. rapids somewhere on the Green River in Utah, that was renamed Sob Rapids according to link",https://eq.uen.org/emedia/items/3c4c9adf-64ca-1e2f-f767-245a3fd4061e/1/,,NA
319,Canyonlands,Salt Creek,River,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Not clear, perhaps because of some salt cedars [tamarisk] on the bars along the first mile or two but water not salty.","Allen 2012, https://www.nps.gov/cany/learn/news/news062102.htm","https://www.grandcanyontrust.org/hikes/salt-creek,",NA
320,Canyonlands,Shafer Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","This section of road, known as the Shafer Trail, was first developed as a horse trail around 1917 by a cattle rancher named Sog Shafer. Then in 1952 a group of local miners and other businessmen improved the road so it could be used to haul uranium ore from mines near Potash and the Colorado River to the top of the mesa.",http://www.utahtrails.com/WtRimRoad.html,,NA
321,Canyonlands,Shafer Canyon Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Places throughout the park bear the names of early cowboys. The Taylor, Holeman and Shafer families grazed cattle and sheep in what is now Island in the Sky.",https://www.nps.gov/cany/learn/historyculture/minersranchers.htm,,NA
322,Canyonlands,Silver Stairs,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",4WD road provides access to Devils Pocket from Elephant Canyon. Not clear why named silver. (in Allen under Elephant Canyon),Allen 2012,,NA
323,Canyonlands,Slickrock Foot (Trail),Trail,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",A trail on slickrock (smoothed sandstone),Allen 2012,,NA
324,Canyonlands,Soda Springs Basin,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Tastes like soda water,Allen,,NA
325,Canyonlands,Spanish Bottom,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,People,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Large, flat bottomland area possibly where the Old Spanish Trail crossed the Colorado River.",Allen 2012,,NA
326,Canyonlands,Squaw Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Native American reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Person,Yes - know IPN,"Name itself promotes racist ideas and/or violence against a group [2,4,6]","Yes - swear words only, evidence offensive","Borrowed from Algonquin word for woman. Has become derogatory and considered offensive by many Native Americans, also see Squaw Teet Butte in SD, MT and WY. Squaw Tit in AZ and 4 other states; Squaw Humper Creek SD refers to a white man who cohabitated with Indian women. In Lakota Siouan version of word might actually mean ""a white person copulates with women"". Bright (2003). From Walter Ford in 1959 ""named so because of the desert Indians' custom of leaving their women at a watering place while they were on hunting or marauding expeditions. Scatttered remnants of pottery and arrow points on the mesa above the springs, and the numerous fire-blackened caves and petroglyphs in the adjacent cliffs indicate that a sizeable Indian population once inhabited the area."" [BM: do not know original IPN, not Indigenous built - it's a natural feature, but evidence people lived there, like a ruin, it most certainly had a name, erasure = yes.]",Bright 2003,,NA
327,Canyonlands,Squaw Flat,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Native American reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Person,Yes - know IPN,"Name itself promotes racist ideas and/or violence against a group [2,4,6]","Yes - swear words only, evidence offensive","Borrowed from Algonquin word for woman. Has become derogatory and considered offensive by many Native Americans, also see Squaw Teet Butte in SD, MT and WY. Squaw Tit in AZ and 4 other states; Squaw Humper Creek SD refers to a white man who cohabitated with Indian women. In Lakota Siouan version of word might actually mean ""a white person copulates with women"". Bright (2003). From Walter Ford in 1959 ""named so because of the desert Indians' custom of leaving their women at a watering place while they were on hunting or marauding expeditions. Scatttered remnants of pottery and arrow points on the mesa above the springs, and the numerous fire-blackened caves and petroglyphs in the adjacent cliffs indicat that ta sizable Indian population once inhabited the area.""",Bright 2003,Allen 2012,NA
328,Canyonlands,Squaw Flat,Campground,Native American reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"Name itself promotes racist ideas and/or violence against a group [2,4,6]","Yes - swear words only, evidence offensive","separate entry from the area on the map, this is the campground. Borrowed from Algonquin word for woman. Has become derogatory and considered offensive by many Native Americans, also see Squaw Teet Butte in SD, MT and WY. Squaw Tit in AZ and 4 other states; Squaw Humper Creek SD refers to a white man who cohabitated with Indian women. In Lakota Siouan version of word might actually mean ""a white person copulates with women"". Bright (2003). From Walter Ford in 1959 ""named so because of the desert Indians' custom of leaving their women at a watering place while they were on hunting or marauding expeditions. Scatttered remnants of pottery and arrow points on the mesa above the springs, and the numerous fire-blackened caves and petroglyphs in the adjacent cliffs indicat that ta sizable Indian population once inhabited the area.""",Bright 2003,,NA
329,Canyonlands,Steer Mesa,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",A. T. Del Taylor led a few year-old steers off the messa on the map marked Buck Mesa into Upheaval Canyon down one of the slides below the trail from on top of Grays pasture),Allen 2012,,NA
330,Canyonlands,Taylor Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","AKA Upheaval Canyon, named after A. T. (Del) Taylor [1876-1953] who ran cattle there in the winters from early 1900-1929.",Allen 2012,,NA
331,Canyonlands,The Breach,Point of Interest or geologic formation,TBD,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The Breach is a narrow canyon that is actually a break in the walls of the Upheaval Dome. Not only is the area a tight squeeze, but it is uphill and laden with boulders. After climbing over the massive, relentless boulders, the trail turns to slickrock, but the steepness of the climb lessens.",http://www.exploretheusa.com/Hiking_the_Syncline_Loop_Trail_in_Canyonlands_National_Park_Utah,,NA
332,Canyonlands,The Doll House,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Area of the Maze where flanked on 3 sides by sandstone gargoyles that rose in ordered array almost as if they were giant dolls on the shelves of a gigantic carnival booth.,Allen 2012,,NA
333,Canyonlands,The Fins,Park region,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for the vertical standing rocks in the area resembling dorsal fins on fish,Allen 2012,,NA
334,Canyonlands,The Grabens,Point of Interest or geologic formation,TBD,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","From German word for grave, wide flat bottomed valleys bordered by abrupt walls",Allen 2012,,NA
335,Canyonlands,The Loop,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Place where the river actually doubles back on itself twice,Allen 2012,,NA
336,Canyonlands,The Maze,Park region,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The Maze named for complex topography: dendritic ancient drainage channels,Allen 2012,,NA
337,Canyonlands,The Needles,Park region,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Many many rock towers and thin ridges,Allen 2012,,NA
338,Canyonlands,The Needles Visitor Center,Visitor Center,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Many many rock towers and thin ridges,Allen 2012,,NA
339,Canyonlands,The Plug,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Rock formation, also called the Saw Log, the Wall",Allen 2012,https://www.nps.gov/cany/learn/historyculture/upload/chaffin.pdf,NA
340,Canyonlands,The Slide,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Huge landslide blocked 3/4 of Colorado river, difficult for river navigation",Allen 2012,,NA
341,Canyonlands,The Wall,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","A tower that is a vertical panel of red stone, 150' high, but not over 12 feet in thickness, also called Tapestry Slab",Allen 2012,,NA
342,Canyonlands,Tower Ruin,Cultural heritage (Indigenous),Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,"Name itself promotes racist ideas and/or violence against a group [2,4,6]",Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"Free standing monolith of red sandstone, balanced on the ledges and blending with the faults we saw the neat masonry and blank staring doors and windows of these deserted miniature cities. The term ""ruin"" might be offensive/derogatory.",Allen 2012,,NA
343,Canyonlands,Trail Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",A constructed stock trail through the canyon starts above Alcove Spring leads to Taylor Canyon.,Allen 2012,,NA
344,Canyonlands,Turks Head,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"Name itself promotes racist ideas and/or violence against a group [2,4,6]",Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,looks like a turban. Potentially offensive--objectifies a specific group of people. Also the name of a knot (but that does not make less potentially offensive),Allen 2012,,NA
345,Canyonlands,Upheaval Bottom,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",River canyon/valley area below Upheaval Dome created by meteorite impact (Upheaval as in something crazy happened here),Allen 2012,,NA
346,Canyonlands,Upheaval Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",River canyon/valley area below Upheaval Dome created by meteorite impact (Upheaval as in something crazy happened here),Allen 2012,,NA
347,Canyonlands,Upheaval Dome,Mountain,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Upheaval Dome created by meteorite impact (Upheaval as in something crazy happened here),Allen 2012,,NA
348,Canyonlands,Upheaval Dome,Picnic area,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Upheaval Dome created by meteorite impact (Upheaval as in something crazy happened here),Allen 2012,,NA
349,Canyonlands,Washer Woman (arch),Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The name comes from the top part of the monolith, with the opening between the woman and the wash tub, her arms forming the arc of the rock. Woman bent over her wash tub.",Allen 2012,,NA
350,Canyonlands,Water Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named by the pioneer Chaffin family canyon containes spring/pond area at the base of a fall,Allen 2012,,NA
351,Canyonlands,Whale Rock,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Looks like a beached whale,https://www.hikespeak.com/trails/whale-rock-canyonlands-hike/,,NA
352,Canyonlands,White Rim,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Wide bench halfway between Island in the Sky and the Colorado and Green rivers. composed of White Rim Sandstone, best shows its white color along the rim of the bench.",Allen 2012,,NA
353,Canyonlands,White Stillwater Rim Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",named by members of the Powell Expedition of 1869 for its flat water,Allen 2012,,NA
354,Canyonlands,Willow Flat,Campground,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
355,Canyonlands,Wooden Shoe Arch,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",sandstone formation looks like an old fashioned wooden shoe,Allen 2012,,NA
356,Canyonlands,Wooden Shoe Arch Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",sandstone formation looks like an old fashioned wooden shoe,Allen 2012,,NA
357,Crater Lake National Park,Anderson Bluffs,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person,NA,,
358,Crater Lake National Park,Annie Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Annie Gaines, the first woman to descend the rim of Mount Mazama to the lake's shore.",http://www.salempioneercemetery.org/records/pf_display_record.php?id=682,,
359,Crater Lake National Park,Annie Creek Restaurant and Gift Shop,Visitor Center,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Annie Gaines, the first woman to descend the rim of Mount Mazama to the lake's shore.",http://www.salempioneercemetery.org/records/pf_display_record.php?id=682,,
360,Crater Lake National Park,Annie Spring,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Annie Gaines, the first woman to descend the rim of Mount Mazama to the lake's shore.",http://www.salempioneercemetery.org/records/pf_display_record.php?id=682,,
361,Crater Lake National Park,Annie Spring Entrance Station,Visitor Center,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Annie Gaines, the first woman to descend the rim of Mount Mazama to the lake's shore.",http://www.salempioneercemetery.org/records/pf_display_record.php?id=682,,
362,Crater Lake National Park,Applegate Peak,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence",The Cayuse War was one of the last series of events in Oregon that Applegate was active in. Wikipedia account suggests he was active in Cayuse War (violence against Indigenous people) and he also would qualify as colonialism,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Applegate,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayuse_War,
363,Crater Lake National Park,Arant Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Superindendant of Park; Also provided aide to US in various wars that committed crimes/murders/genocide against indigenous people, e.g., Modoc War, etc",http://www.craterlakeinstitute.com/articles-about-crater-lake-issues/admin-05/administrative-history-1991/1-03-5/,,
364,Crater Lake National Park,Bald Crater,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",crater devoid of vegetation,http://www.craterlakeinstitute.com/natural-history/geology-bald-crater.htm,,
365,Crater Lake National Park,Baldtop,Mountain,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
366,Crater Lake National Park,Bear Butte,Mountain,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
367,Crater Lake National Park,Bear Creek,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
368,Crater Lake National Park,Boundary Springs,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
369,Crater Lake National Park,Bybee Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person,http://www.craterlakeinstitute.com/online-library/historic-resource-study/4d.htm,,
370,Crater Lake National Park,Cascade Mountain Pass,Mountain,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
371,Crater Lake National Park,Castle Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
372,Crater Lake National Park,Cattle Creek,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
373,Crater Lake National Park,Cavern Creek,River,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
374,Crater Lake National Park,Chaski Bay,Bay,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Unsure of origin; maybe related to Inca messenger Chaski,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasqui,,
375,Crater Lake National Park,Cleetwood Cove,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after person? Cleetwood,https://www.nps.gov/crla/planyourvisit/cleetwood-cove.htm,,
376,Crater Lake National Park,Cleetwood Cove Trail,Trailhead,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,NA,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after person? Cleetwood,https://www.nps.gov/crla/planyourvisit/cleetwood-cove.htm,,
377,Crater Lake National Park,Cloudcap Bay,Bay,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information but likely named for type of cloud, lyrical or narrative descriptive name",http://www.craterlakeinstitute.com/online-library/historic-resource-study/4d.htm,,
378,Crater Lake National Park,Crater Creek,River,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information,  assuming a literal name for being a creek in a crater; The mountain of Crater Lake was called Moyaina by people of the area;",http://www.craterlakeinstitute.com/online-library/historic-resource-study/4d.htm; https://traveloregon.com/things-to-do/destinations/lakes-reservoirs/creation-crater-lake/,,
379,Crater Lake National Park,Crater Lake,Lake,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; assuming a literal name for being a lake in a crater, The mountain of Crater Lake was called Moyaina by people of the area;",http://www.craterlakeinstitute.com/online-library/historic-resource-study/4d.htm; https://traveloregon.com/things-to-do/destinations/lakes-reservoirs/creation-crater-lake/,,
380,Crater Lake National Park,Crater Lake National Park,Park,,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for the lake for which: No information; assuming a literal name for being a lake in a crater, The mountain of Crater Lake was called Moyaina by people of the area;",http://www.craterlakeinstitute.com/online-library/historic-resource-study/4d.htm; https://traveloregon.com/things-to-do/destinations/lakes-reservoirs/creation-crater-lake/,,NA
381,Crater Lake National Park,Crater Peak,Mountain,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Erasure of indigenous name; The mountain of Crater Lake was called Moyaina by people of the area,http://www.craterlakeinstitute.com/online-library/historic-resource-study/4d.htm; https://traveloregon.com/things-to-do/destinations/lakes-reservoirs/creation-crater-lake/,,
382,Crater Lake National Park,Crescent Ridge,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
383,Crater Lake National Park,Danger Bay,Bay,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after dangerous nature of bay,http://www.craterlakeinstitute.com/online-library/historic-resource-study/4d.htm,,
384,Crater Lake National Park,Desert Cone,Mountain,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
385,Crater Lake National Park,Desert Ridge,Mountain,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
386,Crater Lake National Park,Devils Backbone,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"Name itself promotes racist ideas and/or violence against a group [2,4,6]",Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"Devil's Backbone is a vertical wall of dark, volcanic rock called andesite. It lines the cliff face and measures at 304 meters long by 50 meters wide at the top. The technical term of a rock formation similar to Devil's Backbone is a dike.  Potentially derogatory because devil can be a slur toward Native Americans.",https://craterlakenationalparkgeology.weebly.com/devils-backbone.html,,
387,Crater Lake National Park,Discovery Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Discovery Point This part of the rim contains Discovery Point, so named because it was the point from which the first non-native men glimpsed Crater Lake for the first time. It is seen in the right center of the picture below.",https://www.shannontech.com/ParkVision/CraterLake/CraterLake8.html,,
388,Crater Lake National Park,Dutton Cliff,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","named for clarence dutton -in 1886, Dutton led a USGS party to Crater Lake, Oregon. His team carried a half-ton survey boat, the Cleetwood, up the steep mountain slope and lowered it 2,000 feet (610 m) into the lake. From the Cleetwood, Dutton used piano wire with lead weights to measure the depth of the lake at 168 different points. The survey team determined the lake was 1,996 feet (608 m) deep. The currently-accepted maximum depth figure, measured by sonar, is 1,943 feet (592 m).[2]",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Dutton,,
389,Crater Lake National Park,Dutton Ridge,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has an early history of involvement with Crater Lake. In 1886, Clarence Dutton conducted a survey to map the lake for the USGS.",http://oe.oregonexplorer.info/craterlake/history.html,,
390,Crater Lake National Park,Duwee Falls,Waterfall,Person,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,no,NA,Act,No information,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Duwee is an adaptation of the Klamath Indian word ""ti-wi"", meaning the sound of a rushing cascade or stream. The original english spelling was Duwie, but when the name was adopted by the USBGN, it was changed to Duwee. Not clear it is the original IPN, erasure = no info",https://www.southernoregon.com/waterfalls/klamath.html,,
391,Crater Lake National Park,East Fork,River,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
392,Crater Lake National Park,East Rim Drive,Trailhead,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
393,Crater Lake National Park,Fumarole Bay,Bay,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","A fumarole (or fumerole – the word ultimately comes from the Latin fumus, ""smoke"") is an opening in a planet's crust which emits steam and gases such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen sulfide.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarole,,
394,Crater Lake National Park,Garfield Peak,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Name for Dept. of Interior sec. James Garfield, initial research does not give evidence of racism or violence, but friends with Theodore Roosevelt and served as Secretary of the Interior for TR.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rudolph_Garfield,,
395,Crater Lake National Park,Gaywas Peak,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,no,NA,Place,No information,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","gaywas is associated with indigenous mythology, not clear it is the original IPN",http://www.craterlakeinstitute.com/online-library/historic-resource-study/4d.htm,,
396,Crater Lake National Park,Goodbye Creek,River,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Act,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely lyrical or narrative name,NA,,
397,Crater Lake National Park,Government Bay,Bay,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after government,NA,,
398,Crater Lake National Park,Grayback Drive,Trailhead,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a forester,https://www.graybackforestry.com/about-grayback,,
399,Crater Lake National Park,Grayback Ridge,Mountain,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a forester,https://www.graybackforestry.com/about-grayback,,
400,Crater Lake National Park,Grotto Cove,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
401,Crater Lake National Park,Grouse Hill,Mountain,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
402,Crater Lake National Park,Hillman Peak,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Name after John Wesley Hillman; participated in Rogue River Wars, an armed conflict in 1855–1856 between the U.S. Army, local militias and volunteers, and the Native American tribes commonly grouped under the designation of Rogue River Indians, in the Rogue River Valley area of what today is southern Oregon",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wesley_Hillman,,
403,Crater Lake National Park,Kerr Notch,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Kerr created a map of Crater Lake,http://npshistory.com/publications/crla/diller/diller1.htm,,
404,Crater Lake National Park,Kerr Valley,Valley,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Mark Brickell Kerr, a United States Geological Survey topographer",https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Mark_Brickell_Kerr,,
405,Crater Lake National Park,Lightning Spring,Lake,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
406,Crater Lake National Park,Little Castle Creek,River,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
407,Crater Lake National Park,Llao Bay,Bay,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,yes,NA,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",named after god of underwold; mythological story specific to Crater Lake; . assuming this is a likely original IPN because of location-specific story.,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llao,,
408,Crater Lake National Park,Llao Rock,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,yes,NA,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",named after god of underwold; mythological story specific to Crater Lake; . assuming this is a likely original IPN because of location-specific story.,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llao,,
409,Crater Lake National Park,Lost Creek,River,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely lyrical or narrative name,NA,,
410,Crater Lake National Park,Maklaks Crater,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,no,NA,People,No information,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Means ""People"". not clear it is the original IPN.
",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modoc_people,http://craterlakefoundation.org/natural-history/geology-diller-cone.htm,
411,Crater Lake National Park,Mazama Village,Visitor Center,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","mazama means ""deer"" in Nahuatl","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazama,_Washington#Name",,
412,Crater Lake National Park,Merriam Cone,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Born in Iowa in 1869, John C. Merriam was a geologist, zoologist, and premier taxonomist who trained under such luminaries as Joseph Le Conte and Karl von Zitell. At Crater Lake National Park, he facilitated the creation of a nature guiding, or ""interpretation,"" program beginning in 1926. He tapped Carnegie money to augment federal funding for the Sinnott Memorial near the lodge at Rim Village, as an educational device to help visitors contemplate how the beauty of Crater Lake and its setting were the result of the relatively recent cataclysmic eruption of Mount Mazama.",https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/john_c_merriam/#.XXMBKJNKi8o,,
413,Crater Lake National Park,Merriam Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Born in Iowa in 1869, John C. Merriam was a geologist, zoologist, and premier taxonomist. At Crater Lake National Park, he facilitated the creation of a nature guiding, or ""interpretation,"" program beginning in 1926. He tapped Carnegie money to augment federal funding for the Sinnott Memorial near the lodge at Rim Village, as an educational device to help visitors contemplate how the beauty of Crater Lake and its setting were the result of the relatively recent cataclysmic eruption of Mount Mazama.",https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/john_c_merriam/#.XXFU5JNKg1I,,
414,Crater Lake National Park,Middle Fork,River,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
415,Crater Lake National Park,Mount Scott,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence",Captain in Cayuse War (an armed conflict that took place in the Northwestern United States from 1847 to 1855 between the Cayuse people of the region and the United States Government and local American settlers),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Scott_(Oregon_politician),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayuse_War,
416,Crater Lake National Park,Munson Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named after a physcian who died while climbing a steep slope to the rim of the lake.,http://sohs.org/content/crater-lakes-munson-valley-named-after-ill-fated-physician,,
417,Crater Lake National Park,Munson Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named after a physcian who died while climbing a steep slope to the rim of the lake.,http://sohs.org/content/crater-lakes-munson-valley-named-after-ill-fated-physician,,
418,Crater Lake National Park,North Entrance Station,Ranger station,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
419,Crater Lake National Park,North Junction,Ranger station,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
420,Crater Lake National Park,Oasis Butte,Mountain,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
421,Crater Lake National Park,Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail,Trail,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",refering to Pacific Crest Trail,https://www.pcta.org/,,NA
422,Crater Lake National Park,Palisade Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
423,Crater Lake National Park,Phantom Ship,Island,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The Phantom Ship (fig. 17) is a craggy little islet near the border of the lake under Dutton Cliff. Its rugged hull, with rocks towering like the masts of a ship, suggests the name, and, phantom like, it disappears when viewed in certain lights from the western rim. Standing in line with an arête that descends from an angle of the cliff, it possibly marks a continuation of the sharp spur beneath the waters, or perhaps, but much less likely, it is a block slid down from the cliff. Whatever its history, it attracts everyone by its beauty and winsomeness.",http://www.craterlakeinstitute.com/online-library/historic-resource-study/4d.htm,,
424,Crater Lake National Park,Phantom Ship Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The Phantom Ship (fig. 17) is a craggy little islet near the border of the lake under Dutton Cliff. Its rugged hull, with rocks towering like the masts of a ship, suggests the name, and, phantom like, it disappears when viewed in certain lights from the western rim. Standing in line with an arête that descends from an angle of the cliff, it possibly marks a continuation of the sharp spur beneath the waters, or perhaps, but much less likely, it is a block slid down from the cliff. Whatever its history, it attracts everyone by its beauty and winsomeness.",http://www.craterlakeinstitute.com/online-library/historic-resource-study/4d.htm,http://www.craterlakeinstitute.com/geology/geology-research/geology-book-03/1-04/?hilite=%27phantom%27%2C%27ship%27,
425,Crater Lake National Park,Pinnacle Valley,Valley,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
426,Crater Lake National Park,Pinnacles Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
427,Crater Lake National Park,Plaikni Falls,Waterfall,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",from high water Indigenous Name,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaikni_Falls,,
428,Crater Lake National Park,Pole Bridge Creek,River,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
429,Crater Lake National Park,Pumice Castle,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
430,Crater Lake National Park,Pumice Desert,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
431,Crater Lake National Park,Pumice Flat,Mountain,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
432,Crater Lake National Park,Pumice Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
433,Crater Lake National Park,Quillwort Pond,Lake,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Isoetes, commonly known as the quillworts, is a genus of plants in the family Isoetaceae. They are lycopods and the only genus in Isoetaceae. There are currently 192 recognized species, with a cosmopolitan distribution but with the individual species often scarce to rare.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoetes,,
434,Crater Lake National Park,Red Cone,Mountain,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
435,Crater Lake National Park,Red Cone Spring,River,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
436,Crater Lake National Park,Rim Village,Visitor Center,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
437,Crater Lake National Park,Sand Creek,River,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
438,Crater Lake National Park,Sand Ridge,Mountain,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
439,Crater Lake National Park,Scoria Cone,Mountain,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely descriptive (scoria=a cindery, vesicular basaltic lava, typically having a frothy texture.)",NA,,
440,Crater Lake National Park,Scott Bluffs,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence",Captain in Cayuse War (an armed conflict that took place in the Northwestern United States from 1847 to 1855 between the Cayuse people of the region and the United States Government and local American settlers),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Scott_(Oregon_politician),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayuse_War,
441,Crater Lake National Park,Sentinel Rock,Mountain,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely lyrical or narrative name,NA,,
442,Crater Lake National Park,Sharp Peak,Mountain,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
443,Crater Lake National Park,Sinnott Memorial Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","name after man who was abolitionist, US representative, and a judge.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_J._Sinnott,,
444,Crater Lake National Park,Skell Channel,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,yes,NA,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after indigeonous diety, Skell and Indigenous mythological story specific to Crater Lake; could be named after the mountain. assuming this is a likely original IPN because of location-specific story.
",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llao,,
445,Crater Lake National Park,Skell Head,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,yes,NA,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","god of sky in Klamath, mythological story specific to Crater Lake; . assuming this is a likely original IPN because of location-specific story.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llao,,
446,Crater Lake National Park,Sphagnum Bog,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
447,Crater Lake National Park,Spruce Lake,Lake,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
448,Crater Lake National Park,Steel Bay,Bay,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named after William Steel; abolitionist; second park superintendent,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gladstone_Steel,,
449,Crater Lake National Park,Steel Visitor Center,Visitor Center,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named after William Steel; abolitionist; second park superintendent,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gladstone_Steel,,
450,Crater Lake National Park,Sun Creek,River,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
451,Crater Lake National Park,Sun Notch,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
452,Crater Lake National Park,The Pinnacles,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
453,Crater Lake National Park,The Watchman,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","A peak with an observation station at top. Literal name.
",https://www.nps.gov/articles/400006.htm#4/34.45/-98.53,,
454,Crater Lake National Park,Thousand Springs,River,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
455,Crater Lake National Park,Timber Crater,Mountain,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
456,Crater Lake National Park,Trapper Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
457,Crater Lake National Park,Union Peak,Mountain,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a union of two ideas/features,NA,,
458,Crater Lake National Park,Vidae Falls,Waterfall,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; could not find meaning of vidae,NA,,
459,Crater Lake National Park,Vidae Ridge,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; could not find meaning of vidae,NA,,
460,Crater Lake National Park,Watchman Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for Watchman Peak which has an observation station at top.,https://www.nps.gov/articles/400006.htm#4/35.46/-98.57,,
461,Crater Lake National Park,Wheeler Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Surveyor,https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/cvo/Historical/volcanoes_wheeler_survey.shtml,,
462,Crater Lake National Park,Whitehorse Pond,Lake,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for White Horse Bluff (no info on origin of the bluff name); going with likely lyrical or narrative descriptive because its an animal,http://www.craterlakeinstitute.com/general-natural-history-articles/limnology-research/whitehorse-pond-limnological-and-vascular-plant-study-1993/whitehorse-pond-04/,,
463,Crater Lake National Park,Williams Crater,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",He was an abolitionist. an American journalist who was known for campaigning for 17 years for the United States Congress to designate Crater Lake as a National Park.,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gladstone_Steel,,
464,Crater Lake National Park,Wineglass,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,
465,Crater Lake National Park,Wizard Island,Island,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Wizard island, so named for its resemblance to a sorcerer's pointed hat, is a cinder cone with blocky lava flows that i ssued from its base. A cinder cone forms like a giant ant hill from the fall-back of hot lava fragments hurled from its crater",https://www.dartmouth.edu/~volcano/texts/DekCraterL.html,,
466,Cuyahoga Valley,Alexander's Mill,Cultural heritage (Western),Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Andrew and Robert Alexander constructed this mill in 1855 to serve local farmers.,https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/337,,NA
467,Cuyahoga Valley,Armington Pond,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Probably named for Raymond Armington, rubber exec. in Cleveland....person refers to ""Armington Farm"" in a message board: ""I have some history on the Armington family. My brothers were part-time farmhands at the Armington farm in the late sixties, and my parents rented our home from the Armingtons. If interested, contact me via email listed under my profile."" So maybe the land was originally owned by them.... Akron OH (near Cuyahoga NP) was the ""Rubber Capital of the World"" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron,_Ohio#1900s–1990s:_Rubber_Capital_of_the_World) because of O'Neil's and other rubber manufacturers were based there. **CRITICAL**: The rubber boom and the associated need for a large workforce had a significant negative effect on the indigenous population across Brazil, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia. As rubber plantations grew, labor shortages increased. The owners of the plantations or rubber barons were rich, but those who collected the rubber made very little as a large amount of rubber was needed to be profitable. The rubber barons rounded up all the Indians and forced them to tap rubber out of the trees. One plantation started with 50,000 Indians but, when discovered, only 8,000 were still alive. Slavery and systematic brutality were widespread, and in some areas, 90% of the Indian population was wiped out. These rubber plantations were part of the Brazilian rubber market, which declined as rubber plantations in Southeast Asia became more effective.[3] [LINK 2]   BM: Colonialism because natural resource extraction at the expense of Indigenous people",https://case.edu/ech/articles/a/armington-raymond-q,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_rubber_boom#Effects_on_indigenous_population,NA
468,Cuyahoga Valley,Astorhurst Golf Course,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Astors opened Astor Day Care Center in 1918, then added a restaurant. Later bought by others who made it a country club, then added golf (see Little Egypt Community.pdf in folder)....Astorhurst (golf) started in the 1960s with only a front nine, Baker said. By the end of that decade, additional land was acquired, allowing for nine more holes at a higher elevation. It is owned by the Astorhurst Land Company.","http://waltonhillsohio.gov/pdf_waltonhills/en-US/HistoricalDocs/LittleEgyptCommunity.pdf
https://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2017/05/cleveland_metroparks_to_buy_as.html",,NA
469,Cuyahoga Valley,Beaver Marsh,Meadow/Field,Animal,Natural,western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Where ingenious local beavers have dammed waterways with mud and sticks and can often be spotted mid-evening gearing up for more work on their wetlands projects.,https://www.conservancyforcvnp.org/trails/beaver-marsh/,,NA
470,Cuyahoga Valley,Bedford Reservation (Cleveland Metroparks),Park region,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Bedford Township was officially founded in 1823 and Township 6 was renamed Bedford Township by Daniel Benedict, originally a native of Bedford, New York.[13] The original township covered what today includes Bedford, Bedford Heights, Ohio, Maple Heights, Ohio, Oakwood Village, Ohio, and Walton Hills, Ohio....these places are called reserves following the tradition from the original plots of land sold to companies and rich folk from the British Crown I think: Bedford began as part of the Connecticut Western Reserve in 1797. A large portion of the Western Reserve was sold to the Connecticut Land Company in 1795. Information on the western reserve: Settlers in the western part of the reserve faced struggles with American Indians over ownership of the land. The westernmost part of the Fire Lands had been granted to American Indians in the Ohio Country territory as part of the Treaty of Greenville of 1795. As the population increased, Ohio American Indians were forced from the region.","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford,_Ohio",http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Western_Reserve,NA
471,Cuyahoga Valley,Blossom Music Center,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","An outdoor ampitheater named after the family of Dudley S. Blossom, who served as president of the Cleveland Orchestra from 1936 to 1938.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blossom_Music_Center,,NA
472,Cuyahoga Valley,Blue Hen Falls,Waterfall,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,NA,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely lyrical or narrative name,NA,,NA
473,Cuyahoga Valley,Boston,Park region,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Township named by James Stanford as he resolved a minor power struggle between two fellow settlers. Whereas Alfred Wolcott liked the sound of Wolcottsburg and Samuel Ewart preferred Ewartsville, Stanford proposed the name of Boston, giving homage to the town in Massachusetts that was so pivotal to America's roots (Stanford was also born in a town called Boston).",https://www.conservancyforcvnp.org/life-times-of-the-stanford-house/,,NA
474,Cuyahoga Valley,Boston Mills Ski Resort,Lodge,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for the village of Boston Mills, which housed a water powered mill. The name Boston could have come from the Boston township.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Mills_Historic_District,,NA
475,Cuyahoga Valley,Boston Store Visitor Center,Visitor Center,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Township named by James Stanford as he resolved a minor power struggle between two fellow settlers. Whereas Alfred Wolcott liked the sound of Wolcottsburg and Samuel Ewart preferred Ewartsville, Stanford proposed the name of Boston, giving homage to the town in Massachusetts that was so pivotal to America's roots (Stanford was also born in a town called Boston).",https://www.conservancyforcvnp.org/life-times-of-the-stanford-house/,,NA
476,Cuyahoga Valley,Boston Trail Mix,Trailhead,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",a retail store that sells treats and trail mix,https://www.conservancyforcvnp.org/park-stores/,,NA
477,Cuyahoga Valley,Botzum,Trailhead,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Possibly named after the Botzum family, who immigrated from Germany to build a farmstead in Northern Ohio. Their farmstead is also part of the park. No information on the beliefs of the Botzums.",https://www.nps.gov/cuva/learn/historyculture/botzum-farm.htm,,NA
478,Cuyahoga Valley,Brandywine Falls,Waterfall,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for the village of Brandywine that took advantage of the water power of Brandywine Falls to build a sawmill and a whiskey distillery (referred to as brandy),"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandywine_Village,_Ohio",,NA
479,Cuyahoga Valley,Brandywine Golf Course,Point of Interest or geologic formation,TBD,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for the village of Brandywine that took advantage of the water power of Brandywine Falls to build a sawmill and a whiskey distillery (referred to as brandy),"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandywine_Village,_Ohio",,NA
480,Cuyahoga Valley,Brandywine Ski Resort and Polar Blast Tubing,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for the village of Brandywine that took advantage of the water power of Brandywine Falls to build a sawmill and a whiskey distillery (referred to as brandy),"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandywine_Village,_Ohio",,NA
481,Cuyahoga Valley,Brecksville Nature Center,Visitor Center,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Brecksville was founded in 1811, four years after several men — including Colonel John Breck — purchased the surrounding area. After the land was surveyed, Seth Payne, one of the surveyors, brought his family and settled in the area in June 1811, and he was soon followed by many other families. Although Colonel Breck never lived in Brecksville, his three sons did, and members of his family continued to live in Brecksville until 1934, when his great-grandson Dr. Theodore Breck died. A comprehensive early historical account of Brecksville was written by William R. Coates and published by The American Historical Society in 1924.[8]  .....Col. John Breck is listed as the Col. of 40th Infantry from Mass. in 1814 (second link)....not sure if Breck was ""good or bad"" to put it in simple terms.--BM Settlers in the western part of the reserve faced struggles with American Indians over ownership of the land. The westernmost part of the Fire Lands had been granted to American Indians in the Ohio Country territory as part of the Treaty of Greenville of 1795. As the population increased, Ohio American Indians were forced from the region. This is ""colonialism"" the name is for a colonizer (white person who ""bought"" Indigenous land) whose settlement (by his children and others) pushed out the American Indians, which is colonialism.","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brecksville,_Ohio,         https://books.google.com/books?id=KogDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA135&lpg=PA135&dq=Colonel+John+Breck&source=bl&ots=1nBRG5vnAa&sig=ACfU3U2IqgpONsrFvVnsCA5gBO1acdA3nQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjjusb097TgAhVHzIMKHYX4D3AQ6AEwAnoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=Colonel%20John%20Breck&f=false",http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Western_Reserve,NA
482,Cuyahoga Valley,Brecksville Reservation (Cleveland Metroparks),Park region,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Brecksville was founded in 1811, four years after several men — including Colonel John Breck — purchased the surrounding area. After the land was surveyed, Seth Payne, one of the surveyors, brought his family and settled in the area in June 1811, and he was soon followed by many other families. Although Colonel Breck never lived in Brecksville, his three sons did, and members of his family continued to live in Brecksville until 1934, when his great-grandson Dr. Theodore Breck died. A comprehensive early historical account of Brecksville was written by William R. Coates and published by The American Historical Society in 1924.[8]  .....Col. John Breck is listed as the Col. of 40th Infantry from Mass. in 1814 (second link)....not sure if Breck was ""good or bad"" to put it in simple terms.--BM Settlers in the western part of the reserve faced struggles with American Indians over ownership of the land. The westernmost part of the Fire Lands had been granted to American Indians in the Ohio Country territory as part of the Treaty of Greenville of 1795. As the population increased, Ohio American Indians were forced from the region. This is ""colonialism"" the name is for a colonizer (white person who ""bought"" Indigenous land) whose settlement (by his children and others) pushed out the American Indians, which is colonialism.","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brecksville,_Ohio",,NA
483,Cuyahoga Valley,Brecksville Stables,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Brecksville was founded in 1811, four years after several men — including Colonel John Breck — purchased the surrounding area. After the land was surveyed, Seth Payne, one of the surveyors, brought his family and settled in the area in June 1811, and he was soon followed by many other families. Although Colonel Breck never lived in Brecksville, his three sons did, and members of his family continued to live in Brecksville until 1934, when his great-grandson Dr. Theodore Breck died. A comprehensive early historical account of Brecksville was written by William R. Coates and published by The American Historical Society in 1924.[8]  .....Col. John Breck is listed as the Col. of 40th Infantry from Mass. in 1814 (second link)....not sure if Breck was ""good or bad"" to put it in simple terms.--BM Settlers in the western part of the reserve faced struggles with American Indians over ownership of the land. The westernmost part of the Fire Lands had been granted to American Indians in the Ohio Country territory as part of the Treaty of Greenville of 1795. As the population increased, Ohio American Indians were forced from the region. This is ""colonialism"" the name is for a colonizer (white person who ""bought"" Indigenous land) whose settlement (by his children and others) pushed out the American Indians, which is colonialism.","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brecksville,_Ohio",,NA
484,Cuyahoga Valley,Brecksville Station,Train station,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Brecksville was founded in 1811, four years after several men — including Colonel John Breck — purchased the surrounding area. After the land was surveyed, Seth Payne, one of the surveyors, brought his family and settled in the area in June 1811, and he was soon followed by many other families. Although Colonel Breck never lived in Brecksville, his three sons did, and members of his family continued to live in Brecksville until 1934, when his great-grandson Dr. Theodore Breck died. A comprehensive early historical account of Brecksville was written by William R. Coates and published by The American Historical Society in 1924.[8]  .....Col. John Breck is listed as the Col. of 40th Infantry from Mass. in 1814 (second link)....not sure if Breck was ""good or bad"" to put it in simple terms.--BM Settlers in the western part of the reserve faced struggles with American Indians over ownership of the land. The westernmost part of the Fire Lands had been granted to American Indians in the Ohio Country territory as part of the Treaty of Greenville of 1795. As the population increased, Ohio American Indians were forced from the region. This is ""colonialism"" the name is for a colonizer (white person who ""bought"" Indigenous land) whose settlement (by his children and others) pushed out the American Indians, which is colonialism.","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brecksville,_Ohio,         https://books.google.com/books?id=KogDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA135&lpg=PA135&dq=Colonel+John+Breck&source=bl&ots=1nBRG5vnAa&sig=ACfU3U2IqgpONsrFvVnsCA5gBO1acdA3nQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjjusb097TgAhVHzIMKHYX4D3AQ6AEwAnoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=Colonel%20John%20Breck&f=false",http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Western_Reserve,NA
485,Cuyahoga Valley,Bridal Veil Falls,Waterfall,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Bridal Veil Falls is a frequently-used name for waterfalls that observers fancy resemble a bride's veil.,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridal_Veil_Falls,,NA
486,Cuyahoga Valley,Brunty Farms,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Modern farm, owner's last name; not our definition of memorializes colonialism because modern.",http://countrysideconservancy.businesscatalyst.com/fm-vendors/brunty-farm,,NA
487,Cuyahoga Valley,Brushwood Lake,Trailhead,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"Named after person who supported racist ideas (but non-violent, not in power) [3]","No info - not likely, no evidence","Brushwood Lake, a once-popular swimming spot before erosion and sedimentation forced its closing in 1956, was created by diverting the natural flow of the Furnance Run Stream. Named after the family of Charles Frances Brush Jr., who donated the 272 acres of Furnace Run to Summit Metro Parks. [from link 2:] established a foundation charged with studying eugenics and the ""problems of human overpopulation"". The Brush Foundation is still active today, obscures eugenics from their past. But also contributed to the founding of Planned Parenthood (b/c of eugenics interest...) also see http://ead.ohiolink.edu/xtf-ead/view?docId=ead/OCLWHi0277.xml;query=;brand=default ; and see http://fdnweb.org/brush/brush-history/",https://www.summitmetroparks.org/furnace-run-metro-park.aspx,https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6mg7nvz,NA
488,Cuyahoga Valley,Buckeye Trail,Trail,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The Buckeye Trail is a state-wide hiking trail. A nod to Ohio's nickname, the buckeye state, after its state tree, the buckeye.",https://www.ohiotraveler.com/the-buckeye-trail/,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckeye,NA
489,Cuyahoga Valley,Canal Corners Farm and Market,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The historic Gleeson farmstead is now home to Canal Corners Farm. This family run farm is located right on the corner of Canal Road and Tinker's Creek Road.,http://www.cvcountryside.org/ci-farms/canal-corners-farm-market,,NA
490,Cuyahoga Valley,Canal Exploration Center,Visitor Center,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","At Canal Exploration Center, interactice maps and games explore why a growing nation needed canals during The Canal Era (1825-1876). The Canal Era is a story of working people striving to realize the Founding Fathers' vision. Some prospered as businesses flourished along the watery interstate ""highways"" of the day. Boats brought new consumer goods and carried out raw materials.",https://www.nps.gov/cuva/learn/historyculture/canal-exploration-center.htm,,NA
491,Cuyahoga Valley,Conrad Botzum Farmstead,Cultural heritage (Western),Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Botzum family were poor immigrants from Germany. Ditch diggers, etc. to save money to buy land from Connecticut Land Co. Then farmers, and farm supply store, etc. --even though poor ditch-diggers, still colonialism.",https://www.nps.gov/cuva/learn/historyculture/botzum-farm.htm    https://botzum.org/about/  http://www.historyeveryday.org/botzum-farm--oh.html,,NA
492,Cuyahoga Valley,Coonrad,Ranger station,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"In 1873, Aquilla Coonrod [Coonrad] returned to the military and served with the 7th U.S. Cavalry then commanded by Colonel George Armstrong Custer. While with the 7th Cavalry, he was a sergeant and regimental standard-bearer. Coonrod eventually became a member of the 5th U.S. Infantry. Between October 21, 1876 and January 8, 1877, he took part in General Nelson Miles ""winter campaign"" against the Sioux Indians in the Montana Territory. In October 1876, Coonrod participated in actions against Chief Sitting Bull at Cedar Creek, and in April 1877, fought Crazy Horse at Wolf Mountain. He was one of 31 soldiers who received the Medal of Honor for ""extraordinary acts of heroism and gallantry in action"" during this period.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Commended for his bravery at Cedar Creek and other operations, Coonrod personally received his medal from General William T. Sherman, then Commanding General of the Army, on April 27, 1877. He and Civil War hero William J. Knight were the only two men from Williams County ever to receive the award.[10][11] .... More about Gen. Miles, actually the ""winter campaign"" is: Between 1876 and 1877, he participated in the campaign that scoured the Northern Plains after Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer's defeat at the Battle of the Little Big Horn, and forced the Lakota and their allies onto reservations. In the winter of 1877, he drove his troops on a forced march across eastern Montana to intercept the Nez Perce band led by Chief Joseph at the conclusion of the Nez Perce War.     [BM: potentially derogatory because it starts with ""Coon""]",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilla_Coonrod,,NA
493,Cuyahoga Valley,Countryside Center,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Reference to human managed, rural agricultural area. The Countryside Initiative leases NP land to farmers to farm the land sustainably. ""This innovative program began in 1999 as a way to preserve and protect the rural landscape in Cuyahoga Valley National Park (CVNP).  Since the National Park Service created the boundaries of this National Recreation Area in the 1970's, there was a struggle to stop the loss of rural character and cultural resources in the Cuyahoga Valley.  After a trip overseas, former park superintendent John Debo wondered why the countryside of Cuyahoga Valley couldn't be successfully managed like the countryside in Europe - with farming.""",http://www.cvcountryside.org/countryside-initiative-program,,NA
494,Cuyahoga Valley,Crow Foot Gully,Trailhead,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
495,Cuyahoga Valley,Cuyahoga River,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The name Cuyahoga is believed to mean ""crooked river"" from the Mohawk Indian name Cayagaga, although the Senecas called it Cuyohaga, or ""place of the jawbone"".[12][13]   OR Perhaps meaning ""at the wing"" in Iroquoian (Bright 2003). Treating like original IPN.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyahoga_River,,NA
496,Cuyahoga Valley,Cuyahoga Valley Environmental Education Center,Visitor Center,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after the river. The name Cuyahoga is believed to mean ""crooked river"" from the Mohawk Indian name Cayagaga, although the Senecas called it Cuyohaga, or ""place of the jawbone"".[12][13]   OR Perhaps meaning ""at the wing"" in Iroquoian",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyahoga_River,,NA
497,Cuyahoga Valley,Cuyahoga Valley National Park,Park,,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for the river for which: The name Cuyahoga is believed to mean ""crooked river"" from the Mohawk Indian name Cayagaga, although the Senecas called it Cuyohaga, or ""place of the jawbone"".[12][13]   OR Perhaps meaning ""at the wing"" in Iroquoian (Bright 2003). Treating like original IPN.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyahoga_River,,NA
498,Cuyahoga Valley,Daffodil,Trailhead,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Throughout mid-spring, discover an estimated 40,000 daffodils that were first planted here in the late 1930s",https://www.summitmetroparks.org/furnace-run-metro-park.aspx,,NA
499,Cuyahoga Valley,Deep Lock Quarry (Summit Metro Parks),Park region,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Deep Lock Quarry is a wealth of history from ancient American Indian trails, pioneer quarrying, narrow gauge railroads and hobo jungles. It became a metro park in 1934. Within the park is Lock 28, the deepest lock at 17' on the Ohio & Erie Canal.",https://www.summitmetroparks.org/deep-lock-quarry-metro-park.aspx,,NA
500,Cuyahoga Valley,Everett Covered Bridge,Cultural heritage (Western),Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for the town of Everett[3][4][5] in honor of Sylvester T. Everett, the Valley Railway's vice president and treasurer.[6]  Mr. Everett was a fancy Cleveland financier (treasurer for city, president of banks, etc.)","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_Historic_District_(Peninsula,_Ohio)    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_T._Everett",,NA
501,Cuyahoga Valley,Fitzwater,Trailhead,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; possibly named after a person. No official explanation but, the Fitzwater Road and the Fitzwater Truss Bridge could be named after the Fitzwater Family Cemetery, ""The Fitzwater Family Cemetery located on Fitzwater Road was the largest family cemetery [managed by Brecksville, OH]. It is currently closed."" Local history says, ""The early history of Brecksville is replete with interesting anecdotes. Tom Fitzwater for years played the fiddle for dances and was much in demand. His fiddle box was homemade and..."" No easily available information on the Fitzwaters.",http://www.brecksville.oh.us/Cemeteries/cemeteries.html,http://history.rays-place.com/oh/cuyahoga/brecksville.htm,NA
502,Cuyahoga Valley,Founders Wayside,Point of Interest or geologic formation,TBD,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Founders Wayside is an area off the side of the river near the Everett Covered Bridge with interpretive signs honoring the people who had the vision to turn the area into a NP, i.e. the ""Founders"".",https://americantraveljournal.blogspot.com/2012/09/cuyahoga-valley-national-park-short.html,,NA
503,Cuyahoga Valley,Frazee House,Trailhead,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for Stephen and Mehitable Frazee; early Ohio settlers and frontiersmen. Cannot find any information if they were racist.,https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/ohioeriecanal/fra.htm,,NA
504,Cuyahoga Valley,Furnace Run,River,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after early iron smelting furnaces along the Cuyahoga River, Furnace Run Stream passes through the 890-acre Furnace Run Metro Park.",https://www.summitmetroparks.org/furnace-run-metro-park.aspx,,NA
505,Cuyahoga Valley,Furnace Run (Summit Metro Parks),Park region,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after early iron smelting furnaces along the Cuyahoga River, Furnace Run Stream passes through the 890-acre Furncae Run Metro Park.",https://www.summitmetroparks.org/furnace-run-metro-park.aspx,,NA
506,Cuyahoga Valley,Goatfeathers Point Farm,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Goatfeathers Point Farm is a historical and sustainable farm in the heart of the Cuyahoga Valley National Park. The farmstead was established in 1875 by Nathaniel Point.,http://www.cvcountryside.org/ci-farms/goatfeathers-point-farm,,NA
507,Cuyahoga Valley,Goosefeather Pond,Lake,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
508,Cuyahoga Valley,Greenfield Berry Farm,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",A pick-your-own berry farm in Boston Township.,http://www.cvcountryside.org/ci-farms/greenfield-berry-farm,,NA
509,Cuyahoga Valley,Hale Farm & Village,Cultural heritage (Western),Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Hale Farm and Village is a historic property that was the original homestead of Jonathan Hale, a Connecticut farmer who migrated to the Western Reserve in 1810.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale_Farm_and_Village,,NA
510,Cuyahoga Valley,Hampton Hills (Summit Metro Parks),Park region,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person,NA,,NA
511,Cuyahoga Valley,Happy Days Lodge,Lodge,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Happy Days Lodge is named for the theme song of Roosevelt's New Deal political platform, ""Happy Days Are Here Again"". THe building was constructed in 1938-39 by the Civilian Conservation Corps.",https://www.conservancyforcvnp.org/experience/space-rental/meetings-retreats/happy-days-lodge/,,NA
512,Cuyahoga Valley,Heronry Wayside,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after the colonies of nests fo Great Blue Herons, called heronries. This is a good place to view the heronries.",https://www.nps.gov/cuva/planyourvisit/great-blue-herons.htm,,NA
513,Cuyahoga Valley,Hines Hill Center,Cultural heritage (Western),Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The property was originally built in 1904 as a summer home for the Jaite family, who owned the jaite Packaging mill. The property is located on Hines Hill road. Not colonialism because not named after the Jaites.",https://www.conservancyforcvnp.org/experience/space-rental/weddings/hines-hill-campus/,,Na
514,Cuyahoga Valley,Horseshoe Pond,Lake,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",A man-made lake named for its striking shape,https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/ohio/cleveland/easy-hike-cleveland-2/,,NA
515,Cuyahoga Valley,Howe Meadow,Meadow/Field,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person,NA,,NA
516,Cuyahoga Valley,Hunt House,Trailhead,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; possibly named after a person. Refers to Hunt Farm, but can't find more info",NA,,NA
517,Cuyahoga Valley,Indigo Lake,Lake,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Originally the site of Gray's Quarry, a gravel and sand pit, Indigo Lake came under the responsibilities of the National Park Service and the pit was filled with water by park service personell. The area surrounding the lake has been used for thousands of years by various Native American tribes, including the Erie and Hopewell. It is now advertised as a haunted place to visit. Named for the blue/indigo glow from the water.",http://www.ohioforgotten.com/hauntings/indigo/,https://birding-in-ohio.com/summit-county/cuyahoga-valley-national-park-indigo-lake/,NA
518,Cuyahoga Valley,Inn at Brandywine Falls,Lodge,TBD,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for the village of Brandywine that took advantage of the water power of Brandywine Falls to build a sawmill and a whiskey distillery (referred to as brandy),"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandywine_Village,_Ohio",,NA
519,Cuyahoga Valley,Ira,Trailhead,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person,NA,,NA
520,Cuyahoga Valley,Kendall Lake,Picnic area,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","A manmade lake built by the Civilian Conservation Corps. Often referred to as Virginia Kendall Lake. Cleveland coal baron and industrialist Hayward Kendall acquired this property in the first part of the 20th century for use as a hunting retreat. Upon his death, the property was transferred to his wife with the stipulation that it would eventually become a park named in honor of his mother, Virginia. The name ""Kendall Lake"" memorializes the Kendall family that extracted natural resources and benefitted from removal of Native Americans = colonialism.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Kendall_State_Park_Historic_District,,NA
521,Cuyahoga Valley,Ledges,Picnic area,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Picnic area on the Ledges Trail, which passes by some of the most dramatic sandstone ledges in Northeast Ohio.",http://www.naturalohioadventures.com/virginia-kendall-ledges-overlook.html,,NA
522,Cuyahoga Valley,Ledges Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The overlook is the high point of the Ledges Trail, a 2-mile trail that passes by some of the most dramatic sandstone ledges in Northeast Ohio. The overlook is perched atop the nearly 100-foot tall ledges and is another 100 feet about the Cuyahoga River.",http://www.naturalohioadventures.com/virginia-kendall-ledges-overlook.html,,NA
523,Cuyahoga Valley,Little Meadow,Trailhead,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
524,Cuyahoga Valley,Lock 29,Trailhead,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for Canal Lock 29 of the Ohio & Erie Canal. The trail gives a view of the stone lock walls.,http://hikingohioparks.com/canal-lock-trail-hiking-ohio-parks.html,,NA
525,Cuyahoga Valley,Lost Meadows,Picnic area,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
526,Cuyahoga Valley,M.D. Garage,Cultural heritage (Western),Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",MD Garage is a restored 1940s gas station located in the Village of Boston within Cuyahoga Valley.,https://www.ohioanderiecanalway.com/plan/whats-in-the-area/md-garage/,,NA
527,Cuyahoga Valley,Neitenbach Farm,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for AJ and Pamela Neitenbach, who moved onto their small farm in 2007.",http://www.cvcountryside.org/ci-farms/neitenbach-farm,,NA
528,Cuyahoga Valley,O'Neil Woods (Summit Metro Parks),Park region,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","William O'Neil, founder of General Tire and Rubber Company, and his wife Grace donated their 242-acre family farm to Metro Parks in 1972. Their son, M. Gerald O'Neil, served on the Board of Park Commissioners from 1969 to 1978 [LINK 1]--sounds so nice but really: Akron OH (near Cuyahoga NP) was the ""Rubber Capital of the World"" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron,_Ohio#1900s–1990s:_Rubber_Capital_of_the_World) because of O'Neil's and other rubber manufacturers were based there. **CRITICAL**: The rubber boom and the associated need for a large workforce had a significant negative effect on the indigenous population across Brazil, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia. As rubber plantations grew, labor shortages increased. The owners of the plantations or rubber barons were rich, but those who collected the rubber made very little as a large amount of rubber was needed to be profitable. The rubber barons rounded up all the Indians and forced them to tap rubber out of the trees. One plantation started with 50,000 Indians but, when discovered, only 8,000 were still alive. Slavery and systematic brutality were widespread, and in some areas, 90% of the Indian population was wiped out. These rubber plantations were part of the Brazilian rubber market, which declined as rubber plantations in Southeast Asia became more effective.[3] [LINK 2]
",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_Metro_Parks,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_rubber_boom#Effects_on_indigenous_population,NA
529,Cuyahoga Valley,Oak Hill,Trailhead,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
530,Cuyahoga Valley,Octagon,Picnic area,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",A set of 14 reservable picnic tables in the shape of an octagon,https://www.nps.gov/cuva/planyourvisit/picnicking-in-the-park.htm,,NA
531,Cuyahoga Valley,Ohio & Erie Canalway Towpath Trail,Trail,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The towpath trail is a historic trail where, from 1827 to 1913, mules pulled canal boats laden with passengers and goods up and down the historic Ohio and Erie Canal.",https://www.ohioanderiecanalway.com/explore/the-towpath-trail/,,NA
532,Cuyahoga Valley,Ottawa Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","American Indians briefly returned to the Cuyahoga Valley in the mid to late 1700s. American Indian tribes forced out of their lands migrated to Ohio. The Cuyahoga Valley had an Ottawa camp north of Boston. There was an Ojibwa settlement near Brecksville, and the Mingo tribe (the local name for the Seneca) may have had a camp near Ira. Many hunted along the Cuyahoga River in winter and early spring. Groups of men, women, and children canoed the river stopping along the way so the men could hunt on shore. At night they’d use the canoe as a shelter. By 1805 few American Indians remained in the Cuyahoga Valley. Treaties had stripped them of their lands and sent them to reservations in western Ohio.
The word is the name of an Algonquian people in Michigan and Ontario, meaning ""to trade"" or ""to buy"" The spelling ""Odawa"" is preferred by Canadian Indians of the group. (Bright 2003). Not erasure because natural feature, assuming named in honor of the Ottawa People, and not derogatory.",https://www.nps.gov/cuva/learn/kidsyouth/american-indians.htm,,NA
533,Cuyahoga Valley,Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
534,Cuyahoga Valley,Peninsula Depot,Train station,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Train station in Peninsula, Ohio.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_Depot,,NA
535,Cuyahoga Valley,Pine Hollow,Picnic area,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",A set of 5 reservable picnic tables near Salt Run and Virginia Kendall Park Lake,https://naturalatlas.com/picnic-areas/pine-hollow-2128002,,NA
536,Cuyahoga Valley,Pine Lane,Trailhead,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
537,Cuyahoga Valley,Porthouse Theater,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after lead donors, Cyril and Roberta Porthouse, who helped develop the Blossom Theater Program. Years later it was remarketed and renamed Porthouse in their honor. [from second link] --> Cyril Porthouse had earned prominence and wealth in Portage County as owner of Pyramid Rubber Company, a successful Ravenna firm he had bought in the 1940s with some substantial investment help from his wife. Roberta Porthouse hadn't just married a successful businessman. She was the daughter of one.Born in Lakewood, OH, Roberta Porthouse's father became the owner of the Portage Tire Company in Kent and moved his family to the tree city in the 1920s. She would later graduate from Roosevelt High School (now Davey Elementary School) and from Ohio State University with a degree in fine arts. Like Armington, benefited from rubber extraction at the expense of Indigenous people. The rubber boom and the associated need for a large workforce had a significant negative effect on the indigenous population across Brazil, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia. As rubber plantations grew, labor shortages increased. The owners of the plantations or rubber barons were rich, but those who collected the rubber made very little as a large amount of rubber was needed to be profitable. The rubber barons rounded up all the Indians and forced them to tap rubber out of the trees. One plantation started with 50,000 Indians but, when discovered, only 8,000 were still alive. Slavery and systematic brutality were widespread, and in some areas, 90% of the Indian population was wiped out. These rubber plantations were part of the Brazilian rubber market, which declined as rubber plantations in Southeast Asia became more effective.[3] [LINK 2]   BM: Colonialism because natural resource extraction at the expense of Indigenous people",https://www.ideastream.org/news/porthouse-theatre-celebrates-50-years-in-cuyahoga-valley,https://patch.com/ohio/kent/historic-kent-mansion-with-kent-state-ties-foreclosed,NA
538,Cuyahoga Valley,Red Lock,Trailhead,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Locks on the river here. Can't find origin for why it's called Red. Trail begins with a ""spillway,"" a channel that whisks away excess water from around the locks.",https://www.conservancyforcvnp.org/trails/towpath-trail-red-lock-to-peninsula/,,NA
539,Cuyahoga Valley,Rockside Station,Train station,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Rockside is a train station in Independence, Ohio and it is located on the south side of Rockside Road in Cuyahoga Valley National Park.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockside_station,,NA
540,Cuyahoga Valley,Sarah's Vineyard,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Operated by Mike and Margaret Lytz. Unclear why Sarah is in the name.,http://www.cvcountryside.org/ci-farms/sarahs-vineyard,,NA
541,Cuyahoga Valley,Shawnee Hills Golf Course,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,no,no,NA,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"The Shawnee were living in the Ohio Valley as early as the late 1600s.During the American Revolution, the Shawnees fought alongside the British against the Americans. The Shawnees believed that Britain would prevent the colonists from encroaching further upon Shawnee land. After the war the Shawnee continued to resist Anglo-American settlement onto Shawnee land.The Shawnees were forced to surrender most of their lands in Ohio with the signing of the Treaty of Greenville.Some Shawnee, however, hoped to reclaim their Ohio lands. Chief amongst them was Tecumseh...General William Henry Harrison defeated the Shawnees and their allies at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. The Treaty of Ft. Meigs (1817) effectively ceded all Shawnee lands to the U.S. government, and placed the Shawnee on three reservations in present-day Ohio: one near Wapakaneta (Wapaughkoneta); one in Hog Creek (near Lima); and one in Lewistown. These reservations were shared with the Seneca. Many of the Shawnee moved into the Indiana Territory -- one group relocated to Missouri, then to Texas, before being forced into the Neosho River Reservation in Kansas under the Treaty of St. Louis (1825). This reservation was shared with the Ohio Seneca and Ohio Cayuga. These groups were later forced into Oklahoma under the Indian Removal policies of the mid-19th century. In 1833, Shawnee leader Black Bob lead a resistance movement based in Olathe, Kansas, to which many Ohio Shawnee defected Other Shawnees, like Black Hoof -- leader of a popular Shawnee resistance movement on Treaty of Fort Meigs-appointed lands in Northwest Ohio -- adopted white customs, in the hope that assimilationist efforts would protect the Shawnee rights to their Ohio lands. Between 1831 and 1833, the United States forced the Shawnee to give up their land claims in Ohio. The Lewiston Shawnee band migrated directly to Oklahoma; and, shortly thereafter, the Wapakoneta and Hog Creek groups moved to the Shawnee Reservations in Kansas. After the Civil War, the Shawnee, like most of American Indians, were expelled from Kansas and sent to the Indian Territory, in present-day Oklahoma.....from golf course metroparks website: As you walk down the hill from the #10 green to the #11 tee, take note of the grave site of Mary Egbert. The Egberts farmed the land that most of the course was built on. Mary was one of the Egbert sisters and died at the age of three in 1843....From third link.   Name of an Algonquian people, probably once concentrated in southern OH, later PA, KY, AL, KS and OK, meaning ""people of the south""",http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Shawnee_Indians  https://www.clevelandmetroparks.com/golf/courses/shawnee-hills-golf-course    https://www.clevelandmetroparks.com/parks/learn/blogs/notes-from-the-field/2013/september-2013/little-hannah-jane-egbert,,NA
542,Cuyahoga Valley,Sleepy Hollow Golf Course,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely lyrical or narrative name,NA,,NA
543,Cuyahoga Valley,Spice Acres,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Spice Acres is not only a 13-acre sustainable family farm nestled inside Cuyahoga Valley National park, it's also a dynamic venue for learning and lauding each season's food through on-site workshops and events.",http://spiceacres.com/,,NA
544,Cuyahoga Valley,Spicy Lamb Farm,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The farm celebrates the abundance of life with local food, fiber, and fun. Originally built in 1914, it is now run by Laura DeYoung who has an interest in sheep and spicy herbs and vegetables.",http://www.thespicylamb.com/about,,NA
545,Cuyahoga Valley,Squire Rich Historical Museum,Cultural heritage (Western),Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Charles Rich (pioneer and homeowner) served as a Justice of Peace for 30 years in Brecksville Township. This occupation was the source of his “title” of Squire. His duties included performing marriages and settling land disputes as well as dealing with criminal cases involving horse and cattle thievery,http://www.brecksvillehistoricalassociation.org/squire-rich-museum.html,,NA
546,Cuyahoga Valley,Stanford House,Lodge,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for James Stanford, who participated in surveying parties who was a member of the original surveyors of Boston Township before deciding to move his family to the area.",https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/336,https://www.nps.gov/cuva/learn/historyculture/stanford-house.htm,NA
547,Cuyahoga Valley,Station Road Bridge,Trailhead,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The Station Road Bridge, near Brecksville, Ohio, was built in 1882. It spans the Cuyahoga River between Cuyahoga County and Summit County and is named after its street name, Station Road. (this is actually a trailhead as indicated even though it sounds like a road or bridge)",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_Road_Bridge,https://bridgehunter.com/oh/cuyahoga/station-road/,NA
548,Cuyahoga Valley,Stumpy Basin,Meadow/Field,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","A botanical area north of Peninsula, Ohio, that is owned by Kent State University. Cattails are seen in this marshy area that once was a turnaround for boats plying the Ohio-Erie Canal.","https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:STUMPY_BASIN,_A_BOTANICAL_AREA_NORTH_OF_PENINSULA,_OHIO,_NEAR_CLEVELAND,_THAT_IS_OWNED_BY_KENT_STATE_UNIVERSITY...._-_NARA_-_558088.jpg",,
549,Cuyahoga Valley,Terra Vista Natural Study Area,Park region,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for the company that strip mined the area, Terra Vista Sand and Gravel (and probably then donated the land)",https://www.conservancyforcvnp.org/a-mine-full-of-tadpoles-terra-vista/,,NA
550,Cuyahoga Valley,Tinkers Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Tinker's Creek was named after Captain Joseph Tinker, the principal boatsman of Moses Cleaveland's survey crew ( surveying the Connecticut Western Reserve in 1796)., who died in a boating accident while returning to New England in the fall of 1797.[3]",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkers_Creek_(Cuyahoga_River_tributary),,NA
551,Cuyahoga Valley,Tinkers Creek Gorge,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Tinker's Creek was named after Captain Joseph Tinker, the principal boatsman of Moses Cleaveland's survey crew ( surveying the Connecticut Western Reserve in 1796)., who died in a boating accident while returning to New England in the fall of 1797.[3]",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkers_Creek_(Cuyahoga_River_tributary),,NA
552,Cuyahoga Valley,Trapp Family Farm,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Trapp family farm is named for the Trapp family and is a mixed crop and livestock farm powered by draft horses since its inception in 2012--after the establishment of the park in 2000.,https://spectrumnews1.com/oh/columbus/news/2021/06/29/trapp-family-farm-in-cuyahoga-valley-national-park,,NA
553,Cuyahoga Valley,Valley Trail,Trail,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,NA,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
554,Cuyahoga Valley,Viaduct Park,Cultural heritage (Western),Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Tinker's Viaduct is a historic structure (bridge) there,https://www.clevelandmetroparks.com/parks/visit/parks/bedford-reservation/viaduct-park,,NA
555,Cuyahoga Valley,Virginia Kendall Park,Park region,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Cleveland coal baron and industrialist Hayward Kendall acquired this property in the first part of the 20th century for use as a hunting retreat. Upon his death, the property transferred to his wife with the stipuation that it would eventually become a park named in honor of his mother, Virginia.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Kendall_State_Park_Historic_District,,NA
556,Cuyahoga Valley,Wetmore,Trailhead,TBD,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person,NA,,NA
557,Denali,Alaska Range,Range,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",From Alaxsxaq means Mainland in Aleut,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Alaska,,Alaxsxaq
558,Denali,Anderson Pass,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","After Pete Anderson, climber from 1910 Sourdough Party. Member of early party to climb Mt. McKinley / explore. Other places named in 1910 (Explorers Peak, Mount Dan Beard, Mt. Huntington).",https://www.themilepost.com/attractions/mount-mckinley/,,NA
559,Denali,Avalanche Spire,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
560,Denali,Bear Creek,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
561,Denali,Bearpaw River,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Heart Stream' in Koyukon; Variant names include Ch'edraya' No', Ch'edzaaye' No', Ch'edzaaye' No', Hutl'ot, and Ch'idraya' No'.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearpaw_River,,"Variant names include Ch'edraya' No', Ch'edzaaye' No', Ch'edzaaye' No', Hutl'ot, and Ch'idraya' No' / 'Heart Stream' in Koyukon;"
562,Denali,Birch Creek,River,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
563,Denali,Brooker Mountain,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Ed Brooker Sr. an early official in Kantishna.  U.S. Commissioner and Postmaster, As Kantishna's commissioner, the elder Brooker was judge, chief law officer, mining claim recorder, and, generally, ""the Government"" as it existed in bush Alaska in those early days. Second link does not suggest a history of racism or violence against a group.",http://npshistory.com/publications/dena/hrs/chap6.htm,https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/dena/hrs6b.htm,NA
564,Denali,Brooks Glacier,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Brooks Range, northernmost extension of the Rocky Mountains in northern Alaska, U.S. Named for the geologist Alfred H. Brooks, the entire range is within the Arctic Circle. Brooks wrote 1906 government report ""Geography and Geology of Alaska. A Summary of Existing Knowledge,""",https://www.adn.com/alaska-news/science/2016/08/20/meet-the-geologist-and-explorer-the-brooks-range-is-named-after/,,NA
565,Denali,Buckskin Glacier,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
566,Denali,Bull River,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
567,Denali,Busia Mountain,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","“Little Johnnie” was born in Croatia in 1891 and immigrated to Kantishna in 1918 to join his father in the mining district.[2] In 1922, the cabin that now dons his name was built and then abandoned by the Kantishna Hydraulic Mining Company. In 1922 or 1923, Busia moved into the vacant cabin, and lived there until his death in 1957.",https://www.nps.gov/media/article-search,,NA
568,Denali,Cantwell Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Cantwell is named after Lieutenant J. C. Cantwell, military explorer and commander of the revenue steamer Corwin on the Yukon River, 1898-1900. Prior to the settlement, the only inhabitants of the Cantwell area were nomadic Tanana Indians and Athabascan Native Alaskans who hunted and fished. Cantwell settled the area. Seems unlikely to be derogatory, ""Cantwell not only took to heart the charge of ascertaining “the number, condition, habits, and customs of the inhabitants” (Cantwell, 1889a:49), but also seemed to relish it. On 27 July, the party arrived at a village and “were welcomed with many manifestations of delight. Some of the Indians had never seen white men, and they crowded around me examining my clothing” (Cantwell, 1889a:54). They visited many villages and over the course of the expedition were assisted by numerous Indians. Cantwell’s feelings toward them are exemplified by the statement that on 14 August “at 7:30 we bade farewell to our kind Indian friends”",Native American Place Names,,NA
569,Denali,Castle Rocks Lake,Lake,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
570,Denali,Cathedral Mountain,Mountain,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
571,Denali,Chedotlothna Glacier,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Upper Kuskokwim (Athabascan): ch' idotl' uł no = 'braided-string river',Native American Place Names,,
572,Denali,Chilchukabena Lake,Lake,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Koyukon (Athabascan): ch' elkoghee bene' = 'fat-animal lake',Native American Place Names,,
573,Denali,Chitsia Mountain,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Koyukon (Athabascan): ch' edzaaye' = 'heart',Native American Place Names,,
574,Denali,Clearwater Creek,River,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely descriptive. Likely named for clarity of water as it is an unglaciated, and therefore less milky, color",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali_Highway,,NA
575,Denali,Clearwater Fork,River,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely descriptive. Likely named for clarity of water as it is an unglaciated, and therefore less milky, color",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali_Highway,,NA
576,Denali,Cottonwood Hills,Range,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
577,Denali,Denali,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Meaning: The Tall One, The High One in Koyukon",https://decolonialatlas.wordpress.com/2015/05/15/indigenous-names-for-mount-mckinley/,,"Deenaalee, Dinadhi, Denaze, Dghelaay Ce'e, Dghelaay Ka'a"
578,Denali,Denali National Park,Park,,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for the mountain: Meaning: The Tall One, The High One in Koyukon",https://decolonialatlas.wordpress.com/2015/05/15/indigenous-names-for-mount-mckinley/,,NA
579,Denali,Divide Mountain,Mountain,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely descriptive. Local name shown on a 1916 fieldsheet by C. E. Giffin, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Assuming literal descriptive for dividing watersheds or other areas",https://alaska.guide/Mountain/Divide-Mountain/1401249,,
580,Denali,Don Sheldon Amphitheater,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Sixty years earlier, Sheldon, a bush pilot living in Talkeetna, stood on the Ruth Glacier for the first time and realized two things: This place is special, and he wanted to share it with the world. --not colonialism, not extracting resources",https://www.backpacker.com/trips/skiing-denali-untracked-alaska,,
581,Denali,Double Mountain,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for 2 peaks,https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=230,,
582,Denali,East Buttress,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive. Western structural reference,https://www.google.com/search?q=East+Buttress+denali&oq=East+Buttress+denali&aqs=chrome..69i57j0.4072j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8,,
583,Denali,East Fork Toklat River,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","(Secondary) ""Sheep rock stream"" in Lower Tanana.  Tanana Indian name reported as ""Toclat River"" in 1885 by Lieutenant H. T. Allen, USA, with the translation, ""dish water"" (1887, p. 85). Lieutenant Allen applied the name to the stream presently known as Kantishna River and the name ""Toklat"" is relegated to a major tributary of the Kantishna. This is probably the same name spelled ""Tutlut"" by Ivan Petroff in 1880.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toklat_River,,
584,Denali,Easy Pass,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Easy Pass is at least true to its name. It is a wide, flat valley with low tundra vegetation rather than a steep mountain pass.",https://www.nps.gov/dena/planyourvisit/unit17.htm,,
585,Denali,Eielson Alpine Trail,Trail,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The first facility was a tent camp called Camp Eielson, and named after pioneer Alaskan aviator Carl Ben Eielson. Not extracting resources, not colonialism",https://www.nps.gov/dena/planyourvisit/the-eielson-visitor-center.htm,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ben_Eielson,
586,Denali,Eielson Visitor Center,Visitor Center,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The first facility was a tent camp called Camp Eielson, and named after pioneer Alaskan aviator Carl Ben Eielson. Not extracting resources, not colonialism",https://www.nps.gov/dena/planyourvisit/the-eielson-visitor-center.htm,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ben_Eielson,
587,Denali,Eldridge Glacier,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Mount Eldridge was named in 1953 by Bradford Washburn for U.S. Geological Survey explorer George H. Eldridge,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Eldridge_(Alaska_Range),,Chulitna Glacier; Fidele Glacier; Li Tayena;
588,Denali,Explorers Peak,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Climbed in 1910 and named for the Explorers Club of New York by H. C. Parker and Belmore Browne. Literally named after explorers.,"https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1401953,Explorers%20Peak",,
589,Denali,Fang Mountain,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive. Local descriptive name published in 1952 by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).,"https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1401995,Fang%20Mountain",,
590,Denali,Foggy Pass,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive. Published by The Alaska Railroad on a 1923 maunuscript map.,"https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1402251,Foggy%20Pass",,
591,Denali,Foraker Glacier,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named in 1899 by Lieutenant J.S. Herron, USA, for Joseph Benson Foraker, 1846-1917, U.S. Senator from Ohio.  Wikipedia: He came to differ with President Theodore Roosevelt over railroad regulation and political patronage. Their largest disagreement was over the Brownsville Affair, in which black soldiers were accused of terrorizing a Texas town, and Roosevelt dismissed the entire battalion. Foraker zealously opposed Roosevelt's actions as unfair, and fought for the soldiers' reinstatement. The two men's disagreement broke out into an angry confrontation at the 1907 Gridiron Dinner, after which Roosevelt worked to defeat Foraker's re-election bid. Foraker died in 1917; in 1972, the Army reversed the dismissals and cleared the soldiers. Mount Foraker, the second highest peak in the Alaska Range, and the third highest peak in the United States, was named for him in 1899.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_B._Foraker,,
592,Denali,Foraker River,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Name derived from Mount Foraker; reported in 1925 by S. R. Capps, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). In 1907, according to Gordon (1917, p. 80),"" its Tanana Indian name was ""Kwalana""; another Indian name reported in 1952 by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is ""Kotalhno.""",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_B._Foraker,,Gotothna River; Kotalhno River; Kwalana; Seyh Khoolanh No'
593,Denali,Glacier Creek,River,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely descriptive.  Local name reported in 1925 by S. R. Capps, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Likely literal descriptive name","https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1402602,Glacier%20Creek",,
594,Denali,Gorge Creek Trail,Trail,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","So named by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in 1931, because the stream flows through ""a very deep gorge.""","https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1402805,Gorge%20Creek",,
595,Denali,Healy Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Name recorded as ""Healy Fork: in 1902 by Collier (1903, p. 45) U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). ""Named after Captain J. J. Healy, president of the North American Transportation and Trading Company"" (Baker, 1906, p. 301). Healy was an Indian fighter (violence) and his writing show white supremacy (second link) ""...It so rarely happens that an Indian is gifted with good, solid sense that when one of this kind is born into the world he soon becomes a prominent member of his tribe. Not that Indians as a race are wanting in intelligence, but there are few whose intellect is sufficient to overcome their brutish instincts or to understand that their habits and mode of life are slowly but surely wiping them from the face of the earth...""","https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1403277,Healy%20Creek","https://books.google.com/books?id=_tq7BQAAQBAJ&pg=PT104&lpg=PT104&dq=Captain+J.+J.+Healy,+president+of+the+North+American+Transportation+and+Trading+Company&source=bl&ots=hFnLYFK2-6&sig=ACfU3U231J3E4HNXb_O7_2Qoz8oJa8aa6w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiZ4ePGo8jnAhXzlHIEHYr9CPIQ6AEwAHoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=Healy&f=false",Nonotesdoyh No'; Tr'antadoyh No'; Ts'entadaas Na'
596,Denali,Herron Glacier,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named in 1902 by A. H. Brooks, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), for Lieutenant Joseph S. Herron, USA, who conducted an exploring expedition in 1899 from Cook Inlet north along the west slope of the Alaska Range to the Tanana River.","https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1403338,Herron%20Glacier",,
597,Denali,Herron River,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named in 1902 by A. H. Brooks, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), for Lieutenant Joseph S. Herron, USA, who conducted an exploring expedition in 1899 from Cook Inlet north along the west slope of the Alaska Range to the Tanana River.","https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1403338,Herron%20Glacier",,
598,Denali,Highway Pass,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely descriptive. Local name shown on a 1916 fieldsheet by C. E. Giffin, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).","https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1403382,Highway%20Pass",,
599,Denali,Igloo Creek,Campground,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"Local name reported by Woodbury Abbey, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, on the blueprint of his 1921 Mount McKinley National Park survey. The use of igloos (iglu) is unique to peoples inhabiting central Canada and Greenland - and not in Denali.","https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1403710,Igloo%20Creek",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igloo,
600,Denali,Jenny Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person. Local name published in 1953 by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).,No information regarding name,,
601,Denali,Kahiltna Dome,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Dena'ina (Athabascan): kagheltnu = 'flows-directly river',Native American Place Names,,
602,Denali,Kahiltna Glacier,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Dena'ina (Athabascan): kagheltnu = 'flows-directly river',Native American Place Names,,
603,Denali,Kankone Peak,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Koyukon (Athabascan): hedenee' one = 'that which is attached',Native American Place Names,,
604,Denali,Kantishna (Airstrip),Infrastructure,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Koyukon (Athabascan): hentoo łno = 'uncertain stream',Native American Place Names,,
605,Denali,Kantishna Hills,Range,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Koyukon (Athabascan): hentoo łno = 'uncertain stream',Native American Place Names,,
606,Denali,Kantishna River,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Koyukon (Athabascan): hentoo łno = 'uncertain stream',Native American Place Names,,
607,Denali,Lacuna Glacier,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Mountain climbers' name for the place published in the late 1940's. Lacuna means space or gap.,"https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1405154,Lacuna%20Glacier",,
608,Denali,McGonagall Pass,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named about 1916 for Charles McGonogall, prospector, who, in 1910, discovered and named this feature after Bill McPhee, a saloonkeeper from Fairbanks, who helped finance their expedition.","https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1406130,McGonagall%20Pass",,
609,Denali,McKinley Bar Trail,Trail,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named in 1902; Mckinley Fork by A. H. Brooks shown as Mckinley River on a 1905 manuscript map of Kantishna Gold Fields, by A. Friedrich, prospector. (Secondary) Upland River in Koyukon. Assuming named for President McKinley. But McKinley thought the people “unfit for self-government.” He wanted to “uplift and civilize and Christianize them.” So he waged a brutal war against the Filipino “insurrection.” Tens of thousands of people died in combat. Hundreds of thousands more died from diseases contracted in the concentration camps where the U.S. held Filipino prisoners.","https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1406154,McKinley%20River",https://millercenter.org/president/mckinley/foreign-affairs,
610,Denali,McKinley River,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named in 1902; Mckinley Fork by A. H. Brooks shown as Mckinley River on a 1905 manuscript map of Kantishna Gold Fields, by A. Friedrich, prospector. (Secondary) Upland River in Koyukon. Assuming named for President McKinley. But McKinley thought the people “unfit for self-government.” He wanted to “uplift and civilize and Christianize them.” So he waged a brutal war against the Filipino “insurrection.” Tens of thousands of people died in combat. Hundreds of thousands more died from diseases contracted in the concentration camps where the U.S. held Filipino prisoners.","https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1406154,McKinley%20River",https://millercenter.org/president/mckinley/foreign-affairs,Yoongu Hentooł Nó
611,Denali,Moose Creek,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely named for local fauna. Local name reported in 1913 by J. W. Bagley (in Brooks, 1914, pl. 12), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).","https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1406568,Moose%20Creek",,
612,Denali,Mooses Tooth,Mountain,Animal,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,translation,Animal,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","This name was revoked by the United States Geological Survey, which named the peak ""The Mooses Tooth,"" a translation of the Athabascan name for the peak.[2] The official USGS name does lack the grammatically correct apostrophe.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moose%27s_Tooth,,
613,Denali,Mount Barrille,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Edward Barrill (1861-1946), a horse packer from Darby, Montana, who was his sole companion during his 1906 claim to be the first to climb Mount McKinley.[3] The claim was later disproved, and in 1909 Barrill signed an affidavit stating that they had not reached the summit. Cook referred to his companion as Barrille in his accounts of the expedition, and Barrille remains as the official spelling used by the United States Geological Survey.[4]",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Barrille,,
614,Denali,Mount Brooks,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named by Belmore Browne in 1912 for Alfred Hulse Brooks, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The mountain was first climbed by Thayer Scudder, Winslow Briggs, J. S. Humphreys, and David Bernays on July 5, 1952",https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:1:0::NO:::,,
615,Denali,Mount Crosson,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named in 1949 by Bradford Washburn, for Joseph Crosson, ""pioneer aviator of Alaska.""",https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:1:0::NO:::,,
616,Denali,Mount Dan Beard,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named in 1910 by H. C. Parker and Belmore Browne for Daniel Carter Beard, 1850-1941, American painter and illustrator and founder of the Boy Scouts of America in 1910. Boy scouts have a deeply racist history and non-friednly to Indigenous Peoples--but links do not clearly connect to Dan Beard",https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:1:0::NO:::,https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/pa5a3m/how-to-be-an-ally-to-native-americans-indigenous-people?utm_campaign=sharebutton,
617,Denali,Mount Deception,Mountain,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named and first climbed by four men of a U.S. Army crash investigation party, November 13, 1944, after and airplane crash on the mountain 2 months before.",https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:1:0::NO:::,,
618,Denali,Mount Dickey,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named in 1955 by Bradford Washburn for William A. Dickey, 1862-1939, who explored and prospected the upper Chulitna River in 1896 and was responsible for naming Mount McKinley [now Denali].",https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:1:0::NO:::,,
619,Denali,Mount Eldridge,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Mount Eldridge was named in 1953 by Bradford Washburn for U.S. Geological Survey explorer George H. Eldridge.,https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:1:0::NO:::,,
620,Denali,Mount Foraker,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named in 1899 by Lieutenant J.S. Herron, USA, for Joseph Benson Foraker, 1846-1917, U.S. Senator from Ohio (Secondary) Downstream side of Tall One in Upper Kuskokwim.(Secondary) Downstream side of Tall One in Upper Kuskokwim",https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:1:0::NO:::,,Ts'udots'in Denaze
621,Denali,Mount Goldie,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person. Local name reported in 1958 by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).,https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:1:0::NO:::,,
622,Denali,Mount Healy,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after Captain J. J. Healy, president of the North American Transportation and Trading Company",https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:1:0::NO:::,,
623,Denali,Mount Hunter,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","In 1903, Robert Dunn, reporter of the ""New York Commercial Advertiser,"" with F. A. Cook, named a high mountain ""Mount Hunter,"" in honor of his aunt Anna Falconnet Hunter, 1885-1941, who financed his trip. R.W. Porter, USGS, in 1906, mistakenly applied the name to this peak, about 9 miles northwest of the one named by Dunn. Cook, in 1905, may have named this mountain ""Mount Disston"" for his friend Henry Disston. See Mount Huntington. Some members of Cook's 1906 party referred to this mountain as ""Little McKinley"" and the prospectors in the Yentna district to the south called it ""Mount Roosevelt"" for Theodore Roosevelt. The first ascent of Mount Hunter was July 5, 1954, by Fred Beckey, Heinrich Harrer, and Henry Meybohm (Farquhar, 1959, p. 222, 223).",https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:1:0::NO:::,,Begguya
624,Denali,Mount Huntington,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named by the Browne-Parker Expedition of 1910 for Archer Milton Huntington, 1870-1955, president of the American Geographical Society, ""under whose auspices we had undertaken the exploration of Mt. McKinley's southern glaciers."" This may be the peak F.A. Cook named ""Mt. Disston"" in 1906 for a friend Henry Disston. See Mount Hunter.",https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:1:0::NO:::,,
625,Denali,Mount Koven,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Theodore G. Koven, a member of the Rockefeller Cosmic Ray Expedition, who with Allen Carpe, was killed in May 1932 after falling into a crevasse on Muldrow Glacier. See Mount Carpe.",https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:1:0::NO:::,,
626,Denali,Mount Mather,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named in 1947 by National Park Service (NPS) in honor of Stephen T. Mather, director of the National Park Service from May 16, 1917, to January 8, 1929.",https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:1:0::NO:::,,
627,Denali,Mount Pendleton,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named in 1961 by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for Thomas Percy Pendleton (1886-1954) who, as a Topographic Engineer for the U.S. Geological Survey, mapped in this area in 1919.",https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:1:0::NO:::,,
628,Denali,Mount Russell,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named in 1902 by A. H. Brooks, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), for Israel Cook Russell, 1852-1906, geologist, Alaska explorer, and author.",https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:1:0::NO:::,,
629,Denali,Mount Silverthrone,Mountain,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Climbed and named by the U.S. Army Forces Cold Weather test party about March 1945. ""So named because of its stately appearance at the head of Brooks Glacier",https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:1:0::NO:::,,
630,Denali,Mount Stevens,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named by the 111th Congress, and signed into law by President Obama, October 18th, 2010, ""To designate a mountain and icefield in the State of Alaska as the 'Mount Stevens' and 'Ted Stevens Icefield', respectively."" Named in honor of Theodore 'Ted' Fulton Stevens (1923-2010), United States Senator representing Alaska from 1968 to 2009.","https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:2650141,Mount%20Stevens",,
631,Denali,Mountain Vista,Picnic area,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for view of mountains. ""A quick loop from the Mountain Vista Rest Area boasting stunning views of the Alaska Range""",https://www.hikingproject.com/trail/7010593/mountain-vista-trail,,
632,Denali,Muddy River,River,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive. English name for muddiness/ Indigenous name 'Small area straight stretch' in Koyukon,Native American Place Names,,Hudeetsedle Toyaane'
633,Denali,Muldrow Glacier,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named in 1902 by A. H. Brooks, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), for Robert Muldrow, 1864=1946, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) topographer, who with George Homans Eldridge made a reconnaissance in the Susitna River Basin in 1898.","https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1406704,Muldrow%20Glacier",,
634,Denali,Nenana River,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Act,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",(Secondary) Stopping while migrating river in Lower Tanana. Ninayhh No',Native American Place Names,,
635,Denali,North Fork Kuskokwim,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The river's name comes from the Yup'ik, kusquqviim, recorded by a Russian sailor in 1826.[1] An obsolete Tanana (Athabaskan) name for the river was Chin-ana.[3] Upper Kuskokwim (Kolchan) is often used to mean the people of the upper parts of the river, while Yup'ik people live along the lower river.[1]. The Upper Kuskokwim River is named Dichinanek’, which means “river of sticks, trees.”",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuskokwim_River,,
636,Denali,North Peak,Mountain,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely descriptive. Indigenous name info: ""They may name a place to remember what happens there, the Trimokish Hills (North Peak) are named Tr’emo K’esh, which means “lonely or sad birch” which may speak of a place where cremations took place.""",https://www.nps.gov/articles/denali-crp-place-names.htm,,Tr’emo K’esh
637,Denali,Ohio Creek,River,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likley named for US State,NA,,
638,Denali,Peters Dome,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person. Local name reported in 1954 by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).,"https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1407917,Peters%20Dome",,
639,Denali,Peters Glacier,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; possibly named after a person, Local name reported in 1954 by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).",No information regarding name,,
640,Denali,Polychrome Glacier,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely descriptive; name reported in 1916 by C.E. Griffin, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).","https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1408170,Polychrome%20Pass",,
641,Denali,Polychrome Mountain,Mountain,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely descriptive; name reported in 1916 by C.E. Griffin, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).","https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1408170,Polychrome%20Pass",,
642,Denali,Polychrome Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely descriptive; name reported in 1916 by C.E. Griffin, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).","https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1408170,Polychrome%20Pass",,
643,Denali,Primrose Ridge,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named in 1962 by National Park Service (NPS) because this ridge is the only place in the park where the primrose, Primula Tschuktschorum, has been observed.",https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/ngp/board-on-geographic-names,,
644,Denali,Red Mountain,Mountain,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Local name reported in 1954 by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Likely literal or lyrical, narrative descriptive.","https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1408596,Red%20Mountain",,
645,Denali,Riley Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; possibly named after a person. Local name reported by Woodbury Abbey, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, on the blueprint of his 1921 Mount McKinley National Park survey.. Rough rock creek in Ahtna","https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1408702,Riley%20Creek",,Rough rock creek' in Ahtna
646,Denali,Riley Creek Campground,Campground,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; possibly named after a person. Local name reported by Woodbury Abbey, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, on the blueprint of his 1921 Mount McKinley National Park survey.. Rough rock creek in Ahtna","https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1408702,Riley%20Creek",,
647,Denali,Ruth Glacier,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","In 1903, the glacier was explored by physician and ethnographer Frederick Cook, who named it after his youngest daughter.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Glacier,,Chulitna Glacier; Dghelay Ka'a Li'a
648,Denali,Sable Mountain,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely named for fauna. Local name shown on a 1916 fieldsheet by C. E. Giffin, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). sable is a  marten with a short tail and dark brown fur, native to Japan and Siberia and valued for its fur. descriptive name","https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1408942,Sable%20Mountain",,
649,Denali,Sable Pass,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely named for fauna. Local name shown on a 1916 fieldsheet by C. E. Giffin, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). sable is a  marten with a short tail and dark brown fur, native to Japan and Siberia and valued for its fur. descriptive name","https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1408942,Sable%20Mountain",,
650,Denali,Sanctuary River,River,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely lyrical or narrative; Local name shown on a 1916 fieldsheet by C. E. Griffin, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).","https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1409053,Sanctuary%20River",,
651,Denali,Sanctuary River Campground,Campground,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely lyrical or narrative; Local name shown on a 1916 fieldsheet by C. E. Griffin, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).","https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1409053,Sanctuary%20River",,
652,Denali,Savage Alpine Trail,Trail,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"Name itself promotes racist ideas and/or violence against a group [2,4,6]","Yes - swear words only, evidence offensive","The name Savage River is deceptive. Rather than a wildly cascading raging river, we found a bubbling stream inside Alaska’s Denali National Park.  The river was named for Tom Savage--a Snohomish Indian from Washington who came to alaska looking for gold. He worked for miners who had filed claims in the area, who started calling him Tom Savage. After he quit working for the miners he became a trapper and raised a family in the area, such that people started calling it Savage's River. For derogatory explanation see second link.",https://www.albomadventures.com/savage-river-trail/,,
653,Denali,Savage River,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"Name itself promotes racist ideas and/or violence against a group [2,4,6]","Yes - swear words only, evidence offensive","The river was named for Tom Savage--a Snohomish Indian from Washington who came to alaska looking for gold. He worked for miners who had filed claims in the area, who started calling him Tom Savage. After he quit working for the miners he became a trapper and raised a family in the area, such that people started calling it Savage's River. For derogatory explanation see second link.",https://books.google.com/books?id=FeCHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT14&lpg=PT14&dq=Tom+Savage+Savage+river+alaska&source=bl&ots=hejICj_1ee&sig=ACfU3U3fIciJ8ZD_XslRghPezoROdVmFGw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiw7a2AtsjmAhWEKM0KHWCYCJAQ6AEwBXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Tom%20Savage&f=false,https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/06/magazine/the-cost-of-being-savage-in-a-supposedly-civilized-world.html,"Savage River is known as Tr'at'egheth No' in the Lower Tanana dialect, meaning ""From Cottonwood Creek."""
654,Denali,Savage River Campground,Campground,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"Name itself promotes racist ideas and/or violence against a group [2,4,6]","Yes - swear words only, evidence offensive","The name Savage River is deceptive. Rather than a wildly cascading raging river, we found a bubbling stream inside Alaska’s Denali National Park.  The river was named for Tom Savage--a Snohomish Indian from Washington who came to alaska looking for gold. He worked for miners who had filed claims in the area, who started calling him Tom Savage. After he quit working for the miners he became a trapper and raised a family in the area, such that people started calling it Savage's River. For derogatory explanation see second link.",https://www.albomadventures.com/savage-river-trail/,,
655,Denali,Savage River Loop Trail,Trail,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"Name itself promotes racist ideas and/or violence against a group [2,4,6]","Yes - swear words only, evidence offensive","The name Savage River is deceptive. Rather than a wildly cascading raging river, we found a bubbling stream inside Alaska’s Denali National Park.  The river was named for Tom Savage--a Snohomish Indian from Washington who came to alaska looking for gold. He worked for miners who had filed claims in the area, who started calling him Tom Savage. After he quit working for the miners he became a trapper and raised a family in the area, such that people started calling it Savage's River. For derogatory explanation see second link.",https://www.albomadventures.com/savage-river-trail/,,
656,Denali,Scott Peak,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named in 1953 by R. E. Isto, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and Bradford Washburn for Lieutenant Gordon D. Scott, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (USC&GS), who was killed in the course of mapping operations in the area.","https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1409162,Scott%20Peak",,
657,Denali,Sischu Mountains,Range,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Upper Kuskokwim (Athabascan): sis chwn = 'ridge big',Native American  Placenames of the United States,,
658,Denali,Slippery Creek,River,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely descriptive. Local name reported in 1925 by S. R. Capps, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).","https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1409760,Slippery%20Creek",,
659,Denali,South Buttress,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive. Western structural reference,https://www.google.com/search?q=East+Buttress+denali&oq=East+Buttress+denali&aqs=chrome..69i57j0.4072j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8,,
660,Denali,South Peak,Mountain,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive. Western structural reference,https://www.google.com/search?q=East+Buttress+denali&oq=East+Buttress+denali&aqs=chrome..69i57j0.4072j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8,,
661,Denali,Spruce Peak,Mountain,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely named for flora. Name shown on a 1916 fieldsheet by C. E. Giffin, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).",https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/ngp/board-on-geographic-names,,
662,Denali,Stampede Creek,River,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely lyrical or narrative. Local name shown on a 1916 fieldsheet by C. E. Giffin, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). no info on origin. Problem ""No"" bc while ""Stampede"" is not a literal description, it is a description of an event that does not fall into any of the problem categories",https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/ngp/board-on-geographic-names,,
663,Denali,Starr Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person. Local name reported in 1954 by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).,https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/ngp/board-on-geographic-names,,
664,Denali,Stony Creek,River,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely descriptive. Local name shown on a 1916 fieldsheet by C. E. Giffin, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Likely a literal descriptive.","https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1410235,Stony%20Creek",,
665,Denali,Stony Hill,Mountain,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely descriptive. Local name shown on a 1916 fieldsheet by C. E. Giffin, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).","https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1410235,Stony%20Creek",,
666,Denali,Straightaway Glacier,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely descriptive. Local name reported in 1925 by S. R. Capps, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).",https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/ngp/board-on-geographic-names,,
667,Denali,Sunset Glacier,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in 1932. ""This name was suggested as being appropriate in view of the fact that sunrise is the name of the glacier on the west fork (eastfork) of the Thorofare River"" (Sunrise Creek).","https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1410395,Sunset%20Glacier",,
668,Denali,Sushana River,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,no,NA,Other,No information,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Maybe from Lower Tanana name reported in 1910 by L. M. Prindle, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The Indian name, ""Toklat,"" was originally reported for it in 1905 by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The stream was called ""Knight Creek"" from 1916 to 1925, by prospectors' possibly referring to a headwater branch.",Native American  Placenames of the United States,,
669,Denali,Swift Fork,River,Natural feature,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely descriptive. Local name reported about 1912 by Jacob Johnson, trapper, as ""Swift River"" or ""as the natives called it 'Shangavinapok.'"" Although local usage of ""McKinley Fork"" was reported in 1955 by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), ""Swift Fork"" was recommended in 1956.",https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/ngp/board-on-geographic-names,,"Shangavinapok.'"""
670,Denali,Teklanika River,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Lower Tanana: toch' edha nik'a = 'water-amulet river',Native American  Placenames of the United States,,Lower Tanana: toch' edha nik'a = 'water-amulet river'
671,Denali,Teklanika River Campground,Campground,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Lower Tanana: toch' edha nik'a = 'water-amulet river',Native American  Placenames of the United States,,Lower Tanana: toch' edha nik'a = 'water-amulet river'
672,Denali,The Great Gorge,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Mountain climbers' name published in the late 1940's.,https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/ngp/board-on-geographic-names,,
673,Denali,Thorofare Pass,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely descriptive. Name shown on a 1916 fieldsheet by C. D. Giffin, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS",https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/ngp/board-on-geographic-names,,
674,Denali,Toklot River,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Original IPN. Secondary: Headwaters River in Lower Tanana: tutl'ot,Native American  Placenames of the United States,,
675,Denali,Toklot River,Ranger station,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence",(Secondary) Headwaters River in Lower Tanana: tutl'ot,Native American  Placenames of the United States,,(Secondary) Headwaters River in Lower Tanana: tutl'ot
676,Denali,Tokosha Mountains,Range,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Act,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Original IPN. Dena'ina: tuqashi = 'things  fall in water',Native American  Placenames of the United States,,
677,Denali,Tokositna Glacier,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Act,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Original IPN. Dena'ina: tuqashi = 'stream of things that fall in water',Native American  Placenames of the United States,,
678,Denali,Traleika Glacier,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named about 1945 by Bradford Washburn; derived from the Susitna (Tanaina) Indian name.,Native American  Placenames of the United States,,Deba Tla' No' Derived from the Susitna (Tanaina) Indian name
679,Denali,Triple Lakes,Lake,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive. Local descriptive name reported in 1950 by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).,https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/ngp/board-on-geographic-names,,
680,Denali,Triple Lakes Trail,Trail,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive. Local descriptive name reported in 1950 by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).,https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/ngp/board-on-geographic-names,,
681,Denali,West Buttress,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive. Western structural reference,https://www.google.com/search?q=East+Buttress+denali&oq=East+Buttress+denali&aqs=chrome..69i57j0.4072j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8,,
682,Denali,West Fork,Glacier,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely descriptive. Local name reported in 1913 by J. W. Bagley (in Moffit, 1915, fig. 2), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).",https://www.nps.gov/dena/planyourvisit/unit23.htm,,
683,Denali,West Fork,River,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for the glacier (literal descriptive reference). Local name reported in 1913 by J. W. Bagley (in Moffit, 1915, fig. 2), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).",https://www.nps.gov/dena/planyourvisit/unit23.htm,,
684,Denali,Wickersham Dome,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named in 1932 by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for James Wickersham, 1857-1939. While in Tacoma he helped lead a mob which forced the city's Chinese population out of town, and was later arrested as one of the ""Tacoma Twenty-Seven,""","Tacoma Twenty-Seven, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma_riot_of_1885",,
685,Denali,Windy Creek,River,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely descriptive. Local name shown on a 1916 fieldsheet by C. E. Griffin, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). likely literal descriptive",USGS,,
686,Denali,Wonder Lake,Lake,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely lyrical or narrative. Local name shown on a 1916 fieldsheet by C. E. Giffin, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).",USGS,,Deenaalee Bene'
687,Denali,Wonder Lake Campground,Campground,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely lyrical or narrative. Local name shown on a 1916 fieldsheet by C. E. Giffin, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).",USGS,,
688,Denali,Wyoming Hills,Range,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likley named for US State,NA,,
689,Denali,Yetna Glacier,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",oIPN. Dena' ina: yetnu = 'backbone' or 'straight river',Native American  Placenames of the United States,,
690,Everglades,Alligator Bay (Florida Bay),Bay,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Probably named for the prevalence of American alligators throughout the region,Perez 2007,,NA
691,Everglades,Alligator Bay (Ten Thousand Islands),Bay,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Story goes it was named for a wild alligator nobody could kill.,Perez 2007,,NA
692,Everglades,Alligator Creek,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Prior to the canals and pumps, the lakes accessible through Alligator Creek used to teem with alligators, and was a favorite of sportsmen and gator hunters.  One person reported finding the remains of several skinned alligators at the  mouth of the creek on several occasions.",Perez 2007,"Simpson, J. C. A provisional gazetteer of Florida place-names of Indian derivation, either obsolescent or retained, together with others of recent application. Tallahassee 1956.  https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015038707108?urlappend=%3Bseq=76
",Halpata hatchee (Creek for Alligator Creek)
693,Everglades,Alligator Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","American alligators normally do not inhabit marine waters of the coast, but during the mating season adults trek beyond their normal ranges and have been found on beaches. This is probably how this spit got its name.",Perez 2007,,NA
694,Everglades,Anhinga Trail,Trail,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",In the spring anhingas (birds) use this area as nesting grounds.,Perez 2007,,NA
695,Everglades,Arsenic Bank,Bay,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Corrupt version of Arsenicker which either is a corruption of ""marsh sneaker"", the Bahamian term for herons or when local inhabitants harvested heron eggs they would ""nick"" the poachers in the ""arse"".",Perez 2007,,NA
696,Everglades,Barnes Key,Island,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person. Unknown origin.,Perez 2007,,NA
697,Everglades,Bear Lake,Lake,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Before white people settled here there were many black bears in southern florida and perhaps the keys.,Perez 2007,,NA
698,Everglades,Bear Lake Canoe Trail,River,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Trail akes visitors to the northern banks of Bear Lake and beyond,Perez 2007,,NA
699,Everglades,Big Key,Island,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The largest key. Name given by Charles Brooksfield on one of his many aerial surveys of Florida Bay.,Perez 2007,,NA
700,Everglades,Big Lostmans Bay,Bay,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Bay named after Lostmans River and Lostmans Key. Several possible origins: 1) For the Surgeon general Thomas Lawson who led the reconnaissance expedition there in the Seminole Wars; 2) perhaps five soldiers/deserters at Key West who hired a boat to take them up to this river (Lostmans River) to be ""lost"", 3) another boat who saw someone waiving white cloth from ashore, three sailors who'd jumped ship at Key West.",Perez 2007,,NA
701,Everglades,Big Sable Creek,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Prior to dredging of canals in the area, only 2 creeks penetrated the interior of Cape Sable: Little Sable Creek and Big Sable Creek--the wider of the two. Cape Sable's name origin is either for the term in French for Sandy Point, ""Cape Sable"" as marked on the map here by French captain in 1770s charting the coast and keys OR for the sabal palms found there. Not competing theories because named for either being sandy or for a plant would both be same problem category.",Perez 2007,,NA
702,Everglades,Bird Key,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Active bird roost for snowy egrets, American egrets, and tricolored herons in great numbers",Perez 2007,,NA
703,Everglades,Black Betsy Keys,Island,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"Name itself promotes racist ideas and/or violence against a group [2,4,6]",Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"Evidence does suggest that this island was named for a woman who resided on this island for some time. Unfortunately, she has remained an enigma as few details have been recorded. [BM: Potentially an offensive name in and of itself because it does not honor the person ""Betsy"" it could be interpreted to ""honor"" an ""other"" than person, one who is Black. If she was white, it likely would not have been called ""White Betsy Key"".]",Perez 2007,,NA
704,Everglades,Blackwater Sound,Bay,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Coastal waters at times turn an inky black, associated with fish kills and loss of living coral. One such event is probably the origin of the name.",Perez 2007,,NA
705,Everglades,Bob Allen Keys,Island,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Robert Porter Allen was an Audubon researcher who beginning in 1939 spent several years in the vicinity of these keys studying the Roseate Spoonbill. Name given to these three islands posthumously in 1964.,Perez 2007,,NA
706,Everglades,Bob Keys,Island,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person. Unknown origin.,Perez 2007,,NA
707,Everglades,Bobcat Boardwalk,Trail,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely descriptive. No documentation for origin of name, but bobcats are common in ENP (unlike FL panthers)",https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/nature/bobcat.htm,,
708,Everglades,Boggy Key,Island,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Mangrove islands often surrounded by flooded, slowly decomposing detritus creating a several feet thick layer of muck, = bog like.",Perez 2007,,NA
709,Everglades,Bottle Key,Island,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Shaped like a bottle, as seen from aerial survey in the 1930s.",Perez 2007,,NA
710,Everglades,Bradley Key,Island,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Other - truly does not fit any other classes,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Guy Bradley was the first warden appointed to protect the rookeries of Cape Sable, he was commissioned as a game officer for the Audobon Sociey in 1902 and was killed 3 years later in the line of duty protecting a rookery from poachers seeking feathers for the fashion industry. He was hailed a ""martyr to millinery"" and forced the fashion industry to its knees and spelled the eventual end of the plume trade. Problem class = ""other"" because it honors someone who died in the name of conserving natural resources--he did not gain from colonialism, no evidence he was racist, name could be okay--but would need to be decided by consensus.",Perez 2007,,NA
711,Everglades,Broad Creek,River,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Relatively wider than other creeks in the area.,Perez 2007,,NA
712,Everglades,Broad River,River,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The river widens considerably upstream providing mariners with a sheltered anchorage,Perez 2007,,Eto-isallee-howeth-ta (Seminole) for mangrove trees (trees with twisted feet)
713,Everglades,Brush Keys,Island,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for their heavily vegetated understory,Perez 2007,,NA
714,Everglades,Buchanan Keys,Island,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for then-Pres. James Buchanan by thet US Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1856, during the midst of the Seminole War.  The nearby Peterson Keys were formerly known as Bowlegs Keys for Billy Bowlegs, a famed Seminole leader of the Third Seminole War and Buchanan antagonist. (Wikipedia): Billy was eventually forced to Oklahoma where Billy owned 50 slaves. [added by KI] James Buchanan, a wealthy bachelor, at all times courteous and dignified, connived behind the scenes even before he was inaugurated to help coax the Supreme Court into the calamitous Dred Scott decision of 1857, handed down a few days after his swearing-in and widely considered among the court’s worst. Calculated to suppress antislavery politics once and for all, the decision instead alarmed Northerners by allowing the expansion of slavery — and it helped set the nation on the political course that ended in civil war. The financial panic of 1857 and subsequent depression, the splintering of the Union and the later exposure of rampant corruption inside the executive branch added to the sense of Buchanan’s fecklessness.",Perez 2007,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Bowlegs,NA
715,Everglades,Buoy Key,Island,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Once named for a ""Negro"" (quotes mine) charcoal burner and fisherman who resided on this key, known as Commodore Key. But after the Hurricane of 1926 a large, metal buoy came ashore here (namesake) was later salvaged and used for a freshwater cistern in Flamingo.",Perez 2007,,NA
716,Everglades,Buttonwood Canal,River,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The Buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus) is a common shoreline tree of the south FL coast. The globular fruit are said to resemble old-fashioned shoe buttons. The buttonwood was prized by early white settlers for producing charcoal, a source of income, and the coal boats were the main means of contact with civilization for the people of the Cape.",Perez 2007,,NA
717,Everglades,Buttonwood Keys,Island,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The Buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus) is a common shoreline tree of the south FL coast. The globular fruit are said to resemble old-fashioned shoe buttons. The buttonwood was prized by early white settlers for producing charcoal, a source of income, and the coal boats were the main means of contact with civilization for the people of the Cape.",Perez 2007,,NA
718,Everglades,Buttonwood Sound,Bay,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The Buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus) is a common shoreline tree of the south FL coast. The globular fruit are said to resemble old-fashioned shoe buttons. The buttonwood was prized by early white settlers for producing charcoal, a source of income, and the coal boats were the main means of contact with civilization for the people of the Cape.",Perez 2007,,NA
719,Everglades,Buzzard Key,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Two species of vultures live in the area and this island was probably named for hosting them at some point,Perez 2007,,NA
720,Everglades,Calusa Keys,Island,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","The Calusa Indians once populated the keys and hte western coast of Florida. Upon learning this, the US Coast and Geodetic Survey Lt. thought it appropriate to commemorate the memory of the Calusas. More info about the Calusa in link.",Perez 2007,https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/historyculture/native-people.htm,NA
721,Everglades,Camp Key,Island,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",This island was used historically as a seasonal fishing camp (source does not clarify if they mean Indigenous/settler/both). Pilings did exist at this site for fishermen to dry their nets,Perez 2007,,NA
722,Everglades,Camp Lonesome,Campground,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely descriptive, narrative, or lyrical name",Perez 2007,,NA
723,Everglades,Canepatch,Campground,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Sugar cane is found here, name given by Ralph Maxwell, Asst. Chief Ranger of Everglades during the 1950s-60s in place of former name ""Avocado Creek"" because he only found 1 (remaining?) avocado tree.",Perez 2007,,NA
724,Everglades,Cannon Bay,Bay,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Named after man named Cannon who resided on a homestead at Possum Key. (homesteader = colonialism),Perez 2007,,NA
725,Everglades,Cape Sable,Park region,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Conflicting theories suggest same problem class. Named either for the term in French for Sandy Point, ""Cape Sable"" as marked on the map here by French captain in 1770s charting the coast and keys OR for the sabal palms found there.",Perez 2007,,NA
726,Everglades,Captain Key,Island,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person. Named for a skipper but no evidence for which one.,Perez 2007,,NA
727,Everglades,Carl Ross Key,Island,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","New island forged by Hurricane Donna in 1960, formerly part of Sandy Key. Carl Ross was nephew of famous Flamingo resident ""Uncle Steve"" Roberts.",Perez 2007,,NA
728,Everglades,Catfish Key,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Two species of catfish are common in the brackish waters of Florida Bay. This key was likely named for having a lot of them at one time,Perez 2007,,NA
729,Everglades,Cattail Lakes,Lake,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Before dredging of canals these lakes were freshwater, allowing a profusion of cattails to grow on them.",Perez 2007,,NA
730,Everglades,Chatham Bend,Bay,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Possibly named for the English coastal town of Chatham east of London, which has a long history as a military town, and is the location of the Royal Naval Dockyard",Perez 2007,,NA
731,Everglades,Chatham River,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Possibly named for the English coastal town of Chatham east of London, which has a long history as a military town, and is the location of the Royal Naval Dockyard",Perez 2007,,NA
732,Everglades,Chekika,Park region,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Leader of a group of remaining Indians during the Second Seminole War, possibly Seminoles or Calusas. Led a deadly attack on Indian Key killing 7 settlers. Col. Wm. S. Harney, in response, hunted down, and killed Chekika in the area that is now named Chekika. His body was hung from a tree as a warning to other Indians in the area. More info on the Seminole war and the Calusa in link.",Perez 2007,https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/historyculture/native-people.htm,
733,Everglades,Chevelier Bay,Bay,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Jean Chevelier was an old Frenchman (settler) who lived on Opossum Key during the late 1880s-90s near this bay.,Perez 2007,,NA
734,Everglades,Chokoloskee,Village,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The Seminoles named this island this name meaning ""old house"" or ""big house"", likely refers to the island's origins as a large Indian shell mound created as a refuse pile by the souhwest coast's earlier residents.",Perez 2007,https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/historyculture/native-people.htm,
735,Everglades,Chokoloskee Bay,Bay,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for the island the Seminoles named meaning ""old house"" or ""big house"", likely refers to the island's origins as a large Indian shell mound created as a refuse pile by the souhwest coast's earlier residents.",Perez 2007,https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/historyculture/native-people.htm,NA
736,Everglades,Chokoloskee Pass,Bay,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The winding waterway which leads to the island of Chokoloskee. The Seminoles named this area this name meaning ""old house"" or ""big house"", likely refers to the island's origins as a large Indian shell mound created as a refuse pile by the souhwest coast's earlier residents.",Perez 2007,https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/historyculture/native-people.htm,NA
737,Everglades,Christian Point Trail,Trail,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","named for the alleged mass grave at the end of it. ""Mass grave?"" You say? Yup, according to legend, bodies from the 1935 Labor Day Hurricane washed up in Flamingo amd these unidentitifed ""Christians"" were buried near the shore.",https://www.nationalparkstraveler.org/2011/08/birding-national-parks-down-park-road-towards-flamingo-everglades-national-park8591,,NA
738,Everglades,Clive Key,Island,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person. Origin unknown,Perez 2007,,NA
739,Everglades,Club Key,Island,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",This island seen from the air resembles the shape of a war club. As identified by a nearby airphoto reconnaisance group.,Perez 2007,,NA
740,Everglades,Clubhouse Beach,Campground,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The Model Land Company maintained a clubhouse close to the present day campsite in an effort to encourage development in the Flamingo area in the 1920s. The clubhouse has been lost to the elements.,Perez 2007,,NA
741,Everglades,Cluett Key,Island,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Sanford Cluett, who in 1905, charted this island, and sent the information to the US Coast and Geodetic Survey, who named it in his honor.",Perez 2007,,NA
742,Everglades,Coastal Marsh,Park region,Title,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
743,Everglades,Coastal Prairie,Park region,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Descriptive ecotype name.,Perez 2007,,NA
744,Everglades,Coastal Prairie Trail,Trail,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Trail between Coastal Prairie and Clubhouse Beach,Perez 2007,,NA
745,Everglades,Coon Key,Island,TBD,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"Name itself promotes racist ideas and/or violence against a group [2,4,6]","Yes - swear words only, evidence offensive","No direct evidence cited in book, but suggests it is named for raccoons which are very common in the keys, they wade and swim between them, and at least one raccoon has probably reached/lived on each key. In early settler days, their pelts were hunted and sold in large numbers. Nearby Big Cypress National Preserve has a Raccoon Point and Biscayne National Park has a Coon Point, supporting the idea of prevalent raccoons.",Perez 2007,,NA
746,Everglades,Coot Bay,Bay,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","An ""astounding mass of bird life"" over winters here, with the American coot as the most common resident.",Perez 2007,,NA
747,Everglades,Coot Bay Pond,Lake,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for the Bay to the east. a narrow channel now connects the pond and the bay.,Perez 2007,,NA
748,Everglades,Corinne Key,Island,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person. Origin unknown,Perez 2007,,NA
749,Everglades,Cormorant Key,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Probably named for the large flocks of cormorants attracted to this island.,Perez 2007,,NA
750,Everglades,Crab Key Bight,Bay,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Two fisherman lost their nets to blue crabs here in 1923,Perez 2007,,NA
751,Everglades,Crab Keys,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","While there are commercially important species to be found in the waters off S FL, this name may be a warning for fishermen, who if they leave their nets out over night, crabs like ghost crabs will ruin the nets. (Revenge is so sweet)",Perez 2007,,NA
752,Everglades,Crane Keys,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Probably a misnomer, meant for the white egres and herons that roost together or nest in large rookeries",Perez 2007,,NA
753,Everglades,Crate Key,Island,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Possibly named for crate like traps present here at one time or crates used for more dubious purposes (drugs?),Perez 2007,,NA
754,Everglades,Crocodile Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",S FL is the northernmost range of the American Crocodile. Why this particular point was named for them is unknown.,Perez 2007,,NA
755,Everglades,Crooked Creek Chickee,Campground,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","A chickee is a raised platform on the water for camping. Crooked Creek is common name for windy creeks. In the past they were referred to as ""Cripple Creek"". open-air chickee huts that the Miccosukee traditionally live in, made of thatched palm roofs and poles",https://kayakfari.wordpress.com/trips-sea-stories-pics/random-gallery-2/florida-south-florida/10-000-islands/gone-up-crooked-creek-to-have-a-little-chickee-camping-fun/,https://www.familyvacationcritic.com/attraction/miccosukee-cultural-center/everglades-national-park/,NA
756,Everglades,Curlew Key,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Over time, Curlew has been used to refer to many water birds with a curved bill. Many early ""explorers"" reported seeing curlews when they were referring to the white ibis, which was also used as a food source for early settlers. The ibis probably used this key as a rookery at some point.",Perez 2007,,NA
757,Everglades,Cuthbert Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Cuthbert was a plume hunter in 1890 who made his fortune hunting the breeding plumes of herons and egrets, which were at one time worth their weight in gold. Birds were killed for their feathers. Rookery still remains active but to much smaller extent. Extracted resources.",Perez 2007,,NA
758,Everglades,Cypress,Park region,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
759,Everglades,Dads Bay,Bay,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Plausible that the name commemorates the memory of some uknown patriarch of the Ten Thousand Islands,Perez 2007,,NA
760,Everglades,Daniel Beard Center,Cultural heritage (Western),Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","USFWS agent commissioned in 1946 to protect the future lands of ENP. The park was formally dedicated in 1947, when he was named the first superintendent.",Perez 2007,,NA
761,Everglades,Darwins Place,Campground,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for recluse Arthur Leslie Darwin who retired to and farmed a small plot of land on Opossum Key in 1945, which became part of ENP when it expanded in 1989 making him the last private landholder to reside in the borders of ENP. He died in 1977. Age suggests he was a settler/homesteader. The park was founded in 1934. ( the Calusa removed, died by 1820; Seminole numbered only 325 by 1913 and lived in isolation from majority culture.) These people had begun to move onto designated Indian reservations in Florida starting in the 1930s and 1940s. - same time as park establishment. Dispossession. (Miccosukee Indian Reservation - group that split away from the Seminole in 1950s, part of the reservation borders the N ENP.) colonialism = yes",Perez 2007,,NA
762,Everglades,Davis Cove,Bay,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Raoul Davis was a settler in early 1900s, crocodile hunter and farmer in the eastern Florida Bay area.",Perez 2007,,NA
763,Everglades,Dead Terrapin Key,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No records exist but there must have been one or more dead turtles here at some point in time.,Perez 2007,,NA
764,Everglades,Deer Island,Bay,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
765,Everglades,Deer Key,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The Florida Key deer (subspecies of the white-tailed deer) is particularly aquatic and adept at migrations between the islands. White-tailed deer common in the uplands. Plausible one of these was here at one time.,Perez 2007,,NA
766,Everglades,Derelict Key,Island,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Derelict has been used to reference some of the more nefarious of the outlaws, brigands, and ruffians who sought refuge in the Everglades wilderness; some used the remote islands for unscrupulous industries; this island probably had a squatter at least one point in its past. [BM: the term could be considered a slur, but it is not specific to a group of people]",Perez 2007,,NA
767,Everglades,Dildo Key,Island,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for the island's profuse population of the dildo cactus, which thrives along the mangrove coastline of extreme southern FL.",Perez 2007,,NA
768,Everglades,Dildo Key Bank,Bay,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for the island's profuse population of the dildo cactus, which thrives along the mangrove coastline of extreme southern FL.",Perez 2007,,NA
769,Everglades,Duck Key,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","This mangrove key was likely home to many ducks but after man's controlling of the natural water flow, and perhaps other reasons, few ducks found here today",Perez 2007,,NA
770,Everglades,Duck Rock Cove,Bay,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","In the past, the key that lies in the middle of this body of water consisted of little more than an island of bare rock with a lake in the middle, which the ducks flocked to.",Perez 2007,,NA
771,Everglades,Dump Keys,Island,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Conflicting theories suggest same problem class. 2 theories: at one time there were racks here for local fishermen to dump their nets to dry, or formerly known as ""shit keys"" and were a popular place for fishermen to seek scatological relief. [BM: But I thought fishermen just did it at sea off the side? it seems like a lot of effort to find the key, bring in your boat, come to shore].",Perez 2007,,NA
772,Everglades,Eagle Key,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Probably named for a bald eagle pair or individual spotted here. They are known to nest among the mangroves of ENP. The golden eagle is much rarer, but can be found here too.",Perez 2007,,NA
773,Everglades,East Cape,Campground,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",This point lies furthest east of the three sandy points adorning the SW coast of Cape Sable.,Perez 2007,,NA
774,Everglades,East Cape Canal,River,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",This point lies furthest east of the three sandy points adorning the SW coast of Cape Sable.,Perez 2007,,NA
775,Everglades,East Fox Lake,Lake,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The red and the gray fox are found in the area, especially before dredging when the lake was fairly fresh and an important source of water for local wildlife. Might also be because the alligators here were ""foxy"", harder to spot and kill because less eye shine at night.",Perez 2007,,NA
776,Everglades,East Key,Island,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Probably named for its position relative to the coastline of the FL keys.,Perez 2007,,NA
777,Everglades,Eco Pond,Lake,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","This was a large, shallow man-made lagoon for waste generated from Flamingo facilities. It was designed in a sustainable, earth-friendly method, hence ""Eco"". But Flamingo has a new wastewater treatment facility and the area was damaged by Hurricanes Katrina and Wilma in 2005, so no longer in use (so no water?)",Perez 2007,,NA
778,Everglades,End Key,Island,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Lies at the N end of a long stretch of the string of Coon and Buttonwood Keys,Perez 2007,,NA
779,Everglades,Ernest F. Coe Visitor Center,Visitor Center,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for the ""Father of the Everglades"". Was the first to envision a protected NP, after becoming fascinated with the area and seeing the devastating consequences at the hands of man, he sought preservation for the Everglades. Moved to Miami in 1925, tireless campaigning to Congress, authorized park in 1934, land acquired and park opened in 1947.",Perez 2007,,NA
780,Everglades,Everglades National Park,Park,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Some debate over the origin, but first used on a map in 1823. Widely accepted explanation is that at the time of Florida's acquisition from Spain in 1819, the term ""glade"" was common in the vernacular of American English, referring to any open meadow or field of grass. In S FL could be found a seemingly endless expanse of grass, hence the name Everglades. According to USGS pub: first published in 1823, Americans have used the word ""glade"" to refer to a moist, swampy area since the 17th c. One spelling of the Seminole Indian name for the Everglades is Pay-hai-o-kee, usually translated as Grassy Water. This Indian name is the basis of the modern place name Pahokee, a commonunity on the SE shore of Lake Okeechobee.",Perez 2007,https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1200fl/report.pdf,"Pay-hai-o-kee, from Seminole, meaning Grassy Water."
781,Everglades,Ficus Pond,Lake,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for the numerous stangler figs here (native to the area).,Perez 2007,,
782,Everglades,First Bay,Bay,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Traveling inland from the Gulf up Lostmans River, a string of large bays, this is the first after Lostmans Key.",Perez 2007,,NA
783,Everglades,First National Bank,Bay,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Attributed to the residents of Flamingo and their genuine sense of humor.,Perez 2007,,NA
784,Everglades,Flamingo,Village,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Flamingos rarely visit or nest anywhere in FL so it's a confusing name. It was chosen in 1893 when a handful of residents requested the establishment of a post office. They chose ""Flamingo"" as the town name.",Perez 2007,,NA
785,Everglades,Flamingo Visitor Center,Visitor Center,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Situated in the former fishing village of Flamingo.,Perez 2007,,NA
786,Everglades,Florida Bay,Bay,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Unimaginative redundancy. (Florida was named first by the Spanish, Spanish term)",Perez 2007,,NA
787,Everglades,Frank Key,Island,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Frank Irwin homesteaded Frank's Key in 1921 but lived there only 14 months then contracted to clear right-of-way for the canal and with proceeds built a house in Homestead. No evidence Frank Irwin was racist,Perez 2007,,NA
788,Everglades,Freshwater Marl Prairie,Park region,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
789,Everglades,Freshwater Slough,Park region,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
790,Everglades,Garfield Bight,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person. Named after unknown individual. Named in 1930s so timing does not make sense that it was named for Pres. Garfield (assassinated in 1881) or his conservationist son who served Pres. T. Roosevelt in early 1900s. origin not explained. no information.,Perez 2007,,NA
791,Everglades,Gator Lake,Lake,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
792,Everglades,Gopher Key,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Possibly named for the gopher tortoise which is locally abundant and may have been found here at one time.,Perez 2007,,NA
793,Everglades,Gopher Keys,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Clarence B. Moore was a self-taught archaeologist who made frequent trips along the lower western coast of S FL looking for evidence of Indian culture. These trips continued until 1926 when his ship, The Gopher, was destroyed among these keys by a hurricane. [BM: ""self taught archaeologists"" and even ""archaeologists"" of this time are known for being not much more than looters--but if we give him the benefit of the doubt Moore may have given finds to museums, universities, or Native Americans, or identified areas to protect; still not clearly not problematic]",Perez 2007,,NA
794,Everglades,Graveyard Creek,Campground,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Likely: in the early 1900s when area a ""lawless frontier"", bark factory business for making tannin, which did exist among the Ten Thousand Islands, staffed by African American ""laborers"" (think Slavery by Another Name book), some of whom died (in a fight among themselves? due to the working conditions and laborers cheap and easily replaceable?)--assuming this is the explanation. [other possibility but seems like more of a stretch: two pairs of brothers rivalry over accusation that one pair stole raccoon hides from the other, accused pair murdered the accusing pair of brothers], not no information, not colonialism; erasure is the only problem. (other problem besides name might be not telling this story and others like it to visitors)",Perez 2007,,NA
795,Everglades,Gumbo Limbo Trail,Trail,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The gumbo limbo is a tropical species of tree found commonly throughout ENP and along this trail,Perez 2007,,NA
796,Everglades,Gun Rock Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; number of spectulative explanations some descriptive some not; No documentation available.,Perez 2007,,NA
797,Everglades,Hardwood Hammock,Park region,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
798,Everglades,Harney River,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after Col. Wm. S. Harney led 90 men and 16 canoes westware from mouth of the Miami River to avenge the prior raid of Indian Key led by Indian warrior, Chekika...Never before had white soldiers been successful at pursuing the Indians through the difficult terrain...Chekika was killed, and the solders were ordered to hang his body at the site to serve as a warning to others.",Perez 2007,,NA
799,Everglades,Harney River Chickee,Campground,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after Col. Wm. S. Harney led 90 men and 16 canoes westware from mouth of the Miami River to avenge the prior raid of Indian Key led by Indian warrior, Chekika...Never before had white soldiers been successful at pursuing the Indians through the difficult terrain...Chekika was killed, and the solders were ordered to hang his body at the site to serve as a warning to others.",Perez 2007,,NA
800,Everglades,Hells Bay Canoe Trail,Trail,Mythology,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Barney Parker, first ranger in ENP, noted that this body of water was ""hell to get into and hell to get out of""",Perez 2007,,NA
801,Everglades,Hells Bay Chickee,Campground,Mythology,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Barney Parker, first ranger in ENP, noted that this body of water was ""hell to get into and hell to get out of""",Perez 2007,,NA
802,Everglades,Henry Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Corruption of Argyle Hendry's name, he was an alligator trapper who maintained several camps in the vicinity of the lake",Perez 2007,,NA
803,Everglades,Hidden Lake,Lake,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Man made lake resulting from a ""borrow pit"" soil material removed for fill elsewhere, likely for the Old Ingraham Highway or Royal Palm Lodge. Because such a disturbed site, was invaded to the point of monoculture of the exotic Brazilian pepper, which grows so thickly that is ""hides"" the lake.",Perez 2007,,NA
804,Everglades,Highland Beach,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Formerly known as Lostmans Beach, likely named because it is a bit higher than the land behind it",Perez 2007,,NA
805,Everglades,Highland Beach,Campground,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Formerly known as Lostmans Beach, likely named because it is a bit higher than the land behind it",Perez 2007,,NA
806,Everglades,Highland Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Formerly known as Lostmans Beach, likely now named because it is a bit higher than the land behind it",Perez 2007,,NA
807,Everglades,Hog Key,Campground,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Settler Richard Hamilton purchased a claim on this island and tried to raise hogs in the wild. But found that the diet of oysters and crabs made the meat inedible. Hogs later penned and given different feed. Descendants of Hamilton's hogs persist on the island an dpose a significant challenge for conservation as their rooting behavior is very destructive.,Perez 2007,,NA
808,Everglades,Hole in the Donut wetlands restoration area,Park region,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",A former farming area that is very disturbed with invasive plant species. (Possibly named because unlike the surrounding area--the donut?),Perez 2007,,NA
809,Everglades,Homestead Canal,River,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","In 1916 a Everglades Drainage District formed the Homestead Sub-Drainage District with an extension of a road and canal from the town of Homestead to the coastal hamlet of Flamingo, with the idea to open up the area to new settlers",Perez 2007,,NA
810,Everglades,House Hammock Bay,Bay,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",The House brothers lived and farmed on a shell mound in the bay.,Perez 2007,,NA
811,Everglades,Huston Bay,Bay,Unknown,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person. No records for origin of Huston name in the area.,Perez 2007,,NA
812,Everglades,Huston River,River,Unknown,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No records for origin of Huston name in the area.,Perez 2007,"Simpson, J. C. A provisional gazetteer of Florida place-names of Indian derivation, either obsolescent or retained, together with others of recent application. Tallahassee 1956.  https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015038707108?urlappend=%3Bseq=52
","Attotsapopka (Creek ""place for eating acorns"")"
813,Everglades,Indian Key,Island,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,People,Potentially - probably had IPN,"Name itself promotes racist ideas and/or violence against a group [2,4,6]",Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"No evidence to verify whether the name commemorates an individual, tribe, or specific event related to the key or the pass which is a natural channel east of the key.",Perez 2007,,NA
814,Everglades,Indian Key Pass,Bay,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,People,Potentially - probably had IPN,"Name itself promotes racist ideas and/or violence against a group [2,4,6]",Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"No evidence to verify whether the name commemorates an individual, tribe, or specific event related to the key or the pass which is a natural channel east of the key.",Perez 2007,,NA
815,Everglades,Jewell Key,Island,Unknown,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,Other - truly does not fit any other classes,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Y,https://www.amazon.com/Pioneers-Jewell-Documentary-Forgotten-Settlement/dp/098326094X,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Worth_Beach,_Florida#History",NA
816,Everglades,Jim Foot Key,Island,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person. No records for origin of name.,Perez 2007,,NA
817,Everglades,Joe Bay,Bay,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","AKA Alligator Joe's Bay. Joe's crocodile corral located on one of the bay's small islands, later had a tourist trap showplace in Miami. colonialism b/c raised crocodiles (leather)",Perez 2007,,NA
818,Everglades,Joe Kemp Key,Island,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Original homesteader of the island, sold by his heirs in 1907",Perez 2007,,NA
819,Everglades,Joe River,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person. Possibly named for a Joe Williams but little known about him.,Perez 2007,,NA
820,Everglades,Joe River Chickee,Campground,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person. Possibly named for a Joe Williams but little known about him.,Perez 2007,,NA
821,Everglades,Johnson Key Chickee,Campground,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; possibly named after a person. An Indian mound located near the headwaters of the Lostman's River bears this same name, suggested they are named for same Johnson person, but no details on who this person was.",Perez 2007,,NA
822,Everglades,Key McLaughlin,Park region,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Technically not a key. Named for John T. McLaughlin, a Lt of US Navy during Second Seminole War... under his command the US Navy arguably experienced their greatest success in penetrating this formerly unknown expanse of the Everglades during the Seminole Wars. More importantly, he succeeded in producing fairly accurate charts of the labyrinth of rivers and mangrove islands that permeate the West coast. [From keyshistory.org link, Part of McLaughlin's orders was to ""furnish yourself with a sufficient number of flat bottomed boats and in addition to these procure a like sufficiency of long plantation canoes ...By this means the Department cannot but hope you will be able to penetrate the Everglades further than any white men, surprise and capture the Indian women and children and thus end the war which has cost so many millions."".A follow up investigation charged McLaughlin with corruption, profiting from work in the Keys, fraudulent use of Navy money, and harshly punishing men including lashes...From JSTOR: The Navy at the time of McLaughlin's command was critical to penetrating the Everglades and breaking up families and groups of remaining Seminoles....","Perez 2007, https://www.jstor.org/stable/30148526?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents",http://www.keyshistory.org/Ik-LtMcLaughlin.html,NA
823,Everglades,Kingston Key,Island,Unknown,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person or place. No documentation available.,Perez 2007,,NA
824,Everglades,Lake Ingraham,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Honors the memory of James E. Ingraham--made his career and wealth from expanding the railroad, promoting land sales and spurred the growth of towns in Florida; mainly in assistance to railroad and land barons / tycoons. ""Worried when Ingraham was three weeks overdue, Tuttle asked a Seminole friend named Matlo to find him. Matlo's rescue of Ingraham cost the Seminole chief greatly. Other Seminoles, angry that he had shown the white men how to navigate the Everglades, cut off one of his ear lobes and exiled him to an island in the glades. Ingraham's journey had been doomed from the outset. He had ignored Tuttle's advice to use the flat-bottomed Indian canoes and pole through the glades. Instead, his heavy rowboats bogged down in the tall reeds. He also tried to carry enough rations, rather than fish and hunt along the way as suggested. After the experience, Ingraham had little interest in putting a railroad through the Everglades or Lake Okeechobee and told Plant it wouldn't work. (Ironically, much later Ingraham arranged the first land donations that led to the creation of the Everglades National Park.) BOTTOM LINE: does not appear racist, but an agent of ""progress"" and settling of S FL. --like a homesteader on a larger scale",Perez 2007,https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-1992-05-10-9205090446-story.html,NA
825,Everglades,Lake Key,Island,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for the island's nearly enclosed lake.,Perez 2007,,NA
826,Everglades,Lane Bay Chickee,Campground,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Access to the campsite from Whitewater Bay mandates navigating through a shallow narrow creek or ""lane"".",Perez 2007,,NA
827,Everglades,Lard Can,Campground,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Lard cans were used for water proof containers for carrying your equipment or storing goods at a camp for next time in the early 1900s,Perez 2007,,NA
828,Everglades,Last Huston Bay,Bay,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Last major body of water encountered when going upstream on the Huston River before reaching the Chatham River. Huston name origin is unknown.,Perez 2007,,NA
829,Everglades,Little Blackwater Sound,Bay,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Directly northwest of the larger Blackwater Sound.,Perez 2007,,NA
830,Everglades,Little Fox Lake,Lake,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Smallest of the three Fox Lakes. also see East Fox Lake,Perez 2007,,NA
831,Everglades,Little Maderia Bay,Bay,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Madeira is local word for the Mahogany tree. The banks of this body of water, just N of Madeira Bay, were also rich in mahogany.",Perez 2007,,NA
832,Everglades,Little Rabbit Key,Campground,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The smaller campsite in a series of sites on the Rabbit Keys,Perez 2007,,NA
833,Everglades,Little Shark River,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",This smaller waterway lies just to the south of the Shark River to which it connects,Perez 2007,,NA
834,Everglades,Long Lake,Lake,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",the longest body of water in the chain of lakes that stretch between Alligator Creek and West Lake,Perez 2007,,NA
835,Everglades,Long Pine Key,Picnic area,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for how long the forest extends, which historically seemed to go on for eternity.",Perez 2007,,NA
836,Everglades,Long Pine Key Trail,Trail,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for how long the forest extends, which historically seemed to go on for eternity.",Perez 2007,,NA
837,Everglades,Long Sound,Bay,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for appearance, it spans about 4 miles.",Perez 2007,,NA
838,Everglades,Lopez River,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Gregorio Lopez, Spanish immigrant in 1890, who settled on the banks of this river.",Perez 2007,,NA
839,Everglades,Lopez River,Campground,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Gregorio Lopez, Spanish immigrant in 1890, who settled on the banks of this river.",Perez 2007,,NA
840,Everglades,Lostmans Five Bay,Bay,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Several possible origins: 1) For the Surgeon general Thomas Lawson who led the reconnaissance expedition there in the Seminole Wars; 2) perhaps five soldiers/deserters at Key West who hired a boat to take them up to this river (Lostmans River) to be ""lost"", 3) another boat who saw someone waiving white cloth from ashore, three sailors who'd jumped ship at Key West.",Perez 2007,"Simpson, J. C. A provisional gazetteer of Florida place-names of Indian derivation, either obsolescent or retained, together with others of recent application. Tallahassee 1956.  https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015038707108?urlappend=%3Bseq=74
",Fahkahatcheeochee (Creek/Muscogee for muddy creek)
841,Everglades,Lostmans Key,Island,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Several possible origins: 1) For the Surgeon general Thomas Lawson who led the reconnaissance expedition there in the Seminole Wars; 2) perhaps five soldiers/deserters at Key West who hired a boat to take them up to this river (Lostmans River) to be ""lost"", 3) another boat who saw someone waiving white cloth from ashore, three sailors who'd jumped ship at Key West.",Perez 2007,,NA
842,Everglades,Lostmans River,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Several possible origins: 1) For the Surgeon general Thomas Lawson who led the reconnaissance expedition there in the Seminole Wars; 2) perhaps five soldiers/deserters at Key West who hired a boat to take them up to this river (Lostmans River) to be ""lost"", 3) another boat who saw someone waiving white cloth from ashore, three sailors who'd jumped ship at Key West.",Perez 2007,"Simpson, J. C. A provisional gazetteer of Florida place-names of Indian derivation, either obsolescent or retained, together with others of recent application. Tallahassee 1956.  https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015038707108?urlappend=%3Bseq=74
",Fahkahatcheeochee (Creek/Muscogee for muddy creek)
843,Everglades,Low Key,Island,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Most of the keys are low elevation. This one is named for that.,Perez 2007,,NA
844,Everglades,Lower Arsnicker Keys,Island,Unknown,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; conflicting theories that suggest different problem classes. Arsenicker is either a corruption of ""marsh sneaker"", the Bahamian term for herons or when local inhabitants harvested heron eggs they would ""nick"" the poachers in the ""arse"".",Perez 2007,,NA
845,Everglades,Lumber Key,Island,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Probably so named for an abundance of commercially valuable trees.,Perez 2007,,NA
846,Everglades,Madeira Bay,Bay,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Madeira is local word for the Mahogany tree. The banks of this body of water, just N of Madeira Bay, were also rich in mahogany.",Perez 2007,,NA
847,Everglades,Madeira Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Madeira is local word for the Mahogany tree. The banks of this body of water, just N of Madeira Bay, were also rich in mahogany.",Perez 2007,,NA
848,Everglades,Mahogany Hammock,Park region,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","This hammock had the US's largest mahogany tree, 12 feet 6 inches in circumference and 75 feet tall, crown spread 75 feet. Taken out by Hurricane Andres in 1992.",Perez 2007,,NA
849,Everglades,Man of War Channel,Bay,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The Magnificent Frigatebird also known as the Man-o'-War Bird. Historical accounts show that they were common here before Hurrican Donna in 1960, and perhaps nested in the area.",Perez 2007,,NA
850,Everglades,Man of War Key,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The Magnificent Frigatebird also known as the Man-o'-War Bird. Historical accounts show that they were common here before Hurrican Donna in 1960, and perhaps nested in the area.",Perez 2007,,NA
851,Everglades,Manatee Key,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for a US Coast and Geodetic Survey guy's boat, named Manatee. Boat named for the animal. This island was one of his favorite harbors.",Perez 2007,,NA
852,Everglades,Mangrove,Park region,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
853,Everglades,Miccosukee Cultural Center,Visitor Center,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,yes,NA,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","The Tribe has a proud history, which predates Columbus. The Miccosukee Indians were originally part of the Creek Nation, and then migrated to Florida before it became part of the United States. During the Indian Wars of the 1800s, most of the Miccosukee were removed to the West, but about 100, mostly Mikasuki-speaking Creeks, never surrendered and hid out in the Everglades. Present Tribal members now number over 600 and are direct descendants of those who eluded capture.Near Shark Valley along Highway 41, a native American tribe lives and maintains some attractions for visitors. Central to the village, a museum and its grounds introduce the Miccosukee way of life. Visitors can tour the open-air chickee huts that the tribe traditionally live in, made of thatched palm roofs and poles, and can experience an alligator wrestling demonstration. Assuming not potentially derogatory because run by and possibly named by the Miccosukee themselves.",https://tribe.miccosukee.com/,https://www.familyvacationcritic.com/attraction/miccosukee-cultural-center/everglades-national-park/,
854,Everglades,Miccosukee Reserve Area,Park region,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence",The Miccosukee Reservation.,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miccosukee_Indian_Reservation,,
855,Everglades,Middle Cape Canal,River,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Man made waterway named for its proximity to Middle Cape,Perez 2007,,NA
856,Everglades,Middle Fox Lake,Lake,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Lake in the middle of the chain of the Fox Lakes,Perez 2007,,NA
857,Everglades,Middle Ground,Bay,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","A shoal area southwest of Flamingo, definition is ""shallow place, as a bank or bar""",Perez 2007,,NA
858,Everglades,Middle Lake,Lake,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Found by Charles Brookfield (early 1900s mapper) as an unnamed lake between Monroe and Seven Palm Lakes, so named Middle Lake.",Perez 2007,,NA
859,Everglades,Midway Keys,Island,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
860,Everglades,Monroe Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for Charles Brookfield (early 1900s mapper) 's friend Wirth Munroe who was on a cruise with him.,Perez 2007,,NA
861,Everglades,Mormon Key,Island,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,People,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after a white settler man named Richard Hamilton lived here with his second wife, while the first was still alive, not divorced, simply separated, so he technically had 2 wives. 5 children by first wife and 6 more with second wife.",Perez 2007,,NA
862,Everglades,Mosquito Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Mosquitoes are pervasive throughout the day in ENP, probably the origin of the name",Perez 2007,,NA
863,Everglades,Mrazek Pond,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Vincent J. Mrazek, park ranger at Coot Bay Pond, formerly known as Barney's Pond for Barney Parker the first ranger at ENP.",Perez 2007,,NA
864,Everglades,Mud Bay,Bay,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Probably named for the pervasive mud along every mangrove shoreline,Perez 2007,,NA
865,Everglades,Mud Lake Canoe Trail,Trail,Mineral,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for the lake, which is named for the accumulation of mangrove leaves and other organic matter at the bottom of the pond, decomposing anaerobically, builds up into this thick mud layer. Common among Cape Sable lakes.",Perez 2007,,NA
866,Everglades,Mullet Bay,Bay,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",A kind of fish commonly found in the estuaries and into freshwaters of ENP. Mullet were commonly used as bait for trapping raccoons. Also food staple for settlers.,Perez 2007,,NA
867,Everglades,Murray Key,Island,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Oral accounts tell of a large family by the same name that may have dwelled on the key for a time.,Perez 2007,,NA
868,Everglades,Nest Keys,Island,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Island has a tall tree with a prominent osprey nest which can be seen from a long way off, served as a landmark along the monotonous coastline.",Perez 2007,,NA
869,Everglades,New Turkey Key,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Near Turkey Key. ""New"" origin and use of ""turkey"" unknown",Perez 2007,,NA
870,Everglades,Nike Missile Base Historic Area,Cultural heritage (Western),Mythology,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Everglades National Park houses one of the best preserved relics of the Cold War in Florida, a historic Nike Hercules missile site called ""Alpha Battery"" or ""HM69"".",https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/historyculture/hm69.htm,,NA
871,Everglades,Nine Mile Pond,Lake,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Proximity to the fishing village, Flamingo",Perez 2007,,NA
872,Everglades,Nine Mile Pond Canoe Trail,Trail,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Proximity to the fishing village, Flamingo",Perez 2007,,NA
873,Everglades,Ninemile Bank,Bay,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Approx. 9 miles across at its widest, while also about 9 miles from the Keys.",Perez 2007,,NA
874,Everglades,Noble Hammock Canoe Trail,Trail,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Bill Nobles, proprietor of a grocery store in the nearby town of Homestead in the 1920s. He moonlighted in the vicinity of the present day trail running a whiskey still during Prohibition. Homestead was incorporated in 1913 and is the second oldest city in Miami-Dade County next to the city of Miami. It is located approximately 35 miles (56 km) southwest of Miami, and 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Key Largo. The name originates from when the Florida East Coast Railway extension to Key West was being built. The rail line was passing through an area opened up for homesteading, and as the construction camp at the end of the line did not have a particular name, construction materials and supplies for the workers were consigned to ""Homestead Country"", shortened to ""Homestead"" by the engineers who mapped the area. Assuming Nobles is a homesteader = colonialism.",Perez 2007,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead,_Florida",NA
875,Everglades,North Harney River,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Runs directly N of the Harney River before merging with it near the coast. ""Named after Col. Wm. S. Harney led 90 men and 16 canoes westward from mouth of the Miami River to avenge the prior raid of Indian Key led by Indian warrior, Chekika...Never before had white soldiers been successful at pursuing the Indians through the difficult terrain...Chekika was killed, and the solders were ordered to hang his body at the site to serve as a warning to others.""",Perez 2007,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Harney,NA
876,Everglades,North Nest Key,Campground,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for location on northern beach of Nest Key,Perez 2007,,NA
877,Everglades,North Plover Key,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","North of Plover Key.Seven species of plovers live in the area, commonly seen along the coast.",Perez 2007,,NA
878,Everglades,North River,River,,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The North River leads N out of Whitewater Bay,Perez 2007,"Simpson, J. C. A provisional gazetteer of Florida place-names of Indian derivation, either obsolescent or retained, together with others of recent application. Tallahassee 1956.   https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015038707108?urlappend=%3Bseq=150",Owekiewa (Creek from Wekiwa = a spring of water)
879,Everglades,North River Chickee,Campground,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The North River leads N out of Whitewater Bay,Perez 2007,,NA
880,Everglades,Northwest Cape,Campground,Title,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","3 sandy points adorn the SW coast of Cape Sable land mass, each named for its geographic location. This one lies furthest NW.",Perez 2007,,NA
881,Everglades,Observation Tower,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Title,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",An observation tower.,https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/nature/scenicvistas.htm,,
882,Everglades,Onion Key,Island,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Two possible origins: 1) settler homesteaded here and grew onions. 2) Georgio Lopez claimed to have eaten his last onion here,Perez 2007,,NA
883,Everglades,Opossum Key,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Ubiquitous resident of S FL. This island had an overabundance of them. Arthur Leslie Darwin, the island's longest-known resident reported killing great numbers of them during his occupation.",Perez 2007,,NA
884,Everglades,Otter Cave Hammock Trail,Trail,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","A rough limestone trail through a tropical hardwood forest with small footbridges over a small stream. [BM: I think it's called ""cave"" because it has a dense canopy covering the trail, appearing like a cave.]",https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/otter-cave-hammock-trail.htm,,NA
885,Everglades,Otter Creek,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Probably named for the many otters that live here.,Perez 2007,,NA
886,Everglades,Otter Key,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The river otter commonly found in freshwater interior and brackish coast of S FL.,Perez 2007,,NA
887,Everglades,Oxfoot Bank,Bay,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive. Unknown origin. A plant? Likely lyrical or narrative descriptive,Perez 2007,,NA
888,Everglades,Oyster Bay (Cape Sable),Bay,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Oysters have been known to grow in great clusters among the mangrove roots of the coast. People have been harvesting these oysters for thousands of years, as seen though prehistoric shell mounds.",Perez 2007,,NA
889,Everglades,Oyster Bay (Ten Thousand Islands),Bay,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Porbably named for it being a good place to collect oysters.,Perez 2007,,NA
890,Everglades,Oyster Bay Chickee,Campground,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Oysters have been known to grow in great clusters among the mangrove roots of the coast. People have been harvesting these oysters for thousands of years, as seen though prehistoric shell mounds.",Perez 2007,,NA
891,Everglades,Oyster Keys,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",These islands no doubt earned their name from a profusion of bivavles found there at one time. [BM: Are they no longer there?],Perez 2007,,NA
892,Everglades,Pa-hay-okee Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Grassy water in Hitchiti language of the Seminoles. A raised observation platform on this boardwalk loop provides sweeping vistas of the ""river of grass.""",Perez 2007,https://www.nps.gov/ever/planyourvisit/pahayokee-overlook.htm,NA
893,Everglades,Palm Key,Island,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","8 species of palm are native to S FL, probably named for one of these palms",Perez 2007,,NA
894,Everglades,Panhandle Key,Island,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",From an aerial survey this key got named for its shape.,Perez 2007,,NA
895,Everglades,Park Entrance Station,Visitor Center,Title,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
896,Everglades,Park Key,Island,Title,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Traversing this island by foot was easy, short ground cover and canopy of black mangrove trees, felt like a park",Perez 2007,,NA
897,Everglades,Pass Key,Island,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Has a natural channel or pass through a shallow bank near its south end,Perez 2007,,NA
898,Everglades,Paurotis Pond,Lake,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The Paurotis palm, Acoelorrhaphe wrightii, is also referred to as the Everglades palm. Large clusters found here.",Perez 2007,,NA
899,Everglades,Pavilion Key,Island,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","A pirate built a pavilion here to imprison a 17 year old girl captured from a merchant ship, who was eventually murdered and buried here.",Perez 2007,,NA
900,Everglades,Pearl Bay Chickee,Campground,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",One source suggests that this bay was traditionally known as an area where Indians found oysters containing pearls.,Perez 2007,,NA
901,Everglades,Pelican Keys,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Pelicans are common in S FL, the brown and in the winter migrant whites. Suggested that pelicans have previously nested on this key",Perez 2007,,NA
902,Everglades,Peterson Keys,Island,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Formerly known as Bowlegs Keys, renamed to commemorate Roger Torey Peterson, renowned birder...Billy Bowlegs was a famous Seminole leader of the Third Seminole War and President Buchanan antagonist.",Perez 2007,"Documented erasure, formerly named after an Indigenous leader",NA
903,Everglades,Picnic Key,Island,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",It has been said that locals would often gather here for a big picnic dinner.,Perez 2007,,NA
904,Everglades,Pine Glades Lake,Lake,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Lies at transition between pine rocklands and open sawgrass prairie, or glade",Perez 2007,,NA
905,Everglades,Pinelands,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for pine rockland ecosystem, the most biologically diverse region in the park.",Perez 2007,,NA
906,Everglades,Plate Creek Bay,Bay,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Settler and Spanish immigrant, Gregorio Lopez, claimed to have lost a plate while once traversing this creek.",Perez 2007,,NA
907,Everglades,Plate Creek Bay Chickee,Campground,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Settler and Spanish immigrant, Gregorio Lopez, claimed to have lost a plate while once traversing this creek.",Perez 2007,,NA
908,Everglades,Plover Key,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","North of Plover Key.Seven species of plovers live in the area, commonly seen along the coast.",Perez 2007,,NA
909,Everglades,Pollock Keys,Island,Unknown,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; competing theories that leads to different problems. Origin unknown. Word is the name for 2 species of North Atlantic marine fish, is also a last name.",Perez 2007,,NA
910,Everglades,Ponce De Leon Bay,Bay,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Credited with ""discovering"" the land he would christen ""La Florida"". From Wikipedia: Ponce de León was actively involved in the Higüey massacre, about which friar Bartolomé de las Casas
 attempted to notify Spanish authorities. Ovando rewarded his victorious commander by appointing him frontier governor of the newly conquered  province, then named Higüey also. Ponce de León received a substantial land grant which authorized sufficient Indian slave labor to farm his new estate (colonialism but also violence, problem = violence)",Perez 2007,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n,NA
911,Everglades,Porjoe Key,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Nickname of the great blue heron in the Caribbean. Others claim the nickname applies to the tricolored heron, because of its scrawny underfed appearance.",Perez 2007,,NA
912,Everglades,Porpoise Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin, common resident of the Florida Bay area, even though ""porpoise"" is not the same as dolphin, they have been used interchangeably.",Perez 2007,,NA
913,Everglades,Rabbit Key Basin,Bay,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Rabbits are rare present-day. But before Hurricane Donna in 1960 the common marsh rabbit, Sylvilagus palustris, did inhabit many of the outer keys. The basin is of slightly deeper water west of the keys.",Perez 2007,,NA
914,Everglades,Rabbit Key Pass,Bay,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Rabbits are rare present-day. But before Hurricane Donna in 1960 the common marsh rabbit, Sylvilagus palustris, did inhabit many of the outer keys. The pass is a natural channel running to the Lopez River.",Perez 2007,,NA
915,Everglades,Rabbit Keys,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Rabbits are rare present-day. But before Hurricane Donna in 1960 the common marsh rabbit, Sylvilagus palustris, did inhabit many of the outer keys. The pass is a natural channel running to the Lopez River.",Perez 2007,,NA
916,Everglades,Rankin Bight,Bay,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Other - truly does not fit any other classes,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Rankin was an African-American squatter who lived on this key during Prohibition. He earned a meager living cutting buttonwood and working as a charcoal burner. Prohibition officers patrolled the waters regularly looking for hidden stills and rum runners. On one occasion a group of officers made a surprise visit to Rankin at his camp. Despite his innocence, they eagerly chopped up his water still and took a series of pictures. The following day, they issued a news release regarding their recent discovery and destruction of a moonshine operation. [BM: technically this would be problem=erasure only, but because it is named after a person of color who was the victim of police-led violence, it is problem=other.]",Perez 2007,,NA
917,Everglades,Rankin Key,Island,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Rankin was an African-American squatter who lived on this key during Prohibition. He earned a meager living cutting buttonwood and working as a charcoal burner. Prohibition officers patrolled the waters regularly looking for hidden stills and rum runners. On one occasion a group of officers made a surprise visit to Rankin at his camp. Despite his innorcens, they eagerly chopped up his water still and took a series of pictures. The following day, they issued a news release regarding their recent discovery and destruction of a moonshine operation.",Perez 2007,,NA
918,Everglades,Roberts River,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Likely named for ""Uncle Steve"" Roberts, a turn-of-the-century (20th c.) Flamingo resident. With his family lived in the Cape Sable area, built the Roberts Hotel in 1915 in Flamingo. Colonialism because tourism--gaining from removal of Indigenous people. The park was founded in 1934. Indigenous people had begun to move onto designated Indian reservations in Florida starting in the 1930s and 1940s. - same time as park establishment. Dispossession. (Miccosukee Indian Reservation - group that split away from the Seminole in 1950s, part of the reservation borders the N ENP.)",Perez 2007,"Simpson, J. C. A provisional gazetteer of Florida place-names of Indian derivation, either obsolescent or retained, together with others of recent application. Tallahassee 1956.  https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015038707108?urlappend=%3Bseq=149.   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miccosukee","Muccothlopa (Creek, corruption of Micco or Miko = chief and Thlako meaning big)"
919,Everglades,Roberts River Chickee,Campground,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Likely named for ""Uncle Steve"" Roberts, a turn-of-the-century (20th c.) Flamingo resident. With his family lived in the Cape Sable area, built the Roberts Hotel in 1915 in Flamingo. Colonialism because tourism--gaining from removal of Indigenous people. The park was founded in 1934. (Not colonialism because the Calusa removed, died by 1820; Seminole numbered only 325 by 1913 and lived in isolation from majority culture.)",Perez 2007,,NA
920,Everglades,Robertson Building,Visitor Center,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Dr. William Beckwith Robertson, Jr. served as the senior biologist at ENP.",Perez 2007,,NA
921,Everglades,Rock Reef Pass,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","This 3' ""ridge"" divides watersheds in the low, flat ENP. This small elevation change can mean dramatic plant community shift in the ENP.",http://360panos.com/panos/RockReefPass.php,https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/nature/evergeology.htm,NA
922,Everglades,Rocky Creek Bay,Bay,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Bay at the headwaters of the creek by the same name., so named for the pinnacle rock just below the surface in the upper reaches of the creek during low water.",Perez 2007,,NA
923,Everglades,Rodgers River Bay Chickee,Campground,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Col. St. George Rodgers, who led the FL Mounted Volunteers on raids in the area in 1857. Wikipedia says this person was a confederate politician, from TN, served in FL. Google book confirms he served in the confederate House of Rep. He owned 75 slaves and a plantation in Ocala, FL. Raids in the area probably refers to the Third Seminole War (1855-1858). According to the Simpson Gazzetteer, Rodgers River is Chittohatchee River (Creek) meaning snake creek.  https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015038707108?urlappend=%3Bseq=62","Perez 2007, and https://books.google.com/books?id=wJezWvckVr8C&pg=PA209&lpg=PA209&dq=Col+Samuel+St+George+Rodgers+florida+confederate&source=bl&ots=67PaUbuYIq&sig=ACfU3U0X15Gy4LfREI0gQyt_IIgaFRBUag&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPmf2q4-rkAhXzN30KHZs6B9MQ6AEwEHoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q=Col%20Samuel%20St%20George%20Rodgers%20florida%20confederate&f=false",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_St._George_Rogers,NA
924,Everglades,Rookery Branch,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Large bird rookery could be found (in the past?) at the northern end of this headwater stream, flowing into the Shark River.",Perez 2007,,NA
925,Everglades,Roscoe Key,Island,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Roscoe Dunton, friend of surveyor Charles Brookfield who joined Brookfield on one of his expeditions. Dunton was the first division manager of the Caribbean Division of Pan American Airways.",Perez 2007,,NA
926,Everglades,Rowdy Bend Trail,Trail,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person. Unkown origin.,Perez 2007,,NA
927,Everglades,Royal Palm,Trailhead,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Probably named for the royal palm, Roystonea regia, native to Florida. The native name for the hammock that the trail is in is Tallasoculsa (Seminole for Coconut palm grove)",Perez 2007,"Simpson, J. C. A provisional gazetteer of Florida place-names of Indian derivation, either obsolescent or retained, together with others of recent application. Tallahassee 1956.  https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015038707108?urlappend=%3Bseq=125","
"
928,Everglades,Russel Key,Island,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",The Russell family maintained a large chicken farm on the island in the 1890s and later moved to Oregon.,Perez 2007,,NA
929,Everglades,Samphire Keys,Island,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Abundance of samphire, Blutaparon vermiculare, a sprawling, edible perennial",Perez 2007,,NA
930,Everglades,Sandfly Island,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Sandflies or no-see-ums or ""punkies"" thrive in S FL. The area was a thriving tomato farm in the early 1900s settled by ""Uncle Charley"" Boggess.",Perez 2007,,NA
931,Everglades,Sandy Key,Island,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","After powerful storms, this island is not much more than a sand bank. But in intervening years can develop an extensive plant community",Perez 2007,,NA
932,Everglades,Santini Bight,Bay,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for the pioneering Chokoloskee (place in ENP) family of the same name.,Perez 2007,,NA
933,Everglades,Schooner Bank,Bay,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive. A schooner is a sailing ship with two or more masts. Origin uknown,Perez 2007,,NA
934,Everglades,Second Bay,Bay,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",This is the second major bay encountered alon Lostmans River when traveling inland from the Gulf.,Perez 2007,,NA
935,Everglades,Seven Palm Lake,Lake,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Seven stately royal palms once adorned the banks of this lake, but have since been lost to hurricanes.",Perez 2007,,NA
936,Everglades,Shark Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Sharks are common within the coastal waters of the park,Perez 2007,,NA
937,Everglades,Shark Point Chickee,Campground,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Sharks are common within the coastal waters of the park,Perez 2007,,NA
938,Everglades,Shark River Island,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","13 varieties of shark have been recorded in the waters of ENP, and this river is an estuary of fresh and salt water, serves as a nursery for the bull shark.",Perez 2007,,River name is Hatchee chopko (Creek for long creek)
939,Everglades,Shark River Slough,Park region,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","13 varieties of shark have been recorded in the waters of ENP, and this river is an estuary of fresh and salt water, serves as a nursery for the bull shark.",Perez 2007,,NA
940,Everglades,Shark Valley Visitor Center,Visitor Center,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","This land-locked area is named for the Shark River Slough, a landscape feature of lower elevation that funnels water from the north in a SW direction toward the Gulf, these waters (one of which is the Shark River) are a nursery for bull sharks.",Perez 2007,,NA
941,Everglades,Shell Key,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Probably named for a shell deposit.,Perez 2007,,NA
942,Everglades,Sid Key,Island,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named by surveyor Charles Brookfield for a passenger on his ship, the Manatee.",Perez 2007,,NA
943,Everglades,Sisal Pond,Lake,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Agave sisalana, a species of hemp plant was discovered here, introduced in other areas of S FL and horticultural experiments continue to present.",Perez 2007,,NA
944,Everglades,Snake Bight,Bay,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Seminole and settler lore tell of very large snakes in S FL. ENP does have 28 species of snakes. Bight refers to any bend in the coast forming an open bay. Name may also show the sense of humor of those who lived in the Cape Sable area,Perez 2007,,NA
945,Everglades,Snake Bight Trail,Trail,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Seminole and settler lore tell of very large snakes in S FL. ENP does have 28 species of snakes. Bight refers to any bend in the coast forming an open bay. Name may also show the sense of humor of those who lived in the Cape Sable area,Perez 2007,,NA
946,Everglades,Snake Key,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Several snakes regularly inhabit the coast, including the mangrove salt marsh snake. The diamondback rattlesnake is also known to occasionally migrate between mangrove islands over salt water.",Perez 2007,,NA
947,Everglades,Snipe Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Probably named for the snipe water bird: a wading bird of marshes and wet meadows, with brown camouflaged plumage, a long straight bill, and typically a drumming display flight.",https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/snipe,,NA
948,Everglades,South Joe River Chickee,Campground,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Camping platform at the southern end of the Joe River. Possibly named for a Joe Williams but little known about him.,Perez 2007,,NA
949,Everglades,Spy Key,Island,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for the US Coast and Geodetic Survey Schooner named Spy, used for the first hydrographic survey of the area in 1890.",Perez 2007,,NA
950,Everglades,Stake Key,Island,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Stakes and pipes were traditionally used as navigational aids in the treacherous shallow waters of coastal S FL, and are still used to provide cryptic guidance between lesser known locations.",Perez 2007,,NA
951,Everglades,Storter Bay,Bay,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Storter family were settlers in what is now Everglades City in the 1880s. George Storter, Jr. built a farm and boarding house, was the postmaster and operated a trade post frequented by both whites and Indians.",Perez 2007,,NA
952,Everglades,Sunday Bay,Bay,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,Perez 2007,,NA
953,Everglades,Swash Keys,Island,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Unknown origin. but ""swash"" is defined as the sound of moving water, likely a literal descriptive name for the island",Perez 2007,,NA
954,Everglades,Sweet Bay Pond,Lake,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for the sweet bay tree Magnolia virginiana, commonly abundant in the ENP.",Perez 2007,,NA
955,Everglades,Sweetwater Bay Chickee,Bay,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for the freshwater stream also named Sweetwater that pulses down the river during the rainy season.,Perez 2007,,NA
956,Everglades,Tarpon Bay,Bay,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","One of the most sought after fish in S FL waters, known for being difficult to keep on the line.",Perez 2007,,NA
957,Everglades,Tarpon Creek,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","One of the most sought after fish in S FL waters, known for being difficult to keep on the line.",Perez 2007,,NA
958,Everglades,Taylor Slough,Park region,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for its southern drainage, the Taylor River, named for President Zachary Taylor. Victorious in the Battle of Okeechobee during the Seminole Wars. Many other creeks, rivers, and counties named for him in FL. The slough was formerly known as ""Deadpecker Slough"" because, before roads and bridges, mean would have to wade through the hip deep water, which during cooler weather yielded a deadpecker. The NPS renamed the slough when making the park. Wikipedia: Taylor was a slaveowner, came from a plantation family in the South, military leader in both the Seminole War and Mexican-American War. During brief presidency aimed for harmony and keeping the union together rather than expanding slavery. Known as one of the most forgettable presidents.",Perez 2007,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor,NA
959,Everglades,Ten Thousand Islands,Park region,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","This region is a wild labyrinth of mangroves, keys, and waterways.",Perez 2007,,NA
960,Everglades,Tern Key,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for a nesting colony of least terns once found here.,Perez 2007,,NA
961,Everglades,Terrapin Bay,Bay,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Plausible that great populations of the 3 subspecies of the salt-water diamondback terrapin thrived in and around this bay. Harvest and habitat loss responsible for their decline, now more scarce.",Perez 2007,,NA
962,Everglades,Terrapin Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Plausible that great populations of the 3 subspecies of the salt-water diamondback terrapin thrived here. Harvest and habitat loss responsible for their decline, now more scarce.",Perez 2007,,NA
963,Everglades,The Boggies,Bay,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Treacherous passageway between Blackwater Sound and FL Bay. Dangerous because of the soft bottom and profusion of mangroves. [BM: So name possibly from ""bog"" also rhymes with ""soggy""...]",Perez 2007,,NA
964,Everglades,The Cutoff (multiple),River,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","In 1817 dictionary ""cut-off"" means sluggish stream connecting two rivers, this narrow waterway connects Roberts and North Rivers.",Perez 2007,,NA
965,Everglades,The Lungs,Lake,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",A pair of connected lakes resembling a large pair of lungs as seen from the air.,Perez 2007,,NA
966,Everglades,The Watson Place,Campground,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Edward J. Watson, homesteader, sugarcan plantation, built a big fancy home, also a serial killer. ""Bloody Ed.""",Perez 2007,,NA
967,Everglades,Third Bay,Bay,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The third major bay encountered going upstream along the Lostmans River.,Perez 2007,,NA
968,Everglades,Tiger Key,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Translation of orignal IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","The name ""Tiger"" is popular in Seminole and Miccosukee culture, probably origins of the name but no documentation specifies which individual this name is meant to honor.",Perez 2007,,NA
969,Everglades,Topsy Key,Island,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Florence ""Topsy"" Dunton, Charles Brookfield passenger.",Perez 2007,,NA
970,Everglades,Tram Trail,Trail,Title,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The two-hour Everglades Tram Tour through the Shark Valley section of Everglades National Park is actually a South Florida ecotour that also provides a wonderful opportunity for group tours. Shark Valley naturalists escort all of our tours, and they are fully prepared to make your journey a memorable one. Besides giving insight into the ecosystem as a whole, your naturalist will also help to point out some of the “hidden” aspects of the Everglades that help to make this a world-renowned wetlands. The open vehicles used on our tram tours allow visitors to view wildlife within the sawgrass prairies on either side of the tram.",https://www.sharkvalleytramtours.com/tram-tours/,,NA
971,Everglades,Triplet Keys,Island,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",A little group of three keys named by Charles Brooksfield.,Perez 2007,,NA
972,Everglades,Trout Cove,Bay,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","ENP coastal waters including this brackish bay are home to two species of sea trout, Cynoscion nebulosis and Cynoscion arenarius, the likely namesake for the bay.",Perez 2007,,NA
973,Everglades,Turkey Key,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Anhingas may have had a colony here, they are known locally as ""water turkeys"" for their appearance.",Perez 2007,,NA
974,Everglades,Turner River Canoe Trail,Trail,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Capt. Richard Bushrod Turner, guide for FL's volunteer forces during the Third Seminole War. Later one of the first white settlers of the area, homesteading on a large shell mound near the headwaters of the river that bears his name. google book: Convinced volunteer to let him guide them to Billy Bowlegs, claiming he knew the Everglades better than Billy. Led them up this river and ""drove off"" the Indians, later built his house here.  The Turner River is Wahika in Creek for clear water. Note the Big Cypress Swamp and Big Cypress Preserve on north edge of Everglades NP is ""Atseenahoofa"" cypress covered area (Simpson page 50).",Perez 2007,https://books.google.com/books?id=85hxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT233&lpg=PT233&dq=captain+richard+bushrode+turner&source=bl&ots=jj9di83gKP&sig=ACfU3U2UTvkjvBuUxmj47Fdw6BHtNaN6TA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiMgqr98erkAhUPHzQIHbo7BJYQ6AEwAnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=captain%20richard%20bushrode%20turner&f=false,NA
975,Everglades,Turtle Key,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","5 sea turtles live in the waters off S FL, the loggerhead, Caretta caretta, is the most common, and probably namesake for this island.",Perez 2007,,NA
976,Everglades,Twin Key Bank,Bay,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",likely due to their close proximity and resemblance.,Perez 2007,,NA
977,Everglades,Twin Keys,Island,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",likely due to their close proximity and resemblance.,Perez 2007,,NA
978,Everglades,Two Island Bay,Bay,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for the pair of islands that are located within this bay.,Perez 2007,,NA
979,Everglades,Umbrella Key,Island,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","A large mangrove used to be here that grew in the shape of an umbrella, quite conspicuous landmark on the horizon.",Perez 2007,,NA
980,Everglades,Upper Arsnicker Keys,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Arsenicker is either a corruption of ""marsh sneaker"", the Bahamian term for herons or when local inhabitants harvested heron eggs they would ""nick"" the poachers in the ""arse"".",Perez 2007,,NA
981,Everglades,Watson River,River,,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for entrepreneur Louis Watson who started a charter boat business out of Coot Bay Pond in the 1930s as sport fishing became increasingly popular in the Flamingo area. The park was founded in 1934. Indigenous people had begun to move onto designated Indian reservations in Florida starting in the 1930s and 1940s. - same time as park establishment. Dispossession. (Miccosukee Indian Reservation - group that split away from the Seminole in 1950s, part of the reservation borders the N ENP.) colonialism = yes",Perez 2007,"Simpson, J. C. A provisional gazetteer of Florida place-names of Indian derivation, either obsolescent or retained, together with others of recent application. Tallahassee 1956.   https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015038707108?urlappend=%3Bseq=149",Owechatta (Creek from we chate = water red)
982,Everglades,Watson River Chickee,Campground,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for entrepreneur Louis Watson who started a charter boat business out of Coot Bay Pond in the 1930s as sport fishing became increasingly popular in the Flamingo area. The park was founded in 1934. Indigenous people had begun to move onto designated Indian reservations in Florida starting in the 1930s and 1940s. - same time as park establishment. Dispossession. (Miccosukee Indian Reservation - group that split away from the Seminole in 1950s, part of the reservation borders the N ENP.) colonialism = yes",Perez 2007,,NA
983,Everglades,West Key,Island,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Unkown origin, likely named for its position in relation to the coastline of the FL keys. Literal descriptive",Perez 2007,,NA
984,Everglades,West Lake,Lake,Title,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Western most body of water along the chain of lakes beyond Alligator Creek.,Perez 2007,,NA
985,Everglades,West Lake Canoe Trail,Trail,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The canoe trail crosses the expanse of West Lake and through a chain of smaller lakes.,Perez 2007,,NA
986,Everglades,Whaleback Key,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Surveyor Lt. Matheson in the 1930s thought this island resembled the back of a whale from a distance.,Perez 2007,,NA
987,Everglades,Whipray Basin,Bay,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Whiprays were plentiful in the area through the 20th c. Were sought after as plentiful bait for stone crab traps.,Perez 2007,,NA
988,Everglades,Whipray Keys,Island,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Whiprays were plentiful in the area through the 20th c. Were sought after as plentiful bait for stone crab traps.,Perez 2007,,NA
989,Everglades,Whitewater Bay,Bay,Shape,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,translation,Other,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Winds often play upon this large expanse of water, leaving the bay choppy and covered with white caps. Name may have originated from Seminole, where whitewater is a translation of the Seminole name wiwahatki, wiwa meaning water as well as ocean, and hatki meaning white.",Perez 2007,"Simpson, J. C. A provisional gazetteer of Florida place-names of Indian derivation, either obsolescent or retained, together with others of recent application. Tallahassee 1956.   https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015038707108?urlappend=%3Bseq=149","wiwahatki or Wehadkatheocco (Creek for big white water), We Hatke Thlako is the Creek name for the ocean."
990,Everglades,Wilderness Waterway,Trail,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The Everglades Wilderness Waterway is a 99-mile navigable recreational waterway route within Everglades National Park, also known as Marjory Stoneman Douglas Wilderness.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everglades_Wilderness_Waterway,,NA
991,Everglades,Willy Willy,Campground,Person,Human-constructed,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"Former campsite for a Seminole named Willy Willy, who was easily recognized because of a cropped ear. Believed he was a tribal outcast. Known to whites as a smuggler who hunted egret plumes around 1910 after such activity was illegal. BM Note: Willy Willy was probably not the original IPN. Indigenous PN for settler constructed campground = potentially derogatory",Perez 2007,,NA
992,Everglades,Wood Key,Island,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Likely named for extensive stands of useful lumber.,Perez 2007,,NA
993,Everglades,Wood River,River,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Likely named for extensive stands of useful lumber. River may have been used to float the lumber downstream to a larger boat.,Perez 2007,,NA
994,Glacier National Park,Agassiz Glacier,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","noted Swiss-American naturalist (Jean) Louis Rodophe Agassiz (1807-1873) he did not come to the area here named for him, but he did research on glaciers earning him this name.",Holterman 2006,,Kanuhus Pałkiy Akwiswitxu (Red Woman Glacier in Kootenai)
995,Glacier National Park,Ahern Glacier,Glacier,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Lt. George Patrick Ahern who conducted one of the most intensive and extensive early explorations of GNP. Noted for being a kind and courageous man.,Holterman 2006,,Sisukkokutui (Spotted Ice in Blackfoot)
996,Glacier National Park,Akokala Creek,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Formerly named Indian Creek, renamed Akokala, the Kootenai name for Bowman Lake and Indian Lake.. Probably derived from the word for swamp, ""a place of red willows"" in reference to the bog at the end of Bowman Lake.  rename; re-name; name change. Renamed so assume not problem or erasure.",Holterman 2006,,
997,Glacier National Park,Akokala Lake,Lake,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Formerly named Indian Creek, renamed Akokala, the Kootenai name for Bowman Lake and Indian Lake.. Probably derived from the word for swamp, ""a place of red willows"" in reference to the bog at the end of Bowman Lake.  rename; re-name; name change. Renamed so assume not problem or erasure.",Holterman 2006,,
998,Glacier National Park,Amphitheater Mountain,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Descriptive of the Twin Butte Peaks of Cut Bank valley.,Holterman 2006,,Niuóxkai-ozkina (meaning Three Horns. Blackfoot name for a warrior who capturred a Nez Perce woman and lived with her happily.)
999,Glacier National Park,Anaconda Creek,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after the developmental Anaconda Co., name of the once powerful, despotic coporation of Marcus Daly, had a project to exploit coal mines along the North Fork, given name because Daly was popular in the Flathead valley where many of his former employees were settled. But a conflict developed between the co. and the park over air pollution. Labor organizer Frank Little of Cherokee origin urged unity among laborers, Anaconda officials wanted him silenced, when the district attorney would not (because Little was breaking no laws), Little vanished one night and was found in the AM dangling from the railway bridge with signs of torture on his corpse. Anaconda is technically a word from multiple SE Asian roots. But I listed it as Western because it is NOT Indigenous American.",Holterman 2006,,NA
1000,Glacier National Park,Apgar,Village,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Milo B. Apgar arrived in GNP from Maine in 1892, homesteaded at foot of Lake McDonald, ran a resort",Holterman 2006,,NA
1001,Glacier National Park,Apgar Mountains,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Milo B. Apgar arrived in GNP from Maine in 1892, homesteaded at foot of Lake McDonald, ran a resort",Holterman 2006,,NA
1002,Glacier National Park,Apikuni Falls,Waterfall,Person,Natural,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Traditional Blackfoot name meaning ""scabby or spotted robe"". Pikuni or Pikani original form of Blackfoot name for James Willard Schultz given by Running Crane who owned it. Falls and Mountain named in honor of Schultz probably by Lt. Samuel Robertson. Schultz was a white man, an adventurous and troubled character, called his autobiographical novel ""My Life As an Indian"". With Louis Hill gave place names to the newly established Glacier NP from 1914-1924. Named for white man, not oIPN.",Holterman 2006,,NA
1003,Glacier National Park,Apikuni Mountain,Mountain,Person,Natural,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Traditional Blackfoot name meaning ""scabby or spotted robe"". Pikuni or Pikani original form of Blackfoot name for James Willard Schultz given by Running Crane who owned it. Falls and Mountain named in honor of Schultz probably by Lt. Samuel Robertson. Schultz was a white man, an adventurous and troubled character, called his autobiographical novel ""My Life As an Indian"". With Louis Hill gave place names to the newly established Glacier NP from 1914-1924. Named for white man, not oIPN.",Holterman 2006,,NA
1004,Glacier National Park,Arrow Lake,Lake,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","NA; not in the shape of an arrow, not literal",Holterman 2006,,"Kcaquna Xapí Akuqnuk (Kootenai for Small Camas Lake, Camas being Lily family)"
1005,Glacier National Park,Atlantic Creek,River,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","At the Triple Divide Peak the water split into three watersheds, the Pacific, Atlantic and Hudson Bay, creek heading for each destination.",Holterman 2006,,Niuoxkai-itahtai (three streams in Blackfoot)
1006,Glacier National Park,Autumn Creek,River,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named by R. T. Evans for its golden aspens in the fall,Holterman 2006,,NA
1007,Glacier National Park,Avalanche Creek,River,Other,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,translation,Other,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",named by Dr. Sperry in 1895 for avalanches common in the area,Holterman 2006,,Mistáki koni-awah-kaw-inítohzi (Blackfoot name) Kootenai may have also called it avalanche creek in their language.
1008,Glacier National Park,Avalanche Lake,Lake,Other,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,translation,Other,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",named by Dr. Sperry in 1895 for avalanches common in the area,Holterman 2006,,Mistáki koni-awah-kaw-inítohzi (Blackfoot name) Kootenai may have also called it avalanche creek in their language.
1009,Glacier National Park,Baring Falls,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Baring descendants of the Baring Brothers of London (an old investment firm) who in 1886 visited Glacier country with James Willard Schultz (named many of the features in GNP later) as one of their guides,Holterman 2006,,"apa-oápspi (meaning weasel eyes in Blackfoot language, referring to blueberries or huckleberries)"
1010,Glacier National Park,Beaver Woman Lake,Lake,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,yes,translation,Person,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Supposedly a translation from Blackfoot or Kootenai. Translated and named by Dr. Ruhle. Near Buffalo Woman Lake.,Holterman 2006,,Blackfoot (Xisxtaki-aki) or Kootenai (Sina Pałkiy).
1011,Glacier National Park,Belly River,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,translation,Animal,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","refers to the digestive system of a Buffalo or maybe a goat, one of the oldest place names in the park originating before the park in earlier maps. Likely a translation of Blackfoot or Gros Ventre name. Dr. Ruhle applied the Blackfoot term.",Holterman 2006,,"Mokowánisz (Blackfoot), Akacimuk (Kootenai), Nut nitséh (Gros Ventre)"
1012,Glacier National Park,Big Prairie,Meadow/field,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Lies along the North Fork River north of Polebridge. Assume it is literally a big prairie,Holterman 2006,,NA
1013,Glacier National Park,Blackfood Glacier,Glacier,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,translation,People,Yes - know IPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"said to have been named Old Man Ice by the Kootenais, but re-Named in honor of Blackfoot tribe by George Bird Grinnell and William H. Seward in 1981. In the US modern Piegan Blackfeet prefer the plural form Blackfeet = potentially derogatory",Holterman 2006,,"Síxika (name for Blackfoot), Old Man Ice to Kootenai (translation not given)"
1014,Glacier National Park,Boulder Pass,Mountain,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named just for boulders,Holterman 2006,,"Kaqacmuł-cmuł Akwakłi'it (Stilts Mountain, Kootenai name), Possibly Mule Deer (áisikotuyi) as Blackfoot name"
1015,Glacier National Park,Boundary Creek,River,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",located along the international line between Canada and US.,Holterman 2006,,NA
1016,Glacier National Park,Boundary Mountains,Mountain,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",located along the international line between Canada and US.,Holterman 2006,,NA
1017,Glacier National Park,Bowman Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Rancher Fred Bowman worked in the North Fork country in the 1880s, married a Chinook named Kalsanooka",Holterman 2006,,"Yakił Wiłquku'ki Akinmituk (meaning Big Strawberries, the Kootenai name for the creek)"
1018,Glacier National Park,Bowman Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Rancher Fred Bowman worked in the North Fork country in the 1880s, married a Chinook named Kalsanooka",Holterman 2006,,"(Aqukała Akuqnuk (meaning bog, Kooenai name for lake)"
1019,Glacier National Park,Brown Pass,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","named for George (Kootenai) Brown (1839-1916), an Irish immigrant with an adventurous life, would have used Browns Pass many times on trips between Flathead and Waterton. Not clear if Brown extracted resources, not colonialism",Holterman 2006,,"Kutenai Apikoan ozitámisohpi (Blackfeet name for the pass meaning where the Kootenay Whiteman went up, but author not convinced) or Kootenai name meaning Hand-Standing-in-the-Middle-of-the-Mountains or Hand-Up-in-the-Mountain or Hand Peak (Kaikakawalin Kalaxi) referring to the area of Browns Pass and the Hole-In-the-Wall or an aea of five peaks called Hands in the Mountains. Was supposed to be a place of great power"
1020,Glacier National Park,Buffalo Woman Lake,Lake,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,yes,translation,Person,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",possibly a translation from Blackfoot or Kootenai; translated and named by Dr. Ruhle. near Beaver Woman Lake,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Woman_Lake,,NA
1021,Glacier National Park,Bullhead Lake,Lake,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,translation,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Bull's Head group of mining claims on the slopes of Mount Wilbur at Bullhead Lake. Stamik-ótokan (Blackfoot for Bullhead, appears at various places around Glacier). Assuming Bull's Head not named after the lake but vice versa. Translation given for western name but not necessarily original IPN",Holterman 2006,,
1022,Glacier National Park,Camas Creek,River,Plant,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,translation,Plant,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","A flower and edible bulb, Kootenais named the area for the camas, xapi in their language. Translation of original IPN",Holterman 2006,,Xapi  (Kootenai name for this area and the camas lily)
1023,Glacier National Park,Camas Creek Entrance,Infrastructure,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,Built but based on oIPN,NA - WPN,translation,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","A flower and edible bulb, Kootenais named the area for the camas, xapi in their language. Translation of original IPN",Holterman 2006,,
1024,Glacier National Park,Camas Lake,Lake,Plant,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,translation,Plant,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","A flower and edible bulb, Kootenais named the area for the camas, xapi in their language. Translation of original IPN",Holterman 2006,,Xapi  (Kootenai name for this area and the camas lily)
1025,Glacier National Park,Campbell Mountain,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Fred C. Campbell, superintendent of the Blackfeet Reservation during WWI, remembered positively. James Willard Schultz named the mountain",Holterman 2006,,NA
1026,Glacier National Park,Canyon Creek,River,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Creek in a canyon that empties Cracker Lake,Holterman 2006,,NA
1027,Glacier National Park,Carajou Lake,Lake,Animal,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,no,NA,Animal,No information,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Meaning wolverine, karkajou, French adaptation of Mantagnais Cree dialect of Quebec--unclear it is the original IPN",Holterman 2006,,
1028,Glacier National Park,Cataract Creek,River,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named by George Bird Grinnell for waterfall,Holterman 2006,,"Iníkokaup, meaning Buffalo Painted Lodge, Blackfoot name for the creek refers to warrior of this name, in reference to the tipi of a medicine man."
1029,Glacier National Park,Cerulean Lake,Lake,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",For blue color,Holterman 2006,,"Nupqu-kayuka, Kootenai name for the lake meaning Black Bear Hat"
1030,Glacier National Park,Chief Mountain,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,translation,Person,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",One of the few authentic or original Indian names in Glacier. Name of the mountain and also a personal and family name. A landmark regarded as a shrine and traditional mecca for the vision quest. Considered to be the home of the Thunder Bird and the Wind Spirit.,Holterman 2006,,"Many tribes refer to the mountain as Chief Mountain: Nináistaki (Blackfeet), Okimaw-wazi (Cree), Nasu-kin Akwekli'itc (Kootenai)"
1031,Glacier National Park,Clements Mountain,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Walter M. Clements, who worked on the agreement with the Blackfeet to buy or lease the eastern half of the present park. Still controversial among Blackfeet people, had to sell after extermination of the buffalo. People were starving. Yes colonialism Native dispossession.",Holterman 2006,https://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/8536/Blackfeet%20Belong%20to%20the%20Mountains.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y   and    https://sites.duke.edu/thewellianmag/2020/10/14/a-stolen-history-future-claims/,"Blackfeet name, Xixtaki-poka means Beaver Child, their name for Alexander Culbertson, who was King of the fur traders, and helped defend the Blackfeet camp at Ft. McKenzie agains a Cree-Assiniboine army; married Natawista of the Kaina aristocracy (Blackfeet?), sons were friends with Sitting Bull"
1032,Glacier National Park,Coal Creek,River,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",There was a small amount of coal at the mouth of the creek.,Holterman 2006,,"Kootenai name for the creek is Niłsikł a'mał Aknuxu'nuk, meaning Bull Robe River, referring to a Kootenai aide to ethnographer Turney-High and Claude Schaeffer"
1033,Glacier National Park,Cobalt Lake,Lake,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",named by R. T. Evans for its color,Holterman 2006,,NA
1034,Glacier National Park,Continental Divide,Park region,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Divide between the Atlantic and Pacific,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_divide#North_America,,NA
1035,Glacier National Park,Cosley Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Joseph Clarence Cosley (1870-1944) trapper, ranger, guide, last of the hippy mountain men, and attracts the most popular appeal among historical figures in the Glacier region. Of French, Spanish, and Native American descent",Holterman 2006,,NA
1036,Glacier National Park,Cracker Lake,Lake,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Prospectors once had lunch here of crackers and cheese, so the story goes. The eventual mine was sometimes called Cracker Jack Mine.",Holterman 2006,,NA
1037,Glacier National Park,Cut Bank Pass,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,translation,Other,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",A favorite route across the Rockies. The mouth of Cut Bank Creek was named Inóhpisi  meaning Dangle Down to describe the way some Gros Ventrs let themselves down over a cliff with ropes and caught the Piegan (Blackfeet) camp unawares. So Cut Bank could be related to the Dangle Down? English term is a translation of the Blackfeet term,Holterman 2006,,Ponákixi
1038,Glacier National Park,Dancing Lady Mountain,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,yes,translation,Person,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Formerly called Squaw Mountain, name changed in agreement with Blackfeet tribal officials. The big rock on east slope with smaller rocks below it reminded someone of a woman climbing the mountain followed by her dogs. Summer powwows and Sun Lodge ceremonies feature sacred dancing, where name is derived from.Squaw in English usage is a racist and sexist pejorative. Used to be called Íkaki (Small Lady) after the moth of Curly Bear. She was regarded as a visionary and a participaint in the summer rites. rename; re-name; name change",Holterman 2006,,Íkaki (Blackfeet)
1039,Glacier National Park,Dawson Pass,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,yes,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Thomas Dawson, son of Scotsman and Gros Ventre woman. Educated in thte UK, then a guide in Glacier for various famous folks. His Blackfoot name was Inuxina meaning Little Chief, the pass is Inuxina ozitasmisohpi",Holterman 2006,,"Inuxina ozitasmisohpi, Blackfoot name for the man and a pass."
1040,Glacier National Park,Divide Mountain,Mountain,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Referring to the Hudson Bay Divide,Holterman 2006,,NA
1041,Glacier National Park,Dixon Glacier,Glacier,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Sen. Joseph M. Dixon, who helped push the bill for establishing Glacier NP, later became the Gov. of Montana",Holterman 2006,,"Azina Kokutoi (Blackfeet name meaining ""Gros Ventre Ice"""
1042,Glacier National Park,Dry Fork,River,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,Holterman 2006,,NA
1043,Glacier National Park,Dutch Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for ""Dutch Louie"" Meyer one of the earliest known prospectors in Glacier, could be referring to other men",Holterman 2006,,"Kwiłwum Akanuxunik, meaning Big Belly Man, the Kootenai name, said to be a giant who made a trail through Dutch Creek country"
1044,Glacier National Park,Dutch Lake,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for ""Dutch Louie"" Meyer one of the earliest known prospectors in Glacier, could be referring to other men",Holterman 2006,,"Kwiłwum Akanuxunik, meaning Big Belly Man, the Kootenai name, said to be a giant who made a trail through Dutch Creek country"
1045,Glacier National Park,East Flattop Mountain,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,translation,Other,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for its shape. West Flattop named by the Native Americans, J. W. Schultz named East Flattop around 1883.",Holterman 2006,,"Itóhkisawki is the Blackfoot name for East Flattop, meaning ""on top prairie"""
1046,Glacier National Park,Elizabeth Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for a surveyor's daughter.,Holterman 2006,,Amonisi-omahxikimi or Am'unis O'muksikimi is the Blackfoot name for the lake meaning Otter Lake
1047,Glacier National Park,Elk Mountain,Mountain,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for the animal,Holterman 2006,,"Kyaqi Akłałku Akwukłi'it is the Kootenai name for the mountain, meaning ""Beaver Hat"", Kootenai name may also be Kyaqi meaning Broken."
1048,Glacier National Park,Fern Creek,River,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Descriptive of the plants,Holterman 2006,,NA
1049,Glacier National Park,Firebrand Pass,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for the forest fires of 1910 when a firebrand is said to have been blown across the pass carrying the blaze to the forest on the east side.,Holterman 2006,,"Makap-ohsokoi is the Blackfeet name meaning ""Bad Road"" perhaps because of the dangers in crossing between two tribal territories"
1050,Glacier National Park,Fish Creek,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Feeds into Lake McDonald which in 1846 was called Lac de Poissons (old French name meaning lake of fish), might explain this creek's name",Holterman 2006,,NA
1051,Glacier National Park,Flattop Mountain,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,translation,Other,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for its shape. West Flattop named by the Native Americans, J. W. Schultz named East Flattop around 1883.",Holterman 2006,,NA
1052,Glacier National Park,Florence Falls,Waterfall,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for perhaps Sen. Dixon's daughter or after a mining claim.,Holterman 2006,,"Possibly Paióta, as recorded by Schultz."
1053,Glacier National Park,Forests and Fire Nature Trail,Infrastructure,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Previously called Huckleberry Nature Trail, but renamed Forests and Fire after a fire wiped out the forest here and is now a very young trail.The trail  goes through the rebirth of a brand new forest. There are literally thousands of lodgepole pine saplings growing here now, most of which are two-to-seven feet in height at this point. As the trail proceeds onward, hikers will also see thousands of dead trees. This area of the park was severely burned in 1967, and then again in 2001 during the Moose Fire.",http://enjoyyourparks.com/glacierhuckleberrynature.html,http://www.hikinginglacier.com/forest-and-fire-nature-trail.htm,NA
1054,Glacier National Park,Gable Mountain,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Probably descriptive of shape,Holterman 2006,,NA
1055,Glacier National Park,Gable Pass,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Probably descriptive of shape of mountain shape,Holterman 2006,,NA
1056,Glacier National Park,Garden Wall,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","West side of continental divide north of Logan Pass, so Named after popular song in 1890s ""Over the Garden Wall"" sung at an evening campfire of a party of tourists guided by Grinnell, camped at Grinnell Lake.",Holterman 2006,,NA
1057,Glacier National Park,Glacier Institute Field Camp,Infrastructure,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Name given by Sen. Carter, for the numerous glaciers and glacial lakes",Holterman 2006,,NA
1058,Glacier National Park,Glacier National Park,Park,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Name given by Sen. Carter, for the numerous glaciers and glacial lakes",Holterman 2006,,NA
1059,Glacier National Park,Glenns Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for T. C. Glenn, assistant to surveyor Sargent.",Holterman 2006,,"Nizítapi, Blackfoot name meaning Lone or Real People, could also mean ""Native American"" since Blackfoot refer to Native Americans as ""the Real People"" or Nízitapi"
1060,Glacier National Park,Goat Haunt,Ranger station,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Name applied by Sargent on the suggestion of Bailey Willis, assuming because mountain goats hang out here.",Holterman 2006,,
1061,Glacier National Park,Goat Haunt Mountain,Mountain,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Name applied by Sargent on the suggestion of Bailey Willis, assuming because mountain goats hang out here.",Holterman 2006,,"Blackfoot name is (1) ""Where there are a lot of goats"" probably ""apomahkíhkini ozitakaiihi"" and (2) ""Moose Mountain"", a moose is sikziso. The Cree word is môswa"
1062,Glacier National Park,Goat Haunt Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Name applied by Sargent on the suggestion of Bailey Willis, assuming because mountain goats hang out here.",Holterman 2006,,
1063,Glacier National Park,Goat Lake,Lake,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Assuming descriptive for goats hanging out here. ""Goat"" in Blackfoot is ""white big horn"", apomahkihkini--if we were to translate the white man's name for the lake. This is not the Blackfoot original name for the lake (not given).",Holterman 2006,,
1064,Glacier National Park,Goat Lick Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",an exposed riverbank where mountain goats and other animals come to lick the mineral-laden cliffs.,https://www.visitmt.com/listings/general/landmark/goat-lick-overlook.html,,NA
1065,Glacier National Park,Going-to-the-Sun Mountain,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",James Willard Schultz and Tail-Feathers-Coming-in-Sight-Over-the-Hill agreed the peak would be ideal for a vision quest and they agreed on the name.,Holterman 2006,,"Blackfoot name is ""Lone High Mountain"" Natái-ispi-istaki OR ""to the sun he/she goes"" Natósi-áitapo or Natósi-pokomiw OR Natósi-inipi (Brings Down the Sun); several versions of the legend but basically a man spirit who helped the Blackfoot or a man in trouble / on the run leaves his face on the cliff as he disappears into the sky; peak has also been called Face Mountain and its spur is Matahpi Peak meaning ""people, person above"""
1066,Glacier National Park,Grace Lake,Lake,Unknown,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,Holterman 2006,,Kootenai name for the lake is Xaxasła'mał Akuqnuk meaning Skunk Robe
1067,Glacier National Park,Granite Park Chalet,Infrastructure,Mineral,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Granite Park so named by old time prospectors for what they thought were all the granite rocks, but they are actually a kind of basalt.",Holterman 2006,,NA
1068,Glacier National Park,Grinnell Glacier,Glacier,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for George Bird Grinnell, author, ethnologist, naturalist, and ""father of Glacier"" (1849-1938). White man born in the NE US. Befriended the Blackfeet, he was adopted into the tribe with the name ""Fisher Cap"" Pinotuyi Izúmokan; urged for NP status, helped persuade the Piegan Blackfeet to lease to the government th eeastern slopes of what is now Glacier NP, but after NP status, he realized his success was upsetting: dismayed to find his wilderness turned into a tourist trap, finally refused to set foot in the park again. Spent last years in NY. Grinnell also the name of a local rock formation, a reddish argillite. Along with Schultz, Grinnell participated in the naming of many features in the Glacier region.[3] He was later influential in establishing Glacier National Park in 1910.",Holterman 2006,,NA
1069,Glacier National Park,Grinnell Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for George Bird Grinnell, author, ethnologist, naturalist, and ""father of Glacier"" (1849-1938). White man born in the NE US. Befriended the Blackfeet, he was adopted into the tribe with the name ""Fisher Cap"" Pinotuyi Izúmokan; urged for NP status, helped persuade the Piegan Blackfeet to lease to the government th eeastern slopes of what is now Glacier NP, but after NP status, he realized his success was upsetting: dismayed to find his wilderness turned into a tourist trap, finally refused to set foot in the park again. Spent last years in NY. Grinnell also the name of a local rock formation, a reddish argillite. Along with Schultz, Grinnell participated in the naming of many features in the Glacier region.[3] He was later influential in establishing Glacier National Park in 1910.",Holterman 2006,,NA
1070,Glacier National Park,Gunsight Lake,Lake,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for the pass whose shape resembled the sight on a rifle according to Grinnell about 1891,Holterman 2006,,NA
1071,Glacier National Park,Gunsight Mountain,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for the pass whose shape resembled the sight on a rifle according to Grinnell about 1891,Holterman 2006,,NA
1072,Glacier National Park,Gunsight Pass,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",shape resembled the sight on a rifle according to Grinnell about 1891,Holterman 2006,,NA
1073,Glacier National Park,Harrison Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Probably named for Frank Harrison, a Native American and rancher near Babb and long time resident of Saint Mary (towns near Glacier NP).",Holterman 2006,,Kwiłnukak (Large Ribs) in Kootenai
1074,Glacier National Park,Harrison Glacier,Glacier,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Probably named for Frank Harrison, a Native American and rancher near Babb and long time resident of Saint Mary (towns near Glacier NP).",Holterman 2006,,Qutapcik Akwiswitxu (Coyote's or Old Man's Daughter) in Kootenai
1075,Glacier National Park,Harrison Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Probably named for Frank Harrison, a Native American and rancher near Babb and long time resident of Saint Mary (towns near Glacier NP).",Holterman 2006,,Qutapcik Akwiswitxu (Coyote's or Old Man's Daughter) in Kootenai
1076,Glacier National Park,Heavens Peak,Mountain,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely lyrical or narrative name,Holterman 2006,,Kootenai name is Kanuhus Tuqcqamna meaning Red Bird
1077,Glacier National Park,Helen Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for one of three white women, different stories/theories exist",Holterman 2006,,Kootenai name for Helen Mountain is Kiłqałłi Akwukłi'it meaning Bull Elk Mountain
1078,Glacier National Park,Hidden Creek,River,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,Holterman 2006,,NA
1079,Glacier National Park,Hidden lake,Lake,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,Holterman 2006,,NA
1080,Glacier National Park,Hidden Lake Nature Trail,Trail,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for Hidden Lake. Was called Bearhat Lake for a prominent Kootenai leader; now there is Bearhat Mountain. Meaning for Hidden Lake not given,Holterman 2006,,NA
1081,Glacier National Park,Hidden Meadow,Meadow/field,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,Holterman 2006,,NA
1082,Glacier National Park,Howe Ridge,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Charlie Howe was one of the first homesteaders in the area, he and his wife were from Wisconsin and belonged to the Chippewa tribe. Charlie was an expert boatman and ran cruises on the lakes and rivers. Even though Indigenous, benefitted from removal of other Indigenous people, so still counts as colonialism.",Holterman 2006,,Kootenai name is Kukiłnuk Kyawnqamik Akwukłi'it meaning Lost Rider Mountain
1083,Glacier National Park,Huckleberry Mountain,Mountain,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Assuming so named because of the prevalence of Huckleberries (YUM!). Kootenai name for Huckleberry is ławiyał (but this is not the original name),Holterman 2006,,
1084,Glacier National Park,Hudson Bay Creek,River,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Yes - know IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","At the Triple Divide Peak the water split into three watersheds, the Pacific, Atlantic and Hudson Bay, creek heading for each destination. Hudson delivered blankets laced with smallpox to tribes across america - assuming its the same Hudson",Holterman 2006,,Niuoxkai-itahtai (three streams in Blackfoot)
1085,Glacier National Park,Iceberg Lake,Lake,Other,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,translation,Object,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for its icebergs in the 1800s. Blackfoot name is Kokutói Omahxikimi meaning Ice Lake,Holterman 2006,,Blackfoot name is Kokutói Omahxikimi meaning Ice Lake
1086,Glacier National Park,Ipasha Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,yes,NA,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Mandan woman, daughter of Mandan chief Matópa, mother of Joe Kipp, the chief had been familiar with the greats and near-greats of other Upper Missouri from Sacajawea to the Culbertsons. Her name translates to ""Good Eagle Tail"". Unclear if Ipasha was oIPN (given by Mandans) or used by westerners.",Holterman 2006,,NA
1087,Glacier National Park,Jackson Glacier,Glacier,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,yes,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Other - truly does not fit any other classes,"No info - not likely, no evidence","For William Jackson,  half-Pikuni and half Blackfoot, grandson of Hugh Monroe (early fur trader, namesake of Rising Wolf Mountain), and a scout with Reno at the Battle of Little Bighorn in service to Lt. Col. Custer (survived). His Blackfeet name was ""Blackfeet Man"" Sixikáikoan, which in 1940 the Geographic Board flatly declared too difficult to pronounce--despite every syllable having its equivalent in English (words of author). [BM: Problem = Other. problem could be person who carried out acts of violence against a group, but Jackson was a scout for Custer, not necessarily a soldier too. Erasure = no because Technically named in honor of an Indigenous person but not the original IPN]","Holterman 2006, also see mention of Scout Billy Jackson in: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn#Reno's_attack",http://www.littlebighorn.info/Cavalry/NameJ.htm#WilliamJackson,NA
1088,Glacier National Park,Jackson Glacier Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Other - truly does not fit any other classes,"No info - not likely, no evidence","For William Jackson,  half-Pikuni and half Blackfoot, grandson of Hugh Monroe (early fur trader, namesake of Rising Wolf Mountain), and a scout with Reno at the Battle of Little Bighorn in service to Lt. Col. Custer (survived). His Blackfeet name was ""Blackfeet Man"" Sixikáikoan, which in 1940 the Geographic Board flatly declared too difficult to pronounce--despite every syllable having its equivalent in English (words of author). [BM: Problem = Other. problem could be person who carried out acts of violence against a group, but Jackson was a scout for Custer, not necessarily a soldier too. Erasure = no because Technically named in honor of an Indigenous person but not the original IPN]","Holterman 2006, also see mention of Scout Billy Jackson in: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn#Reno's_attack",http://www.littlebighorn.info/Cavalry/NameJ.htm#WilliamJackson,NA
1089,Glacier National Park,Johns Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for ""Dutch"" John Elsner, a homesteader who had a claim above Lake McDonald",Holterman 2006,,NA
1090,Glacier National Park,Kaina Mountain,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,yes,NA,People,No information,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","formerly spelled Kainah and today sometimes spelled Kainaa, pronounced like ky in ""sky"" and ""nah"". Refers to the Blood tribe of the Blackfoot confederation, but meaning is disputed. Possibilities: (1) root kai meaning dried blood or and old form meaing many chiefs (akaina). (2) Deriviation from akai- (many) + ini (die) with the maning ""many dead"" referring to the horrible epidemic of smallpox in 1837-8. Akaiini was sometimes used for the Saint Mary River (nearby). The sign for Blood Indian is made by closing and crooking fingers across the mouth and imitating the motion for picking clotted blood from the teeth. (3) The root kai- refers to anything stuck together or piled up and therefore to anything clotted like blood or a pile of corpses, victims of an epidemic. [Note: Google book link in column N confirms the reference to the Blood tribe and word meaning dried blood or many chiefs; the Wikipedia link in column M refers to the Kainai Nation page, which says the word Kaina directly translates to ""Many chief people"", however the Plains Cree referred to the Kainai as ""Miko-Ew"" meaning stained with blood as in blood thirsty, cruel, therefore the common English name for the Kainai nation is the ""Blood tribe"".]","Holterman 2006, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainai_Nation",https://books.google.com/books?id=OaB-yf_MJXMC&pg=PA152&lpg=PA152&dq=Kaina+mountain+name+meaning&source=bl&ots=zNYx3Z5E9t&sig=ACfU3U0t_70Bz5qLH34_ARabGxYAZ4o8pQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjsu9zh9pjjAhUKbc0KHViDAh8Q6AEwBnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Kaina%20mountain%20name%20meaning&f=false,NA
1091,Glacier National Park,Kennedy Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after John Kennedy who built a post at the mouth of the creek entering Saint Mary River near Babb in 1874 at the end of the whiskey era in Canada, whiskey posts formed a chain that ran between Ft. Benton and southern Alberta and Saskatchewan. Not colonialism b/c not extracting resources.",Holterman 2006,,
1092,Glacier National Park,Kintla Creek,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,no,NA,Object,No information,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Kintla is a Kootenai word meaning ""sack"", commonly used for many features in this area, perhaps even the area itself in the sense of ""cul de sac"". Upper Kintla Lake is called in Kootenai Kinła Nana Akuqnuk. Not clear if this is also the original IPN for the creek, glacier and peak.",Holterman 2006,,NA
1093,Glacier National Park,Kintla Glacier,Glacier,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,no,NA,Object,No information,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Kintla is a Kootenai word meaning ""sack"", commonly used for many features in this area, perhaps even the area itself in the sense of ""cul de sac"". Upper Kintla Lake is called in Kootenai Kinła Nana Akuqnuk. Not clear if this is also the original IPN for the creek, glacier and peak.",Holterman 2006,,NA
1094,Glacier National Park,Kintla Lake,Lake,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Kintla is a Kootenai word meaning ""sack"", commonly used for many features in this area, perhaps even the area itself in the sense of ""cul de sac"". Upper Kintla Lake is called in Kootenai Kinła Nana Akuqnuk",Holterman 2006,,Upper Kintla Lake is called in Kootenai Kinła Nana Akuqnuk
1095,Glacier National Park,Kintla Peak,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,no,NA,Object,No information,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Kintla is a Kootenai word meaning ""sack"", commonly used for many features in this area, perhaps even the area itself in the sense of ""cul de sac"". Upper Kintla Lake is called in Kootenai Kinła Nana Akuqnuk. Not clear if this is also the original IPN for the creek, glacier and peak.",Holterman 2006,,NA
1096,Glacier National Park,Kootenai Lakes,Lake,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,yes,NA,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Kootenai is the Blackfoot term, the Kootenais' name for their own people is Ksanka or Ks'ank'a or Ktunaxa, meaning ""Standing Arrow"". The Kootenai based in Alberta and frequently came down into Montana and camped on Saint Mary Lakes, where they met Schultz and Grinnell. Of all the Native Americans who lived in and around Glacier, Kootenais were probably the most frequent and regular visitors, so Kootenai place names (or at least geographical descriptions) are the principal native names in the area. The Blackfoot names were mostly applied by white people. (--Holterman) From Wikipedia: Kutenai is the common form in the literature about the people and has been adopted by the Kutenai in both the Canada and US as an international spelling when discusing the people as a whole. The Blackfoot word for the people, Kotonawa, may itself derive from the Kutenai term Ktunaxa. Ktunaxa is the primary form for the British Columbia groups meaning ""to go out into the open"" or ""to eat lean meat"" and Ksanka is the word used by the Montana people. (Kootenai is used by the Idaho people). The Blackfoot name for Kootenai Pass is Kutenai-ozitámiso-(iaw) meaning where the Kootenais go up or west. So name is Anglicization of Blackfoot name.  Lakes at headwaters of Kootenai Creek which passes Kootenai Pass. So lakes lkely named for the Pass. Natural feature so assuming in honor of the people, so erasure = no and problem =  western use.","Holterman 2006, http://www.flatheadwatershed.org/cultural_history/history_people.shtml",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutenai,
1097,Glacier National Park,Kootenai Peak,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,yes,NA,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Kootenai is the Blackfoot term, the Kootenais' name for their own people is Ksanka or Ks'ank'a or Ktunaxa, meaning ""Standing Arrow"". The Kootenai based in Alberta and frequently came down into Montana and camped on Saint Mary Lakes, where they met Schultz and Grinnell. Of all the Native Americans who lived in and around Glacier, Kootenais were probably the most frequent and regular visitors, so Kootenai place names (or at least geographical descriptions) are the principal native names in the area. The Blackfoot names were mostly applied by white people. (--Holterman) From Wikipedia: Kutenai is the common form in the literature about the people and has been adopted by the Kutenai in both the Canada and US as an international spelling when discusing the people as a whole. The Blackfoot word for the people, Kotonawa, may itself derive from the Kutenai term Ktunaxa. Ktunaxa is the primary form for the British Columbia groups meaning ""to go out into the open"" or ""to eat lean meat"" and Ksanka is the word used by the Montana people. (Kootenai is used by the Idaho people). The Blackfoot name for Kootenai Pass is Kutenai-ozitámiso-(iaw) meaning where the Kootenais go up or west. So name is Anglicization of Blackfoot name.  Lakes at headwaters of Kootenai Creek which passes Kootenai Pass. So lakes lkely named for the Pass. Not clear if the IPN for the pass was also used for the lakes, assuming western use of Indigenous name/word","Holterman 2006, http://www.flatheadwatershed.org/cultural_history/history_people.shtml",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutenai,"The Montana Kootenai use Ksanka spelling (The lakes and peak are on US (Montana) side of the park); Ksanka is the US sub-group of the entire nation, which goes by Ktunaxa to refer to the entire assemblage of people (see flatheadwatershed link in column M); The Blackfoot name for Kootenai Pass is Kutenai-ozitámiso-(iaw) meaning where the Kootenais go up or west. Kootenai Peak in Blackfoot is ozínipizistaki (the mountain where someone froze--Kaina hunters there discovered a frozen corpse)."
1098,Glacier National Park,Lake Ellen Wilson,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for the first Mrs. Woodrow Wilson,Holterman 2006,,"Kootenai name is ""Handling Bones"": Kanił kin Akuqnuk, may refer to gamblne or ""the hand game"""
1099,Glacier National Park,Lake Evangeline,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Commemorates the heroine of Longfellow's poem.  ""likely lyrical""",Holterman 2006,,"Kootenai name is ""Shells Woman Lake"" Kumcaknana Pałkiy Akuqnuk"
1100,Glacier National Park,Lake Francis,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Originally spelled Francis (is Francis on the PDF map), now apparently spelled Frances, the original masculine form might have been for Francis Herbst--a US topographer in 1861 survey.",Holterman 2006,,"Mazi-awótan(i) is the Blackfoot name meaning Fine Shield or Pretty Shield, commemorating the daughter of Black Eagle and wife of J. W. Schultz"
1101,Glacier National Park,Lake Janet,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Board on Geographic Names approved this name in 1929 but can no longer say why or for whom. Alternate name: Natawista Lake,Holterman 2006,,"Natawista Lake commemorating the daughter of Kaina (tribe of Blackfeet) chief Man'stokos, sister of chief Seen Afar (who traveled to Spanish Lands in the south); given in marriage to Alex Culbertson leader of upper Missouri fur trade. Natawista is Culbertson's poor attempt at prouncing her Blackfeet name Natoapxíxina or Natúyizixina, meaning Sacred Serpent or Medicine Snake (reference to Aztec's Plumed Serpent, where her brother had traveled?)."
1102,Glacier National Park,Lake Josephine,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Possibly from Josephine Mine at Grinnell Point, which might possibly be for Josephine Doody wife of Dan Doody",Holterman 2006,,Blackfoot name Nitáki meaning Lone Woman after a woman warrior
1103,Glacier National Park,Lake McDonald,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","For Duncan McDonald son of Angus MacDonald [sic] of Hudson's Bay Co. and Catherine Baptiste a woman of Nez Perce, Mohawk, and French ancestry. Camped at what is now Lake McDonald he idly carved his name and the date into a tree, later visitors saw that and started calling it Lake McDonald.",Holterman 2006,,"Kootenai name is Yakił Haqwiłnamki-akuqnuk ""a good place to dance"" refers to ceremonial dancers old timers say were performed at the foot of the lake; Blackfoot name Kyaiyo-Ahtiwapixi, the bear that wags its tail, odd for it to have a Blackfoot name though I think because it is so far west"
1104,Glacier National Park,Lake Nooney,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",James Nooney was with the US Boundary Survey of 1861,Holterman 2006,,Blackfoot name is Many Swans (original words not given)
1105,Glacier National Park,Lake Sherburne,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",The Sherburne family of Browning held oil and mining interests in the Swiftcurrent District,Holterman 2006,,"Kyaiyoix ozitaizkahpi (the bears, where they fought) a grizzly fight was observed at the Lake by Hugh Monroe and his Piegan comrades"
1106,Glacier National Park,Lake Wurdeman,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",J. V. Wurdeman was a member of the 1861 US Boundary Survey,Holterman 2006,,"Blackfoot name is that of a Piegan warrior, Pixi-awaná (Bird Rattle)"
1107,Glacier National Park,Lee Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Lee Kaiser was a bullwhacker, while on this creek with two companions he shot himself by accident and survived. Married a Piegan woman.",Holterman 2006,,Blackfoot name is Apamísapisetan meaning Rope Across or Rope Stretched Across. In Kootenai is is Akatánku' meaning standing lodge pole.
1108,Glacier National Park,Lewis Range,Park region,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Meriwether Lewis of Lewis and Clark expedition.  this range is a human construct of the range within the International Peace Park - so it could be considered ""no problem"" but it is named after a surveyor/explorer.",Holterman 2006,,
1109,Glacier National Park,Lincoln Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Mrs. Anna T. Lincoln of Minnesota who came to the area in 1899--unclear if she was a visitor or colonialism applies,Holterman 2006,,"Kootenai name is Greedy Mountain written as Kwiłxasik Akwukłi'it; OR Equal Lake, Kxacqakqnuk; OR Qaspiłu'k'ana Akinmituk, Crane Collar Lake"
1110,Glacier National Park,Lincoln Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Mrs. Anna T. Lincoln of Minnesota who came to the area in 1899--unclear if she was a visitor or colonialism applies,Holterman 2006,,"Kootenai name is Greedy Mountain written as Kwiłxasik Akwukłi'it; OR Equal Lake, Kxacqakqnuk; OR Qaspiłu'k'ana Akinmituk, Crane Collar Lake"
1111,Glacier National Park,Livingston Range,Park region,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The second of the two major mountain ranges in the park. Named after the famous medical missionary Dr. David Livingstone, in Canada these are referred to as the Clark range and in the US the Livinston range, even though they are a distinct range from the Livingstone range in southern Alberta (the range originally named after the doctor, realization that it is distinct from Glacier's range, but name stuck in the US).  this range is a human construct of the range within the International Peace Park",Holterman 2006,,
1112,Glacier National Park,Logan Pass Visitor Center,Infrastructure,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","First superintendent of Glacier NP was William Richard Logan, a Texan and an Army captain who made a career of fightiing Native Americans. Logan Pass is a prominent, famous part of Glacier. Before being named superintendent, Sen. Carter named him the Indian Agent to the Blackfeet (18999-1900); resigned; re-assigned to Assiniboines and Gros Ventre. As supervisor/superintendent of the park he focused more on developmental goals rather than environmental ones. Even though this is a human constructed feature (so technically not erasure), Logan Pass applies to natural features as well (creek, glacier, mount, and pass) which commemorrates someone who fought Native Americans, such credentials I assume helped him qualify for and get the job as superintendent. (Other Logan natural features not named on map)",Holterman 2006,,"Misam-ohsokoi (Ancient Road) by the Blackfeet, name used by the Kootenais, Salish, and Shoshonis. The Kootenais referred to Logan Pass as Yakił yuxaxalkiakulum meaning the trail where packs are pulled up in a line--in order to pass the great cliff near the summit on the west side, people had to climb hand over hand while their baggages was pulled up by ropes, impractical for horses. A number of pre-contact archaeological sites at the summit"
1113,Glacier National Park,Logging Creek,River,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",In 1891 or so a lot of logging activity in this area,Holterman 2006,,Kootenai name is Yakił Wił qa'ki Sina Akuqnuk (where there's a big beaver)
1114,Glacier National Park,Logging Lake,Lake,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",In 1891 or so a lot of logging activity in this area,Holterman 2006,,Kootenai name is Yakił Wił qa'ki Sina Akuqnuk (where there's a big beaver)
1115,Glacier National Park,Loneman Mountain,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named by Schultz and companions on a winter hunt, camping on Nyack Creek, name for whom they named the mountain is not known.",Holterman 2006,,Blackfoot equivalent is Nitáina (not sure if this is the original name though); Kootenai name is Kakin Tawu meaning Wolf Gun.
1116,Glacier National Park,Longfellow Peak,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","For the poet, name given by the surveyor R. H. Sargent",Holterman 2006,,"Kootenai name is Coyote Woman, Skinkuc Pałkiy"
1117,Glacier National Park,Lower Quartz Lake,Lake,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",In 1889 Louie Meyer discovered a quartz vein at the head of the creek,Holterman 2006,,"Kootenai name is the Lake Where the Rhubarb is Long"" Yakił Wuqa'ki Wumał Akuqnuk (Upper Quartz Lake is A-kłam Wumał Akuqnuk, ""Head of the Rhubarb Lake"""
1118,Glacier National Park,Lower Two Medicine Lake,Lake,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,translation,Object,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Blackfoot story claims that two medicine lodges for the Sun Dance were erected on opposite sides osf the creek, possibly near the lake. A sacred vision quest site for Kootenais and Blackfeet. Also known as Heavy Eyes, Sokapini, for Hugh Monroe's son Francois who in 1900 was mauled by grizzlies here.",Holterman 2006,,Blackfoot name is Natoki-Okas(i) meaning to sleep as in a dream or vision.
1119,Glacier National Park,Lupfer Glacier,Glacier,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Alexander M. Lupfer was a construction engineer for the railroad.,Holterman 2006,,"Kootenai name is ""Thirsty Woman Ice,"" Kuknuqłuma Pałkiy Akwiswitxu"
1120,Glacier National Park,Many Glacier,Glacier,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,translation,Object,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Clumsy ungrammatical attempt to imitate the Blackfoot name for the area (Ohpskunakáxi, waterfalls) to akokokutói which was supposed to mean ""many glaciers"" but actually means ""lots of ice""",Holterman 2006,,"Blackfoot name for the area (Ohpskunakáxi, waterfalls)"
1121,Glacier National Park,Many Glacier Entrance,Infrastructure,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,translation,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Clumsy ungrammatical attempt to imitate the Blackfoot name for the area (Ohpskunakáxi, waterfalls) to akokokutói which was supposed to mean ""many glaciers"" but actually means ""lots of ice""",Holterman 2006,,"Blackfoot name for the area (Ohpskunakáxi, waterfalls)"
1122,Glacier National Park,Margaret Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,NA,Person,Yes - know IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No one seems to know who Margaret was.,Holterman 2006,,"Blackfoot name is ""Bird Woman,"" Siszáki, as in small bird"
1123,Glacier National Park,McDonald Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","For Duncan McDonald son of Angus MacDonald [sic] of Hudson's Bay Co. and Catherine Baptiste a woman of Nez Perce, Mohawk, and French ancestry. Camped at what is now Lake McDonald he idly carved his name and the date into a tree, later visitors saw that and started calling it Lake McDonald. Mapmaker = yes as an exception because literally carved his name onto a place.",Holterman 2006,,"Kootenai name is Yakił Haqwiłnamki-akuqnuk ""a good place to dance"" refers to ceremonial dancers old timers say were performed at the foot of the lake; Blackfoot name Kyaiyo-Ahtiwapixi, the bear that wags its tail, odd for it to have a Blackfoot name though I think because it is so far west"
1124,Glacier National Park,McDonald Falls,Waterfall,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","For Duncan McDonald son of Angus MacDonald [sic] of Hudson's Bay Co. and Catherine Baptiste a woman of Nez Perce, Mohawk, and French ancestry. Camped at what is now Lake McDonald he idly carved his name and the date into a tree, later visitors saw that and started calling it Lake McDonald. Mapmaker = yes as an exception because literally carved his name onto a place.",Holterman 2006,,"Kootenai name is Yakił Haqwiłnamki-akuqnuk ""a good place to dance"" refers to ceremonial dancers old timers say were performed at the foot of the lake; Blackfoot name Kyaiyo-Ahtiwapixi, the bear that wags its tail, odd for it to have a Blackfoot name though I think because it is so far west"
1125,Glacier National Park,McGee Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Probably named for old settler Thomas N. Magee who married a daughter of the Blackfeet man Buffalo Run,Holterman 2006,,NA
1126,Glacier National Park,Medicine Grizzly Lake,Lake,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,translation,Animal,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Translation of Blackfoot name meaning holy white bear referring to two different grizzly bear (white bears) stories. (1) A Blackfoot war party got into a fight with some Gros Ventres in Cut Bank Valley, killed all the Gros Ventres but then found out one of the GV warriors had grizzly powers, a huge grizzly bear appeared and killed some of the Blackfeet. (2) Story of a man, a horse thief, who takes shelter in the woods, wounded, hungry; a bear appears and takes care of him and gives him a ride to his home. This story explains the taboo against killing a bear in hibernation.",Holterman 2006,,"Natúyi-apohkyaiyio or ""holy white bear"" from the Blackfeet; white bear means grizzly bear."
1127,Glacier National Park,Medicine Owl Creek,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Medicine is a crude English translation of the French médecine which is a crude French translation of the Chippewa-Cree word manito or ""spirit"" / The Blackfoot name Natúyi- means ""sacred, holy"" but traditionally pleased white people to translate it as ""medicine"" and make it an adjective. Medicine Owl is a Translation of a personal Blackfoot name (name for a person?) applied here by Dr. Ruhle--not the original IPN. The owl was a special object of awe, and the way to appease and owl, a portent of death, was to assure it that you were its relative.",Holterman 2006,,"Natúyi-spisto, Blackfoot name meaning Sacred Owl."
1128,Glacier National Park,Medicine Owl Lake,Lake,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Medicine is a crude English translation of the French médecine which is a crude French translation of the Chippewa-Cree word manito or ""spirit"" / The Blackfoot name Natúyi- means ""sacred, holy"" but traditionally pleased white people to translate it as ""medicine"" and make it an adjective. Medicine Owl is a Translation of a personal Blackfoot name (name for a person?) applied here by Dr. Ruhle--not the original IPN. The owl was a special object of awe, and the way to appease and owl, a portent of death, was to assure it that you were its relative.",Holterman 2006,,"Natúyi-spisto, Blackfoot name meaning Sacred Owl."
1129,Glacier National Park,Miche Wabun Glacier,Glacier,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Crees were among the Indigenous nations that used Glacier country, but few of their names persist, Gen. Hugh Scott visited a Cree reserve in Canada to try to find Cree names for places in Glacier. Miche Wabun is a proper name from Chippewa (Ojibwa) word meaning the Great Coming Day or Great Dawn, much similarity between the Cree and Chippewa languages, where the words for dawn, white, and rabbit are homonyms. So the name means The Great White Rabbit or The Great Spirit; the white people did not make the effort to record the correct distinction. Sounds likely it is the original IPN.",Holterman 2006,,NA
1130,Glacier National Park,Middle Fork Flathead River,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,yes,translation,People,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","A Montana branch of the Salish River called in French Têtes Plates and in Blackfoot Kotóxpi. The Flathead R. has 3 forks above Flathead Lake. The origin of the name has many stories but one relates to the person the Salish refer to as ""Shining Shirt"", Piél'xałks (a coat of mail?), still remains a surname among Salish. He and his mystery people appeared out of the West maybe from a Spanish galleon shipwreck off the mouth of the Columbia River? brought coastal people with him who did have the custom of flattening the heads of their babies in cradleboards, the Montana Salish did not do this; but the nickname not the practice stuck. Shining Shirt et al. settled with the Kalispel tribe of the Salish.",Holterman 2006,,"Blackfoot name for river is Kotóxpi; Kootenai name for the Middle Fork is Aqnisał; Pahkee by Nez Perces. Tushe-pah by Shoshonis meaning ""summer water"" is the Shoshoni name for the Flathead people as well."
1131,Glacier National Park,Middle Quartz Lake,Lake,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",In 1889 Louie Meyer discovered a quartz vein at the head of the creek,Holterman 2006,,"Kootenai name is the Lake Where the Rhubarb is Long"" Yakił Wuqa'ki Wumał Akuqnuk (Upper Quartz Lake is A-kłam Wumał Akuqnuk, ""Head of the Rhubarb Lake"""
1132,Glacier National Park,Mineral Creek,River,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Associated with the mining claims of the Cattle Queen,Holterman 2006,,NA
1133,Glacier National Park,Moccasin Creek,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,no,NA,Object,No information,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","From Chippewa word makitsin; Moccasin in Cree is maskisin and Blackfoot is mazikin, but the book does not indicate these were the original names of the creek or why Moccasin was chosen",Holterman 2006,,NA
1134,Glacier National Park,Mokowanis Lake,Lake,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Blackfoot word for the digestive system of a Buffalo. Dr. Ruhle applied the Blackfoot term. Introduction of book explains this is one of the few very old remaining Indigenous names. Also called Lois Lake. Story behind buffalo digestive system reference not given. Mokowánisz (Blackfoot), Akacimuk (Kootenai), Nut nitséh (Gros Ventre)",Holterman 2006,,
1135,Glacier National Park,Mokowanis River,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Blackfoot word for the digestive system of a Buffalo. Dr. Ruhle applied the Blackfoot term. Introduction of book explains this is one of the few very old remaining Indigenous names. Also called Lois Lake. Story behind buffalo digestive system reference not given. Mokowánisz (Blackfoot), Akacimuk (Kootenai), Nut nitséh (Gros Ventre)",Holterman 2006,,
1136,Glacier National Park,Morning Star Lake,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,NA,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Origin of name unknown but Morning Star was a prominent figure in Plains Indian mythology, possibly referring to the planets Venus, Mercury, and Jupiter",Holterman 2006,,NA
1137,Glacier National Park,Mount Brown,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",for William Brown a railroad man from Illinois who led a hunting party here in 1894,Holterman 2006,,"Ká-kinkayuka Akwukłi'it, Kootenai name for the mountain meaning Wolf Hat"
1138,Glacier National Park,Mount Carter,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Senator Thomas H. Carter of Montana, who introduced bill in 1907 to establish Glacier NP and who gave the park its name. Seems to have been more of a friend to industry than conservation, he was a friend of Marcus Daly, a champion of Anaconda Copper and a political opponent of William Andrews Clark, the richest of the copper kings. He also opposed the leading conservationist, George Ahern. But there is a story that his wife, Ellen Carter was very moved by the Saint Mary country and may have helped provide motivation for preserving the area as a NP. At the time there was still no definitive notion of what a NP should be (from Holterman). From Wikipedia: raised as a Catholic farm boy in the midwest, went to law school, moved to MT to start practicing law, ran for public office, etc. No apparent violence or racist ideas in history.",Holterman 2006,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H._Carter,"Mayuk'ana, Kootenai name for the mountain and nearby lakes meaning ""Weasel Collar"""
1139,Glacier National Park,Mount Cleveland,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"Named after person who supported racist ideas (but non-violent, not in power) [3]","No info - not likely, no evidence","The highest peak in Glacier, named by Grinnell for President Cleveland in 1898 because Cleveland had established the Lewis and Clark Forest Reserve the year before, this reserve included modern Glacier.  Cleveland, like a growing number of Northerners (and nearly all white Southerners) saw Reconstruction as a failed experiment, and was reluctant to use federal power to enforce the 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, which guaranteed voting rights to African Americans.[147]  Cleveland viewed Native Americans as wards of the state, saying in his first inaugural address that ""[t]his guardianship involves, on our part, efforts for the improvement of their condition and enforcement of their rights.""[151] He encouraged the idea of cultural assimilation, pushing for the passage of the Dawes Act, which provided for distribution of Indian lands to individual members of tribes, rather than having them continued to be held in trust for the tribes by the federal government.[151] While a conference of Native leaders endorsed the act, in practice the majority of Native Americans disapproved of it.[152] Cleveland believed the Dawes Act would lift Native Americans out of poverty and encourage their assimilation into white society. It ultimately weakened the tribal governments and allowed individual Indians to sell land and keep the money.[151]

In the month before Cleveland's 1885 inauguration, President Arthur opened four million acres of Winnebago and Crow Creek Indian lands in the Dakota Territory to white settlement by executive order.[153] Tens of thousands of settlers gathered at the border of these lands and prepared to take possession of them.[153] Cleveland believed Arthur's order to be in violation of treaties with the tribes, and rescinded it on April 17 of that year, ordering the settlers out of the territory.[153] Cleveland sent in eighteen companies of Army troops to enforce the treaties and ordered General Philip Sheridan, at the time Commanding General of the U. S. Army, to investigate the matter.[153]",Holterman 2006,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland#Native_American_policy,"Nápi Blackfoot legend ""Old Man"", refers to arranger and trickster, the typical dualistic figure of Algonquin tales (word has deep Algonquin roots--as in shared among many nations across now northern US)."
1140,Glacier National Park,Mount Custer,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Probably not for General Custer who had nothing to do with Glacier NP. Probably named for Henry Custer a topographer who worked in this part of the present park about 1860-1 with the US Northwestern Boundary Survey. The name is not technically commemorating Gen. Custer; but probably most visitors don't know that and assume it's Gen. Custer--Battle of Little Bighorn took place in Montana; and optics are that the NPS is commemorating Gen. Custer. Custer served in Civil War for the Union (including at Gettysburg). In September 1866 Custer was friends with Pres. Andrew Johnson (Lincoln's VP who was pro-Jim Crow South; walked back rights given to emancipated slaves, impeached by the House, acquitted by the Senate, etc. etc.). after Civil War was sent to serve in the ""Indian Wars"". 1868, Custer led the 7th Cavalry Regiment in an attack on the Cheyenne encampment of Chief Black Kettle – the Battle of Washita River. Custer reported killing 103 warriors and some women and children; 53 women and children were taken as prisoners. Estimates by the Cheyenne of their casualties were substantially lower (11 warriors plus 19 women and children).[47] Custer had his men shoot most of the 875 Indian ponies they had captured.[48] The Battle of Washita River was regarded as the first substantial U.S. victory in the Southern Plains War, and it helped force a significant portion of the Southern Cheyenne onto a U.S.-assigned reservation. etc. See wikipedia link. The problem classification for this name is an exception of the rule given that it was not named for Gen. Custer, but is likely perceived this way.",Holterman 2006,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer#American_Indian_Wars,
1141,Glacier National Park,Mount Despair,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named by R. T. Evans because he had to climb the mountain 4 or 5 times in the smoke of forest fires.,Holterman 2006,,"Kławła Xałcin Akwukłi'it, Kootenai name for the mountain meaning Bear Dog or Grizzly Dog Mountain"
1142,Glacier National Park,Mount Geduhn,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Frank Geduhn was a guide of German origin, one of the earliest settlers on Lake McDonald",Holterman 2006,,"Kaqananutka Akwyukłi'it, Kootenai for ""Chased in the Woods Mountain"""
1143,Glacier National Park,Mount Logan,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","First superintendent of Glacier NP was William Richard Logan, a Texan and an Army captain who made a career of fightiing Native Americans. Logan Pass is a prominent, famous part of Glacier. Before being named superintendent, Sen. Carter named him the Indian Agent to the Blackfeet (18999-1900); resigned; re-assigned to Assiniboines and Gros Ventre. As supervisor/superintendent of the park he focused more on developmental goals rather than environmental ones.",Holterman 2006,,"Misam-ohsokoi (Ancient Road) by the Blackfeet, name used by the Kootenais, Salish, and Shoshonis. The Kootenais referred to Logan Pass as Yakił yuxaxalkiakulum meaning the trail where packs are pulled up in a line--in order to pass the great cliff near the summit on the west side, people had to climb hand over hand while their baggages was pulled up by ropes, impractical for horses. A number of pre-contact archaeological sites at the summit"
1144,Glacier National Park,Mount Phillips,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Origin unknown, could be George Phillips who had a mine claim; or Benjamin D. Phillips, cattle and sheep baron; both colonialism",Holterman 2006,,"Kootenai name is ""Long Arm"", Kwułai"
1145,Glacier National Park,Mount Rockwell,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Named after a pioneer.,Holterman 2006,,"Rising Bull Mountain named after a chief honored by both the Blackfeet and Flatheads, his wife was Salish, the north spur of this peak is still called by this name; native language words not provided"
1146,Glacier National Park,Mount Siyeh,Mountain,Person,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,yes,NA,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","From Sáiyi meaning ""mad, wild, rabid"" can be a Blackfoot personal name but generally refers to a rabid wolf or other animal. The Siyeh rock formation surfaces frequently in this area is made of dolomite and limestone. Mount Siyeh was named after a Blackfeet Indian, Sai-yeh, whose name means ""Crazy Dog"" or ""Mad Wolf.""[3] unclear if it is the original IPN",Holterman 2006,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Siyeh,
1147,Glacier National Park,Mount St. Nicholas,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","From the famous old magazine ""for young folk"" Saint Nicholas. Letters to the editor began: Dear Saint Nicholas…"" Published from 1873-1940.",Holterman 2006,,Kootenai name for the peak is Kłasinquwa (Two Feathers)
1148,Glacier National Park,Mount Stimson,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","One of the tallest mountains in Glacier and tallest of all in the upper Flathead watereshed. Grinnell tried naming other peaks after Henry Lewis Stimson of New York, but those peaks now have other names; Stimson was his hunting companion, and climbed Chief Mountain; Stimson later became Secretary of War (1911-12, 1940-45) Governor General of the Philippines (1927-29), Secretary of State under Hoover (1929-33), and Sec. of War again under Franklin, Roosevelt, and Truman. Has some responsibility for the internment of estimated 120,000 Japanese Americans and the manufacture and dropping of atomic bombs",Holterman 2006,,"Aqacku'tła often shortened to Qacku'tła, meaning ""Flint Lodge"" to the Kootenai. This can be a personal name and once belonged to a lady who lived to a grand old age and was taken under the protection of Chief Aeneas who explored this portion of Glacier. Many vision questers must have been drawn to this mountain with its obvious display of the sacred basaltic band."
1149,Glacier National Park,Mount Thompson,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Early maps used the name Mount Thompson Seton after the famous writer and naturalist Ernest Thompson Seton. Or perhaps named for David Thompson, the explorer, geographer, and astronomer of the Canadian fur trade. Seems much more likely that it was David Thompson who explored and mapped all over this region, see wikipedia link.",Holterman 2006,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Thompson_(explorer),K it isaq Akwukłi'it meaning Straight Legs Mountain in Kootenai
1150,Glacier National Park,Mount Vaught,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",L. O. Vaught was a summer resident at Lake McDonald and thet first person known to write a history of the area,Holterman 2006,,"Kwiłqa Nuł' aqna, Kootenai name for the mountain meaning Big Old Man."
1151,Glacier National Park,Mt. Gould,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","George Huntingdon Gould, friend of Grinnell, Schultz, and probably Theodore Roosevelt. Harvard Law grad, Was active with Grinnell in defense of Indian rights: e.g., they took the liberty of inspecting the Blackfeet reservation and the manner in which it was administered, and ended up with severe accusations against the government agent.",Holterman 2006,,NA
1152,Glacier National Park,Mt. Jackson,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Other - truly does not fit any other classes,"No info - not likely, no evidence","For William Jackson,  half-Pikuni and half Blackfoot, grandson of Hugh Monroe (early fur trader, namesake of Rising Wolf Mountain), and a scout with Reno at the Battle of Little Bighorn in service to Lt. Col. Custer (survived). His Blackfeet name was ""Blackfeet Man"" Sixikáikoan, which in 1940 the Geographic Board flatly declared too difficult to pronounce--despite every syllable having its equivalent in English (words of author). [BM: Problem = Other. problem could be person who carried out acts of violence against a group, but Jackson was a scout for Custer, not necessarily a soldier too. Erasure = no because Technically named in honor of an Indigenous person but not the original IPN]. This peak may be the specific namesake for Grinnell's term, ""Crown of the Continent"".","Holterman 2006, also see mention of Scout Billy Jackson in: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn#Reno's_attack",http://www.littlebighorn.info/Cavalry/NameJ.htm#WilliamJackson,NA
1153,Glacier National Park,Mt. Oberlin,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named by Dr. Sperry for Oberlin College in Ohio. Lulu Wheeler, wife of Sen. Wheeler and frequent resident of Lake McDonald, attended Oberlin",Holterman 2006,,NA
1154,Glacier National Park,Muir Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","John Muir, he came to Glacier with his message of conservation and transcendentalism at a time when most people could think of little else but exploitation",Holterman 2006,,"Ki'as Kupi, Kootenai name for the creek meaning ""Two Owls"""
1155,Glacier National Park,Napi Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Nápi (Blackfoot original IPN) Blackfoot legend ""Old Man"", refers to arranger and trickster, the typical dualistic figure of Algonquin tales (word has deep Algonquin roots--as in shared among many nations across now northern US). Kootenai name Natanik meaning sun or moon.",Holterman 2006,,
1156,Glacier National Park,No Name Lake,Lake,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Origin unknown,Holterman 2006,,NA
1157,Glacier National Park,North Fork,River,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Synonymous with North Fork of the Flathead River,Holterman 2006,,"Ka-kin Aqat Akinmitk, Kootenai name meaning ""Wolf Tail"""
1158,Glacier National Park,North Fork Belly River,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,translation,Animal,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","refers to the digestive system of a Buffalo, in the Blackfoot name. Dr. Ruhle applied the Blackfoot term. Introduction of book explains this is one of the few very old remaining Indigenous names. Also see Mokowanis Lake",Holterman 2006,,"Mokowánisz (Blackfoot), Akacimuk (Kootenai), Nut nitséh (Gros Ventre)"
1159,Glacier National Park,North Fork Cut Bank Creek,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,translation,Other,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",A favorite route across the Rockies. The mouth of Cut Bank Creek was named Inóhpisi meaning Dangle Down to describe the way some Gros Ventrs let themselves down over a cliff with ropes and caught the Piegan (Blackfeet) camp unawares. So Cut Bank could be related to the Dangle Down? English term is a translation of the Blackfeet term,Holterman 2006,,Ponákixi
1160,Glacier National Park,North Fork Flathead River,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,yes,translation,People,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","A Montana branch of the Salish River called in French Têtes Plates and in Blackfoot Kotóxpi. The Flathead R. has 3 forks above Flathead Lake. The origin of the name has many stories but one relates to the person the Salish refer to as ""Shining Shirt"", Piél'xałks (a coat of mail?), still remains a surname among Salish. He and his mystery people appeared out of the West maybe from a Spanish galleon shipwreck off the mouth of the Columbia River? brought coastal people with him who did have the custom of flattening the heads of their babies in cradleboards, the Montana Salish did not do this; but the nickname not the practice stuck. Shining Shirt et al. settled with the Kalispel tribe of the Salish.",Holterman 2006,,"Blackfoot name for river is Kotóxpi; Kootenai name for the Middle Fork is Aqnisał (Flathead River entry) or Ka-kin Aqat Akinmitk, Kootenai name meaning ""Wolf Tail"" (see North Fork entry); Pahkee by Nez Perces. Tushe-pah by Shoshonis meaning ""summer water"" is the Shoshoni name for the Flathead people as well."
1161,Glacier National Park,Numa Ridge,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,yes,NA,Person,No information,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Means ""thunder"" in Kootenai, was the name of a tribal elder and also of Trapper Peak. Alternate name, Iridium Ridge (mined there?). Unclear if it is original IPN or if it is even western use",Holterman 2006,,NA
1162,Glacier National Park,Nyack Creek,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Object,Yes - know IPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Delaware Indian term meaning ""point"" or ""corner"" referring to the sandy flats across the river from the park (floodplain), variations Naiag, Neiak. Was the name of Delware villages on Long Island and on the Hudson River at present Nyack, NY. Many Delaware Indians transplanted to MO and KS accompanied early explorers, have descendants today on the Salish-Kootenai Reservation",Holterman 2006,,"Ka-kin Akicqahiy meaning Wolf Finger by the Kootenai (who called the North Fork Wolf Tail, imagining the watershed as limbs of a wolf)"
1163,Glacier National Park,Old Sun Glacier,Glacier,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,translation,Object,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Blackfoot personal name Old Sun is Api-natosi, meaning ""white sun"".",Holterman 2006,,"Api-natosi means ""white sun"""
1164,Glacier National Park,Oldman Lake,Lake,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,yes,translation,Person,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Nápi Blackfoot legend ""Old Man"", refers to arranger and trickster, the typical dualistic figure of Algonquin tales (word has deep Algonquin roots--as in shared among many nations across now northern US).",Holterman 2006,,Nápi(w) means Old Man
1165,Glacier National Park,Ole Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Ole was an old trapper from Scandinavia,Holterman 2006,,"Kootenai name for the creek was ""Buckskin (Horse) Creek"", Kanukyukxu Aknuxu'nuk"
1166,Glacier National Park,Olson Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Charlie Olson was a camp cook, other possible Olsons, Olesons, and Olsens settlers in the area as well",Holterman 2006,,"Sikap-azaps (Crazy Gray) Blackfeet famous war horse, but the Board on Geographic Names thought this name was too long. Horse belonged to Black Eagle and was slaughtered at Black Eagle's funeral so that they might go together to the Great Sand Hills."
1167,Glacier National Park,Otokomi Lake,Lake,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,yes,NA,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Blackfeet name for Charles Rose was Otah-komi meaning Yellow Fish. Rose was the son of an American Fur Co. employee from Quebec and Piegan woman who raised the boy in Piegan ways. Otah-komi, meaning ""Yellow Fish"" name for Charles Rose son of American and Piegan couple. Unclear if the name was used by Piegan people for the Lake.",Holterman 2006,,
1168,Glacier National Park,Ousel Creek,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The ouzel or dipper is a gray wren-like bird that hovers near waterfalls and lingers in the spray, defined to include various European thrushes.",Holterman 2006,,NA
1169,Glacier National Park,Packers Roost,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Used to be a place for rearranging the packs of horses near the present Loop on the Going-to-the-Sun Road. Not necessarily a landmark that had an IPN.,Holterman 2006,,NA
1170,Glacier National Park,Park Creek,River,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Descriptive,Holterman 2006,,"Kiłqakiykam Kamququkuł Iyamu Aknuxu'nuk means Far Buffalo, the Kootenai name for the creek"
1171,Glacier National Park,Piegan Pass,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,yes,NA,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Piegans are one of the three main branches of the Blackfeet confederacy, the branch which has the closest association with Glacier NP. The sign for Piegan is to rub the cheek with a closed fist, by some at least this sign is intrerpreted to mean ""poorly dressed buffalo robes"", and if so the sign suggests thte meaning for the tribal name ""scabby or spotted robes"". Today these people occupy the Blackfeet Reservation east of the park. Piegans are Pikáni meaning ""Far Robes""",Holterman 2006,,
1172,Glacier National Park,Pinchot Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"Named after person who supported racist ideas (but non-violent, not in power) [3]","No info - not likely, no evidence","Gifford Pinchot (1865-1946) first head of the US Forest Service and a leading conservationist of his age..... Gifford Pinchot, the country’s foremost theorizer and popularizer of conservation, was a delegate to the first and second International Eugenics Congress, in 1912 and 1921, and a member of the advisory council of the American Eugenics Society, from 1925 to 1935.",Holterman 2006,https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/environmentalisms-racist-history,Kootenai name is Wuqti Akwukłi'it meaning Fisher Mountain
1173,Glacier National Park,Pitamakan Lake,Lake,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,yes,NA,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Blackeet name Pitawmáhkn means Running Eagle or the running of the eagle or the way the eagle runs. Typical of Indian names that focus on the verbal element rather than the noun and are therefore awkward to translate into noun-oriented English. The Lake and Pass were named after a woman warrior, associated with her vision quest, sounds like original IPN",Holterman 2006,,Pitawmáhkn
1174,Glacier National Park,Pitamakan Pass,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,yes,NA,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Blackeet name Pitawmáhkn means Running Eagle or the running of the eagle or the way the eagle runs. Typical of Indian names that focus on the verbal element rather than the noun and are therefore awkward to translate into noun-oriented English. The Lake and Pass were named after a woman warrior, associated with her vision quest, sounds like original IPN",Holterman 2006,,Pitawmáhkn
1175,Glacier National Park,Poia Lake,Lake,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,yes,NA,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Blackfoot word páiye means scar and is the name of the legendary hero Scarface. According to the story, Scarface is a poor boy, laughing stock of his people because of an ugly scar on his cheek, loves the chief's daughter, but must first go on a quest to get rid of his scar, saves the life of Morning Star, sun cures his scar, sends him home with new ""medicine"". [BM: assuming Poia is the original IPN]",Holterman 2006,,
1176,Glacier National Park,Porcupine Ridge,Mountain,Animal,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,translation,Animal,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Translation of Blackfoot name,Holterman 2006,,Kaiskahp Pawahkui
1177,Glacier National Park,Ptarmigan Falls,Waterfall,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Word of Scottish origin applied to various kinds of northern grouse that change plumage in the winter for camouflage. The local name is supposed to have started because the ptarmigans showed no fear of the first humans they saw, even waslking about the feet of one of the earliest.",Holterman 2006,,NA
1178,Glacier National Park,Ptarmigan Tunnel,Infrastructure,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Word of Scottish origin applied to various kinds of northern grouse that change plumage in the winter for camouflage. The local name is supposed to have started because the ptarmigans showed no fear of the first humans they saw, even waslking about the feet of one of the earliest.",Holterman 2006,,NA
1179,Glacier National Park,Pumpelly Glacier,Glacier,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Raphael Pumpelly of Harvard U. was a distinguished geologist and mining engineer whose research carried him across the world. In his exploration of Montana as part of the Northern Transcontinental Survey for the Northern Pacific Railway, making a study of the area for agriculture and mining. Hired William Logan as a guide and packer.",Holterman 2006,,"Kqa'in Kławła Akwiswitxu meaning No Bear Ice is the Kootenai name for the glacier, alternative ""Daughter's Ice"" but Kootenai language form not given"
1180,Glacier National Park,Pumpelly Pillar,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Raphael Pumpelly of Harvard U. was a distinguished geologist and mining engineer whose research carried him across the world. In his exploration of Montana as part of the Northern Transcontinental Survey for the Northern Pacific Railway, making a study of the area for agriculture and mining. Hired William Logan as a guide and packer.",Holterman 2006,,"Natowap-áotani-istáki in Blackfoot after one of their men, meaning ""Sacred Shield Mountain"""
1181,Glacier National Park,Quartz Creek,River,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",In 1889 Louie Meyer discovered a quartz vein at the head of the creek,Holterman 2006,,"Kootenai name is the ""Lake Where the Rhubarb is Long,"" Yakił Wuqa'ki Wumał Akuqnuk (Upper Quartz Lake is A-kłam Wumał Akuqnuk, ""Head of the Rhubarb Lake"""
1182,Glacier National Park,Quartz Lake,Lake,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",In 1889 Louie Meyer discovered a quartz vein at the head of the creek,Holterman 2006,,"Kootenai name is the Lake Where the Rhubarb is Long"" Yakił Wuqa'ki Wumał Akuqnuk (Upper Quartz Lake is A-kłam Wumał Akuqnuk, ""Head of the Rhubarb Lake"""
1183,Glacier National Park,Rainbow Falls,Waterfall,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Probably a descriptive name.,Holterman 2006,,NA
1184,Glacier National Park,Rainbow Glacier,Glacier,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Ranger Frank Liebig remarked to surveyor Sargent, ""The glacier shines like a rainbow""",Holterman 2006,,Otter Woman Glacier is the Kootenai name: Aqawxał Pałkiy Akwiswitxu
1185,Glacier National Park,Red Eagle Creek,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,no,translation,Person,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Red Eagle Glacier and Pass. The pass was used by the Kootenais and is called Mikuzí-Pítan ozitamisohpi (where Red Eagle went up), used to be one of the main Indigenous routes across the Continental Divide in this sector of the mountains.",Holterman 2006,,"Blackfoot word has various ways of saying Red Eagle: MáhxiPíta, Mikuz'-Pítan, Ikúzi-Píta, etc. The Kootenais call the pass Mikuzí-Pítan ozitamisohpi (where Red Eagle went up). Red Eagle in Kootenai is Kanuhus Kyaqnuka't and the name for the pass is Yakił Ałqanamki Kanuhus Kyaqnuka't"
1186,Glacier National Park,Red Eagle Lake,Lake,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,no,translation,Person,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Red Eagle Glacier and Pass. The pass was used by the Kootenais and is called Mikuzí-Pítan ozitamisohpi (where Red Eagle went up), used to be one of the main Indigenous routes across the Continental Divide in this sector of the mountains.",Holterman 2006,,"Blackfoot word has various ways of saying Red Eagle: MáhxiPíta, Mikuz'-Pítan, Ikúzi-Píta, etc. The Kootenais call the pass Mikuzí-Pítan ozitamisohpi (where Red Eagle went up). Red Eagle in Kootenai is Kanuhus Kyaqnuka't and the name for the pass is Yakił Ałqanamki Kanuhus Kyaqnuka't"
1187,Glacier National Park,Redgap Pass,Mountain,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for the red rocks of the area. Red earth in Blackfoot is Ikuzi-xahkum--but this is not indicated as the original name,Holterman 2006,,NA
1188,Glacier National Park,Redrock Falls,Waterfall,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for the red cliffs nearby,Holterman 2006,,NA
1189,Glacier National Park,Reynolds Mountain,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named by Grinnell for Charles E. Reynolds an editor of Field and Stream magazine. No info on Reynolds position on race.,Holterman 2006,,"Kinúk-suyapi-koan (Little Water Whiteman, Kenneth McKenzie) is the Blackfoot name. McKenzie was a prominent old fur trader, hard as nails, but not likely the Blackfeet would have named this or any other mountain for him unless prodded by J. W. Schultz"
1190,Glacier National Park,Rising Wolf Mountain,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Hugh Monroe, French Canadian fur trapper, lived with the Blackfeet, married Sinopáki, had three children. His Blackfoot name was Rising Wolf. An Indigenous name for a person used to name a place.",Holterman 2006,,
1191,Glacier National Park,Rogers Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Josiah Rogers was an early homesteader of the Lake McDonald area. He ran a saddle horse concession. Colonialism because Rogers was a homesteader who was able to use the land for horses. Kootenai name means ""Traders Lake and Peak""",Holterman 2006,,"Kaqułłiyawi Aquqnuk, Kootenai name meaning Traders Lake"
1192,Glacier National Park,Rose Creek,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named in 1885 by Schultz or Grinnell for Otah-komi. Blackfeet name for Charles Rose (assimilation) was Otah-komi meaning Yellow Fish. Rose was the son of an American Fur Co. employee from Quebec and Piegan woman who raised the boy in Piegan ways. Even though named for Indigenous person, uses his English name, therefore potentially erasure of an original IPN. No indication that it is honoring Otah-komi to the everyday park visitor.",Holterman 2006,,"Otah-komi, meaning ""Yellow Fish"" name for Charles Rose son of American and Piegan couple."
1193,Glacier National Park,Round Prairie,Meadow/field,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Probably descriptive, though circles are very meaningful in local Indigenous cultures",Holterman 2006,,NA
1194,Glacier National Park,Ruger Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Thought to have been named for either (1) a young man who worked on the trail crew that built the trail to this lake about 1935, he went swimming and drowned in the lake. Or (2) Gen. Thomas H. Ruger, who served in the Civil War (Union side) and about 1890 held a command in Dakota and Montana. Lt. Ahern in 1890 named a nearby mountain for Gen. Ruger but Sargent later changed it to Longfellow. In 1887 (11 years after Battle of Little Big Horn) Gen. Ruger led expedition into the Big Horn Mountains and occupy the Cheyenne reservation, in order to prevent any of the natives there from joining the hostile Crow, known as the Battle of Crow Agency. A rebel group of young Crow warriors led the resistance. Seven crow warriors were killed, 9 wounded, 9 captured. Women and children were present, no deaths noted. Crow historically worked with white people. People fled, some forced to live at Fort Custer Military Reservation, others fled to Yellowstone NP area. Assuming named after the General.",Holterman 2006,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow_War#Battle_of_Crow_Agency, http://www.anishinabe-history.com/history/battle-at-crow-agency.shtml",NA
1195,Glacier National Park,Running Eagle Falls,Waterfall,Person,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,no,translation,Person,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Blackfoot name of the falls that flow from the Two Medicine Lakes through a cave. The wonder of the spot made it an ideal retreat for the vision quest and place where woman warrior Pitamahkan came to seek her vision. Used to be called ""Trick Falls"", ceremoniously renamed ""Running Eagle Falls"" in 1981.",Holterman 2006,,"Pitamahkan, Red Eagle woman warrior Blackfoot name"
1196,Glacier National Park,Running Eagle Falls Nature Trail,Trail,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,translation,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Blackfoot name of the falls that flow from the Two Medicine Lakes through a cave. The wonder of the spot made it an ideal retreat for the vision quest and place where woman warrior Pitamahkan came to seek her vision. Used to be called ""Trick Falls"", ceremoniously renamed ""Running Eagle Falls"" in 1981. This entry is for the trail, not the falls, so we assume it is settler constructed, not erasure.",Holterman 2006,,NA
1197,Glacier National Park,Saint Mary Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Blackfeet scouts calling other camps to a council meeting, came across a caravan of Métis accompanied by a Father LaCom and they camped on the shores of a beautiful lake full of trout. The priest had a cross set up on shore and he named the lakes and the river ""Saint Mary"". Name could have been bestowed on the lake by other historical figures. Could also have been Christian interpretation of the Kootenai name of Old Woman's Lake. Kootenai chiefs would bring their band to camp at Saint Mary and ring a bell for prayers.",Holterman 2006,,"Paht-omahxíkimi meaning inside big water is the old Blackfoot name. One Kootenai name is ""Old Woman Lakes"" perhaps for the feminine form and face in the cliffs above the lower lake--Tiłnamu Akuqnuk. Another Kootenai name is Island Lake, Tca Kaukomi, referencing Thunderbird and Wild Goose Islands."
1198,Glacier National Park,Saint Mary River,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Blackfeet scouts calling other camps to a council meeting, came across a caravan of Métis accompanied by a Father LaCom and they camped on the shores of a beautiful lake full of trout. The priest had a cross set up on shore and he named the lakes and the river ""Saint Mary"". Name could have been bestowed on the lake by other historical figures. Could also have been Christian interpretation of the Kootenai name of Old Woman's Lake. Kootenai chiefs would bring their band to camp at Saint Mary and ring a bell for prayers.",Holterman 2006,,"Blackfoot names recorded (translations): Green or Blue Banks, Banks that Dam the River, Many Chiefs Gathered, Many Chiefs Dead (in epidemic of 1837-8). Kootenai name Yakił ałkó cikaxaki."
1199,Glacier National Park,Saint Mary Visitor Center,Visitor Center,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Blackfeet scouts calling other camps to a council meeting, came across a caravan of Métis accompanied by a Father LaCom and they camped on the shores of a beautiful lake full of trout. The priest had a cross set up on shore and he named the lakes and the river ""Saint Mary"". Name could have been bestowed on the lake by other historical figures. Could also have been Christian interpretation of the Kootenai name of Old Woman's Lake. Kootenai chiefs would bring their band to camp at Saint Mary and ring a bell for prayers.",Holterman 2006,,NA
1200,Glacier National Park,Scalplock Mountain,Mountain,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,"Name itself promotes racist ideas and/or violence against a group [2,4,6]","No info - not likely, no evidence","So called by Evans for a bunch of trees that were left standing after the forest fire swept through. Merriam-Webster defines scalplock as: a long tuft of hair on the crown of the otherwise shaved head especially of a warrior of some American Indian tribes. Wikipedia: Scalping independently developed in old and new world cultures. However, during the US colonial wars, scalp bounties were put on Indigenous groups (and sometimes white people) to incentivize Indigenous people to commit violence. These were part of Connecticut and Massachusett colonies' laws.",Holterman 2006,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalping#Colonial_wars,"Kootenai name is One Dog Lodge Mountain, Kuktla Akwukłi'it"
1201,Glacier National Park,Sheep Mountain,Mountain,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Probably named for the bighorn sheep,Holterman 2006,,Kaqatin meaning Has Gloves is the Kootenai name.
1202,Glacier National Park,Sinopah Mountain,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Blackfoot word for the kit or prairie fox, Sinopá, applied here to honor Sinopaki (Fox Woman) wife of Hugh Monroe and daughter of Lone Walker. Could be considered erasure because Indigenous name applied here by Ruhle (white man) to honor an Indigenous woman? Not original name. But Indigenous word honoring an Indigenous person is not the worst erasure.",Holterman 2006,,
1203,Glacier National Park,Siyeh Bend,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,yes,NA,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","From Sáiyi meaning ""mad, wild, rabid"" can be a Blackfoot personal name but generally refers to a rabid wolf or other animal. The Siyeh rock formation surfaces frequently in this area is made of dolomite and limestone. Mount Siyeh was named after a Blackfeet Indian, Sai-yeh, whose name means ""Crazy Dog"" or ""Mad Wolf.""[3] Not clear if this is the original original IPN.",Holterman 2006,,
1204,Glacier National Park,Slide Lake,Lake,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for rockslide that formed the lake: Slide Lake was created during a massive rock slide in 1914, where thousands of tons of rock slid down the north flank of Yellow Mountain. This rock slide created natural dams on Otatso Creek, and the result was Slide Lake and another unnamed lake just down stream of Slide Lake, which we call Lower Slide Lake.",Holterman 2006,http://enjoyyourparks.com/glacier-park-slide-lake.html,NA
1205,Glacier National Park,Snowslip Mountain,Mountain,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Avalanches often occur here,Holterman 2006,,"Kootenai name is ""Red Grizzly,"" Kanuhus Kławła"
1206,Glacier National Park,Snyder Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",George Snyder was over 6 feet tall and a noted bicycle rider as well as one of the early settlers around Lake McDonald. He built the first hotel.,Holterman 2006,,"Kootenai name for the mountain and lakes was ""Ear Fastened to Skin,"" Ktapcuqwat"
1207,Glacier National Park,Snyder Lakes,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",George Snyder was over 6 feet tall and a noted bicycle rider as well as one of the early settlers around Lake McDonald. He built the first hotel.,Holterman 2006,,"Kootenai name for the mountain and lakes was ""Ear Fastened to Skin,"" Ktapcuqwat"
1208,Glacier National Park,Snyder Ridge,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",George Snyder was over 6 feet tall and a noted bicycle rider as well as one of the early settlers around Lake McDonald. He built the first hotel.,Holterman 2006,,"Kootenai name for the mountain and lakes was ""Ear Fastened to Skin,"" Ktapcuqwat"
1209,Glacier National Park,Sperry Chalet,Infrastructure,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Dr. Lyman B. Sperry, professor of geology and zoology at small colleges in MN and OH, reached this glacier in 1886. The chalets have made this one of the most popular for tourists.",Holterman 2006,,
1210,Glacier National Park,Sperry Glacier,Glacier,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Dr. Lyman B. Sperry, professor of geology and zoology at small colleges in MN and OH, reached this glacier in 1886. The chalets have made this one of the most popular for tourists.",Holterman 2006,,"Kootenai name is ""Coyote's Son Ice"" or ""Wild Rhubarb Blossom Ice"": Misqułu'wum Akwiswitxu. Coyote had a son perhaps symbolized in the rhubarb whom he tried to entertain by sliding down the ice. But the boy froze to death and Coyote wept bitterly."
1211,Glacier National Park,Sprague Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","J. E. Sprague, friend of Tom Jefferson and contractor for Snyder's hotel -OR- for D. D. Sprague, civil engineer and official of the Great Northern -OR- the Sprague who was a member of the posse that conducted Quantrell Jim Cummings from Old Agency to Demersville",Holterman 2006,,NA
1212,Glacier National Park,St. Mary,Visitor Center,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Blackfeet scouts calling other camps to a council meeting, came across a caravan of Métis accompanied by a Father LaCom and they camped on the shores of a beautiful lake full of trout. The priest had a cross set up on shore and he named the lakes and the river ""Saint Mary"". Name could have been bestowed on the lake by other historical figures. Could also have been Christian interpretation of the Kootenai name of Old Woman's Lake. Kootenai chiefs would bring their band to camp at Saint Mary and ring a bell for prayers.",Holterman 2006,,"Paht-omahxíkimi meaning inside big water is the old Blackfoot name. One Kootenai name is ""Old Woman Lakes"" perhaps for the feminine form and face in the cliffs above the lower lake--Tiłnamu Akuqnuk. Another Kootenai name is Island Lake, Tca Kaukomi, referencing Thunderbird and Wild Goose Islands."
1213,Glacier National Park,St. Mary Falls,Waterfall,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Blackfeet scouts calling other camps to a council meeting, came across a caravan of Métis accompanied by a Father LaCom and they camped on the shores of a beautiful lake full of trout. The priest had a cross set up on shore and he named the lakes and the river ""Saint Mary"". Name could have been bestowed on the lake by other historical figures. Could also have been Christian interpretation of the Kootenai name of Old Woman's Lake. Kootenai chiefs would bring their band to camp at Saint Mary and ring a bell for prayers.",Holterman 2006,,"Paht-omahxíkimi meaning inside big water is the old Blackfoot name. One Kootenai name is ""Old Woman Lakes"" perhaps for the feminine form and face in the cliffs above the lower lake--Tiłnamu Akuqnuk. Another Kootenai name is Island Lake, Tca Kaukomi, referencing Thunderbird and Wild Goose Islands."
1214,Glacier National Park,Stanton Mountain,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after Lottie Stanton, a popular woman that impressed others with her knowledge of a direct route to the top of the mountain. A rival story suggests the peak was named for Lady Stanton, an English Aristocrat.",Holterman 2006,,"Hinmatoyalatk'ikt meaning ""Thunder Emerging"""
1215,Glacier National Park,Stoney Indian Lake,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,no,NA,People,Potentially - probably had IPN,"Name itself promotes racist ideas and/or violence against a group [2,4,6]",Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"The Stoneys are a small tribe near Calgary that were active in the Waterton-Glacier country, hunting much more in the mountains especially after the buffalo were gone. A small branch of the Assiniboines. The word Stoneys reflects the Cree term (the group has Cree ancestors) asiniy for stone or rock and may refer to the prehistoric custom of stone boiling. Their name for themselves is Nakoda or Îyârhe Nakoda (see wikipedia link).  Note they go by ""Stoney"" not ""Stoney Indian"". Treating name like other place names using ""Indian"". (assuming NOT honoring a people, so erasure = potentially)",Holterman 2006,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakoda_(Stoney),
1216,Glacier National Park,Stoney Indian Pass,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,no,NA,People,Potentially - probably had IPN,"Name itself promotes racist ideas and/or violence against a group [2,4,6]",Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"The Stoneys are a small tribe near Calgary that were active in the Waterton-Glacier country, hunting much more in the mountains especially after the buffalo were gone. A small branch of the Assiniboines. The word Stoneys reflects the Cree term (the group has Cree ancestors) asiniy for stone or rock and may refer to the prehistoric custom of stone boiling. Their name for themselves is Nakoda or Îyârhe Nakoda (see wikipedia link).  Note they go by ""Stoney"" not ""Stoney Indian"". Treating name like other place names using ""Indian"". (assuming NOT honoring a people, so erasure = potentially)",Holterman 2006,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakoda_(Stoney),
1217,Glacier National Park,Sue Lake,Lake,Unknown,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Unknown. Has also been called ""Summit Lake"", ""Iceberg Lake"", and even ""the Fountain of the Gods"".",Holterman 2006,,NA
1218,Glacier National Park,Summit Mountain,Mountain,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",This mountain looms over the Continental Divide at Marias pass in a massive pyramid,Holterman 2006,,"Mokankínsi-istaki meaning ""the Backbone"""
1219,Glacier National Park,Sun Point Nature Trail,Trail,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1220,Glacier National Park,Sunrift Gorge,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Was named by Superintendent Kraebel in 1926. Formerly, it had been known as Jeannette Gorge.",Holterman 2006,,NA
1221,Glacier National Park,Surprise Pass,Mountain,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No reason for name on record; likely a lyrical or narrative descriptive,Holterman 2006,,NA
1222,Glacier National Park,Swifitcurrent Nature Trail,Trail,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,translation,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Grinnell promoted this name, translating the Indian term and was probably used for both the Bow and Saskatchewan Rivers.",Holterman 2006,,NA
1223,Glacier National Park,Swiftcurrent Lake,Lake,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,translation,Other,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Grinnell promoted this name, translating the Indian term for the creek and was probably used for both the Bow and Saskatchewan Rivers. Named for the creek.",Holterman 2006,,"íxikuoyiyé meaning ""swift-flowing stream"""
1224,Glacier National Park,Swiftcurrent Pass,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,translation,Other,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Grinnell promoted this name, translating the Indian term and was probably used for both the Bow and Saskatchewan. Named for the Creek.",Holterman 2006,,"íxikuoyiyé meaning ""swift-flowing stream"""
1225,Glacier National Park,Swiftcurrent Ridge Lake,Lake,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,translation,Other,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Grinnell promoted this name, translating the Indian term and was probably used for both the Bow and Saskatchewan.",Holterman 2006,,"íxikuoyiyé meaning ""swift-flowing stream"""
1226,Glacier National Park,The Loop,Trail,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",a switchback on the western slope of Going-to-the-Sun Road,Holterman 2006,,NA
1227,Glacier National Park,Thompson Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Early maps used the name Mount Thompson Seton after the famous writer and naturalist Ernest Thompson Seton. Or perhaps named for David Thompson, the explorer, geographer, and astronomer of the Canadian fur trade. Seems much more likely that it was David Thompson who explored and mapped all over this region, see wikipedia link.",Holterman 2006,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Thompson_(explorer),"Kaqławxał Aku Aknuxu'nuk meaning ""Stabbed Inside Creek"""
1228,Glacier National Park,Thunderbird Glacier,Glacier,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The thunderbird causes the thunder and lightning, especially in the lore of the tribes of the northern Plains and the Northwest Coast. Thunderbird Island has had its name for many years, and it is claimed that this is where the Indians said they discovered a strange bird that their medicine man identified as the Thunderbird.",Holterman 2006,,"Formerly called ""Lone Wolf Ice"" translation not provided"
1229,Glacier National Park,Thunderbird Mountain,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The thunderbird causes the thunder and lightning, especially in the lore of the tribes of the northern Plains and the Northwest Coast. Thunderbird Island has had its name for many years, and it is claimed that this is where the Indians said they discovered a strange bird that their medicine man identified as the Thunderbird. But Thunderbird Island is in St. Mary Lake, far from Thunderbird Mtn. and Glacier. Mountains and Glacier likely not named after island. Blackfeet word for thunderbird is xiszikúmi-pita, but this does not seem to be the original name",Holterman 2006,,
1230,Glacier National Park,Trail of Cedars Nature Trail,Trail,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for Cedar trees along the trail,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail_of_the_Cedars,,NA
1231,Glacier National Park,Triple Arches,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Three stone arches built under the road west of Logan Pass form a photogenic setting,Holterman 2006,,NA
1232,Glacier National Park,Triple Divide Pass,Mountain,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Here the waters split three ways, to the Pacific, Atlantic, and Hudson Bay.",Holterman 2006,,
1233,Glacier National Park,Triple Divide Peak,Mountain,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Here the waters split three ways, to the Pacific, Atlantic, and Hudson Bay.",Holterman 2006,,
1234,Glacier National Park,Trout Lake,Lake,Natural feature,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The Kootenai name is Spotted Lake, and the ""spotted"" may mean the trout since the Blackfoot name for trout translated to ""spotted fish"". Assuming the name is a translation.",Holterman 2006,,"Kalqaqmitqa Anuqnik meaning ""Spotted Lake"""
1235,Glacier National Park,Twin Falls,Waterfall,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",A pair of falls,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Falls_(Glacier_County,_Montana)",,NA
1236,Glacier National Park,Two Medicine Entrance,Visitor Center,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,translation,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Visitor Center for an area in which claims state that two medicine lodges for the Sun Dance were once erected on opposite sides of the creek. Young people of the Kootenais used to go here for their vision quest.,Holterman 2006,,
1237,Glacier National Park,Two Medicine Lake,Lake,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,translation,Place,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",two medicine lodges for the Sun Dance were once erected on opposite sides of the creek. Young people of the Kootenais used to go here for their vision quest.,Holterman 2006,,"Natoki-Okas(i) the root of which means ""to sleep"", here referring to a dream or vision."
1238,Glacier National Park,Two Medicine Pass,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,translation,Place,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",two medicine lodges for the Sun Dance were once erected on opposite sides of the creek. Young people of the Kootenais used to go here for their vision quest.,Holterman 2006,,"Natoki-Okas(i) the root of which means ""to sleep"", here referring to a dream or vision."
1239,Glacier National Park,Upper Kintla Lake,Lake,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The name Kintla is a Kootenai workd meaning ""sack"". Upper Kintla Lake is called in Kootenai Kinła Nana Akuqnik.",Holterman 2006,,
1240,Glacier National Park,Upper Two Medicine Lake,Lake,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,translation,Place,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",two medicine lodges for the Sun Dance were once erected on opposite sides of the creek. Young people of the Kootenais used to go here for their vision quest.,Holterman 2006,,"Natoki-Okas(i) the root of which means ""to sleep"", here referring to a dream or vision."
1241,Glacier National Park,Upper Waterton Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The lakes were once called the Kootenay Lakes, but ""Waterton"" was applied for the English naturalist Charles Waterton.",Holterman 2006,,"A Blackfoot term for Wateron River menas ""where we fought the Kootenais"" A-kowte-kátl-nam Akawut-tla'nam"
1242,Glacier National Park,Valentine Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after Frank Valentine, who was a packer that crossed the formidable Ahern pass in 1902. Not extracting natural resources",Holterman 2006,,NA
1243,Glacier National Park,Virginia Falls,Waterfall,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","These falls and Florence Falls may have been named for daughters of Senator Dixon. However, both of these names are also the names of mining claims.",Holterman 2006,,NA
1244,Glacier National Park,Vulture Glacier,Glacier,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No reason is known for this name. However, there was a Kootenai chief of Tobacco Plains and of the band Akanahonek whose name was Dark Vulture. Treating as innocuous animal name, likely lyrical or narrative (if named for a person, problem would still be no because name itself is western)",Holterman 2006,,NA
1245,Glacier National Park,Vulture Peak,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No reason is known for this name. However, there was a Kootenai chief of Tobacco Plains and of the band Akanahonek whose name was Dark Vulture. Treating as innocuous animal name, likely lyrical or narrative (if named for a person, problem would still be no because name itself is western)",Holterman 2006,,NA
1246,Glacier National Park,Walton Mountain,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Izaak Walton, the famous British author of The Compleat Angler, and namesake for the conservation group, Izaak Walton League.",Holterman 2006,,"Sina Akłik meaning ""Beaver Foot"""
1247,Glacier National Park,Waterton River,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named by Thomas Blakiston for hte English naturalist Charles Waterton.,Holterman 2006,,NA
1248,Glacier National Park,Weasel Collar Glacier,Glacier,Unknown,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,translation,Animal,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information available except spatial info from map. BM reasoning: This glacier is on the east face of Mt. Carter whose  Kootenai name is Mayuk'ana, meaning ""Weasel Collar"". Treating as translation of original IPN.",Holterman 2006,,"Kootenai name is Mayuk'ana, meaning ""Weasel Collar"""
1249,Glacier National Park,Weeping Wall,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Weeping Wall is made up of rocks that shed water onto Logan Pass road on the west side. It is possible that the name was suggested by the Wailing Wall in Jerusalem.,Holterman 2006,,NA
1250,Glacier National Park,West Entrance Park Headquarters,Village,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1251,Glacier National Park,Whitecrow Glacier,Glacier,Mythology,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,yes,translation,Animal,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Whitecrow, a bird-like god, figures in an Indian story as the one who hid the buffalo. This was the last region where the vanishing buffalo remained. Many tribes came to hunt them including many famous figures (Otahkomi, Sitting Bull, Louis Riel and others) in desperation from their sterile reservations. But hope in finding a buffalo was lost, everyone turned homeward, some driven by Army troops, some on foot, sick and hungry. Many never made it home. ""Such was the whimper with which the Indian world came to an end."" --Note from BM: The Indian world is still here! The people are still alive, dear author!",Holterman 2006,,NA
1252,Glacier National Park,Winona Lake,Lake,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Was labeled ""Mud Lake"" until recently when the name Winona was restored to it. While one opinion asserts that ther term winona is a Chippewa verb meaning ""to breast feed"", another regards it as a Santee Sioux word referring to the first born child if that child is female. It was the name of a village of the Mdewakanton Sioux which eventually became a white man's town under the same name in Winona County, Minnesota.",Holterman 2006,,
1253,Grand Canyon,Andrus Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for Cecil Andrus US Interior Secretary,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Andrus,,NA
1254,Grand Canyon,Apache Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Indian tribe of the same name. However, this is not their autonym (name for themselves). The Spanish use of Apache was probably borrowed and transliterated from the Zuni word ʔa·paču meaning ""Navajos"" (the plural of paču ""Navajo"").[note 1]",https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm#W,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache#Name,NA
1255,Grand Canyon,Atoko Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,no,NA,Animal,No information,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","From Hopi, meaning crane or other long-legged bird. Not clear if this is the original IPN.",https://books.google.com/books?id=5XfxzCm1qa4C&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=who+was+atoko+point+named+for&source=bl&ots=ZUhwm2fovk&sig=ACfU3U1mGrV0ZW-dRNuDnxwBBXfIxpV7rA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQ3tmS257jAhVTHjQIHZczApEQ6AEwAHoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=who%20was%20atoko%20point%20named%20for&f=false,,
1256,Grand Canyon,Aztec Amphitheater,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,no,NA,People,Potentially - probably had IPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Many Southwest features incorrectly ascribed to or named for Aztecs because of their presumed antiquity as first native culture in the Southwest. Ancestral area of Aztecs is in current day Mexico, not southwest US. Not the original IPN.",https://books.google.com/books?id=RlKaN3RCQMMC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false,,NA
1257,Grand Canyon,Bright Angel Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mythology,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The name was applied by the Major on his first trip to offset the name Dirty Devil, applied to a stream farther up river."" Powell said, ""The little affluent we discovered here is a clear, beautiful creek or river...in beautiful contrast we concluded to name it 'Bright Angel.'""",https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm#W,,NA
1258,Grand Canyon,Bright Angel Creek,River,Mythology,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The name was applied by the Major on his first trip to offset the name Dirty Devil, applied to a stream farther up river."" Powell said, ""The little affluent we discovered here is a clear, beautiful creek or river...in beautiful contrast we concluded to name it 'Bright Angel.'""",https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm#W,,NA
1259,Grand Canyon,Bright Angel Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mythology,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The name was applied by the Major on his first trip to offset the name Dirty Devil, applied to a stream farther up river."" Powell said, ""The little affluent we discovered here is a clear, beautiful creek or river...in beautiful contrast we concluded to name it 'Bright Angel.'""",https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm#W,,NA
1260,Grand Canyon,Burnt Springs Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1261,Grand Canyon,Cape Royal,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The southern most point of the Walhalla Plateau named by Clarence Dutton,http://www.allhikers.com/Other/Grand-Canyon-Place-Names.htm#C,,NA
1262,Grand Canyon,Cape Solitude,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",It stands solitary and alone,https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm#M,,NA
1263,Grand Canyon,Cardenas Butte,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Don Garcia Lopez Cardenas, one of Coronado's Captains, who in 1540, became one of the first white people to view the huge Canyon cut by the Colorado River in Northern Arizona. García López de Cárdenas y Figueroa was a Spanish conquistador who was the first European to see the Grand Canyon. conquisador means conqueror ... The soldiers rounded up hostages in the vicinity and executed all those from the locale where the officer was shot. The Spanish king, Philip II, had admonished the Spaniards to treat the natives humanely and prohibited the use of natives as porters for the Spanish army. Coronado tried to adhere to the the policy promulgated by the Crown but when violence occurred he reverted to the traditional policy of countering violence with overwhelming retaliation, as will be seen later in the history of the expedition.",https://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/coronado.htm,,NA
1264,Grand Canyon,Chikapanagi Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for a Havasupai friend of W. W. Bass. Bass would give him a rifle and three shells and he would come back with three deer. Alternatively, Havasupai Indian surname and word meaning 'bat' used because of the resemblence of the feature to a bats face",https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm#P,,NA
1265,Grand Canyon,Colorado River,River,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Spanish meaning red. The river want through many different names over the years. In 1540 it was called ""Rio del Tizon"" or the Firebrand by Melchoir Diaz. Also in 1540, it was called ""Rio do Buenaguia"" or The River of Good Guidance. In 1776, Garces called it ""Rio do los Martyrs"" or River of Martyrs.",https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm#M,,NA
1266,Grand Canyon,Comanche Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for Indian tribe of the same name. Nʉmʉnʉʉ is the Comanche autonym according to Wikipedia link,https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm#W,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanche,
1267,Grand Canyon,Crystal Creek,River,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive. Creek on the north side of the Colorado River opposite Slate Creek named for its clear water.,NA,,NA
1268,Grand Canyon,Desert View Visitor Center,Visitor Center,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1269,Grand Canyon,Diamond Creek,River,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1270,Grand Canyon,Diana Temple,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mythology,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named by Euro explorer in reference to non-indigenous god / mythology,https://www.deseretnews.com/article/865635077/The-natural-temples-of-the-Grand-Canyon.html,,NA
1271,Grand Canyon,Fossil Bay,Bay,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for the many fossils there,http://www.allhikers.com/Other/Grand-Canyon-Place-Names.htm#P,,NA
1272,Grand Canyon,Grand Canyon National Park,Park,,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","John Wesley Powell is credited with popularizing, if not naming, the Grand Canyon as the first white explorer to float the Colorado River through the canyon, and then publish articles and reports on his expedition. Indigenous names for the canyon include: Hopi: Ongtupqa,[2] Yavapai: Wi:kaʼi:la,  Navajo: Bidááʼ Haʼaztʼiʼ Tsékooh,[3][4] ), but parks treated as settler-colonial creations, separate from the canyon itself.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon,,NA
1273,Grand Canyon,Grand Canyon Village,Village,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1274,Grand Canyon,Grand Wash Cliffs,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1275,Grand Canyon,Grandview Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1276,Grand Canyon,Granite Gorge,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1277,Grand Canyon,Granite Narrows,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1278,Grand Canyon,Granite Park Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1279,Grand Canyon,Great Thumb Mesa,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named by Frank Bond, on Havasupai Land at the north end of the Coconino Plateau. A descriptive name, it looks like a huge thumb.",https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm#W,,NA
1280,Grand Canyon,Great Thumb Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named by Frank Bond, on Havasupai Land at the north end of the Coconino Plateau. A descriptive name, it looks like a huge thumb.",https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm#W,,NA
1281,Grand Canyon,Havasupai Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence",Havasupai means 'People of the blue green water' in Havasupai-Hualapai (an upper Yuman language),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havasupai,,NA
1282,Grand Canyon,Hermits Rest,Cultural heritage (Western),Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Louis Boucher, the ""Hermit"" who arrived at Grand Canyon in 1891. Although he lived at Dripping Springs near the head of Hermit Canyon, he built a trail to his copper mine in Boucher Canyon. He moved on to Utah in 1912. Edwin Corle said, ""He wore a white beard, rode a white mule, and told only white lies."" Name itself does not commemorate Boucher. It is generic, so not colonialism.",https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm,,NA
1283,Grand Canyon,Holy Grail Temple,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mythology,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named by Euro explorer in reference to non-indigenous god / mythology,https://www.deseretnews.com/article/865635077/The-natural-temples-of-the-Grand-Canyon.html,,NA
1284,Grand Canyon,Hopi Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for Indian tribe of the same name.,https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm#W,,NA
1285,Grand Canyon,Horseshoe Mesa,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1286,Grand Canyon,Isis Temple,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mythology,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named by Euro explorer in reference to non-indigenous god / mythology,https://www.deseretnews.com/article/865635077/The-natural-temples-of-the-Grand-Canyon.html,,NA
1287,Grand Canyon,Juno Temple,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mythology,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named by Euro explorer in reference to non-indigenous god / mythology,https://www.deseretnews.com/article/865635077/The-natural-temples-of-the-Grand-Canyon.html,,NA
1288,Grand Canyon,Kaibab Plateau,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Powell writes, ""This is called by the Indians 'Kaibab' or 'mountain lying down,' so we adopted the name."" Also called Buckskin Mountain.",https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm#M,,
1289,Grand Canyon,Kanab Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,no,NA,Plant,No information,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence",Kanab is a Piute word meaning willow. Not clear this is the original IPN,https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm#W,,
1290,Grand Canyon,Kanab Creek,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,no,NA,Plant,No information,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence",Kanab is a Piute word meaning willow. Not clear this is the original IPN,https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm#W,,NA
1291,Grand Canyon,Kwagunt Creek,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Dellenbaugh says, ""This was a lovely valley in the Grand Canyon. So called by Powell on his first trip through the Canyon. Kivagunt was the name of a Pai-Ute Indian who said he owned the valley.""",https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm#M,,NA
1292,Grand Canyon,Lower Granite Gorge,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1293,Grand Canyon,Marble Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named by Powell on his first trip in 1869 who determined it to be separate from both Glen Canyon and Grand Canyon. Refers to the river between the Paria and the Little Colorado. ""We have cut through the sandstones and limestones met in the upper part of the canyon and through one great bed of marble a thousand feet in thickness. So we call it Marble Canyon,"" Powell writes. Now mostly called Marble Canyon.",https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm#M,,NA
1294,Grand Canyon,Middle Granite Gorge,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1295,Grand Canyon,Mohawk Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,no,NA,People,Potentially - probably had IPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Name origin unknown (see google book link). BM note: There is a Mohawk Mountains in far SW Arizona, and that name origin is unknown, but recorded as ""misplaced"" as early as 1864.",https://books.google.com/books?id=CYorDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA283&lpg=PA283&dq=mohawk+canyon+name+origin&source=bl&ots=7Fopy5Ka3L&sig=ACfU3U3HjxMkAcxoJ2jGNUnRT2lAawO5lQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiz6cuo9oXlAhUDKa0KHQr4DPEQ6AEwD3oECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=mohawk%20canyon%20name%20origin&f=false,,NA
1296,Grand Canyon,Mount Emma,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for John Wesley Powell's wife, Emma.",https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm#M,,NA
1297,Grand Canyon,Mount Sinyala,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","North of Mount Sinyala, flowing to the Colorado River. Named for Judge Sinyala, a Havasupai Chief.",https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm#W,,NA
1298,Grand Canyon,Mt. Huethawali Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Pronounced ""wee-the-wally"", some sources indicate that Huethawali is a Native American term which means ""Observation Point"", but Wayne Tomasi explains in his book that it is actually a Havasupai term that means ""white tower, white rock mountain, or mountain of white stone."" It is a des*criptive term since the Coconino sandstone it is composed of is whiter than the terrain it protrudes from. local context suggests it is likely an original IPN",https://hikearizona.com/decoder.php?ZTN=1155,,NA
1299,Grand Canyon,Muav Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named by Powell--almost certainly named for the Muav Limestone formation in the lower elevations of the Grand Canyon (not ""no info"" for problem)",https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm#W,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muav_Limestone,NA
1300,Grand Canyon,Nankoweap Creek,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,no,NA,Other,No information,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named by Powell on his second trip. ""Pae Ute word meaning 'singing' or 'echo' canyon, because of the deep echo."" Originally an Indian trail and derived from the Southern Paiute name Ninkuipi (meaning ""place of echoes""). not sure if Powell used the original IPN or used Indigenous word to give a name",https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm#M,,NA
1301,Grand Canyon,National Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; assuming named for being in the National Park. ~ literal name,NA,,NA
1302,Grand Canyon,Navajo Bridge,Infrastructure,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"A narrow two lane bridge, 467 feet above the river, that was completed on January 12, 1929. A new bridge was built in the early 1990's next to the old one, that is stronger and wider. The original bridge is now only open to foot traffic. There is also a new visitor center there. Also called Lee's Ferry Bridge.",https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm#M,,NA
1303,Grand Canyon,North Rim Store Area,Campground,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1304,Grand Canyon,North Rim Visitor Center,Visitor Center,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1305,Grand Canyon,Paria River,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Paria means 'dirty water' or 'Elk water' in the Ute language. Treating as original IPN,https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm#W,,NA
1306,Grand Canyon,Phantom Ranch,Lodge,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The Fred Harvey Company was granted the concession for the camp in 1922; the company hired the American architect Mary Colter to design permanent lodging. Colter suggested that its name be changed to Phantom Ranch.[2],https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm,,NA
1307,Grand Canyon,Point Imperial,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely lyrical or narrative. Named for view of Mt. Hayden,https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm#M,,NA
1308,Grand Canyon,Point Sublime,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely lyrical or narrative. Named by Clarence Dutton in 1880,https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2018/01/20/clarence-dutton-poet-of-the-grand-canyon/,,NA
1309,Grand Canyon,Powell Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Major John Wesley Powell--a U.S. soldier, geologist, explorer of the American West, professor at Illinois Wesleyan University, and director of major scientific and cultural institutions. He is famous for the 1869 Powell Geographic Expedition, a three-month river trip down the Green and Colorado rivers, including the first official U.S. government-sponsored passage through the Grand Canyon.",https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm#P,,NA
1310,Grand Canyon,SB Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person or ranch. No information regarding name,NA,,
1311,Grand Canyon,SB Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person or ranch. No information regarding name,NA,,
1312,Grand Canyon,Shinumo Creek,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,yes,NA,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","The First Nations Paiute peoples called the former ancestral nations “Shinumo”, also known as the “Anasazi” and as well the “Histatsinom”… all these names have the same meaning“people who lived long ago”. not clear this is the original IPN. Treat as ""honoring a group of people""",https://whereeaglesfly.tv/shinumo-altar/,,NA
1313,Grand Canyon,Shivwits Plateau,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence",The Shivwits Plateau is named for the Shivwits section of the Paiute Indian tribes.,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivwits_Plateau,,NA
1314,Grand Canyon,Siegfried Pyre,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mythology,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named by Euro explorer in reference to non-indigenous god / mythology,https://www.deseretnews.com/article/865635077/The-natural-temples-of-the-Grand-Canyon.html,,NA
1315,Grand Canyon,Snap Plateau,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Unknown,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,NA,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; no guesses; truly unknown reference,NA,,NA
1316,Grand Canyon,Snap Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Unknown,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,NA,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; no guesses; truly unknown reference,NA,,NA
1317,Grand Canyon,South Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Along with North Canyon, South Canyon begins on the North Kaibab Plateau, and flows to the Colorado River in Marble Canyon. The House Rock Buffalo Ranch is located along the canyon on the strip. Vasey's Paradise is visible from the beach.",https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm#M,,NA
1318,Grand Canyon,Surprise Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1319,Grand Canyon,Swamp Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1320,Grand Canyon,Tapeats Creek,River,Person,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence",Beautiful creek below Monument Point that begins as a spring in Tapeats Cave and flows to the Colorado River. Stina Creek and Thunder River add to the flow. Named by Major Powell after a Pai Ute Indian who showed him the place.,https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm#W,,NA
1321,Grand Canyon,Temple Butte,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mythology,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely lyrical or narrative. Named by Euro explorer in reference to non-indigenous god / mythology,https://www.deseretnews.com/article/865635077/The-natural-temples-of-the-Grand-Canyon.html,,NA
1322,Grand Canyon,The Dome,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1323,Grand Canyon,Toroweap Overlook,Campground,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Toroweap and Tuweep are used more or less interchangeably. The term Tuweep, a Paiute word for ""the earth"", was used for an early Mormon settlement in the valley, and is now used by the National Park Service to refer to the area. Toroweap, a Paiute term meaning ""dry or barren valley"", strictly refers to the valley and the overlook",https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm#M,,NA
1324,Grand Canyon,Toroweap Valley,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Toroweap and Tuweep are used more or less interchangeably. The term Tuweep, a Paiute word for ""the earth"", was used for an early Mormon settlement in the valley, and is now used by the National Park Service to refer to the area. Toroweap, a Paiute term meaning ""dry or barren valley"", strictly refers to the valley and the overlook",https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm#M,,NA
1325,Grand Canyon,Tower of Ra,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mythology,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named by Euro explorer in reference to non-indigenous god / mythology,https://www.deseretnews.com/article/865635077/The-natural-temples-of-the-Grand-Canyon.html,,NA
1326,Grand Canyon,Tuckup Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Unknown,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,NA,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; no guesses; truly unknown reference,NA,,NA
1327,Grand Canyon,Tusayan Museum and Ruin,Cultural heritage (Indigenous),Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Place,Yes - know IPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"The exact meaning of the word ""Tusayan"" changes with the American Indian tribe it is traced to. Generally, it refers to an area with buttes or mesas, and where people gather. Spaniards referred to the area that Hopis once occupied as ""The Province of Tusayan,"" according to the National Park Service. The word ""ruin"" might be offensive to Native Americans--all noun definitions of ruin are derogatory. See https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ruin",https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/03/28/town-name-grand-canyon/7030995/,,
1328,Grand Canyon,Tuweep,Ranger station,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Toroweap and Tuweep are used more or less interchangeably. The term Tuweep, a Paiute word for ""the earth"", was used for an early Mormon settlement in the valley, and is now used by the National Park Service to refer to the area. Toroweap, a Paiute term meaning ""dry or barren valley"", strictly refers to the valley and the overlook",https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm#M,,NA
1329,Grand Canyon,Venus Temple,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mythology,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named by Euro explorer in reference to non-indigenous god / mythology,https://www.deseretnews.com/article/865635077/The-natural-temples-of-the-Grand-Canyon.html,,NA
1330,Grand Canyon,Vishnu Temple,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mythology,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named by Euro explorer in reference to non-indigenous god / mythology,https://www.deseretnews.com/article/865635077/The-natural-temples-of-the-Grand-Canyon.html,,NA
1331,Grand Canyon,Vulcans Throne,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mythology,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named by Euro explorer in reference to non-indigenous god / mythology,https://www.deseretnews.com/article/865635077/The-natural-temples-of-the-Grand-Canyon.html,,NA
1332,Grand Canyon,Walhalla Plateau,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mythology,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named by Euro explorer in reference to non-indigenous god / mythology,https://www.deseretnews.com/article/865635077/The-natural-temples-of-the-Grand-Canyon.html,,NA
1333,Grand Canyon,Whitmore Wash,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for Dr. James A. Whitmore who settled in the area in 1863. He was killed in 1866.,https://www.grandcanyontreks.org/place.htm#M,,NA
1334,Grand Canyon,Wotans Throne,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mythology,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named by Euro explorer in reference to non-indigenous god / mythology,https://www.deseretnews.com/article/865635077/The-natural-temples-of-the-Grand-Canyon.html,,NA
1335,Grand Canyon,Zoroaster Temple,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mythology,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named by Euro explorer in reference to non-indigenous god / mythology,https://www.deseretnews.com/article/865635077/The-natural-temples-of-the-Grand-Canyon.html,,NA
1336,Great Smoky Mountains,Abrams Creek,River,Person,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,Person,Yes - know IPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","The creek and waterfall were named for a Cherokee man Ooskuah, who later adopted the name Abram./ It is named after the Chilhowee Cherokee chief Old Abraham (""Abram""), whose Chilhowee Village once stood along his namesake creek. Visitors swim and fish in the creek.[3] The creek was deliberately poisoned in 1957 to kill fish in potential competition with rainbow trout; many fish species were extirpated from the river and have never recovered.[1] Saying ""know Indigenous Place Name"" because we know the Indigenous name for the Cherokee man.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrams_Falls_Trail,Coggins 1999,Ooskuah
1337,Great Smoky Mountains,Andrews Bald,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Andres (Andreas) Thompson, who hereded cattle on this bald in the 1840s. First called Andres bald but corrupted to Andrews Bald. Or named for Andres (or Anders) family that once ranged their livestock on the bald.",Coggins 1999,,NA
1338,Great Smoky Mountains,"The Appalachian Highlands Science Learning Center is part of a network of what will be 32 research learning centers supporting research and education about science in our national parks. Appalachian is an indigenous-origin word for the Appalachee people, who were absorbed into other groups after the population declined after Spanish arrival, descendants are alive today. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narv%C3%A1ez_expedition#Apalachee -- Not Western Use becuase Appalachian has become naturalized into American English.",Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Human-constructed,Indigenous,no,yes,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"The Appalachian Highlands Science Learning Center is part of a network of what will be 32 research learning centers supporting research and education about science in our national parks. Appalachian is an indigenous-origin word for the Appalachee people, who were absorbed into other groups after the population declined after Spanish arrival, descendants are alive today. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narv%C3%A1ez_expedition#Apalachee -- Not Western Use becuase Appalachian has become naturalized into American English.",https://www.nps.gov/grsm/learn/nature/pk-homepage.htm,https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appalachian,NA
1339,Great Smoky Mountains,Appalachian Trail,Trail,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,no,yes,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"Named after the mountain range. Appalachian is an indigenous-origin word for the Appalachee people, who Hernando de Soto et al found living along the Gulf of Mexico in what is now the panhandle of FL in 1540. They were absorbed into other groups after the population declined after Spanish arrival, descendants are alive today. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narv%C3%A1ez_expedition#Apalachee --",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Trail,Coggins 1999,NA
1340,Great Smoky Mountains,Balsam Mountain,Mountain,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","In reference to the balsam fir (Abies balsamea)  found in the northern Appalachians, close relative to the Fraser fir which grows at high elev. in southern Appalachians. In the past people referred to Fraser firs as balsams.",Coggins 1999,,NA
1341,Great Smoky Mountains,Balsam Mountain,Visitor Center,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after Balsam Mountain, in reference to the Fraser firs that grow at high elev. formerly called balsams.",Coggins 1999,,NA
1342,Great Smoky Mountains,Big Creek,River,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",One of the larger creeks that runs through the park. Also named for an old settlement in the area.,https://blueridgemountainlife.com/big-creek-great-smoky-mountains-national-park/,,NA
1343,Great Smoky Mountains,Black Camp Gap,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",A forest fire once partially burned a rustic structure in this camp that was often used by hunters as well as farmers ranging cattle in this area. Thereafter campers got black soot on themselves when they stayed in the partially charred structure.,Coggins 1999,,
1344,Great Smoky Mountains,Bradley Fork,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Possibly named after Isaac Bradley, a Euro-American settler that lived in the vicinity of the stream. No indication of his racist or violence status.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oconaluftee_(Great_Smoky_Mountains),Coggins 1999,NA
1345,Great Smoky Mountains,Cable Mill,Cultural heritage (Western),Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after John P. Cable, a settler in Cades Cove. Available resources do not indicate he was involved in violence or racism.",Coggins 1999,http://www.npshistory.com/publications/grsm/cable-mill-cli.pdf,NA
1346,Great Smoky Mountains,Cades Cove,Visitor Center,Person,Human-constructed,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"By 1797 (and probably much earlier), the Cherokee had established a settlement in Cades Cove known as ""Tsiya'hi,"" or ""Otter Place.""[14] This village, which may have been little more than a seasonal hunting camp, was located somewhere along the flats of Cove Creek.[15] Henry Timberlake, an early explorer in East Tennessee, reported that streams in this area were stocked with otter, although the otter was extinct in the cove by the time the first European settlers arrived.[16] Cades Cove was named after a Tsiya'hi leader known as Chief Kade.[16] Little is known of Chief Kade, although his existence was verified by a European trader named Peter Snider (1776–1867), who settled nearby Tuckaleechee Cove.[16] Abrams Creek, which flows through the cove, was named after another local chief, Abraham of Chilhowee. A now-discredited theory suggested that the cove was named after Abraham's wife, Kate.[17] In 1819, The Treaty of Calhoun ended all Cherokee claims to the Smokies, and Tsiya'hi was abandoned shortly thereafter. The Cherokee would linger in the surrounding forests, however, occasionally attacking settlers until 1838 when they were removed to the Oklahoma Territory (see Trail of Tears).[18]. Erasure = no because honoring Indigenous person, even though we also know the IPN. Derogatory = potentially b/c honoring Indigenous person but on a settler built feature (visitor center)",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cades_Cove,Coggins 1999,Tsiya'hi or Otter Place
1347,Great Smoky Mountains,Cataloochee,Ranger station,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for the Creek. The name ""Cataloochee"" is derived from the Cherokee term Gadalutsi, which means ""fringe standing erect"", ""waves of mountains"", ""wave upon wave,"" ""land of plenty"", ""in a row"", and ""standing in ranks"". The name probably referred to the tall rows of trees along the ridges surrounding the valley. Cataloochee / Gadalutsi seems to be the original IPN",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataloochee_(Great_Smoky_Mountains),Coggins 1999,
1348,Great Smoky Mountains,Cataloochee Creek,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The name ""Cataloochee"" is derived from the Cherokee term Gadalutsi, which means ""fringe standing erect."" The name probably referred to the tall rows of trees along the ridges surrounding the valley. Cataloochee / Gadalutsi seems to be the original IPN",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataloochee_(Great_Smoky_Mountains),,
1349,Great Smoky Mountains,Charlies Bunion,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","In 1929, after torrential rains on the Smokies, a group of mountaineers led by Horace Kephart climbed to the crest of the Central Smokies to inspect the damage. When they reached the now-barren western flank of the Sawteeth, Charlie Conner, a mountain guide from Ocanaluftee, removed his shoe, revealing a badly swollen foot. Upon seeing this, Horace Kephart described the craggy mountain formation as having the ""knobby appearance of Charlie Conner's bunion"". Formerly known as Fodderstack. Not colonialism because Charlie was not extracting from the land.",Coggins 1999,,NA
1350,Great Smoky Mountains,Chilhowee,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Chilhowee was a prehistoric and historic Native American site in Blount County and Monroe County, Tennessee, in the southeastern United States. Although now submerged by the Chilhowee Lake impoundment of the Little Tennessee River, the Chilhowee site was home to a substantial Cherokee village and may have been the site of the Creek village ""Chalahume"" visited by Spanish explorer Juan Pardo in 1567. Chilhowee defined as ""the valley of many deer"" or ""deer burning."" Although Chilhowee was destroyed by Euro-American frontiersmen in the late 18th century, the village's name is still used for various entities throughout East Tennessee. Along with Chilhowee Dam and its reservoir, places and entities named after Chilhowee include a mountain, a geologic formation, several churches and schools, and a park and neighborhood in Knoxville.   The  word is a name probably derived from Muskogean or from Cherokee (Iroquoian) (Bright 2003) campground and town named after destroyed Cherokee town. Replaces association of name with violent history with a campground. Tsutlvwe'i was probably the Cherokee pronunciation but the meaning is lost.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilhowee_(Cherokee_town),Coggins 1999,
1351,Great Smoky Mountains,Chimney Tops,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The Cherokee name for Chimney Tops is Duniskwa' lgun'yi or ""Gap of the Forked Antler"", referring to its resemblance to deer antlers. The mountains current name was probably given to it by residents of the Sugarlands, a valley to the north of the mountain that was home to a small Appalachian community before the national park was formed.",Coggins 1999,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimney_Tops,"Duniskwa' Igun'yi meaning ""the Gap in the Forked Antler"""
1352,Great Smoky Mountains,Clingmans Dome,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"Named after person who supported racist ideas (but non-violent, not in power) [3]","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Thomas Lanier Clingman, an antebellum statesmen from NC, not a slaveowner, later a Confederate General though lacking in military experience. Not violent toward a marginalized group, racist beliefs. The Cherokee name for Clingmans Dome was Kuwa'hi, or ""the mulberry place."" home of the White Bear, the great chief of all bears, and the location of one of the bears' councilhouses. The enchanted lake of Ataga'hi (""Gall Place""), the waters of which could cure wounded bears, was believed by the Cherokee to be located somewhere between Clingmans Dome and the headwaters of the Oconaluftee River to the east.[4]  In 1859, the mountain was renamed by Arnold Guyot for compatriot Thomas Lanier Clingman[6] (1812–1897), an American Civil War general who explored the area extensively in the 1850s and then spent many years promoting it. In the Civil War: Though he had no military experience, he was commissioned in September 1861 as colonel and head of the Twenty-fifth North Carolina Regiment; in August 1862 he was made a brigadier general. He served without special distinction in Eastern North Carolina and Virginia, taking part in the Battle of Cold Harbor in Virginia near the end of the war. Before the Civil War: Clingman served in the House and then the Senate representing western NC, he was pro-slavery, pro-southern rights. Though he was not a slave owner.--according to Inscoe, John C. 1987. ""Thomas Clingman, Mountain Whiggery, and the Southern Cause"". Civil War History 33(1)42-62. https://doi.org/10.1353/cwh.1987.0043",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clingmans_Dome,Coggins 1999,"Kuwa'hi (Cherokee) meaning ""The mulberry place."""
1353,Great Smoky Mountains,Clingmans Dome Visitor Center,Visitor Center,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"Named after person who supported racist ideas (but non-violent, not in power) [3]","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Thomas Lanier Clingman, an antebellum statesmen from NC, not a slaveowner, later a Confederate General though lacking in military experience. Not violent toward a marginalized group, racist beliefs. The Cherokee name for Clingmans Dome was Kuwa'hi, or ""the mulberry place."" home of the White Bear, the great chief of all bears, and the location of one of the bears' councilhouses. The enchanted lake of Ataga'hi (""Gall Place""), the waters of which could cure wounded bears, was believed by the Cherokee to be located somewhere between Clingmans Dome and the headwaters of the Oconaluftee River to the east.[4]  In 1859, the mountain was renamed by Arnold Guyot for compatriot Thomas Lanier Clingman[6] (1812–1897), an American Civil War general who explored the area extensively in the 1850s and then spent many years promoting it. In the Civil War: Though he had no military experience, he was commissioned in September 1861 as colonel and head of the Twenty-fifth North Carolina Regiment; in August 1862 he was made a brigadier general. He served without special distinction in Eastern North Carolina and Virginia, taking part in the Battle of Cold Harbor in Virginia near the end of the war. Before the Civil War: Clingman served in the House and then the Senate representing western NC, he was pro-slavery, pro-southern rights. Though he was not a slave owner.--according to Inscoe, John C. 1987. ""Thomas Clingman, Mountain Whiggery, and the Southern Cause"". Civil War History 33(1)42-62. https://doi.org/10.1353/cwh.1987.0043",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clingmans_Dome,,
1354,Great Smoky Mountains,Cosby,Ranger station,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for the Creek. The origin of the name ""Cosby"" is a mystery, although there are two well-established hypotheses. The first centers around an early trapper and distiller in the area named John Cosby who hunted on the west side of the Pigeon River along with John English for whom nearby English Mountain is named.. The second suggests that the creek and valley were named after Dr. James Cozby or Cosby, a Revolutionary War veteran who may have made early claims to land along the creek. (Second link) James Cozby was not listed as a Dr. but as a Major. He served under Col. Andrew Jackson and Col. John Sevier in campaigns against Indigenous people (Seminole Wars, Creek War), and others. Cozby lived and owned land in various TN counties west of the NP. Cosby, TN is not far from Sevierville, TN. Both explanations also given in Coggins 1999. Assuming named after the more famous Major Cozby.","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosby,_Tennessee",http://www.stephenholston.org/Hamilton_County_Rev_War_Pensioners.pdf,NA
1355,Great Smoky Mountains,Cosby Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","The origin of the name ""Cosby"" is a mystery, although there are two well-established hypotheses. The first centers around an early trapper and distiller in the area named Jonathan Cosby. The second suggests that the creek and valley were named after Dr. James Cozby, a Revolutionary War veteran who may have made early claims to land along the creek. (Second link) James Cozby was not listed as a Dr. but as a Major. He served under Col. Andrew Jackson and Col. John Sevier in campaigns against Indigenous people (Seminole Wars, Creek War), and others. Cozby lived and owned land in various TN counties west of the NP. Cosby, TN is not far from Sevierville, TN. Both explanations also given in Coggins 1999. Assuming named after the more famous Major Cozby.","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosby,_Tennessee",http://www.stephenholston.org/Hamilton_County_Rev_War_Pensioners.pdf,NA
1356,Great Smoky Mountains,Deals Gap,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after the Deal's Trading Post, which was established by a family of that name in the area. A man called Deal who lived in the vicinity of the gap before the coming of Parsons Turnpike or Highways 129 and 72.",https://tailofthedragon.com/historical-tail-of-the-dragon/,Coggins 1999,NA
1357,Great Smoky Mountains,Deep Creek,River,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,https://diyflyfishing.com/fly-fishing-deep-creek-with-kepharts-ghost/#12/35.4635/-83.4338,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Kephart,NA
1358,Great Smoky Mountains,Deep Creek Ranger Station,Ranger station,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely descriptive. Name origin not sure, but the area of the park written about by Horace Kephart, one of the (white) fathers of the Smoky Mountains NP. He wrote about it in his famous 1913 adventure book ""Our Southern Highlanders"".",https://diyflyfishing.com/fly-fishing-deep-creek-with-kepharts-ghost/#12/35.4635/-83.4338,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Kephart,NA
1359,Great Smoky Mountains,Eagle Creek,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for a nest of eagles at the head of the creek at one time. Not near Eagle Rocks. Golden and bald eagles inhabit the park though both are rare.,https://books.google.com/books?id=rHNtrkPD8UMC&pg=PA209&lpg=PA209&dq=ANDREW+noland+smoky+mountains&source=bl&ots=Bw8Xov3BEx&sig=ACfU3U39_km6e5ImrunwXyA-uye8quMXOQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiz4ueKtYjlAhXlp1kKHVy3DwAQ6AEwDnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=ANDREW%20noland%20smoky%20mountains&f=false,Coggins 1999,NA
1360,Great Smoky Mountains,Elkmont,Ranger station,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for the mountain, Elkmont. Prior to the Little River Lumber Company purchase of this area, the Knoxville, TN Elks Club had big summer gatherings there (photo provided in Coggins 1999). Gave rise to name Elk Mountain later shortened to Elkmont.","Named for the Creek. The origin of the name ""Cosby"" is a mystery, although there are two well-established hypotheses. The first centers around an early trapper and distiller in the area named John Cosby who hunted on the west side of the Pigeon River along with John English for whom nearby English Mountain is named.. The second suggests that the creek and valley were named after Dr. James Cozby or Cosby, a Revolutionary War veteran who may have made early claims to land along the creek. (Second link) James Cozby was not listed as a Dr. but as a Major. He served under Col. Andrew Jackson and Col. John Sevier in campaigns against Indigenous people (Seminole Wars, Creek War), and others. Cozby lived and owned land in various TN counties west of the NP. Cosby, TN is not far from Sevierville, TN. Both explanations also given in Coggins 1999. Assuming named after the more famous Major Cozby.",,NA
1361,Great Smoky Mountains,Fontana Dam,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",A hydroelectric dam that impounds the Fontana Lake. The lake is named after a Montvale Lumber Company logging town that was once situated at the mouth of Eagle Creek on the lake's north shore. The name is derived from the Italian word for fountain.,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontana_Dam,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontana_Lake,NA
1362,Great Smoky Mountains,Fontana Lake (reservoir),Lake,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The lake is named after a Montvale Lumber Company logging town that was once situated at the mouth of Eagle Creek on the lake's north shore. The name is derived from the Italian word for ""fountain"".",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontana_Lake,http://www.grahamcounty.net/GCHistory/08-fontana/fontana.htm,NA
1363,Great Smoky Mountains,Forney Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Jacob Forney, French Hugenot from Alsace, father of Peter Forney who is described in the NCpedia link. Jacob was known as an ""intrepid Indian fighter"". His sons fought in the Revolutionary War. Peter was an iron manufacturer (ironworks in Lincolnton--in 1789 the legislature granted the iron deposit east of Lincolnton known as the Big Ore Bank to the Forney and his father, the ironworks failed after Civil War, loss of slave labor, and depleted natural resources (see Lincolncountyhistory.com link)) and in Brevard area, and farmer (""planter""). State Senator and tombstone proudly states that he voted for, among others, Gen. Jackson. Iron furnaces required a lot of lumber (or coal), one theory of Bonnie's for the creek being named after Forney even though not located exactly in the area he lived but nearby, is that he owned land in the area of the creek that was logged for fuel for the furnaces. NCpedia has an image of an ad for upcoming sale of slaves by J. Forney in 1834, was probably the son Jacob Forney not the father by that time. Problem = person who directly used violence against a group of people, but is also problem = ""colonialism.""",https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/forney-peter   ALSO   http://www.lincolncountyhistory.com/exhibits/ironIndustry.html,http://www.brevardstation.com/1800a.html,NA
1364,Great Smoky Mountains,Gatlinburg,Village,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"Named after person who supported racist ideas (but non-violent, not in power) [3]","No info - not likely, no evidence",Radford Gatlin was a confederate sympathizer in a town of pro-union citizens and was forced out of the city,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatlinburg,_Tennessee",,NA
1365,Great Smoky Mountains,Great Smoky Mountains Institute at Tremont,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for the park, named for the mountains. a residential environment learning center located in the national park",https://www.nps.gov/grsm/learn/education/classrooms/tremont.htm,,NA
1366,Great Smoky Mountains,Great Smoky Mountains National Park,Park,,Human-constructed,Western,translation of oIPN,no,translation,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for the southern Appalachian Mountains, so-called for the misty blue-gray haze that hangs over these mountains. To the Cherokees, the mountains were called ""Sha-cona-ga"" meaning ""blue, like smoke"", they were also called ""unica"", which means white.",Coggins 1999,,NA
1367,Great Smoky Mountains,Greenbrier,Ranger station,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The name Greenbrier refers to the thorny vines of the genus Smilax that are common throughout Southern Appalachia. The Cherokee were the first inhabitants of the Greenbrier area. It is now a recreational area.,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenbrier_(Great_Smoky_Mountains),Coggins 1999,NA
1368,Great Smoky Mountains,Gregory Bald,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","The Cherokee name for Gregory Bald was ""Tsistu'yi,"" or ""Rabbit Place."" According to tribal lore, the chief of all rabbits— known simply as the Great Rabbit— lived at the summit.[5] The rabbit, considered by the Cherokee to be sly and mischievous, was a key figure in tribal legends, showing the importance the tribe placed upon the mountain.[6]

The mountain was listed by Arnold Guyot in his 1856 survey of the Smokies, although Guyot gave it the name ""Great Bald's Central Peak"", and measured its elevation at 4,922 feet.[7] The name ""Gregory Bald"" was given to the mountain by Cades Cove residents in honor of Russell Gregory (1795–1864), a prominent Cades Cove settler. He and two other settlers made a deal to each take 1/3 of the land to live upon. Gregory used the mountain to graze cattle during the spring and summer, when the fields in the cove were needed for growing crops. He lived atop the mountain during this part of the year in a circular stone house near the mountain's summit (the house is no longer standing).[8] Gregory, who (like most Cades Covers) supported the Union during the American Civil War, was murdered by a Confederate soldier in 1864 while trying to protect his cattle and land. His grave bears the legend ""Murdered by North Carolina rebels"".","
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Bald",http://hikinginthesmokys.blogspot.com/2014/11/place-names-in-smoky-mountains.html,"Tsistu'yi, (Cherokee) or ""Rabbit Place."""
1369,Great Smoky Mountains,Hazel Creek,River,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","In the 1850s, Josiah and Sarah Bradshaw established a small farm in the Proctor area. Shortly after arriving, the Bradshaws built Hazel Creek's first gristmill.[4] The creek was given its name around this time, probably referring to the hazelnut bushes (Corylus americana) that lined its banks.[5] Named for a patch of hazelnut bushes near its head (google book) One of the first plants to bloom in the spring, flowering in Feb. or even Jan.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_Creek_(Great_Smoky_Mountains),Coggins 1999,NA
1370,Great Smoky Mountains,High Rocks,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for a tumbled mass of rocks, some larger than a house. Probably one of the park's several block (boulder) fields created during a recent ice age. It is a lookout situated at just over 5,000 feet on Welch Ridge in the national park. Welch Ridge is the massive divide between Forney and Hazel creeks on the North Carolina side of the park. On the exposed outcrop at High Rocks, a fire tower and ranger’s cabin were constructed during the 1930s. stone steps constructed by CCC workers lead up to the tower for hundred of yards under a dense tangle of rhododendron. ""The views from the tower out over the southwestern tip of North Carolina were stupendous. I use the past tense because the fire tower is no longer there. ""  (from smokymountainnews.com) From smokiesblog: The trail appears to peter out but continues up a large slanting boulder and finally breaks through to the narrow rocky top encircled with trees and shrubs. ...So exposed boulders at the top of the mountain. High Rocks could be a translation from Indigenous name but no clues given that that is true.",https://www.smokymountainnews.com/archives/item/255-rekindling-memories-of-high-rocks,https://hikinginthesmokies.wordpress.com/tag/high-rocks/  Also see Coggins 1999,NA
1371,Great Smoky Mountains,Lake Cheoah,Lake,Animal,Human-constructed,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence",From Tsiyahi meaning Otter Place in Cherokee. Lake created by a settler-colonizer dam. Lake named for the Cheoah River.,Bright 2003,Coggins 1999,Tsiyahi
1372,Great Smoky Mountains,Little Greenbrier School,Cultural heritage (Western),Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Little Greenbrier is the name of a former Appalachian community that is now a historical area in the Great Smoky Mountains,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Greenbrier_(Great_Smoky_Mountains)#Little_Greenbrier_School,,NA
1373,Great Smoky Mountains,Little Pigeon River,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Drains the major tourist towns of Gatlinburg and Pigeon Forge. Named for the Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Pigeon_River_(Tennessee),Coggins 1999,NA
1374,Great Smoky Mountains,Little River,River,TBD,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Little River is a 60-mile (97 km) river in Tennessee which drains a 380-square-mile (980 km2) area containing some of the most spectacular scenery in the southeastern United States. The first 18 miles (29 km) of the river are all located within the borders of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. ...Native Americans were the first inhabitants of Tuckaleechee Cove on the Little River; the oldest archaeological finds in the cove date to 2000 B.C. A number of pottery fragments and ax heads dating to the Woodland period have also been found. By 1200 A.D., Tuckaleechee's Native American inhabitants had built a fortified village near the cove's northern entrance.[6] The Cherokee arrived in the area around 1600, and built a series of small villages along Little River.  The name ""Tuckaleechee"" is from the Cherokee Tikwalitsi, and its original meaning is unknown.[7]",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_River_(Tennessee),"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsend,_Tennessee","A cove on the Little river is Tuckaleechee Cove. This name ""Tuckaleechee"" is from the Cherokee Tikwalitsi, and its original meaning is unknown"
1375,Great Smoky Mountains,Look Rock,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Located on the scenic Foothills Parkway, Look Rock is a natural observation ledge overlooking the park. An easy 1/2 mile hike leads to the observation tower which provides a spectacular 360-degree panoramic view of the mountains.",http://www.smokies.ws/lookrock/,,NA
1376,Great Smoky Mountains,Mingus Mill,Cultural heritage (Western),Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after the Mingus family. The Mill was the largest in the Smoky mountains, and served over 200 families. John Jacob Mingus settled along this stream in the 1790s.",https://blueridgemountainlife.com/mingus-mill/,Coggins 1999,NA
1377,Great Smoky Mountains,Mount Cammerer,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Arno B. Cammerer, Director of the national Park Service (1933-1940) and an instrumental figure in establishing a national park in the Great Smoky Mountains. Before its renaming, Mt. Cammerer was known as ""White Rock"", referring to the bright white rocks that burst through the treeline as the summit. Cammerer convinced his good friend John D. Rockefeller to donate over $5 million to purchas park lands in 1928. Has a special fire tower.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Cammerer,Coggins 1999,NA
1378,Great Smoky Mountains,Mount Guyot,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"Named after person who supported racist ideas (but non-violent, not in power) [3]","No info - not likely, no evidence","Mount Guyot was named in honor of Swiss geographer Arnold Guyot[5] by Guyot's friend, Samuel Buckley. Buckley was a naturalist who accompanied Thomas Lanier Clingman on a survey expedition to the crest of the Smokies in 1858.[6]   In 1856, 1859, and 1860, Guyot, who was assisted by a local guide, conducted the first detailed surveys of the area now inside the Park, funded by the Smithsonian Institution, provided the first accurate and detailed maps of the area. Responsible for naming many peaks and other features, including Clingmans Dome. Was friends with Clingman (Confederate General). [second link]: Arnold Guyot's lecture series (published as Earth and Man) describes how geography, particularly the distribution of continents, topography, and climate regions, determines the superiority or inferiority of human races in terms of beauty, physical ability, intelligence, and morality.[10]

Through these lectures, Guyot promulgated theories of scientific racism to a wide audience in New England, including the general public and teachers who were eager to incorporate this material into their classes. Guyot is estimated to have reached about 1500 teachers during this tour.[11]",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Guyot_(Great_Smoky_Mountains)   with local guide according to:http://hikinginthesmokys.blogspot.com/2014/11/place-names-in-smoky-mountains.html,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Henry_Guyot#Contributions_to_scientific_racism,NA
1379,Great Smoky Mountains,Mount Le Conte,Mountain,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Conflicting theories but same problem class. John Le Conte, who was a Georgia-born physician and professor of chemistry, physics, and natural history, and as president of the University of California, at Berkeley. Allegedly, Samuel Buckley, a geologist, named the peak after John to thank him for his help measuring the peak's elevation. Coggins 1999 confirm named after John. (There has been controversy over which member of the LeConte family the third highest mountain in the Smokies was named for. Most people, including the USGS, assume that Joseph LeConte, the famous geologist and charter member of the Sierra Club, is the man for whom the mountain was named. However, that claim has been challenged in recent years. The authors of A Natural History of Mount Le Conte, and the Georgia Encyclopedia, both claim the name honors Joseph’s older brother, John)",Coggins 1999,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Le_Conte_(Tennessee),NA
1380,Great Smoky Mountains,Mount Sterling,Mountain,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","According to early residents in the Mount Sterling area, the mountain was named after a 2-foot wide streak of lead in the bed of the Pigeon River at the mountain's northern base. These early residents mistakenly thought the lead was silver. Less likely: Could also be named for a logger from Sterling, KY.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sterling_(Great_Smoky_Mountains),Coggins 1999,NA
1381,Great Smoky Mountains,Mountain Farm Museum,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",A collection of historic log buildings gathered from throughout the Smoky Mountains and preserved on a single site.,https://www.nps.gov/grsm/planyourvisit/mfm.htm,,NA
1382,Great Smoky Mountains,Newfound Gap,Point of Interest or geologic formation,TBD,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after a new passage was discovered in the late 1850s, which offered settlers a shorter route through the main range of the Smoky Mountains.",http://hikinginthesmokys.blogspot.com/2014/11/place-names-in-smoky-mountains.html,Coggins 1999,NA
1383,Great Smoky Mountains,Noland Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","named after Andrew Noland, the first white settler in the area. No information on racism/violence status.",https://books.google.com/books?id=rHNtrkPD8UMC&pg=PA209&lpg=PA209&dq=ANDREW+noland+smoky+mountains&source=bl&ots=Bw8Xov3BEx&sig=ACfU3U39_km6e5ImrunwXyA-uye8quMXOQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiz4ueKtYjlAhXlp1kKHVy3DwAQ6AEwDnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=ANDREW%20noland%20smoky%20mountains&f=false,Coggins 1999,NA
1384,Great Smoky Mountains,Oconaluftee River,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","WIKIpedia:Oconaluftee is the name of a river valley in the Great Smoky Mountains of North Carolina, located in the Southeastern United States. Formerly the site of a Cherokee village and Appalachian community, the valley's bottomland is now home to the main entrance to the North Carolina side of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The term ""Oconaluftee"" comes from the Cherokee village name Egwanulti, which means ""by the river"",[7] and appears in the journals of John Bartram in 1775.[8] Where along the river this village was located is unknown, although anthropologist James Mooney believed it to be situated near modern Birdtown, between Cherokee and Bryson City.[8] Archaeological evidence, however, has identified a Cherokee settlement along the Oconaluftee north of the Qualla Boundary, just inside the present-day national park. While the Cherokee roamed the Smokies far and wide, this is the only known permanent Cherokee settlement within the park boundaries.[9] This village was probably destroyed in 1776 by the army of General Griffith Rutherford during the American Revolution.[10]..""..... part of the river was called Ya'nu-u'nata wasti'yi, ""Where the bears wash."" It was a deeper part of the river, where all the animals came to wash and heal their wounds when they had been hurt by hunters. No white person had ever seen this place because evil had blinded us to its existence. The animals knew how to find it, and diving into it meant instant healing.[6]""   Word said to be from the Cherokee (Iroquois) village name meaning 'river' plus 'near' (Bright 2003).  original IPN for a valley and community, treating like an original IPN.",Bright 2003,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oconaluftee_(Great_Smoky_Mountains),"A corruption of the Cherokee term Egwanulti ""all towns along the river"""
1385,Great Smoky Mountains,Oconaluftee Visitor Center,Visitor Center,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Named after the river.,Bright 2003,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oconaluftee_(Great_Smoky_Mountains),
1386,Great Smoky Mountains,Raven Fork,River,Animal,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,no,no,Animal,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Cherokee Chief Kalanu (the Raven) whose village was on the stream. In Cherokee the stream was called Colehmayeh, from Coleh meaning raven, and Mayeh meaning water. Probably the nameSAKE for Ravensford a short-lived timber town, located along Raven Fork which existed primarily in the 1920s, but is overtop of Indigenous ruins (archaeological dig exploring Ravensford and also found prehistoric evidence--there is more going on here did not read the whole complicated story, see second link), located along Ravens Fork.    From diyflyfishing.com: Raven Fork flows through the best preserved and the most rugged wilderness area in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Those hardy enough to venture to these seldom seen waters will be rewarded with the best brook trout fishing in the park. Conservation note: After being closed to fishing for nearly 30 years to restore native brook trout populations, there are many streams that may lay claim to the best brook trout fishing in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park is.",https://diyflyfishing.com/raven-fork-fishing/,Coggins 1999 also https://www.afsnet.org/page/FHPRavensfordStudy     also see https://books.google.com/books?id=dQDwh9Ep6jAC&pg=PA449&lpg=PA449&dq=%22black+camp+gap%22+history&source=bl&ots=q6EGWbowLp&sig=ACfU3U3BZtsgcZ0WbDn3y0XnfSl6yDaLbA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjjqdKUurPjAhWXGs0KHYLEDvQQ6AEwDHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=raven%20fork&f=false,"Colehmayeh, from Coleh meaning raven, and Mayeh meaning water"
1387,Great Smoky Mountains,Rich Mountain,Mountain,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Got its name when John C. Post prospected for gold here in 1846, he only found small amounts of copper and iron. Formerly called El rado for El Dorado.","100 Hikes in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park by Russ Manning 1999, Publisher: The Mountaineers Books page 105.  available as google book: https://books.google.com/books?id=WjQVCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105&lpg=PA105&dq=%22Rich+mountain%22+smokies+name+meaning&source=bl&ots=A5EAc-xcY7&sig=ACfU3U3lUkNiTithQNhat4uCrgjamLu_Wg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjWrYi1o7PjAhVOUs0KHeV_CVAQ6AEwFXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Rich%20mountain%22%20smokies%20name%20meaning&f=false",Coggins 1999,NA
1388,Great Smoky Mountains,Roaring Fork Motor Nature Trail,Trailhead,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","An exuberant mountian stream gave this area its name. Roaring Fork is one of the larger and faster flowing mountain streams in the park (nps site). While the stream presents as a peaceful trickle on any given day, it quickly becomes a raging whitewater rapid after a mild rain shower. The ""roar"" of the water is amplified by its echo on surrounding mountain ridges (wikipedia).",https://www.nps.gov/grsm/planyourvisit/roaringfork.htm,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaring_Fork_(Great_Smoky_Mountains),NA
1389,Great Smoky Mountains,Shuckstack,Mountain,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The peak earned its name for its resemblance to corn stalks during fall harvest.,http://hikinginthesmokys.blogspot.com/2014/11/place-names-in-smoky-mountains.html,Coggins 1999,NA
1390,Great Smoky Mountains,Silers Bald,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Silers Bald is named after Jesse Siler, a prominent North Carolinian who grazed sheep and cattle atop the mountain in the 19th century. May have been the Bald Mountain (U'tawagun'ta) of Cherokee knowledge.     a petroglyph was discovered near the summit in 1917.[3] The mountain's elevation is probably recorded by Arnold Guyot during his 1859 survey of the Smokies crest, but under a different name (possibly Guyot's ""Big Stone Mountain,"" which Guyot listed with an elevation of 5,614 feet (1,711 m) and lying somewhere between Mt. Buckley and Thunderhead).[4] What was once a massive grazing land has reverted to patches of meadow and young woodland on the western slope of Silers Bald.",Coggins 1999,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silers_Bald,Possibly U'tawagun'ta (Cherokee) Bald Mountain
1391,Great Smoky Mountains,Smokemont,Visitor Center,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Former logging camp that possibly got its name from a massive forest fire that scorched much of the southern slopes of the Smokies. Or short for Smoky Mountains.,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oconaluftee_(Great_Smoky_Mountains),Coggins 1999,NA
1392,Great Smoky Mountains,Smoky Mountains,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,translation,Object,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for the southern Appalachian Mountains, so-called for the misty blue-gray haze that hangs over these mountains. To the Cherokees, the mountains were called ""Sha-cona-ga"" meaning ""blue, like smoke"", they were also called ""unica"", which means white.",Coggins 1999,,"Sha-cona-ga (Cherokee) meaning ""blue, like smoke"""
1393,Great Smoky Mountains,Spence Field,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Spence Field is named after James Spence, a settler who built a cabin at the field in 1830.[5] Spence and his wife, Caroline Law, were connected with the Cades Cove area, but preferred the solitude of the high mountains. They lived and herded livestock at Spence Field during the warmer months, only rarely visiting the lower elevations. Historian Durwood Dunn, describing the Spences' eschewal of the more populated bottomlands, explains:John Oliver, the first settler in Cades Cove, claimed that Spence burned trees and cleared Spence Field in the 1830s, lending credence to the argument that Spence Field is not a natural bald.[7] Regardless, the field was still being used as a summer-time pasture in 1900, where thousands of cows, horses, sheep, and goats grazed while the bottomlands were used for planting crops.[8]Arnold Guyot, who surveyed much of the Smokies crest in the late 1850s, measured the elevation of ""Spence cabin"" at 4,910 feet (1,500 m).[9] Author Horace Kephart frequented Spence Field— specifically a herder's shack at Spence known as ""Spencer cabin""— in the early 1900s.[10] Once 100 acres in size, the forest has reclaimed all but 30 acres today.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spence_Field,Coggins 1999,NA
1394,Great Smoky Mountains,Sugarland Mountain,Mountain,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",named after the many sugar maple trees growing in the area at the time of Euro-American settement.,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sugarlands,Coggins 1999,NA
1395,Great Smoky Mountains,Sugarlands Visitor Center,Visitor Center,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,No,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","named for the mountain, named after the many sugar maple trees growing in the area at the time of Euro-American settement.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sugarlands,,NA
1396,Great Smoky Mountains,Thunderhead Mountain,Mountain,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The mountain's current name originated in the 19th century. It probably referred to the unpredictable weather that often strikes the higher elevations in the Smokies. Possibly for its resemblance to a thunder cloud shape, or for the numerous lightning strikes that occur along its crest. Cherokees called it Atagahi, meaning oak gall place, for the presence of many oak galls there. Oak galls are oak buds modified by wasps that grow into oak ""apples"" or oak galls. They have many traditional uses including ink and medicine.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderhead_Mountain,"Coggins 1999, also see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_apple for info on oak galls",Atagahi (Cherokee) meaning oak gall place
1397,Great Smoky Mountains,Twentymile,Ranger station,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for Twentymile Creek--it is 20 miles from the mouth of Twentymile Creek to the old town of Bushnell (now beneath Frontana Lake),Coggins 1999,,NA
1398,Hawaii Volcano,Ainapō Trail,Trail,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Lit. darkened land (often heavy with fog). Ancient Hawaiian trail, primary route to summit of Mauna Loa prior to colonization. (exception to the trail rule that normally assumes colonizer made trails, so this is NOT appropriation)",https://hilo.hawaii.edu/wehe/?q=ainapo,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ʻĀinapō_Trail,Should be spelled  'Āinapō Trail
1399,Hawaii Volcano,Āpua Point,Campground,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Lit. fish basket or trap. Āpua 1. Point, surf site, Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park, Hawaiʻi. Coastal campsite on a low, flat, rocky point that marks the coastal boundary between the districts of Puna and Kaʻū. The surf site is on the west side of the point. Also known as Trains. 2. Coastal plain, Kualoa, Oʻahu. The land that comprises Kualoa Regional Park. Lit., fish basket or fish trap.",http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%2ctextmamaka%2ctextandrew%2ctextparker%2ctextpeplace%2ctextclark%2ctextchd-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-apua--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=D88959,https://www.nps.gov/havo/planyourvisit/hike_apua.htm,"In the future this will be ʻĀpua (without ""Point"")"
1400,Hawaii Volcano,Ōla'a Forest,Park region,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","of sacredness. Land division, Puna, Hawaii.",https://hilo.hawaii.edu/wehe/?q=Olaa,,"In the future this will be spelled 'Ōla'a (without ""Forest"")"
1401,Hawaii Volcano,Ōla'a Wilderness,Park region,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","of sacredness. Land division, Puna, Hawaii.",https://hilo.hawaii.edu/wehe/?q=Olaa,,
1402,Hawaii Volcano,Byron Ledge,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,no,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Lord Byron (the 7th Baron, cousin of the famous poet George Gordon Byron) commanded the Blonde in 1824.  They departed Woolwich, England on 8 September 1824 with the bodies of King Kamehameha II and Queen Kamāmalu of the Kingdom of Hawai'i who had died of measles before their intended visit with King George IV. The Blonde anchored in Hilo. On 25 June a party set out to visit the Kīlauea volcano. They arrived at the smoking crater with glowing red lava on 27 June. Lord Byron visited a few days later.[3]:64 Exception to rule for colonialism because On 15–16 July they visited the royal tomb called Hale o Keawe at Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau and removed most of the wooden carvings and other artefacts. Byron considered them ""pagan symbols"".[6] They constructed a post with copper plate as a monument to Captain Cook, and left on 18 July. Wikipedia.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Blonde_(1819),https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jiE876krvtBpMrCFZadXxma2Uw2exRti/view?usp=sharing,"Uēaloha (Lit., cry of aloha)"
1403,Hawaii Volcano,Crater Rim Trail,Trail,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Trail along the crater rim. Literal. Crater Rim Trail traverses the edge of the Kilauea summit caldera from Kīlauea Overlook to just past Keanakākoi Crater.,https://www.nps.gov/havo/planyourvisit/hike_day_craterrim.htm,,NA
1404,Hawaii Volcano,Devastation Trail,Trail,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Area devastated by falling cinder during the 1959 Kīlauea Iki eruption. Since then, vegetation is returning.",https://www.nps.gov/havo/planyourvisit/hike_day_devastation.htm,,NA
1405,Hawaii Volcano,East Rift Wilderness,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","geologic area, treating rift zones and rift wilderness as natural areas that could have had an OIPN, not like an artificial park region.",https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mauna_loa/geo_hist_summary.html,,
1406,Hawaii Volcano,East Rift Zone,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Place where the volcano is rifting or splitting apart. On the East side of Kīlauea,https://hilo.hawaii.edu/natural-hazards/volcanoes/riftzones.php,,
1407,Hawaii Volcano,Forested Pit Crater,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",A pit crater that is forested.,https://www.nps.gov/places/forested-pit-crater.htm,,
1408,Hawaii Volcano,Halapē,Campground,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Lit., crushed missing. (Gourds growing here were completely buried by shifting winds; people not knowing of them would ""miss"" them, hence the saying I Hala-pē aku nei paha, maybe at Hala-pē, said when things were not found. Halapē Camping site, Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park, Hawaiʻi. Calcareous sand beach at the head of a small cove. Keʻāʻoi islet is offshore.",http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%2ctextandrew%2ctextparker%2ctextpeplace%2ctextclark%2ctextchd-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-Halape--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=D89390,,
1409,Hawaii Volcano,Halema'uma'u Crater,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Home of Pelehonuamea. Halemaʻumaʻu = house built of, or surrounded by, ʻamaʻu ferns.  Halemaumau = house of everlasting fire.",https://www.nps.gov/havo/planyourvisit/upload/Halemaumau_Trail_Guide_ver20161227.pdf,,"In the future this will be spelled Halama'uma'u (without ""Crater"")"
1410,Hawaii Volcano,Halema'uma'u Trail,Trail,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Crater (3,646 feet elevation), also known as the fire pit, within the larger Kī-lau-ea Crater, and trail, Kī-lau-ea qd., Hawaiʻi. Lit., fern house. Trail to the floor of the Kīluaea caldera. Chants of long ago pronounced Halemaumau without the 'okina, means house of eternal fire. Halema'uma'u means house of the 'ama'u fern, a name that harkens back to a time following a battle at the crater between Pele and Kamapua'a.",http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?a=q&r=1&hs=1&m=-1&o=-1&qto=4&e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpeplace%252ctextclark-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-Halema%2527uma%2527u--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&q=Halemaumau&fqv=textpeplace%252ctextclark&af=1&fqf=ED,,
1411,Hawaii Volcano,Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park,Park,,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",the park encompasses the summits of two of the world's most active volcanoes - Kīlauea and Mauna Loa. It is in Hawai'i.,https://www.nps.gov/havo/index.htm,,NA
1412,Hawaii Volcano,Hilina Pali,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,,NA,,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Hilina= struck (as by wind), Pali = cliff, Hilina Pali = ""windy cliff.""",https://www.nps.gov/places/hilina-pali-overlook.htm,,
1413,Hawaii Volcano,Hilina Pali Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Hilina  placename. pali = Cliff, precipice, steep hill or slope suitable for olonā or wauke; full of cliffs; to be a cliff. Fig., an obstacle, difficulty; haughty or disdainful. (2,249 feet high), Kīlauea qd., Hawaiʻi. (Macdonald-Abbott 316). lit.: struck (as by wind).; pali nvs., nvi. Cliff, precipice, steep hill or slope suitable for olonā or wauke; According to NPS it means ""windy cliff""",http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%2ctextmamaka-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-pali--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=D16895,https://www.nps.gov/places/hilina-pali-overlook.htm,
1414,Hawaii Volcano,Hilina Pali Trail,Trail,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Leads to Hilina Pali Overlook, Hilina Pali means ""Windy cliff""",https://www.nps.gov/havo/planyourvisit/ccr_hilina_pali.htm,https://www.nps.gov/places/hilina-pali-overlook.htm,
1415,Hawaii Volcano,Hōlei Pali,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Pali (cliff) and Hōlei Lit., Ochrosia sandwicensis, hōlei, an endemic tree.",http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%2ctextmamaka%2ctextandrew%2ctextparker%2ctextpeplace%2ctextclark%2ctextchd-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-Holei--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=D85446,http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?a=q&r=1&hs=1&m=-1&o=-1&qto=4&e=p-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%252ctextmamaka-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home---00-3-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&q=hōlei&fqv=textpukuielbert%252ctextmamaka&af=1&fqf=ED,
1416,Hawaii Volcano,Hōlei Sea Arch,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Lit., Ochrosia sandwicensis, hōlei, an endemic tree.  The sea arch is an erosional feature in a lava flow about 550 years old.",http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%2ctextmamaka%2ctextandrew%2ctextparker%2ctextpeplace%2ctextclark%2ctextchd-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-Holei--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=D85446,https://www.nps.gov/places/holei-sea-arch.htm,
1417,Hawaii Volcano,Holoholoakōlea,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,no,,NA,,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","not a place or a place name, this is just a survey station (point that surveyors use to shoot from). Name is a made up Hawaiian word. Should not be on the map. (Will be deleted from GNIS database) (source: pers. comm. Bobby Camara 6/24/2021)",https://hilo.hawaii.edu/wehe/?q=akolea,,
1418,Hawaii Volcano,Jaggar Museum,Visitor Center,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Museum on the rim of Kaluapele (Kīlauea caldera), damaged in 2018 during catastrophic collapse of part of the caldera floor.  Building will be demolished. Museum named for volcanologist Thomas A. Jagger.  colonialism because Thurston helped him build a research station  at the rim of Halemaʻumaʻu crater (sacred ground to Native Hawaiians). OIPN Uēkahuna refers to the summit of the volcano not the museum",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jaggar,,"Uēkahuna (Lit., the wailing chief) is the name for the summit not the museum"
1419,Hawaii Volcano,Ka'aha,Campground,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Meaning: Lit., the assembly. Camping site, Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park, Hawaiʻi. Pocket of black sand in a small inlet in on a wide, flat rocky point at the intersection of the Kāluʻe and Hilina Pali Trails.",http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpeplace%2ctextclark-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-kaaha--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=D89636,,
1420,Hawaii Volcano,Ka'aha Trail,Trail,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Means ""the assembly."" Camping site, Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park, Hawaiʻi. Pocket of black sand in a small inlet in on a wide, flat rocky point at the intersection of the Kāluʻe and Hilina Pali Trails.",http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%2ctextmamaka%2ctextandrew%2ctextparker%2ctextpeplace%2ctextclark%2ctextchd-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-kaaha--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=D89636,,
1421,Hawaii Volcano,Ka'ū Desert,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","n. Name of a district on Hawaiʻi. See epithets, kua 1, Kuehu Lepo, mākaha 1, wehi 3, and chant, kiʻekiʻe. (PNP Takuu.) Not an Indigenous place name (pers. comm. Bobby Camara 6/24/21)",https://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?a=d&d=D7185&l=haw,https://hilo.hawaii.edu/wehe/?q=Ka%27u,
1422,Hawaii Volcano,Ka'ū Desert Traihead,Trailhead,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","n. Name of a district on Hawaiʻi. See epithets, kua 1, Kuehu Lepo, mākaha 1, wehi 3, and chant, kiʻekiʻe. (PNP Takuu.) Not an Indigenous place name (pers. comm. Bobby Camara 6/24/21)",https://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?a=d&d=D7185&l=haw,https://hilo.hawaii.edu/wehe/?q=Ka%27u,
1423,Hawaii Volcano,Ka'ū Desert Trail,Trail,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","n. Name of a district on Hawaiʻi. See epithets, kua 1, Kuehu Lepo, mākaha 1, wehi 3, and chant, kiʻekiʻe. (PNP Takuu.) Not an Indigenous place name (pers. comm. Bobby Camara 6/24/21)",https://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?a=d&d=D7185&l=haw,https://hilo.hawaii.edu/wehe/?q=Ka%27u,
1424,Hawaii Volcano,Kahuku,Park region,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Kahuku is the largest of the 1300 ahupuaʻa (traditional land divisions) in Hawaiʻi. Located in the vast Kaʻū district, the ahupuaʻa of Kahuku originally extended from the summit caldera of Mauna Loa to the sea.Formerly the Kahuku Ranch.- Kahuku Ranch was once one of the biggest cattle ranches in Hawaiʻi, producing beef and hides for more than 150 years.  After 1790, the ahupuaʻa of Kahuku became the domain of the ruling Kamehameha and his family. In 1848, Kahuku, along with other Kaʻū lands, were granted to William Pitt Leleiohoku. He later passed it back to the Hawaiian government in order to retain other land grants. An original (traditional) Indigenous place name",https://hilo.hawaii.edu/wehe/?q=kahuku,https://www.nps.gov/havo/learn/historyculture/kahuku.htm.,
1425,Hawaii Volcano,Kalapana Trail,Trail,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Probably lit., ""announce noted place."" Land sections, quadrangle, trail, village, and park, Puna district, Hawaiʻi, famous for its black sand (see Kai-mū). Pele was attacked near here by Kama-puaʻa, the pig man (see Puaʻa-kanu; HM 187). A priest of Pele may have been named for Kala-pana. He had vowed that only Pele might cut his hair. On his way to the volcano he encountered a storm and went back to the shore. People got him drunk on kava. When he fell asleep they cut his hair. Later a woman appeared at the door and said that he would always remain there. He was turned to a stone, said to be still there by a pool not far from a Catholic church. (For. Sel. 276.) See Ka-laoa. Name of a town on the island, trail probably used to go to the nearby town but now blocked by lava shield. east Land sections, quadrangle, trail, village, and park, Puna district, Hawaiʻi, famous for its black sand (see Kai-mū). Pele was attacked near here by Kama-puaʻa, the pig man (see Puaʻa-kanu; HM 187). A priest of Pele may have been named for Kala-pana. He had vowed that only Pele might cut his hair. On his way to the volcano he encountered a storm and went back to the shore. People got him drunk on kava. When he fell asleep they cut his hair. Later a woman appeared at the door and said that he would always remain there. He was turned to a stone, said to be still there by a pool not far from a Catholic church. (For. Sel. 276.) See Ka-laoa. 
 Also the name of a former King of Hawai'i. ""We don't know what the traditional name of that feature is, Kalapana is a place with a trailhead, the trail did not have a name"" --Bobby Camara 6/24/2021. Relevant western use because near the town Kalapana",http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%2ctextmamaka%2ctextandrew%2ctextparker%2ctextpeplace%2ctextclark%2ctextchd-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-Kalapana--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=D85944,,
1426,Hawaii Volcano,Kamakapa'a Trailhead,Trailhead,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,no,,NA,,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Lit., makapa'a = person blind in one eye. No entry for Kamakapa'a. (new trail) Unsure about if name is relevant traditional name (OIPN)",http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?a=q&r=1&hs=1&m=-1&o=-1&qto=4&e=d-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpeplace%252ctextclark-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-Kama--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&q=kapaa+&fqv=textpeplace%252ctextclark&af=1&fqf=ED,http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%2ctextmamaka-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-kapa--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=D7013,
1427,Hawaii Volcano,Kealakomo,Picnic area,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Means ""the entrance path."" Land division and ancient village, Puna qd., Hawaiʻi. William Ellis (pp. 183–190) described a weekend visit here in 1823: the village was ""populous""; two-thirds of the people were ""intoxicated""; his party suffered from thirst. A lava flow from Mauna Ulu vent poured into the sea near here in 1971 and created 97 acres of new land. Overlooks lava field that covered portions of the ancient villge Kealakomo.  Ke=the, Ala=path, Komo=entrance, Kealakomo = the entrance path. (according to NPS website)",http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%2ctextmamaka%2ctextandrew%2ctextparker%2ctextpeplace%2ctextclark%2ctextchd-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-Kealakomo--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=D86454,,
1428,Hawaii Volcano,Keanakāko'i Crater,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Keanakākoʻi, lit., ""cave of the adzes"", likely formed during the 1400s, during the great summit collapses of Kīlauea. Until 1877, Hawaiian kahuna kākoʻi (carving experts) sought the crater's superior and rare basaltic rock for making koʻi, or adze heads. Bound to a sturdy ʻau koʻi (wooden handle), this valuable tool was used to carve vital objects like canoes and houses. But the famous adze quarry was covered by lava, first in 1877, and again during the fissure eruption in July 1974. Today, the crater is 115 feet deep. original Indigenous place name.",https://www.nps.gov/havo/planyourvisit/keanakakoi.htm,,"In the future this will be spelled Keanakākoʻi (without ""Crater"")"
1429,Hawaii Volcano,Keanakāko'i Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Keanakākoʻi, lit. ""cave of the adzes"", likely formed during the 1400s, during the great summit collapses of Kīlauea. Until 1877, Hawaiian kahuna kākoʻi (carving experts) sought the crater's superior and rare basaltic rock for making koʻi, or adze heads. Bound to a sturdy ʻau koʻi (wooden handle), this valuable tool was used to carve vital objects like canoes and houses. But the famous adze quarry was covered by lava, first in 1877, and again during the fissure eruption in July 1974. Today, the crater is 115 feet deep. original Indigenous place name.",https://www.nps.gov/havo/planyourvisit/keanakakoi.htm,,
1430,Hawaii Volcano,Keauhou,Campground,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Lit. ""the new era or the new current."" 1. Beach, campsite, Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park, Hawaiʻi. The beach consists of small pockets of black sand in several inlets on a rocky point. The campsite is inland of the beach.",http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpeplace%2ctextclark-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-Keauhou--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=D89878,,
1431,Hawaii Volcano,Keauhou Trail,Trail,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Lit. ""the new era or the new current."" 1. Beach, campsite, Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park, Hawaiʻi. The beach consists of small pockets of black sand in several inlets on a rocky point. The campsite is inland of the beach.",http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpeplace%2ctextclark-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-Keauhou--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=D89878,,
1432,Hawaii Volcano,Kīlauea,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","According to Mary Kawena Pukui, meaning unknown, noted as ʻĀina a ke akua i noho ai (Land where the goddess dwells). Traditionally, Kīlauea is viewed by many Native Hawaiians as the home of the volcanic deity Pelehonuamea. (pers. comm. Bobby Camara 6/24/ 2021)",https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jiE876krvtBpMrCFZadXxma2Uw2exRti/view?usp=sharing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kīlauea#Background,
1433,Hawaii Volcano,Kīlauea Caldera,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Place,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","According to Mary Kawena Pukui, meaning unknown, noted as ʻĀina a ke akua i noho ai (Land where the goddess dwells). Traditionally, Kīlauea is viewed by many Native Hawaiians as the home of the volcanic deity Pelehonuamea. (pers. comm. Bobby Camara 6/24/ 2021)",https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jiE876krvtBpMrCFZadXxma2Uw2exRti/view?usp=sharing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kīlauea#Background,"Kaluapele (Lit., the pit of Pele)"
1434,Hawaii Volcano,Kīlauea Iki Crater,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Lit., little Kī-lau-ea. Pit crater adjacent to Kīlauea caldera, Hawaiʻi. According to Mary Kawena Pukui, Kīlauea meaning unknown, noted as ʻĀina a ke akua i noho ai (Land where the goddess dwells). Traditionally, Kīlauea is viewed by many Native Hawaiians as the home of the volcanic deity Pelehonuamea. (pers. comm. Bobby Camara 6/24/ 2021)",http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?a=q&r=1&hs=1&m=-1&o=-1&qto=4&e=d-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpeplace%252ctextclark-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-Puhimau--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&q=Kilauea+iki&fqv=textpeplace%252ctextclark&af=1&fqf=ED,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kīlauea_Iki,"In the future this will be Kīlaueau Iki (without ""Crater"")"
1435,Hawaii Volcano,Kīlauea Iki Trail,Trailhead,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Lit., little Kī-lau-ea. Pit crater adjacent to Kīlauea caldera, Hawaiʻi. According to Mary Kawena Pukui, Kīlauea meaning unknown, noted as ʻĀina a ke akua i noho ai (Land where the goddess dwells). Traditionally, Kīlauea is viewed by many Native Hawaiians as the home of the volcanic deity Pelehonuamea. (pers. comm. Bobby Camara 6/24/ 2021)",http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?a=q&r=1&hs=1&m=-1&o=-1&qto=4&e=d-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpeplace%252ctextclark-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-Puhimau--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&q=Kilauea+iki&fqv=textpeplace%252ctextclark&af=1&fqf=ED,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kīlauea_Iki,
1436,Hawaii Volcano,Kīlauea Military Camp,Campground,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","According to Mary Kawena Pukui, Kīlauea meaning unknown, noted as ʻĀina a ke akua i noho ai (Land where the goddess dwells). Traditionally, Kīlauea is viewed by many Native Hawaiians as the home of the volcanic deity Pelehonuamea. (pers. comm. Bobby Camara 6/24/ 2021)",https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jiE876krvtBpMrCFZadXxma2Uw2exRti/view?usp=sharing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kīlauea#Background,
1437,Hawaii Volcano,Kīlauea Visitor Center,Visitor Center,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","According to Mary Kawena Pukui, Kīlauea meaning unknown, noted as ʻĀina a ke akua i noho ai (Land where the goddess dwells). Traditionally, Kīlauea is viewed by many Native Hawaiians as the home of the volcanic deity Pelehonuamea. (pers. comm. Bobby Camara 6/24/ 2021)",https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jiE876krvtBpMrCFZadXxma2Uw2exRti/view?usp=sharing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kīlauea#Background,
1438,Hawaii Volcano,Kīlauea Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","According to Mary Kawena Pukui, meaning unknown. noted as ʻĀina a ke akua i noho ai (Land where the goddess dwells). Traditionally, Kīlauea is viewed by many Native Hawaiians as the home of the volcanic deity Pelehonuamea. What the GNIS calls ""administrative feature"" (pers. comm. Bobby Camara 6/24/ 2021)",https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jiE876krvtBpMrCFZadXxma2Uw2exRti/view?usp=sharing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kīlauea#Background,
1439,Hawaii Volcano,Kīpukapuaulu,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Kīpuka known also as the Bird Park, Hawaiʻi Volcanoes Nalional Park, Kī-lau-ea qd., Hawaiʻi. (Macdonald and Abbott 307.) Lit., growing-flower kīpuka.",https://hilo.hawaii.edu/wehe/?q=Kipukapuaulu,,
1440,Hawaii Volcano,Kulanaokuaiki,Campground,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","possible translation: kulana: vs., To tilt, rock, reel, sway, toss and pitch; wobbly, shaky, unsteady. Figuratively, insecure, hesitant.; kua: ʻAu kua. Back stroke, in swimming; to swim the back stroke. Lit., swim (on the) back. See entries below and kāʻei kua, kīloi kua.: iki: nvs., Small, little, slightly; a little, trifle; not at all (with a negative).",https://hilo.hawaii.edu/wehe/?q=iki,,
1441,Hawaii Volcano,Luamanu Crater,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Lua=pit or crater, Manu=bird, Luamanu = ""bird crater"".",https://www.nps.gov/places/lua-manu.htm,,"In the future this will be Luamanu (without ""Crater"")"
1442,Hawaii Volcano,Makaopuhi Crater,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Large double pit crater, active in 1969, one of the Chain of Craters, Puna qd.; land section, Kaʻū, Hawaiʻi. Lit., eye of eel (a green rock in Kaʻū suggests an eel's eye).",http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%2ctextmamaka%2ctextandrew%2ctextparker%2ctextpeplace%2ctextclark%2ctextchd-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-Makaopuhi+--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=D87226,,"In the future this will be Makaopuhi (without ""Crater"")"
1443,Hawaii Volcano,Mau Loa o Mauna Ulu,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,yes but new feature,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Forever growing, or long lasting mountain. Mau = continuous, Loa = long, O = of, Mauna Ulu = growing mountain, Mau Loa O Maunaulu = ""The long continuous growing mountain"" or ""forever growing mountain"". This is a look out point, not a place, park service given name, not a traditional place name, would not have had a traditional name (Bobby Camara 6/24/2021) New feature: 1969-1974 Eruption of Maunaulu",https://www.nps.gov/places/mau-loa-o-mauna-ulu.htm,,In the future this will be spelled Mau Loa o Maunaulu
1444,Hawaii Volcano,Mauna Loa,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","n., The second highest mountain on Hawaiʻi; a mountain. Literally, long mountain.",https://hilo.hawaii.edu/wehe/?q=Mauna+loa,,In the future this will be spelled Maunaloa
1445,Hawaii Volcano,Mauna Loa Cabin,Cultural heritage (Western),Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","n., The second highest mountain on Hawaiʻi; a mountain and village on Molokaʻi. Literally, long mountain.",https://hilo.hawaii.edu/wehe/?q=Mauna+loa,,In the future this will be spelled Maunaloa Cabin
1446,Hawaii Volcano,Mauna Loa Lookout,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","n., The second highest mountain on Hawaiʻi; a mountain and village on Molokaʻi. Literally, long mountain.",https://hilo.hawaii.edu/wehe/?q=Mauna+loa,,In the future this will be spelled Maunaloa Lookout
1447,Hawaii Volcano,Mauna Loa Trail,Trail,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","n., The second highest mountain on Hawaiʻi; a mountain and village on Molokaʻi. Literally, long mountain.",https://hilo.hawaii.edu/wehe/?q=Mauna+loa,,In the future this will be spelled Maunaloa Trail
1448,Hawaii Volcano,Mauna Loa Wilderness,Park region,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","n., The second highest mountain on Hawaiʻi; a mountain and village on Molokaʻi. Literally, long mountain.",https://hilo.hawaii.edu/wehe/?q=Mauna+loa,,In the future this will be spelled Maunaloa Wilderness
1449,Hawaii Volcano,Mauna Ulu,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes but new feature,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Satellitic shield.  Mauna Ulu = growing mountain or long lasting mountain
",https://www.nps.gov/places/mau-loa-o-mauna-ulu.htm,,In the future this will be spelled Maunaulu
1450,Hawaii Volcano,Maunaiki,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes but new feature,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Satellitic shield (3,032 feet high) and trail, Kī-lau-ea qd., Hawaiʻi. Lit., small mountain. Erupted 1919-1920",https://hilo.hawaii.edu/wehe/?q=maunaiki,https://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?a=d&d=D34031&l=haw,
1451,Hawaii Volcano,Maunaiki Trail,Trail,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Satellitic shield (3,032 feet high) and trail, Kī-lau-ea qd., Hawaiʻi. Lit., small mountain. Erupted 1919-1920",https://hilo.hawaii.edu/wehe/?q=maunaiki,https://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?a=d&d=D34031&l=haw,
1452,Hawaii Volcano,Moku'āweoweo Caldera,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","ʻĀweoweo fish section, referring to the color of portion of caldera wall.  Caldera of Maunaloa volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi. The 'Āweoweo fish is red.",https://hilo.hawaii.edu/wehe/?q=Mokuaweoweo,https://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/education/cultural_duality.html,"In the future this will be Mokuʻāweoweo (without ""Caldera"")"
1453,Hawaii Volcano,Nāmakanipaio,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Lit., ""conflicting or clashing winds"".  ""Moving low are the winds, striking as they contend here, blustering before the strong-blowing winds."" hoʻo.paio Caus/sim. (For. 6:487).",https://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?a=d&d=D16335&l=haw,,
1454,Hawaii Volcano,Napau,Campground,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Lit., the endings. Pit crater and trail, Puna qd., Hawaiʻi.",http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%2ctextmamaka%2ctextandrew%2ctextparker%2ctextpeplace%2ctextclark%2ctextchd-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-napau--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=D87602,,
1455,Hawaii Volcano,Napau Crater,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Pit crater and trail, Puna qd., Hawaiʻi. Lit., means ""the endings.""",http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%2ctextmamaka%2ctextandrew%2ctextparker%2ctextpeplace%2ctextclark%2ctextchd-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-napau--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=D87602,,In the future this will be spelled Napau
1456,Hawaii Volcano,Napau Trail,Trail,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Lit., the endings. Pit crater and trail, Puna qd., Hawaiʻi.",http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%2ctextmamaka%2ctextandrew%2ctextparker%2ctextpeplace%2ctextclark%2ctextchd-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-napau--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=D87602,,
1457,Hawaii Volcano,Nāulu Trail,Trail,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Lit. ""the groves"" Forest and picnic area (cut off from the road and partially destroyed by lava flows in 1972), Puna qd., Hawaiʻi.  nvs. 1. Sudden shower; showery; to shower. See ex., haehae 2. Ka ua nāulu o Ka-wai-hae, the sudden shower of Ka-wai-hae. He ao nāulu, a shower cloud. 2. (Cap.) n. Sea breeze at Ka-wai-hae, Hawaiʻi; Wai-mea, Kauaʻi; and Kanaloa, Maui (UL 100). 3. vs. Vexed, angry, irritated by being teased or nagged. Cf. uluulu, frayed, angry. hoʻo.nā.ulu To provoke to anger by taunting and teasing.

",http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%2ctextmamaka%2ctextandrew%2ctextparker%2ctextpeplace%2ctextclark%2ctextchd-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-naulu--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=D87618,https://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?a=q&r=1&hs=1&m=-1&o=-1&qto=4&e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%252ctextmamaka-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-napau--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&q=Nāulu&fqv=textpukuielbert%252ctextmamaka&af=1&fqf=ED,
1458,Hawaii Volcano,Pali o Ka'eo trailhead,Trailhead,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Lit., Pali = cliff. 'eo = full of food or to agree. (It is a new trail) Administrative place. Pali o ka'eo traditional names of places",http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%2ctextmamaka-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-%27eo--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=D2060,,
1459,Hawaii Volcano,Palm Trail,Trail,,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No info on origin of name. Assuming palm plants are present.,https://www.nps.gov/thingstodo/hike-palm-trail.htm,,NA
1460,Hawaii Volcano,Palm Trail lower trailhead,Trailhead,,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No info on origin of name. Assuming palm plants are present.,https://www.nps.gov/thingstodo/hike-palm-trail.htm,,NA
1461,Hawaii Volcano,Palm Trail upper trailhead,Trailhead,,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No info on origin of name. Assuming palm plants are present.,https://www.nps.gov/thingstodo/hike-palm-trail.htm,,NA
1462,Hawaii Volcano,Pauahi Crater,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,yes,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Lit. ""Destroyed by fire"".",http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%2ctextmamaka%2ctextandrew%2ctextparker%2ctextpeplace%2ctextclark%2ctextchd-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-Pauahi--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=D87945,,In the future this will be spelled Pauahi
1463,Hawaii Volcano,Pepeiao Cabin,Lodge,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Lit. ear. Many different interpretations; Hawaii based.  (pers. comm. Bobby Camara),http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?a=q&r=1&hs=1&m=-1&o=-1&qto=4&e=d-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%252ctextmamaka%252ctextandrew%252ctextparker%252ctextpeplace%252ctextclark%252ctextchd-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-pali--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&q=Pepeiao&fqv=textpukuielbert%252ctextmamaka%252ctextandrew%252ctextparker%252ctextpeplace%252ctextclark%252ctextchd&af=1&fqf=ED,,
1464,Hawaii Volcano,Pit Crater Trail,Trail,,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",referring to the Forested Pit Crater.,https://www.nps.gov/places/forested-pit-crater.htm,,NA
1465,Hawaii Volcano,Pit Crater trailhead,Trailhead,,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",referring to the Forested Pit Crater.,https://www.nps.gov/places/forested-pit-crater.htm,,NA
1466,Hawaii Volcano,Pu'u Huluhulu,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Lit., ""shaggy hill"", referring to forested slopes.",http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?a=q&r=1&hs=1&m=-1&o=-1&qto=4&e=d-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%252ctextmamaka%252ctextandrew%252ctextparker%252ctextpeplace%252ctextclark%252ctextchd-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-mauna--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&q=Puu+Huluhulu&fqv=textpukuielbert%252ctextmamaka%252ctextandrew%252ctextparker%252ctextpeplace%252ctextclark%252ctextchd&af=1&fqf=ED,,In the future this will be spelled Puʻuhuluhulu
1467,Hawaii Volcano,Pu'u Loa Petroglyphs,Cultural heritage (Indigenous),Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Lit. long hill. Kohala. Hawaii. From NPS: ""long hill"" or ""Hill-of-long-life"" is a place considered sacred to the people of Hawai'i, esp. those in Kalapana. Located in the ahupuaʻa (an ancient Hawaiian land division) of Pānau Nui on the southern flank of Kīlauea volcano, Puʻuloa is the name of the site which contains a vast area covered with incredible numbers of pecked images in the harden lava, images known as petroglyphs. ""Pu'u Loa Petroglyphs"" is a sign (Hence ""built but based on OIPN""). Pu'u Loa is the hill, the place, on which the petroglyphs are",http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?a=q&r=1&hs=1&m=-1&o=-1&qto=4&e=d-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%252ctextmamaka%252ctextandrew%252ctextparker%252ctextpeplace%252ctextclark%252ctextchd-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-Puna--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&q=Puu+Loa&fqv=textpukuielbert%252ctextmamaka%252ctextandrew%252ctextparker%252ctextpeplace%252ctextclark%252ctextchd&af=1&fqf=ED,https://www.nps.gov/havo/learn/historyculture/puuloa.htm,In the future this will be spelled Puʻuloa Petroglyphs
1468,Hawaii Volcano,Pu'u o Lokuana trailhead,Trailhead,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,unclear,,NA,,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Meaning unclear. pers. comm. Bobby Camara 7/2/2021,https://www.nps.gov/havo/planyourvisit/upload/Puu-o-Lokuana-Trail-Guide.pdf,,
1469,Hawaii Volcano,Pu'u Pua'i Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes but new feature,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Pu'upua'i is a cinder cone formed in 1959, means ""gushing hill"". Not erasure. Natural feature formed in 1959, named during newspaper contest, new name based on traditional cultural practice, values, information (pers. comm. Bobby Camara 6/24/2021)",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kīlauea_Iki,,In the future this will be spelled Puʻupuaʻi Overlook
1470,Hawaii Volcano,Pu'u' Ō'ō,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes but new feature,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Lit., ""digging stick hill"".  The hill formed 1983 to 2018, during a long-lived eruption. Initially nicknamed ""Puʻu Ō"" by volcanologists, as its position when marked on a map of the area coincided with the ""o"" in the word ""flow"" of map label ""Lava flow of 1965"". Later, the elders of the village of Kalapana were asked to name the new hill, and chose Puʻuʻōʻō, meaning hill of the digging stick.[2] The name is also often translated as ""Hill of the ʻŌʻō Bird"". The ʻŌʻō Bird or Hawai'i 'Ō'ō (Moho nobilis) whose prized yellow feathers were used to fashion decorative ceremonial clothing for chiefs was driven to extinction by rats and mongoose. Last known sighting in 1934.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puʻu_ʻŌʻō,https://hilo.hawaii.edu/wehe/?q=puu+oo,In the future this will be spelled Puʻuʻōʻō
1471,Hawaii Volcano,Pu'u'ula'ula Cabin,Lodge,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Lit., red hill. Cone and rest house at the 10,092-foot level on the trail to the summit of Mauna Loa, Kī-lau-ea qd.",https://hilo.hawaii.edu/wehe/?q=Puuulaula,http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/hi0941/,
1472,Hawaii Volcano,Puhimau Crater,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,,NA,,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Lit., Puhi=to smoke. Mau=continuous. Puhimau= forever smoking.  Named in 1920, but not a new feature, had been overlooked in the forest. 
",https://www.nps.gov/places/puhimau-crater.htm,http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?a=q&r=1&hs=1&m=-1&o=-1&qto=4&e=d-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%252ctextmamaka%252ctextandrew%252ctextparker%252ctextpeplace%252ctextclark%252ctextchd-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-Pauahi--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&q=Puhimau&fqv=textpeplace%252ctextclark&af=1&fqf=ED,"In the future this will be Puhimau (without ""Crater"")"
1473,Hawaii Volcano,Puna Coast Trail,Trail,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","District, southeast Hawaiʻi. Puna is the traditional Hawaiian name for the district. The trail name is not traditional. It is a traditional trail, not a colonial trail.",http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%2ctextmamaka%2ctextandrew%2ctextparker%2ctextpeplace%2ctextclark%2ctextchd-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-Puna--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=D88196,http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%2ctextmamaka%2ctextandrew%2ctextparker%2ctextpeplace%2ctextclark%2ctextchd-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-Puna--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=D19321,
1474,Hawaii Volcano,Southwest Rift Zone,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,,no,,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Place where the volcano is rifting or splitting apart. On the East side of Kīlauea. treating rift zones and rift wilderness as natural areas that could have had an OIPN, not like an artificial park region.",https://hilo.hawaii.edu/natural-hazards/volcanoes/riftzones.php,,
1475,Hawaii Volcano,Steam Vents,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Literal name. Place where steam emerges from belowground volcanic activity. Near Sulphur Banks. Pullout right next to steam vents, but those steam vents are part of larger landscape that has an OIPN--Kūkamāhuākea (pers. comm. Bobby Camara 6/24/2021). Not erasure but could use the OIPN.",https://www.nps.gov/havo/learn/nature/steam-vents.htm,https://www.nps.gov/havo/planyourvisit/upload/Halemaumau_Trail_Guide_ver20161227.pdf,"Kūkamāhuākea (Kū=to stand or rise, ka=the, māhu=steam, ākea=broad or spacious)"
1476,Hawaii Volcano,Steaming Bluff,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Literal name. Secondary name (Wahinekapu) not in wehewehe.org . Wahine means woman. Kapu means a system of religion in Hawai'i, or taboo.",https://www.nps.gov/places/wahinekapu.htm,https://hilo.hawaii.edu/wehe/?q=kapu,"Wahinekapu (Lit., taboo woman)"
1477,Hawaii Volcano,Sulphur Banks,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Literal name. At Ha'akulamanu (Sulphur Banks), volcanic gases seep out of the ground along with groundwater steam. These gases are rich in carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide -- the gas that smells like rotten eggs. Some sulfur gases deposit pure crystals at Sulphur Banks. Other sulfur gases form sulfuric acid which breaks down the lava to clay. This clay is stained red and brown with iron oxide. Fumes emitted here include sulfur dioxide (SO2), which smells like a struck match, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the gas that smells like rotten eggs. These two gases react chemically to produce pure sulfur, a yellow mineral known to Hawaiians as kūkaepele, the waste of Pele. The secondary name (Ha'akulamanu) does not have an entry in wehewehe.org But Ha'a = to lower, humble, a dance with bended knees. Kula =open country, field. Manu = bird.",https://www.nps.gov/havo/planyourvisit/hike_day_sulphur.htm,https://hilo.hawaii.edu/wehe/?q=manu,"Haʻakulamanu (Lit., gathering place of birds)"
1478,Hawaii Volcano,Sulphur Banks Trail,Trail,,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Literal name. At Ha'akulamanu (Sulphur Banks), volcanic gases seep out of the ground along with groundwater steam. These gases are rich in carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide -- the gas that smells like rotten eggs. Some sulfur gases deposit pure crystals at Sulphur Banks. Other sulfur gases form sulfuric acid which breaks down the lava to clay. This clay is stained red and brown with iron oxide.",https://www.nps.gov/havo/planyourvisit/hike_day_sulphur.htm,https://hilo.hawaii.edu/wehe/?q=manu,In the future this will be changed to Haʻakulamanu Trail
1479,Hawaii Volcano,Thurston Lava Tube,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Leader in overthrowing Hawaiian monarchy. Thurston was the person that initated the illegal overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy to make way for big agricultural business via a court. In the process, Queen Liliuokalani was arrested, which we also consider as an act of violence. From the wikipedia page: ""The events began on January 17, 1893, when John Good, a revolutionist, shot Leialoha, a native policeman who was trying to stop a wagon carrying weapons to the Committee of Safety led by Lorrin Thurston.[56] The Committee of Safety feared the shooting would bring government forces to rout out the conspirators and stop the overthrow before it could begin. The Committee of Safety initiated the overthrow by organizing approximately 1,500[citation needed] armed local (non-native) men, under their leadership, intending to depose Queen Liliʻuokalani. The forces garrisoned Ali'iolani Hale across the street from ʻIolani Palace and waited for the Queen's response.[49]""",https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lorrin-A-Thurston,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorrin_A._Thurston,"Nāhuku - Lit.,  protuberance and refers to stalactices before broken. more modern than Thurston but trying to remediate the name."
1480,Hawaii Volcano,Tree Molds,Point of Interest,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","A place where there are tree molds - Lava tree molds are in some ways the opposite of lava trees. Tree molds are cavities or holes where trees stood in a lava flow. As with lava trees, the plant will burn up when the flow approaches. However, tree molds occur when the flow does not subside or deflate. By not subsiding, the flow does not expose the column of lava that makes up a lava tree. Literal name. A descriptor, not meant to be a place name.
",https://www.nps.gov/havo/learn/nature/lava-trees.htm,,"Kuapaʻawela (Lit., the hot back)"
1481,Hawaii Volcano,Volcano Art Center Gallery,Visitor Center,,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Near Park Headquarters, Volcano Art Center Gallery has been a mecca for visual artists since 1974. This dynamic and powerful environment has inspired the Hawaiian people and their crafts, songs, dances, and legends for centuries. Located in the 1877 Volcano House Hotel.",https://volcanoartcenter.org/about/,,NA
1482,Hawaii Volcano,Volcano House,Visitor Center,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Volcano House is the name of a series of historic hotels built on the rim of Kaluapele (Kīlauea caldera), the first in 1877.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano_House,,NA
1483,Hawaii Volcano,Waldron Ledge,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,no,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","1800s explorer who walked in the caldera, got it named after him. Waldron was a member of the Wilkes Expedition which in 1840 visited Antarctica. Cape Waldron was named after him. In July 1840 the Wilkes Expedition named a small Fijian island after Waldron.[8][9] This island may be more often referred to by its dual name of Namotu Island.[10] This expedition also charted much of the west coast of the then-disputed Washington state coast, including the San Juan Islands of present-day Washington State. In May 1841 one of the islands was named Waldron Island. The expedition also visited Hawaii where ""Purser R. R. Waldron and Joseph Drayton ventured inside Kilauea Caldera (in present day Hawaii Volcanoes National Park) and walked on the dome's hot surface until lava oozed through cracks that formed within fifteen feet of them.""[11]  In December 1842 he was among those credited with assisting the delegation from the Kingdom of Hawaii. They ""received encouragement and support from knowledgeable and experienced naval officers, most notably Charles Wilkes and Richard Waldron, who had traversed the immense reaches of the Pacific Ocean and understood the strategic importance of the Hawaiian Islands.... In all, these [and other] insider contacts paved the way for Haalilio and Richards to meet on seven occasions with the reluctant and evasive Secretary Webster. Eventually the Hawaiian delegates also succeeded in having an audience with President John Tyler and other members of his cabinet.[17]",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Russell_Waldron,https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jiE876krvtBpMrCFZadXxma2Uw2exRti/view?usp=sharing,"Kūpinaʻi Pali - Lit., “echo cliff”. If you stand facing it near the base on the floor of Kaluapele and call out, your voice will echo."
1484,Mesa Verde,Badger House,Cultural heritage (Indigenous),Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely named for local animal inhabitant,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park#CITEREFCasey1993,,
1485,Mesa Verde,Big Mesa,Range,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","At the southeast corner of the park, bordering Whites Canyon on the east, is Big Mesa. Its name is deceptive because it covers less area than the other mesas in the park. Most of it lies outside the park and only the north portion was surveyed.",http://www.npshistory.com/handbooks/cooperating_associations/meve/3/paper.pdf,,
1486,Mesa Verde,Bobcat Canyon,Valley,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely named for local animal inhabitant,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park#CITEREFCasey1993,,
1487,Mesa Verde,Cedar Tree Tower,Cultural heritage (Indigenous),Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for nearby tree,https://www.nps.gov/meve/learn/historyculture/mt_cedar_tree_tower.htm,,
1488,Mesa Verde,Chapin Mesa,Range,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"Named after person who supported racist ideas (but non-violent, not in power) [3]","No info - not likely, no evidence","It was named by Nordenskiold, who tells us, on p. 49, of his book (see above for title): ""I call this plateau Chapin's Mesa, after F.H. Chapin, who was the first to publish any description of the more important ruins of the Mesa Verde."" The reference here is to Frederick H. Chapin, author of ""The Land of the Cliff Dwellers"", pub. Appalachian Mountain Club, Boston, 1892. Chapin was also known for stealing artifacts. Not bodily physical violence. Early archaeology/anthroplogy riddled with settler colonialism, white supremacy, racist beliefs, e.g. disappearing Indian myth.",http://npshistory.com/nature_notes/meve/vol6-1d.htm,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_H._Chapin,
1489,Mesa Verde,Cliff Palace,Cultural heritage (Indigenous),Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Quoting from p. 12 of Nordenskiold's book (see above for title): ""The two largest ruins were found by Richard Wetherill and Charley Mason one December day in 1888, as they were riding together through the pinon wood on the Mesa, in search of a stray herd. They had penetrated through the dense scrub to the edge of a deep canyon. In the opposite cliff, sheltered by a huge, massive vault of rock, there lay before their astonished eyes a whole town with towers and walls, rising out of a heap of ruins. This grand monument of bygone ages seemed to them well deserving of the name of the Cliff Palace.""",http://npshistory.com/nature_notes/meve/vol6-1d.htm,,
1490,Mesa Verde,East Fork,Range,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1491,Mesa Verde,East Rim,Range,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1492,Mesa Verde,Far View Lodge,Lodge,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1493,Mesa Verde,Far View Terrace,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1494,Mesa Verde,Fire Recovery Viewpoint,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1495,Mesa Verde,Geologic Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1496,Mesa Verde,Hemenway House,Cultural heritage (Indigenous),Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Mary Tileston Hemenway financially supported the first archeological research in the southwest. In 1907 Edgar L. Hewett, then an archealogist for the Archeological Institute of America, proposed naming this Soda Canyon cliff dwelling in her honor.",http://colorado.untraveledroad.com/Montezuma/MesaVerde/66SSign.htm,,
1497,Mesa Verde,Kodak House,Cultural heritage (Indigenous),Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","KODAK HOUSE: prehistoric cliff-dwelling ruin in the Park, situated about 2 and 3/8 mi. west and slightly south of Headquarters, and about 3/4 mi. east of the western boundary of the Park. A foot-note on p. 21, G. Nordenskiold, ""The Cliff Dwellers of the Mesa Verde"", Stockholm, 1893, states: ""This cliff-dwelling is named after the well-known camera ""Kodak"" as we kept one of these apparatuses hidden for some time in one of the rooms. The propriety of the name may be called in question, but as it has already gained ground, I have thought it best to retain it.""   erasure=yes because Indigenous built.",http://npshistory.com/nature_notes/meve/vol6-1d.htm,,
1498,Mesa Verde,Kodak House Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Overlook above Kodak house,http://npshistory.com/nature_notes/meve/vol6-1d.htm,,
1499,Mesa Verde,Long Canyon,Valley,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1500,Mesa Verde,Long House,Cultural heritage (Indigenous),Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Sometime in the winter of 1889–90, Mason and the four Wetherill brothers (Richard, John, Al, and Clayton) found another cliff dwelling that rivaled the size of Cliff Palace a few miles and several canyons to the west. They named it Long House—a fitting name, since the dwelling stretches the full extent of the largest occupied cave in Mesa Verde.",https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/long-house,,
1501,Mesa Verde,Long Mesa,Valley,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Not a person's name. As its name suggests, Long Mesa is one of the longest of the mesas in the park, extending from the north rim to about one kilometer south of the south park boundary",http://www.npshistory.com/handbooks/cooperating_associations/meve/3/paper.pdf,,
1502,Mesa Verde,Long Spur,Range,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1503,Mesa Verde,Mancos River,River,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"Name itself promotes racist ideas and/or violence against a group [2,4,6]",Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"(Span., Rio de los Mancos: ""River of the Cripples."" There seems to be some little difference of meaning of the word ""Mancos"" in different parts of the area. Some of the Mexican boys employed at the Park state that it simply means ""cripples"" while others say that it means crippled four-legged animals, and others, four-legged animals with more than one member injured.) The river is formed by the union of its north and south forks in T.36, R.13 W., New Mex. princ. meridian. It forms about 4 miles of the east boundary of Mesa Verde National Park, flowing southwest into the San Juan River in New Mexico. We do not know why the river was so named, or who named it. The first mention of the name is as follows: ""We passed on two leagues farther west, but were obliged to stop by the first of the two small streams which make up the San Lazaro, otherwise called Las Mancos.""—Escalante's Diary, August 10th, 1776. Quoted from the Catholic Church in Utah, Bishop Scanlan, Intermountain Catholic Press, Salt Lake City, 1909. p. 133. BM note: ""Cripple"" is a name given to many streams, rivers that are very windy, not straight. Cripple is considered perjorative (see wikipedia link) but it is being reclaimed by some in the disabilities rights movement.",http://npshistory.com/nature_notes/meve/vol6-1d.htm,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cripple,
1504,Mesa Verde,Mesa Verde National Park,Park,,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Mexican-Spanish missionaries and explorers named the region for its high, tree-covered plateaus, they did not get close enough to see the ancient stone villages.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park#Rediscovery,,NA
1505,Mesa Verde,Moccasin Canyon,Valley,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence",Named after the American Indian shoe,NA,,
1506,Mesa Verde,Montezuma Valley Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Human-constructed,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Aztec/Mexican origin; named for Montezuma County (Colorado county MV is in). The county was named in honor of Moctezuma II, a famous chief of the Aztec Indians in Mexico. The building ruins in Mesa Verde National Park were thought to be of Aztec origin at the time.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park,,
1507,Mesa Verde,Morefield Campground,Campground,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person,NA,,
1508,Mesa Verde,Morefield Canyon,Valley,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for homesteaders. ""As these homesteaders struggled for a toehold, giving their names to Prater, Morefield, and Waters canyons in the process, they pushed the Association women into high gear to achieve their prize""",https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/smith/chap4.htm,,
1509,Mesa Verde,Morefield Ridge,Range,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for homesteaders. ""As these homesteaders struggled for a toehold, giving their names to Prater, Morefield, and Waters canyons in the process, they pushed the Association women into high gear to achieve their prize""",https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/smith/chap4.htm,,
1510,Mesa Verde,Navajo Canyon,Valley,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for Navajo (Diné) people,https://www.nps.gov/meve/learn/index.htm,,
1511,Mesa Verde,Navajo Canyon View,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for Navajo people,https://www.nps.gov/meve/learn/index.htm,,
1512,Mesa Verde,Nordensköld Site #16,Cultural heritage (Indigenous),Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"Named after person who supported racist ideas (but non-violent, not in power) [3]","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after Gustaf Nordenskiöld who studied the ruins of Mesa Verde but also got in trouble for stealing artifacts and destroying culturally significant sites. IPN unknown, but because it is a ruin, most likely had an IPN; hence yes erasure. ot bodily physical violence. Early archaeology/anthroplogy riddled with settler colonialism, white supremacy, racist beliefs, e.g. disappearing Indian myth.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaf_Nordenski%C3%B6ld,,
1513,Mesa Verde,North Rim,Range,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1514,Mesa Verde,Park Canyon,Valley,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely descriptive. Presumably named for the park itself, or park-like nature of the valley",NA,,
1515,Mesa Verde,Park Point Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1516,Mesa Verde,Pit Houses and Villages,Cultural heritage (Indigenous),Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely named for style of dwelling,NA,,
1517,Mesa Verde,Point Lookout,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1518,Mesa Verde,Prater Canyon,Valley,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for homesteaders. ""As these homesteaders struggled for a toehold, giving their names to Prater, Morefield, and Waters canyons in the process, they pushed the Association women into high gear to achieve their prize""",https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/smith/chap4.htm,,
1519,Mesa Verde,Rock Canyon,Valley,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1520,Mesa Verde,Rock Canyon Tower,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1521,Mesa Verde,School Section Canyon,Valley,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",A school section is a map section of public land set apart in a surveyed township by the U.S. government for the maintenance of public schools,https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/school%20section,,
1522,Mesa Verde,Soda Canyon,Valley,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The canyon was named for the white, calcium carbonate deposits visible below the rim. These deposits are the evaporative remains of seep springs once used by the Ancestral Puebloan people.",https://trailwiki.org/hike/soda-canyon-overlook-trail,,
1523,Mesa Verde,Spruce Canyon,Valley,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1524,Mesa Verde,Spruce Tree Terrace,Cultural heritage (Indigenous),Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Spruce Tree House is nicknamed for the large spruce tree that was growing in the front of the dwelling when it was first discovered.,https://303magazine.com/2017/06/mesa-verde-national-park-what-to-know/,,
1525,Mesa Verde,Square Tower House,Cultural heritage (Indigenous),Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for shape of prominent tower,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park#cite_note-144,,
1526,Mesa Verde,Sun Point View,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for exposure to sun.,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park#cite_note-144,,
1527,Mesa Verde,Sun Temple,Cultural heritage (Indigenous),Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","“The site is known to have been an important focus of ceremony in the region for the Ancestral Pueblo peoples, including solstice observations,”",http://westerndigs.org/mesa-verdes-sun-temple-reveals-geometrical-genius-physicist-says/,,
1528,Mesa Verde,The Knife Edge,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1529,Mesa Verde,Waters Canyon,Valley,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for homesteaders. ""As these homesteaders struggled for a toehold, giving their names to Prater, Morefield, and Waters canyons in the process, they pushed the Association women into high gear to achieve their prize""",https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/smith/chap4.htm,,
1530,Mesa Verde,West Fork,Range,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1531,Mesa Verde,Wetherill Mesa,Mountain,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after Richard Wetherill - a rancher and who worked with Nordenskold : Richard Wetherill remained in Chaco Canyon, homesteading and operating a trading post at Pueblo Bonito until his controversial murder by gunshot in 1910. Depending on the source, Wetherill's death was murder in cold blood by a Navajo Indian debtor or the manipulation of the local Indian Agent against the Wetherills due to political factors over the use of the Canyon.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wetherill,,
1532,Mesa Verde,Whites Canyon,Valley,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for homesteader, John White. ""Four historic sites inWhites Canyon areconcentrated in a small area near the junction of the east fork and the main canyon. All are probably related to John White's cattle operations.""",http://www.npshistory.com/handbooks/cooperating_associations/meve/3/paper.pdf,,
1533,Mesa Verde,Whites Mesa,Range,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for homesteader, John White. ""Four historic sites inWhites Canyon areconcentrated in a small area near the junction of the east fork and the main canyon. All are probably related to John White's cattle operations.""",http://www.npshistory.com/handbooks/cooperating_associations/meve/3/paper.pdf,,
1534,Mesa Verde,Wickiup Canyon,Valley,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,no,NA,Object,No information,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Wickiup-like structures were built by many Native American peoples throughout the Southwestern United States,[1] and terms similar to wickiup are present ""among Native Americans in Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Idaho, and California"",[2] but the source of the word appears to be Foxwîkiyâpi (“house”). Contains remains of cultural heritage sites. (""ruins""). unclear if it is the original IPN",https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wickiup,,
1535,Mesa Verde,Window to the Past,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely lyrical or narrative name,NA,,NA
1536,Theodore Roosevelt,Achenbach Hills,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person,NA,,NA
1537,Theodore Roosevelt,Achenbach Spring,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person,NA,,NA
1538,Theodore Roosevelt,Appel Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",A homesteader name,http://npshistory.com/publications/thro/hrs.pdf,,NA
1539,Theodore Roosevelt,Badlands Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1540,Theodore Roosevelt,Badlands Spur Trail,Trail,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1541,Theodore Roosevelt,Beef Corral Bottom,Valley,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",reference to cattle ranching history,NA,,NA
1542,Theodore Roosevelt,Bentonitic Clay Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mineral,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Volcanic ash blew in from west-central Montana some 55 million years ago. Groundwater turned it into a kind of clay, now forming impressive slabs of blue-gray bentonite.",https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/travel/chi-teddyguide-story.html,,NA
1543,Theodore Roosevelt,Big Plateau,Park region,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1544,Theodore Roosevelt,Big Plateau Trail,Trail,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1545,Theodore Roosevelt,Boicourt Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","A. Boicourt, a local homesteader and stonemason",http://npshistory.com/publications/thro/hrs.pdf,,NA
1546,Theodore Roosevelt,Boicourt Spring,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","A. Boicourt, a local homesteader and stonemason",http://npshistory.com/publications/thro/hrs.pdf,,NA
1547,Theodore Roosevelt,Boicourt Trail,Trail,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","A. Boicourt, a local homesteader and stonemason",http://npshistory.com/publications/thro/hrs.pdf,,NA
1548,Theodore Roosevelt,Buck Hill,Mountain,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1549,Theodore Roosevelt,Buckhorn Trail,Trail,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1550,Theodore Roosevelt,Cannonball Concretions Pullout,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mineral,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Groundwater percolating for millions of years and mixing with certain chemicals forms a bond with sand that creates erosion-resistant formations in astonishingly odd shapes.,https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/travel/chi-teddyguide-story.html,,NA
1551,Theodore Roosevelt,Caprock Coulee Trail,Trail,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for geologic formation,http://npshistory.com/publications/thro/hrs.pdf,,NA
1552,Theodore Roosevelt,CCC Trail,Trail,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","CCC stands for the depression-era public words program Civilian Conservation Corps. Beginning in 1934, the CCC built shelters and buildings in the North Dakota badlands that would become Theodore Roosevelt National Park in 1947. Theodore Roosevelt was Franklin’s fifth cousin and uncle of his wife, Eleanor.",https://www.nationalparkstraveler.org/2018/03/celebrating-ccc-national-parks,,NA
1553,Theodore Roosevelt,Cedar Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1554,Theodore Roosevelt,Coal Vein Trail,Trail,Mineral,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","lignite, a soft, low-ranking, black surface or sub-surface coal found in shale rock formations. Western North Dakota contains 351 billion tons of lignite coal, the single largest lignite deposit in the world.2",http://npshistory.com/publications/thro/hrs.pdf,,NA
1555,Theodore Roosevelt,Corral Creek,River,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",reference to cattle ranching history,https://www.nps.gov/thro/learn/historyculture/people.htm,,NA
1556,Theodore Roosevelt,Cottonwood,Campground,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1557,Theodore Roosevelt,Edge of Glacier Pullout,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1558,Theodore Roosevelt,Ekblom Trail,Trail,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Eckblums, local homesteaders",http://npshistory.com/publications/thro/hrs.pdf,,NA
1559,Theodore Roosevelt,Hagen Spring,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person. No info on name,http://npshistory.com/publications/thro/hrs.pdf,,NA
1560,Theodore Roosevelt,Jones Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Homesteader family name,http://npshistory.com/publications/thro/hrs.pdf,,NA
1561,Theodore Roosevelt,Jones Creek Trail,Trail,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Homesteader family name,http://npshistory.com/publications/thro/hrs.pdf,,NA
1562,Theodore Roosevelt,Jones Creek Well,River,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Homesteader family name,http://npshistory.com/publications/thro/hrs.pdf,,NA
1563,Theodore Roosevelt,Jules Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Homesteader family name,http://npshistory.com/publications/thro/hrs.pdf,,NA
1564,Theodore Roosevelt,Juniper Campground,Campground,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1565,Theodore Roosevelt,Knutson Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Settler name,http://npshistory.com/publications/thro/hrs.pdf,,NA
1566,Theodore Roosevelt,Little Missouri River,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","The Mni Sose, Missouri River, flows in the very heart of the Great Plains and aside from the wind it’s a defining feature of the prairie steppe. Its Lakota name means “The Water A-stir” in reference to its muddy, stirred up appearance in historic times. [Wikipedia --> Most likely, though, the name Missouri comes from Chiwere, a Siouan language spoken by people who resided in the modern day states of Wisconsin, Iowa, South Dakota, Missouri & Nebraska. Neither Mni Sose or Missouri reflect this specific part of the river, the Little Missouri River. We do not know the IPN.
",https://bismarcktribune.com/news/local/bismarck/the-apple-creek-conflict-years-later/article_56cc0e3e-0687-11e3-9bf7-001a4bcf887a.html,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri#Etymology_and_pronunciation,
1567,Theodore Roosevelt,Little Mo Nature Trail,Trail,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely named for Little Missouri River,NA,,NA
1568,Theodore Roosevelt,Lone Tree Loop Trail,Trail,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1569,Theodore Roosevelt,Long X Trail Pullout,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely reference to cattle ranching history,NA,,NA
1570,Theodore Roosevelt,Longhorn Pullout,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely reference to cattle ranching history,NA,,NA
1571,Theodore Roosevelt,Lower Paddock Creek Trail,Trail,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1572,Theodore Roosevelt,Lower Talkington Trail,Trail,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person. No information regarding name,NA,,NA
1573,Theodore Roosevelt,Maah Daah Hey Trail,Trail,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Maah Daah Hey is a phrase from the Mandan Indians meaning ""an area that has been or will be around for a long time.""",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maah_Daah_Hey_Trail,,NA
1574,Theodore Roosevelt,Man and Grass Pullout,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",View of sea of grass where cattle once grazed (hence the man),https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/travel/chi-teddyguide-story.html,,NA
1575,Theodore Roosevelt,Medora,Village,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after wife of French Marquis, Marquis de Morès who founded nearbye town of the same name",https://www.nps.gov/thro/learn/historyculture/marquis-de-mores.htm,,NA
1576,Theodore Roosevelt,Medora Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after wife of French Marquis, Marquis de Morès who founded nearby town of the same name",https://www.nps.gov/thro/learn/historyculture/marquis-de-mores.htm,,NA
1577,Theodore Roosevelt,Mike Auney Trail,Trail,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person. No information regarding name,NA,,NA
1578,Theodore Roosevelt,North Achenbach Trail,Trail,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person. No information; possibly named after a person. No information regarding name,NA,,NA
1579,Theodore Roosevelt,North Petrified Forest Trail,Trail,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1580,Theodore Roosevelt,North Unit Visitor Center,Visitor Center,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1581,Theodore Roosevelt,Old East Entrance Station,Cultural heritage (Western),Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1582,Theodore Roosevelt,Overlook Spring,River,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1583,Theodore Roosevelt,Oxbow Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive. Common euro name for river feature resembling yoke for action,https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/oxbow,,NA
1584,Theodore Roosevelt,Paddock Creek,River,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1585,Theodore Roosevelt,Painted Canyon Nature Trail,Trail,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1586,Theodore Roosevelt,Painted Canyon Trail,Trail,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1587,Theodore Roosevelt,Painted Canyon Visitor Center,Visitor Center,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1588,Theodore Roosevelt,Peaceful Valley Ranch,Cultural heritage (Western),Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Peaceful Valley Ranch was built in the 1880s and served as a dude ranch from 1918 to the 1930s. The ranch and its owners assisted in the establishment of Theodore Roosevelt National Park. Ranch name itself does not commemorate the people who did the colonizing, not colonialism.",http://npshistory.com/publications/thro/hrs.pdf,,NA
1589,Theodore Roosevelt,Prairie Dog Town,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for colonies of prairie dogs,https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/travel/chi-teddyguide-story.html,,NA
1590,Theodore Roosevelt,Ridgeline Nature Trail,Trail,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1591,Theodore Roosevelt,Rim Trail,Trail,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1592,Theodore Roosevelt,River Bend Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1593,Theodore Roosevelt,Roundup Horse Camp,Campground,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely reference to cattle ranching history,NA,,NA
1594,Theodore Roosevelt,Roundup Trail,Trail,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely reference to cattle ranching history,NA,,NA
1595,Theodore Roosevelt,Scenic Loop,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1596,Theodore Roosevelt,Scoria Point Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mineral,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","scoria is a term for volcanic burn, but locals use ""scoria"" to describe the results of coal-seam fires. The fires bake the surrounding clay and sand, turning them the color and consistency of brick.",https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/travel/chi-teddyguide-story.html,,NA
1597,Theodore Roosevelt,Sheep Creek,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1598,Theodore Roosevelt,Skyline Vista,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1599,Theodore Roosevelt,Slump Block Pullout,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mineral,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Slumping is due to unstable conditions of the sides of the hills. This unstable condition may be created a number of ways but here apparently it was due to oversteepening of the banks by the stream cutting at the bottom of the bank.,http://npshistory.com/publications/thro/hrs.pdf,,NA
1600,Theodore Roosevelt,South Achenbach Trail,Trail,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person. No information regarding name,NA,,NA
1601,Theodore Roosevelt,South Petrified Forest Trail,Trail,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely reference to petrified wood,NA,,NA
1602,Theodore Roosevelt,South Unit Visitor Center,Visitor Center,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1603,Theodore Roosevelt,Southeast Corner Spring,River,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1604,Theodore Roosevelt,Sperati Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person. No information regarding name,NA,,NA
1605,Theodore Roosevelt,Squaw Creek,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,NA,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"Name itself promotes racist ideas and/or violence against a group [2,4,6]","Yes - swear words only, evidence offensive","derogatory name for native woman, from Algonquian",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squaw,,NA
1606,Theodore Roosevelt,Stevens Spring,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",A botanist with North Dakota Agricultural College,http://npshistory.com/publications/thro/hrs.pdf,,NA
1607,Theodore Roosevelt,Theodore Roosevelt National Park,Park,,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after Theodore Roosevelt ; Roosevelt’s seven and a half years in office were marked by his support of the Indian allotment system, the removal of Indians from their lands and the destruction of their culture. Although he earned a reputation as a conservationist—placing more than 230 million acres of land under public protection—Roosevelt systematically marginalized Indians, uprooting them from their homelands to create national parks and monuments, speaking publicly about his plans to assimilate them and using them as spectacles to build his political empire. “I don’t go so far as to think that the only good Indians are the dead Indians, but I believe nine out of every 10 are,” Roosevelt said during a January 1886 speech in New York. “And I shouldn’t like to inquire too closely into the case of the tenth.” https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/theodore-roosevelt-the-only-good-indians-are-the-dead-indians-oN1cdfuEW02KzOVVyrp7ig/   Also, Roosevelt was an imperialist in the Pacific. The US took the Phillippines from Spain, ending the Spanish American War, which led to the Phillippine-American War (1899-1902), TR vigorously defended the permanent acquisition of the Philippines in the 1900 campaign (McKinley-Roosevelt ticket). Rudolph Rummel claims that 128,000 Filipinos were killed by the U.S in democide.[109] The United States Department of State states that the war ""resulted in the death of over 4,200 American and over 20,000 Filipino combatants"", and that ""as many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died from violence, famine, and disease"".[110] He expanded the navy to, in part, demonstrate US power to the world. And the Panama Canal was his pet project, which included US ownership and operation of the canal (a colony, given back in 1999). Roosevelt's administration was not supportive of civil rights for blacks. https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/jimcrow/print/p_struggle_president.html",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine–American_War,NA
1608,Theodore Roosevelt,Tomamichael Well,River,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Likely homesteaders, since built by homesteaders.",http://npshistory.com/publications/thro/hrs.pdf,,NA
1609,Theodore Roosevelt,Upper Paddock Creek Trail,Trail,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely reference to cattle ranching history,NA,,NA
1610,Theodore Roosevelt,Upper Talkington Trail,Trail,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person. No information regarding name,NA,,NA
1611,Theodore Roosevelt,Wind Canyon Trail,Trail,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1612,Wrangell St Elias,Agassiz Glacier,Glacier,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"Named after person who supported racist ideas (but non-violent, not in power) [3]","No info - not likely, no evidence","Glacier was named by William Libbey, a member of the New York Times expedition in 1886[2], after Louis Agassiz (1807-1873), a Swiss-American naturalist. Accusations of racism against Agassiz have prompted the renaming of landmarks, schoolhouses, and other institutions.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agassiz_Glacier_(Alaska),,
1613,Wrangell St Elias,Atna Peaks,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,no,NA,Place,No information,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Atna Peaks was named in 1965 by the first ascent party from the Mountaineering Club of Alaska, because the ""peaks are at the edge of the Copper River drainage and the old Indian name for that river was Atna. Unclear if Atna was also the original IPN for the mountains",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atna_Peaks,,
1614,Wrangell St Elias,Bagley Icefield,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","named after James W. Bagley, a USGS topographic engineer who developed the Bagley T-3 camera and mapped Alaska prior to World War I",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagley_Icefield,,
1615,Wrangell St Elias,Baldy Mountain,Mountain,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","No information: Local name reported in 1900 by Brooks (1901, pl.11), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). i.e., unknown origin but likely a literal descriptive OR possibly named after a person",https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:0::NO::P3_FID:1398573,,
1616,Wrangell St Elias,Barnard Glacier,Glacier,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The glacier is named for Barnard College, a private women's liberal arts college located in Manhattan, New York City. Founded in 1889 by Annie Nathan Meyer, who named it after Columbia University's 10th president, Frederick Barnard, it is one of the oldest women's colleges in the world",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnard_Glacier,,
1617,Wrangell St Elias,Baultoff Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person,NA,,
1618,Wrangell St Elias,Beaver Creek,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Creek is in the region Beaver, Alaska.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Creek_(Yukon_River_tributary),,Taatthee Niign
1619,Wrangell St Elias,Braye Lake,Lake,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information: Local name; reported by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in 1959. Possibly named after a person,https://alaska.guide/Lake/Braye-Lakes,,
1620,Wrangell St Elias,Bremner River,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","named for John Bremner,[3] a prospector who sought gold along the river and was the first non-native person to go there.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bremner,,
1621,Wrangell St Elias,Capital Mountain,Mountain,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1622,Wrangell St Elias,Castle Mountain,Mountain,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1623,Wrangell St Elias,Chakina River,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence",From the Ahtna (Athabaskan) placename hwts'a'i na' meaning brushy creek,Bright 2004,https://books.google.com/books?id=5XfxzCm1qa4C&pg=PA86&lpg=PA86&dq=chakina+river+alaska+name+origin&source=bl&ots=ZUhBo0mmvk&sig=ACfU3U0NFigijlCHg42x4n3RU_b96Mx4aQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjXu5u91bXkAhUPvKwKHaWfCCkQ6AEwDnoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q=chakina%20river%20alaska%20name%20origin&f=false,
1624,Wrangell St Elias,Chetaslina River,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Name is of Ahtena Indian origin, reportedly meaning ""marmot river"" (che-les'shi-tna). The name was discovered in 1898 by Capt W.R. Abercrombie, USA, who spelled it ""Chestalena.""",https://alaska.guide/River/Chetaslina-River,,
1625,Wrangell St Elias,Chisana Glacier,Glacier,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Formerly lots of copper mining in this area, glacier named after the river Chisana River from Ahtna Athabascan Tsetsaan' Na’ = tsetsaan' ""copper"" + na’ ""stream"")","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisana,_Alaska",Bright 2004,NA
1626,Wrangell St Elias,Chisana Pass,Park region,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Formerly lots of copper mining in this area, pass named after the river Chisana River from Ahtna Athabascan Tsetsaan' Na’ = tsetsaan' ""copper"" + na’ ""stream"")","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisana,_Alaska",Bright 2004,NA
1627,Wrangell St Elias,Chisana River,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Formerly lots of copper mining in this area. River name from Ahtna Athabascan Tsetsaan' Na’ = tsetsaan' ""copper"" + na’ ""stream"")","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitina,_Alaska",Bright 2004,
1628,Wrangell St Elias,Chitina Glacier,Glacier,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Formerly lots of copper mining in this area. Ahtna Athabascan: Tsedi Na’ = tsedi ""copper"" + na’ ""river"")","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitina,_Alaska",Bright 2004,NA
1629,Wrangell St Elias,Chitina River,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Formerly lots of copper mining in this area. Ahtna Athabascan: Tsedi Na’ = tsedi ""copper"" + na’ ""river"")","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitina,_Alaska",Bright 2004,
1630,Wrangell St Elias,Chitistone Falls,Waterfall,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Formerly lots of copper mining in this area. From Ahtna (Athabaskan) ""tsedi ts'ese'na' "" meaning copper stone creek. Falls named for creek.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizina_River,Bright 2004,NA
1631,Wrangell St Elias,Chitistone Peak,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Formerly lots of copper mining in this area. From Ahtna (Athabaskan) ""tsedi ts'ese'na' "" meaning copper stone creek. Peak named for creek.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizina_River,Bright 2004,NA
1632,Wrangell St Elias,Chitistone River,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Formerly lots of copper mining in this area. From Ahtna (Athabaskan) ""tsedi ts'ese'na' "" meaning copper stone creek.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizina_River,Bright 2004,
1633,Wrangell St Elias,Clear Creek,River,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1634,Wrangell St Elias,Columbia Glacier,Glacier,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","named after Columbia University, one of several glaciers in the area named for elite U.S. colleges by the Harriman Alaska Expedition in 1899",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Glacier_(Alaska),,
1635,Wrangell St Elias,Copper Glacier,Glacier,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The name of the [glacier] river comes from the abundant copper deposits along the upper river that were used by Alaska Native population and then later by settlers from the Russian Empire and the United States,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_River_(Alaska),,
1636,Wrangell St Elias,Copper Lake,Lake,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The name of the [lake] river comes from the abundant copper deposits along the upper river that were used by Alaska Native population and then later by settlers from the Russian Empire and the United States,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_River_(Alaska),,
1637,Wrangell St Elias,Copper pass,Park region,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The name of the [pass] river comes from the abundant copper deposits along the upper river that were used by Alaska Native population and then later by settlers from the Russian Empire and the United States,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_River_(Alaska),,
1638,Wrangell St Elias,Copper River,River,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The name of the river comes from the abundant copper deposits along the upper river that were used by Alaska Native population and then later by settlers from the Russian Empire and the United States,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_River_(Alaska),,Eek Héeni / Atna
1639,Wrangell St Elias,Dadina River,River,Natural feature,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,NA,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Indigenous name published in 1898 by Captain W. R. Abercrombie, USA, at Tatena. The present spelling comes from U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) (Mendenhall, 1905. p. 21).",https://alaska.guide/River/Dadina-River,,
1640,Wrangell St Elias,Dixie Pass,Park region,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"Name itself promotes racist ideas and/or violence against a group [2,4,6]",Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"No infomation but could be named after the nickname for the southern USA states (south of the Mason Dixon line). (Wikipedia): The location and boundaries of ""Dixie"" have, over time, become increasingly subjective and mercurial. Today, it is most often associated with those parts of the Southern United States where traditions and legacies of the Confederate era and the antebellum South live most strongly.[11] The concept of ""Dixie"" as the location of a certain set of cultural assumptions, mind-sets and traditions (along with those of other regions in North America) was explored in the 1981 book The Nine Nations of North America.[12]

In terms of self-identification and appeal the popularity of the word “Dixie” seems to be declining.  (nola.com article): Dolly Parton stirred up a hornets nest this week when it was announced she was scrubbing the name ""Dixie"" from her long-running Dixie Stampede dinner show. Now it'll just be Dolly Parton's Stampede. BM note:   Even if Dixie is not intended to reference the Confederacy, that is the impression it usually gives.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie,https://www.nola.com/archive/article_17492195-7f10-563b-962e-e6a83f6d9bc4.html,
1641,Wrangell St Elias,Donoho Peak,Mountain,Natural feature,Natural,NA,unclear,no,NA,NA,No information,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; Name reported by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in 1931 (Moffit, 1938, pl. 1). Origin unclear, western vs Indigenous, so problem is no info.",https://alaska.guide/Mountain/Donoho-Peak,,
1642,Wrangell St Elias,Francis Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person,NA,,
1643,Wrangell St Elias,Gilahina River,River,Natural feature,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Indigenous name taken from a prospector's map drawn in 1900; reported the same year by T. G. Gerdine (in Brooks and others, 1908, pl. 3), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). It was probably this stream which Lieutenant H. T. Allen named ""Dora Creek"" in 1885, a name now applied to the next stream to the west.",https://alaska.guide/River/Gilahina-River,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilahina_River,
1644,Wrangell St Elias,Granite Creek,River,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1645,Wrangell St Elias,Granite Range,Range,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1646,Wrangell St Elias,Guyot Glacier,Glacier,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"Named after person who supported racist ideas (but non-violent, not in power) [3]","No info - not likely, no evidence","likley named after Geographer Arnold Henry Guyot famous geographer and geologist, professor at Princeton (as is the case with Mt. Guyot in Great Smoky Mountains NP.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Henry_Guyot,,
1647,Wrangell St Elias,Guyot Hills,Mountain,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"Named after person who supported racist ideas (but non-violent, not in power) [3]","No info - not likely, no evidence","likley named after Geographer Arnold Henry Guyot famous geographer and geologist, professor at Princeton (as is the case with Mt. Guyot in Great Smoky Mountains NP.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Henry_Guyot,,
1648,Wrangell St Elias,Hanagita Peak,Mountain,Natural feature,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for a chief of the Taral Indians of the region (Moffit 1914),https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0576/report.pdf,,
1649,Wrangell St Elias,Hanagita River,River,Natural feature,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for a chief of the Taral Indians of the region (Moffit 1914),https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0576/report.pdf,,
1650,Wrangell St Elias,Hawkins Glacier,Glacier,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,NA,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; Possibly named after a person; Local name shown on undated fieldsheet by F. H. Moffit, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), presumebly drafted about 1910.",https://alaska.guide/Glacier/Hawkins-Glacier,,
1651,Wrangell St Elias,Haydon Peak,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named ""Hadons Peak"" in 1888 by W. H. Topham for Mr. and Mrs. Henry E. Haydon. Haydon was Secretary of Alaska at the time of Tophams expedition to St. Elias Mountain. Note: May have supported the expedition but only a suspicion.",https://alaska.guide/Mountain/Haydon-Peak,,
1652,Wrangell St Elias,Hidden Creek Lake,Lake,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; Local name reported in 1951 by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Likely a lyrical descriptive.,https://alaska.guide/Lake/Hidden-Creek-Lake,,
1653,Wrangell St Elias,Jack Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person,NA,,
1654,Wrangell St Elias,Jacksina Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,translation,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Other - truly does not fit any other classes,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Other; Perhaps derived from English ""Jack's"" and Ahtna (Athabaskan) ""-na"" meaning stream",Bright 2004,https://books.google.com/books?id=5XfxzCm1qa4C&printsec=frontcover,NA
1655,Wrangell St Elias,Jefferies Glacier,Glacier,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named by U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (USC&GS) field party in 1928 for William ""Tomato Bill"" Jefferies, a prospector who crossed this area with James Barkley on foot in 1906 or 1907 (Moffit, 1918, p. 77). prospector = memorializes colonialism",https://alaska.guide/Glacier/Jefferies-Glacier,,
1656,Wrangell St Elias,Juniper Island,Mountain,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Local name given by prospectors who crossed the Chugach Mts. between 1904 and 1907. The name was derived from the coniferous shrub which comprises the most conspicuous element of the scant vegetation on the nunatak. The name was reported by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in 1913.,https://alaska.guide/Island/Juniper-Island,,
1657,Wrangell St Elias,Karr Hills,Mountain,Unknown,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person,NA,,
1658,Wrangell St Elias,Kennicott Glacier,Glacier,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after Robert Kennicott, an american naturalist, and herpetologist",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kennicott,,
1659,Wrangell St Elias,Kennicott River,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after Robert Kennicott, an american naturalist, and herpetologist",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kennicott,,
1660,Wrangell St Elias,Kennicott visitors center,Ranger station,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after Robert Kennicott, an american naturalist, and herpetologist",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kennicott,,
1661,Wrangell St Elias,Klawasi River,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,NA,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Indian name reported in 1885 as ""Klawasina"" by Lieutenant Allen (1887, p. 62), USA.",https://alaska.guide/River/Klawasi-River,,
1662,Wrangell St Elias,Klu River,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Name reported in 1900 by T. G. Gerdine, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). This may be the Ahtena Indian word (Khlu) meaning ""glacier.""",https://alaska.guide/River/Klu-River,,
1663,Wrangell St Elias,Klutlan Glacier,Glacier,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Native name reported in 1891 by C. W. Hayes, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).",https://alaska.guide/Glacier/Klutlan-Glacier,,
1664,Wrangell St Elias,Kotsina River,River,Natural feature,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Ahtena Indian name meaning ""coal river (kho-tsi-tns),"" spelled Katz-zelena and Katselena in 1898 by Captain W. R. Abercrombie, USA. W. J. Peters, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), used the Kotsina spelling on an 1899 fieldsheet.",https://alaska.guide/River/Kotsina-River,,
1665,Wrangell St Elias,Kuskuluna River,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,NA,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence",Ahtena Indian name obtained in 1899 by Oscar Rohn,https://alaska.guide/River/Kuskulana-River,,
1666,Wrangell St Elias,Lakina River,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,NA,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Oscar Rohn (1900, p. 406) spelled the Indigenous name ""Lachina"" in 1899.",https://alaska.guide/River/Lakina-River,,
1667,Wrangell St Elias,Libbey Glacier,Glacier,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"Named after person who supported racist ideas (but non-violent, not in power) [3]","No info - not likely, no evidence","So named in 1888 by Topham (1889) for William Libbey, Jr., 1855-1927, of Princeton University scientist, geologist, geographer, writer, and solider, who was a member of the New York Times Expedition to this area in 1886.In 1897 Libbey was involved with the controversy concerning whether the Acoma people had once lived on Enchanted Mesa. After great exertion, he spent a couple of hours on the mesa top and concluded that nothing was there and that it had never been occupied. Subsequent work by archaeologists have shown that Libbey's conclusion was hasty. Libbey announced with smug conviction that he had seen no ruins or artifacts. ""Romantic Indian legend can never stand the acid test of scientific investigation,"" he proclaimed pompously. Archaeologist Frederick Webb Hodge read about the Katzimo affair in the newspapers. He felt sure Libbey was all wet, so he organized his own expedition to the mesa top. Once there, he found evidence aplenty that the Acoma story was true. Over the centuries, wind and water had brought down the ancient pueblo and carried the remains over the edge. But tucked in crevices were arrow points, stone tools, beads and pottery fragments. Libbey, it seems, had been so eager to establish his own pet theory that he was blind to the relics that lay at his feet. Of that silly error, Hodge wrote later: ""The Indian lore of a thousand years cannot be undone by a few hours of careless investigation.""",https://alaska.guide/Glacier/Libbey-Glacier,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Libbey,
1668,Wrangell St Elias,Logan Glacier,Glacier,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","named for its nearness to Mount Logan; named after Sir William Edmond Logan, a Canadian geologist and founder of the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC). While he was a surveyor, he did not map this mountain.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Logan,,
1669,Wrangell St Elias,Long Lake,Lake,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; Probably named for its shape,NA,,
1670,Wrangell St Elias,Malaspina Glacier,Glacier,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after Alejandro Malaspina (Spanish naval explorer) as a commemorative act by prominent naturalist William Healey Dall. Malaspina measured the height of Mount Saint Elias in Alaska and explored gigantic glaciers, including Malaspina Glacier, later named after him.",https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1097&context=anth_fac,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Malaspina,Kwalaxuk'w
1671,Wrangell St Elias,Malaspina Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after Alejandro Malaspina (Spanish naval explorer) as a commemorative act by prominent naturalist William Healey Dall. Malaspina measured the height of Mount Saint Elias in Alaska and explored gigantic glaciers, including Malaspina Glacier, later named after him.  (the lake drains from the glacier)",https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1097&context=anth_fac,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Malaspina,
1672,Wrangell St Elias,McCarthy Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthy,_Alaska",,
1673,Wrangell St Elias,Mt Allen,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person,NA,,
1674,Wrangell St Elias,Mt Bear,Mountain,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Bear,,
1675,Wrangell St Elias,Mt Blackburn,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"Named after person who supported racist ideas (but non-violent, not in power) [3]","No info - not likely, no evidence","named in 1885 by Lt. Henry T. Allen of the U.S. Army after Joseph Clay Stiles Blackburn, a U.S. senator from Kentucky. Fought as confederate soldier in Civil War. Later as a politician in the free-silver wing of the Democratic party, he was well known nationally and his name was placed in nomination for the presidency in 1896.[1]He was appointed Governor of the Panama Canal Zone by President Theodore Roosevelt on April 1, 1907. In the late 1800s the Democratic party was the pro-slavery party, but Wikipedia bio has no info on his attitudes about race.--But he was a southern Democrat in the Reconstruction era. A confederate soldier. At the least, a racist. the period of readjustment following the Civil War was a troubled one for the Commonwealth. Violence begun by guerillas continued for years. In addition, white “Regulatorstried to cow the new freedmen and keep them in a perpetual state of fearful submission that would assure the agricultural labor supply.
Their attacks produced exactly the effects whites least desired: the blacks became all the more determined to leave the countryside, and the federal government imposed the Freedmen’s Bureau to protect the former slaves. Kentucky in the Reconstruction Era shows how this and other forms of federal intervention angered even the most loyal white citizens, leading to Kentucky’s hostility to the national administration and consequent reputation as a state dominated by ex-Confederates.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Blackburn,https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_united_states_history/36/,
1676,Wrangell St Elias,Mt Bona,Mountain,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Mount Bona was named by Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi in 1897, who saw the peak while making the first ascent of Mount Saint Elias about 80 miles (130 km) to the southeast. He named it after the Bona, his racing yacht.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Bona,,
1677,Wrangell St Elias,Mt Churchill,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","The mountain was named in 1965 by the Alaska State Legislature for English statesman Winston Churchill;Churchill perpetrated famine in India. violence against group includes 
in foreign countries https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/soutikbiswas/2010/10/how_churchill_starved_india.html",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Churchill,https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/02/03/the-dark-side-of-winston-churchills-legacy-no-one-should-forget/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.f1fa3a4e3de0,
1678,Wrangell St Elias,Mt Cook,Mountain,Unknown,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; could be named for Israel Cook Russell, 1852-1906.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Cook_(Saint_Elias_Mountains),,
1679,Wrangell St Elias,Mt Drum,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Drum,,
1680,Wrangell St Elias,Mt Glorious,Mountain,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1681,Wrangell St Elias,Mt Gordon,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for a prospector who was in the area in 1899; reported in 1903 by F. C. Schrader, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). prospector = colonialism",https://alaska.guide/Mountain/Mount-Gordon,,
1682,Wrangell St Elias,Mt Hawkins,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named in 1930 by Lawrence Martin, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), for E. C. Hawkins, the chief engineer, who built the Copper River and Northwestern Railroad. Building the railroad = process of colonialism",https://alaska.guide/Mountain/Mount-Hawkins,,
1683,Wrangell St Elias,Mt Hubbard,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","The mountain was named in 1890 by U.S. Geological Survey geologist Israel Russell after Gardiner Greene Hubbard, first president of the National Geographic Society, which had co-sponsored Russell's expedition",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hubbard,,
1684,Wrangell St Elias,Mt Jarvis,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Mount Jarvis was named in 1903 by F. C. Schrader, a USGS geologist, for Lt. David H. Jarvis of the U. S. Revenue Cutter Service,[2] who led the Overland Relief Expedition to aid a whaling fleet trapped in Arctic Ocean ice off Point Barrow in 1897–98.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Jarvis,,
1685,Wrangell St Elias,Mt Jette,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","It is named in 1908 for Sir Louis-Amable Jetté, (1836-1920), a member of the 1903 Canadian Boundary Tribunal, leading to the resolution of the Alaska Boundary Dispute, and Lieutenant Governor of the Province of Quebec from 1898 to 1908. Helped make the map and mountain is just east of the US-Canada border here.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Jett%C3%A9,,
1686,Wrangell St Elias,Mt Natazhat,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,NA,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Natazhat was a native name reported in 1891 by Hayes (1892, sheet 2), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).",https://alaska.guide/Mountain/Mount-Natazhat,,
1687,Wrangell St Elias,Mt Sanford,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named in 1885 by Lieutenant Allen (1887, p. 59), USA, for the Sanford family; his great-grandfather was Reuben Sanford.",https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:0::NO::P3_FID:1409072,,
1688,Wrangell St Elias,Mt Seattle,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named by Russell, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in 1890 after the city of Seattle, Wash. The city is named  in honor of Chief Si'ahl of the local (to the city) Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. not necessarily honoring the person, but just the city, so erasure = potentially.",https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1399386,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle,
1689,Wrangell St Elias,Mt Sulzer,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Local name obtained by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and published on maps since 1954. Assumed to be named after William Sulzer - William Sulzer (March 18, 1863 – November 6, 1941) was an American lawyer and politician, nicknamed Plain Bill Sulzer. He was the 39th Governor of New York and a long-serving congressman from the same state.  his siblings included Charles August Sulzer, who pursued a successful political career in Alaska. Why is it named after WILLIAM Sulzer then? In 1893, William Sulzer made his first trip to Alaska, the first of more than thirty visits in his lifetime. In 1895, Sulzer was elected as a Representative to the U.S. Congress. Sulzer again visited Alaska in 1899, when he began his search for mining prospects. In southeast Alaska, he met Aaron Shellhouse, who had made some copper discoveries that interested Sulzer. In 1897, Shellhouse discovered a copper lode he named the Jumbo that was at least twenty-five feet wide and traceable for up to one thousand feet along the flank of Jumbo Mountain, in west-central Prince of Wales Island. The famed #4 Jumbo claim would produce more than half of the ore for the future mining operation. Sulzer acquired the Jumbo claims from Shellhouse and his partner, John Loomis Gould.",https://alaskamininghalloffame.org/inductees/sulzer.php,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sulzer,
1690,Wrangell St Elias,Mt Wrangell,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","named after Baron Ferdinand Petrovich von Wrangel (1796-1870), who was a Russian Naval officer, arctic explorer, and government administrator. He was a governor of the Russian colonies in Alaska (1829-35), director of the Russian American company (1840-49), and Minister of the Navy (1855-57).",https://www.nps.gov/wrst/learn/historyculture/who-were-wrangell-and-elias.htm,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel,
1691,Wrangell St Elias,Mt Zanetti,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","local name reported by Mendenhall, not clear if it is Indigenous or Western in origin (could be an Italian name?)",https://alaska.guide/Mountain/Mount-Zanetti,,
1692,Wrangell St Elias,Mt. Hubbard,Glacier,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","named after Gardiner Hubbard - first president of the National Geographic Society, founder of Bell telephone company, founder of Science mag. n 1890, Mount Hubbard on the Alaska-Yukon border was named in his honor by an expedition co-sponsored by the National Geographic Society while he was president.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard,," 
 
Taasaa* Sít' and Sít' Tlein"
1693,Wrangell St Elias,Nabesna Glacier,Glacier,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence",The glacier was named for the Nabesna River in 1902 by F. C. Schrader of the U.S. Geological Survey,https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1406771,,
1694,Wrangell St Elias,Nabesna River,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named by W. J. Peters and A. H. Brooks, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in 1898; derived from the local Indian name, Naambia Niign,  for the upper Tanana River (Allen, 1887, p. 136)",https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1406772,,
1695,Wrangell St Elias,Nelson Mountain,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Local name obtained by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and published on maps since 1954. May be named after a number of different people witht he last name Nelson,https://books.google.ca/books?id=0y48AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA681&lpg=PA681&dq=nelson+mountain+alaska+named+for+a+former+president&source=bl&ots=AVvlob84Xe&sig=ACfU3U2twHSG-sSno7Ho3pOE6QpYLDPTKQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjQosiBj6bjAhUERa0KHYBbCjIQ6AEwEXoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=nelson%20mountain%20alaska%20named%20for%20a%20former%20president&f=false,,
1696,Wrangell St Elias,Nizina Glacier,Glacier,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Indian name applied in 1899 by Rohn (1900, p. 407), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).",https://alaska.guide/Glacier/Nizina-Glacier,,
1697,Wrangell St Elias,Nutzotin Mountains,Range,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Brooks (1900a, p. 446), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and W.J. Peters note: These snow-clad mountains, which seem to be distinct from the Saint Elias chain, we have called the Nutzotin Mountains. Named after the Nutzotin Indians of this region.",https://alaska.guide/Mountain-Range/Nutzotin-Mountains,,
1698,Wrangell St Elias,Oily Lake,Lake,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; Name published by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in 1959. A lake this size does not appear on the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 1951 map, therefore it may be relatively new or intermittent.",https://alaska.guide/Lake/Oily-Lake,,
1699,Wrangell St Elias,Ptarmigan Lake,Lake,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1700,Wrangell St Elias,Regal Mountain,Mountain,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No specific information on name but assume its a descriptive name. Name reported in 1899 by Rohn (1900, p. 411), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regal_Mountain,,
1701,Wrangell St Elias,Rock Lake,Lake,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; Name published on relatively recent maps. Likely literal descriptive,https://alaska.guide/Lake/Rock-Lake/1408779,,
1702,Wrangell St Elias,Root Glacier,Glacier,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1703,Wrangell St Elias,Ross Green Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information - presumed to be named after Ross Green - but couldnt' find anything out,NA,,
1704,Wrangell St Elias,Russell Glacier,Glacier,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named in 1891 by Hayes (1892, p. 152), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), for geologist and geographer Israel Cook Russell, 1852-1906. Couldn't find anything about Russell and his racism. Russell named a lot of the other places in the park above at this same time period.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Russell,,
1705,Wrangell St Elias,Samovar Hills,Mountain,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named by I. C. Russell, in 1890. A samovar is a Russian urn used for heating water to make tea.",https://alaska.guide/Mountain-Range/Samovar-Hills,,
1706,Wrangell St Elias,Sanford River,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named in 1885 by Lieutenant Allen, USA for the Sanford family; his great-grandfather was Reuben Sanford.",https://alaska.guide/River/Sanford-River,,
1707,Wrangell St Elias,Seward Glacier,Glacier,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Seward (Alutiiq: Qutalleq - The Alutiiq language (also called Sugpiak, Sugpiaq,[4] Sugcestun,[5] Suk,[5] Supik,[4][5] Pacific Gulf Yupik, Gulf Yupik,[5] Koniag-Chugach) is a close relative to the Central Alaskan Yup'ik language spoken in the western and southwestern Alaska, but is considered a distinct language. It has two major dialects:).   named after William H. Seward, the United States Secretary of State who fought for the U.S. purchase of Alaska. was United States Secretary of State from 1861 to 1869, and earlier served as governor of New York and United States Senator. An abolitionist.","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seward,_Alaska",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward,"Qutalleq is the Alutiiq name for Seward, AK; not necessarily the glacier"
1708,Wrangell St Elias,Skolai Creek,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for the pass (named in 1891 by Lieutenant Frederick Schwatka, USA. ""Skolai"" is the name by which the Copper River Chief, ""Nicholai,"" was known to the upper Tanana River Indians (Hayes, 1802, p. 135).)",https://alaska.guide/Mountain-Pass/Skolai-Pass,,
1709,Wrangell St Elias,Skolai Pass,Park region,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","named in 1891 by Lieutenant Frederick Schwatka, USA. ""Skolai"" is the name by which the Copper River Chief, ""Nicholai,"" was known to the upper Tanana River Indians (Hayes, 1802, p. 135).",https://alaska.guide/Mountain-Pass/Skolai-Pass,,
1710,Wrangell St Elias,Solo Lake,Lake,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Name shown on 1908 field sheet by S. R. Capps, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). no explanation of name origin",https://alaska.guide/Lake/Solo-Lake,,
1711,Wrangell St Elias,Solo Mountain,Mountain,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Name shown on 1908 field sheet by S. R. Capps, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). no explanation of name origin",https://alaska.guide/Lake/Solo-Lake,,
1712,Wrangell St Elias,Sourdough Peak,Mountain,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Name used by prospectors; reported in 1908 by D.C. Witherspoon, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).",https://alaska.guide/Mountain/Sourdough-Peak,,
1713,Wrangell St Elias,Spirit Mountain,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,translation of oIPN,NA - WPN,translation,Other,Translation of orignal IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named in 1885 by Lieutenant Allen, (1887, p. 46), USA, because ""Kawkus, the oldest of the coast natives, informed us that formerly much fire and smoke wer e emitted from the mountain, and that now terrific rumblings were at times heard , all the workings of a Mighty Spirit."" Assuming translation of original IPN.",https://alaska.guide/Mountain/Spirit-Mountain,,
1714,Wrangell St Elias,Tana Glacier,Glacier,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,NA,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Its name, of Alaska Native origin, was first recorded by prospectors in 1900.",https://alaska.guide/Glacier/Tana-Glacier,,
1715,Wrangell St Elias,Tana River,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,NA,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence",River of the Tana glacier - oIPN,https://alaska.guide/Glacier/Tana-Glacier,,
1716,Wrangell St Elias,Tanada Lake,Lake,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,NA,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Indigenous name reported in 1899 by W. J. Peters, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).",https://alaska.guide/Lake/Tanada-Lake,,
1717,Wrangell St Elias,Tanada Peak,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,no,NA,NA,No information,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for the Tanada Lake (nearby) Tanada Lake is oIPN. Not clear if it is the oIPN for the mountain.,https://alaska.guide/Mountain/Tanada-Peak,,
1718,Wrangell St Elias,Tebay Lakes,Lake,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Local name published in 1912 by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Alaska Native languages name meaning ""a variety of sheep"". assuming ""local name"" means oIPN",https://alaska.guide/Lake/Tebay-Lakes,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebay_River,
1719,Wrangell St Elias,Toby Creek,River,Unknown,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person,NA,,
1720,Wrangell St Elias,Turner Glacier,Glacier,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","John Henry Turner, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (USC&GS), who spent three years in Alaska making surveys. Named in 1900",https://alaska.guide/Glacier/Turner-Glacier,https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:0::NO::P3_FID:1411350,
Sít' Kusá,,,Yes,no,SB,0,,1,,,,,,,,,
1721,Wrangell St Elias,University Peak,Mountain,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The peak was named by Terris Moore during the first ascent of Mount Bona; the name refers to the University of Alaska.,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Peak_(Alaska),,
1722,Wrangell St Elias,Valarie Glacier,Glacier,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Valerie F. Wood (1933-1951), who served as an assistant to the scientific part of Project Snow Cornice of the Arctic Institute of North America. She was killed with her mother in an airplane crash near the glacier about July 27, 1951 (see Mount Foresta). The name was proposed by the Arctic Institute of North America.",https://alaska.guide/Glacier/Valerie-Glacier,,
1723,Wrangell St Elias,Wellesley Mountain,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","named in 1899 by members of the Harriman Alaska Expedition of Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass.",https://alaska.guide/Mountain/Wellesley-Mountain/1411831,,
1724,Wrangell St Elias,White River,River,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",French origin name Rivere blanche,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_River_(Yukon),,Gùtśáxw*
1725,Wrangell St Elias,Wiki Peak,Mountain,Unknown,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,NA,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Local name published by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in 1954. assuming ""local name"" means oIPN",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Peak,,
1726,Wrangell St Elias,Wrangell Mountains,Range,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","named after Baron Ferdinand Petrovich von Wrangel (1796-1870), who was a Russian Naval officer, arctic explorer, and government administrator. He was a governor of the Russian colonies in Alaska (1829-35), director of the Russian American company (1840-49), and Minister of the Navy (1855-57).",https://www.nps.gov/wrst/learn/historyculture/who-were-wrangell-and-elias.htm,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel,Shtax’héen
1727,Wrangell St Elias,Wrangell-St. Elias National Park,Park,,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for the Wrangell Mountains and the St. Elias Mountains: named after Baron Ferdinand Petrovich von Wrangel (1796-1870), who was a Russian Naval officer, arctic explorer, and government administrator. He was a governor of the Russian colonies in Alaska (1829-35), director of the Russian American company (1840-49), and Minister of the Navy (1855-57).  St. Elias Mountains is named after Mount Saint Elias, which in turn was named in 1741 by the Danish explorer Vitus Bering others contend, Bering left it unnamed, and mapmakers gave the mountain the name after Cape Saint Elias, which was named by Danish explorer Vitus Bering on July 20, 1741 for St. Elias, whose saint's day is July 20.",https://www.nps.gov/wrst/learn/historyculture/who-were-wrangell-and-elias.htm,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Saint_Elias  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Saint_Elias  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Elias_Mountains,NA
1728,Wrangell St Elias,Yahtse Glacier,Glacier,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","The name derives from the Yahtse River (Yas'ei Héen) and was adopted after the retreat of Guyot Glacier resulted in a separate branch.  Yahtse is the Tlingit language ˈklɪŋkɪt, Lingít [ɬìnkítʰ] is spoken by the Tlingit people of Southeast Alaska and Western Canada. It is a branch of the Na-Dene language family.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahtse_Glacier,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlingit_language,Yas'ei Héen
1729,Wrangell St Elias,Young Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named by Captain E. F. Glenn, USA, in 1898, after Cpl. Young (complete name not available), a member of his party. They also named Glacier River so they seem like a survey, exploration, mapmaking expedition",https://alaska.guide/Stream/Young-Creek/1412359,,
1730,Yellowstone,Abiathar Peak,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after Charles Abiathar White, a geologist and paleontologist who had participated in early western geological surveys. White never visited Yellowstone. research suggests he was not involved in racism or violence.",https://www.jstor.org/stable/1634633?seq=4#metadata_info_tab_contents,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Abiathar_White,
1731,Yellowstone,Absaroka Range,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,no,NA,People,No information,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Absaroka is from the Crow (Sioux) word meaning ""children of the large-beaked bird"" (Bright 2003).  not clear it is the original IPN.
",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absaroka_(proposed_state),,
1732,Yellowstone,Albright Visitor Center,Visitor Center,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for Horace Marden Albright - chief architects of the National Park Service and the park superintendent (1919-1929) - lobbied agains flooding the Bechler river to make a irrigation dam,Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_M._Albright,
1733,Yellowstone,Alum Creek,River,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named after the sour waters caused by the thermal springs dumping into the creek,Whittlesey 1988 and Bright 2003,,
1734,Yellowstone,Antelope Creek,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1735,Yellowstone,Antler Peak,Mountain,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","named by the Hague USGS parties for the elk and deer antlers that are commonly found shed in the park. was previously named Bell's Peak but Hague dropped it because ""it was named for a man who really had no interest ing the park, no good reason why his name should be put o the map"". name change; rename; re-name",Whittlesey 1988,,
1736,Yellowstone,Artist Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1737,Yellowstone,Artists Paintpots,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Pools that look like paint pots,https://www.americansouthwest.net/wyoming/yellowstone/artists-paint-pots.html,,
1738,Yellowstone,Avalanche Peak,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1739,Yellowstone,Barronette Peak,Mountain,Unknown,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Collins Jack (John H. ""Yellowstone Jack"" Baronett (1829-1901) - only place in the park approved with the misspelling. Baronett was a seaman, a gold prospector, a Confederate scout during the Civil War, and a scout for General Custer in 1868. On November 27, 1868, Custer led the 7th Cavalry Regiment in an attack on the Cheyenne encampment of Chief Black Kettle – the Battle of Washita River. Custer reported killing 103 warriors and some women and children; 53 women and children were taken as prisoners. Estimates by the Cheyenne of their casualties were substantially lower (11 warriors plus 19 women and children).[54] Custer had his men shoot most of the 875 Indian ponies they had captured.[55] The Battle of Washita River was regarded as the first substantial U.S. victory in the Southern Plains War, and it helped force a significant portion of the Southern Cheyenne onto a U.S.-assigned reservation. Colonialism but also person responsible for violence.",Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,https://yellowstoneinsider.com/2017/08/30/old-yellowstone-jack-baronett-namesake-yellowstones-baronette-peak/     AND    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer,
1740,Yellowstone,Beach Lake,Lake,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1741,Yellowstone,Beaver Lake,Lake,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1742,Yellowstone,Bechler Ranger Station,Ranger Station,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after Gustavus R. Bechler, chief topographer on Bradley expedition 1872",NA,,
1743,Yellowstone,Bechler River,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after Gustavus R. Bechler, chief topographer on Bradley expedition 1872",Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1744,Yellowstone,Beryl Spring,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",A member of the Hague party named the spring Beryl because of the colour,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryl_Spring,,
1745,Yellowstone,Beula Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; possibly named after a person; Maybe: (a guess) named from Beulah, the mystical land of sunshine and delight in Bunyans ""Pilgrams Progress""",Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1746,Yellowstone,Biscuit Basin,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for it's knobby, biscuit-like geyserite formations around Sapphire Pool and Caulifower Geyser, many biscuits destroyed in 1959 earthquake.",Whittlesey 1988,,
1747,Yellowstone,Black Sand Basin,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1748,Yellowstone,Blacktail Deer Creek,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1749,Yellowstone,Blacktail Deer Plateau,Mountain,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1750,Yellowstone,Blacktail Pond,Lake,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1751,Yellowstone,Boundary Creek,River,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1752,Yellowstone,Bridge Bay,Bay,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1753,Yellowstone,Buffalo Creek,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1754,Yellowstone,Buffalo Lake,Lake,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1755,Yellowstone,Bunsen Peak,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Robert Bunsen of bunsen burner fame and ""responsible for early work on volcanic geyser theories""",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunsen_Peak,,
1756,Yellowstone,Bunsen Peak,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after Robert Wilhelm Eberhard von Bunsen, German chemist",Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bunsen,
1757,Yellowstone,Cache Mountain,Mountain,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Prospectors in the area had their belongings stolen by Native Americans so they 'cached' the rest of their belongings and split up,Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1758,Yellowstone,Canyon Village,Village,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1759,Yellowstone,Caribou-Targhee National Forest,Public land,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Targhee is a breed of sheep bred for the west.,https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targhee_sheep,,
1760,Yellowstone,Cascade Lake,Lake,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1761,Yellowstone,Castle Geyser,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1762,Yellowstone,Castor Peak,Mountain,Greek mythology,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","named by USGS Hague party because it is a twin of nearby Pollux Peak. The twins, Castor and Pollux, in greek mythology protected travelers and were the gods of hospitality",Whittlesey 1988 and Bright 2003,,
1763,Yellowstone,Cave Falls,Waterfall,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1764,Yellowstone,Chipmunk Creek,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1765,Yellowstone,Cody Peak,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named by the Cody Club of Cody, Wyoming, for William F ""Buffalo Bill"" Cody (1846-1917) - rider for the pony express. Killed almost 5,000 buffalo in contract to supply meat to railroad company. While extirmination of buffaloes was advocated by people in power as a way to starve Indigenous Peoples, no evidence that this is the motivation for Buffalo Bill. He was an ""Indian Fighter"" and describes killing Indigenous People. Could also say problem is that he gained from removal of Indigenous people.",Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bill,
1766,Yellowstone,Colonnade Falls,Waterfall,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1767,Yellowstone,Colter Peak,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","In 1885 geologist Arnold Hague named the peak in honor of John Colter - ""the first white man of whom we have any record who penetrated this rough and rugged country"" (Colter was credited with being the white discoverer of Yellowstone). Fought Indigenous people: (from Yellowstone NP page: ""After surviving wounds he suffered in a battle with members of the Crow and Blackfoot tribes in 1809, Colter described a place of ""fire and brimstone"" that most people dismissed as delirium; the supposedly imaginary place was nicknamed ""Colter's Hell"". """,Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1768,Yellowstone,Craig Pass,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Road engineer Hiram Chittenden discovered the pass and named it after Ida M. Craig - the first tourist to cross the pass in 1891.,Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1769,Yellowstone,De Lacy Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for Walter Washington DeLacy by Park Superintendent PW Norris in 1881. DeLacy was a surveyor and engineer who compiled first accurate map of YNP in 1865,Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1770,Yellowstone,De Lacy Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Named for Walter Washington DeLacy by Park Superintendent PW Norris in 1881. DeLacy was a surveyor and engineer who compiled first accurate map of YNP in 1866,Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1771,Yellowstone,Delusion Lake,Lake,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Incorrectly mapped in 1871 by Hayden survey as arm of Yellowstone Lake, named by members of 1878 survey who discovered this ""delusion""",Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1772,Yellowstone,Dome Mountain,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1773,Yellowstone,Dot Island,Island,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1774,Yellowstone,Druid Peak,Mountain,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely lyrical or narrative name,NA,,NA
1775,Yellowstone,Duck Lake,Lake,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1776,Yellowstone,Dunanda Falls,Waterfall,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,no,no,Other,No information,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Shoshone word meaning ""straight"" (Bright 2003). Unclear if it is the original IPN.",https://www.yellowstonestereoviews.com/answers.htm,,NA
1777,Yellowstone,Dunraven Pass,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","During the 1878 U.S. Geological Survey of the park, Henry Gannett, a geographer working with the survey, named a peak in the honor of the Earl of Dunraven and the service his book had done for the park, In 1879, Philetus Norris, the park superintendent gave the pass on the Grand Loop Road between Tower and Canyon the name Dunraven because of its proximity to Dunraven Peak. A big game hunter, in 1874 Dunraven claimed 15,000 acres in Colorado, United States, determined to make the area a game park. He built a tourist hotel there but sold the land in the early 20th century, as he was under continuous pressure from settlers trying to encroach on his holdings. (colonialism = sold the land)",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunraven_Pass,,
1778,Yellowstone,Eagle Pass,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1779,Yellowstone,Eagle Peak,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1780,Yellowstone,Eleanor Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Yellowstone roading engineer named it after his daughter who was 5 months old the first time he visited the park,Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1781,Yellowstone,Electric Peak,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1782,Yellowstone,Fairy Creek,River,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely lyrical or narrative name,NA,,NA
1783,Yellowstone,Fairy Falls,Waterfall,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely lyrical or narrative name,NA,,NA
1784,Yellowstone,Fan Creek,River,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named by Joseph P. Iddings because the shape of the valley at the creeks headwaters 1885,Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1785,Yellowstone,Firehole Falls,Waterfall,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",on Firehole River,Whittlesey 1988,,
1786,Yellowstone,Firehole River,River,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","fur trappers referred to mountain valleys as ""holes"", burnt hole or fire hole refered to a burned over valley near present day Hebgen Lake. But later name thought to refer to hot springs in the river.",Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1787,Yellowstone,Fishing Bridge RV Park,Campground,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1788,Yellowstone,Flat Mountain Arm,Lake,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1789,Yellowstone,Floating Island Lake,Lake,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1790,Yellowstone,Fountain Paint Pot,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1791,Yellowstone,Frank Island,Island,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Henry Wood Elliot (artist, environmentalist) named the island after his Brother",Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wood_Elliott,
1792,Yellowstone,Gallatin Range,Mountain,Unknown,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after Albert Gallatin (1761-1849) - Thomas Jefferson secretary of the treasury, negotiator of Ghent (1812) , and the founder of the American Ethnological Society 1842 (Note: Gallatin Range includes Joseph Peak, which is not labelled on the map, but is named after Chief Joseph who led the Nez Perce refugees' flight through YNP). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez_Perce_in_Yellowstone_Park",Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Gallatin#Legacy,
1793,Yellowstone,Gardner River,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Johnson Gardner, a free trapper (/free agent fur trapper) in the early 19th century, gained from removal/murder of Indigenous people.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner_River,,
1794,Yellowstone,Gardners Hole,Valley,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after Johnson Gardner - named it himself: ""Some time later, this same group of Indians came into the camp of Johnson Gardner’s party.  Being as each man’s gear and equipment was unique, it was not long before the trappers discerned that the Indians had the rifle, knife, powder horn and other items belonging to Glass.  The trappers managed to seize three of the Indians.  Summary justice was meted out.  The Arikaras were scalped and burned alive when they could give no good reason for possessing the worldly goods of Hugh Glass.""",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner_River,http://www.mman.us/gardner.htm,
1795,Yellowstone,Gibbon Falls,Waterfall,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after the river, Members of the second Hayden survey named it in 1872 after General John Gibbon (1827-1896) , Gibbon fought in the Indian Wars",Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gibbon,
1796,Yellowstone,Gibbon River,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","John Gibbon a US Army General who led the massacre of a Nez Perce Camp in Big Hole, Montana",https://mountainjournal.org/yellowstone-needs-to-rename-places-that-honor-bad-people   https://www.nps.gov/biho/index.htm   https://yellowstoneinsider.com/2017/07/17/yellowstone-history-gibbon-falls/,,
1797,Yellowstone,Gneiss Creek,River,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Gneiss is a metamorphic rock, granite like but banded",Whittlesey 1988 and Bright 2003,,
1798,Yellowstone,Goose Lake,Lake,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1799,Yellowstone,Grand Prismatic Spring,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1800,Yellowstone,Grant Village,Village,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","In honor of President US Grant- who signed the bill that created the park; Grant was considered an effective civil rights president, concerned about the plight of African Americans.[310]  Grant's policy toward Native Americans was generally toward peace: Grant's religious faith also influenced his policy towards Native Americans, believing that the ""Creator"" did not place races of men on earth for the ""stronger"" to destroy the ""weaker"".[346] Grant vetoed a bill that would have protected buffalo from slaughter, b/c his secretary of interior believed correctly that killing the buffalo would force Plains Native Americans to abandon their nomadic lifestyle. Grant was president during the Battle of Greasy Grass (Battle of the Little Bighorn/Custer's last stand) and he thought it was an unnecessary use of force, disowning Custer. He did get the Sioux to abandon the Black Hills, their sacred lands, and live on reservations. On balance: Not racist, not colonialist, not directed bodily violent against people.",Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant#Reconstruction_and_civil_rights,
1801,Yellowstone,Grayling Creek,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1802,Yellowstone,Great Fountain Geyser,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1803,Yellowstone,Grebe Lake,Lake,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",named in one of the surveys for the western grebe,Whittlesey 1988,,
1804,Yellowstone,Grizzly Lake,Lake,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",named for the bears that often feed on spawning cutthroat trout here in the spring,Whittlesey 1988,,
1805,Yellowstone,Grizzly Peak,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1806,Yellowstone,Grouse Creek,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1807,Yellowstone,Hayden Valley,Valley,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"Named after person who supported racist ideas (but non-violent, not in power) [3]","No info - not likely, no evidence","“Dr. Ferdinand V. Hayden advocated the ‘extermination’ of tribal people in an official government document … published in 1872,” the tribal proposal reads...The geologist and explorer is best known for advocating for the world’s first national park, which Congress created in 1872, the year after his expedition.. Shoud change to Buffalo Nations Valley.....Dr Ferdinand V. Hayden advocated the massacre of Chief Heavy Runner's Piegan Blackfeet village on the Marias river (led by Gustavus Cheyney Doane - who boasted it ""was the greatest slaughter of indians ever made by US troops"" - 173 killed only 15 were men of fighting age). Hayden said about the massacre ""Unless they are localized and made to enter upon agricultural and pastoral pursuits they must ultimately be exterminated"" concluding with ""If extermination is the result of non-compliance, then compulsion is an act of mercy""  and one more quote from Hayden: ""Equally incontestable ist he pre-eminence of the white race which thus forms a natural aristocracy in the truest sense of the word"" https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4597433-ReviewList430.html",https://www.wyofile.com/tribes-meet-wyoming-resistance-to-yellowstone-name-changes/,https://www.npr.org/2018/09/09/641330248/native-americans-propose-change-to-yellowstone-landmark-names,NA
1808,Yellowstone,Heart Lake,Lake,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Hart Hunney, an early western hunter - it does not refer to the heart shape of the lake, died in a fight with Crow Indians 1852 - might have been one of Captain Benjamin Bonneville's men. Hunting = extracting resources for personal gain = colonialism.",Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1809,Yellowstone,Hellroaring Mountain,Mountain,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after Hellroaring Creek, i.e. the sound, (not labeled on map): Among those attracted to the Bear Creek strike was Lou Anderson, who soon moved on up the Yellowstone with a small party. This search for the lode is of interest because of its legacy of three place-names. According to E. S. Topping, the circumstances which generated the names were these: Early in the summer of 1867, Lou Anderson . . . with [A. H.] Hubble [George W.] Reese, Caldwell and another man, went up the river on the east side. They found gold in a crevice at the mouth of the first stream above Bear, and named it in consequence, Crevice gulch. Hubble went ahead the next day for a hunt and upon his return he was asked what kind of a stream the next creek was. “It’s a hell roarer, was his reply, and Hell Roaring is its name to this day. The second day after this he [Hubble] was again ahead, and the same question being asked him, he said. “Twas but a slough.” When the party came to it they found a rushing torrent, and in crossing, a pack horse and his load were swept away, but the name of Slough Creek remains. [104]",https://yellowstone.net/history/the-prospecting-era-1863-71,,NA
1810,Yellowstone,Hering Lake,Lake,Unknown,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Named after Rudolfd Hering who scouted railway routes through the park. Railroads = part of the colonialism process.,Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1811,Yellowstone,Ice Lake,Lake,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Ice supply for the Norris Hotel,Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1812,Yellowstone,Indian Creek,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,People,Potentially - probably had IPN,"Name itself promotes racist ideas and/or violence against a group [2,4,6]",Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"members of Hayden survey noticed Indian trail passed down north side of this creek, part of the Great Bannock Trail, which was used by the Shoshone and Bannock hunting parties during the 19th century",Whittlesey 1988,,
1813,Yellowstone,Indian Pond,Lake,Native American reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,People,Potentially - probably had IPN,"Name itself promotes racist ideas and/or violence against a group [2,4,6]",Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"Originally named ""Squaw"" lake it was renamed to Indian Lake - Indians used the site for camping",Whittlesey 1988 and Bright 2003,,
1814,Yellowstone,Inspiration Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1815,Yellowstone,Isa Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Isabel Jelke of Cincinnati by Northern Pacific Railroad officials in 1893, little known about her connection to the lake.",Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1816,Yellowstone,Kepler Cascades,Waterfall,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The cascades were named by Philetus Norris, park superintendent in 1881 for the 12-year-old son of Wyoming's territorial governor John Wesley Hoyt. Hoyt and his son, Kepler Hoyt, were visiting Yellowstone in 1881 when Norris named the cascades after Kepler.[2]",Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler_Cascades,
1817,Yellowstone,Lake Butte Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1818,Yellowstone,Lake Village,Village,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1819,Yellowstone,Lamar River,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"Named after person who supported racist ideas (but non-violent, not in power) [3]","No info - not likely, no evidence","During the 1884–85 Geological Survey of the park Geologist Arnold Hague named the river for L.Q.C. (Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus) Lamar (before that it was known as the East Fork of the Yellowstone River). Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II (September 17, 1825 – January 23, 1893) was an American politician, diplomat, and jurist. He opposed Reconstruction and voting rights for African Americans (represented Mississippi in the Senate from 1877 to 1885).",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Quintus_Cincinnatus_Lamar_II,https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/us-history-biographies/lucius-quintus-cincinnatus-lamar,
1820,Yellowstone,Lamar Valley,Valley,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"Named after person who supported racist ideas (but non-violent, not in power) [3]","No info - not likely, no evidence","During the 1884–85 Geological Survey of the park Geologist Arnold Hague named the river for L.Q.C. (Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus) Lamar (before that it was known as the East Fork of the Yellowstone River). Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II (September 17, 1825 – January 23, 1893) was an American politician, diplomat, and jurist. He opposed Reconstruction and voting rights for African Americans (represented Mississippi in the Senate from 1877 to 1885).",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Quintus_Cincinnatus_Lamar_II,https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/us-history-biographies/lucius-quintus-cincinnatus-lamar,
1821,Yellowstone,Lava Creek,River,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named after the basaltic and rhyolytic rocks that dominate the area,Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1822,Yellowstone,LeHardys Rapids,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Named by WA Jones after a civilian topographer on the expedition Paul LeHardy - who went down the rapids and got overturned and hiked to Mud Volcano,Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1823,Yellowstone,Lewis Falls,Waterfall,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",named after Merriweather Leiws (Lewis & Clark expedition),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition,,
1824,Yellowstone,Lewis Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",named after Merriweather Leiws (Lewis & Clark expedition),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition,,
1825,Yellowstone,Lewis River,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",named after Merriweather Leiws (Lewis & Clark expedition),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition,,
1826,Yellowstone,Little Firehole River,River,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named after the Firehole river,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firehole_River,,
1827,Yellowstone,Little Quadrant Mountain,Mountain,Unknown,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Topographer Henry Gannett wrote that it had a 'very perculiar shape', resembling a segment of a sphere - small version",Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1828,Yellowstone,Lone Star Geyser,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Nothing to do with Texas the lone star state,Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1829,Yellowstone,Lower Geyser Basin,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1830,Yellowstone,Madison,Village,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after President James Madison  ; assilimationist, coloniser; President to General Andrew Jackson, Native land dispossession, violence. Details: Like Jefferson, Madison had a paternalistic attitude toward American Indians, encouraging the men to give up hunting and become farmers.[218] Madison believed the adoption of European-style agriculture would help Native Americans assimilate the values of British-U.S. civilization. As pioneers and settlers moved West into large tracts of Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek, and Chickasaw territory, Madison ordered the U.S. Army to protect Native lands from intrusion by settlers, to the chagrin of his military commander Andrew Jackson, who wanted Madison to ignore Indian pleas to stop the invasion of their lands.[219] Tensions mounted between the United States and Tecumseh over the 1809 Treaty of Fort Wayne, which ultimately led to Tecumseh's alliance with the British and the Battle of Tippecanoe, on November 7, 1811, in the Northwest Territory.[219][220] Tecumseh was defeated and Indians were pushed off their tribal lands, replaced entirely by white settlers.[219] [220]

In addition to the Battle of the Thames and the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, other American Indian battles took place, including the Peoria War, and the Creek War. Settled by General Jackson, the Creek War added 20 million acres of land to the United States, in Georgia and Alabama, by the Treaty of Fort Jackson on August 9, 1814.[221]

Privately, Madison did not believe American Indians could be civilized. Madison believed that Native Americans may have been unwilling to make ""the transition from the hunter, or even the herdsman state, to the agriculture"".[216] Madison feared that Native Americans had too great an influence on the settlers they interacted with, who in his view were ""irresistibly attracted by that complete liberty, that freedom from bonds, obligations, duties, that absence of care and anxiety which characterize the savage state"". In March 1816, Madison's Secretary of War William Crawford advocated for the government to encourage intermarriages between Native Americans and whites as a way of assimilating the former. This prompted public outrage and exacerbated anti-Indigenous bigotry among white Americans, as seen in hostile letters sent to Madison, who remained publicly silent on the issue.[216]",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_River,
1831,Yellowstone,Madison Plateau,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after President James Madison  ; assilimationist, coloniser. Named after James Madison  - Madison supported the extension of slavery into the West during the Missouri crisis of 1819–1821 and believed that former slaves were unlikely to successfully integrate into Southern society. Madison had a paternalistic attitude toward American Indians, encouraging the men to give up hunting and become farmers. Madison believed the adoption of European-style agriculture would help Native Americans assimilate the values of British-U.S. civilization.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_River,
1832,Yellowstone,Madison River,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after President James Madison  ; assilimationist, coloniser. Named after James Madison  - Madison supported the extension of slavery into the West during the Missouri crisis of 1819–1821 and believed that former slaves were unlikely to successfully integrate into Southern society. Madison had a paternalistic attitude toward American Indians, encouraging the men to give up hunting and become farmers. Madison believed the adoption of European-style agriculture would help Native Americans assimilate the values of British-U.S. civilization.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_River,
1833,Yellowstone,Mallard Lake,Lake,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1834,Yellowstone,Mammoth Hot Springs Terraces,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1835,Yellowstone,Mary Bay,Bay,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Rev. Edwin J Stanley named the lake after Mary Clark - a young woman on the party that made a trip through the park,Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1836,Yellowstone,Mary Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Rev. Edwin J Stanley named the lake after Mary Clark - a young woman on the party that made a trip through the park,Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1837,Yellowstone,McBride Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Possibly named afte the first Acting Chief Ranger James McBride - c. 1921, during transition from Army Fort Yellowstone to a park.",https://www.yellowstone.org/yellowstone-then-and-now/,,NA
1838,Yellowstone,Midway Geyser Basin,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1839,Yellowstone,Miller Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Norris named the creek after Adam 'Horn' Miller after he recognised it on a trip with Norris where he retreated from the Indians,Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1840,Yellowstone,Mirror Plateau,Mountain,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; descriptive, A natural mirror lake",Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1841,Yellowstone,Monument Geyser Basin,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; Literal descriptive name.,https://www.americansouthwest.net/wyoming/yellowstone/monument-geyser-basin.html,,
1842,Yellowstone,Moose Falls,Waterfall,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1843,Yellowstone,Mount Doane,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Doane “led the massacre of Chief Heavy Runner’s Peigan Blackfeet village on the Marias River,” several months before the 1870 Yellowstone expedition. Doane’s men killed 173 persons, only 15 of whom were of fighting age, the application states....  Doane, a U.S. Army Cavalry soldier, escorted the Washburn-Langford-Doane expedition into Yellowstone in 1870, the year before Hayden’s trip. After his expedition in 1871, Hayden proposed the name Mount Doane for a peak on the east shore of Yellowstone Lake....change name to First Peoples Mountain.... Tribes across the United States and Canada have joined a petition to change the name of Mt. Doane to “First Peoples Mountain.”`","https://www.wyofile.com/tribes-meet-wyoming-resistance-to-yellowstone-name-changes/; Sept 2018 article from NPR (via Kurt): https://www.npr.org/2018/09/09/641330248/native-americans-propose-change-to-yellowstone-landmark-names; Marias Massacre / Baker Massacre info: https://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/news/sunday/blackfeet-remember-montana-s-greatest-indian-massacre/article_daca1094-4484-11e1-918e-001871e3ce6c.html, Marias river is in north central Montana","https://www.npr.org/2018/09/09/641330248/native-americans-propose-change-to-yellowstone-landmark-names. 
https://archive.org/details/battledrumsgeyse00bonn/page/24/mode/2up?q=marias",NA
1844,Yellowstone,Mount Everts,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Truman C. Everts, a member of the Washburn–Langford–Doane Expedition of 1870. A tax assessor prone to sickness, not an ""Indian killer"" like Doane",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everts,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_C._Everts,
1845,Yellowstone,Mount Haynes,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Horace Albright named the mountain after the photographer F. Jay Haynes - Yellowstones official photographer in 1883,Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1846,Yellowstone,Mount Holmes,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Named after geologist Mathew Holmes - member of the 3rd Hayden Geological survey,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Holmes,,
1847,Yellowstone,Mount Langford,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Washburn named the peak following the ascent by G.C Doane and N.P Langford, who made the first accurate sketch of the lake - by association of Doane (same expedition)",Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1848,Yellowstone,Mount Norris,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",P.W Norris (Superintendent of the park (1877-1882) named it after himself in 1875. Naming a thing after yourself is a kind of map making.,Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Ljs1AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA235&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=3#v=onepage&q=indian&f=false,
1849,Yellowstone,Mount Schurz,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after the Secretary of the Interior (""he took a deep interest in the welfare of the park"" Schurz led teh fight to imrpove living conditions for Indians",Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park,
1850,Yellowstone,Mount Sheridan,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","named in honor of General Philip H. Sheridan, U.S. Army, one of the early protectors of the park. During Reconstruction he defended black people, but after the Civil War he was basically in charge of clearing Indigenous people out of the plains to make way for settlers. During the Indian Wars he killed Indigenous people and promoted extirminating the buffalo (in order to weaken Indigenous people. (he was on the good side of the cvil war but on the really bad side of the Indian wars). Long version: During the Reconstruction period Sheridan served in the South. On July 30, 1866, while Sheridan was in Texas, a white mob broke up the state constitutional convention in New Orleans. Thirty-four blacks were killed. Shortly after Sheridan returned, he wired Grant, ""The more information I obtain of the affair of the 30th in this city the more revolting it becomes. It was no riot; it was an absolute massacre.""[40] In March 1867, with Reconstruction barely started, Sheridan was appointed military governor of the Fifth Military District (Texas and Louisiana). He severely limited voter registration for former Confederates and ruled that only registered voters (including black men) were eligible to serve on juries. Furthermore, an inquiry into the deadly New Orleans riot of 1866 implicated numerous local officials; Sheridan dismissed the mayor of New Orleans, the Louisiana attorney general, and a district judge. He later removed Louisiana Governor James M. Wells, accusing him of being ""a political trickster and a dishonest man"". He also dismissed Texas Governor James W. Throckmorton, a former Confederate, for being an ""impediment to the reconstruction of the State"", replacing him with the Republican who had lost to him in the previous election Elisha M. Pease. Sheridan had been feuding with President Andrew Johnson for months over interpretations of the Military Reconstruction Acts and voting rights issues, and within a month of the second firing, the president removed Sheridan, stating to an outraged Gen. Grant that, ""His rule has, in fact, been one of absolute tyranny, without references to the principles of our government or the nature of our free institutions.""[41]

If Sheridan was unpopular in Texas, neither did he have much appreciation for the Lone Star State. In 1866 his quip was widely reported: ""If I owned Texas and Hell, I would rent Texas and live in Hell.""[42] In August 1867, Grant appointed Sheridan to head the Department of the Missouri and pacify the Plains. His troops, even supplemented with state militia, were spread too thin to have any real effect. He conceived a strategy similar to the one he used in the Shenandoah Valley. In the Winter Campaign of 1868–69 (of which the Battle of Washita River was part) he attacked the Cheyenne, Kiowa, and Comanche tribes in their winter quarters, taking their supplies and livestock and killing those who resisted, driving the rest back into their reservations. When Sherman was promoted to General of the Army following Grant's election as President of the United States, Sheridan was appointed to command the Military Division of the Missouri, with all the Great Plains under his command. Professional hunters, trespassing on Indian land, killed over 4 million bison by 1874, and Sheridan applauded: ""Let them kill, skin and sell until the buffalo is exterminated"". When the Texas legislature considered outlawing bison poaching on tribal lands, Sheridan personally testified against it, suggesting that the legislature should give each of the hunters a medal, engraved with a dead buffalo on one side and a discouraged-looking Indian on the other.[47]",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sheridan,,
1851,Yellowstone,Mount Stevenson,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Named after scientific surveyor James Stevenson. Lived with Inidians and spent his later years studying them,Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1852,Yellowstone,Mount Washburn,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Henry D. Washburn, was an army man. Head of Washburn-Langford-Doane expedition that first surveyed and named many of the features in Yellowstone NP. Served the Union in the Civil War, then a politician, then a surveyor. Not an ""Indian killer"" like Doane.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_D._Washburn,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washburn%E2%80%93Langford%E2%80%93Doane_Expedition,
1853,Yellowstone,Mountain Creek,River,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1854,Yellowstone,Mud Lake Canoe Trail,Trail,Mineral,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1855,Yellowstone,Mud Volcano,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1856,Yellowstone,Mystic Falls,Waterfall,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1857,Yellowstone,National Park Mountain,Mountain,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1858,Yellowstone,Natural Bridge,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1859,Yellowstone,Nez Perce Creek,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","The Creek is (the East fork of the Firehole river in 1877). Also known as Hayden's fork (1871), east fork of the Madison River (pre-1871) Officially designated Nez Perce Creek in 1885 during the Arnold Hague Geological Surveys of the park.[23]. The name comes from: The Nez Perce in Yellowstone Park was the flight of the Nez Perce Indians through Yellowstone National Park between August 20 and Sept 7, during the Nez Perce War in 1877. As the U.S. army pursued the Nez Perce through the park, a number of hostile and sometimes deadly encounters between park visitors and the Indians occurred. Eventually, the army's pursuit forced the Nez Perce off the Yellowstone plateau and into forces arrayed to capture or destroy them when they emerged from the mountains of Yellowstone onto the valley of Clark's Fork of the Yellowstone River. (They escaped but later surrendered and were forced onto a reservation).",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez_Perce_in_Yellowstone_Park#The_trap,http://www.nezperce.org/about/history/,
1860,Yellowstone,Norris Geyser Basin,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after P.W. Norris - was involved int he establisment of the park - potential for violence as well, but no information on that",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philetus_Norris,,
1861,Yellowstone,Nymph Lake,Lake,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely lyrical or narrative name,NA,,NA
1862,Yellowstone,Observation Peak,Mountain,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",a high mountain peak for an outstanding view of the Yellowstone wilderness. literal descriptive,https://www.nps.gov/thingstodo/yell-trail-observation-peak.htm,,NA
1863,Yellowstone,Obsidian Cliff,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1864,Yellowstone,Old Faithful Geyser,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Because it spouts on a regular schedule,https://www.wonderopolis.org/wonder/why-is-it-called-old-faithful/,,NA
1865,Yellowstone,Otter Creek,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1866,Yellowstone,Ouzel Falls,Waterfall,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Ouzel Creek, which was named for the water ouzel or American dipper (Cinculus americanus) a small bird that feeds underwater",Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1867,Yellowstone,Overlook Mountain,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1868,Yellowstone,Panther Creek,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1869,Yellowstone,Parker Peak,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",Norris named the peak after William H. Parker - who accompanied him on expeditions in the area -  Parker could have also been part of the violence against Indigenous Peoples but no information could be found on him specifically.,Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1870,Yellowstone,Pebble Creek,River,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1871,Yellowstone,Pebble Creek,Campground,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1872,Yellowstone,Pelican Cone,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1873,Yellowstone,Pelican Creek,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1874,Yellowstone,Phantom Lake,Lake,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely lyrical or narrative name,NA,,NA
1875,Yellowstone,Pitchstone Plateau,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named after a type of obsidian and one of Yellowstones common rocks,Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1876,Yellowstone,Pollux Peak,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Greek mythology,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named after Pollux the god of atheletes and protectors of sailors and travellers - named by Arnold Hague,Whittlesey 1988 and Bright 2003,,
1877,Yellowstone,Prospect Peak,Mountain,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; Named by Arnold Hague for unknown reasons, likely descriptive",Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1878,Yellowstone,Pyramid Peak,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1879,Yellowstone,Quadrant Mountain,Mountain,Unknown,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Topographer Henry Gannett wrote that it had a 'very perculiar shape', resembling a segment of a sphere",Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1880,Yellowstone,Ranger Lake,Lake,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1881,Yellowstone,Red Mountains,Mountain,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",derived from the prevailing colour of the rocks,Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1882,Yellowstone,Reservation Peak,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named by the Hague party because it marks the boundary of the great 'reservation' of Yellowstone NP, forever reserved and withdrawn from settlement, occup[ancy or sale""",Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1883,Yellowstone,Riddle Lake,Lake,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named by Rudolf Hering becasue of the insolvable riddle of the mythical lake among the mountains that drains into both oceans (the lake isnt directly on the divide, thus named due to mapping error)- may have been inspired by Biddle Lake from Lewis and Clarks expedition map",Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1884,Yellowstone,Roaring Mountain,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after the 'shrill penetrating sound constantly escaping one or more of the vents located near the summit""",Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1885,Yellowstone,Roosevelt Lodge,Lodge,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"Named after person who supported racist ideas (but non-violent, not in power) [3]","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after Theodore Roosevelt ; Roosevelt’s seven and a half years in office were marked by his support of the Indian allotment system, the removal of Indians from their lands and the destruction of their culture. Although he earned a reputation as a conservationist—placing more than 230 million acres of land under public protection—Roosevelt systematically marginalized Indians, uprooting them from their homelands to create national parks and monuments, speaking publicly about his plans to assimilate them and using them as spectacles to build his political empire. https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/theodore-roosevelt-the-only-good-indians-are-the-dead-indians-oN1cdfuEW02KzOVVyrp7ig/",https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/theodore-roosevelt-the-only-good-indians-are-the-dead-indians-oN1cdfuEW02KzOVVyrp7ig/,,
1886,Yellowstone,Saddle Mountain,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Park superintendent P.W. Norris becasue of its resemblance to a riding saddle when viewed from Lamar Valley,Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1887,Yellowstone,Scaup Lake,Lake,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1888,Yellowstone,Sedge Bay,Bay,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1889,Yellowstone,Sheepeater Cliff,Picnic area,Unknown,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,translation,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"Sheepeater Indigenous Nation, also known as the Tukudikas--the only Indigenous Nation known to have lived within the boundaries of YNP. Called sheepeater because their staple food was the bighorn sheep. left YNP in 1871 to join Wyoming's Wind River Indian Reservation. (Whittlesey 1988). Cliff Given name by Park Superintendent PW Norris in 1879. Wikipedia: Their name, Tukudeka, also means  ""Eaters of White Meat,""[5] ""Eaters of Mountain Sheep,"" ""Mountain Sheepeaters,"" or simply, ""Sheepeaters.""[4]. Original IPN unknown but Indigenous Peoples probably had a name for it--they are a series of exposed cliffs made up of columnar basalt. The lava was deposited about 500,000 years ago during one of the periodic basaltic floods in Yellowstone Caldera, and later exposed by the Gardner River. The cliffs are noted as a textbook example of a basaltic flow with well defined joints and hexagonal columns. This is a picnic area, not a cliff",Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1890,Yellowstone,Shoshone Lake,Lake,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","In 1872 Frank Bradley of Hayden survey found it belongs to the Snake River drainage and named it Shoshone Lake adopting the Indian name of the Snake River. The Shoshone lived mainly west and south of YNP but artifacts found near lake. Debated word meaning. Some believe it is an uncomplimentary Siouxan expression given to the tribe by their Crow neighborrs. Could mean ""those who camp together in wickups or grass house people"". (Whittlesey 1988) But:  ""Shoshone"" is the name of a people and language of the Great Basin, of the Numic (Uto-Aztec_ linguistic family); term first applied in 19th century to the Eastern Shoshonis of WY (Bright 2003)",Whittlesey 1988 and Bright 2003,,
1891,Yellowstone,Slough Creek,Campground,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Slough Creek got its name when an 1867 party of gold prospectors ventured into Lamar valley and described its condition as a slough. The name began appearing on maps as early as 1872.,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slough_Creek_(Wyoming),,
1892,Yellowstone,Snow Lodge,Lodge,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1893,Yellowstone,South Arm,Lake,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1894,Yellowstone,Southeast Arm,Lake,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1895,Yellowstone,Specimen Creek,River,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","likely named for Specimen Ridge, named by prospectors as place noted for amethysts and other rocks",Whittlesey 1988,,
1896,Yellowstone,Specimen Ridge,Mountain,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Referred to as Specimen Mountain by local miners and was probably named by prospectors well before 1870,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specimen_Ridge,,
1897,Yellowstone,Sportsman Lake,Lake,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1898,Yellowstone,Steamboat Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named because of the nearby steam jets,Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1899,Yellowstone,Straight Creek,River,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1900,Yellowstone,Sulphur Caldron,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1901,Yellowstone,Summit Lake,Lake,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1902,Yellowstone,Swan Lake,Lake,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1903,Yellowstone,Sylvan Lake,Lake,Unknown,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",God of the woods (from Latin Silvānus) mean woods (sylva is Latin for woods),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvan_Pass_(Wyoming),,
1904,Yellowstone,Sylvan Pass,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Unknown,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",God of the woods (from Latin Silvānus) mean woods (sylva is Latin for woods),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvan_Pass_(Wyoming),,
1905,Yellowstone,Table Mountain,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1906,Yellowstone,The Promontory,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1907,Yellowstone,The Thunderer,Mountain,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named by members of the Arnold Hague Geological Survey of 1885 for it propensity to attract thunderstorms,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thunderer_(Wyoming),,
1908,Yellowstone,The Trident,Range,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Geologist Arnold Hague named the mountain because had three westerly 'fingers' like a triden or a pitchfork,Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1909,Yellowstone,Thorofare Ranger Station,Ranger station,Unknown,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1910,Yellowstone,Top Notch Peak,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1911,Yellowstone,Tower Creek,River,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named after Tower Fall area (Tower/Roosevelt),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Fall,https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/theodore-roosevelt-the-only-good-indians-are-the-dead-indians-oN1cdfuEW02KzOVVyrp7ig/,
1912,Yellowstone,Tower Fall,Waterfall,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","First photographed by William Henry Jackson in 1871. The beauty of the landscape led Congress to create Yellowstone National Park, the country's and world's first national park, in 1872. The fall was named by Samuel Hauser, a member of the Washburn party. Hauser made this notation in his diary on August 27, 1870:Campt [sic] near the most beautiful falls-I ever saw-I named them Tower Falls-from the towers & pinnicle[sic] that overhang them height 115 feet Aug 28-Didnt [sic] move camp Cenery [sic] too beautiful I measured these falls-found them 115-the pinacal [sic] cover top Then 200ft Eight different spires crown from the falls-From below the view is splendid.
— Samuel Hauser
The fall was renamed Tower Fall (singular) by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1928.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Fall,,
1913,Yellowstone,Tower-Roosevelt,Park region,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"Named after person who supported racist ideas (but non-violent, not in power) [3]","No info - not likely, no evidence","Area between Tower junction and Roosevelt Lodge ?; Named after Theodore Roosevelt ; Roosevelt’s seven and a half years in office were marked by his support of the Indian allotment system, the removal of Indians from their lands and the destruction of their culture. Although he earned a reputation as a conservationist—placing more than 230 million acres of land under public protection—Roosevelt systematically marginalized Indians, uprooting them from their homelands to create national parks and monuments, speaking publicly about his plans to assimilate them and using them as spectacles to build his political empire. “I don’t go so far as to think that the only good Indians are the dead Indians, but I believe nine out of every 10 are,” Roosevelt said during a January 1886 speech in New York. “And I shouldn’t like to inquire too closely into the case of the tenth.” https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/theodore-roosevelt-the-only-good-indians-are-the-dead-indians-oN1cdfuEW02KzOVVyrp7ig/   Also, Roosevelt was an imperialist in the Pacific. The US took the Phillippines from Spain, ending the Spanish American War, which led to the Phillippine-American War (1899-1902), TR vigorously defended the permanent acquisition of the Philippines in the 1900 campaign (McKinley-Roosevelt ticket). Rudolph Rummel claims that 128,000 Filipinos were killed by the U.S in democide.[109] The United States Department of State states that the war ""resulted in the death of over 4,200 American and over 20,000 Filipino combatants"", and that ""as many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died from violence, famine, and disease"".[110] He expanded the navy to, in part, demonstrate US power to the world. And the Panama Canal was his pet project, which included US ownership and operation of the canal (a colony, given back in 1999). Roosevelt's administration was not supportive of civil rights for blacks. https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/jimcrow/print/p_struggle_president.html",https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2019/03/21/teddy-roosevelt-legacy-100-years,,
1914,Yellowstone,Trail Lake,Lake,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1915,Yellowstone,Trout Lake,Lake,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1916,Yellowstone,Turbid Lake,Lake,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1917,Yellowstone,Turret Mountain,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1918,Yellowstone,Twin Lakes,Lake,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1919,Yellowstone,Two Ocean Plateau,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Two ocean plateau is a marshy meadow where the waters of North Two ocean creek and South two ocean creek divide and flow in two directions - one to the Atlantic via the yellowstone, the other to the Pacific via the snake river",Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1920,Yellowstone,Two Ribbons,Trailhead,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1921,Yellowstone,Uncle Tom's Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Among these many characters stands H.F. Richardson, a former Bozeman, Mont. resident. Known as “Uncle Tom” to his contemporaries, Richardson built a trail deep into the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. In the late 1890s the National Park Service granted him a permit to ferry tourists across the Yellowstone River and then lead them along the canyon’s south rim to the base of the Lower Falls. There, guests would enjoy a picnic lunch before turning back.Richardson’s endeavors were rather short lived, however, lasting only for the seven-year duration between 1898 and 1905. The NPS’s construction of the Chittenden Bridge in 1903 largely contributed to the end of his business.",https://www.yellowstonepark.com/things-to-do/hike-yellowstone-national-parks-uncle-toms-trail,,NA
1922,Yellowstone,Undine Falls,Waterfall,Unknown,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Undine are mythological water nymphs named by  geologist Arnold Hague,Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1923,Yellowstone,Union Falls,Waterfall,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Crest of the branch streama nd the bottom of the falls meet,Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1924,Yellowstone,Upper Geyser Basin,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1925,Yellowstone,Virginia Cascade,Waterfall,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Charles Gibson (head of Yellowstone Park Assoc. in 1886)'s wife Virginia Gibson. Ed Lamartine foremen in charge of government road work in the Park, approached Arnold Hague of the USGS requested it be on the map, Hague said did not like personal names on beautiful scenic places. However, accepted name in honor of one of the state in the first NP.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Cascades,,
1926,Yellowstone,Wapiti Lake,Lake,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,no,NA,Animal,No information,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","The Shawnee/Cree (Algonquin origin) word “wapiti,” which means “white deer” or “white-rumped deer,” is another name for elk. (Bright 2003)",https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/elk.htm,https://rangelandbison.ca/why-we-call-elk-wapiti-and-why-you-might-want-to-as-well/,
1927,Yellowstone,Washburn Hot Springs Overlook,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Henry D. Washburn, was an army man. Head of Washburn-Langford-Doane expedition that first surveyed and named many of the features in Yellowstone NP. Served the Union in the Civil War, then a politician, then a surveyor. Not an ""Indian killer"" like Doane.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_D._Washburn,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washburn%E2%80%93Langford%E2%80%93Doane_Expedition,
1928,Yellowstone,Washburn Range,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Henry D. Washburn, was an army man. Head of Washburn-Langford-Doane expedition that first surveyed and named many of the features in Yellowstone NP. Served the Union in the Civil War, then a politician, then a surveyor. Not an ""Indian killer"" like Doane.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_D._Washburn,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washburn%E2%80%93Langford%E2%80%93Doane_Expedition,
1929,Yellowstone,West Thumb,Village,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1930,Yellowstone,West Thumb Geyser Basin,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1931,Yellowstone,White Lake,Lake,Unknown,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1932,Yellowstone,Winter Creek,River,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1933,Yellowstone,Wolf Lake,Lake,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1934,Yellowstone,Wraith Falls,Waterfall,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Named in 1885 by USGS no record for reason for name,Whittlesey 1988 Yellowstone place names,,
1935,Yellowstone,Yellowstone Lake,Lake,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,translation,Other,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Main lake in Yellowstone Park, inflow and outflow of lake are Yellowstone River, so IPN could have potentially been the same as the IPN for the river?",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_Lake,,Mi tse a-da-zi
1936,Yellowstone,Yellowstone National Park,Park,Mineral,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,translation,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The park contains the headwaters of the Yellowstone River, from which it takes its historical name. The name is believed to have been derived from the Minnetaree Indian name Mi tse a-da-zi (Yellow Rock River) (Hidatsa: miʔciiʔriaashiish'), that name came from the yellow-colored rocks along the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, but the Minnetaree never lived along the upper stretches of the Yellowstone. Some scholars think that the river was named after yellow-colored sandstone bluffs on the lower Yellowstone, instead. The Crow Indians, who lived along the upper Yellowstone in Southern Montana, called it E-chee-dick-karsh-ah-shay (Elk River). Translating the Minnetaree name, French trappers called the river Roche Jaune (Yellow Rock), a name used by mountain men until the mid-19th century. Independently, Lewis and Clark recorded the English translation of Yellow Stone for the river, after encountering the Minnetaree in 1805......From Whittlesey 1988: name result of a mistake: In Crow they called in Elk River, the words sound alike and the French did not understand Crow very well. Not named after the cliffs. The area may have been known to Indigenous nations that lived in the area as ""Burning Mountains"" as reported by Horace Albright in ""Oh, Ranger"". https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/albright3/chap6a.htm",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park,,
1937,Yellowstone,Yellowstone River,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The name is believed to have been derived from the Minnetaree Indian name Mi tse a-da-zi (Yellow Rock River) (Hidatsa: miʔciiʔriaashiish'), that name came from the yellow-colored rocks along the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, but the Minnetaree never lived along the upper stretches of the Yellowstone. Some scholars think that the river was named after yellow-colored sandstone bluffs on the lower Yellowstone, instead. The Crow Indians, who lived along the upper Yellowstone in Southern Montana, called it E-chee-dick-karsh-ah-shay (Elk River). Translating the Minnetaree name, French trappers called the river Roche Jaune (Yellow Rock), a name used by mountain men until the mid-19th century. Independently, Lewis and Clark recorded the English translation of Yellow Stone for the river, after encountering the Minnetaree in 1805",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_River,,Mi tse a-da-zi
1938,Yosemite,Alder Creek,River,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","a tributary of the South Fork of the Merced River; crossed by the Wawona Road five miles north of Wawona, 'Undoubtedly named for a native species of alder""",Browning et al. 1998,,
1939,Yosemite,Amelia Earhart Peak,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The named was proposed by the Rocketdynme Mountaineering Club for Amelia Earhart Putnam, who disappaered over the PAcific on an around the world flight in 1937.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1940,Yosemite,Arch Rock Entrance,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The most remarkable of all the ""earthquake boulders"" that have fallen from the walls of Yosemite Valley and the Merced River gorge","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1941,Yosemite,Aspen Valley,Valley,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","named for an abundance of quaking aspen. The namer is not known, but the name has been in use since at least the time of the construction of the Tioga Road.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1942,Yosemite,Babcock Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named by Lt. McClure in 1895 for John P Babcock, chief deputy, California State Board of Fish Commissioners.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1943,Yosemite,Bald Mountain,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Unknown origin. An earlier name was ""Wade's Mountain, "" which is how it appeared on the Hoffmann-Gardiner map.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1944,Yosemite,Benson Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Harry Coupland Benson (1857-1924), army officer, stationed in Sequoia National Park, 1891-92; acting superintendent of Yosemite National Park, 1905-8; in Yellowstone National Park, 1909-10. He was noted for his fanatical devotion to duty, and thsu acquired the name ""Batty"" Benson. Benson developed many trails in Yosemite. The old ""Hs"" on trees througout the park north of the Tuolumne River were cut by Benson's troops.  He named places like Ireland Lake, map making.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1945,Yosemite,Bernice Lake,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Bernice Carle Lews, wife of Washington B. Lewis, the first civilian superintendent of Yosemite National Park","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1946,Yosemite,Big Oak Flat Entrance,Infrastructure,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","the name derives from the town of Big Oak Flat--which earlier was known as 'Savage's Diggings,' for Major Savage, commander of the Mariposa Battalion (Paden, 124).  the oak from which Oak Flat takes its name was foully murdered...When water was brought to Oak Flat, strange Gorillas, miners I should say, rushed in...Encountering its widely spreading roots they cut them off piece by piece...it withered and died, the limbs were cut for firewood. Then some on ein a a druken frolic peled from the drunk thebark, a foot in thickness. It was not enough to murder, but descreation must follow. So now, there only stands the immense bare, dead trunk, as you enter the town, elevated on a mound left by the washing away of the surrounding soil, a silent monument of shame..."" (Sonora Union Democrat, June 12 1869).","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1947,Yosemite,Bishop Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","named after Samuel Addison Bishop, first sergeant of the Mariposa battalion. Bishop came to CA from Virginia in 1849. he later went to ownes valley and settled on the creek tha now bears his namel about three miles southwest of the later town of bishop. He became one of the first supervisors of Kern County, and built the first San Jose streetcar.   Involved in the Mariposa War, then responsible for violence.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariposa_War,
1948,Yosemite,Bond Pass,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Frank Bond of the General Land office; a member of the Yosemite National PArk Boundary Commission in 1904; later, chairman of the US Board on Geographical Names","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1949,Yosemite,Breeze Lake,Lake,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","features were named in 1896 for William F. Breeze of San Francisco, who assisted his brother-in-law Lt. H.C. Benson in compiling Benson's map of Yosemite National Park. At the time, Breeze worked as a draftsman for the San Fransicso and San Joaquin Valley Railroad.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1950,Yosemite,Bridalveil Creek,Campground,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Originally called Pohono (""puffing wind"") by the Ahwahneechee people. In 1856 a newspaper editor from the mining town of Mariposa gave the waterfall the name Bridalveil, due to its lacy appearance in late summer. The name was suggested by Warren Baer, editor of the Mariposa Democrat, on August 5, 1856, because of its lacy appearance in late summer. James Hutchings also stated that he was the person who named this beautiful fall. Its Indians name is “Pohono”, which, as well as Dr. Bunnell could determine, meant “huckleberry patch”, although he was never quite sure. Another translation was that it meant a puffing wind that came through that area. James Hutchings said that it meant “spirit of the evil wind”, but Dr. Bunnell claimed that he had never heard that usage before Hutchings used it. The Indians living in the region south of the fall were known as the Pohonochee.",https://www.myyosemitepark.com/park/yosemites-place-names,http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,
1951,Yosemite,Bridalveil Creek,River,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Originally called Pohono (""puffing wind"") by the Ahwahneechee people. In 1856 a newspaper editor from the mining town of Mariposa gave the waterfall the name Bridalveil, due to its lacy appearance in late summer. The name was suggested by Warren Baer, editor of the Mariposa Democrat, on August 5, 1856, because of its lacy appearance in late summer. James Hutchings also stated that he was the person who named this beautiful fall. Its Indians name is “Pohono”, which, as well as Dr. Bunnell could determine, meant “huckleberry patch”, although he was never quite sure. Another translation was that it meant a puffing wind that came through that area. James Hutchings said that it meant “spirit of the evil wind”, but Dr. Bunnell claimed that he had never heard that usage before Hutchings used it. The Indians living in the region south of the fall were known as the Pohonochee.",https://www.myyosemitepark.com/park/yosemites-place-names,http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,
1952,Yosemite,Bridalveil Fall,Waterfall,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Originally called Pohono (""puffing wind"") by the Ahwahneechee people. In 1856 a newspaper editor from the mining town of Mariposa gave the waterfall the name Bridalveil, due to its lacy appearance in late summer. The name was suggested by Warren Baer, editor of the Mariposa Democrat, on August 5, 1856, because of its lacy appearance in late summer. James Hutchings also stated that he was the person who named this beautiful fall. Its Indians name is “Pohono”, which, as well as Dr. Bunnell could determine, meant “huckleberry patch”, although he was never quite sure. Another translation was that it meant a puffing wind that came through that area. James Hutchings said that it meant “spirit of the evil wind”, but Dr. Bunnell claimed that he had never heard that usage before Hutchings used it. The Indians living in the region south of the fall were known as the Pohonochee.",https://www.myyosemitepark.com/park/yosemites-place-names,http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,Pohono
1953,Yosemite,Buck Camp,Ranger station,Other Western reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Buck camp is said to have got its name because buck privates were sent there for duty--aparently an undesirable post.,Browning et al. 1998,,
1954,Yosemite,Buckeye Pass,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","the pass, on the northeast boundary of the park, gets its name from the Buckeye Mill Company, owned and operated by E. Roberts during the 1860s. The buckeye tree is not native to this area. One might speculate that the name was given for or by a native of Ohio.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1955,Yosemite,Budd Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","James H. Budd, governor of California, 1895-99. The creek was named first. The creek was called ""Cathedral Creek"" in 1883, undoubtedly because it rose just east of Cathedral Peak.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1956,Yosemite,Buena Visa Creek,River,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for the peak. A common name; Spanish for ""beautiful view"" the peaks' name is an early one: it appears on the Hoffmann and Gardiner map, 1863-67. the creek was named on the first Yosemite 30' map, 1897, and the lake and crest were first named on the Yostemite and Merced Peak 15' Maps.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1957,Yosemite,Buena Visa Crest,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for the peak. A common name; Spanish for ""beautiful view"" the peaks' name is an early one: it appears on the Hoffmann and Gardiner map, 1863-67. the creek was named on the first Yosemite 30' map, 1897, and the lake and crest were first named on the Yostemite and Merced Peak 15' Maps.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1958,Yosemite,Buena Vista Peak,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Spanish for beautiful view,Browning et al. 1998,,
1959,Yosemite,Bunnel Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Lafayette Houghton Bunnell (1824-1903) proposed the name of Yosemite Valley and also named many other features in and near the valley. Bunnell was born in Rochester, NY, served in the Mexican War, and came to California in 1849. As a member of the Mariposa Battalion, he was one of the first white men to enter Yosemite Valley on March 27, 1851....About the Mariposa Battalion: (Mariposa War against Native Americans in California territory) The second campaign began on April 13, against the Chowchillas, and destroyed their food stores, but again the natives were able to elude their pursuers. However, the death of their chief induced the Chowchillas to surrender and accept reservation status. 3rd Campaign[edit] When the Ahwahneechees refused to come to Camp Barbour and make peace, a third campaign was launched against them. The Ahwahneechees were captured at Lake Tenaija (named for their chief) on May 22, and forced to accept reservation life. The company escorted the natives to the reservation and returned to the Mariposa Creek post. On July 1, the Mariposa Battalion mustered out, marking the end of the Mariposa War.---pursuing, destroying food resources, and marching to reservations == violence.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1960,Yosemite,Burro Pass,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for my burro [in 1905] (A.H. Sylvester, USGS topographer)","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1961,Yosemite,Camp 4,Campground,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
1962,Yosemite,Cascade Creek,River,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Nearly three miles below the valley, in the canon, are two beautiful cascade falls of over seven hundred feet each. I named these falls the Cascades on a first exploration, the name being suggestd by their formation and twin-like appearance (Bunnell, Report 12-13).","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,Yiyanto (Browning 2005)
1963,Yosemite,Cathedral Lakes,Lake,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after mountain range of the same name, Cathedral. Cathedral peak was named because of its resemblance to a cathedral",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_Peak_(California),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_Lakes,
1964,Yosemite,Cathedral Peak,Mountain,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The names of other Cathedral features derive from the peak. The peak was named by the California Geological Survey in 1863. ""From a high ridge, crossed just before reaching this lake [Tenaya]m, we had a fine view of a very prominent exceedingly grand landmark through all the region, and to which the name of Cathedral PEak has been given...The majesty of its form and its dimensions are such, that any work of human hands would sink into insignificance if placed beside it."" (Whitney, Geology, 425)","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1965,Yosemite,Cathedral Range,Range,Native art,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The names of other Cathedral features derive from the peak. The peak was named by the California Geological Survey in 1863. ""From a high ridge, crossed just before reaching this lake [Tenaya]m, we had a fine view of a very prominent exceedingly grand landmark through all the region, and to which the name of Cathedral PEak has been given...The majesty of its form and its dimensions are such, that any work of human hands would sink into insignificance if placed beside it."" (Whitney, Geology, 425)","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1966,Yosemite,Cathedral Rocks,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Galen Clark says that “as viewed from the west they are called the ‘Three Graces’,” but as seen from the east they have a different appearance and are called Cathedral Rocks.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,Poo-see-na-chuck-ka or Ko-su-ko Browning 2005)
1967,Yosemite,Cathedral Spires,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","They “appear like the towers of a Gothic Cathedral” and were name by Hutchings in September 1862. The Indian name for the Spires is “Poo-see-na-chuck-ka” is translated to mean “large acorn cache,” or acorn granary, probably because of the likeness of the spires to the poles of a chuck-ka. One translation is “mouse-proof rocks”, which does not seem to be verified in other writings.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,Poo-see-na-chuck-ka or Ko-su-ko Browning 2005)
1968,Yosemite,Chain Lakes,Lake,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Probably named by the USGS during the 1905-9 survey for the Bridgeport 30' map,"Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1969,Yosemite,Chilnualna Creek,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,no,NA,Object,No information,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence",A name of uncertain meaning and unknown origin. Said to mean 'leaping water' The creek was named first,Browning et al. 1998,,
1970,Yosemite,Chilnualna Fall,Waterfall,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,no,NA,Object,No information,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence",A name of uncertain meaning and unknown origin. Said to mean 'leaping water' The creek was named first,Browning et al. 1998,,
1971,Yosemite,Chinquapin,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Plant,Human-constructed,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","For the bush chinquapin, Castanopsis smpervirens. Called ""chinquapin flat"" by hutchings. The name is on Lt. McClure's maps of 1895 and 1896 and on the first Yosemite 30' map, 1897. Chinquapin etymology: Like its cognate / alternative form chinkapin, chinquapin is an alteration of chechinquamin / chincomen (the form found in early records), from an Algonquian language (sometimes said specifically to be from Powhatan). Indigenous term from eastern US. So definitely not the original IPN. Named for bush that has an Indigenous name, so this should not be considered Western Use","Browning, 2005 (second edition) and https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chinquapin",https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chinquapin,
1972,Yosemite,Chiquito Pass,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Chiquito is a Spanish dimunitive. the creek was originally called ""Chiquito Joaquin"" meaning the ""Little Joaquin""--a branch of the San Joaquin River.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1973,Yosemite,Clark Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","It was so named in 1891 by the Yosemite Valley Commissioners in honor of Galen Clark “who has had longer contact, official and otherwise, with the valley than any other, and will always be known as the greatest of Guardians of this indescribable scenery.”",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen_Clark,
1974,Yosemite,Clark Range,Range,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Galen Clark (1814-1910), the first guardian of Yosemite state Park (1864), and ""discoverer"" of Mariposa Grove. When he was in his forties he feared that he was going to die of a lung ailment. he went to the mountains for the sake of his health, built a cabin in the spring of 1857 at what became ""Clark's Station"" (now Wawona), and lived another 53 years. The mountain was once called ""gothic Peak,"" and later, the ""Obelisk"", a name given by the Whitney Survey. Does not clearly fall into the memorializes colonialism definition, though he was certainly a settler colonizer.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1975,Yosemite,Cloudsrest,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Cloud's Rest...was so named by a squad of C Company, who had passed up the middle Branch [the Merced River], and were turned back by seeing the clouds gather on that peak for a snowstorm that followed that night, the second of our first entrace into the valley (Bunnell)""","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1976,Yosemite,Cold Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive. Origin unknown. likely a literal descriptive,"Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1977,Yosemite,Columbia Rock,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",COLUMBIA was popular in the early years of the United States and undoubtedly came from the name Columbus. Columbia was commonly used for United States or America.,http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,
1978,Yosemite,Conness Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","John Conness (1821-1909), a native of Ireland, came to the US in 1836; member of the California legislature, 1853-54, 1860-61; US Senator, 1863-69; lived in Massachusetts from 1869 until his death. The peak was named in 1863 by the Whitney Survey--for good reason. ""Mount Conness bears the name of a distinguished citizen of California, now a United States Senator, who deserves, more than any other person, the credit of carrying the bill organizing the Geological Survey of CAlifornia through the Legislature."" Conness also introduced the bill to the Senate that granted Yosemite Valley and Mariposa Grove to the state.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1979,Yosemite,Crane Creek,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","This name [for the flat] was suggested by the shrill and starling cry of some sand-hill cranes we surprised as they were resting on this elevated table. (Bunnell, Discovery, 1880:316). ""It is often visited by blue cranes to rest and feed on their long journeys."" (Muir, First Summer, 122). Bunnell's explanation probably is the correct one, but a differing opinion says that Crane Flat was named after a man named Crean (Baron de Hubner, A Ramble Around the Wrold, 1875).","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1980,Yosemite,Crane Flat,Campground,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","This name [for the flat] was suggested by the shrill and starling cry of some sand-hill cranes we surprised as they were resting on this elevated table. (Bunnell, Discovery, 1880:316). ""It is often visited by blue cranes to rest and feed on their long journeys."" (Muir, First Summer, 122). Bunnell's explanation probably is the correct one, but a differing opinion says that Crane Flat was named after a man named Crean (Baron de Hubner, A Ramble Around the Wrold, 1875).","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1981,Yosemite,Crescent Lake,Lake,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Duncan Crescent LAke referring to a noted bear hunter. The lake is in the exact form of a crescent with both horns pointing westward,Browning et al. 1998,,
1982,Yosemite,Dana Fork,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Mount Dana was named in 1863 by the Whitney Survey for James Dwight Dana (1813-1895), professor of natural history and geology at Yale, 1849-90. Dana is considered the foremost geologist of his time; he provided the first comprehensive summary of North American geology. The 1849 publication of his geology of Mount Shasta was undoubtedly a response to the California gold rush publicity. Dana was the pre-eminent U.S. geologist of his time, and he also was one of the few trained observers anywhere who had first-hand knowledge of the northern California terrain.--a surveyor related to local natural resource extraction. Not on the Whitney Survey but fits Memorializes Colonization definition.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dwight_Dana,
1983,Yosemite,Dana Meadows,Meadow/field,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Mount Dana was named in 1863 by the Whitney Survey for James Dwight Dana (1813-1895), professor of natural history and geology at Yale, 1849-90. Dana is considered the foremost geologist of his time; he provided the first comprehensive summary of North American geology. The 1849 publication of his geology of Mount Shasta was undoubtedly a response to the California gold rush publicity. Dana was the pre-eminent U.S. geologist of his time, and he also was one of the few trained observers anywhere who had first-hand knowledge of the northern California terrain.--a surveyor related to local natural resource extraction. Not on the Whitney Survey but fits Memorializes Colonization definition.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dwight_Dana,
1984,Yosemite,Delaney Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","John Muir made his first sortie in to the Sierra Nevda, from the foothills to Tuolumne Meadows, as a shepherd in the employ of Pat Delaney, in 1869. ""Mr. Delaney has hardly had time to ask me how I enjoyed my trip, though he has facilitated and encouraged my plans all summer, and declares I'll be famous some day, a kind guess that seems strange and incredible to a wandering wilderness-lover with never a thought or dream of fame while humbly trying to trace and learn and enjoy's Nature's lessons"" (Muir, First Summer, 342).","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1985,Yosemite,Dewey Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Admiral George Dewey commanded the american fleet in the onesided victory over the Spanish fleet in the Battle of Manila Bay, May 1 1898. He was the great American hero of his time; many thought he ought to be president. Before the end of the Spanish-American War, Dewey won a naval battle against the spanish fleet in control of the Phillippines. But does not seem to be part of the carnage of the Phillippine-American war, but generally involved in colonizing the Phillippines. (so problem = colonialism not b/c Dewey benefitted from removal of Indigenous people from Yosemite, but because he participated in colonialism elsewhere).","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1986,Yosemite,Dog Lake,Lake,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","In 1898 Robert B,. Marshall of the USGS named this lake because he found an abandoned sheepdog with a litter of puppies here. (Farquhar: Marshall)","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1987,Yosemite,Donohue Pass,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","the peak and pass were named in 1895 by Lt. McClure for Segeant Donohue, Troop K, Fourth Cavalry, when Donohue made the first assent of the peak.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1988,Yosemite,Donohue Peak,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Lieutenant N. F. McClure, of the 5th U.S. Cavalry (a unit that still serves today) named Donohue Pass after a sergeant in his unit.  There is little known about Sergeant Donohue, but Lieutenant McClure’s fame (and terrain features named by him) stretch throughout the Sierra Nevada. The pass and Donohue Peak were named in 1895 for Sargent Donohue, Troop K, 4th Cavalry who made the first ascent of the peak.[3]",http://jmtbook.com/names-you-will-encounter-along-the-john-muir-trail-part-4/,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donohue_Pass,
1989,Yosemite,Dorothy Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Robert B. Marshall of the USGS named the lake for Dorothy Forsyth, daughter of Major William W. Forsyth, acting superintendent of Yosemite National Park, 1909-12.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1990,Yosemite,Dorothy Lake Pass,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Robert B. Marshall of the USGS named the lake for Dorothy Forsyth, daughter of Major William W. Forsyth, acting superintendent of Yosemite National Park, 1909-12.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1991,Yosemite,Eagle Peak,Mountain,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",is the highest of the Three Brothers. It is named because of the eagles that once inhabited the peak. James Hutchings reported having seen seven of them there at one time.,http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,
1992,Yosemite,Echo Creek,River,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","was probably named by the Wheeler survey. no explanation of name origin, but satellite google maps looks like it is in a canyon, and canyons can echo. Assuming a literal descriptive name.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1993,Yosemite,El Capitan,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mythology,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","was named by Dr. Bunnell of the Mariposa Expedition. The original English name had been Crane Mountain because of the sandhill cranes that entered Yosemite Valley over it. Bunnell did not approve of this name, partly because it did not fit the Indian translation and named it “The Captain” (Spanish). The Indians called it “Tu-tok-a-nu-la”, interpreted by Stephen Powers to mean “measuring-worm stone” from a well-known Indian legend of a measuring worm which saved two Indian children who were stranded when the rock grew.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,https://www.myyosemitepark.com/park/yosemites-place-names,Tu-tok-a-nu-la
1994,Yosemite,El Capitan,Picnic area,Mythology,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","was named by Dr. Bunnell of the Mariposa Expedition. The original English name had been Crane Mountain because of the sandhill cranes that entered Yosemite Valley over it. Bunnell did not approve of this name, partly because it did not fit the Indian translation and named it “The Captain” (Spanish). The Indians called it “Tu-tok-a-nu-la”, interpreted by Stephen Powers to mean “measuring-worm stone” from a well-known Indian legend of a measuring worm which saved two Indian children who were stranded when the rock grew.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,https://www.myyosemitepark.com/park/yosemites-place-names,Tu-tok-a-nu-la
1995,Yosemite,El Capitan Bridge,Infrastructure,Mythology,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","was named by Dr. Bunnell of the Mariposa Expedition. The original English name had been Crane Mountain because of the sandhill cranes that entered Yosemite Valley over it. Bunnell did not approve of this name, partly because it did not fit the Indian translation and named it “The Captain” (Spanish). The Indians called it “Tu-tok-a-nu-la”, interpreted by Stephen Powers to mean “measuring-worm stone” from a well-known Indian legend of a measuring worm which saved two Indian children who were stranded when the rock grew.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,https://www.myyosemitepark.com/park/yosemites-place-names,
1996,Yosemite,Eleanor Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The Lake was named in the 1860s by the Whitney Survey for Eleanor Goddard Whitney (1856-1882), daughter of Josiah Dwight Whitney, state geologist and director of the first California Geological Survey.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1997,Yosemite,Elizabeth Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","R.B. Marshall of the USGS named the lake in 1909 for Elizabeth Crow Simmons, a piece (Farquhar,: Marshall).","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1998,Yosemite,Emeric Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","These two features were named in 1896 by Lt McClure for Henry F. Emeric, president of the California Board of Fish commissioners.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
1999,Yosemite,Evelyn Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for daughter of MAjor William W. Forsythn, acting superintendent of Yosemite National PArk 1909-12 (Farquhar: R.B. Marshall.) The name first appeared on the third edition of the My. Lyell 30' map, 1910.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2000,Yosemite,Fairview Dome,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Possibly named by the Wheeler Survey; the name is on atlas sheet 56D, 1878-79. McClure's map of 1895 calles it ""Soda Springs Buttes,"" but notes that it is also called ""Fairview Dome."" John Muir wrote, ""...a majestic dome which long ago I named the Glacier Monument."" (Muir, Parks, 87). Assuming it is a literal descriptive name.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2001,Yosemite,Falls Creek,River,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The origin of the name is obvious: it's the stream that becomes Wapama Falls,"Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2002,Yosemite,Fernandez Pass,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","First Sergeant Joseph Fernandez, Troop K Fourth Cavalry, US Army, was with Lt. Harry C. Benson inthe exploration of the headwaters of the Merced River, 1895-97. He was also in the park later when Benson was the acting superintendent. Benson named the pass.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2003,Yosemite,Fletcher Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The creek and the lake were named in 1895 by Lt. McClure for Arthur G. Fletcher, of the State Board of Fish Commissioners, who was instrumental in stock the streams and lakes in the park.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2004,Yosemite,Foerster Peak,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Lewis Forester (1868-1936), a corporal in Troop K, Fourth Cavalry, on duty in the park in 1895 under the command of Lt. McClure. ""In the policing of these wonderful recreation grounds, his service was outstanding, and it was in recognition of his achievements and because of his close association with the particular region, that I gave his name to a prominent peak on the park boundary and placed it on the map that I was then preparing"" (McClure)","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2005,Yosemite,Four Mile Trail,Trailhead,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","the trail maintains a continuous steep grade, following the path of an old toll trail that was completed in 1872. The trail has changed a bit over the years; it is now closer to five miles than four (and of course there is no more toll)",https://www.nps.gov/yose/planyourvisit/fourmiletrail.htm,,NA
2006,Yosemite,Frog Creek,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,"Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2007,Yosemite,Gale Peak,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Captain George Henry Goodwin Gale (1858-1920), Fourth Cavalry, US Army; acting superintendent of Yosemite National Park iin 1894, and of Sequoia and General Grant national parks, 1896-97. the peak was named by Lt. McClure in 1894 and appear on this map of 1896. The lake was named for the peak.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2008,Yosemite,Gaylor Lakes,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","John J. Gaylor, born in Texas in 1856; a packer wit the US Calvary in his youth; Yosemite National Park ranger, 1907-21. He died of a heart attack at the Merced Lake ranger station while on patrol. The name was initially given to the lakes. it was later extended to the peak as suggested by David Brower.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2009,Yosemite,Gaylor Peak,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","John J. Gaylor, born in Texas in 1856; a packer with the US Calvary in his youth; Yosemite National Park ranger, 1907-21. He died of a heart attack at the Merced Lake ranger station while on patrol. The name was initially given to the lakes. it was later extended to the peak as suggested by David Brower. NPS source lists name as Andrew ""Jack"" Gaylor. (no immediate evidence he was racist or violent, but seemed to lead a very interesting life: http://don.mckinney.tripod.com/articles/INTREPID.html)","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",https://npgallery.nps.gov/YOSE/SearchResults/ec7f910dffc04b52a5547547e3941044?view=gallery#gallery,
2010,Yosemite,Givens Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","E.T. and Bob Givens first went to what is now Turner Meadow in 1856. They were the first stockmen to pasture their stock in any part of what later became Yosemite National Park. they ran cattle at first, and later had sheep.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2011,Yosemite,Glacier Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","naming is unknown, although it has been used since a very early date. Some writers claim that it was named by members of the Mariposa Battalion. However, this does not seem likely because it is doubtful that any of the men in that group knew enough about glaciers and their action to have recognized the significance of such a name. The point was covered by several hundred feet of glacial ice during the Ice Age and today one can see several different kinds of features wrought by glacial erosion. The overhanging rock of Glacier Point is commonly listed as having been used as a lookout point by the Indians and was called by them, “Patill-ima”, for which there is no known translation. Bancroft, in his Yosemite guide book, gives the Indian name for Glacier Point as, “Oo-woo-yoo-wah”, which he interprets as meaning “Great Rock of the Elk”. This is illogical, since elk have not inhabited this region. Someone had drawn, in pencil, a large cross through the translation in the Yosemite Museum copy.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,Patill-ima or Oowooyoowah (Great rock of the Elk) (Browning 2005)
2012,Yosemite,Glen Aulin,Campground,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","James McMormick, later the executive secretary of the US Board on Geographic Names, said that R.B. Marshall of the USGS asked him to suggest a name for a beautiful little valley. ""I at once suggested Glen Aulin, 'beautiful valley or glen,' and wrote it for him in this way, that i might be correctly pronounced--the 'au' as in author.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2013,Yosemite,Grand Canyon of the Tuolumne River,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Was given to the river by the Spanish in 1806 for a tribe of Indians that lived on the banks of the river in the Central Valley. Wikipedia: ""The origin of the Tuolumne River's name is unclear. The first recorded use of the name ""Tuolumne"" was by the Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga in 1806, who may have named the river for the nearby Native American village of Tualamne or Tautamne. This may in turn refer to the native word talmalamne, or ""a group of stone huts or caves"". Father Pedro Muñoz, a member of the 1806 expedition, noted in his diary that ""we came upon a village called Tautamne. This village is situated on some steep precipices, inaccessible on account of their rough rocks. The Indians live in their sótanos [cellars or caves]"".[64][65] At this time, the Native American population along the lower Tuolumne and Stanislaus Rivers is believed to have been approximately two thousand.[66] Another possible origin of the name Tuolumne is the Central Sierra Miwok word taawalïmi, meaning ""squirrel place"", referring to a Native American village on the nearby Stanislaus River.[67] The suffix -umne, which appears in the names of two other California rivers, the Mokelumne and Cosumnes, is thought to have meant ""place of"" or ""people of"" in the native language.[68]"" All Tuolumne references treated as though Tuolumne is not the original IPN but that it is named for a group of Indigenous people.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuolumne_River#Early_history,
2014,Yosemite,Granite Lakes,Lake,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,"Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2015,Yosemite,Grant Lakes,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; possibly named after a person. Origin unknown, but a likely supposition is that they were named for General, and President, U.S. Grant.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2016,Yosemite,Gray Peak,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The peak was named by the Whiney Survey for the color of its upper portion. The name first appears on the Wheeler Survey's atlas sheet. The creek was named from the peak; its name appears on the first edition of the Mt. Lyell 30' map.,"Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2017,Yosemite,Grizzly Peak,Mountain,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","the gray hump of rock may have reminded the person who named it of the hump of a grizzly bear. Others, who climbed the peak in the early days, write that it was a “grizzly climb.” James Hutchings, in his book, “Heart of the Sierras”, published in 1886, gives this name.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,
2018,Yosemite,Grouse Creek,River,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Grouse is one of the more overused geographic names in the Sierra and in California. there are 16 grouse creeks in the state. Most likely named after the bird.,"Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2019,Yosemite,Half Dome,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The name suggests itself. Dr. Bunnell says that the members of the Mariposa Battalion gave the name to it at the time they were here. Half Dome was for a long time called “South Dome.” The Indian name of this feature, “Tis-sa-ack”, was the name of an Indian woman who had argued with her husband, Nangus, and had been turned to stone, according to legend. Looking closely at the flat face of the great dome, one, with imagination, can see Tis-sa-ack’s face, the tears of anguish streaming down her face. Face and tears are formed by the dark lichen streaks down the cliff. An early day trail leaflet translates “Tis-sa-ack” as “Goddess of the Valley.” Appropriate though the title be for the great landmark, the name is not used elsewhere.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,Tis-sa-ack or Tisayac (Browning 2005)
2020,Yosemite,Half Dome Village (formerly Curry Village),Village,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The name suggests itself. Dr. Bunnell says that the members of the Mariposa Battalion gave the name to it at the time they were here. Half Dome was for a long time called “South Dome.” The Indian name of this feature, “Tis-sa-ack”, was the name of an Indian woman who had argued with her husband, Nangus, and had been turned to stone, according to legend. Looking closely at the flat face of the great dome, one, with imagination, can see Tis-sa-ack’s face, the tears of anguish streaming down her face. Face and tears are formed by the dark lichen streaks down the cliff. An early day trail leaflet translates “Tis-sa-ack” as “Goddess of the Valley.” Appropriate though the title be for the great landmark, the name is not used elsewhere.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,
2021,Yosemite,Harden Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Apparently named by the Whitney survey for James (""Johnny"") Hardin who had a ranch and sawmill, and later a small stopping place on the Big Oak Flat Road, at what is still named ""Harden Flat"", just off of state route 120.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2022,Yosemite,Hart Lakes,Lake,Unknown,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; possibly named after a person. ""origin unknown. The name first appeared on the Yosemite 15' qud, 1956""","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2023,Yosemite,Haystack Peak,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","A descriptive name, given by the Wheeler Survey","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2024,Yosemite,Hetch Hetchy Backpackers Camp,Campground,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","The valley's name may be derived from the Miwok word hatchhatchie, which means ""edible grasses""[9][24] or ""magpie"".[25] It is likely that the edible grass was blue dicks.[6] Chief Tenaya of the Yosemite Valley's Ahwaneechee tribe claimed that Hetch Hetchy was Miwok for ""Valley of the Two Trees"", referring to a pair of yellow pines that once stood at the head of Hetch Hetchy.[22] Miwok names are still used for features, including Tueeulala Fall, Wapama Fall, and Kolana Rock.[9]",https://www.myyosemitepark.com/park/yosemites-place-names,,
2025,Yosemite,Hetch Hetchy Reservoir,Lake,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","The valley's name may be derived from the Miwok word hatchhatchie, which means ""edible grasses""[9][24] or ""magpie"".[25] It is likely that the edible grass was blue dicks.[6] Chief Tenaya of the Yosemite Valley's Ahwaneechee tribe claimed that Hetch Hetchy was Miwok for ""Valley of the Two Trees"", referring to a pair of yellow pines that once stood at the head of Hetch Hetchy.[22] Miwok names are still used for features, including Tueeulala Fall, Wapama Fall, and Kolana Rock.[9] This entry is for the settler colonial reservoir formed by damming the valley.",https://www.myyosemitepark.com/park/yosemites-place-names,,
2026,Yosemite,Hodgdon Meadow,Campground,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Jermiah Hodgdon settled here in 1865. It served as the headquarters for his summer cattle camp. He also fed and housed travelers to Yosemite Valley, in a crude sort of way. Called Hodgdon Ranch",Browning et al. 1998,,
2027,Yosemite,Horizon Ridge,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,"Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2028,Yosemite,Horse Ridge,Mountain,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,Browning et al. 1998,,
2029,Yosemite,Horse Tail Fall,Waterfall,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","is a seasonal waterfall that flows in the winter and early spring. The fall occurs on the east side of El Capitan.[1] If Horsetail Fall is flowing in February and the weather conditions are just right, the setting sun illuminates the waterfall, making it glow orange and red.[2] This natural phenomenon is often referred to as the ""Firefall"", a name that pays homage to the manmade Firefall that once took place in Yosemite.  (assuming named for the animal's tail shape but could also be named for the plant that likes to grow in wet places)",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsetail_Fall_(Yosemite),,
2030,Yosemite,Housekeeping camp,Campground,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
2031,Yosemite,Illilouette Creek,River,Unknown,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; conflicting theories that suggest different problem classes. There is some dispute as to the origin of the name. Bunnell claimed that the name was not of Indian origin and “is, therefore, meaningless and absurd.” It may, however, have come about as a difficult translation from the Indian to the English. The canyon was called “Too-lool-lo-we-ack” for which no translation has been agreed upon, although it may have meant “the beautiful.” competing theories; not sure if “Too-lool-lo-we-ack” was also the oIPN of the Creek",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,
2032,Yosemite,Illilouette Fall,Waterfall,Unknown,Natural,NA,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,NA,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; conflicting theories that suggest different problem classes. There is some dispute as to the origin of the name. Bunnell claimed that the name was not of Indian origin and “is, therefore, meaningless and absurd.” It may, however, have come about as a difficult translation from the Indian to the English. The canyon was called “Too-lool-lo-we-ack” for which no translation has been agreed upon, although it may have meant “the beautiful.” From Bright 2004: The name was earlier written Tululowehack and Tooluluwack, from Southern Miwok, meaning something shiny. competing theories; not sure if “Too-lool-lo-we-ack” was also the oIPN of the Fall",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,Bright 2004  https://books.google.com/books?id=5XfxzCm1qa4C&pg=PA86&lpg=PA86&dq=chakina+river+alaska+name+origin&source=bl&ots=ZUhBo0mmvk&sig=ACfU3U0NFigijlCHg42x4n3RU_b96Mx4aQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjXu5u91bXkAhUPvKwKHaWfCCkQ6AEwDnoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q=illilouette&f=false,
2033,Yosemite,Illilouette Ridge,Mountain,Unknown,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; conflicting theories that suggest different problem classes. There is some dispute as to the origin of the name. Bunnell claimed that the name was not of Indian origin and “is, therefore, meaningless and absurd.” It may, however, have come about as a difficult translation from the Indian to the English. The canyon was called “Too-lool-lo-we-ack” for which no translation has been agreed upon, although it may have meant “the beautiful.”  competing theories; not sure if “Too-lool-lo-we-ack” was also the oIPN of the Ridge",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,
2034,Yosemite,Indian Canyon Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,People,Yes - know IPN,"Name itself promotes racist ideas and/or violence against a group [2,4,6]",Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"it was up this canon that the Indian prisoners escaped in 1851...from which circumstance orginated the name; and it was down this that the avenging Monos crept when they substantially exterminated the Yo Semite tribe in 1853. (Hutchings, In the Heart 375). ""This ravine became known to us as the 'Indian Canon' athough called by the Indians 'Le-Hamite', 'the arrow-wood'. It was also known to them by the name of 'Scho-tal-lo-wi' meaning the way to 'Fall Creek' (Bunnell, Discovery, 1880: 169). Powers said the Indian used a generic word for Canyon--Ma'ta-- and held up both hands to indicate perpendicular walls (Powers 364).   Indian Canyon itself (to the right of Yosemite Falls and Lost Arrow Spire), known for its supply of this arrow wood, was also called leehameti by the Miwok, meaning “mock orange place” (The straight, second-year shoots of mock orange bushes were used by the Miwok to make arrows. The dense wood is tough and resilient, but surrounds a white, pithy center, making a lightweight finished arrow.Miwoks arrows from the mid-19th century were highly valued and renowned for their excellent workmanship.)",Browning et al. 1998,https://www.nps.gov/yose/learn/historyculture/plant-use.htm,"Leehameti', or 'the arrow-wood'. It was also known to them by the name of 'Scho-tal-lo-wi'"
2035,Yosemite,Inspiration Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The original Inspiration Point is no longer marked on the maps. This viewpoint was originally known as ""Mount Beatitude"" The old point was at an altitude of 6802 feet, a few feet off the Pohono Trail at the top of the hill coming west from MEadow Brook. It was the first view of Yosemite Valley from the Mann Brothers trail. ""Almost before the gratifying fact is realized, you have reaced 'Inspiration Point,' and are standing out upon a bold promontory of rock...In all my life, let is lead me where it may...I think I shall see nothing else so sublime and beautiful, till, happily, I stand within the gates of the Heavenly City"" (Hutchings, Scenes, 1871:85-86).","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2036,Yosemite,Ireland Lake,Lake,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named by Lt. Benson for Dr. Merritte Weber Ireland of the US Army Medical Corps, who was on duty in the park in 1897. Later, Ireland was surgeon general of the army for thirteen years","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2037,Yosemite,Isberg Peak,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Lt. McClure named the pass in 1895 for the native Norwegian in his command who discovered it while they were exploring for a route from the Merced River to the Minarets region. The peak was named from the pass. When BGN ratified the names for the pass and the peak in 1932 they were erroneously spelled ""Ishberg"".","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2038,Yosemite,Ishberg Pass,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Lt. McClure named the pass in 1895 for the native Norwegian in his command who discovered it while they were exploring for a route from the Merced River to the Minarets region. The peak was named from the pass. When BGN ratified the names for the pass and the peak in 1932 they were erroneously spelled ""Ishberg"".","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2039,Yosemite,Jack Main Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","...the canyon was named after an old sheep-herder who ranged sheep in that region whose name was Jack Means. Mr. Burt said taht the name of the canyon as it appeared on the maps was incorrect; that all the early sheep and cattle men in that region called the canyon 'Jack Means Canyon,' and that the present name of the canyon is a corruption of that name","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2040,Yosemite,John Muir Trail,Trail,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after John Muir, an influential Scottish-American[4][5]:42 naturalist, author, environmental philosopher, glaciologist, and early advocate for the preservation of wilderness in the United States of America.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Muir,,NA
2041,Yosemite,Johnson Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person. Origin unknown but probably named for an early sheepman or cattleman.,Browning et al. 1998,,
2042,Yosemite,Johnson Peak,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named in the 1890s by R.B. Marshall, USGS, for a survey-party teamster who was useful as a guide because he had been with Professor Davidson's party at Mount Conness in 1890 (Farquhar: Marshall)","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2043,Yosemite,Kendrick Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Colonel Forsyth name the peak in 1912 for Henry Lane Kendrick (1811-1891) professor of chemistry at the US Military Academy from 1857-1880, assuming river named after peak....Kendrick served in frontier duty; and in command of artillery battalion on the march from Ft. Leavenworth to Santa Fe, NM. He was stationed in NM and was engaged in expeditions against the Navajo Indians.
He commanded the escort of the topographical party exploring the Indian country from Zuin River, NM to San Diego, CA.; and engaged in skirmishes with the Navajo.
1857: Promoted to Capt. Of the 2nd Artillery.
He also commanded the escort of the topographical party exploring the Indian country between the Republican Fork and the Arkansas River in 1852; and marched to NM in 1852.
He commanded Ft. Defiance 1852 – 1857.  After the close of the war he was stationed chiefly in the west, taking part in several expeditions against the Indians, and for five years commanding a post in New Mexico until 1857, when he was appointed professor of chemistry, mineralogy, and geology in the United States military academy. On 28 February, 1873, he was made colonel, and on 13 December, 1880, at his own request, having been forty-five years in the service, with the reputation of being, perhaps, the ""kindest-hearted and most popular professor ever employed at West Point"", he was retired","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/111552872/henry-lane-kendrick. http://famousamericans.net/henrylanekendrick/,
2044,Yosemite,Kerrick Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","James D. Kerrick took sheep into the mountains about 1880. The canyon was named first, by the Wheeler Survey.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2045,Yosemite,Kibbie Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","The name has always been misspelled on maps and in print. Horace G. Kibbe planted trout in Lake Eleanor and Lake Vernon in 1877, and lived at Lake Eleanor for many years. Kibbe discovered Lake Eleanor and its valley in 1860, and said ""there was no trace of civilized man ever having set foot in it""...""Lake Eleanor was stocked in early days by a cattleman named Kibbie, who packed the fish from Cherry Creek to the lake, carrying them in coal-oil cans"" Kibbe homsteaded 175 acres...--land that is now under the water of Lake Eleanor Reservoir.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2046,Yosemite,Koip Crest,Mountain,Animal,Natural,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Animal,No information,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named by Willard D. Johson , USGS, about 1883. ""Koip Peak, between Mono and Tuolumne counties, is probably, like near-by Kuna Peak, named from a Mono Indian word. Koipa is 'Mountain Sheep' in the closely related Northern Paiute dialect."" (Kroeber, 45) The bighorn sheep that were native to this area died out several decades ago. Recently, a number of sheep were reintroduced into the Lee Vining aarea, and in July 1987 it was reported that five of the animal had moved south to bighorn sheep range at Parker Creek and Parker Lake--a few miles northeast of Koip Peak. Koip is derived from a Western Numic [indigenous to America] name meaning ""mountain sheep"".[6] Bighorn sheep roam in the area.[7]; Unclear/no information as to whether this was the original Indigenous place name","Browning, 2005 (second edition) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koip_Peak",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numic_languages,
2047,Yosemite,Koip Peak,Mountain,Animal,Natural,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Animal,No information,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named by Willard D. Johson , USGS, about 1883. ""Koip Peak, between Mono and Tuolumne counties, is probably, like near-by Kuna Peak, named from a Mono Indian word. Koipa is 'Mountain Sheep' in the closely related Northern Paiute dialect."" (Kroeber, 45) The bighorn sheep that were native to this area died out several decades ago. Recently, a number of sheep were reintroduced into the Lee Vining aarea, and in July 1987 it was reported that five of the animal had moved south to bighorn sheep range at Parker Creek and Parker Lake--a few miles northeast of Koip Peak. Koip is derived from a Western Numic [indigenous to America] name meaning ""mountain sheep"".[6] Bighorn sheep roam in the area.[7]; Unclear/no information as to whether this was the original Indigenous place name","Browning, 2005 (second edition) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koip_Peak",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numic_languages,
2048,Yosemite,Kuna Crest,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Other,No information,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Kuna peak was named by Willard D. Johnson, USGS, in 1882 or 1883 (Farqhuar: J.N. LeConte.) Johnson was the cartographer who worked with Israel C. Russell on his study of the Mono Basin. ""Kuna Peak...is probably named from the Shoshonean word Kunda, usually meaning ' fire' but appearing in the Mono dialect of the vicinity with the signification of 'fire-wood'"" (Kroeber, 45). Not clear this is the original IPN.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuna_Crest,http://jmtbook.com/names-you-will-encounter-along-the-john-muir-trail-part-4/,
2049,Yosemite,Lake Eleanor,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The Lake was named in the 1860s by the Whitney Survey for Eleanor Goddard Whitney (1856-1882), daughter of Josiah Dwight Whitney, state geologist and director of the first California Geological Survey.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2050,Yosemite,Lake Eleanor Ranger Station,Ranger station,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The Lake was named in the 1860s by the Whitney Survey for Eleanor Goddard Whitney (1856-1882), daughter of Josiah Dwight Whitney, state geologist and director of the first California Geological Survey.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2051,Yosemite,Lake Vernon,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","the lake was named sometime before 1879 by sheepmen, for one of their own.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2052,Yosemite,Laurel Lake,Lake,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The name is an obvious one, for the mountain laurel aroudn the shore. ""Named by Kibbie, probably about 1877.""","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2053,Yosemite,Leaning Tower,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","A tower of rock standing nearly 2,000 feet above the valley floor immediately to the south of Bridalveil Fall. It is slightly undercut, giving it a leaning appearance. Hutchings called it “Tu-tok-a-nu-la’s Citadel” because it is located directly across from El Capitan. On its summit could be seen projecting rocks which reminded him of guns of a citadel.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,Tu-tock-ah-nu-lah's citadel (Browning 2005)
2054,Yosemite,Lembert Dome,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","John Baptist Lembert settled in Tuolumne Meadows sometime before 1882; he was visited in that year by a member of the crew surveying the original Tioga Road. Lember was living in an eight-by-ten foot cabin built directly atop one of the soda springs; water bubbled up in the center of the cabin...Lembert raised angora goats, until he lost them in a snowstorm in the winter of 1889-90. Thereafter he made his living by collecting butterflies and botanical specimens, which he sold to museums. On June 28,1895, he gained legal possession of the property when he homsteaded 160 acres: the southwest quarter...He was murdered in his cabin in the Merced Canyon, below Yomemite Valley, in the winter of 1896*97. The Soda springs property was sold to the McCAuley brothers in 1989 by Lembert's brother. J.J. Mcauley sold it to the Sierra Club in 1912, which in turn sold it to the National Park Service in 1973.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2055,Yosemite,Lewis Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Washington Barlett Lewis (1884-1930), first civilian superintendent of the park, 1916-28. It was under his administration that the major development of roads and trails, the construction of buildings for headquarters and personnell, and the installation of public-utility systems was accomplished--the founatiob for, and often the actual structure and systems, that exist today.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2056,Yosemite,Little Yosemite Valley,Valley,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,People,Yes - know IPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Anderson: Yohhe'meti (Southern Miwok) or Yos.s.e'meti (Central Miwok) originally referred to the Indian tribe that lived in Yosemite Valley. Yosemite means literally “those who kill” (Yos, “to kill,” the modifier e, “one who,” and the plural suffix -meti). It was used by the surrounding Miwok tribes. The Yosemite people were referred to as killers by these surrounding tribes, who feared them. The Yosemite tribe, led by Chief Tenaya, were composed of renegades from multiple tribes, including Mono Paiute from the eastern Sierra. The Paiute were traditional enemies of the more-peaceful Miwok people. When this valley was discovered on March 25, 1851 by the members of the Mariposa Battalion, Dr. Lafayette Bunnell, surgeon for the group, alone could see the beauty of Tenaya’s fortress. The others, were more interested in finding the Indians, make jokes and wisecracks about the valley which “jarred” his more devout feelings. He asked that names be suggested for the valley. Those suggested were mostly European, Biblical or sentimental, each unsatisfactory to the doctor who thought that an American name would be more appropriate. He suggested “Yo-sem-i-ty” to perpetuate the name of the Indians they were trying to capture. A few of the men rebelled at naming anything after the “treacherous savages”. Several of the men who began to realize the beauty of the place suggested “Paradise Valley” for its name. Bunnell asked for a vote and the name “Yosemity” was adopted. This name was never used by the local Indians for this Valley. The name “Ahwahnee” was generally applied to most of the Valley, although it is believed that it was applied at first only to the large meadow in the east end of the Valley. This name is translated as meaning “deep grassy valley”, although Bunnell was never quite sure if it was correct. The Indians, known as Ahwahneechees, were divided into two groups, those living on the north side of the river being called the “Oo-soo-mah-ty’s” or grizzly bears. The name was also given as “Yo-hem-ah-ty” and by one Indian, as “Er-her-ma-te”. It usually referred to a full grown grizzly bear. Major Savage, the commanding officer of the Mariposa Battalion claimed that the word was pronounced as it is pronounced today. Why the entire tribe was given this name is not known. Earlier the word was commonly split, “Yo Semity”.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,Ahwahnee
2057,Yosemite,Little Yosemite Valley,Ranger station,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"Anderson: Yohhe'meti (Southern Miwok) or Yos.s.e'meti (Central Miwok) originally referred to the Indian tribe that lived in Yosemite Valley. Yosemite means literally “those who kill” (Yos, “to kill,” the modifier e, “one who,” and the plural suffix -meti). It was used by the surrounding Miwok tribes. The Yosemite people were referred to as killers by these surrounding tribes, who feared them. The Yosemite tribe, led by Chief Tenaya, were composed of renegades from multiple tribes, including Mono Paiute from the eastern Sierra. The Paiute were traditional enemies of the more-peaceful Miwok people. When this valley was discovered on March 25, 1851 by the members of the Mariposa Battalion, Dr. Lafayette Bunnell, surgeon for the group, alone could see the beauty of Tenaya’s fortress. The others, were more interested in finding the Indians, make jokes and wisecracks about the valley which “jarred” his more devout feelings. He asked that names be suggested for the valley. Those suggested were mostly European, Biblical or sentimental, each unsatisfactory to the doctor who thought that an American name would be more appropriate. He suggested “Yo-sem-i-ty” to perpetuate the name of the Indians they were trying to capture. A few of the men rebelled at naming anything after the “treacherous savages”. Several of the men who began to realize the beauty of the place suggested “Paradise Valley” for its name. Bunnell asked for a vote and the name “Yosemity” was adopted. This name was never used by the local Indians for this Valley. The name “Ahwahnee” was generally applied to most of the Valley, although it is believed that it was applied at first only to the large meadow in the east end of the Valley. This name is translated as meaning “deep grassy valley”, although Bunnell was never quite sure if it was correct. The Indians, known as Ahwahneechees, were divided into two groups, those living on the north side of the river being called the “Oo-soo-mah-ty’s” or grizzly bears. The name was also given as “Yo-hem-ah-ty” and by one Indian, as “Er-her-ma-te”. It usually referred to a full grown grizzly bear. Major Savage, the commanding officer of the Mariposa Battalion claimed that the word was pronounced as it is pronounced today. Why the entire tribe was given this name is not known. Earlier the word was commonly split, “Yo Semity”.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,Ahwahnee
2058,Yosemite,Lower Brother,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","were named by members of the Mariposa Battalion following the capture of the three sons of Chief Tenaya near the base of that formation. (Illustration, opposite page.); The Indian name, “Kom-po-pai-zes”, or sometimes “Pompomposus”, is translated by Bunnell as meaning “mountains with heads like frogs when ready to leap”. The suggestion that the translation means “mountains playing leapfrog” has no basis because no one ever saw Indians playing the game, making it unlikely that Indians would have so named it. [Editor’s note: the correct translation is “a couple copulating”—dea. ] Memorializing Indigenous individuals, despite the violence of the Mariposa Battalion.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,Kom-po-pai-zes
2059,Yosemite,Lower Merced Pass Lake,Lake,Mythology,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after the Pass and mountain, and likely after the river","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2060,Yosemite,Lower Pines,Campground,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
2061,Yosemite,Lower Yosemite Fall,Waterfall,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,People,Potentially - probably had IPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","When this valley was discovered on March 25, 1851 by the members of the Mariposa Battalion, Dr. Lafayette Bunnell, surgeon for the group, alone could see the beauty of Tenaya’s fortress. The others, were more interested in finding the Indians, make jokes and wisecracks about the valley which “jarred” his more devout feelings. He asked that names be suggested for the valley. Those suggested were mostly European, Biblical or sentimental, each unsatisfactory to the doctor who thought that an American name would be more appropriate. He suggested “Yo-sem-i-ty” to perpetuate the name of the Indians they were trying to capture. A few of the men rebelled at naming anything after the “treacherous savages”. Several of the men who began to realize me beauty of the place suggested “Paradise Valley” for its name. Bunnell asked for a vote and the name “Yosemity” was adopted. This name was never used by the local Indians for this Valley. The name “Ahwahnee” was generally applied to most of the Valley, although it is believed that it was applied at first only to the large meadow in the east end of the Valley. This name is translated as meaning “deep grassy valley”, although Bunnell was never quite sure if it was correct. The Indians, known as Ahwahneechees, were divided into two groups, those living on the north side of the river being called the “Oo-soo-mah-ty’s” or grizzly bears. The name was also given as “Yo-hem-ah-ty” and by one Indian, as “Er-her-ma-te”. It usually referred to a full grown grizzly bear. Major Savage, the commanding officer of the Mariposa Battalion claimed that the word was pronounced as it is pronounced today. Why the entire tribe was given this name is not known. Earlier the word was commonly split, “Yo Semity”.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,
2062,Yosemite,Lower Yosemite Fall Trail,Trailhead,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","When this valley was discovered on March 25, 1851 by the members of the Mariposa Battalion, Dr. Lafayette Bunnell, surgeon for the group, alone could see the beauty of Tenaya’s fortress. The others, were more interested in finding the Indians, make jokes and wisecracks about the valley which “jarred” his more devout feelings. He asked that names be suggested for the valley. Those suggested were mostly European, Biblical or sentimental, each unsatisfactory to the doctor who thought that an American name would be more appropriate. He suggested “Yo-sem-i-ty” to perpetuate the name of the Indians they were trying to capture. A few of the men rebelled at naming anything after the “treacherous savages”. Several of the men who began to realize me beauty of the place suggested “Paradise Valley” for its name. Bunnell asked for a vote and the name “Yosemity” was adopted. This name was never used by the local Indians for this Valley. The name “Ahwahnee” was generally applied to most of the Valley, although it is believed that it was applied at first only to the large meadow in the east end of the Valley. This name is translated as meaning “deep grassy valley”, although Bunnell was never quite sure if it was correct. The Indians, known as Ahwahneechees, were divided into two groups, those living on the north side of the river being called the “Oo-soo-mah-ty’s” or grizzly bears. The name was also given as “Yo-hem-ah-ty” and by one Indian, as “Er-her-ma-te”. It usually referred to a full grown grizzly bear. Major Savage, the commanding officer of the Mariposa Battalion claimed that the word was pronounced as it is pronounced today. Why the entire tribe was given this name is not known. Earlier the word was commonly split, “Yo Semity”.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,
2063,Yosemite,Lower Yosemite Fall Trail,Trail,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
2064,Yosemite,Lukens Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Theodore Parker Lukens, a conservationist and advocate of reforestation; mayor of Pasadena, 1890-95. Shirley Sargent characterized Lukens as ""the John Muir of Southern California"". Lukens does not seem to  have been racist or pro-eugenics","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Lukens,
2065,Yosemite,Lyell Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after Sir Charles Lyell (1797-1875), a famous Scottish geologist, does not seem to have visited California.",https://www.yosemitehikes.com/tioga-road/lyell-canyon/lyell-canyon.htm,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lyell#Travels_in_North_America,NA
2066,Yosemite,Lyell Fork,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after Sir Charles Lyell (1797-1875), a famous Scottish geologist, does not seem to have visited California.",http://jmtbook.com/names-you-will-encounter-along-the-john-muir-trail-part-4/,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lyell#Travels_in_North_America,
2067,Yosemite,Mammoth Peak,Mountain,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The namer is unknown, but this was a favorite name in early mining days when everyone was thinking big. The peak is the high point of the Kuna Crest.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2068,Yosemite,Many Island Lake,Lake,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The namer is unknown; the name is an obvious one, the lake has many islands.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2069,Yosemite,Mariposa Grove,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Animal,Natural,WEstern,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","This was called the place of the butterflies due to its great multitude especially at night in the morning so unceasingly bothersome that they even reached the point of blocking the sun's rays, pursuing us everywhere so that one of the corporals of the expedition got one in his ear causing him much discomfort and no little trouble in extracting it",Browning et al. 1998,,
2070,Yosemite,Mary Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The lake was named about 1909 for Mary Forsyth, a daughter of Col. W. W. Forsyth, cting superintendent of Yosemite National Park, 1909-12. The namer was almost certainly R.B. Marshall of the USGS.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2071,Yosemite,Matterhorn Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The Wheeler Survey named the peak and the canyon in 1878...""that the name is a poor one there can be no doubt, for...there is only the barest suggestion of resemblance to the wonderful Swiss mountain after which it is called.""","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2072,Yosemite,Matterhorn Peak,Mountain,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The Wheeler Survey named the peak and the canyon in 1878...""that the name is a poor one there can be no doubt, for...there is only the barest suggestion of resemblance to the wonderful Swiss mountain after which it is called.""","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2073,Yosemite,May Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Charles F. Hoffman of the Whitney Survey named the lake for Lucy `Mayotta Browne, whom he married in 1870. She was the daughter of J. Ross Browne, a well-known pioneer, mining engineer, and writer. (Farquhar: Ross E. Browne.) May lake is a mile due east of Mount Hoffmann, and is the location of one of the High Sierra Camps.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2074,Yosemite,May Lake,Campground,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Charles F. Hoffman of the Whitney Survey named the lake for Lucy `Mayotta Browne, whom he married in 1870. She was the daughter of J. Ross Browne, a well-known pioneer, mining engineer, and writer. (Farquhar: Ross E. Browne.) May lake is a mile due east of Mount Hoffmann, and is the location of one of the High Sierra Camps.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2075,Yosemite,McCabe Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Edward Raynsford Warner McCabe, a calvary officer who had no association with the park--except that he married Polly Forsyth, daughter of Col. W. W. Forsyth, acting superintendent of the park from 1909 to 1912.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2076,Yosemite,McCabe Lakes,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Edward Raynsford Warner McCabe, a calvary officer who had no association with the park--except that he married Polly Forsyth, daughter of Col. W. W. Forsyth, acting superintendent of the park from 1909 to 1912.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2077,Yosemite,McGurk Meadow,Meadow/field,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","John McGurk was the third owner of this property. the original owner filed for 160 acres but the description in the county records indicated a claim in the next township six miles away. McGurk built a cabin here, but he was forced off the land by the US Army in 1897 when the invalid patent was discovered.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2078,Yosemite,Medlicott Dome,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","NAmed for Harry P. Medlicott, who, with H.B. carpenter, surveyed the route of the ""Great Sierra Wagon Road""--the Tioga Road--in 1882. (Trexler; also YNN 27, no. 9:109-12). Medlicott was a judge, US Deputy Mineral Surveyor, and prominent citizen of the new town of Lundy in the early 1880s. An early name for the dome was ""Court House Rock""","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2079,Yosemite,Merced Grove,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mythology,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","named after the Merced River or the El Rio de Nuestra Senora de al Merced (""of mercy""). The river has an Indigenous name Aux-um-ne, but not the grove",Browning et al. 1998,,
2080,Yosemite,Merced Lake,Campground,Mythology,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","named after the Merced River or the El Rio de Nuestra Senora de al Merced (""of mercy""). The river has an Indigenous name Aux-um-ne, but not the lake or campground",Browning et al. 1998,,
2081,Yosemite,Merced Lake,Lake,Mythology,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","named after the Merced River or the El Rio de Nuestra Senora de al Merced (""of mercy""). The river has an Indigenous name Aux-um-ne, but not the grove",Browning et al. 1998,,
2082,Yosemite,Merced Pass,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Mythology,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","named after the Merced River or the El Rio de Nuestra Senora de al Merced (""of mercy""). The river has an Indigenous name Aux-um-ne, but not the pass",Browning et al. 1998,,
2083,Yosemite,Merced Peak,Mountain,Mythology,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","named after the Merced River or the El Rio de Nuestra Senora de al Merced (""of mercy""). The river has an Indigenous name Aux-um-ne, but not the peak","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2084,Yosemite,Merced River,River,Mythology,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","named El Rio de Nuestra Senora de al Merced (""of mercy""), also has an Indigenous name Aux-um-ne",Browning et al. 1998,,Aux-um-ne or Wa-kal'-la (Browning 2005)
2085,Yosemite,Middle Brother,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","were named by members of the Mariposa Battalion following the capture of the three sons of Chief Tenaya near the base of that formation. (Illustration, opposite page.); The Indian name, “Kom-po-pai-zes”, or sometimes “Pompomposus”, is translated by Bunnell as meaning “mountains with heads like frogs when ready to leap”. The suggestion that the translation means “mountains playing leapfrog” has no basis because no one ever saw Indians playing the game, making it unlikely that Indians would have so named it. [Editor’s note: the correct translation is “a couple copulating”—dea. ] Memorializing Indigenous individuals, despite the violence of the Mariposa Battalion.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,Kom-po-pai-zes or Er-na-ting Law-oo-too pr Elacha (name after a plant much use for food) (Browning 2012)
2086,Yosemite,Middle Tuolumne River,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Was given to the river by the Spanish in 1806 for a tribe of Indians that lived on the banks of the river in the Central Valley. Wikipedia: ""The origin of the Tuolumne River's name is unclear. The first recorded use of the name ""Tuolumne"" was by the Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga in 1806, who may have named the river for the nearby Native American village of Tualamne or Tautamne. This may in turn refer to the native word talmalamne, or ""a group of stone huts or caves"". Father Pedro Muñoz, a member of the 1806 expedition, noted in his diary that ""we came upon a village called Tautamne. This village is situated on some steep precipices, inaccessible on account of their rough rocks. The Indians live in their sótanos [cellars or caves]"".[64][65] At this time, the Native American population along the lower Tuolumne and Stanislaus Rivers is believed to have been approximately two thousand.[66] Another possible origin of the name Tuolumne is the Central Sierra Miwok word taawalïmi, meaning ""squirrel place"", referring to a Native American village on the nearby Stanislaus River.[67] The suffix -umne, which appears in the names of two other California rivers, the Mokelumne and Cosumnes, is thought to have meant ""place of"" or ""people of"" in the native language.[68]"" All Tuolumne references treated as though Tuolumne is not the original IPN but that it is named for a group of Indigenous people.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuolumne_River#Early_history,
2087,Yosemite,Miguel Meadow,Meadow/field,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","The ranch belongs to Mr. Miguel D. Errera, but his American friends have corrupted Miguel into McGill and by that name is his house known","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2088,Yosemite,Mirror Lake,Lake,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","so named because of the reflection of Mt. Watkins on its surface. The name was first suggested by Bunnell but was objected to by others. Bunnell said that if a more approprite name was found that it could be rechristened. It was called on the back of an old stero photo “the toilet glass of Yosemite.” The Indian name is commonly given as “Wai-ack”, meaning “water rock,” and was sometimes applied to Mt, Watkins too (see Mt. Watkins). Bancroft in his early guide book, and Hutchings, give the name “Ke-ko-too-yem” which they translate as meaning “sleeping waters”.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,Wai-ack or Ke-ko-too-yem (seleep water) (Browning 2005)
2089,Yosemite,Mono Meadow,Meadow/field,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","The Hoffmann and Gardiner map of 1863-67 shows ""old Mono Trail"" passing through the meadow, which was first named on LeConte's 1893 map. Trail name origin: ""The old Indian trail across the Sierra via Mono Pass."" Origin for Mono Pass: ""Lieut Moore found a pass at the head waters of the Merced, which they called the Mona Pass, from the Mona Indians who inhabit the country on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada...About 120 miles east of Mariposa they found a lake, some 60 miles in lenght and 20 or 30 in breadth. They called this Mona Lake...Mono county and Lake are named after a widspread division of Shoshonean Indians on both slopes of the Southern Sierra Nevada...by their Yokuts neighbors they are called Monachi....The Yokuts word for 'flies' was monoi, monai, or monoyi"" ""If we assume that this word form the stem of monachi, it is quite certain that the name means 'fly-people' and is quite properly applied. On the shore of the otherwise barren lake are found countless millions of the pupae of a fly...Thes pupae were not only the favorite food of these Indians, but they used them for trading with the neighboring tribes...The conclusion is forced upon us that the Yokuts called these Indians Monachi because their wealth consisted of flies.""","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2090,Yosemite,Mono Pass,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Origin for Mono Pass: ""Lieut Moore found a pass at the head waters of the Merced, which they called the Mona Pass, from the Mona Indians who inhabit the country on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada...About 120 miles east of Mariposa they found a lake, some 60 miles in lenght and 20 or 30 in breadth. They called this Mona Lake""...""Mono county and Lake are named after a widspread division of Shoshonean Indians on both slopes of the Southern Sierra Nevada...by their Yokuts neighbors they are called Monachi....The Yokuts word for 'flies' was monoi, monai, or monoyi"" ""If we assume that this word form the stem of monachi, it is quite certain that the name means 'fly-people' and is quite properly applied. On the shore of the otherwise barren lake are found countless millions of the pupae of a fly...Thes pupae were not only the favorite food of these Indians, but they used them for trading with the neighboring tribes...The conclusion is forced upon us that the Yokuts called these Indians Monachi because their wealth consisted of flies.""","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2091,Yosemite,Moraine Mountain,Mountain,Mineral,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The mountain was possibly named by Lt. McClure; it appears on his 1896 map as ""Mt. Moraine"". likely named after the moraine of the ancient Merced Glacier.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2092,Yosemite,Moran Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","It was named for the famed painter of western scenes, Thomas Moran.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,
2093,Yosemite,Morrison Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","This creek is presumed to be named for J.M. Morrison, who was on the State Board of Fish commissioners from about 1892-1906.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2094,Yosemite,Mount Ansel Adam,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Ansel Adams (1902-1984) was the preeminent American landscape photographer of the twentieth century. Adams first saw and photographed this peak in September 1921, when he described it as 'undoubtedly inaccessible' on a Sierra club outing in 1934 the peak was climbed for the first time, by three men, who unofficial named it for Adams...the name remained unofficial, since BGN regulations do not permit naming a geographic feature for a living person. At the request of the BGN, the author of this book made the formal proposal at the BGN's annual meeting in 1984.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2095,Yosemite,Mount Clark,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Galen Clark (1814-1910), the first guardian of Yosemite state Park (1864), and ""discoverer"" of Mariposa Grove. When he was in his forties he feared that he was going to die of a lung ailment. he went to the mountains for the sake of his health, built a cabin in the spring of 1857 at what became ""Clark's Station"" (now Wawona), and lived another 53 years. The mountain was once called ""gothic Peak,"" and later, the ""Obelisk"", a name given by the Whitney Survey. Does not clearly fall into the memorializes colonialism definition, though he was certainly a settler colonizer.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2096,Yosemite,Mount Conness,Mountain,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","John Conness (1821-1909), a native of Ireland, came to the US in 1836; member of the California legislature, 1853-54, 1860-61; US Senator, 1863-69; lived in Massachusetts from 1869 until his death. The peak was named in 1863 by the Whitney Survey--for good reason. ""Mount Conness bears the name of a distinguished citizen of California, now a United States Senator, who deserves, more than any other person, the credit of carrying the bill organizing the Geological Survey of CAlifornia through the Legislature."" Conness also introduced the bill to the Senate that granted Yosemite Valley and Mariposa Grove to the state.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2097,Yosemite,Mount Dana,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Mount Dana was named in 1863 by the Whitney Survey for James Dwight Dana (1813-1895), professor of natural history and geology at Yale, 1849-90. Dana is considered the foremost geologist of his time; he provided the first comprehensive summary of North American geology.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dwight_Dana,
2098,Yosemite,Mount Florence,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The peak was named for Florence Hutchings, daughter of James Mason Hutchings (colonist/settler). Florence was the first white child born in Yosemite Valley, August 23, 1864, and she died there on Sept 26, 1881.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2099,Yosemite,Mount Gibbs,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Oliver Wolcott Gibbs (1822-1908), professor of science at Harvard, 1863-67, and a lifelong friend of J.D. Whitney.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2100,Yosemite,Mount Gibson,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; possibly named after a person. Origin unknown, but probably named by or for a sheepman.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2101,Yosemite,Mount Hoffman,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Charles Frederick Hoffmann (1839-1913), born in Germany, came to California in 1858. He was topographer and cartographer with the Whitney Survey througout its entire existence, 1860-74. Hoffmann and JAmes Gardiener produced the Map of a portio fo the Sierra Nevada adjacent to the Yosemite Valley, 1863-74.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2102,Yosemite,Mount Lyell,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after Sir Charles Lyell (1797-1875), a famous Scottish geologist","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2103,Yosemite,Mount Maclure,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named before 1868 by the Whitney Survey. ""To the pioneer of American geology, William Maclure, one of the dominating peaks of the Sierra Nevada is very properly dedicated"" ...Having already named Mount Lyell for another British geologist, Whtiney apparently had second thoughts and decided to give his naming of peaks some American balance. Maclure became known as the ""father of American geology"" because he produced, in 1809, the first geological map of the United States.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Maclure,
2104,Yosemite,Mount Starr King,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Thomas Starr King (1824-1864), famous preacher and lecturer; pastor of the Hollis Street Unitarian Church in Boston at the age of 24; came to San Francisco Unitarian Church, 1860; visited Yosemite, the Big Trees, and LAke Tahoe, orator for the Union cause during the Civil War."" Brewer part of the Whitney survey characterized King as the 'most eloquent divine and, at the same time, one of the best fellows in the state""","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2105,Yosemite,Mount Watkins,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Carleton E. Watkins (1829-1916), one of the early photographers of Yosemite. He provided illustrations for the publications of the Whitney Survey, thus earning himself a place on their maps. His view of Mirror Lake, with ""Mount Watkins"" reflects int it is doubtless what led to his name being affixed to the peak....The mountain had an Indian name, but there was a small difference of opnion about what it was and what it meant. ""Waijau. Mount watkins; meaning the Pine Mountain"" (Whitney, The Yosemite Guide-book, 1870:17) ""Wei-yow' meaning, 'Juniper Mountain"" (Clark 108)","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,Waijau (pine mountain) or Wei-you (juniper mountain)
2106,Yosemite,Mt Broderick,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","He was an anti-slavery proponent; Liberty Cap was called Mt. Broderick originally, but the name was changed in 1865. the dome was named for David Colbert Broderick, born in Ireland in 1820. He was U. S. Senator from California in 1857-1859, and was killed in a duel with David S. Terry, an early justice of the California Supreme Court.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,http://www.afrigeneas.com/forumdarchive/index.cgi/md/read/id/6779/sbj/broderick-david-colbert-anti-slavery-advocate/,Kachoomah (Browning 2005)
2107,Yosemite,Nature Center at Happy Isles,Visitor Center,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","were earlier called Island Rapids by James Hutchings. The name, Happy Isles was given by W. E. Dennison, Guardian of Yosemite Valley in 1885. “—no one can visit them without for the while forgetting the grinding strife of his world and being happy.”",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,
2108,Yosemite,Nelson Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","William Henry (Billy) Nelson (1873-1952), a colorful early-day ranger. he served from 1917-1945. He escorted many celebrated visitors, including King Albert of Belgium. In July 1934, he accompanied Eleanor Roosevelt on a pack trip to the Young Lakes, and provided her with a hot-water bottle to keep her warm during the cold nights at 10,000 feet.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2109,Yosemite,Nevada Fall,Waterfall,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Dr. Bunnell suggested “Nevada” for the upper of the two falls because it was nearest the crest of the Sierra Nevada and also because “nevada” in Spanish means “snowy”. The white froth of the fall reminded Bunnell of an avalanche of snow. The Indian name is “Yo-wi-we”, which means “twisted water”, from the manner in which the water is deflected to one side by the slanting obstruction at the base of the fall. The translation is sometimes given as “meandering” which does not seem as applicable. (Page 11.)","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,Yo-wi-we
2110,Yosemite,Nevada Fall Trail,Trail,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence",Descriptive trail name; named after Nevada Fall; Nevada = western use,NA,,NA
2111,Yosemite,North Dome,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","It was named by the members of the Mariposa Battalion in 1851. The Indian name is “To-ko-ya”, meaning “the basket.”",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,To-ko-ya (basket) (Browning 2005)
2112,Yosemite,North Peak,Mountain,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Probably named by the USGS during the 1898-99 survey.,"Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2113,Yosemite,North Pines,Campground,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
2114,Yosemite,O'Shaughnessy Dam,Infrastructure,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Michael M. O'Shaughnessy was the city engineer of San Francisco and chief of the Hetch Hetchy construction project. the dam was built between 1919 and 1929, and the entire project  of tunnels and piplines was complete in 1934.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2115,Yosemite,Old Inspiration Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","This viewpoint was originally known as ""Mount Beatitude"" The old point was at an altitude of 6802 feet, a few feet off the Pohono Trail at the top of the hill coming west from MEadow Brook. It was the first view of Yosemite Valley from the Mann Brothers trail. ""Almost before the gratifying fact is realized, you have reaced 'Inspiration Point,' and are standing out upon a bold promontory of rock...In all my life, let is lead me where it may...I think I shall see nothing else so sublime and beautiful, till, happily, I stand within the gates of the Heavenly City"" (Hutchings, Scenes, 1871:85-86).","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2116,Yosemite,Olmsted Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","A view on the Tioga Road named for Frederick Law Olmsted and for his son, Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. The senior Olmsted was a conservationist and the 'father of American landscape architecture'....He came to California in 1863. When the Yosmite Grant was created in 1864, Olmsted directed the survey and took charge of the property for the state of California. he was also the chairman of the first Board of Yosemite Valley Commissioners, appointed to administer the grant.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2117,Yosemite,Ostrander Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","The lake is named for a descendant of Alexander Ostrander (1783) of Smithfield NY. This branch of Ostrander family settled in Colorado (Georgetown, Granby, Hot Sulphur Springs, Golden) prior to 1872, and some moved from Colorado to California.  named by the Whitney survey for Harvey J. Ostrander, who came to California during the gold rush. In the early 1860s he settled at the junction of the Glacier Point and Old Mono trails. Ostrander was a sheepman; his cabin was near bridalveil creek. The lake was originally called Pohono Lake, since it was at the headwaters of Bridalveil (Pohono) Creek. . The present name appeared on McClure's maps of 1895 and 1896. IT may have been McClure himself who decidedon a name","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrander_Lake,
2118,Yosemite,Ostrander Ski Hut,Infrastructure,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","The lake is named for a descendant of Alexander Ostrander (1783) of Smithfield NY. This branch of Ostrander family settled in Colorado (Georgetown, Granby, Hot Sulphur Springs, Golden) prior to 1872, and some moved from Colorado to California.  named by the Whitney survey for Harvey J. Ostrander, who came to California during the gold rush. In the early 1860s he settled at the junction of the Glacier Point and Old Mono trails. Ostrander was a sheepman; his cabin was near bridalveil creek. The lake was originally called Pohono Lake, since it was at the headwaters of Bridalveil (Pohono) Creek. . The present name appeared on McClure's maps of 1895 and 1896. IT may have been McClure himself who decidedon a name","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrander_Lake,
2119,Yosemite,Otter Lake,Lake,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Origin unknown, but doubtless because someone saw an otter at the lake.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2120,Yosemite,Ottoway Lakes,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The peak was named in 1895 by Lt McClure for a corporal in his detachment.,"Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2121,Yosemite,Pacific Crest Trail,Trail,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",no information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
2122,Yosemite,Parker Pass,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; conflicting theories that suggest different problem classes.  ""The creek was named for an early settler of Mono county."" (Farquhar: W. L. Huber.)...It has also been suggested that the source of all these ""Parker"" names was Edward A. Parker, a student of PRofessor Joseph LeConte. J.N. LeConte reported on the records he found on the summit of Mount Lyell in 1889. The oldest was that of Parker and another man in 1975 (1875?). The next after that was Russell and Grove Karl Gilbert of the USGS in 1883, implying that those two began the use of the Parker name. Competing theories","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2123,Yosemite,Pate Valley,Valley,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; conflicting theories that suggest different problem classes. An old name of uncertain origin. It may possibly have been named for Francis M. Pate, a resident of Indian Gulch in 1867. Pate was a member of Company C of the Mariposa Battalion, discoverers of Yosemite VAlley in 1851. But also, ""Pate was a sheepman from Merced Falls who ran his sheep in Pate Valley"". Colonialism (sheepman) or violence (Mariposa Battalion) = competing theories of different problem classes.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2124,Yosemite,Pettit Peak,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named by Col. Forsyth, acting superintendent of the park 1909-12, for Col. James Sumner Pettit, command of the US Fourth Volunteer Infantry in the Spanish-American War. Before the S-A War, Pettit served ""frontier duty"" where he more than likely engaged in violence with Native Americans: Served: on frontier duty at Ft. Sully, Dak., Oct. 3, 1878, to Aug. 24, 1879, — Ft. Meade, Dak.to May 13, 1880, — Ft. Randall, Dak., to May 31, 1880, and San Antonio, Tex., to Aug., 1880; at the Military Academy as Assistant Professor of Drawing, Aug. 28, 1880, to Aug. 28, 1884, and Assistant Instructor of Tactics, Sep. 5, 1882, to June, 1883;
(First Lieut., 1st Infantry, Sep. 15, 1882)

on frontier duty at Ft. Grant, Ara., to June 1, 1885, — Ft. Apache, Ara., to July, 1885, — Camp at Lang's Ranch, N. M., to June, 1886, — and Ft. Bowie, Ara., to Aug., 1886; in garrison at Benicia Barracks, Cal. (leave of absence, Sep. 27 to Nov. 26, 1886, and sick leave, to Mar. 26, 1887), to Oct. 15, 1887, — and Angel Island, Cal., to Aug. 1, 1888; on leave of absence, to Aug. 28, 1888; and at the Military Academy as Assistant Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy [from link]","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Army/USMA/Cullums_Register/2722*.html,
2125,Yosemite,Pioneer Yosemite History Center,Cultural heritage (Western),Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"When this valley was discovered on March 25, 1851 by the members of the Mariposa Battalion, Dr. Lafayette Bunnell, surgeon for the group, alone could see the beauty of Tenaya’s fortress. The others, were more interested in finding the Indians, make jokes and wisecracks about the valley which “jarred” his more devout feelings. He asked that names be suggested for the valley. Those suggested were mostly European, Biblical or sentimental, each unsatisfactory to the doctor who thought that an American name would be more appropriate. He suggested “Yo-sem-i-ty” to perpetuate the name of the Indians they were trying to capture. A few of the men rebelled at naming anything after the “treacherous savages”. Several of the men who began to realize me beauty of the place suggested “Paradise Valley” for its name. Bunnell asked for a vote and the name “Yosemity” was adopted. This name was never used by the local Indians for this Valley. The name “Ahwahnee” was generally applied to most of the Valley, although it is believed that it was applied at first only to the large meadow in the east end of the Valley. This name is translated as meaning “deep grassy valley”, although Bunnell was never quite sure if it was correct. The Indians, known as Ahwahneechees, were divided into two groups, those living on the north side of the river being called the “Oo-soo-mah-ty’s” or grizzly bears. The name was also given as “Yo-hem-ah-ty” and by one Indian, as “Er-her-ma-te”. It usually referred to a full grown grizzly bear. Major Savage, the commanding officer of the Mariposa Battalion claimed that the word was pronounced as it is pronounced today. Why the entire tribe was given this name is not known. Earlier the word was commonly split, “Yo Semity”.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,
2126,Yosemite,Piute Creek,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","The Piutes (or Paiutes) are a division of Shoshonean Indians. The name has been widely used in California, often indiscriminiately. The names are old, but it is not known who gave them or when.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2127,Yosemite,Pleasant Valley,Valley,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named by the Bright family, who ran stock in this area before the national park was created. No doubt it is a pleasant valley, but the name lakes originality","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2128,Yosemite,Poopeanut Valley,Valley,Plant,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,yes,NA,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Various authorities have made a stab at explaining the name. The most authoritative sound one is: ""Indians called it this name after a plant that grew there. The plant looks something like celery--very dark green. The Indians ate it the same as we do celery."" (Louis Elwell, a pioneer in the area, CVP) treating as oIPN","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2129,Yosemite,Porcupine Flat,Campground,Animal,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The name existed when the Brewer party of the Whitney Survey camped at the flat on June 23, 1863, but there is no indicatation that they named it.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2130,Yosemite,Post Peak Pass,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",The peak and the creek were named for William S. Post of the USGS during the 1898-99 survey for the Mt. Lyell 30' map.,"Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2131,Yosemite,Pothole Dome,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No record for Pothole dome, but here is the explanation for Pothole Meadows: ""Named for bowl-shaped depressions about five feet in diameter....since this locale was not glaciated, these potholes are the result of either running water or local weathering"". Assuming dome named for same potholes.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2132,Yosemite,Potter Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","It is named for Dr. Charles Potter, a physician from Boston and an Army doctor. It was named in 1909 by the US Geological Survey.",http://jmtbook.com/names-you-will-encounter-along-the-john-muir-trail-part-4/,,
2133,Yosemite,Rafferty Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Captain Ogden Rafferty (1860-1922), US army Medical Corps. (Heitman, 812) The names were given in 1895 by Lt. McClure when he was accompanied by Rafferty on a patrol of the park. The creek is along the route of the trail from Tuolumne Meadows to the Vogelsant High Sierra Camp.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2134,Yosemite,Ragged Peak,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The peak's descriptive name was probably given by the Wheeler Survey; it apepars on atlas sheet 56D,"Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2135,Yosemite,Rancheria Creek,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The spanish word ""rancheria"" originally meant a collection of crude dwellings, but in Spanish California it was used to mean Indian villages in general. Several sites have been located on the slopes of Rancheria Mountain....However what seems a more likely explanation for the existence of the name in this locale is that sheepmen were using it to indicate their summer home or range.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2136,Yosemite,Rancheria Falls,Waterfall,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The spanish word ""rancheria"" originally meant a collection of crude dwellings, but in Spanish California it was used to mean Indian villages in general. Several sites have been located on the slopes of Rancheria Mountain....However what seems a more likely explanation for the existence of the name in this locale is that sheepmen were using it to indicate their summer home or range.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2137,Yosemite,Red Peak,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","the peak was named ""Red Mountain"" by the Whitney Survey for the predominate color of its upper portion. The other names derive from the peak.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2138,Yosemite,Return Creek,River,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Act,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","A large stream flowing down through Viriginia Canyon, draining much of the northeastern part of the park. The origin of the name is unknown. ""After the traveler crosses over the crest and down Viriginia Creek to NEvada and Virginia City, he frequently comes back to CAlifornia via the same route--hence 'Return' Creek""","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2139,Yosemite,Ribbon Creek,River,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The Indian name was “Lung-yo to-co-ya” and means “”pigeon basket or nest”, Probably because of the band-tailed pigeons that lived in that area. James Hutchings translated it to mean “long and slender” and named it “Ribbon Fall”. Dr. Bunnell thought that this was a poor translation and called it “Pigeon Creek Fall.”",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,Lung-yo to-co-ya (pigeon basket)
2140,Yosemite,Ribbon Fall,Waterfall,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The Indian name was “Lung-yo to-co-ya” and means “”pigeon basket or nest”, Probably because of the band-tailed pigeons that lived in that area. James Hutchings translated it to mean “long and slender” and named it “Ribbon Fall”. Dr. Bunnell thought that this was a poor translation and called it “Pigeon Creek Fall.” Not treating Ribbon Fall as a translation.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,Lung-yo to-co-ya
2141,Yosemite,Richardson Peak,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named in June 1879 by Lt Macomb of the Wheeler Survey. ""I was accompanied by Mr. Thomas Richardson, who has a sheep range in Cherry Valley and vicinity, and who is perfectly familiar with the rugged country south of the Relief trail.""","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2142,Yosemite,Rock Island Pass,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","I named the stream Rock Creek, and the lake Rock Island Lake, from a large granite island that was visible near the northern end. (Lt. N.F. McClure)","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2143,Yosemite,Rodgers Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Features were named for Capt. Alexander Rodgers, Fourth Cavalry, US Army, acting superintendent of the park in 1895 and 1897.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2144,Yosemite,Roosevelt Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The lake was named for Eleanor Roosevelt, to commemorate a visit she made to the park in July 1934. The name was suggested by Souglass Hubbard, the parks' naturalist at the time. Mrs. Roosevelt actively supported civil rights.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt#Civil_rights_activism,
2145,Yosemite,Roosevelt Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"Named after person who supported racist ideas (but non-violent, not in power) [3]","No info - not likely, no evidence","Theodore Roosevelt  Roosevelt’s seven and a half years in office were marked by his support of the Indian allotment system, the removal of Indians from their lands and the destruction of their culture. Although he earned a reputation as a conservationist—placing more than 230 million acres of land under public protection—Roosevelt systematically marginalized Indians, uprooting them from their homelands to create national parks and monuments, speaking publicly about his plans to assimilate them and using them as spectacles to build his political empire. https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/theodore-roosevelt-the-only-good-indians-are-the-dead-indians-oN1cdfuEW02KzOVVyrp7ig/",https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/theodore-roosevelt-the-only-good-indians-are-the-dead-indians-oN1cdfuEW02KzOVVyrp7ig/,https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/environmentalisms-racist-history,
2146,Yosemite,Royal Arch Cascade,Waterfall,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","It was named by a Royal Arch Mason prior to 1880. The Indians called it “Scho-ko-ni”, meaning “baby basket”, or the shade for a baby basket. It is sometimes given as “”Cho-ko-nip-o-deh” similar in translation. One student of Indian language claims that “Cho-ko-ni’ means “dog house.” Bancroft gives the name as “Hun-to”, meaning the “watching eye”. This name is also given to an unidentified feature in another early leaflet, called the Round Tower.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,Scho-ko-ni (dog house) or Cho-ko-nip'-o-deh (baby basket) or Hunto (from the Sierra Miwok word for eye)
2147,Yosemite,Royal Arch Creek,River,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","It was named by a Royal Arch Mason prior to 1880. The Indians called it “Scho-ko-ni”, meaning “baby basket”, or the shade for a baby basket. It is sometimes given as “”Cho-ko-nip-o-deh” similar in translation. One student of Indian language claims that “Cho-ko-ni’ means “dog house.” Bancroft gives the name as “Hun-to”, meaning the “watching eye”. This name is also given to an unidentified feature in another early leaflet, called the Round Tower.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,Scho-ko-ni (dog house) or Cho-ko-nip'-o-deh (baby basket) or Hunto (from the Sierra Miwok word for eye)
2148,Yosemite,Royal Arch Lake,Lake,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","It was named by a Royal Arch Mason prior to 1880. The Indians called it “Scho-ko-ni”, meaning “baby basket”, or the shade for a baby basket. It is sometimes given as “”Cho-ko-nip-o-deh” similar in translation. One student of Indian language claims that “Cho-ko-ni’ means “dog house.” Bancroft gives the name as “Hun-to”, meaning the “watching eye”. This name is also given to an unidentified feature in another early leaflet, called the Round Tower.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,Scho-ko-ni (dog house) or Cho-ko-nip'-o-deh (baby basket) or Hunto (from the Sierra Miwok word for eye)
2149,Yosemite,Royal Arches,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","It was named by a Royal Arch Mason prior to 1880. The Indians called it “Scho-ko-ni”, meaning “baby basket”, or the shade for a baby basket. It is sometimes given as “”Cho-ko-nip-o-deh” similar in translation. One student of Indian language claims that “Cho-ko-ni’ means “dog house.” Bancroft gives the name as “Hun-to”, meaning the “watching eye”. This name is also given to an unidentified feature in another early leaflet, called the Round Tower.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,Scho-ko-ni (dog house) or Cho-ko-nip'-o-deh (baby basket)
2150,Yosemite,Sawtooth Ridge,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",A descriptive name in use since about 1880.,"Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2151,Yosemite,Schofield Peak,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","General John McAllister Schofield (1831-1906), secretary of war, 1868-69; superintendent at West Point, 1876-81; commander-in-chief of the US Army, 1888-95. ""Writing from South Dakota, General Schofield seconded a report of General Thomas H. Ruger which urged the federal government to honor treaty obligations with Native Americans.[11]"" I could find nothing about raids against Indigenous people. Schofield led major battles during the Civil War as a Union Major.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2152,Yosemite,Sentinel Beach,Picnic area,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The rock was named by the Whitney party because of the high tower-like position it occupied. It was used by Indians, according to James Hutchings, as a lookout rock. He gives the name “Loya” to the rock without translation. However, Ansel Hall in his guide book claims that “”long water basket” is the meaning of the Indian word. From wikipedia: The original Native American name of Sentinel Dome, in the Southern Sierra Miwok language, was ""Sakkaduch"". The Bunnell survey named it ""South Dome"", but the Whitney survey renamed it Sentinel Dome (from its likeness to a watch-tower).[5] The view from the top offers a 360 degree view of Yosemite Valley and surroundings. One can see Half Dome, El Capitan, Yosemite Falls, North Dome, Basket Dome, and much more.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,Loya or Loy-e-ma or Sakkaduch
2153,Yosemite,Sentinel Bridge,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The rock was named by the Whitney party because of the high tower-like position it occupied. It was used by Indians, according to James Hutchings, as a lookout rock. He gives the name “Loya” to the rock without translation. However, Ansel Hall in his guide book claims that “”long water basket” is the meaning of the Indian word.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,Loya or Loy-e-ma
2154,Yosemite,Sentinel Creek,River,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The rock was named by the Whitney party because of the high tower-like position it occupied. It was used by Indians, according to James Hutchings, as a lookout rock. He gives the name “Loya” to the rock without translation. However, Ansel Hall in his guide book claims that “”long water basket” is the meaning of the Indian word.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,Loya or Loy-e-ma
2155,Yosemite,Sentinel Dome/Taft Point Trailhead,Trailhead,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The rock was named by the Whitney party because of the high tower-like position it occupied. It was used by Indians, according to James Hutchings, as a lookout rock. He gives the name “Loya” to the rock without translation. However, Ansel Hall in his guide book claims that “”long water basket” is the meaning of the Indian word. From wikipedia: The original Native American name of Sentinel Dome, in the Southern Sierra Miwok language, was ""Sakkaduch"". The Bunnell survey named it ""South Dome"", but the Whitney survey renamed it Sentinel Dome (from its likeness to a watch-tower).[5] The view from the top offers a 360 degree view of Yosemite Valley and surroundings. One can see Half Dome, El Capitan, Yosemite Falls, North Dome, Basket Dome, and much more.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,Loya or Loy-e-ma or Sak'-ka-du-eh (Browning 2005)
2156,Yosemite,Sentinel Fall,Waterfall,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The rock was named by the Whitney party because of the high tower-like position it occupied. It was used by Indians, according to James Hutchings, as a lookout rock. He gives the name “Loya” to the rock without translation. However, Ansel Hall in his guide book claims that “”long water basket” is the meaning of the Indian word.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,Loya or Loy-e-ma
2157,Yosemite,Siesta Lake,Lake,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; possibly named after a person. Origin unknown,"Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2158,Yosemite,Sing Peak,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,NA,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named in 1899 by RB Marshall, USGS, for Tie Sing, a Chinese cook with the Geological Survey from 1888 until 1918 when he was killed in an accident in the field. the peak, on the park's southeast boundary, was named on the first Mt. Lyell 30 map, 1901","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2159,Yosemite,Slide Mountain,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Lt. N.F. McClure used the name ""Slide canon"" in 1874, but in such a way that it seems the name already existed--perhaps applied by sheepherders after its salient feature. ""I came to the most wonderful natural object that I ever beheld. A vast granite cliff, two thousand feet in height, had literally tumbled from the bluff on the right-hand side of the stream across the canon, but many large stones had rolled far up on the opposite side"" (MClure in SCB)","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2160,Yosemite,Smedberg Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Lt. H.C. Benson named the lake in 1895 for Lt. William Renwick Smedberg, Jr., Fourth Cavalry, US Army, who was on duty in the park that year.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2161,Yosemite,Smith Peak,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Hetch-Hetchy is claimed by a sheep-owner, named Smith, who drive stock into it every summer, by a trail which was buitl by Joseph Screech. It is often called Smith's Valley Cyril C. Smith, originally from Main, built a cabin in the meaddow in 1885...Smith did quite well for himself. He wound up owning 500 acres in and adjacent to the floor of Hetch Hetchy Valley, and another 800 acres in Tiltill VAlley, at Hog Ranch, and at two other neaby locations. In 1908, during San Francisco's political drive to get control of Hetch Hetchy for a reservoir, Smith sold of all his property to the city of San Francisco for $150.000.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2162,Yosemite,Snow Creek,River,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","the creek was called ""Glacier Brook"" on the King and Gardiner map of 1865. ""this stream was called Glacier Brook, from the abundant traces of former glacial action in its vicinity"" John Muir called it Dome Creek. On MClure's 1896 map it was called Hoffman Creek since it flows out of May Lake, just southeast of Mount Hoffmann.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2163,Yosemite,South Fork Merced River,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","named El Rio de Nuestra Senora de al Merced (""of mercy""), also has an Indigenous name Aux-um-ne",Browning et al. 1998,,Aux-um-ne or Wa-kal'-la
2164,Yosemite,South Fork Tuolumne River,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Was given to the river by the Spanish in 1806 for a tribe of Indians that lived on the banks of the river in the Central Valley. Wikipedia: ""The origin of the Tuolumne River's name is unclear. The first recorded use of the name ""Tuolumne"" was by the Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga in 1806, who may have named the river for the nearby Native American village of Tualamne or Tautamne. This may in turn refer to the native word talmalamne, or ""a group of stone huts or caves"". Father Pedro Muñoz, a member of the 1806 expedition, noted in his diary that ""we came upon a village called Tautamne. This village is situated on some steep precipices, inaccessible on account of their rough rocks. The Indians live in their sótanos [cellars or caves]"".[64][65] At this time, the Native American population along the lower Tuolumne and Stanislaus Rivers is believed to have been approximately two thousand.[66] Another possible origin of the name Tuolumne is the Central Sierra Miwok word taawalïmi, meaning ""squirrel place"", referring to a Native American village on the nearby Stanislaus River.[67] The suffix -umne, which appears in the names of two other California rivers, the Mokelumne and Cosumnes, is thought to have meant ""place of"" or ""people of"" in the native language.[68]"" All Tuolumne references treated as though Tuolumne is not the original IPN but that it is named for a group of Indigenous people.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuolumne_River#Early_history,
2165,Yosemite,Spiller Creek,River,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence",J. Calert Spiller was a topographical assistant with Lt. Macomb's field party of the Wheeler Survey in 1878 and 1879.,"Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2166,Yosemite,Staircase Falls,Waterfall,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","A series of small falls coming down the south valley wall just west from Camp Curry, giving the appearance of a large staircase.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,
2167,Yosemite,Stoneman Bridge,Infrastructure,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","named for Stoneman House, a three-story hotel located at the east side of the meadow near the present site of the Camp Curry Garage. Built in 1885 by the State of California, it was bulky and of poor design. It burned to the ground in 1896. named for George Stoneman, Governor of California at that time.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,
2168,Yosemite,Stubblefield Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; possibly named after a person. The name was first used by Lt. McClure on his explorations in 1894, and is probably the name of an early sheepman--a guess.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2169,Yosemite,Styx Pass,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Greek mythology,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; likely a lyrical/narrative reference to the Greek River Styx: In Greek mythology, Styx (/ˈstɪks/; Ancient Greek: Στύξ [stýks][citation needed]) is a deity and a river that forms the boundary between Earth and the Underworld, often called ""Hades"", which is also the name of its ruler. The rivers Acheron, Cocytus, Lethe, Phlegethon, and Styx all converge at the center of the underworld on a great marsh, which sometimes is also called the Styx. According to Herodotus, the river Styx originates near Feneos.[1] Styx is also a goddess with prehistoric roots in Greek mythology as a daughter of Tethys, after whom the river is named and because of whom it had miraculous powers.",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styx,,
2170,Yosemite,Summit Meadow,Meadow/field,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
2171,Yosemite,Sunrise,Campground,Other,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The origin of the name is unknown as one can only guess that the namer may have been going up the creek toward the sunrise or saw the rising sun strike the mountaintop.,"Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2172,Yosemite,Sunrise Creek,River,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The origin of the name is unknown as one can only guess that the namer may have been going up the creek toward the sunrise or saw the rising sun strike the mountaintop.,"Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2173,Yosemite,Sunrise Lakes,Lake,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",The origin of the name is unknown as one can only guess that the namer may have been going up the creek toward the sunrise or saw the rising sun strike the mountaintop.,"Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2174,Yosemite,Table Lake,Lake,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named by the Bright family, who ran cattle in this vicinity in the 1880s--befor ethe national park was created. The lake is in a flat area, and I assume that that accounts for the name.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2175,Yosemite,Taft Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"Named after person who supported racist ideas (but non-violent, not in power) [3]","No info - not likely, no evidence","It was named by R. B. Marshall at the time William Howard Taft was in office as President. Not responsible for violence it seems, but for racist beliefs. Taft announced in his inaugural address that he would not appoint African Americans to federal jobs, such as postmaster, where this would cause racial friction. This differed from Roosevelt, who would not remove or replace black officeholders with whom local whites would not deal. Termed Taft's ""Southern Policy"", this stance effectively invited white protests against black appointees. Taft followed through, removing most black office holders in the South, and made few appointments of African Americans in the North.[125] Served as civilian governmor of the Philippines and later Secretary of War under T. Roosevelt, after serving as president was the Chief of the Supreme Court. Supported diplomacy over violence.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft",
2176,Yosemite,Tamarack Creek,River,Plant,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","named by Lafayette H. Bunnell in 1856 when he and others were blazing a trail from Coulterville to Yosemite Valley....Bunnell used the common but incorrect name for the lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia. ""The flat is named after the two-leaved pine, common here, especially around the cool margin of the meadow"" (Muir, First Summer, 131).","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2177,Yosemite,Tamarack Flat,Campground,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","named by Lafayette H. Bunnell in 1856 when he and others were blazing a trail from Coulterville to Yosemite Valley....Bunnell used the common but incorrect name for the lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia. ""The flat is named after the two-leaved pine, common here, especially around the cool margin of the meadow"" (Muir, First Summer, 131).","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2178,Yosemite,Ten Lakes,Lake,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","A glacier basin with ten glasssy lakes set all near together like egges in a nest (John Muir, letter to Mrs. Carr)","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2179,Yosemite,Tenaya Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Person,Yes - know IPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after Chief Tenaya whose people were driven out of Yosemite. Lafayette H. Bunnell o fthe Mariposa Battalion named the lake on May 22, 1851. ""looking back to the lovely little lake, where we had been encamped during the night, and watchiing Ten-ie-ya as he ascended to our group, I suggested...that we name the lake after the old chief, and call it 'Lake Ten-ie-ya'...at first, he seemed unable to comprehend our purpose, and pointing to the group of glistening peaks, near the head of the lake, said, 'It already has a name; we call it Py-we-ack.' Upon my telling him that we had named it Ten-ie-ya, because it was upon the shores of the lake that we had found his peole, who would never return to it to live, his countenance fell and he at once left our group and joined his family circle. Heis countenace as he left us indicated that the thought the naming of the lake no equivalent for the loss of his territory (Bunnell, Discovery).  Erasure = Yes know IPN b/c even though named in honor of Chief Tenaya (normally erasure = not erasure; problem = western use of IPN) he did not feel honored AND do know the actual original IPN.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,"Py-we-ack, meaning the stream of the glistening rocks, from the dazzling brightness of the glacial ground peaks"
2180,Yosemite,Tenaya Creek,River,Person,Natural,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Person,Yes - know IPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after Chief Tenaya whose people were driven out of Yosemite. Lafayette H. Bunnell o fthe Mariposa Battalion named the lake on May 22, 1851. ""looking back to the lovely little lake, where we had been encamped during the night, and watchiing Ten-ie-ya as he ascended to our group, I suggested...that we name the lake after the old chief, and call it 'Lake Ten-ie-ya'...at first, he seemed unable to comprehend our purpose, and pointing to the group of glistening peaks, near the head of the lake, said, 'It already has a name; we call it Py-we-ack.' Upon my telling him that we had named it Ten-ie-ya, because it was upon the shores of the lake that we had found his peole, who would never return to it to live, his countenance fell and he at once left our group and joined his family circle. Heis countenace as he left us indicated that the thought the naming of the lake no equivalent for the loss of his territory (Bunnell, Discovery).  Erasure = Yes know IPN b/c even though named in honor of Chief Tenaya (normally erasure = not erasure; problem = western use of IPN) he did not feel honored AND do know the actual original IPN.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,"Py-we-ack, meaning the stream of the glistening rocks, from the dazzling brightness of the glacial ground peaks"
2181,Yosemite,Tenaya Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Person,Yes - know IPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after Chief Tenaya whose people were driven out of Yosemite. Lafayette H. Bunnell o fthe Mariposa Battalion named the lake on May 22, 1851. ""looking back to the lovely little lake, where we had been encamped during the night, and watchiing Ten-ie-ya as he ascended to our group, I suggested...that we name the lake after the old chief, and call it 'Lake Ten-ie-ya'...at first, he seemed unable to comprehend our purpose, and pointing to the group of glistening peaks, near the head of the lake, said, 'It already has a name; we call it Py-we-ack.' Upon my telling him that we had named it Ten-ie-ya, because it was upon the shores of the lake that we had found his peole, who would never return to it to live, his countenance fell and he at once left our group and joined his family circle. Heis countenace as he left us indicated that the thought the naming of the lake no equivalent for the loss of his territory (Bunnell, Discovery).  Erasure = Yes know IPN b/c even though named in honor of Chief Tenaya (normally erasure = not erasure; problem = western use of IPN) he did not feel honored AND do know the actual original IPN.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,"Py-we-ack, meaning the stream of the glistening rocks, from the dazzling brightness of the glacial ground peaks"
2182,Yosemite,The Majestic Yosemite Hotel (Formerly The Ahwahnee),Lodge,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"nearly all of the outside Indians called all of Yosemite Valley by this name. There is some uncertainty as to the exact meaning of this Indian word. Seemingly a Yokuts rather than a Miwok word, the translation that has envolved is “deep grassy valley.” Renamed in 2016 due to a trademark issue in 2016",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahwahnee_Hotel,,
2183,Yosemite,Three Brothers,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Yes - know IPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"Was named by members of the Mariposa Battalion following the capture of the three sons of Chief Tenaya near the base of that formation (they eventually killed the youngest son). From Wikipedia: ""The Brigade...captured Tenaya's sons, and killed his youngest son""  (Illustration, opposite page.); Originates from violent act, but name itself does not indicate that; Could be potentially derogatory in that it is a reminder to the Native Americans of this area of this event (like heads on a stake). Separately, The Indian name, “Kom-po-pai-zes”, or sometimes “Pompomposus”, is translated by Bunnell as meaning “mountains with heads like frogs when ready to leap”. The suggestion that the translation means “mountains playing leapfrog” has no basis because no one ever saw Indians playing the game, making it unlikely that Indians would have so named it. [Editor’s note: the correct translation is “a couple copulating”—dea. ]",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenaya,Kom-po-pai-zes or Er-na-ting Law-oo-too pr Elacha (name after a plant much use for food) (Browning 2012)
2184,Yosemite,Tilden Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,No information - cannot find explanation,"No info - not likely, no evidence","No information; possibly named after a person. No explanation for the origin of the name has been given. The Tilden names are close to the Tiltill names, and Tilden Lake Trail is just a continuation of Tiltill Trail. A common origin is not impossible. [from link California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names by E. G. Gudde 1969] [Browning explanation does not explain origin of ""Tilden"": Said to have been named by John Meyer, a native of Germany, who with his two brothers, had a cattle ranch near Groveland. While chasing Indians who had stolen some of their horses, they came to a temporary Indian camp in an alpine meadow, and called it White Wolf, for the Indian Chief. Meyer later patented the land, and soon found himself on the route of the Great Sierra Wagon Road--the Old Tioga Road. the place became a summer resort, remaining in private hands until 1952. The government purchased the land that year, and the resort is now operated by the Yosemite concessionarire. ]","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",https://books.google.com/books?id=M-22djGNuhwC&pg=SL3-PA338&lpg=SL3-PA338&dq=tilden+lake+yosemite+name+origin&source=bl&ots=-NQA0zROHX&sig=ACfU3U2pnFPodTIBlO4DSRHdSE26PQU2TA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjVz5XP98XnAhVql3IEHUHEAuEQ6AEwCHoECAsQAQ#v=onepage&q=tilden%20lake%20yosemite%20name%20origin&f=false,
2185,Yosemite,Tilltill Valley,Valley,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,no,NA,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Eugene M. Elwell homsteaded 160 acres...in1887--all of Tiltill Valley. The valley was said to have been named by Elwell. ""The name comes from some Indian word, such as we used in Hetch Hetchy for the Indian word for the kind of grass that was so abundant on the floor of the valley"".","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2186,Yosemite,Tiltill Creek,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Plant,Potentially - probably had IPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Eugene M. Elwell homsteaded 160 acres...in1887--all of Tiltill Valley. The valley was said to have been named by Elwell. ""The name comes from some Indian word, such as we used in Hetch Hetchy for the Indian word for the kind of grass that was so abundant on the floor of the valley"".","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2187,Yosemite,Tiltill Mountain,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,no,NA,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Eugene M. Elwell homsteaded 160 acres...in1887--all of Tiltill Valley. The valley was said to have been named by Elwell. ""The name comes from some Indian word, such as we used in Hetch Hetchy for the Indian word for the kind of grass that was so abundant on the floor of the valley"".","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2188,Yosemite,Tioga Pass,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,no,NA,Object,No information,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Tioga is an Iroquois name meaning ""where it forks"" (Farquhar), ""at the forks"", ""swift current"", or ""a gate"" (Gannett 253).","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2189,Yosemite,Tower Peak,Mountain,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The grand mass of Tower Peak is a prominent and most remarkably picturesque object. This is one of the three points in the Sierra to which the name of 'Castle Peak' has been given, and is the first and original one of that name, hving been called so by Mr. G.H. Goddard...by some unaccountable mistake the name was transferred to a rounded, and not at all castellated, mass about eighteen miles a little south of east from the original 'Castle Peak,' where it has become firmly fixed. Hence we have been obliged to give a new name to Mr. Goddard's peak, which we now call 'Tower Peak.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2190,Yosemite,"Trailhead for Vernal Fall, Nevada Fall, and John Muir Trail",Trailhead,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Bunnell’s recollection of the fall before naming it was one of “cool, moist air, and newly-springing Kentucky bluegrass, at the Vernal, with the sun shining through the spray as in an April shower, suggested the sensation of spring.” (See page 11.)  Again, there is argument as to the correct Indian name. The more commonly used name is “Yan-o-pah” or “little cloud” or “mist”. The great quantity of mist formed along that trail in the spring and early summer makes this translation plausible. Bancroft and Hutchings both give its name as “Pi-wa-ack” which is supposed to mean a “show of crystals” or a “cataract of diamonds”. This name is almost identical to Pywiack, the name for Tenaya Lake, meaning “shining rocks”. If this name was actually used by the Indians, the latter translation was probably more nearly their own, since it is not too likely that they knew what diamonds or crystals were. Dr. Bunnell thought that “worm- and acorn-eating Indians” would never be responsible for such a nam",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,
2191,Yosemite,Tresidder Peak,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after Donald Tresidder, president of Stanford University, married to the daughter of the Currys; involved in development of Yosemite",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tresidder_Peak,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Tresidder,
2192,Yosemite,Triple Divide Peak,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
2193,Yosemite,Triple Peak Fork,River,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
2194,Yosemite,Tueeulala Falls,Waterfall,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,yes,NA,NA,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Its Indian name is Tu-ee-u-la-la...from the brow of the cliff it leaps, clear and free, for a thousand feet; then half disappears in the a rage of spattering cascades among the bowlders of an earthquake talus. (John Muir, ""Hetch-Hetchy Valley""). There is no name of what the name means. Despite its early use by Muir, the name did not get onto a map until publicaton of the Lake Eleanor 15' quad, 1956. Perhaps it is a generic name (Timalua).","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2195,Yosemite,Tunnel View,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","For many arriving by road, this is the stunning first view, upon suddenly exiting the long and dark tunnel, of Yosemite Valley and its setting. The Wawona tunnel was constructed in 1933",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_View,,
2196,Yosemite,Tuolumne Grove,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Was given to the river by the Spanish in 1806 for a tribe of Indians that lived on the banks of the river in the Central Valley. Wikipedia: ""The origin of the Tuolumne River's name is unclear. The first recorded use of the name ""Tuolumne"" was by the Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga in 1806, who may have named the river for the nearby Native American village of Tualamne or Tautamne. This may in turn refer to the native word talmalamne, or ""a group of stone huts or caves"". Father Pedro Muñoz, a member of the 1806 expedition, noted in his diary that ""we came upon a village called Tautamne. This village is situated on some steep precipices, inaccessible on account of their rough rocks. The Indians live in their sótanos [cellars or caves]"".[64][65] At this time, the Native American population along the lower Tuolumne and Stanislaus Rivers is believed to have been approximately two thousand.[66] Another possible origin of the name Tuolumne is the Central Sierra Miwok word taawalïmi, meaning ""squirrel place"", referring to a Native American village on the nearby Stanislaus River.[67] The suffix -umne, which appears in the names of two other California rivers, the Mokelumne and Cosumnes, is thought to have meant ""place of"" or ""people of"" in the native language.[68]"" All Tuolumne references treated as though Tuolumne is not the original IPN but that it is named for a group of Indigenous people.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuolumne_River#Early_history,
2197,Yosemite,Tuolumne Meadows,Meadow/field,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Was given to the river by the Spanish in 1806 for a tribe of Indians that lived on the banks of the river in the Central Valley. Wikipedia: ""The origin of the Tuolumne River's name is unclear. The first recorded use of the name ""Tuolumne"" was by the Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga in 1806, who may have named the river for the nearby Native American village of Tualamne or Tautamne. This may in turn refer to the native word talmalamne, or ""a group of stone huts or caves"". Father Pedro Muñoz, a member of the 1806 expedition, noted in his diary that ""we came upon a village called Tautamne. This village is situated on some steep precipices, inaccessible on account of their rough rocks. The Indians live in their sótanos [cellars or caves]"".[64][65] At this time, the Native American population along the lower Tuolumne and Stanislaus Rivers is believed to have been approximately two thousand.[66] Another possible origin of the name Tuolumne is the Central Sierra Miwok word taawalïmi, meaning ""squirrel place"", referring to a Native American village on the nearby Stanislaus River.[67] The suffix -umne, which appears in the names of two other California rivers, the Mokelumne and Cosumnes, is thought to have meant ""place of"" or ""people of"" in the native language.[68]"" All Tuolumne references treated as though Tuolumne is not the original IPN but that it is named for a group of Indigenous people.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuolumne_River#Early_history,
2198,Yosemite,Tuolumne Meadows Visitor Center,Visitor Center,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,NA - WPN,yes,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Was given to the river by the Spanish in 1806 for a tribe of Indians that lived on the banks of the river in the Central Valley. Wikipedia: ""The origin of the Tuolumne River's name is unclear. The first recorded use of the name ""Tuolumne"" was by the Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga in 1806, who may have named the river for the nearby Native American village of Tualamne or Tautamne. This may in turn refer to the native word talmalamne, or ""a group of stone huts or caves"". Father Pedro Muñoz, a member of the 1806 expedition, noted in his diary that ""we came upon a village called Tautamne. This village is situated on some steep precipices, inaccessible on account of their rough rocks. The Indians live in their sótanos [cellars or caves]"".[64][65] At this time, the Native American population along the lower Tuolumne and Stanislaus Rivers is believed to have been approximately two thousand.[66] Another possible origin of the name Tuolumne is the Central Sierra Miwok word taawalïmi, meaning ""squirrel place"", referring to a Native American village on the nearby Stanislaus River.[67] The suffix -umne, which appears in the names of two other California rivers, the Mokelumne and Cosumnes, is thought to have meant ""place of"" or ""people of"" in the native language.[68]"" All Tuolumne references treated as though Tuolumne is not the original IPN but that it is named for a group of Indigenous people.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuolumne_River#Early_history,
2199,Yosemite,Tuolumne Peak,Mountain,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Was given to the river by the Spanish in 1806 for a tribe of Indians that lived on the banks of the river in the Central Valley. Wikipedia: ""The origin of the Tuolumne River's name is unclear. The first recorded use of the name ""Tuolumne"" was by the Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga in 1806, who may have named the river for the nearby Native American village of Tualamne or Tautamne. This may in turn refer to the native word talmalamne, or ""a group of stone huts or caves"". Father Pedro Muñoz, a member of the 1806 expedition, noted in his diary that ""we came upon a village called Tautamne. This village is situated on some steep precipices, inaccessible on account of their rough rocks. The Indians live in their sótanos [cellars or caves]"".[64][65] At this time, the Native American population along the lower Tuolumne and Stanislaus Rivers is believed to have been approximately two thousand.[66] Another possible origin of the name Tuolumne is the Central Sierra Miwok word taawalïmi, meaning ""squirrel place"", referring to a Native American village on the nearby Stanislaus River.[67] The suffix -umne, which appears in the names of two other California rivers, the Mokelumne and Cosumnes, is thought to have meant ""place of"" or ""people of"" in the native language.[68]"" All Tuolumne references treated as though Tuolumne is not the original IPN but that it is named for a group of Indigenous people.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuolumne_River#Early_history,
2200,Yosemite,Tuolumne River,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,no,yes,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Was given to the river by the Spanish in 1806 for a tribe of Indians that lived on the banks of the river in the Central Valley. Wikipedia: ""The origin of the Tuolumne River's name is unclear. The first recorded use of the name ""Tuolumne"" was by the Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga in 1806, who may have named the river for the nearby Native American village of Tualamne or Tautamne. This may in turn refer to the native word talmalamne, or ""a group of stone huts or caves"". Father Pedro Muñoz, a member of the 1806 expedition, noted in his diary that ""we came upon a village called Tautamne. This village is situated on some steep precipices, inaccessible on account of their rough rocks. The Indians live in their sótanos [cellars or caves]"".[64][65] At this time, the Native American population along the lower Tuolumne and Stanislaus Rivers is believed to have been approximately two thousand.[66] Another possible origin of the name Tuolumne is the Central Sierra Miwok word taawalïmi, meaning ""squirrel place"", referring to a Native American village on the nearby Stanislaus River.[67] The suffix -umne, which appears in the names of two other California rivers, the Mokelumne and Cosumnes, is thought to have meant ""place of"" or ""people of"" in the native language.[68]"" All Tuolumne references treated as though Tuolumne is not the original IPN but that it is named for a group of Indigenous people.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuolumne_River#Early_history,
2201,Yosemite,Turner Ridge,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for Henry Ward Turner (1857-1937), United States Geological Survey geologist who pioneered some of the geologic mapping in the Yosemite National Park area.",Browning et al. 1998,,
2202,Yosemite,Twin Lakes,Lake,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Namer of these two small lakes is unknown; a pair of lakes,"Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2203,Yosemite,Unicorn Peak,Mountain,Animal,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Animal,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The peak was named by the Whitney Survey in 1863. ""A very prominent peak, with a peculiar horn-shaped outline, was called 'Unicorn Peak'"" (Whitney, Geology 427) But then Whiney added an apologetic footnotes for the romatic/mythical name. ""Names are frequently given to prominent objects, by parties like ours, for convenience; as where peak are used for topographical stations. If not named, they would have to be numbered, which wouldbe both awkward and inconvenient""","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2204,Yosemite,Upper McCabe Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Edward Raynsford Warner McCabe, a calvary officer who had no association with the park--except that he married Polly Forsyth, daughter of Col. W. W. Forsyth, acting superintendent of the park from 1909 to 1912. No info immediately available on McCabe as racist or pro-eugenics","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2205,Yosemite,Upper Merced Pass Lake,Lake,Mythology,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named after the Pass and mountain, and likely after the river","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2206,Yosemite,Upper Pines,Campground,Plant,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
2207,Yosemite,Upper Yosemite Fall,Waterfall,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,People,Potentially - probably had IPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","When this valley was discovered on March 25, 1851 by the members of the Mariposa Battalion, Dr. Lafayette Bunnell, surgeon for the group, alone could see the beauty of Tenaya’s fortress. The others, were more interested in finding the Indians, make jokes and wisecracks about the valley which “jarred” his more devout feelings. He asked that names be suggested for the valley. Those suggested were mostly European, Biblical or sentimental, each unsatisfactory to the doctor who thought that an American name would be more appropriate. He suggested “Yo-sem-i-ty” to perpetuate the name of the Indians they were trying to capture. A few of the men rebelled at naming anything after the “treacherous savages”. Several of the men who began to realize me beauty of the place suggested “Paradise Valley” for its name. Bunnell asked for a vote and the name “Yosemity” was adopted. This name was never used by the local Indians for this Valley. The name “Ahwahnee” was generally applied to most of the Valley, although it is believed that it was applied at first only to the large meadow in the east end of the Valley. This name is translated as meaning “deep grassy valley”, although Bunnell was never quite sure if it was correct. The Indians, known as Ahwahneechees, were divided into two groups, those living on the north side of the river being called the “Oo-soo-mah-ty’s” or grizzly bears. The name was also given as “Yo-hem-ah-ty” and by one Indian, as “Er-her-ma-te”. It usually referred to a full grown grizzly bear. Major Savage, the commanding officer of the Mariposa Battalion claimed that the word was pronounced as it is pronounced today. Why the entire tribe was given this name is not known. Earlier the word was commonly split, “Yo Semity”.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,
2208,Yosemite,Valley View,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,"Too-nu-yah (""Enchantment point"") (Browning 2005)"
2209,Yosemite,Vernal Fall,Waterfall,Natural feature,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Yes - know IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Bunnell’s recollection of the fall before naming it was one of “cool, moist air, and newly-springing Kentucky bluegrass, at the Vernal, with the sun shining through the spray as in an April shower, suggested the sensation of spring.” (See page 11.)  Again, there is argument as to the correct Indian name. The more commonly used name is “Yan-o-pah” or “little cloud” or “mist”. The great quantity of mist formed along that trail in the spring and early summer makes this translation plausible. Bancroft and Hutchings both give its name as “Pi-wa-ack” which is supposed to mean a “show of crystals” or a “cataract of diamonds”. This name is almost identical to Pywiack, the name for Tenaya Lake, meaning “shining rocks”. If this name was actually used by the Indians, the latter translation was probably more nearly their own, since it is not too likely that they knew what diamonds or crystals were. Dr. Bunnell thought that “worm- and acorn-eating Indians” would never be responsible for such a nam",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,Yan-o-pah (a little cloud) or Peiwayak
2210,Yosemite,Viriginia Canyon,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The ""Virginia"" name originated because it was the route to Virginia City.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2211,Yosemite,Viriginia Lake,Lake,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The ""Virginia"" name originated because it was the route to Virginia City.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2212,Yosemite,Viriginia Pass,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The ""Virginia"" name originated because it was the route to Virginia City.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2213,Yosemite,Viriginia Peak,Mountain,Other Western reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Place,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The ""Virginia"" name originated because it was the route to Virginia City.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2214,Yosemite,Vogelsang,Campground,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Farquhar stated tat Col. Benson named these features for Alexander Theodore Vogelsang, president of the California State Board of Fish and Game Commissioners, 1896-1901. However, Charles Adolphus Vogelsang (a brother) wrote Fqruhar that Benson named the peak for him, in 1907.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2215,Yosemite,Vogelsang Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Farquhar stated that Col. Benson named these features for Alexander Theodore Vogelsang, president of the California State Board of Fish and Game Commissioners, 1896-1901. However, Charles Adolphus Vogelsang (a brother) wrote Fqruhar that Benson named the peak for him, in 1907.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2216,Yosemite,Vogelsang Peak,Mountain,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Farquhar stated tat Col. Benson named these features for Alexander Theodore Vogelsang, president of the California State Board of Fish and Game Commissioners, 1896-1901. However, Charles Adolphus Vogelsang (a brother) wrote Fqruhar that Benson named the peak for him, in 1907.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2217,Yosemite,Volunteer Peak,Mountain,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,NA,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The original ""Regulation Peak"" was given the name, ""Volunteer Peak"" on the first Bridgeport map, a name it has had ever since.--still does not explain origin/meaning of ""volunteer"".","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2218,Yosemite,Wapama Falls,Waterfall,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,yes,no,NA,NA,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",An Indian name whose meaning is unknown. The falls has often been described as Hetch Hetchy's counterpart of Yosemite Falls. Potentially an original IPN,"Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2219,Yosemite,Washburn Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","Albert Henry Washburn operated the Yosemite Stage and Turnpike Co. in the 1870s and later. In december 1874 he and two partners bought Clark and Moore's Station on the South Fork of the Merced, and developed the Wawona Hotel Company.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2220,Yosemite,Washburn Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","It was undoubtedly named for Albert Washburn of Wawona. He and two other men, Coffman and Chapman, took over Clark’s and Moore’s Station when the mortgage was foreclosed. WASHBURN SLIDE is a talus below Silver Strand Falls, just east of old Inspiration Point. he owned and operated Wawona hotel",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,
2221,Yosemite,Washington Column,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Colonialism - non-violent person but gained from Indigenous removal in initial settlement period prior to NP/NM status,"No info - not likely, no evidence","It is a straight column of rock at the east end of the Royal Arches about at the junction of Tenaya Canyon and Yosemite Valley Probably named for the Father of Our Country, it was often called Washington Tower in the early days. George Washington = colonialism",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,
2222,Yosemite,Waterwheel Falls,Waterfall,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Object,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","The water dashes 600 or 700 feet down a surface inclined at an angle of 50 to 55 degrees, a mass of foam and spray. At intervals...the water is thrown out in columns fifteen to twenty feet high, and in huge waterwheels of fantastic forms""","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2223,Yosemite,Wawona,Campground,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","the large meadow at Wawona had an earlier name ""crane Flat"" so named by us, as one of our party shot a large crane there while going over, but it is now know as Wawona; Wawona meant ""Big Tree"". Named because of the settlement of that name south of Yosemite Valley. The origin of the name is uncertain, but Galen Clark says that it meant “big tree”, referring to the giant sequoia. The Wawona road passes through the settlement of that name and continues to the Mariposa Grove of Giant Sequoias.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,Browning et al. 1998,
2224,Yosemite,Wawona Dome,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Indigenous reference,Natural,Indigenous,unclear,no,NA,Plant,No information,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","the large meadow at Wawona had an earlier name ""crane Flat"" so named by us, as one of our party shot a large crane there while going over, but it is now know as Wawona; Wawona meant ""Big Tree"". Named because of the settlement of that name south of Yosemite Valley. The origin of the name is uncertain, but Galen Clark says that it meant “big tree”, referring to the giant sequoia. The Wawona road passes through the settlement of that name and continues to the Mariposa Grove of Giant Sequoias. Not clear it is the original IPN for the mountain.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,Browning et al. 1998,
2225,Yosemite,Wawona Visitor Center,Visitor Center,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Plant,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Relevant western use of Indigenous name,"No info - not likely, no evidence","the large meadow at Wawona had an earlier name ""crane Flat"" so named by us, as one of our party shot a large crane there while going over, but it is now know as Wawona; Wawona meant ""Big Tree"". Named because of the settlement of that name south of Yosemite Valley. The origin of the name is uncertain, but Galen Clark says that it meant “big tree”, referring to the giant sequoia. The Wawona road passes through the settlement of that name and continues to the Mariposa Grove of Giant Sequoias.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,Browning et al. 1998,
2226,Yosemite,White Mountain,Mountain,Other,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",Probably named by the USGS during the 1898-99 Survey for the Mt. Lyell map. = unknown origin,"Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2227,Yosemite,White Wolf,Campground,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Western,no,yes,translation,Person,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Said to have been named by John Meyer, a native of Germany, who with his two brothers, had a cattle ranch near Groveland. While chasing Indians who had stolen some of their horses, they came to a temporary Indian camp in an alpine meadow, and called it White Wolf, for the Indian Chief. Meyer later patented the land, and soon found himself on the route of the Great Sierra Wagon Road--the Old Tioga Road. the place became a summer resort, remaining in private hands until 1952. The government purchased the land that year, and the resort is now operated by the Yosemite concessionarire.  ...Marked as translation, even though the campground is settler-built, it is the name of an Indigenous camp site.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2228,Yosemite,Whorl Mountain,Mountain,Shape,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Probably named by the USGS during the 1905-9 survey for the Bridgeport map...It has been suggested that the name ""Whorl"" is meant in its botanical sense: several leaves or branches growing out of the same place.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2229,Yosemite,Wilderness Center,Ranger station,Natural feature,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Other,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence",No information; likely descriptive,NA,,NA
2230,Yosemite,Wilma Lake,Lake,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,"No - IPN, western built w/ WPN, or erasure as only problem","No info - not likely, no evidence","Named by R.B. Marshall, USGS, for Wilma Seavey, daughter of Clyde L. Seavey.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
2231,Yosemite,Yosemite Conservation Heritage Center (formerly Leconte Memorial Lodge),Cultural heritage (Western),Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"When this valley was discovered on March 25, 1851 by the members of the Mariposa Battalion, Dr. Lafayette Bunnell, surgeon for the group, alone could see the beauty of Tenaya’s fortress. The others, were more interested in finding the Indians, make jokes and wisecracks about the valley which “jarred” his more devout feelings. He asked that names be suggested for the valley. Those suggested were mostly European, Biblical or sentimental, each unsatisfactory to the doctor who thought that an American name would be more appropriate. He suggested “Yo-sem-i-ty” to perpetuate the name of the Indians they were trying to capture. A few of the men rebelled at naming anything after the “treacherous savages”. Several of the men who began to realize me beauty of the place suggested “Paradise Valley” for its name. Bunnell asked for a vote and the name “Yosemity” was adopted. This name was never used by the local Indians for this Valley. The name “Ahwahnee” was generally applied to most of the Valley, although it is believed that it was applied at first only to the large meadow in the east end of the Valley. This name is translated as meaning “deep grassy valley”, although Bunnell was never quite sure if it was correct. The Indians, known as Ahwahneechees, were divided into two groups, those living on the north side of the river being called the “Oo-soo-mah-ty’s” or grizzly bears. The name was also given as “Yo-hem-ah-ty” and by one Indian, as “Er-her-ma-te”. It usually referred to a full grown grizzly bear. Major Savage, the commanding officer of the Mariposa Battalion claimed that the word was pronounced as it is pronounced today. Why the entire tribe was given this name is not known. Earlier the word was commonly split, “Yo Semity”.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,
2232,Yosemite,Yosemite Creek,River,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,yes,no,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Anderson: Yohhe'meti (Southern Miwok) or Yos.s.e'meti (Central Miwok) originally referred to the Indian tribe that lived in Yosemite Valley. Yosemite means literally “those who kill” (Yos, “to kill,” the modifier e, “one who,” and the plural suffix -meti). It was used by the surrounding Miwok tribes. The Yosemite people were referred to as killers by these surrounding tribes, who feared them. The Yosemite tribe, led by Chief Tenaya, were composed of renegades from multiple tribes, including Mono Paiute from the eastern Sierra. The Paiute were traditional enemies of the more-peaceful Miwok people. When this valley was discovered on March 25, 1851 by the members of the Mariposa Battalion, Dr. Lafayette Bunnell, surgeon for the group, alone could see the beauty of Tenaya’s fortress. The others, were more interested in finding the Indians, make jokes and wisecracks about the valley which “jarred” his more devout feelings. He asked that names be suggested for the valley. Those suggested were mostly European, Biblical or sentimental, each unsatisfactory to the doctor who thought that an American name would be more appropriate. He suggested “Yo-sem-i-ty” to perpetuate the name of the Indians they were trying to capture. A few of the men rebelled at naming anything after the “treacherous savages”. Several of the men who began to realize the beauty of the place suggested “Paradise Valley” for its name. Bunnell asked for a vote and the name “Yosemity” was adopted. This name was never used by the local Indians for this Valley. The name “Ahwahnee” was generally applied to most of the Valley, although it is believed that it was applied at first only to the large meadow in the east end of the Valley. This name is translated as meaning “deep grassy valley”, although Bunnell was never quite sure if it was correct. The Indians, known as Ahwahneechees, were divided into two groups, those living on the north side of the river being called the “Oo-soo-mah-ty’s” or grizzly bears. The name was also given as “Yo-hem-ah-ty” and by one Indian, as “Er-her-ma-te”. It usually referred to a full grown grizzly bear. Major Savage, the commanding officer of the Mariposa Battalion claimed that the word was pronounced as it is pronounced today. Why the entire tribe was given this name is not known. Earlier the word was commonly split, “Yo Semity”.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,
2233,Yosemite,Yosemite National Park,Park,,Human-constructed,Indigenous,Built but based on oIPN,no,NA,Place,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Named for the Valley: Anderson: Yohhe'meti (Southern Miwok) or Yos.s.e'meti (Central Miwok) originally referred to the Indian tribe that lived in Yosemite Valley. Yosemite means literally “those who kill” (Yos, “to kill,” the modifier e, “one who,” and the plural suffix -meti). It was used by the surrounding Miwok tribes. The Yosemite people were referred to as killers by these surrounding tribes, who feared them. The Yosemite tribe, led by Chief Tenaya, were composed of renegades from multiple tribes, including Mono Paiute from the eastern Sierra. The Paiute were traditional enemies of the more-peaceful Miwok people. When this valley was discovered on March 25, 1851 by the members of the Mariposa Battalion, Dr. Lafayette Bunnell, surgeon for the group, alone could see the beauty of Tenaya’s fortress. The others, were more interested in finding the Indians, make jokes and wisecracks about the valley which “jarred” his more devout feelings. He asked that names be suggested for the valley. Those suggested were mostly European, Biblical or sentimental, each unsatisfactory to the doctor who thought that an American name would be more appropriate. He suggested “Yo-sem-i-ty” to perpetuate the name of the Indians they were trying to capture. A few of the men rebelled at naming anything after the “treacherous savages”. Several of the men who began to realize the beauty of the place suggested “Paradise Valley” for its name. Bunnell asked for a vote and the name “Yosemity” was adopted. This name was never used by the local Indians for this Valley. The name “Ahwahnee” was generally applied to most of the Valley, although it is believed that it was applied at first only to the large meadow in the east end of the Valley. This name is translated as meaning “deep grassy valley”, although Bunnell was never quite sure if it was correct. The Indians, known as Ahwahneechees, were divided into two groups, those living on the north side of the river being called the “Oo-soo-mah-ty’s” or grizzly bears. The name was also given as “Yo-hem-ah-ty” and by one Indian, as “Er-her-ma-te”. It usually referred to a full grown grizzly bear. Major Savage, the commanding officer of the Mariposa Battalion claimed that the word was pronounced as it is pronounced today. Why the entire tribe was given this name is not known. Earlier the word was commonly split, “Yo Semity”.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,NA
2234,Yosemite,Yosemite Point,Point of Interest or geologic formation,Person,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,yes,no,People,Yes - know IPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","When this valley was discovered on March 25, 1851 by the members of the Mariposa Battalion, Dr. Lafayette Bunnell, surgeon for the group, alone could see the beauty of Tenaya’s fortress. The others, were more interested in finding the Indians, make jokes and wisecracks about the valley which “jarred” his more devout feelings. He asked that names be suggested for the valley. Those suggested were mostly European, Biblical or sentimental, each unsatisfactory to the doctor who thought that an American name would be more appropriate. He suggested “Yo-sem-i-ty” to perpetuate the name of the Indians they were trying to capture. A few of the men rebelled at naming anything after the “treacherous savages”. Several of the men who began to realize me beauty of the place suggested “Paradise Valley” for its name. Bunnell asked for a vote and the name “Yosemity” was adopted. This name was never used by the local Indians for this Valley. The name “Ahwahnee” was generally applied to most of the Valley, although it is believed that it was applied at first only to the large meadow in the east end of the Valley. This name is translated as meaning “deep grassy valley”, although Bunnell was never quite sure if it was correct. The Indians, known as Ahwahneechees, were divided into two groups, those living on the north side of the river being called the “Oo-soo-mah-ty’s” or grizzly bears. The name was also given as “Yo-hem-ah-ty” and by one Indian, as “Er-her-ma-te”. It usually referred to a full grown grizzly bear. Major Savage, the commanding officer of the Mariposa Battalion claimed that the word was pronounced as it is pronounced today. Why the entire tribe was given this name is not known. Earlier the word was commonly split, “Yo Semity”.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,Um'-mo-so
2235,Yosemite,Yosemite Ski and Snowboard Area,Ranger station,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,yes,no,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"Anderson: Yohhe'meti (Southern Miwok) or Yos.s.e'meti (Central Miwok) originally referred to the Indian tribe that lived in Yosemite Valley. Yosemite means literally “those who kill” (Yos, “to kill,” the modifier e, “one who,” and the plural suffix -meti). It was used by the surrounding Miwok tribes. The Yosemite people were referred to as killers by these surrounding tribes, who feared them. The Yosemite tribe, led by Chief Tenaya, were composed of renegades from multiple tribes, including Mono Paiute from the eastern Sierra. The Paiute were traditional enemies of the more-peaceful Miwok people. When this valley was discovered on March 25, 1851 by the members of the Mariposa Battalion, Dr. Lafayette Bunnell, surgeon for the group, alone could see the beauty of Tenaya’s fortress. The others, were more interested in finding the Indians, make jokes and wisecracks about the valley which “jarred” his more devout feelings. He asked that names be suggested for the valley. Those suggested were mostly European, Biblical or sentimental, each unsatisfactory to the doctor who thought that an American name would be more appropriate. He suggested “Yo-sem-i-ty” to perpetuate the name of the Indians they were trying to capture. A few of the men rebelled at naming anything after the “treacherous savages”. Several of the men who began to realize the beauty of the place suggested “Paradise Valley” for its name. Bunnell asked for a vote and the name “Yosemity” was adopted. This name was never used by the local Indians for this Valley. The name “Ahwahnee” was generally applied to most of the Valley, although it is believed that it was applied at first only to the large meadow in the east end of the Valley. This name is translated as meaning “deep grassy valley”, although Bunnell was never quite sure if it was correct. The Indians, known as Ahwahneechees, were divided into two groups, those living on the north side of the river being called the “Oo-soo-mah-ty’s” or grizzly bears. The name was also given as “Yo-hem-ah-ty” and by one Indian, as “Er-her-ma-te”. It usually referred to a full grown grizzly bear. Major Savage, the commanding officer of the Mariposa Battalion claimed that the word was pronounced as it is pronounced today. Why the entire tribe was given this name is not known. Earlier the word was commonly split, “Yo Semity”.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,
2236,Yosemite,Yosemite Valley,Valley,Indigenous reference,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,yes,no,People,Yes - know IPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","Anderson: Yohhe'meti (Southern Miwok) or Yos.s.e'meti (Central Miwok) originally referred to the Indian tribe that lived in Yosemite Valley. Yosemite means literally “those who kill” (Yos, “to kill,” the modifier e, “one who,” and the plural suffix -meti). It was used by the surrounding Miwok tribes. The Yosemite people were referred to as killers by these surrounding tribes, who feared them. The Yosemite tribe, led by Chief Tenaya, were composed of renegades from multiple tribes, including Mono Paiute from the eastern Sierra. The Paiute were traditional enemies of the more-peaceful Miwok people. When this valley was discovered on March 25, 1851 by the members of the Mariposa Battalion, Dr. Lafayette Bunnell, surgeon for the group, alone could see the beauty of Tenaya’s fortress. The others, were more interested in finding the Indians, make jokes and wisecracks about the valley which “jarred” his more devout feelings. He asked that names be suggested for the valley. Those suggested were mostly European, Biblical or sentimental, each unsatisfactory to the doctor who thought that an American name would be more appropriate. He suggested “Yo-sem-i-ty” to perpetuate the name of the Indians they were trying to capture. A few of the men rebelled at naming anything after the “treacherous savages”. Several of the men who began to realize the beauty of the place suggested “Paradise Valley” for its name. Bunnell asked for a vote and the name “Yosemity” was adopted. This name was never used by the local Indians for this Valley. The name “Ahwahnee” was generally applied to most of the Valley, although it is believed that it was applied at first only to the large meadow in the east end of the Valley. This name is translated as meaning “deep grassy valley”, although Bunnell was never quite sure if it was correct. The Indians, known as Ahwahneechees, were divided into two groups, those living on the north side of the river being called the “Oo-soo-mah-ty’s” or grizzly bears. The name was also given as “Yo-hem-ah-ty” and by one Indian, as “Er-her-ma-te”. It usually referred to a full grown grizzly bear. Major Savage, the commanding officer of the Mariposa Battalion claimed that the word was pronounced as it is pronounced today. Why the entire tribe was given this name is not known. Earlier the word was commonly split, “Yo Semity”.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,Ahwahnee
2237,Yosemite,Yosemite Valley Lodge (formerly Yosemite Lodge),Lodge,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,yes,no,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"When this valley was discovered on March 25, 1851 by the members of the Mariposa Battalion, Dr. Lafayette Bunnell, surgeon for the group, alone could see the beauty of Tenaya’s fortress. The others, were more interested in finding the Indians, make jokes and wisecracks about the valley which “jarred” his more devout feelings. He asked that names be suggested for the valley. Those suggested were mostly European, Biblical or sentimental, each unsatisfactory to the doctor who thought that an American name would be more appropriate. He suggested “Yo-sem-i-ty” to perpetuate the name of the Indians they were trying to capture. A few of the men rebelled at naming anything after the “treacherous savages”. Several of the men who began to realize me beauty of the place suggested “Paradise Valley” for its name. Bunnell asked for a vote and the name “Yosemity” was adopted. This name was never used by the local Indians for this Valley. The name “Ahwahnee” was generally applied to most of the Valley, although it is believed that it was applied at first only to the large meadow in the east end of the Valley. This name is translated as meaning “deep grassy valley”, although Bunnell was never quite sure if it was correct. The Indians, known as Ahwahneechees, were divided into two groups, those living on the north side of the river being called the “Oo-soo-mah-ty’s” or grizzly bears. The name was also given as “Yo-hem-ah-ty” and by one Indian, as “Er-her-ma-te”. It usually referred to a full grown grizzly bear. Major Savage, the commanding officer of the Mariposa Battalion claimed that the word was pronounced as it is pronounced today. Why the entire tribe was given this name is not known. Earlier the word was commonly split, “Yo Semity”.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,
2238,Yosemite,Yosemite Valley Visitor Center and Theater,Visitor Center,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,yes,no,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"Anderson: Yohhe'meti (Southern Miwok) or Yos.s.e'meti (Central Miwok) originally referred to the Indian tribe that lived in Yosemite Valley. Yosemite means literally “those who kill” (Yos, “to kill,” the modifier e, “one who,” and the plural suffix -meti). It was used by the surrounding Miwok tribes. The Yosemite people were referred to as killers by these surrounding tribes, who feared them. The Yosemite tribe, led by Chief Tenaya, were composed of renegades from multiple tribes, including Mono Paiute from the eastern Sierra. The Paiute were traditional enemies of the more-peaceful Miwok people. When this valley was discovered on March 25, 1851 by the members of the Mariposa Battalion, Dr. Lafayette Bunnell, surgeon for the group, alone could see the beauty of Tenaya’s fortress. The others, were more interested in finding the Indians, make jokes and wisecracks about the valley which “jarred” his more devout feelings. He asked that names be suggested for the valley. Those suggested were mostly European, Biblical or sentimental, each unsatisfactory to the doctor who thought that an American name would be more appropriate. He suggested “Yo-sem-i-ty” to perpetuate the name of the Indians they were trying to capture. A few of the men rebelled at naming anything after the “treacherous savages”. Several of the men who began to realize the beauty of the place suggested “Paradise Valley” for its name. Bunnell asked for a vote and the name “Yosemity” was adopted. This name was never used by the local Indians for this Valley. The name “Ahwahnee” was generally applied to most of the Valley, although it is believed that it was applied at first only to the large meadow in the east end of the Valley. This name is translated as meaning “deep grassy valley”, although Bunnell was never quite sure if it was correct. The Indians, known as Ahwahneechees, were divided into two groups, those living on the north side of the river being called the “Oo-soo-mah-ty’s” or grizzly bears. The name was also given as “Yo-hem-ah-ty” and by one Indian, as “Er-her-ma-te”. It usually referred to a full grown grizzly bear. Major Savage, the commanding officer of the Mariposa Battalion claimed that the word was pronounced as it is pronounced today. Why the entire tribe was given this name is not known. Earlier the word was commonly split, “Yo Semity”.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,
2239,Yosemite,Yosemite Village,Village,Person,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,yes,no,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],Potentially - no evidence but justification of potential to feel like a swear word,"Anderson: Yohhe'meti (Southern Miwok) or Yos.s.e'meti (Central Miwok) originally referred to the Indian tribe that lived in Yosemite Valley. Yosemite means literally “those who kill” (Yos, “to kill,” the modifier e, “one who,” and the plural suffix -meti). It was used by the surrounding Miwok tribes. The Yosemite people were referred to as killers by these surrounding tribes, who feared them. The Yosemite tribe, led by Chief Tenaya, were composed of renegades from multiple tribes, including Mono Paiute from the eastern Sierra. The Paiute were traditional enemies of the more-peaceful Miwok people. When this valley was discovered on March 25, 1851 by the members of the Mariposa Battalion, Dr. Lafayette Bunnell, surgeon for the group, alone could see the beauty of Tenaya’s fortress. The others, were more interested in finding the Indians, make jokes and wisecracks about the valley which “jarred” his more devout feelings. He asked that names be suggested for the valley. Those suggested were mostly European, Biblical or sentimental, each unsatisfactory to the doctor who thought that an American name would be more appropriate. He suggested “Yo-sem-i-ty” to perpetuate the name of the Indians they were trying to capture. A few of the men rebelled at naming anything after the “treacherous savages”. Several of the men who began to realize the beauty of the place suggested “Paradise Valley” for its name. Bunnell asked for a vote and the name “Yosemity” was adopted. This name was never used by the local Indians for this Valley. The name “Ahwahnee” was generally applied to most of the Valley, although it is believed that it was applied at first only to the large meadow in the east end of the Valley. This name is translated as meaning “deep grassy valley”, although Bunnell was never quite sure if it was correct. The Indians, known as Ahwahneechees, were divided into two groups, those living on the north side of the river being called the “Oo-soo-mah-ty’s” or grizzly bears. The name was also given as “Yo-hem-ah-ty” and by one Indian, as “Er-her-ma-te”. It usually referred to a full grown grizzly bear. Major Savage, the commanding officer of the Mariposa Battalion claimed that the word was pronounced as it is pronounced today. Why the entire tribe was given this name is not known. Earlier the word was commonly split, “Yo Semity”.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,
2240,Yosemite,Yosemite Wilderness,Park region,Indigenous reference,Human-constructed,Western,NA - WPN,yes,no,People,Not erasure - evidence it is an original IPN | settler-built WPN,Western use of Indigenous name [7-8],"No info - not likely, no evidence","When this valley was discovered on March 25, 1851 by the members of the Mariposa Battalion, Dr. Lafayette Bunnell, surgeon for the group, alone could see the beauty of Tenaya’s fortress. The others, were more interested in finding the Indians, make jokes and wisecracks about the valley which “jarred” his more devout feelings. He asked that names be suggested for the valley. Those suggested were mostly European, Biblical or sentimental, each unsatisfactory to the doctor who thought that an American name would be more appropriate. He suggested “Yo-sem-i-ty” to perpetuate the name of the Indians they were trying to capture. A few of the men rebelled at naming anything after the “treacherous savages”. Several of the men who began to realize me beauty of the place suggested “Paradise Valley” for its name. Bunnell asked for a vote and the name “Yosemity” was adopted. This name was never used by the local Indians for this Valley. The name “Ahwahnee” was generally applied to most of the Valley, although it is believed that it was applied at first only to the large meadow in the east end of the Valley. This name is translated as meaning “deep grassy valley”, although Bunnell was never quite sure if it was correct. The Indians, known as Ahwahneechees, were divided into two groups, those living on the north side of the river being called the “Oo-soo-mah-ty’s” or grizzly bears. The name was also given as “Yo-hem-ah-ty” and by one Indian, as “Er-her-ma-te”. It usually referred to a full grown grizzly bear. Major Savage, the commanding officer of the Mariposa Battalion claimed that the word was pronounced as it is pronounced today. Why the entire tribe was given this name is not known. Earlier the word was commonly split, “Yo Semity”.",http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/yosemite_valley_place_names/,,
2241,Yosemite,Young Lakes,Lake,Unknown,Natural,Western,NA - WPN,NA - WPN,no,Person,Potentially - probably had IPN,Named for person who directly or used power to perpetrate violence against a group [5],"No info - not likely, no evidence","General Samuel Baldwin Marks Young (1840-1924), acting superintendent of the park in 1896, and of Yellowstone National Park, 1907-8. Young was a veteran of the Civil War, some campaigns against the Indians, and the Spanish-American War, and was chief of staff of the US Army, 1903-4.","Browning, 2005 (second edition)",,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,0.2074966533,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,0.7925033467,,,,,