APPENDIX 3    DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR LEXICAL ASPECT
   Operational steps to classify predicates into lexical aspect classes (Shirai  2013: 283-284) 
(Each test is used only in the clauses remaining after the preceding test):

Step 1: State or non-state? Does it have a habitual interpretation in simple present tense?
        If no  ¡ú  State (e.g., I love you.)
        If yes  ¡ú  Non-state (e.g., I eat bread.)  ¡ú   Go to Step 2

Step 2: Activity or non-activity? Does ¡®X is Ving¡¯ entail ¡®X has Ved¡¯ without an iterative / habitual meaning? In other words, if you stop in the middle of Ving, have you done the act of V?
        If yes  ¡ú Activity (e.g., run)
        If no   ¡ú  Non-activity (e.g., run a mile)  ¡ú   Go to Step 3 
Step 3: Accomplishment or achievement? If test (a) does not work, apply test (b), and possibly (c).
     a) If ¡®X Ved in (Y time; e.g., 10 minutes)¡¯, then ¡®X was Ving during that time¡¯.
         If yes ¡ú  Accomplishment (e.g., He painted a picture.)
         If no  ¡ú  Achievement (e.g., He noticed the picture.)

        It needs to be noted that it is possible to say X was Ving even right after X began the action  
        that led to the goal.
    
     b) Is there ambiguity with ¡®almost¡¯?
         If yes  ¡ú Accomplishment (e.g., He almost painted a picture has two readings; i.e., He almost   
          started to paint a picture and He almost finished painting a picture.)
         If no  ¡ú  Achievement (e.g., He almost noticed the picture has only one reading.)
      
      c) ¡®X will VP in (Y time; e.g., 10 minutes)¡¯ = ¡®X will VP after (Y time)¡¯.
           If no ¡ú Accomplishment (e.g., He will paint a picture in an hour is different from He will   
           paint a picture after an hour, because the former can mean He will spend an hour painting a  
           picture, but the latter does not.)
          If yes ¡ú  Achievement (e.g., He will start singing in two minutes can have only one  reading,     
          which is the same as in He will start singing after two minutes, with no other reading possible.)