Macroglenes penetrans (Kirby)

(Figs 1 –2, 4, 10, 15–16, 22)

Ichneumon penetrans Kirby, 1800: 109.

Decatoma penetrans; Curtis, 1829: 119.

Macroglenes penetrans; Westwood, 1839: 66.

Pirene penetrans; Graham, 1969: 341 –342.

Macroglenes oculatus Westwood, 1832: 127. Synonymy by Reinhard, 1857: 76. Macroglenes brevicornis Thomson, 1876: 342. Synonymy by Graham, 1969: 341 –342. Pirene decipiens Graham, 1969: 342 –343.

Macroglenes decipiens; O’Conner et al., 2000: 74, syn. nov.

Diagnosis: Body from distinctly metallic, mainly dark green, in larger specimens to almost non metallic, at most bronze-tinged, in smaller ones; clypeal margin not incised (Figs 1–2); F 4 –F 5 large, with sensilla (Fig. 4); mesosoma moderately convex (Fig. 10); pecten regular, about 3 / 4 length of hind tibia (Fig. 15); forewing with distinct bare area between R and apical margin (Fig. 22); ovipositor sheaths about 1 / 3 length of hind tibia, tip of hypopygium not reaching tip of gaster (cf. Fig. 31). Male eyes very large, touching (usually) or almost touching posterior ocelli, with rather more than half to about 3 / 4 of ommatidia large (Fig. 2); pecten very dense, on entire length of hind tibia (Fig. 16).

Material examined. LECTOTYPE ( ɗ ) Macroglenes oculatus Westwood: U.K.: ‘ Type Hym: 608 1 / 3 Macroglenes oculatus Westwood, Hope Dept. Oxford’, ‘ oculatus Westw. ’, ‘ Macroglenes oculatus Westwood, Lectotype ɗ M. de V. Graham det. 1966 ’ (OUMNH); PARALECTOTYPES (2 ɗ ) Macroglenes oculatus Westwood: U.K: 1 ɗ ‘ Type Hym 608 2 / 3 Macroglenes oculatus Westwood, Hope Dept. Oxford’ (OUMNH); 1 ɗ ‘ Type Hym 608 3 / 3 Macroglenes oculatus Westwood, Hope Dept. Oxford’, ‘near working Pirene 1530 ’ (OUMNH). HOLOTYPE ( ɗ ) Pirene decipiens Graham: U.K.: ‘ Type Hym: 1243 Pirene decipiens Graham, Hope Dept. Oxford’, ‘Hell Copice nr. Oakley, BUCKS., (4) 2. 8. 1953, M. W. Graham’, ‘ decipiens ɗ Type’, ‘ Pirene decipiens sp. n. Holotype ɗ, M. de V. Graham det 1968 ’ (OUMNH).

Additional material. CANADA: 3 Ψ, 3 ɗ ‘ M. oculatus M. de V. Graham det. 1960 ’, ‘ CANADA, Ottawa, X. 1960, C. D. Miller, ex. Sitodiplosis mosellana (Gehin) ’, ‘Press. by Com. Inst. Ent. B. M. 1961 - 6 ’ (BMNH). CZECH REPUBLIC: 1 Ψ ‘ Bohemia c.: údolí Noutonice-Kováry, 6. VI. 1953 Bouček’ (NMPC); 3 Ψ, 4 ɗ ‘Chráštany u Rakovníka, Bohemia, 3. VI. 57 Kodys’ (NMPC); 1 Ψ idem, ‘ Macroglenes penetrans’, ‘ M. brevicornis Th., Zd. Bouček det. 1962 ’ (NMPC); 11 Ψ, 4 ɗ ‘ Bohemia or. Hradec Králové, 1 / VI 1945, Bouček leg.’ (NMPC); 4 Ψ, 2 ɗ ‘Boh. or. Hradec Kr., Bouček VI. 44.’ (NMPC); 1 ɗ ‘Boh, Hradec Kr., Vëkoše, Bouček 18. VII. 55 ’, ‘ Macroglenes ɗ’ (NMPC); 1 Ψ ‘Bohem. merid. Střibr. Hutĕ, 10 / 8. 1945, Bouček leg.’ (NMPC); 1 Ψ ‘Velký Vřeštov, Bohemia or., Bouček VI. 57 ’ (NMPC); 1 Ψ, 1 ɗ ‘ Bohemia or.: Velký Vřeštov, Bouček 9. VII. 54 ’ (NMPC); 2 Ψ idem, ‘ VI. 55 ’ (NMPC); 1 ɗ idem, ’ 25. VI. 53 ’ (NMPC); 1 Ψ ‘Hostomice pod Brdy, BOHEMIA, Bouček 1959 / 7. 6. 59 ’ (NMPC); 1 Ψ ‘Petrovice, Kruš., h. / u Ústí / 28. 8. 56, BOHEMIA, Bouček’ (NMPC); 1 Ψ ‘ Bohemia: Bořen, C. Středohoří, 7. VI. 53. Bouček’ (NMPC); 1 Ψ ‘Fláje, Kruš., h. BOHEMIA, Bouček / 31. V. 57 ’ (NMPC); 1 Ψ ‘Modřany, Boh., 5. 6. 1933, Coll. Šustera’ (NMPC); 1 ɗ ‘ Bohemia or. Opočno: Mokré, Bouček / 6. VII. 52 ’ (NMPC); 1 ɗ ‘Louny: rybník za Červeným vrchem, 7. VI. 1953 ’ (NMPC); 1 ɗ ‘Boh. or. Holovousy, Hostounský / 22. V. 53 ’ (NMPC); 1 ɗ idem, ’ 12. VII. 53 ’ (NMPC); 1 ɗ ‘Boh. c.: Praha-Ruzynë, Bouček / 4. VI. 53 ’ (NMPC); 1 ɗ ‘Mor. mer.: Čejč, Hoffer / VI. 41.’ (NMPC); 1 ɗ ‘ Bohemia c.: údolí Neutonice-Kováry, Bouček / 16. VI. 54 ’ (NMPC); 1 ɗ ‘ Bohemia centr., Malé Čičovice, kmín. Bouček / 11. VI. 53 ’ (NMPC); 1 ɗ ‘Boh., Praha-okolí, Šárka, Bouček 10. 6. 61 ’, ‘ oculatus Wstw. ɗ’ (NMPC); 1 ɗ ‘Hradec Králové, Vëkoše, BOHEMIA, Bouček / 13. 7. 58 ’ (NMPC); 5 Ψ ‘Bohem. merid. Střibr.

Hutĕ, 10 / VII. 1945, Bouček leg.’ (NMPC); 2 Ψ idem ’ 10. / 8. 1945 ’ (NMPC); 1 Ψ ‘ Bohemia or.: Velký Vřeštov, Bouček 9. 7. 54 ’ (NMPC); 2 Ψ ‘ BOHEMIA: Janov u Dë ína, Bouček leg. / 18. 8. 55 ’ (NMPC); 1 ɗ ‘Dë in. Snëžnik, 28. 8. 56, BOHEMIA, Bouček’ (NMPC). FRANCE: 1 Ψ ‘ Macroglenes penetrans (Kby) Det. Z. Bouček, 1990 ’, ‘ FRANCE: Yvelines, Bois d’ Arcy, 12. VIII. 90 Bouček’ (BMNH). GERMANY: 1 Ψ, 1 ɗ ‘Umg. Göttingen, 11. 6. 53 Prilop’, ‘Reinshof, Leinetal, 155 m, Löβlehm, Zuckerrübenfeld’, ‘Pteromalin.’, ‘ Macroglenes penetrans Kirb. Ch. Ferrière det.’, ‘ Macroglenes penetrans (Kirby) det. Baur 1993 ’ (MHNG); 1 ɗ ‘L Fahren, 13 VII 54 ’, ‘ 102 ’, ‘ Allemagne, Kiel 1954, Boness’, ‘ Macroglenes penetrans Kirb. Ch. Ferrière det.’, ‘ Macroglenes? penetrans (Kirby) det. Baur 1993 ’(MHNG); 1 Ψ, 1 ɗ ‘Museum Leiden, W. Germany, Aachen, Seffent, ca 200 m, 19.VI. 1981 ’, ‘C. v. Achterberg, C. v. Heijningen, B. K. Nübel & W. H. v. d. Wijngaard’ (RMNH); 5 Ψ ‘ Pirene penetrans (Kirby) det. Z. Bouček, 1973 ’, ‘Meppen, Niedersachsen, GERM. Sitodiplosis mosellana, 1970. Basedow’ (BMNH). GREECE: 3 Ψ ‘GR: Kerkini Lake Nat. Park, Kerkini Mts. nr. Neo Petritsi, 18. VI. 08 ’, ‘sweep net, 420–750 m leg. Fusu & Popovici’, ‘ Macroglenes penetrans (K.) det. M. Mitroiu ‘09’ (MICO). ROMANIA: 1 Ψ, 2 ɗ ‘RO: IS, Popricani, 8. VI. 2001 leg. M.-D. Mitroiu’, ‘ Macroglenes penetrans (Kir.) det. M. Mitroiu 2009 ’ (MICO); 6 ɗ ‘RO: IS, R. N. Valea lui David, 16. V. 0 7 leg. L. Fusu’ (MICO); 1 ɗ idem, ’ 31. V. 2009, sweep net Leg. Mitroiu M.’ (MICO); 1 Ψ, 2 ɗ ‘RO: P. N. Domogled-canton Musuroaie, 14. VII. 99 leg. M. Mitroiu’ (MICO); 16 Ψ, 5 ɗ ‘RO: IS, R. N. Valea lui David, 11. VI. 99 leg. L. Fusu’ (3 Ψ and 2 ɗ ‘ Macroglenes decipiens (Grah.) det. M. Mitroiu 2005 ’) (MICO). SLOVAKIA: 1 Ψ ‘ SLOVAKIA, Muránska Planina Nat. Park, Murán, 31.VII. 2009, On Fagus, N 48 0 44 ’ 55 ’’; E 20 0 00 ’ 23 ’’; 625 m, Leg. Mitroiu M. sweeping’ (MICO); 2 Ψ ‘Slov. cent., Δ Pol’ana, VI. 52. Bouček’ (NMPC). SWEDEN: 11 Ψ, 10 ɗ ‘ Macroglenes penetrans Kby Ch. Ferriere det.’, ‘Press. by Com. Inst. Ent. B. M. 1936 - 780 ’, ‘S. Sweden, 1936, E. Johanston Ex. Contarinia tritici Kirby’ (BMNH). SWITZERLAND: 1 ɗ ‘Vaud, Etoy, 3. 6. 1952, s. pommier’, ‘ Macroglenes penetrans Kirb. Ch. Ferrière det.’, ‘ Macroglenes penetrans Kirby ɗ det. H. Baur 2009 ’ (MHNG); 1 ɗ ‘ SUISSE GENEVE, Corsier-Port, 30 -VI- 84, C. Besuchet’, ‘ Macroglenes penetrans Kirby ɗ det. H. Baur 2009 ’ (MHNG); 5 Ψ, 5 ɗ ’Suisse-Valais, Forêt d’Aletsch, 24. VIII. 64. C, Cl. Besuchet’ (MHNG); 3 Ψ, 1 ɗ idem, ’ 25. VIII. 64 ’ (1 Ψ ’ Macroglenes nr. penetrans Kirby det. H. Baur 2009 ’) (MHNG); 4 Ψ, 4 ɗ ‘ CH BE Bern, Bremgartenw. Eymatt, 510 m, 596.5 / 201.4, 9. 6. 2003 leg. H. Baur’ (NMBE); 2 Ψ, 1 ɗ idem, ‘ 596.7 / 201.45, 26. 6. 2004 ’ (NMBE); 1 ɗ ‘ CH BE Bremgarten Hoger (Magerwiese), 550 m 599.4 / 202.9, 26.5. 2004 leg. H. Baur’ (NMBE); 4 ɗ idem, ‘ 6. Vi. 1996, H. Baur’ (NMBE); 1 Ψ, 2 ɗ ‘ CH GR 1840 m, Val Roseg, Acla Colani 788.1 / 149.8, 15. viii. 1997 H. Baur’ (NMBE); 1 ɗ ‘ 6 / 6 / 2004 CH /BE Wengi Wengimoos 500 müM, 596.5 / 215.3, leg: S. Klopfstein’, ‘ Macroglenes penetrans Kirby ɗ det. H. Baur 2004 ’ (NMBE); 2 Ψ ‘ Pirene penetrans (Kirby) det. Z. Bouček, 1986 ’, ‘ex. wheat midge C. I. B. C., C. I. E. A 17606 ’, ‘ Switzerland, Neunkirch, VII–VIII 85, Sp. No I’ (BMNH); 1 ɗ idem, ‘ex. Phalaris midge’ (BMNH); 1 ɗ ‘CIE A 17606 ’, ‘ SUISSE (SH): Neunkirch, Phalaris midge VII. 85. CIBC’; 4 Ψ, 3 ɗ ‘ Pirene penetrans (Kirby) det. Z. Bouček, 1986 ’, ‘CIE A 17606 ’, ‘ SUISSE (Bern): Büren-a-Aare wheat midge, VII–VIII. 85. CIBC’ (BMNH). U.K.: 1 Ψ ‘ brevicornis sec Lecto. in coll. Thomson 10. 10. 63 ’, ‘M. de V. Graham BMNH, 1983 - 2 ’, ‘Macrogl. penetrans Kby. ’, ‘Wytham Wood, Berks., 14. 6. 1952, M. W. Graham’ (BMNH); 2 ɗ ‘? Brevicornis Th’, ‘penetrans’, ‘Wytham Wood, Berks., (1) 7. 7. 1951, M. W. Graham’ (BMNH); 1 ɗ ‘ Macroglenes penetrans Kirby’, ‘Wytham Wood, Berks., (2) 29. 6. 1951, M. W. Graham’ (BMNH); 1 ɗ ‘penetrans’, ‘Wytham Wood, Berks., 14. 6. 1952, M. W. Graham’ (BMNH); 1 Ψ ‘penetrans’, ‘M. de V. Graham MBNH, 1983 - 2 ’, ‘Wytham, Berks., M. de W. Graham, (3) 15. 6. 1960 ’ (BMNH); 5 ɗ, 1 Ψ ‘Macroglen. penetrans Kby, Z. B. ’, ‘ Macroglenes oculatus West. sec. type in coll. Westwood’, ‘Marston Ferry, S. purpurea, 19 / 6 / 61 ’, ‘M. de V. Graham MBNH, 1983 - 2 ’ (BMNH); 3 Ψ, 2 ɗ ‘ Pirene penetrans (Kirby), det. J. S. Noyes, 1978 ’, ‘Associated with Phorids, E. S. Binns (Metopina sp.)’, ‘ England: Sussex, Washington, 4. VII. 1978 ’ (BMNH); 1 Ψ ‘penetrans’, ‘Ch. Hanborough OX, M. de V. G., 21. 7. 1955 ’, ‘M. de V. Graham, BMNH 1983 - 2 ’ (BMNH); 8 Ψ ‘penetrans’, ‘M. de V. Graham, BMNH 1983 - 2 ’, ‘Oxon., Otmoor., 6. 7. 1962, M. de V. Graham’ (BMNH); 12 ɗ idem, ‘Otmoor (7) Rosa flowers, 6 / 7 / 62 ’ (BMNH); 2 Ψ, 1 ɗ ‘penetrans’, ‘M. de V. Graham, BMNH 1983 - 2 ’, ‘Hell Coppice nr. Oakley, Bucks., (1) 24. 6. 1958, M. W. Graham’ (BMNH); 2 Ψ, 2 ɗ ’pres. by L. R. Taylor, Rothampsted Expt Stn.’, B. M. 1965 - 401 ’, ‘ England: Herts. Harpenden, Rothampsted Manor. 21–29. VII. 1965 ’, ‘suction trap in ornamental Spiraea’ (BMNH); 1 Ψ, 1 ɗ ‘ Macroglenes oculatus Wstw. (? = penetrans Kirby) G. J. Kerrich det. 1960 ’, ‘ England, CB, Trumpington, Anstey Hall. A. L. Winfield, B. M. 1960 - 472 ’, ‘On Brassica juncea infested with Meligethes aeneus & Ceuthorhynchus sp. 13. VI. 1960 ’ (BMNH); 1 Ψ ‘Suction trap in ornamental Spiraea’, ‘ England: Herts. Harpenden Rothampsted Manor, 21.29. VII. 1965 ’, ‘pres. by L. P. Taylor, Rothampsted Expt. Stn.’ (BMNH); 1 Ψ ‘ Macroglenes penetrans (Kby.) det. Z. Bouček, 1988 ’, ‘Esher Common, Surrey, Engl., Bouček 9. VIII. 70 ’ (BMNH); 1 Ψ ‘ M. penetrans (K.) Det. Z. Bouček, 1988 ’, ‘Boxhill, Dorking Surr., England, Bouček 15. 8. 70 ’ (BMNH); 1 Ψ ‘ M. penetrans (K.) Det. Z. Bouček, 1988 ’, ‘Wisley Common, Surrey, England, Bouček 11. 8. 70 ’ (BMNH); 1 ɗ ‘penetrans’, ‘M. de V. Graham, BMNH 1983 - 2 ’, ’Hell Coppice nr. Oakley, Bucks., (2) 11. 8. 1958 M. W. Graham’ (BMNH); 1 Ψ ‘Newton Abbot Devon, ENGLAND, 22. VI. 1960, J. R. Vockeroth’ (CNC).? U.K.: 1 Ψ ‘penetrans’, blue square, ‘This Ψ probably is one Graham mentions 1969: 342 as prob. Kirby’s (!)’, red square, ‘M. de V. Graham, BMNH, 1983 - 2 ’ (BMNH); 2 Ψ, 2 ɗ ‘ Macroglenes penetrans Kirby’, Waterhouse label (BMNH); 1 ɗ ‘ Macroglenes penetrans’, ‘ 115, Walker coll. 1901 - 120 ’ (BMNH); 12 ɗ ‘ Macroglenes oculatus’, ‘Stephens’ coll. 53.46.’ (BMNH).

Variation. Many of the examined specimens (both males and females) exhibit intermediate characters between M. decipiens (Graham) and M. penetrans (Kirby) regarding the eye height: eye length ratio, the extension of the large eye facets, the shape of the stigma, and body color as stated by Graham (1969: 336; 340). In the M. decipiens holotype the eyes clearly do not touch the posterior ocelli, but Graham did not use this character to separate his new species from M. penetrans, where the eyes clearly touch the posterior ocelli. This seems to be a variable character because in some specimens from the same series the eyes are close to but not quite touching the posterior ocelli, while in others they are virtually touching them. The shape of the stigma also varies, especially in males, from subtriangular to almost rounded. The above mentioned variability seems to be correlated with the size of the specimens. Thus, smaller individuals tend to be more similar to M. decipiens (metallic color more faint, more elongated eyes, subtriangular stigma, smaller bare area between stigma and apical wing margin) and larger individuals more similar to M. penetrans (metallic color more evident, rounder eyes and stigma, larger bare area between stigma and apical wing margin). Also, in a series of 16 females and 5 males from Romania, the body color is clearly metallic, mainly dark green (as in M. penetrans), while the eye height is 1.4 X eye length in females and 1.35 X in males (as in M. decipiens); also in males the larger facets occupy from somewhat more than half of the eye height (as in M. decipiens) to about 3 / 4 of the eye height (as in M. penetrans). In both sexes F 5 is usually about as long as broad, but F 4 can sometimes be distinctly smaller than F 5 and more transverse, especially in smaller specimens.

Comments. Taking into consideration the above mentioned observations, M. decipiens (Graham) is regarded here as a junior synonym of M. penetrans (Kirby).

Distribution. Belgium, Canada, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, U.K., U.S.A. (Noyes 2003); Romania (Mitroiu 2006); previously unrecorded from Greece and Slovakia. Thus M. penetrans proves to be one of the most common species in the Palearctic.

Hosts. The cecidomyiids Contarinia tritici (Kirby) and Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin); associated with Angelica sylvestris, Secale cereale, Triticum aestivum (authors summarized in Noyes 2003). In the BMNH collection there are two males reared from ‘ Phalaris midge’ in Switzerland (for a discussion regarding this host, see M. paludum), but this record has to be confirmed. As some of the above mentioned records show, the species is also associated with S. (probably Salix) purpurea, Fagus, Rosa sp. and Spiraea sp. (the latter two probably as feeding sources), but also Metopina sp. (Diptera: Phoridae) as host; the latter record must be reconfirmed. Also recorded in England on ‘ Brassica juncea infested with Meligethes aeneus & Ceuthorhynchus sp.’ (Coleoptera), but probably not associated with these species.