shortName,labelName,longName,unit,paramId,derived,meteorologicalCategory,notes,description
time,time,time,UTC,NA,1,NA,Rounded down to era5 resolution,Valid time in UTC. If scenario is wl or sl there has been at least one lightning flash within the following hour.
lat,latitude,latitude,degree north,NA,0,NA,rounded to grid cell center,Latitude of grid cell center. If scenario is wl or sl there has been at least one lightning flash in this grid cell of 0.25 x  0.25 degree resolution.
lon,longitude,longitude,degree east,NA,0,NA,rounded to grid cell center,Longitude of grid cell center. If scenario is wl or sl there has been at least one lightning flash in this grid cell of 0.25 x  0.25 degree resolution.
scenario,scenario,scenario,NA,NA,1,NA,sampled,"Winter with lightning (wl), winter without lightning (wnol), Summer with lightning (sl), or summer without lightning (snol). All lightning flashes in winter within the observational domain in northern Germany between 2010-2019 are present. The others are subsamples."
cluster,cluster,cluster,NA,NA,NA,NA,result,Result from k-means cluster analysis with k = 5.
bld,Boundary layer dissipation,boundary_layer_dissipation,J m**-2,145,0,wind field,,"This parameter is the amount of energy per unit area that is converted from kinetic energy, into heat, due to small-scale motion in the lower levels of the atmosphere. These small-scale motions are called eddies or turbulence. A higher value of this parameter means that more energy is being converted to heat, and so the mean flow is slowing more and the air temperature is rising by a greater amount. This parameter is accumulated over a particular time period which depends on the data extracted. (https://apps.ecmwf.int/codes/grib/param-db)"
blh,Boundary layer height,boundary_layer_height,m,159,0,surface exchange,,"This parameter is the depth of air next to the Earth's surface which is most affected by the resistance to the transfer of momentum, heat or moisture across the surface. The boundary layer height can be as low as a few tens of metres, such as in cooling air at night, or as high as several kilometres over the desert in the middle of a hot sunny day. When the boundary layer height is low, higher concentrations of pollutants (emitted from the Earth's surface) can develop. The boundary layer height calculation is based on the bulk Richardson number (a measure of the atmospheric conditions) following the conclusions of a 2012 review."
cape,CAPE,convective_available_potential_energy,J kg**-1,59,0,mass field,,"This is an indication of the instability (or stability) of the atmosphere and can be used to assess the potential for the development of convection, which can lead to heavy rainfall, thunderstorms and other severe weather. In the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System (IFS), CAPE is calculated by considering parcels of air departing at different model levels below the 350 hPa level. If a parcel of air is more buoyant (warmer and/or with more moisture) than its surrounding environment, it will continue to rise (cooling as it rises) until it reaches a point where it no longer has positive buoyancy. CAPE is the potential energy represented by the total excess buoyancy. The maximum CAPE produced by the different parcels is the value retained. Large positive values of CAPE indicate that an air parcel would be much warmer than its surrounding environment and therefore, very buoyant. CAPE is related to the maximum potential vertical velocity of air within an updraft; thus, higher values indicate greater potential for severe weather. Observed values in thunderstorm environments often may exceed 1000 joules per kilogram (J kg-1), and in extreme cases may exceed 5000 J kg-1. The calculation of this parameter assumes: (i) the parcel of air does not mix with surrounding air; (ii) ascent is pseudo-adiabatic (all condensed water falls out) and (iii) other simplifications related to the mixed-phase condensational heating."
cbh,Cloud base height,cloud_base_height,m agl,228023,0,cloud physics,NA is set to zero,"The height above the Earth's surface of the base of the lowest cloud layer, at the specified time. This parameter is calculated by searching from the second lowest model level upwards, to the height of the level where cloud fraction becomes greater than 1% and condensate content greater than 1.E-6 kg kg-1. Fog (i.e., cloud in the lowest model layer) is not considered when defining cloud base height. (https://apps.ecmwf.int/codes/grib/param-db)"
cin_valid,CIN > 0,convective_inhibition,binary,228001,0,mass field,"binary, weather CIN is present or not","This parameter is a measure of the amount of energy required for convection to commence. If the value of this parameter is too high, then deep, moist convection is unlikely to occur even if the convective available potential energy or convective available potential energy shear are large. CIN values greater than 200 J kg-1 would be considered high. An atmospheric layer where temperature increases with height (known as a temperature inversion) would inhibit convective uplift and is a situation in which convective inhibition would be large. (https://apps.ecmwf.int/codes/grib/param-db)"
ciwc1020,Cloud ice -10 to -20 C,cloud_ice_1020,kg m**-2,NA,1,cloud physics,NA is set to zero,Mass of cloud ice water content between the -10 C and -20 C isotherms. This parameter was derived by the lightning group of UIBK. 
ciwc2040,Cloud ice -20 to -40 C,cloud_ice_2040,kg m**-2,NA,1,cloud physics,,Mass of cloud ice water content between the -20 C and -40 C isotherms. This parameter was derived by the lightning group of UIBK. 
clwc1020,Cloud liquids -10 to -20 C,cloud_liquid_1020,kg m**-2,NA,1,cloud physics,NA is set to zero,Mass of cloud liquid water content between the -10 C and -20 C isotherms. This parameter was derived by the lightning group of UIBK. 
cp,Convective prcp. 1h-sum,convective_precipitation,m,143,0,cloud physics,,"This parameter is the accumulated liquid and frozen water, comprising rain and snow, that falls to the Earth's surface and which is generated by the convection scheme in the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System (IFS). The convection scheme represents convection at spatial scales smaller than the grid box. Precipitation can also be generated by the cloud scheme in the IFS, which represents the formation and dissipation of clouds and large-scale precipitation due to changes in atmospheric quantities (such as pressure, temperature and moisture) predicted directly at spatial scales of the grid box or larger. This parameter does not include fog, dew or the precipitation that evaporates in the atmosphere before it lands at the surface of the Earth.  This parameter is the total amount of water accumulated over a particular time period which depends on the data extracted. The units of this parameter are depth in metres of water equivalent. It is the depth the water would have if it were spread evenly over the grid box. Care should be taken when comparing model parameters with observations, because observations are often local to a particular point in space and time, rather than representing averages over a model grid box. (https://apps.ecmwf.int/codes/grib/param-db)"
csh,Cloud shear,cloud_shear,m s**-1,NA,1,wind field,NA is set to zero,Total shear between cloud base height and cloud top height. NA if no cloud is present. This parameter was derived by the lightning group of UIBK. 
csize,Cloud thickness,cloud_thickness,m,NA,1,cloud physics,NA is set to zero,Difference between cloud top height and cloud base height. This parameter was derived by the lightning group of UIBK. 
cswc1020,Cloud snow -10 to -20 C,cloud_snow_1020,kg m**-2,NA,1,cloud physics,NA is set to zero,Mass of cloud snow water content between the -10 C and -20 C isotherms. This parameter was derived by the lightning group of UIBK. 
cswc2040,Cloud snow -20 to -40 C,cloud_snow_2040,kg m**-2,NA,1,cloud physics,,Mass of cloud snow water content between the -20 C and -40 C isotherms. This parameter was derived by the lightning group of UIBK. 
d2m,Dew point at 2 m,2m_dewpoint_temperature,K,168,0,moisture field,,"This parameter is the temperature to which the air, at 2 metres above the surface of the Earth, would have to be cooled for saturation to occur. It is a measure of the humidity of the air. Combined with temperature and pressure, it can be used to calculate the relative humidity. 2m dew point temperature is calculated by interpolating between the lowest model level and the Earth's surface, taking account of the atmospheric conditions. See further information.This parameter has units of kelvin (K). Temperature measured in kelvin can be converted to degrees Celsius (C) by subtracting 273.15. (https://apps.ecmwf.int/codes/grib/param-db)"
dd10,Wind direction at 10 m,10m_wind_direction,degree,NA,1,wind field,,The direction from where the wind blows at a height of 10 metre above ground. Derived from u and v wind components. This parameter was derived by the lightning group of UIBK.
ff10,Wind speed at 10 m,10m_wind_speed,m s**-1,NA,1,wind field,,The speed of horizontal air movement in metres per second at a height of 10 metre above ground. Derived from u and v wind components. This parameter was derived by the lightning group of UIBK.
it10,-10 C isotherm height,isotherm_height_10,m agl,NA,1,mass field,NA is set to zero,Height above ground of first occurence of -10 C isotherm in geopotential meters. This parameter was derived by the lightning group of UIBK. 
l10,Liquids around -10 C,liquids_around_10,kg m**-2,NA,1,cloud physics,NA is set to zero,Mass of liquids around -10 C isotherm. Mass refers to the sum of cloud liquid water content and cloud rain water content. Around -10 C refers to all model levels that lay within the range of -8 C and -12 C. This parameter was derived by the lightning group of UIBK. 
lsp,Large scale prcp. 1H-sum,large_scale_precipitation,m,NA,0,cloud physics,,"This parameter is the accumulated liquid and frozen water, comprising rain and snow, that falls to the Earth's surface and which is generated by the cloud scheme in the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System (IFS). The cloud scheme represents the formation and dissipation of clouds and large-scale precipitation due to changes in atmospheric quantities (such as pressure, temperature and moisture) predicted directly by the IFS at spatial scales of the grid box or larger. Precipitation can also be generated by the convection scheme in the IFS, which represents convection at spatial scales smaller than the grid box. This parameter does not include fog, dew or the precipitation that evaporates in the atmosphere before it lands at the surface of the Earth.  This parameter is the total amount of water accumulated over a particular time period which depends on the data extracted. The units of this parameter are depth in metres of water equivalent. It is the depth the water would have if it were spread evenly over the grid box.  Care should be taken when comparing model parameters with observations, because observations are often local to a particular point in space and time, rather than representing averages over a model grid box. (https://apps.ecmwf.int/codes/grib/param-db)"
msl,Mean sea level pressure,mean_sea_level_pressure,Pa,151,0,mass field,,"This parameter is the pressure (force per unit area) of the atmosphere adjusted to the height of mean sea level. It is a measure of the weight that all the air in a column vertically above the area of Earth's surface would have at that point, if the point were located at the mean sea level. It is calculated over all surfaces - land, sea and in-land water. Maps of mean sea level pressure are used to identify the locations of low and high pressure systems, often referred to as cyclones and anticyclones. Contours of mean sea level pressure also indicate the strength of the wind. Tightly packed contours show stronger winds. The units of this parameter are pascals (Pa). Mean sea level pressure is often measured in hPa and sometimes is presented in the old units of millibars, mb (1 hPa = 1 mb = 100 Pa). (https://apps.ecmwf.int/codes/grib/param-db)"
mvimd,Moisture convergence,mean_vertically_integrated_moisture_convergence,kg m**-2 s**-1,NA,0,moisture field,,"The vertical integral of the moisture flux is the horizontal rate of flow of moisture (water vapour, cloud liquid and cloud ice), per metre across the flow, for a column of air extending from the surface of the Earth to the top of the atmosphere. Its horizontal divergence is the rate of moisture spreading outward from a point, per square metre. This parameter is accumulated over a particular time period which depends on the data extracted. This parameter is negative for moisture that is spreading out, or diverging, and positive for the opposite, for moisture that is concentrating, or converging (convergence). This parameter thus indicates whether atmospheric motions act to decrease (for divergence) or increase (for convergence) the vertical integral of moisture, over the time period. High negative values of this parameter (i.e. large moisture convergence) can be related to precipitation intensification and floods. 1 kg of water spread over 1 square metre of surface is 1 mm deep (neglecting the effects of temperature on the density of water), therefore the units are equivalent to mm. (https://apps.ecmwf.int/codes/grib/param-db)"
mxtpr,Max. precipitation rate (hour),maximum_total_precipitation_rate_since_previous_post_processing,kg m**-2 s**-1,NA,0,cloud physics,,The total precipitation is calculated from the combined large-scale and convective rainfall and snowfall rates every time step and the maximum is kept since the last postprocessing. (https://apps.ecmwf.int/codes/grib/param-db)
s10,Solids around -10 C,solids_around_10,kg m**-2,NA,1,cloud physics,NA is set to zero,Mass of solids around -10 C isotherm. Mass refers to the sum of cloud ice water content and cloud snow water content. Around -10 C refers to all model levels that lay within the range of -8 C and -12 C.This parameter was derived by the lightning group of UIBK. 
sh10cb,Shear below cloud,shear_10_cloud_base,m s**-1,NA,1,wind field,NA is set to zero,Total shear between 10 m and cloud base height. NA if no cloud is present. This parameter was derived by the lightning group of UIBK. 
slhf_up,Surface latent heat (up),surface_latent_heat_flux,J m**-2,147,0,surface exchange,Upward fluxes are set to positive values.,"This parameter is the transfer of latent heat (resulting from water phase changes, such as evaporation or condensation) between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere through the effects of turbulent air motion. Evaporation from the Earth's surface represents a transfer of energy from the surface to the atmosphere. This parameter is accumulated over a particular time period which depends on the data extracted.The units are joules per square metre (J m-2). To convert to watts per square metre (W m-2), the accumulated values should be divided by the accumulation period expressed in seconds. (https://apps.ecmwf.int/codes/grib/param-db). Positive values indicate upward motion."
sshf_up,Surface sensible heat (up),surface_sensible_heat_flux,J m**-2,146,0,surface exchange,"NA is set to zero. Only upward fluxes are taken and set to positive values, downward fluxes are set to zero.","This parameter is the transfer of heat between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere through the effects of turbulent air motion (but excluding any heat transfer resulting from condensation or evaporation). The magnitude of the sensible heat flux is governed by the difference in temperature between the surface and the overlying atmosphere, wind speed and the surface roughness. For example, cold air overlying a warm surface would produce a sensible heat flux from the land (or ocean) into the atmosphere. This is a single level parameter and it is accumulated over a particular time period which depends on the data extracted.The units are joules per square metre (J m-2). To convert to watts per square metre (W m-2), the accumulated values should be divided by the accumulation period expressed in seconds.  (https://apps.ecmwf.int/codes/grib/param-db). Positive values indicate upward motion."
ssr_down,Surface solar radiation (down),surface_net_solar_radiation,J m**-2,176,0,surface exchange,Downward fluxes are positive.,"This parameter is the amount of solar radiation (also known as shortwave radiation) that reaches a horizontal plane at the surface of the Earth (both direct and diffuse) minus the amount reflected by the Earth's surface (which is governed by the albedo).  Radiation from the Sun (solar, or shortwave, radiation) is partly reflected back to space by clouds and particles in the atmosphere (aerosols) and some of it is absorbed. The remainder is incident on the Earth's surface, where some of it is reflected. This parameter is accumulated over a particular time period which depends on the data extracted. The units are joules per square metre (J m-2). To convert to watts per square metre (W m-2), the accumulated values should be divided by the accumulation period expressed in seconds. (https://apps.ecmwf.int/codes/grib/param-db). Positive values indicate downward motion."
tciw,"Ice, total",total_column_cloud_ice_water,kg m**-2,79,0,cloud physics,,"This parameter is the amount of ice contained within clouds in a column extending from the surface of the Earth to the top of the atmosphere. Snow (aggregated ice crystals) is not included in this parameter. This parameter represents the area averaged value for a model grid box. Clouds contain a continuum of different- sized water droplets and ice particles. The ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) cloud scheme simplifies this to represent a number of discrete cloud droplets/particles including: cloud water droplets, raindrops, ice crystals and snow (aggregated ice crystals). The processes of droplet formation, phase transition and aggregation are also highly simplified in the IFS. (https://apps.ecmwf.int/codes/grib/param-db)"
tcslw,"Supercooled liquids, total",total_column_supercooled_liquid_water,kg m**-2,228088,0,cloud physics,,"This parameter is the total amount of supercooled water in a column extending from the surface of the Earth to the top of the atmosphere. Supercooled water is water that exists in liquid form below 0oC. It is common in cold clouds and is important in the formation of precipitation. Also, supercooled water in clouds extending to the surface (i.e., fog) can cause icing/riming of various structures. This parameter represents the area averaged value for a grid box. Clouds contain a continuum of different sized water droplets and ice particles. The ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) cloud scheme simplifies this to represent a number of discrete cloud droplets/particles including: cloud water droplets, raindrops, ice crystals and snow (aggregated ice crystals). The processes of droplet formation, conversion and aggregation are also highly simplified in the IFS. (https://apps.ecmwf.int/codes/grib/param-db)"
tcsw,"Snow, total",total_column_snow_water,kg m**-2,228090,0,cloud physics,,"This parameter is the total amount of water in the form of snow (aggregated ice crystals which can fall to the surface as precipitation) in a column extending from the surface of the Earth to the top of the atmosphere.  This parameter represents the area averaged value for a grid box. Clouds contain a continuum of different sized water droplets and ice particles. The ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) cloud scheme simplifies this to represent a number of discrete cloud droplets/particles including: cloud water droplets, raindrops, ice crystals and snow (aggregated ice crystals). The processes of droplet formation, conversion and aggregation are also highly simplified in the IFS. (https://apps.ecmwf.int/codes/grib/param-db)"
tcwv,"Vapor, total",total_column_water_vapour,kg m**-2,137,0,moisture field,,This parameter is the total amount of water vapour in a column extending from the surface of the Earth to the top of the atmosphere.  This parameter represents the area averaged value for a grid box. (https://apps.ecmwf.int/codes/grib/param-db)
viiwd,Ice divergence,vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_cloud_frozen_water_flux,kg m**-2 s**-1,162080,0,cloud physics,,"The vertical integral of the cloud frozen water flux is the horizontal rate of flow of cloud frozen water, per metre across the flow, for a column of air extending from the surface of the Earth to the top of the atmosphere. Its horizontal divergence is the rate of cloud frozen water spreading outward from a point, per square metre. This parameter is positive for cloud frozen water that is spreading out, or diverging, and negative for the opposite, for cloud frozen water that is concentrating, or converging (convergence). This parameter thus indicates whether atmospheric motions act to decrease (for divergence) or increase (for convergence) the vertical integral of cloud frozen water. Note that 'cloud frozen water' is the same as 'cloud ice water'. (https://apps.ecmwf.int/codes/grib/param-db)"
w_maxup,Max. vertical velocity,maximum_vertical_velocity,Pa s**-1,135,1,wind field,"Only upwinds are taken, downwinds are set to zero","This parameter is the speed of air motion in the upward or downward direction. The ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) uses a pressure based vertical co-ordinate system and pressure decreases with height, therefore negative values of vertical velocity indicate upward motion. Vertical velocity can be useful to understand the large-scale dynamics of the atmosphere, including areas of upward motion/ascent (negative values) and downward motion/subsidence (positive values). (https://apps.ecmwf.int/codes/grib/param-db). The minimum value (= maximum updraft) from this vertical profile is used. The absolute value is used to have positive values. This parameter was derived by the lightning group of UIBK. "
wl10,Liquids updraft around -10 C,vertical_transport_of_liquids_10,kg Pa s**-1,NA,1,cloud physics,"NA is set to zero, Only upwinds are taken, downwinds are set to zero.",Vertical velocity multiplied with the mass of cloud liquid water content and cloud rain water content between the -8C and -12C isotherm. This parameter was derived by the lightning group of UIBK. 
wvc1020,Vapor -10 to -20 C,humidity_1020,kg m**-2,NA,1,moisture field,NA is set to zero,Mass of specific humidity between the -10 C and -20 C isotherms. This parameter was derived by the lightning group of UIBK.