(Fig. 13B )
Phalaena-Bombyx cossus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat.: 504.
LT: Sweden. Type material (syntypes) in LSL.
Synonymy:
= Bombyx unguiculatus Fabricius, 1793, Ent. Syst. emendata aucta 3 (2): 4.
LT: Italy. Type material (? syntypes) probably in MNHC.
= Cossus ligniperda Fabricius, 1793, Ent. Syst. emendata aucta 3 (2): 3.
LT: Sweden. Type material is lost.
= Cossus balcanicus Lederer, 1863, Wien. Ent. Monatschr. 7: 22.
LT: Sliwno [Sliven, Bulgaria]. Type material (holotype) in MHUB.
= Cossus cossus ab. (et var.?) subnigra O. Schultz, 1911, Soc. Ent. 25: 84.
LT: Germany. Type material (holotype) in DEIM.
= Cossus cossus f. aceris Griep, 1918, Int. Ent. Zeitschr. 12 (11): 84.
LT: Hercyniae mont. (Harzgebirge in der Nähe von Wernigerode) [Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany]. Type material (syntypes) probably in MHUB.
= Cossus cossus ab. nigra Dietze, 1919, Ent. Zschr. 33: 4.
LT: Locarno am Lago [border between Switzerland and Italy]. Type material (syntypes) probably in MHUB.
= Cossus cossus stygianus Stichel, 1908, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 53: 123.
LT: Storbach, Lulea-Elf [river Lulea-Elf, N. Sweden]. Type material (syntypes) in coll. H. Rangnow, probably lost.
Distribution. Europe (including Scandinavia, England and S Ireland), Caucasus, Middle East, Iran, Siberia, East Russia, Mongolia, Central Asia, Korea, N and Central China, Japan, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia (Eversmann 1844; Fixsen 1849; Erschoff & Fild 1870; Staudinger 1871a, b, 1879a, 1892; Alphéraky 1877; Romanoff 1885; Staudinger & Rebel 1901; Bachmetjev 1902; Speiser 1903; Rebel 1904, 1911; Spuler 1910; Zhuravlev 1910; Rothschild 1917; Koshantschikov 1923; Gross 1925; Dannehl 1929; Buresch & Tuleschkow 1932; Zerny 1933; Dürck & Reisser 1934; Ellison & Wiltshire 1939; Schwingenschuss 1939a; Silbernagel 1944; Inoue 1954; Chneour 1955; Lempke 1961; Hrubý 1964; Daniel & Friese 1966; Barou 1967; Thomson, 1967; El-Hariri 1968; Voskresenskij 1969; Zelenkova 1972; Gómez-Bustillo & Fernándes- Rubio 1976; Rungs 1979; Leraut 1980; Razowski 1981; Inoue et al. 1982; de Freina 1983, 1989, 1996; Ganev 1984; Krivokhatskyi 1985; Skinner 1985; Gevorkian 1986; de Freina & Witt 1990; Hua et al. 1990; Schoorl 1990; Nemzev et al. 1991; Lavery 1992; Kostjuk & Golovushkin 1994; Osipov & Osipova 1994; Speidel 1994; Bertaccini et al. 1997; Lastuhin et al. 1998; Sviridov et al. 1998; Shutova et al. 1999; Löbel et al. 2001; Fazekas 2001, 2002a, b; Yakovlev & Doroshkin 2004; Ivinskis 2004; Perunov 2005; Yakovlev 2004c, 2007a, 2009b).
Host plants. Cydonia Mill., Malus L., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Cerasus L., Olea L., Fraxinus L., Morus L., Hippophae L., Eleagnus L., Populus L., Platanus L., Salix L., Betula L., Alnus L., Sorbus L., Tilia L., Fagus L., Quercus L., Acer L., Ulmus L., Vitis L., Aesculus L., Sambucus L., Diospyros L., Salix L., Citrus L., Caragana Fabr., Lonicera L., Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl., Juglans regia L. (Chneour 1955; Gómez-Bustillo & Fernándes-Rubio 1976; Rungs 1979; Skinner 1985; Barakanova 1986; Schoorl 1990; Speidel 1994; Bertaccini et al. 1997; Buser et al. 2000; Piskunov et al. 2000).
Remarks. This species is represented by three subspecies, C. cossus araraticus Teich, 1896, C. cossus kossai Wiltshire, 1957, and C. cossus kopetdaghi Yakovlev, 2009, in Iran (Yakovlev 2009b).