study_id,detection,author,title,year,journal,type,defined,does it mention a megafire,country,continent,defined_size,size_category,latitude,longitude,institution,how is it defined?,Source reference (directly after definition),Source reference quote ,fire size,fire behavior,controlability,anomalous,socio-economic impacts,environmental impacts,human impacts,area of science?,toll
1,Systemtatic,"Morgan GW, Tolhurst KG, et al.",Prescribed burning in south-eastern Australia: history and future directions. ,2020,Australian Forestry ,Review,Yes,No,Australia,Oceania,0,No defined size,-37.56,143.85,"Principal Consultant, Global Wildland Fire Management Services, Ballarat, Australia",Large wildfires and megafires are devastating (catastrophic) fires that exhibit fire-behaviour characteristics that exceed all efforts of control and result in human and significant asset losses.,Bartlett et al. (2007),"Bartlett, T., Leonard, M., & Morgan, G. (2007). The megafire phenomenon: some Australian perspectives. In The 2007 Institute of Foresters of Australia and New Zealand Institute of Forestry Conference; Institute of Foresters of Australia: Canberra, Australia.",0,1,1,0,1,0,1,Ecology,Perscribed burning
2,Systemtatic,"Alló M, Loureiro ML",Assessing preferences for wildfire prevention policies in Spain,2020,Forest Policy and Economics,Original research,Yes,Yes,Spain,Europe,500,0-1k ha,43.33,-8.41,"Department of Economics, Facultade de Econom.a e Empresa, Campus de Elvi.a, University of A Coru.a, 15071 A Coru.a, Spain","These new types of fires are known as megafires. A megafire is defined as a wildfire that shows a behavior outside the capacity of the extinction system, either because of the high flame lengths, high speed of propagation, or because of the presence of canopy fire activity. According to official statistics, a megafire contains a burned surface area greater than 500 ha of forest.",None provided ,None provided,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,Economics,Household preference towards fire prevention
3,Systemtatic,"Barton AM, Poulos HM ",Response of Arizona cypress (Hesperocyparis arizonica) to the Horseshoe Two Megafire in a south-eastern Arizona Sky Island mountain range.,2019,International Journal of Wildland Fire,Original research,Yes,Yes,USA,North America,100000,50k-100k ha,44.67,-70.15,"Department of Biology, 173 High Street, Preble Hall, University of Maine at Farmington, Farmington, ME 04938, USA.",megafires (wildfires.100 000 ha in size; Attiwill and Binkley 2013),Attiwill and Binkley 2013,"Attiwill, P., & Binkley, D. (2013). Exploring the Mega-fire Reality 2011: A Forest Ecology and Management Conference, Florida State University Conference Center, Florida, USA, 14-17 November 2011. Forest Ecology and Management, 294, 1-261.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,Ecology,Landscape response after fire
7,Systemtatic,"Coen JL, Stavros EN, Fites‐Kaufman JA",Deconstructing the King megafire.,2018,Ecological applications,Original research,Yes,Yes,USA,North America,0,No defined size,39.98,-105.28,"National Center for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, Colorado 80307 USA","Criteria identifying a megafire vary; fires may be notable in terms of size, severity, cost, resources required, or human, economic, or environmental impacts.",None provided,None provided,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,Ecology,Fire atmospheric modelling
8,Systemtatic,"de la Barrera F, Barraza F, Favier P, Ruiz V, Quense J ",Megafires in Chile 2017: Monitoring multiscale environmental impacts of burned ecosystems. ,2018,Science of The Total Environment ,Original research,Yes,Yes,Chile,South America,40000,10k-50k ha,-36.83,-73.04,"Faculty of Architecture, Urbanism and Geography, University of Concepcion, Chile","megafires (40,000 ha) are diverse ranging from tragic human loss, damaged homes, the loss of ecosystem and fundamental changes of their characteristics",None provided,None provided,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,Biogeography,Post fire environmental characteristics
9,Systemtatic,"Diakakis M, Nikolopoulos E, Mavroulis S, Vassilakis E, Korakaki E",Observational evidence on the effects of mega-fires on the frequency of hydrogeomorphic hazards. The case of the Peloponnese fires of 2007 in Greece.,2017,Science of the total environment ,Original research,Yes,Yes,Greece,Europe,0,No defined size,37.97,23.78,"Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli, Zografou GR15784, Greece","Mega-fires expand during extremely dry, hot and windy weather conditions and are fuelled by dense vegetation and unmanaged forest fuels (Williams et al., 2011). Most of the times mega-fires overwhelm themost advanced firefighting systems and organizations with consequences reaching beyond damages to property and infrastructure requiring a large commitment of financial and other resources (Omi, 2005).","Williams et al. 2011
Omi 2005","Williams, J., Albright, D., Hoffmann, A. A., Eritsov, A., Moore, P. F., Mendes De Morais, J. C., ... & Van Lierop, P. (2011, May). Findings and implications from a coarse-scale global assessment of recent selected mega-fires. In FAO at the Vth International Wildland Fire Conference. Sun City, South Africa (pp. 27-40).
Omi, P. N., 2005. Forest Fires, a Reference Handbook. Contemporary World Series, ABCCLIO, Santa Barbara, CA.",0,1,1,0,1,0,0,Geomorphology,hydrogeomorphic hazards
10,Systemtatic,"Fidelis A, Alvarado ST, Barradas ACS, Pivello VR",The year 2017: Megafires and management in the Cerrado. ,2018,Fire,Case report,Yes,Yes,Brazil,South America,100,0-1k ha,-22.4,-47.54,"Lab of Vegetation Ecology, Instituto de Bioci�ncias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Avenida 24-A 1515, Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil","Megafires are distinguished from other wildfires, not only by the huge extent of their burn�over 100, 500 or 1000 ha, depending on the classification adopted [12]�but also, and especially, because of their impact and the difficulty of extinguishing them [13]","Ferreira-Leite, et al. 2017
Scott et al. 2014","Ferreira-Leite, F., Ganho, N., Bento-Gon�alves, A., & Botelho, F. (2017). Iberian atmospheric dynamics and large forest fires in mainland Portugal. Agricultural and forest meteorology, 247, 551-559.
Scott, A.C.; Bowman, D.M.J.S.; Bond, W.J. 2014. Pyne, S.J.; Alexander, M.E. Fire on Earth: An Introduction; Wiley-Blackwell: Hoboken, NJ, USA.",1,0,1,0,1,0,0,Ecology,Fire management
11,Systemtatic,"French BJ, Prior LD, Williamson GJ, Bowman DM",Cause and effects of a megafire in sedge-heathland in the Tasmanian temperate wilderness.,2016,Australian Journal of Botany,Original research,Yes,Yes,Australia,Oceania,0,No defined size,-42.88,147.33,"School of Biological Sciences, Private Bag 55, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia.","Accordingly, we describe this fire as a megafire because of both the area burnt and its severity.",None provided,None provided,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,Ecology,vegetation response to fire 
13,Systemtatic,"Ganey JL, Wan HY, Cushman SA, Vojta CD","Conflicting perspectives on spotted owls, wildfire, and forest restoration.",2017,Fire Ecology,Opinion,Yes,Yes,USA,North America,10000,1k-10k ha,35.18,-111.66,"USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2500 South Pine Knoll Drive, Flagstaff, Arizona 86001, USA",large �megafires� (defined as fires that burned ?10 000 ha; Stephens et al. 2014b) that burned in 2013 (Rim Fire; Lee and Bond 2015a) or 2014 (King Fire; Jones et al. 2016) and that included areas that burned with high severity.,Stephens et al. 2014,"Stephens, S. L., Burrows, N., Buyantuyev, A., Gray, R. W., Keane, R. E., Kubian, R., ... & Van Wagtendonk, J. W. (2014). Temperate and boreal forest mega?fires: Characteristics and challenges. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 12(2), 115-122.",1,1,0,0,0,0,0,Ecology,fire impacts
17,Systemtatic,"Godfree RC, Knerr N, et al.",Implications of the 2019–2020 megafires for the biogeography and conservation of Australian vegetation.,2021,Nature communications,Original research,Yes,Yes,Australia,Oceania,100000,50k-100k ha,-35.27,149.11,"Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, CSIRO National Research Collections Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia.","Most megafires (here defined as >0.1 Mha) arose following the merging of multiple, independent large fires.",None provided,None provided,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,Ecology,impacts of fire on plants
18,Systemtatic,"Hagmann RK, Merschel AG, Reilly MJ","Historical patterns of fire severity and forest structure and composition in a landscape structured by frequent large fires: Pumice Plateau ecoregion, Oregon, USA.",2019, Landscape Ecology,Original research,Yes,Yes,USA,North America,40469,10k-50k ha,44.68,-123.24,"Applegate Forestry LLC, 28831 Tampico Road, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA","Recent increases in temperature and fire size (Westerling 2016) prompt use of the term ��megafire�� for fires[40,469 ha]. ",None provided,None provided,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,Ecology,Historical fire regimes
19,Systemtatic,"Jones GM, Gutiérrez R, Tempel DJ, Whitmore SA, Berigan WJ, Peery MZ",Megafires: an emerging threat to old‐forest species.,2016,Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,Original research,Yes,Yes,USA,North America,10000,1k-10k ha,43.08,-89.41,"Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin�Madison, Madison, WI","The frequency and severity of �megafires� (ie large wildfires >10,000 ha in extent [Stephens et al. 2014b])",Stephens et al. 2014,"Stephens, S. L., Burrows, N., Buyantuyev, A., Gray, R. W., Keane, R. E., Kubian, R., ... & Van Wagtendonk, J. W. (2014). Temperate and boreal forest mega?fires: Characteristics and challenges. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 12(2), 115-122.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,Ecology,Effects of megafire on owls
20,Systemtatic,Jung TS,Bats in the changing boreal forest: response to a megafire by endangered little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus),2020,Ecoscience,Original research,Yes,Yes,Canada,North America,40000,10k-50k ha,60.72,-135.07,"Department of Environment, Government of Yukon, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada","Globally, these changes in fire regimes have given rise to an era of so called �megafires�, which emphasises the increased occurrence of large scale (>40,000 ha), severe fires that have significant ecological and socio-economic impacts (Adams 2013; Stephens et al. 2014; Coen et al. 2018).","Stephens et al. 2014 
Adams 2013.
Coen et al. 2018","Stephens, S. L., Burrows, N., Buyantuyev, A., Gray, R. W., Keane, R. E., Kubian, R., ... & Van Wagtendonk, J. W. (2014). Temperate and boreal forest mega?fires: Characteristics and challenges. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 12(2), 115-122.
Adams, M.A. (2013). Mega-fires, tipping points and ecosystem services: Managing forests and woodlands in an uncertain future. Forest Ecology and Management 294, 250-261.
Coen, J. L., Stavros, E. N., & Fites?Kaufman, J. A. (2018). Deconstructing the King megafire. Ecological applications, 28(6), 1565-1580.",1,0,0,0,1,1,0,Ecology,Response of bats to fire
22,Systemtatic,"Khorshidi MS, Dennison PE, Nikoo MR, AghaKouchak A, Luce CH, Sadegh M",Increasing concurrence of wildfire drivers tripled megafire critical danger days in Southern California between1982 and 2018.,2020,Environmental Research Letters,Original research,Yes,Yes,Iran,Asia,27000,10k-50k ha,29.65,52.49,"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran","Megafires� were defined as fires in excess of 27 000 ha (66 700 acres), corresponding to the 99.98th percentile of fire size within the study area. This value coincides with the 99th percentile of fires larger than 40 ha (100 acres).",None provided,None provided,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,Biogeography,megafires are asociated with multiple drivers 
23,Systemtatic,"Kramer A, Jones GM, et al.",California spotted owl habitat selection in a fire-managed landscape suggests conservation benefit of restoring historical fire regimes.,2021,Forest Ecology and Management,Original research,Yes,Yes,USA,North America,40500,10k-50k ha,43.08,-89.41,"Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA","�megafires� (fires with an area of at least ~ 40,500 ha; Stephens et al., 2014b)",Stephens et al. 2014,"Stephens, S. L., Burrows, N., Buyantuyev, A., Gray, R. W., Keane, R. E., Kubian, R., ... & Van Wagtendonk, J. W. (2014). Temperate and boreal forest mega?fires: Characteristics and challenges. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 12(2), 115-122.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,Ecology,Owl respinse to small patch burns
24,Systemtatic,"Lindley T, Speheger DA, Day MA, Murdoch GP, Smith BR, Nauslar NJ, Daily DC",Megafires on the Southern Great Plains.,2019,Journal of Operational Meteorology,Original research,Yes,Yes,USA,North America,40500,10k-50k ha,35.24,-97.46,"�NOAA/National Weather Service, Norman, OK","To date, a specified size threshold for megafires has not been formally established, but in the United States, the National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC) has informally proposed 405 km2 (100 000 ac) as a minimal size definition for the phenomenon (Gabbert 2015 and NIFC, cited 2018).","Gabbert, B., 2015: 
NIFC 2018","Gabbert, B., 2015. Preliminary data indicates there have been 18 megafires this year. Wildfire Today October 7, 2015. [Available online at wildfiretoday.com/2015/10/07/
preliminary-data-indicates-there-have-been-18-megafires-this-year/].
NIFC, cited 2018: �The definition of a megafire is a wildfire that has burned 100,000 acres or more.� Facebook, 7 October 2015. [Available online at www.facebook.com/BLMFire/posts/1002825379774932].",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,Meterology,Weather conditions after a megafire
25,Systemtatic,"Mancini LD, Barbati A, Corona P",Geospatial analysis of woodland fire occurrence and recurrence in Italy.,2017,Annals of Silvicultural Research,Technical note,Yes,Yes,Italy,Europe,500,0-1k ha,42.43,12.09,"University of Tuscia, Dipartimento per l'innovazione nei sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali (UNITUS-DIBAF), Viterbo (Italy)","Following San-Miguel-Ayanz et al. (2013), in this work we have considered large fires those larger than 100 hectares and megafires those larger than 500 hectares.",San-Miguel-Ayanz et al. 2013.,"San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., Moreno, J. M., & Camia, A. (2013). Analysis of large fires in European Mediterranean landscapes: lessons learned and perspectives. Forest Ecology and Management, 294, 11-22.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,Biogeography,Occurance of large fires
27,Systemtatic,"Oliveira M, Delerue-Matos C, Pereira MC, Morais S", Environmental Particulate Matter Levels during 2017 Large Forest Fires and Megafires in the Center Region of Portugal: A Public Health Concern?,2020,International journal of environmental research and public health,Original research,Yes,Yes,Portugal,Europe,10000,1k-10k ha,41.18,-8.61,"REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Polit�cnico do Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal","megafires, i.e., fires that burn more than 10,000 ha (100 km2) of land, which are challenging the countries� capacity to their fighting and control.",European Commission�Forest Fires 2018,"Rego, F. M. C. C., Rodr�guez, J. M. M., Calzada, V. R. V., & Xanthopoulos, G. (2019). Forest fires: Sparking firesmart policies in the EU. Publications Office of the European Union: Brussels, Belgium, 2018.",1,0,1,0,0,0,0,Meterology,particulate levels from fires
28,Systemtatic,"Schofield LN, Eyes SA, Siegel RB, Stock SL",Habitat selection by spotted owls after a megafire in Yosemite National park.,2020,Forest Ecology and Management,Original research,Yes,Yes,USA,North America,10000,1k-10k ha,38.07,-122.81,"The Institute for Bird Populations, PO Box 1346, Point Reyes Station, CA 94956, United States","including so-called �megafires� that burn>10,000 ha at high severity (Stephens et al., 2014).",Stephens et al. 2014,"Stephens, S. L., Burrows, N., Buyantuyev, A., Gray, R. W., Keane, R. E., Kubian, R., ... & Van Wagtendonk, J. W. (2014). Temperate and boreal forest mega?fires: Characteristics and challenges. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 12(2), 115-122.",1,1,0,0,0,0,0,Ecology,Habitat selection by owls post fire
29,Systemtatic,"Siegel RB, Eyes SA, et al.","Short-term resilience of Great Gray Owls to a megafire in California, USA.",2019,The Condor: Ornithological Applications,Original research,Yes,Yes,USA,North America,10000,1k-10k ha,38.07,-122.81,"The Institute for Bird Populations, PO Box 1346, Point Reyes Station, CA 94956, United States","including uncharacteristically large �megafires,� generally defined as burning >10,000 ha (van Wagtendonk and Lutz 2007, Miller et al. 2009, Stephens et al. 2014).","Stephens et al. 2014 
van Wagtendonk and Lutz 2007
Miller et al. 2009. ","Stephens, S. L., Burrows, N., Buyantuyev, A., Gray, R. W., Keane, R. E., Kubian, R., ... & Van Wagtendonk, J. W. (2014). Temperate and boreal forest mega?fires: Characteristics and challenges. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 12(2), 115-122.
Van Wagtendonk, J. W., & Lutz, J. A. (2007). Fire regime attributes of wildland fires in Yosemite National Park, USA. Fire Ecology, 3(2), 34-52.
Miller, J. D., Safford, H. D., Crimmins, M., & Thode, A. E. (2009). Quantitative evidence for increasing forest fire severity in the Sierra Nevada and southern Cascade Mountains, California and Nevada, USA. Ecosystems, 12(1), 16-32.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,Ecology,Resilience of owls to megafire
30,Systemtatic,"Stillman AN, Siegel RB, Wilkerson RL, Johnson M, Tingley MW",Age‐dependent habitat relationships of a burned forest specialist emphasise the role of pyrodiversity in fire management.,2019,Journal of Applied Ecology,Original research,Yes,No,USA,North America,10000,1k-10k ha,41.81,-72.26,"Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut","of �megafires�, that is, large, severe wildfires >10,000 ha in extent (Stephens et al., 2014).",Stephens et al. 2014,"Stephens, S. L., Burrows, N., Buyantuyev, A., Gray, R. W., Keane, R. E., Kubian, R., ... & Van Wagtendonk, J. W. (2014). Temperate and boreal forest mega?fires: Characteristics and challenges. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 12(2), 115-122.",1,1,0,0,0,0,0,Ecology,habitat requirements post fire
31,Systemtatic,"Walker XJ, Rogers BM, et al.", Cross‐scale controls on carbon emissions from boreal forest megafires,2018,Global Change Biology,Original research,Yes,Yes,USA,North America,10000,1k-10k ha,35.18,-111.65,"Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA","fires that burn over 10,000 ha; termed mega-fires (Stephens et al., 2014).",Stephens et al. 2014,"Stephens, S. L., Burrows, N., Buyantuyev, A., Gray, R. W., Keane, R. E., Kubian, R., ... & Van Wagtendonk, J. W. (2014). Temperate and boreal forest mega?fires: Characteristics and challenges. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 12(2), 115-122.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,Biogeography,emissions from fire
32,Systemtatic,"Whitney JE, Gido KB, Pilger TJ, Propst DL, Turner TF",Consecutive wildfires affect stream biota in cold-and warmwater dryland river networks.,2015,Freshwater Science ,Original research,Yes,Yes,USA,North America,10000,1k-10k ha,39.19,-96.59,"Divison of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 USA",megafires (wildfires >100 km2),Stephens et al. 2014,"Stephens, S. L., Burrows, N., Buyantuyev, A., Gray, R. W., Keane, R. E., Kubian, R., ... & Van Wagtendonk, J. W. (2014). Temperate and boreal forest mega?fires: Characteristics and challenges. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 12(2), 115-122.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,Freshwater ecology,impacts of fire on stream biota
34,Systemtatic,"Xu W, He HS, Fraser JS, Hawbaker TJ, Henne PD, Duan S, Zhu Z",Spatially explicit reconstruction of post-megafire forest recovery through landscape modeling.,2020,Environmental Modelling & Software,Original research,Yes,Yes,USA,North America,10000,1k-10k ha,38.94,-92.32,"School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, 203 ABNR Bldg., Columbia, MO, 65211, USA","Fires that burned large areas with high intensity (areal extent > 100 km2, often called megafires) can cause abrupt changes to ecosystems and have distinctly different ecological effects from other fires (Bradstock, 2008; Keane et al., 2008; Stephens et al., 2014).",Stephens et al. 2014,"Stephens, S. L., Burrows, N., Buyantuyev, A., Gray, R. W., Keane, R. E., Kubian, R., ... & Van Wagtendonk, J. W. (2014). Temperate and boreal forest mega?fires: Characteristics and challenges. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 12(2), 115-122.",1,1,0,0,0,1,0,Ecology,Modelling post fire forest recovery
38,Systemtatic,"Maezumi, SY; Robinson, M; de Souza, J; Urrego, DH; Schaan, D; Alves, D; Iriarte, J",New Insights From Pre-Columbian Land Use and Fire Management in Amazonian Dark Earth Forests,2018,Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution,Original research,Yes,No,England,Europe,40468,10k-50k ha,50.74,-3.53,"Department of Archaeology, College of Humanities, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom","These changes have the potential to alter the composition and structure of Amazon ecosystems and increase the frequency of large-scale wildfires (>100,000 acres; henceforth �mega-fires�) (Cochrane, 2009). ",Cochrane 2009.,"Cochrane, M. A. (2009). Fire in the tropics. In Tropical fire ecology (pp. 1-23). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,Archaeology,Historical land use and fire management 
40,Systemtatic,"Pliscoff, P; Folchi, M; Aliste, E; Cea, D; Simonetti, JA",Chile mega-fire 2017: An analysis of social representation of forest plantation territory,2020,Applied Geography,Original research,Yes,Yes,Chile,South America,0,No defined size,-33.5,-70.62,"Instituto de Geograf�a, Facultad de Historia, Geograf�a y Ciencia Pol�tica, Pontificia Universidad Cat.olica De Chile, Av. Vicu~na Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Santiago, Chile�","Mega-fires understood as complex events involving extreme weather conditions and catastrophic fires (Tedim et al., 2018)",Tedim et al. 2018,"Tedim, F., Leone, V., Amraoui, M., Bouillon, C., Coughlan, M. R., Delogu, G. M., ... & Xanthopoulos, G. (2018). Defining extreme wildfire events: difficulties, challenges, and impacts. Fire, 1(1), 9.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,Geography,Social representation of megafires from multiple stakeholders
43,Systemtatic,"Maxwell, CJ; Serra-Diaz, JM; Scheller, RM; Thompson, JR",Co-designed management scenarios shape the responses of seasonally dry forests to changing climate and fire regimes,2020,Journal of Applied Ecology,Original research,Yes,No,USA,North America,100000,50k-100k ha,35.78,-78.68,"Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","Virtually, all replicates from all scenarios and climate projections had at least one mega-fire (size >100,000 ha) ",None provided,None provided,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,Applied ecology,creating fire mamagement scenarios
44,Systemtatic,"Gustafsson, L; Berglind, M; Granstrom, A; Grelle, A; Isacsson, G; Kjellander, P; Larsson, S; Lindh, M; Pettersson, LB; Strengbom, J; Stridh, B; Savstrom, T; Thor, G; Wikars, LO; Mikusinski, G",Rapid ecological response and intensified knowledge accumulation following a north European mega-fire,2019,Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research,Original research,Yes,Yes,Sweden,Europe,10000,1k-10k ha,59.82,17.66,"Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden","mega-fire (fire covering >10,000 ha; Stephens et al. (2014)) ",Stephens et al. 2014,"Stephens, S. L., Burrows, N., Buyantuyev, A., Gray, R. W., Keane, R. E., Kubian, R., ... & Van Wagtendonk, J. W. (2014). Temperate and boreal forest mega?fires: Characteristics and challenges. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 12(2), 115-122.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,Ecology,Habitat response to megafire
45,Systemtatic,"Groisman, P; Shugart, H; Kicklighter, D; Henebry, G; Tchebakova, N; Maksyutov, S; Monier, E; Gutman, G; Gulev, S; Qi, JG; Prishchepov, A; Kukavskaya, E; Porfiriev, B; Shiklomanov, A; Loboda, T; Shiklomanov, N; Nghiem, S; Bergen, K; Albrechtova, J; Chen, JQ; Shahgedanova, M; Shvidenko, A; Speranskaya, N; Soja, A; de Beurs, K; Bulygina, O; McCarty, J; Zhuang, QL; Zolina, O",Northern Eurasia Future Initiative (NEFI): facing the challenges and pathways of global change in the twenty-first century,2017,Progress in Earth and Planetary Science,Review,Yes,No,USA,North America,0,No defined size,35.59,-82.56,"NEESPI Project Scientist, NC State University Research Scholar, NOAA National Centers for Environment Information, Federal Building, 151 Patton Avenue, Asheville, NC 28801, USA","defined as fires that involve high suppression costs, property losses, natural resource damages, and loss of life (Williams 2013)","Williams, 2013","Williams, J. (2013). Exploring the onset of high-impact mega-fires through a forest land management prism. Forest Ecology and Management 294, 4-10.",0,0,1,0,1,1,1,Biogeography,Dealing with global changes in earth's systems
47,Systemtatic,"Collins, L; Bradstock, RA; Clarke, H; Clarke, MF; Nolan, RH; Penman, TD",The 2019/2020 mega-fires exposed Australian ecosystems to an unprecedented extent of high-severity fire,2021,Environmental Research Letters,Original research,Yes,Yes,Australia,Oceania,100000,50k-100k ha,-37.42,143.9,"School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia","The definition of �mega-fire� varies across biomes and studies, and may incorporate Here, we define a �mega-fire� as a wildfire or wildfire complex that encompasses more than 100 000 ha of native woody vegetation.",Adams  2013 ,"Adams, M.A. (2013). Mega-fires, tipping points and ecosystem services: Managing forests and woodlands in an uncertain future. Forest Ecology and Management 294, 250-261.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,Ecology,Impact of megafires on vegetation
50,Systemtatic,"Adams, MA","Mega-fires, tipping points and ecosystem services: Managing forests and woodlands in an uncertain future",2013,Forest Ecology and Management,Review,Yes,Yes,Australia,Oceania,100000,50k-100k ha,-33.9,151.2,"Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, University of Sydney, Level 4 Biomedical Building, Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia",large-scale (e.g. >10^5 Ha) fires of high intensity (here referred to as mega-fires),None provided,None provided,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,Forest Ecology,Understanding megafire and how to manage it
52,Systemtatic,"Tedim, F; Remelgado, R; Borges, C; Carvalho, S; Martins, J",Exploring the occurrence of mega-fires in Portugal,2013,Forest Ecology and Management,Original research,Yes,Yes,Portugal,Europe,0,No defined size,41.15,-8.63,"Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Letras, Via Panor�mica, s/n, 4150-564 Porto, Portugal","It is not possible to establish an absolute threshold to define mega-fires that is universal, because landscape characteristics are very different around the world. Mega-fires size can only be considered in reference to each country. Hyde and Williams (2007) defined as mega-fire threshold the ��historical measure of the large fire��. However, just because a fire is large it does not necessarily mean that it is a disaster (Keane et al., 2008).",None provided (contested),None provided,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,Forest Ecology,Occurances of megafire
53,Systemtatic,"Williams, J",Exploring the onset of high-impact mega-fires through a forest land management prism,2013,Forest Ecology and Management,Original research,Yes,Yes,USA,North America,0,No defined size,46.84,-114.06,"United States Forest Service, 1604 Jackson Street, Missoula, MT 59802, United States","Omi (2005) defined mega-fires as ��large project fires that require more people, more equipment, and greater commitment of financial resources.�� While they are commonly very large, a few are quite small. Some are actually a complex of multiple large fires burning in close proximity to one another over a wide geographic area. Regardless of size, though, some mega-fires carry enormous and often lasting un-wanted human, economic, and environmental consequences.",Omi 2005,"Omi, P. N., 2005. Forest Fires, a Reference Handbook. Contemporary World Series, ABCCLIO, Santa Barbara, CA.",1,0,1,0,1,1,1,Forest Ecology,Impacts of megafire
55,Systemtatic,"Waltz, AEM; Stoddard, MT; Kalies, EL; Springer, JD; Huffman, DW; Meador, AS","Effectiveness of fuel reduction treatments: Assessing metrics of forest resiliency and wildfire severity after the Wallow Fire, AZ",2014,Forest Ecology and Management,Original research,Yes,Yes,USA,North America,0,No defined size,35.18,-111.65,"Ecological Restoration Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5017, United States","shows increasing probability of occurrence of these uncharacteristically large and severe fires, also called ��mega-fires�� (Freid et al., 2004; Westerling et al., 2006; Karl et al., 2009; Littell et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2010).","Liu et al., 2010","Liu, Y., Stanturf, J., & Goodrick, S. (2010). Trends in global wildfire potential in a changing climate. Forest ecology and management, 259(4), 685-697.",1,1,0,0,0,0,0,Forest Ecology,Effectivness of hazard reduction burns 
56,Systemtatic,"Stephens, SL; Burrows, N; Buyantuyev, A; Gray, RW; Keane, RE; Kubian, R; Liu, SR; Seijo, F; Shu, LF; Tolhurst, KG; van Wagtendonk, JW",Temperate and boreal forest mega-fires: characteristics and challenges,2014,Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,Review,Yes,No,USA,North America,10000,1k-10k ha,37.87,-122.26,"Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA","Many researchers believe that large fires (those with an areal extent > 10 000 ha, often termed �mega-fires�) are ecological disasters because they burn vast areas of land and are characterized by high intensities that are seemingly outside of observed historical ranges (Figure 1; Daniel et al. 2007; Bradstock 2008). ...Although often defined according to their size, mega-fires are more accurately characterized according to their impacts on human society (Williams�et al. 2011;�Williams 2013). Although often defined according to their size, mega-fires are more accurately characterized according to their impacts on human society (Williams et al. 2011; Williams 2013)...Mega-fires differ from historical fires in several ways. Mega-fires are more difficult and costly to fight, and their subsequent effects may be more economically demanding (Butry 2001; Adams 2013). Such fires tend to involve more firefighters working in dangerous conditions, therefore increasing the chance of human casualties. Because of their great size, mega-fires also tend to affect more people and destroy more property, especially at the urban�wildland interface (Figure 1a; Hudak et al. 2011). Finally, mega-fires produce more smoke over shorter time periods, which often results in degraded air quality and poses serious public-health hazards to nearby populations, sometimes for months (Leenhouts 1998). ","Williams et al. 2011
Williams  2013
Adams 2013 
Butry 2001","Williams, J., Albright, D., Hoffmann, A. A., Eritsov, A., Moore, P. F., Mendes De Morais, J. C., ... & Van Lierop, P. (2011, May). Findings and implications from a coarse-scale global assessment of recent selected mega-fires. In FAO at the Vth International Wildland Fire Conference. Sun City, South Africa (pp. 27-40).
Williams, J. (2013). Exploring the onset of high-impact mega-fires through a forest land management prism. Forest Ecology and Management 294, 4-10.
Adams, M.A. (2013). Mega-fires, tipping points and ecosystem services: Managing forests and woodlands in an uncertain future. Forest Ecology and Management 294, 250-261.
Butry, D. T., Mercer, E. D., Prestemon, J. P., Pye, J. M., & Holmes, T. P. (2001). What is the price of catastrophic wildfire?. Journal of Forestry, 99(11), 9-17.",1,0,0,1,1,0,1,Ecology,review of megafire
57,Systemtatic,"Dimitrakopoulos, A; Gogi, C; Stamatelos, G; Mitsopoulos, I",Statistical Analysis of the Fire Environment of Large Forest Fires (> 1000 ha) in Greece,2011,Polish Journal of Environmental Studies,Original research,Yes,No,Greece,Europe,1000,0-1k ha,40.63,22.96,"School of Forestry and Natural Environment, University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 228, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece","�Mega-fires� are extraordinary, in terms of their size, complexity, and resistance to control. These few wildfires, often burning under extreme fire weather conditions and exhibiting extreme fire behavior characteristics, exceed all efforts at conventional control, until relief in weather or a break in fuel occurs [40].",Williams 2005,"Williams, J., Hamilton, L., Mann, R., Rounsaville, M., Leonard, H., Daniels, O. and Bunnell, D., 2005. The mega-fire phenomenon: toward a more effective management model. A concept paper. Brookings Institution. (Washington, DC, USA) Available at http://www.bushfirecrc.com/sites/default/files/managed/resource/mega-fire_concept_paper_september_20_. ",1,1,1,0,0,0,0,Fire Science,Assessing the damage of very large fires
58,Systemtatic,"Tedim, F; Remelgado, R; Martins, J; Carvalho, S",The largest forest fires in Portugal: the constraints of burned area size on the comprehension of fire severity,2015,Journal of Environmental Biology,Original research,Yes,No,Portugal,Europe,0,No defined size,41.15,-8.62,"Universidade do Porto, Pra�a de Gomes Teixeira, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal","Mega-fires exceed all efforts at direct control even in the best prepared regions of the world (Stephens and Ruth, 2005; Bartlett et al, 2007; Ozturk et al, 2010; Williams, 2010). ","Stephens and Ruth, 2005
Bartlett et al, 2007
Ozturk et al, 2010
Williams, 2010","Stephens, S. L., & Ruth, L. W. (2005). Federal forest?fire policy in the United States. Ecological applications, 15(2), 532-542.
Bartlett, T., Leonard, M., & Morgan, G. (2007). The megafire phenomenon: some Australian perspectives. In The 2007 Institute of Foresters of Australia and New Zealand Institute of Forestry Conference; Institute of Foresters of Australia: Canberra, Australia.
Ozturk, M., Gucel, S., Kucuk, M., & Sakcali, S. (2010). Forest diversity, climate change and forest fires in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Journal of environmental Biology, 31(1), 1.
Williams, J. (2010, May). The 1910 Fires a century later: Could they happen again. In Proceedings of the Inland Empire Society of American Foresters Annual Meeting, Wallace, ID, USA (pp. 20-22).",0,0,1,0,0,0,0,Fire Science,Understanding trends in increasingly common large fires
59,Systemtatic,"Maditinos, Z; Vassiliadis, C",Mega fires: can they be managed effectively?,2011,Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal.,Review,Yes,Yes,Greece,Europe,0,No defined size,40.63,22.96,"University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece","These mega fires are characterised by multiple initial fire spots, individual fronts merged into a single super front, extremely high fire line intensity, very long duration and a very large extent of burnt area (Eftichidis, 2007). ","Eftichidis, 2007","Eftichidis, G., 2007. Mega fires: a new disasters issue in Greece. In: SHIFT 2007 Conference, Potsdam (4�5 October).",1,1,0,0,0,0,0,Fire Science,Understading and managing megafires
60,Systemtatic,"Smith, DS; Fettig, SM; Bowker, MA",Elevated Rocky Mountain elk numbers prevent positive effects of fire on quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) recruitment,2016,Forest Ecology and Management,Original research,Yes,Yes,USA,North America,0,No defined size,35.18,-111.65,"Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, PO Box 5640, 617 S. Beaver St., Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5640, United States","��megafires� � fires of large areal extent, often with high intensity and resistance to control","Attiwill and Binkley 2013
Stephens et al., 2014
Williams, 2013","Attiwill, P., & Binkley, D. (2013). Exploring the Mega-fire Reality 2011: A Forest Ecology and Management Conference, Florida State University Conference Center, Florida, USA, 14-17 November 2011. Forest Ecology and Management, 294, 1-261.
Stephens, S. L., Burrows, N., Buyantuyev, A., Gray, R. W., Keane, R. E., Kubian, R., ... & Van Wagtendonk, J. W. (2014). Temperate and boreal forest mega?fires: Characteristics and challenges. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 12(2), 115-122.
Williams, J. (2013). Exploring the onset of high-impact mega-fires through a forest land management prism. Forest Ecology and Management 294, 4-10.",0,1,1,0,0,0,0,Ecology,How elk and tree's interact after megafire
62,Systemtatic,"Ager, AA; Day, MA; McHugh, CW; Short, K; Gilbertson-Day, J; Finney, MA; Calkin, DE",Wildfire exposure and fuel management on western US national forests,2014,Journal of Environmental Management,Original research,Yes,No,USA,North America,0,No defined size,45.64,-118.68,"DA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Western Wildland Environmental Threat Assessment Center, 75210 Coyote Road, Pendleton, OR 97801, USA","Mega-fires in the western US (Williams, 2013) overwhelm suppression efforts and burn through large areas of wildlands, destroying infrastructure and homes, and damaging scenic and ecological values.","Williams, 2013","Williams, J. (2013). Exploring the onset of high-impact mega-fires through a forest land management prism. Forest Ecology and Management 294, 4-10.",1,0,1,0,1,1,0,Fire Science,Creating predictive models for wildlifre
64,Systemtatic,"Bytnerowicz, A; Hsu, YM; Percy, K; Legge, A; Fenn, ME; Schilling, S; Fraczek, W; Alexander, D",Ground-level air pollution changes during a boreal wildland mega-fire,2016,Science of the Total Environment,Original research,Yes,Yes,USA,North America,10000,1k-10k ha,33.96,-117.33,"USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 4955 Canyon Crest Drive, Riverside, CA 92507, USA�","Large wildland fires burning over 10,000 ha are termed mega-fires.",Stephens et al. 2014,"Stephens, S. L., Burrows, N., Buyantuyev, A., Gray, R. W., Keane, R. E., Kubian, R., ... & Van Wagtendonk, J. W. (2014). Temperate and boreal forest mega?fires: Characteristics and challenges. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 12(2), 115-122.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,Atmospheric science,Estimating polution from MF
65,Systemtatic,"Zhang, R; Qu, JJ; Liu, YQ; Hao, XJ; Huang, CQ; Zhan, XW",Detection of burned areas from mega-fires using daily and historical MODIS surface reflectance,2015,International Journal of Remote Sensing,Original research,Yes,Yes,USA,North America,0,No defined size,38.98,-76.94,"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA","There is no quantitative definition for a �mega-fire�, but this term usually refers to extraordinary fire incidents in terms of their size, complexity, and resistance to control (Williams et al. 2005).",Williams. 2005. ,"Williams, J., Hamilton, L., Mann, R., Rounsaville, M., Leonard, H., Daniels, O. and Bunnell, D., 2005. The mega-fire phenomenon: toward a more effective management model. A concept paper. Brookings Institution. (Washington, DC, USA) Available at http://www.bushfirecrc.com/sites/default/files/managed/resource/mega-fire_concept_paper_september_20_. ",1,0,1,0,0,0,0,Remote sensing,Detecting burned areas
67,Systemtatic,"Springer, JD; Huffman, DW; Stoddard, MT; Meador, AJS; Waltz, AEM",Plant community dynamics following hazardous fuel treatments and mega-wildfire in a warm-dry mixed-conifer forest of the USA,2018,Forest Ecology and Management,Original research,Yes,Yes,USA,North America,10000,1k-10k ha,35.18,-111.65,"Ecological Restoration Institute, Northern Arizona University, P.O. Box 15017, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5017, USA","Mega-fires are often defined by their size (e.g. > 10,000 ha) while also carrying �enormous and often lasting unwanted human, economic, and environmental consequences� and frequently result in wide ranging political actions (Williams, 2013).","Williams, 2013","Williams, J. (2013). Exploring the onset of high-impact mega-fires through a forest land management prism. Forest Ecology and Management 294, 4-10.",1,0,0,0,1,1,1,Soil science,How soil changes after megafire
68,Systemtatic,"Merino, A; Jimenez, E; Fernandez, C; Fonturbel, MT; Campo, J; Vega, JA",Soil organic matter and phosphorus dynamics after low intensity prescribed burning in forests and shrubland,2019,Journal of Environmental Management,Original research,Yes,No,Spain,Europe,0,No defined size,42.89,-8.55,"University of Santiago de Compostela, Escuela Polit�cnica Superior, Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Lugo, Spain","Frequency and the extent of mega-wildfires (i.e., large fires that require more people, more equipment, and greater commitment of financial resources, sensu Omi, 2005),",Omi 2005,"Omi, P. N., 2005. Forest Fires, a Reference Handbook. Contemporary World Series, ABCCLIO, Santa Barbara, CA.",0,0,1,0,1,0,0,Fire Science,Understanding soil science after fire
69,Systemtatic,"San-Miguel-Ayanz J., Moreno J.M., Camia A.",Analysis of large fires in European Mediterranean landscapes: Lessons learned and perspectives,2013,Forest Ecology and Management,Original research,Yes,Yes,Italy,Europe,0,No defined size,45.8,8.63,"European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Via Fermi 2749, Ispra I-21027, Italy","megafires often refers to those fire events that cause catastrophic damages in terms of human casualties, economic losses, or both....These extreme episodes are often referred to as ��megafires.�� However, there is neither an agreed definition of the term megafires nor an established common set of parameters to characterize them",None provided,None provided,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,Forest Ecology and Management,Understanding and analysins fires 
70,Added,"Pausas JG, Keeley JE",Wildfires and global change.,2021,Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,Review,Yes,No,Spain,Europe,0,No defined size,39.59,-0.39,"Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificaci�n, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CIDE-CSIC), Montcada, Spain","Wildfires at the extreme of the frequency size distribution for a given ecosystem, typically megafires are outliers (in a statistical sense) in relation to the historical fire size distribution. They are often driven by strong winds and/or high and continuous fuel loads (ie wind-driven or fuel-driven wildfires).",None provided,None provided,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,Ecology,Review of what fuels fire
71,Added,"Martinsson J, Pedehontaa-Hiaa G, Malmborg V, Madsen D, Rääf C",Experimental wildfire induced mobility of radiocesium in a boreal forest environment.,2021,Science of The Total Environment,Origional research,Yes,No,Sweden,Europe,10000,1k-10k ha,55.71,13.2,"Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Lund, Box 118, 221 00, Sweden",which can thus be qualified as a megafire (>10 000 ha) according to Stephens et al.(2014).,Stephens et al. 2014,"Stephens, S. L., Burrows, N., Buyantuyev, A., Gray, R. W., Keane, R. E., Kubian, R., ... & Van Wagtendonk, J. W. (2014). Temperate and boreal forest mega?fires: Characteristics and challenges. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 12(2), 115-122.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,Atmospheric science,measuring emissions released from a fire
73,Added,"Liu Y, Stanturf J, Goodrick S",Trends in global wildfire potential in a changing climate,2010,Forest ecology and management ,,Yes,No,USA,North America,0,No defined size,33.94,-83.37,"Center for Forest Disturbance Science, US Forest Service, 320 Green St., Athens, GA 30602, United States","A recent phenomenon dubbed mega-fires (Williams, 2004) is the recognitionthat somefires are simply beyond our control, regardless of the type, kind, or number of firefighting resources deployed.","Williams, 2004","Williams, J. (2004). Managing fire-dependent ecosystems: We need a public lands policy debate. Fire Management Today, 64(2), 6-11. ",0,0,1,0,0,0,0,Forest ecology,Global wildlife under climate change
74,Added,"Gill AM, Stephens SL",Scientific and social challenges for the management of fire-prone wildland�urban interfaces.,2009,Environmental Research Letters,Original research,Yes,No,Australia,Oceania,0,No defined size,-35.28,149.11,"Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 0200, Australia","Such tragic fires at the RUI fit the �megafire� category of fire situations �where operational limitations, public anxieties, media scrutiny and political pressures collide� (Williams 2005; see also Stephens and Ruth 2005).",Williams 2005; see also Stephens and Ruth 2005,"Williams, J., Hamilton, L., Mann, R., Rounsaville, M., Leonard, H., Daniels, O. and Bunnell, D., 2005. The mega-fire phenomenon: toward a more effective management model. A concept paper. Brookings Institution. (Washington, DC, USA) Available at http://www.bushfirecrc.com/sites/default/files/managed/resource/mega-fire_concept_paper_september_20_.
Stephens, S. L., & Ruth, L. W. (2005). Federal forest?fire policy in the United States. Ecological applications, 15(2), 532-542.

",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,Forest ecology,managing the impacts of fire
75,Added,"Stephens SL, Ruth LW", Federal forest?fire policy in the United States.,2005,Ecological applications,Original research,Yes,No,USA,North America,0,No defined size,37.87,-122.26,"1Division of Ecosystem Science, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, 151 Hilgard Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-3110 USA","The largest fires, classified as ��megafires�� by public agencies, produce extreme fire behavior mainly because of severe fire weather and substantial accumulations of fuels. It is common for fire-suppression agencies to commit a large amount of resources to fight these fires even though the probability of success is very low.",None provided,None provided,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,Fire policy,Legislative reform of fire policy