Halechiniscus subterraneus n. sp. (Renaud-Debyser 1959 a)
Halechiniscus subterraneus Renaud-Debyser, 1959 (Pollock 1975 b, Grimaldi de Zio et al. 1982 b) H. subterraneus, Renaud Debyser 1959
H. subterraneus Renaud-Debyser, 1959 (D’Addabbo Gallo et al. 1987, Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo 1987)
Hemitanarctus subterraneus (Grimaldi de Zio et al. 1995 / 1996)
Dipodarctus cf. subterraneous (Renaud-Debyser, 1959) (Hansen et al. 2001) Dipodarctus subterraneus (Sandulli et al. 1999, Accogli et al. 2011)
Dipodarctus subterraneus (Renaud-Mornant, 1959) (Grimaldi de Zio et al. 2003) Terra typica: Atlantic Ocean (Commonwealth of the Bahamas)
Adriatic Sea:
• 42 °08′N, 15 ° 30 ′E; 5–20 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, San Domino Island, Punta Diamante, coarse organogenic detritus. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)
• 42 °09′00′′N, 15 ° 30 ′00′′E [42 °08′N, 15 ° 31 ′E]; 5–38 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, Caprara [Capraia] Island, Cala dei Turchi, coarse organogenic detritus. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)
• 42 °07′N, 15 ° 31 ′E [42 °08′N, 15 ° 31 ′E]; 5–20 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, San Nicola, Punta del Cimitero, coarse organogenic detritus. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)
• 42 °08′N, 15 ° 29 ′E [42 °07′N, 15 ° 30 ′E]; 5–20 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, San Domino Island, I Pagliai, coarse organogenic detritus. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)
• 42 °06′N, 15 ° 28 ′E; 2–4 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, San Domino Island, Punta Zio Cesare, cave Grotta delle Murene, 0–10 cm depth, 80 % coarse organogenic sand, 3 % silt and clay, (mean diameter = 0.125 mm). Sandulli et al. (1999), Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001)
• 42 °06 ′ N, 15 ° 28 ′E; 3 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, southern area of San Domino Island, in the proximity of Punta Zio Cesare, submarine cave Grotta delle Murene, cave’s entrance, coarse organogenic detritus. D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (2001), Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001)
• 42 °06 ′ N, 15 ° 28 ′E; 3 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, southern area of San Domino Island, in the proximity of Punta Zio Cesare, submarine cave Grotta delle Murene, the middle of the cave, coarse organogenic detritus. D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (2001), Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001)
• 42 °06 ′ N, 15 ° 28 ′E; 2 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, southern area of San Domino Island, in the proximity of Punta Zio Cesare, submarine cave Grotta delle Murene, the end of the cave, coarse organogenic detritus. D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (2001), Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001)
• 42 °06 ′ N, 15 ° 29 ′E; 10 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, southern area of San Domino Island, in the proximity of Punta Zio Cesare, submarine cave Grotta delle Viole, external cave’s entrance, coarse organogenic detritus. D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (2001), Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)
• 42 °06 ′ N, 15 ° 29 ′E; 9 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, southern area of San Domino Island, in the proximity of Punta Zio Cesare, submarine cave Grotta delle Viole, ca. 10 m from the cave’s entrance, coarse organogenic detritus. D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (2001), Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)
• 42 °06 ′ N, 15 ° 29 ′E; 7 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, southern area of San Domino Island, in the proximity of Punta Zio Cesare, submarine cave Grotta delle Viole, ca. 20 m from the cave’s entrance, coarse organogenic detritus. D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (2001), Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)
• 42 °06 ′ N, 15 ° 29 ′E; 5 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, southern area of San Domino Island, in the proximity of Punta Zio Cesare, submarine cave Grotta delle Viole, internal opening, coarse organogenic detritus. D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (2001), Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)
• 42 °06′N, 15 ° 29 ′E; 5–10 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, San Domino Island, Punta Zio Cesare, cave Grotta delle Viole, 0–10 cm depth, 80 % coarse organogenic sand, 3 % silt and clay, (mean diameter = 0.125 mm). Sandulli et al. (1999), Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)
• 42 °06′N, 15 ° 29 ′E; 5–20 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Foggia Province, Tremiti Islands, San Domino Island, Punta del Diavolo, coarse organogenic detritus. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)
• 40 ° 57 ′ 30 ′′N, 17 ° 17 ′ 30 ′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Bari Province, Cala Corvina. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1995 / 1996)
• 40 ° 34.38 ′N, 18 ° 0 9.49 ′E ; 10 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Brindisi Province, Mattarelle [Torre Mattarelle], ENEL power station, coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)
• 40 ° 34 ′ 34 ′′N, 18 °02′ 90 ′′E [40 ° 34 ′N, 18 °03′E]; 0 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Brindisi Province, Mattarelle [Torre Mattarelle]. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)
• 40 ° 32.78 ′N, 18 °06. 75 ′E; 10 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Brindisi Province, Lendinuso, coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)
• 40 ° 32.78 ′N, 18 °06. 75 ′E; 50 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Brindisi Province, Lendinuso, mud. Accogli et al. (2011)
• 40 ° 31.59 ′N, 18 °05. 51 ′E; 10 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Brindisi Province, Lendinuso, coarse sand in Posidonia meadows. Accogli et al. (2011)
• 40 ° 31.59 ′N, 18 °05. 51 ′E; 20 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Brindisi Province, Lendinuso, coarse sand in Posidonia meadows. Accogli et al. (2011)
• 40 ° 27.24 ′N, 18 ° 14.63 ′E ; 10 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Lecce Province, Lecce Bacino (San Cataldo), coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)
• 40 ° 27.17 ′N, 18 ° 14.58 ′E ; 10 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Lecce Province, Lecce Bacino (San Cataldo), coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)
• 40 ° 27.24 ′N, 18 ° 14.63 ′E [40 ° 22 ′N, 18 ° 20 ′E]; 10 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Lecce Province, Ceisne (Marne protected area), coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)
• 40 ° 27.17 ′N, 18 ° 14.58 ′E [40 ° 22 ′N, 18 ° 20 ′E]; 10 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Lecce Province, Ceisne (Marne protected area), coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)
• 40 °03′N, 17 ° 41 ′E / 40 °03′ 17 ′′N, 17 ° 45 ′ 58 ′′E [41 °04′N, 17 °05′E]; 3 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Bari Province, near Bari, Mola di Bari-Porto Colombo, 150 m offshore of Porto Colombo, sand, sand at the edge of the Posidonia seagrass meadow, sand inside Posidonia seagrass meadow and coarse shell gravel. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)
Atlantic Ocean:
• 61 ° 17 ′ 42 ′′N, 08° 32 ′ 18 ′′W; 104–260 m bsl; [FAO 27] Faroe Islands, Faroe Bank, shell gravel, coarse shell gravel, carbonate fine sand, carbonate sand, or fine shell sand. Hansen et al. (2001)
• 25 ° 43 ′N, 79 ° 18 ′W; 0 m bsl: [FAO 31] Type Locality: Commonwealth of the Bahamas, Bimini Island, Sharktown Beach, near entrance to Bimini lagoon, interstitial sample. Renaud-Debyser (1959 a)
• 22 ° 23 ′N, 73 ° 30 ′W [22 ° 36 ′N, 73 ° 30 ′W]; 0–3 bsl/ 0.1 m bsl: [FAO 31] Commonwealth of the Bahamas, between Crooked and Mayaguna Islands, East Plana Cay, S coast beach, mid-tidal level, coralline sand. Pollock (1975 b)
• 8 ° 25 ′ 20 ′′S, 34 ° 54 ′00′′W [08° 27 ′S, 34 ° 59 ′W]; 0 m bsl: [FAO 41] Brazil, Pernambuco State, Cupe Beach, macroalgae Halimeda opuntia. da Rocha et al. (2009)
Balearic Sea:
• 40 ° 49 ′N, 08° 30 ′E; 7 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Sardinia, Sassari Province, Gulf of Asinara, medium and medium fine sand. D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (2007)
• 40 ° 20 ′N, 08° 22 ′E; 0 and 20 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Sardinia, Sassari or Oristano Province, Gulf of Alghero, medium sand. D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (2007)
Black Sea:
• 41 ° 28.68 ′N, 29 ° 14.81 ′E / 41 ° 29 ′N, 29 ° 15 ′E; 122 m bsl: [FAO 37] Turkey, Istanbul Province, Bosporus Strait outlet area, 0–10 cm in depth, detritus sediment and black mud. Kharkevych & Sergeeva (2013)
• 41 ° 23.29 ′N, 29 ° 12.24 ′E / 41 ° 23 ′N, 29 ° 12 ′E; 88 m bsl: [FAO 37] Turkey, Istanbul Province, Bosporus Strait outlet area, 0–10 cm in depth, detritus sediment. Kharkevych & Sergeeva (2013)
Indian Ocean:
• 03° 57 ′N, 73 ° 25 ′E; 5–37 m bsl: [FAO 51] Republic of the Maldives, Male Sud Atoll, coarse sand. Gallo et al. (2007)
• 03° 29 ′N, 72 ° 47 ′E; 15–58 m bsl: [FAO 51] Republic of the Maldives, Ari Sud Atoll, coarse and medium sand. Gallo et al. (2007)
• 04° 19 ′S, 55 ° 52 ′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO 51] Republic of Seychelles, Coco [Cocos] Island, coarse sand. Gallo et al. (2007)
Ionian Sea:
• 40 ° 15.40 ′N, 17 ° 52.57 ′E; 10 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Lecce Province, Porto Cesareo (marine protected area), coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)
• 40 ° 15.40 ′N, 17 ° 52.57 ′E; 20 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Lecce Province, Porto Cesareo (marine protected area), coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)
• 40 ° 15.37 ′N, 17 ° 52.83 ′E; 10 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Lecce Province, Porto Cesareo (marine protected area), coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)
• 40 ° 15.37 ′N, 17 ° 52.83 ′E; 20 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Lecce Province, Porto Cesareo (marine protected area), very fine sand. Accogli et al. (2011)
• 40 ° 13.94 ′N, 17 ° 54.54 ′E; 10 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Lecce Province, San Isidoro, coarse sand. Accogli et al.
(2011)
• 40 ° 13.94 ′N, 17 ° 54.54 ′E; 20 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Lecce Province, San Isidoro, coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)
• 40 ° 13 ′ 90 ′′N, 17 ° 54 ′ 59 ′′E [ 40 ° 13 ′N, 17 ° 55 ′E]; 0 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Lecce Province, San Isidoro [Sant’Isidoro]. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)
• 40 ° 12.94 ′N, 17 ° 5.07 ′E [40 ° 13 ′N, 17 ° 55 ′E]; 10 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Lecce Province, San Isidoro, coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)
• 40 ° 12.94 ′N, 17 ° 5.07 ′E [40 ° 13 ′N, 17 ° 55 ′E]; 20 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Lecce Province, San Isidoro, medium sand. Accogli et al. (2011)
• 40 °08′ 44 ′′N, 17 ° 58 ′05′′E; 12 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Lecce Province, N of Catania, Nard, Grotta Cattedrale, subtidal, detritus. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1982 b, 1983 b)
• 39 ° 55.55 ′N, 18 °02.81′E ; 10 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Lecce Province, Torre San Giovanni Mancaversa, sand, coarse organogenous debris. Accogli et al. (2011)
• 39 ° 55.22 ′N, 18 °02.29′E ; 10 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Lecce Province, Torre San Giovanni Mancaversa, fine sand. Accogli et al. (2011)
• 39 ° 55.22 ′N, 18 °02.29′E ; 20 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Lecce Province, Torre San Giovanni Mancaversa, fine sand. Accogli et al. (2011)
• 39 ° 55 ′ 55 ′′N, 18 °02′ 71 ′′E [39 ° 54 ′N, 18 °06′E]; 0 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Lecce Province, San Giovanni [Torre San Giovanni]. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)
• 39 ° 52 ′ 53 ′′N, 18 ° 6 ′ 10 ′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Lecce Province, Ugento. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1995 / 1996)
• 39 ° 52 ′00′′N, 16 ° 42 ′ 30 ′′E; 20–200 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Cosenza Province, High Ionian Sea offshore, Calabrian Coast, Amendolara Shoal, coralligenous sand, coralligenous sand mixed with debris, coarse medium or fine coralligenous sand (few samples). D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (1987), Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (1987), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)
• 39 ° 51.41 ′N, 18 ° 23.75 ′E; 10 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Lecce Province, Gagliano, coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)
• 39 ° 51.26 ′N, 18 ° 23.55 ′E; 10 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Lecce Province, Gagliano, coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)
• 39 ° 51.26 ′N, 18 ° 23.55 ′E; 20 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Lecce Province, Gagliano, coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)
• 39 ° 51.26 ′N, 18 ° 23.55 ′E; 50 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Lecce Province, Gagliano, fine sand. Accogli et al. (2011)
• 39 ° 51 ′ 20 ′′N, 18 ° 23 ′ 59 ′′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Lecce Province, Gagliano del Capo. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)
• 39 ° 50.46 ′N, 18 °07.38′E ; 20 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Lecce Province, Torre Mozza (industry for fish processing), sand, coarse organogenous debris. Accogli et al. (2011)
• 39 ° 50.14 ′N, 18 °06.45′E ; 10 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Lecce Province, Torre Mozza (industry for fish processing), sand, coarse organogenous debris. Accogli et al. (2011)
• 39 ° 58.71 ′N, 18 ° 18.28 ′E [39 ° 49 ′N, 18 ° 18 ′E]; 10 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Lecce Province, San Gregorio, coarse sand. Accogli et al. (2011)
• 39 ° 58.71 ′N, 18 ° 18.28 ′E [39 ° 49 ′N, 18 ° 18 ′E]; 20 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Lecce Province, San Gregorio, sand, coarse organogenous debris. Accogli et al. (2011)
• 39 ° 48 ′ 40 ′′N, 18 ° 40 ′ 38 ′′E [39 ° 49 ′N, 18 ° 19 ′E]; 0 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Lecce Province, San Gregorio. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)
Ligurian Sea:
• 43 ° 32 ′ N, 10 ° 12 ′E; 7 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Livorno Province, 300 m NW of Meloria Shoals Lighthouse, sediment samples. D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (1987, 1999a)
Mediterranean Sea:
• 35 ° 54 ′N, 14 ° 32 ′E; 41 m bsl: [FAO 37] Republic of Malta, SE coast of Malta, Sicily Channel, 1.75 km SE of the entrance of Grand Harbour and 1.4 km NW of the coastal settlement Xghajra, coarse organogenic detritus. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001)
Tyrrhenian Sea:
• 40 ° 36 ′N, 14 ° 52 ′E; 0 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Salerno Province, Battipaglia. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)
• 40 ° 20 ′ 30 ′′N, 09° 40 ′ 15 ′′E; 0–20 and 41 –> 80 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Sardinia Island, Nuoro Province, Orosei Gulf, sand, sand in Posidonia seagrass meadow and coralligenous detritus. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)
• 40 °00′00′′N, 9 °0′0′′E [40 ° 15 ′N, 09° 18 ′E]; 0 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Sardinia Island, Nuoro Province, Orosei Gulf. Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1995 / 1996)
• 40 ° 13 ′N, 09° 38 ′E; 30 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Sardinia, Nuoro Province, Gulf of Orosei, coarse sand. D’Addabbo Gallo et al. (2007)
• 38 ° 36 ′N, 14 ° 55 ′E; 40 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Aeolian Islands, Secca del Capo, coralligenous bank, subtidal zone, coarse coralligenous detritus. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001)
• 38 ° 27 ′N, 14 ° 55 ′E [38 ° 27 ′N, 14 ° 56 ′E]; 1.5–5 m bsl: [FAO 37] Italy, Aeolian Islands, Lipari Island, Valle Muria, subtidal zone, siliceous sand. Grimaldi de Zio & D’Addabbo Gallo (2001), Grimaldi de Zio et al. (2003)
Record numbers (Sea/Ocean classification): Adriatic Sea: 26, Atlantic Ocean: 4, Balearic Sea: 2, Black Sea: 2, Indian Ocean: 3, Ionian Sea: 26, Ligurian Sea: 1, Mediterranean Sea: 1, Tyrrhenian Sea: 6; total: 71.
Record numbers (FAO classification): FAO 27: 1, FAO 31: 2, FAO 37: 64, FAO 41: 1, FAO 51: 3; total: 71.
Remarks: Whilst this is the most widely distributed species of Dipodarctus, it probably needs a redescription, which would require all reports to be verified. Originally described from the Bahamas, D. subterraneus has since been reported mainly from the Mediterranean. This species is known from the southern parts of the temperate zone to tropical waters mostly in the northern hemisphere, and it has been reported from intertidal, subtidal zones (to more than 100 m bsl) and caves.