Fig. 34; Table 3
Charinus tingomaria Ballón-Estacio & Armas, 2019: 16–19, figs 2–11.
Based in part on Ballón-Estacio & Armas (2019), this species may be separated from other Charinus in western South America by means of the following combination of characters: median and lateral eyes and median ocular tubercle well developed; female gonopod cushion-like; male gonopods with fistula, dorsal lobe and lateral lobe 2 markedly sclerotized; males with pedipalp femur and patella longer than females; tibia of leg I with 23 articles and tarsus I with 43 articles; leg IV basitibia with four pseudoarticles; sc and sf series each with five trichobothria.
Charinus tingomaria resembles C. gertschi, C. insularis and C. koepckei but may be distinguished from C. gertschi by the smaller number of dorsal and ventral spines on the pedipalp patella (seven dorsal spines and four ventral spines are present in C. gertschi); from C. insularis by the greater number of spines on the pedipalp femur and patella; and from C. koepckei by its smaller size, secondary sexual dimorphism of the pedipalps, undivided tetrasternum and pentasternum, and cushion-like female gonopods.
Noun in apposition taken from the type locality.
Holotype PERU • ♀; Huánuco Departament, Provincia Leoncio Prado, Parque Nacional Tingo María, Cueva de las Lechuzas, ca 100–200 m from entrance; 09°19′45″ S, 76°01′37″ W; 673 m a.s.l.; 6 Mar. 2019; R. Ballon Estacio leg.; under stones; MHNS [not examined].
Paratypes PERU • 1 juv.; same collection data as for holotype; MHNS [not examined] • 3 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂; same locality as for holotype; 21 Mar. 2019; R. Ballón, A. Ricra and W. Fernández leg.; under stones, dark zone, more than 220 m from entrance; MHNS [not examined].
See Table 3.
Known only from the type localities.
The species is found from the entrance to deeper regions of the cave, and is sympatric with Heterophrynus elaphus Pocock, 1903.
According to Ballón-Estacio & Armas (2019), the pedipalp femur possesses six ventral spines, but these authors also counted spines outside the primary series, i.e., small spines between larger spines which are situated prolaterally. The true count of ventral spines on the femur, according to Ballón-Estacio & Armas (2019: 18, fig. 5) is four.
1. Leg IV distitibia with four trichobothria in frontal and caudal series; leg IV basitibia with three pseudo-articles............................................................................. C. alagoanus sp. nov. (Figs 44–46)
– Leg IV distitibia with five or six trichobothria frontal and caudal series; leg IV basitibia with two or four pseudo-articles........................................................................................................................... 2
2. Leg IV distitibia with five trichobothria in frontal and caudal series............................................... 3
– Leg IV distitibia with six trichobothria in frontal and caudal series.............................................. 12
3. Median eyes absent............................................................................................................................ 4
– Median eyes present.......................................................................................................................... 5
4. Tibia of leg I with 21 articles; leg I tarsus with 37 articles; leg IV basitibia with two pseudoarticles........................................................................................ C. monasticus sp. nov. (Figs 69–70)
– Tibia of leg I with 23 articles; leg I tarsus with 41 articles; leg IV basitibia with four pseudoarticles............................................................................... C. troglobious Baptista & Giupponi, 2002
5. Pedipalp femur with three dorsal spines; pedipalp patella with two ventral spines........................................................................................................................................... C. una sp. nov. (Figs 78–79)
– Pedipalp femur with more than three dorsal spines; pedipalp patella with more than two ventral spines................................................................................................................................................. 6
6. Median and lateral eyes reduced........................................................................................................ 7
– Median and lateral eyes unmodified.................................................................................................. 8
7. Median ocular tubercle present but reduced; reduced median eyes with dark pigmentation; pedipalp patella dorsal spine IV two-thirds length of dorsal spine III............................................................................................................................................. C. taboa Vasconcelos, Giupponi & Ferreira, 2016
– Median ocular tubercle absent, reduced eyes situated directly on tegument; reduced median eyes unpigmented; pedipalp patella dorsal spine IV one-fifth length of dorsal spine III...................................................................................................................... C. spelaeus Vasconcelos & Ferreira, 2017
8. Cheliceral basal segment with long (distinct) tooth adjacent to bifid tooth............................................................................................................................. C. sooretama sp. nov. (Figs 7E–F, 9C–D, 75)
– Cheliceral basal segment with short (indistinct) tooth adjacent to bifid tooth.................................. 9
9. Base of female gonopod unsclerotized................... C. euclidesi sp. nov. (Figs 6C–D, 9A–B, 61–63)
– Base of female gonopod sclerotized................................................................................................ 10
10. Pedipalp tibia with two ventral spines..................................... C. diamantinus sp. nov. (Figs 57–60)
– Pedipalp tibia with one ventral spine................................................................................................11
11. Curved carina present between ocular triads and lateral margin of carapace; cheliceral claw with nine teeth............................................................................................ C. souzai sp. nov. (Figs 76–77)
– Curved carina absent between ocular triads and lateral margin of carapace (Fig. 48A–B); cheliceral claw with six or seven teeth..................................... C. brasilianus Weygoldt, 1972 (Figs 8C–D, 48)
12. Leg I tarsus with 28 articles.................................................................. C. montanus Weygoldt, 1972
– Leg I tarsus with 41 articles............................................................................................................. 13
13. Carapace anterior margin with eight or ten setae............................................................................ 14
– Carapace anterior margin with six setae.......................................................................................... 16
14. Carapace anterior margin with ten setae; median ocular tubercle absent; pedipalp patella with spine between ventral spine I and distal margin.......................... C. eleonorae Baptista & Giupponi, 2003
– Carapace anterior margin with eight setae; median ocular tubercle present; pedipalp patella with setiferous tubercles between ventral spine I and distal margin....................................................... 15
15. Pedipalp tarsus with two dorsal spines (Fig. 47D)...................... C. apiaca sp. nov. (Figs 5A–B, 47)
– Pedipalp tarsus with three dorsal spines......................... C. caatingae Vasconcelos & Ferreira, 2016
16. Carapace anterior margin projected anteriorly............ C. santanensis Vasconcelos & Ferreira, 2017
– Carapace anterior margin rounded................................................................................................... 17
17. Leg I tarsus, first article equal in length to subsequent three articles........................................................................................................................... C. jibaossu Vasconcelos, Giupponi & Ferreira, 2014
– Leg I tarsus, first article equal in length to all subsequent articles................................................. 18
18. Pedipalp tarsus with three dorsal spines.......................................................................................... 19
– Pedipalp tarsus with two dorsal spines............................................................................................ 23
19. Cheliceral claw with four teeth.................................................. C. mysticus Giupponi & Kury, 2002
– Cheliceral claw with 9–13 teeth...................................................................................................... 20
20. Pedipalp coxa, rounded dorsal carina containing seven setae......................................................... 21
– Pedipalp coxa, rounded dorsal carina containing two or five setae................................................. 22
21. Pedipalp patella with six ventral spines (Fig. 49F); cheliceral claw with 13 teeth............................................................................................................... C. carinae sp. nov. (Figs 3A–B, 4A–B, 49–51)
– Pedipalp patella with three or four ventral spines; cheliceral claw with ten teeth......................................................................................................................................... C. goitaca sp. nov. (Figs 64–65)
22. Pedipalp coxa, rounded dorsal carina containing five setae; pedipalp patella with six dorsal spines.................... C. ruschii Miranda, Milleri-Pinto, Gonçalves-Souza, Giupponi & Scharff, 2016
– Pedipalp coxa, rounded dorsal carina containing two setae; pedipalp patella with four dorsal spines..................................................................................... C. carioca sp. nov. (Figs 6E–F, 52–53)
23. Pedipalp coxa, rounded dorsal carina containing no setae.............................................................. 24
– Pedipalp coxa, rounded dorsal carina containing setae................................................................... 26
24. Pedipalp patella with three dorsal spines............................................................................................................................... C. acaraje Pinto-da-Rocha, Machado & Weygoldt, 2002 (Figs 7A–B, 8A–B)
– Pedipalp patella with five dorsal spines........................................................................................... 25
25. Pedipalp femur with four dorsal spines..................... C. renneri sp. nov. (Figs 6A–B, 10I–J, 73–74)
– Pedipalp femur with five dorsal spines..... C. asturius Pinto-da-Rocha, Machado & Weygoldt, 2002
26. Pedipalp femur with five dorsal spines......................................... C. cearensis sp. nov. (Figs 54–56)
– Pedipalp femur with four dorsal spines........................................................................................... 27
27. Pedipalp femur with five ventral spines........................................................................................... 28
– Pedipalp femur with four ventral spines.......................................................................................... 29
28. Pedipalp femur with secondary row of dorsal spines; pedipalp patella, distance from ventral spine I to distal margin half length of spine ...................................................... C. puri sp. nov. (Figs 71–72)
– Pedipalp femur without secondary row of dorsal spines; pedipalp patella, distance from ventral spine I to distal margin greater than length of spine ............... C. iuiu Vasconcelos & Ferreira, 2016
29. Cheliceral claw with up to 13 teeth; median and lateral eyes reduced......................................................................................................................... C. potiguar Vasconcelos, Giupponi & Ferreira, 2013
– Cheliceral claw with 11 teeth; median and lateral eyes unmodified......................................................................................................................................................... C. imperialis sp. nov. (Figs 66–68)
Charinus acaraje Pinto-da-Rocha, Machado & Weygoldt, 2002
Figs 7A–B, 8A–B, 43; Table 4
Charinus acaraje Pinto-da-Rocha et al., 2002: 110–113, figs 8–12.
Charinus acaraje – Baptista & Giupponi 2003: 80. — Miranda & Giupponi 2011: 66, fig. 13. — Vasconcelos et al. 2013: 496–497, fig. 12; 2014: 155, 162. — Vasconcelos & Ferreira 2016: 185. — Miranda et al. 2016c: 18–29.
This species may be separated from other Charinus in eastern South America by means of the following combination of characters: two setae, prolateral and retrolateral, on dorsal surface of chelicerae; cheliceral claw with eight teeth and with complete row of setae on retrolateral surface; pedipalp femur with three dorsal spines and three ventral spines; leg IV distitibia sc and sf series each with six trichobothria.
This species resembles C. una sp. nov., but differs in the larger size, six trichobothria in the sc and sf series, and eight teeth on the cheliceral claw.
Noun in apposition referring to ‘ acarajé ’, a famous dish in Bahia, the state in which the type locality is located (Pinto-da-Rocha et al. 2002).
Holotype BRAZIL • ♂; Bahia, Santa Luzia, Gruta da Pedra do Sino; 15°26′15.22″ S, 39°18′45.04″ W; 14 Oct. 1997; B.S. Santos leg.; MZSP 1829.
BRAZIL • 4 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂, 2 nymphae; Bahia, Santa Luzia, Gruta do Lapão; 15°25′44″ S, 39°20′02″ W; 3 Nov. 2002; A.P.L. Giupponi and R.C. Baptista leg.; new record; MNRJ 9297 • 1 ♀; Bahia, Camacã, Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural da Serra Bonita; 15°23′02.63″ S, 39°33′46.68″ W; 11–15 Jun. 2009; V. Dill, A. Chagas Jr, D. Pedroso, A.P.L. Giupponi, A. Kury leg.; new record; MNRJ 9125.
Only the male was previously known. A description of the female and supplementary description of the male are presented below.
CARAPACE. Curved carina between ocular triads and carapace margin, closer to margin, with small transverse projection medially; anterior margin rounded, with six anterior setae; frontal process large, subtriangular, not visible in dorsal view. Median eyes and median ocular tubercle present; median ocular tubercle shallow, slightly higher than carapace surface, with pair of small setae. Lateral eyes well developed, pale, small seta posterior to each lateral ocular triad; lenses directed anteriorly and dorsally.
STERNUM. Tritosternum rounded posteriorly and projected anteriorly into large, blunt tubercle, surpassing base of pedipalp coxae, with typical setation; medial platelet (tetrasternum) with single convex platelet, with pair of large setae anteriorly, and several small setae posteriorly; third platelet (pentasternum) with single convex platelet, smaller than medial platelet, with two setae anteriorly and some setae posteriorly; metasternum with one or two anterior setae in membranous region and two or three setae posteriorly.
OPISTHOSOMA. Ventral sacs and ventral sac cover absent.
GENITALIA. Female gonopod with posterior margin of genital operculum slightly convex, several setae on surface and along margin (Fig. 7A–B); small sclerotized region at base of gonopods, not connected to each other; gonopods sucker-like with large disc and small openings (Fig. 7A–B). Male gonopod with spine-like projections over apex of fistula, LoD, and LoL2 (Fig. 8A–B).
CHELICERAE. Small, flat tooth in retrolateral row of basal segment. Prolateral surface with transverse row of six small setae, from ventral to dorsal. Three setae, retrolateral, retromedial, and prolateral along dorsodistal margin, near membranous region of claw. Claw with eight teeth and row of setae on retrolateral surface from base to near apex (dorsal side).
PEDIPALPS. Coxal dorsal carina with one or two small setae encircled by round carina and three setae on anterior margin. Femur with three dorsal spines in primary series; two distinct setiferous tubercles proximal to first dorsal spine; three ventral spines; large spine between ventral spine 1 and proximal margin. Patella with three dorsal spines; setiferous tubercle distal to spine I, about one fourth length of spine I; three ventral spines decreasing in size; setiferous tubercle between spine I and distal margin. Tibia with two dorsal spines; ventral spine in distal half of tibia; prominent setiferous tubercle near base of ventral spine; three long setae between spine and distal margin. Tarsus with two dorsal spines, distal spine half length of tarsus and proximal spine one-third length of distal spine. Ventral row of brush with 32–34 setae.
LEGS. Tibia of leg I with 23 articles; tarsus I with 41 articles. Leg IV basitibia with four pseudoarticles; trichobothrium bt situated in proximal third; distal apex of basitibial pseudo-articles with dark, denticulate projection; distitibia trichobothrium bc situated closer to sbf than to bf; sf and sc series each with six trichobothria; distitarsus with distinct white annulus distally on first article.
See Table 4.
Known from inside and outside caves in southern Bahia, Brazil.
Species with secondary sexual dimorphism, i.e., males exhibit longer pedipalps and larger body size.
Charinus acaraje Pinto-da-Rocha, Machado & Weygoldt, 2002
Figs 7A–B, 8A–B, 43; Table 4
Charinus acaraje Pinto-da-Rocha et al., 2002: 110–113, figs 8–12.
Charinus acaraje – Baptista & Giupponi 2003: 80. — Miranda & Giupponi 2011: 66, fig. 13. — Vasconcelos et al. 2013: 496–497, fig. 12; 2014: 155, 162. — Vasconcelos & Ferreira 2016: 185. — Miranda et al. 2016c: 18–29.
This species may be separated from other Charinus in eastern South America by means of the following combination of characters: two setae, prolateral and retrolateral, on dorsal surface of chelicerae; cheliceral claw with eight teeth and with complete row of setae on retrolateral surface; pedipalp femur with three dorsal spines and three ventral spines; leg IV distitibia sc and sf series each with six trichobothria.
This species resembles C. una sp. nov., but differs in the larger size, six trichobothria in the sc and sf series, and eight teeth on the cheliceral claw.
Noun in apposition referring to ‘ acarajé ’, a famous dish in Bahia, the state in which the type locality is located (Pinto-da-Rocha et al. 2002).
Holotype BRAZIL • ♂; Bahia, Santa Luzia, Gruta da Pedra do Sino; 15°26′15.22″ S, 39°18′45.04″ W; 14 Oct. 1997; B.S. Santos leg.; MZSP 1829.
BRAZIL • 4 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂, 2 nymphae; Bahia, Santa Luzia, Gruta do Lapão; 15°25′44″ S, 39°20′02″ W; 3 Nov. 2002; A.P.L. Giupponi and R.C. Baptista leg.; new record; MNRJ 9297 • 1 ♀; Bahia, Camacã, Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural da Serra Bonita; 15°23′02.63″ S, 39°33′46.68″ W; 11–15 Jun. 2009; V. Dill, A. Chagas Jr, D. Pedroso, A.P.L. Giupponi, A. Kury leg.; new record; MNRJ 9125.
Only the male was previously known. A description of the female and supplementary description of the male are presented below.
CARAPACE. Curved carina between ocular triads and carapace margin, closer to margin, with small transverse projection medially; anterior margin rounded, with six anterior setae; frontal process large, subtriangular, not visible in dorsal view. Median eyes and median ocular tubercle present; median ocular tubercle shallow, slightly higher than carapace surface, with pair of small setae. Lateral eyes well developed, pale, small seta posterior to each lateral ocular triad; lenses directed anteriorly and dorsally.
STERNUM. Tritosternum rounded posteriorly and projected anteriorly into large, blunt tubercle, surpassing base of pedipalp coxae, with typical setation; medial platelet (tetrasternum) with single convex platelet, with pair of large setae anteriorly, and several small setae posteriorly; third platelet (pentasternum) with single convex platelet, smaller than medial platelet, with two setae anteriorly and some setae posteriorly; metasternum with one or two anterior setae in membranous region and two or three setae posteriorly.
OPISTHOSOMA. Ventral sacs and ventral sac cover absent.
GENITALIA. Female gonopod with posterior margin of genital operculum slightly convex, several setae on surface and along margin (Fig. 7A–B); small sclerotized region at base of gonopods, not connected to each other; gonopods sucker-like with large disc and small openings (Fig. 7A–B). Male gonopod with spine-like projections over apex of fistula, LoD, and LoL2 (Fig. 8A–B).
CHELICERAE. Small, flat tooth in retrolateral row of basal segment. Prolateral surface with transverse row of six small setae, from ventral to dorsal. Three setae, retrolateral, retromedial, and prolateral along dorsodistal margin, near membranous region of claw. Claw with eight teeth and row of setae on retrolateral surface from base to near apex (dorsal side).
PEDIPALPS. Coxal dorsal carina with one or two small setae encircled by round carina and three setae on anterior margin. Femur with three dorsal spines in primary series; two distinct setiferous tubercles proximal to first dorsal spine; three ventral spines; large spine between ventral spine 1 and proximal margin. Patella with three dorsal spines; setiferous tubercle distal to spine I, about one fourth length of spine I; three ventral spines decreasing in size; setiferous tubercle between spine I and distal margin. Tibia with two dorsal spines; ventral spine in distal half of tibia; prominent setiferous tubercle near base of ventral spine; three long setae between spine and distal margin. Tarsus with two dorsal spines, distal spine half length of tarsus and proximal spine one-third length of distal spine. Ventral row of brush with 32–34 setae.
LEGS. Tibia of leg I with 23 articles; tarsus I with 41 articles. Leg IV basitibia with four pseudoarticles; trichobothrium bt situated in proximal third; distal apex of basitibial pseudo-articles with dark, denticulate projection; distitibia trichobothrium bc situated closer to sbf than to bf; sf and sc series each with six trichobothria; distitarsus with distinct white annulus distally on first article.
See Table 4.
Known from inside and outside caves in southern Bahia, Brazil.
Species with secondary sexual dimorphism, i.e., males exhibit longer pedipalps and larger body size.