Author(s) ID,Title,Year,DOI,Link,Abstract
"57204365985;57218139017;7006727897;57206613939;54380579300;55715044700;46961088400;55387705600;24528483000;56645257600;7004697952;56142847100;","Spatial distribution and potential sources of methanesulfonic acid in High Asia glaciers",2021,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105227","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090187316&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2020.105227&partnerID=40&md5=279078120edb8e8716714589d683e877","As a receptor of atmospheric deposition, glaciers are considered an ideal archive in the study of climate change and geochemical cycles. The deposition of methanesulfonic acid (MSA) in the glaciers provides good opportunities to study the biogeochemical cycle of sulfur in the cryosphere. In the present work, snow samples were collected from six High Asia glaciers along a north-to-south transect to determine the spatial distribution of MSA and elucidate its potential sources. The median MSA concentration in the Urumqi Glacier No.1 of Tien Shan was 138.8 ng mL−1, which was distinctly higher than those observed in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) glaciers and polar regions. The levels of MSA in the interior TP glaciers were higher than those observed in the margins of northeastern and southeastern TP. Good correlations between MSA and K+ (r = 0.86, n = 30, α = 0.01), Mg2+ (r = 0.86), and NH4+ (r = 0.73) were observed in continental glaciers. Principal component analysis indicated that MSA may have terrigenous material inputs. At Yulong Snow Mountain, MSA was correlated with Na+ (r = 0.76, n = 8, α = 0.1), a sea-salt tracer ion, suggesting that MSA may be derived from marine environments. According to dimethyl sulfide (DMS) production and NH3 emissions in High Asia, we deduced that the high concentrations of MSA in continental glaciers are possibly related to the sources of hypersaline soil environments and animal husbandry in nomadic areas. This work is useful for further studies on regional sulfur cycling and the impacts of human activities on climate change. © 2020 Elsevier B.V."
"36893097600;42961713300;57206613939;57188582985;57188966463;56645257600;57210542651;57214935506;56548185100;36090850200;","New insights into trace elements in the water cycle of a karst-dominated glacierized region, southeast Tibetan Plateau",2021,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141725","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090268266&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2020.141725&partnerID=40&md5=02cb02370394f1ebd9db855e178d155c","Trace elements (TEs) in water are crucial parameters for assessing water quality. However, detailed studies are limited on TEs in the hydrological system of the Tibetan plateau (TP). Here, we sampled snow, river water, and groundwater in Yulong Snow Mountain (Mt. Yulong) region, southeast TP, in 2016 and analyzed the concentrations of nine TEs (namely Al, Mn, Fe, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, and Pb). In snow, the average concentrations of Fe, Zn, and Al were >10 μg/L, whereas other elements, including Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Hg, and Pb, exhibited average concentrations <1 μg/L. The concentrations of Al, Mn, Fe, Zn, and As were higher in rivers than in snow. According to enrichment factors (EFs), Zn concentration in snow was highly influenced by anthropogenic activities, whereas Mn, Fe, Cr, and As were uninfluenced. River and lake/reservoir water near human settlements were affected by anthropogenic activities. However, groundwater around Mt. Yulong is not contaminated yet. The increasing EFs in Mt. Yulong snowpit are consistent with those of southern TP snowpits, suggesting that the area has been affected by anthropogenic activities both from local emissions and long-distance transport of pollutants from South Asia. A conceptual model was proposed to show TEs in the water cycle. Although water quality is good overall in Mt. Yulong region, threats to the water environment still exit due to increasing anthropogenic activities and climate warming. The accelerated ablation of cryosphere due to climate warming could be a source of TEs in rivers and groundwater, which should be paid attention to in the future. © 2020 Elsevier B.V."
"56335546000;6507135302;6504608128;6603288786;7004473576;","Molecular paleothermometry of the early Toarcian climate perturbation",2020,"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103351","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85094209354&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloplacha.2020.103351&partnerID=40&md5=18541f1dbdf669e837cb3a607bc660f8","In this paper, we use molecular paleothermometry, based on the TEX86 proxy derived from fossilized archaeal lipids, to reconstruct absolute sea surface temperatures (SSTs) for the northwest Tethys Shelf during the late Pliensbachian to early Toarcian (Early Jurassic, ~183 Ma) stages. Our composite record from outcrops in Spain and Italy reveals that tropical SSTs varied between 22 and 32 °C over a ~ 3 Myr time period, including transient temperature excursions of 5–10 °C magnitude with lapse rates of ~0.1 °C/kyr. Changes in reconstructed SSTs covaried with sea level fluctuations and δ18O isotope signatures of marine biocalcifiers, recording recurrent shifts between icehouse and greenhouse states. Parallel trends of reconstructed SST and δ13C isotopes of atmospheric CO2 may reflect storage of isotopically light carbon in cryosphere reservoirs during icehouse phases and release during greenhouse phases. The existence of a labile cryosphere is considered a prerequisite to explain the inferred rapid climate fluctuations and as a reservoir to facilitate pronounced carbon isotope excursions. © 2020 The Authors"
"7006151096;55575336600;37043887500;7003596548;55880787900;7003292546;7201705406;14828754300;57188848534;57203783039;56316039400;6604040910;6603943738;55889825700;6603709589;57219413707;35310680200;57219419261;57219410359;57193550592;57219413018;14619964400;7006837417;56637584000;57043691600;57209234557;7402361504;6603467170;","Key rules of life and the fading cryosphere: Impacts in alpine lakes and streams",2020,"10.1111/gcb.15362","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85092544435&doi=10.1111%2fgcb.15362&partnerID=40&md5=3f3e4cf9c200ba571bbf4ce9ca8e91bb","Alpine regions are changing rapidly due to loss of snow and ice in response to ongoing climate change. While studies have documented ecological responses in alpine lakes and streams to these changes, our ability to predict such outcomes is limited. We propose that the application of fundamental rules of life can help develop necessary predictive frameworks. We focus on four key rules of life and their interactions: the temperature dependence of biotic processes from enzymes to evolution; the wavelength dependence of the effects of solar radiation on biological and ecological processes; the ramifications of the non-arbitrary elemental stoichiometry of life; and maximization of limiting resource use efficiency across scales. As the cryosphere melts and thaws, alpine lakes and streams will experience major changes in temperature regimes, absolute and relative inputs of solar radiation in ultraviolet and photosynthetically active radiation, and relative supplies of resources (e.g., carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus), leading to nonlinear and interactive effects on particular biota, as well as on community and ecosystem properties. We propose that applying these key rules of life to cryosphere-influenced ecosystems will reduce uncertainties about the impacts of global change and help develop an integrated global view of rapidly changing alpine environments. However, doing so will require intensive interdisciplinary collaboration and international cooperation. More broadly, the alpine cryosphere is an example of a system where improving our understanding of mechanistic underpinnings of living systems might transform our ability to predict and mitigate the impacts of ongoing global change across the daunting scope of diversity in Earth's biota and environments. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd"
"57213778396;11239856700;57202882024;57196466392;16240741100;57219175069;55716920700;55725020900;","Paleoceanographic changes in the Southern Ocean off Elephant Island since the last glacial period: Links between surface water productivity, nutrient utilization, bottom water currents, and ice-rafted debris",2020,"10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106563","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85091562942&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2020.106563&partnerID=40&md5=af4caa6978f63d56dcd2d8beb01de4a0","To understand past changes in ocean–cryosphere interactions in the Southern Ocean off the Antarctic Peninsula, multi-proxy analyses of three sediment cores located off Elephant Island were used to reconstruct changes in paleoproductivity, nutrient utilization, bottom current intensity, and iceberg calving since the last glacial period. The glacial period was characterized by low surface water productivity with high nutrient utilization, indicating surface water stratification. During the deglaciation, surface water productivity increased with decreasing nutrient utilization, implying that the increase is associated with increased nutrient supply from the subsurface water by enhancing Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) influence as fronts migrate southward with warming. Abundant occurrence of grains >1 mm during the deglacial period indicates rapid ice sheet retreat with large-scale melting and calving. During the glacial period, however, coarse silt–fine sand-sized fraction represented ice-rafted debris (IRD). The different IRD grain size characteristics are thought to be related to the IRD source material characteristics. Regardless of IRD input, the running downcore correlation (5 to 9-point) between sortable silt mean grain size and percentage showed that sediments are well sorted by bottom current. However, the cross plot of them showed different temporal relationships. Sediments were sorted by the ACC and southwestward flowing bottom current. Along with southward migration of fronts and the ACC, southwestward flowing bottom current influence diminished, whereas the ACC influence increased particularly from 7 ka. Our results indicate that the sedimentary processes in the Scotia Sea largely depend on the regional interactions between the ocean and the cryosphere. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd"
"7102748340;","Soil erosion and sediment dynamics in the Anthropocene: a review of human impacts during a period of rapid global environmental change",2020,"10.1007/s11368-020-02815-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85095119672&doi=10.1007%2fs11368-020-02815-9&partnerID=40&md5=beaae76e16da505357b62b277c296b3c","Purpose: Humanity has been modifying the planet in a measurable way for thousands of years. Recently, this influence has been such that some feel we are in a new geological epoch, the Anthropocene. This review will describe how soil erosion and sediment dynamics have (i) been used to assess the impact of humans on the planet and (ii) affected the global climate and influenced water security. Emphasis is placed on changes since the middle of the twentieth century, as this coincides with what many suggest is the start of the Anthropocene Epoch. Results and discussion: The use of sediment archives has been instrumental in our understanding of how environmental systems have developed over time, both naturally and in response to anthropogenic activities. Additional information has come from measurement and monitoring programs, and tracing and fingerprinting studies. In turn, models have been developed that enable forecasting. Some of the main global impacts of enhanced soil erosion and changes in sediment dynamics and sediment composition include: changes in radiative energy balances and impacts on the cryosphere; the global carbon cycle; and greenhouse gas emissions. Impacts on water security include: effects on freshwater biota, including wild salmon populations; fluxes of contaminants, including microplastics; and reservoir and river channel sedimentation, including flooding. Sediment archives and monitoring programs have also been used to document the effect of mitigation measures and environmental policies. Conclusion: Sediment archives enable us to assemble information over a variety of timescales (i.e., 100 to 105 years and longer) and a range of spatial scales (from sub-watershed to continental), in addition to environments ranging from arid to tropical to polar. Often the temporal resolution is better than other paleoenvironmental reconstruction approaches. As such, sedimentary records, when combined with measurement and monitoring approaches and other sources of information, have enabled us to determine changes in atmospheric, terrestrial, and aquatic systems, especially over the last 100 years. While soil erosion and sediment dynamics have provided a wealth of information and greatly enhanced our understanding of the role of humanity in modifying the planet, suggestions are given for further research. © 2020, The Author(s)."
"36188281800;6602426225;23987326500;57203949941;57218096852;7202906456;6701520671;6701439539;56084948700;7005569573;","Learning from the past: Impact of the Arctic Oscillation on sea ice and marine productivity off northwest Greenland over the last 9,000 years",2020,"10.1111/gcb.15334","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85092400844&doi=10.1111%2fgcb.15334&partnerID=40&md5=4fffb4d9d50e0a41423481827d03c300","Climate warming is rapidly reshaping the Arctic cryosphere and ocean conditions, with consequences for sea ice and pelagic productivity patterns affecting the entire marine food web. To predict how ongoing changes will impact Arctic marine ecosystems, concerted effort from various disciplines is required. Here, we contribute multi-decadal reconstructions of changes in diatom production and sea-ice conditions in relation to Holocene climate and ocean conditions off northwest Greenland. Our multiproxy study includes diatoms, sea-ice biomarkers (IP25 and HBI III) and geochemical tracers (TOC [total organic carbon], TOC:TN [total nitrogen], δ13C, δ15N) from a sediment core record spanning the last c. 9,000 years. Our results suggest that the balance between the outflow of polar water from the Arctic, and input of Atlantic water from the Irminger Current into the West Greenland Current is a key factor in controlling sea-ice conditions, and both diatom phenology and production in northeastern Baffin Bay. Our proxy record notably shows that changes in sea-surface conditions initially forced by Neoglacial cooling were dynamically amplified by the shift in the dominant phase of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) mode that occurred at c. 3,000 yr BP, and caused drastic changes in community composition and a decline in diatom production at the study site. In the future, with projected dominant-positive AO conditions favored by Arctic warming, increased water column stratification may counteract the positive effect of a longer open-water growth season and negatively impact diatom production. © 2020 The Authors. Global Change Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd"
"56001772500;57196405106;57219396393;57192625282;49663488000;57219384127;","Spatiotemporal variation of snowline altitude at the end of melting season across High Mountain Asia, using MODIS snow cover product",2020,"10.1016/j.asr.2020.09.035","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85092466095&doi=10.1016%2fj.asr.2020.09.035&partnerID=40&md5=0c0fd0c5b7d4aa45eab33eca0b39c63b","The snowline altitude at the end of melting season (SLA-EMS) provides a possibility to rapidly obtain a proxy for their equilibrium line altitude (ELA) which in turn is an indicator for the glacier mass balance. SLA-EMS is also an important parameter for the study of the relationships between climate and cryosphere. High Mountain Asia (HMA) hosts the largest glacier and perennial snow cover concentration outside the polar regions, but the spatial and temporal patterns of SLA-EMS are poorly understood. Here we investigate the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of SLA-EMS over the HMA on a grid-by-grid (30 km) basis, by using the cloud-removed MODIS fractional snow cover datasets from 2001 to 2016. The possible linkages between the SLA-EMS, temperature, precipitation and solar radiation changes over the HMA are also investigated. The results are as follows: (1) the proposed MODIS-based grids (30 km) SLA-EMS extracting method is efficient in monitoring the spatiotemporal patterns of the SLA-EMS for a large-scale area. (2) In the HMA, the spatial change of the SLA-EMS (from 3114 to 6907 m) exhibits a large spatial heterogeneity. The SLA-EMS decreases from the high altitude region of Himalayas and inner Tibet to surrounding low mountainous area. (3) The SLA-EMS of HMA generally shows a rising trend in the recent years (2001–2016). In total, 82.35% (26.32% with a significant increase) and 17.65% (0.74% with a significant decrease) of the study area show increasing and decreasing trends in SLA-EMS, respectively. The SLA-EMS significantly increases in east Tien Shan (5.16 m yr−1), west Tien Shan (4.64 m yr−1), Inner Tibet (3.64 m yr−1), south and east Tibet (9.18 m yr−1), east Himalaya (8.52 m yr−1) and Hengduan Shan (7.48 m yr−1). (4) The summer temperature trends to be the dominant climatic factor affecting the variations of SLA-EMS over the HMA. © 2020 COSPAR"
"42462407100;56604618200;6701511321;","Prediction of Northern Hemisphere Regional Sea Ice Extent and Snow Depth Using Stratospheric Ozone Information",2020,"10.1029/2019JD031770","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85096490290&doi=10.1029%2f2019JD031770&partnerID=40&md5=a0ab1d8bb51abb21a8973f75651e071c","The forecast potential of springtime ozone on April surface temperatures at particular locations in the Northern Hemisphere has been previously reported. Evidence suggests that early springtime Arctic stratospheric ozone acts as a proxy for extreme events in the winter polar vortex. Here, using a state-of-the-art chemistry-climate model, reanalysis and observations, we extend the forecast potential of ozone on surface temperatures to aspects of the Northern Hemisphere cryosphere. Sea ice fraction and sea ice extent differences between years of March high and low Arctic stratospheric ozone extremes show excellent agreement between an ensemble of chemistry-climate model simulations and observations, with differences occurring not just in April but extending through to the following winter season in some locations. Large snow depth differences are also obtained in regional locations in Russia and along the southeast coast of Alaska. These differences remain elevated until early summer, when snow cover diminishes. Using a conditional empirical model in a leave-three-out cross validation method, March total column ozone is able to accurately predict the sign of the observed sea ice extent and snow depth anomalies over 70% of the time during an ozone extreme year, especially in the region of the Bering strait and the Greenland Sea, which could be useful for shipping routes and for testing climate models. ©2020. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"7006033826;14631111100;56161846000;55514005400;","Climate Change in the Hindu Kush Himalayas: Basis and Gaps",2020,"10.1016/j.oneear.2020.10.007","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85096602455&doi=10.1016%2fj.oneear.2020.10.007&partnerID=40&md5=94693d71572e1b2c99827913e3e4f030","Recent reports such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere and the Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment highlight the impacts of current and accelerating climate change in mountain regions. However, a multi-dimensional gap remains regarding research at high elevations in general. Here, we reflect upon this gap and ways in which it can be filled. © 2020 Elsevier Inc.Recent reports such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere and the Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment highlight the impacts of current and accelerating climate change in mountain regions. However, a multi-dimensional gap remains regarding research at high elevations in general. Here, we reflect upon this gap and ways in which it can be filled. © 2020 Elsevier Inc."
"7404700567;7404210446;57183438500;36071570300;55729736400;35721774600;7405262950;35847805400;14058925000;7202674274;57196233178;55511109800;56948535900;41960909100;57183432400;57220010216;56004237900;56549249700;","A long-term (2005–2016) dataset of hourly integrated land–atmosphere interaction observations on the Tibetan Plateau",2020,"10.5194/essd-12-2937-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85096479084&doi=10.5194%2fessd-12-2937-2020&partnerID=40&md5=5955ccb8b253bd31739375ff83bc602d","The Tibetan Plateau (TP) plays a critical role in influencing regional and global climate, via both thermal and dynamical mechanisms. Meanwhile, as the largest high-elevation part of the cryosphere outside the polar regions, with vast areas of mountain glaciers, permafrost and seasonally frozen ground, the TP is characterized as an area sensitive to global climate change. However, meteorological stations are biased and sparsely distributed over the TP, owing to the harsh environmental conditions, high elevations, complex topography and heterogeneous surfaces. Moreover, due to the weak representation of the stations, atmospheric conditions and the local land–atmosphere coupled system over the TP as well as its effects on surrounding regions are poorly quantified. This paper presents a long-term (2005–2016) in situ observational dataset of hourly land–atmosphere interaction observations from an integrated high-elevation and cold-region observation network, composed of six field stations on the TP. These in situ observations contain both meteorological and micrometeorological measurements including gradient meteorology, surface radiation, eddy covariance (EC), soil temperature and soil water content profiles. Meteorological data were monitored by automatic weather stations (AWSs) or planetary boundary layer (PBL) observation systems. Multilayer soil temperature and moisture were recorded to capture vertical hydrothermal variations and the soil freeze–thaw process. In addition, an EC system consisting of an ultrasonic anemometer and an infrared gas analyzer was installed at each station to capture the high-frequency vertical exchanges of energy, momentum, water vapor and carbon dioxide within the atmospheric boundary layer. The release of these continuous and long-term datasets with hourly resolution represents a leap forward in scientific data sharing across the TP, and it has been partially used in the past to assist in understanding key land surface processes. This dataset is described here comprehensively for facilitating a broader multidisciplinary community by enabling the evaluation and development of existing or new remote sensing algorithms as well as geophysical models for climate research and forecasting. The whole datasets are freely available at the Science Data Bank (https://doi.org/10.11922/sciencedb.00103; Ma et al., 2020) and additionally at the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center (https://doi.org/10.11888/Meteoro.tpdc.270910, Ma 2020). © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under"
"56003528800;57218166655;55867459800;6701753955;55352244600;57216241103;","Revisiting growth and decline of late Quaternary mega-lakes across the south-central Tibetan Plateau",2020,"10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106475","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85091077936&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2020.106475&partnerID=40&md5=8b202d0def828c5ab8df755f9ecdfa3d","Lake basins record critical interactions between the hydrosphere, cryosphere and atmosphere. Their sediments and shoreline landforms archive timing, duration, and intensity of past climatic variability and environmental impacts over a variety of timescales. Thousands of lake systems spread across the internally drained Tibetan Plateau today, of which many are only the salty remains of much more expansive paleolakes in the past. This study presents new shoreline ages integrated with quantitative digital topographic analysis and regional geomorphic evidence to reconstruct the sizes and extents of late Quaternary rift lake systems for the south-central Tibetan Plateau. This study presents optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and the first K-feldspar post-infrared infrared (pIRIR) stimulated luminescence ages for Zabuye Caka and Dawa Tso and tests if these lakes were once part of a singular Pleistocene mega-lake established across four N–S rift systems. Our new results show that two large but separate paleolake systems developed in the latest Pleistocene-earliest Holocene and no lake larger than ∼6460 km2 has existed since at least 41 ka in the Lunggar region. Early Holocene paleolakes expanded up to 7× modern (+220–335 km3) with two to four-fold asymmetric lake expansion in the west compared to the east. Findings corroborate earlier investigations, implying that dramatic runoff increase and/or evapotranspiration reduction prompted rapid earliest Holocene lake expansion. Precipitation variability, in combination with permafrost degradation, temperature and wind strength, governed paleolake moisture balance. Open-system lake behavior and evolving drainage configurations across complex topography explain delayed onsets of lake regression and punctuated lake decline. This suggests abrupt Holocene climate shifts are not necessarily required for punctuated lake decline. Lastly, unique geomorphological and paleoclimatic similarities between Tibetan and East African rift lakes highlight the potential for some Tibetan paleolakes to function as natural climate amplifiers over both short and geologic timescales. © 2020 The Authors"
"55148597900;56724683700;7006056992;6602386601;","Comparing measured incoming shortwave and longwave radiation on a glacier surface with estimated records from satellite and off‐glacier observations: A case study for the forni glacier, italy",2020,"10.3390/rs12223719","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85096230689&doi=10.3390%2frs12223719&partnerID=40&md5=d1506576d5a595b2d43597d3364a73d6","The development of methods for quantifying meltwater from glaciated areas is very important for better management of water resources and because of the strong impact of current and expected climate change on the Alpine cryosphere. Radiative fluxes are the main melt‐drivers, but they can generally not be derived from in situ measures because glaciers are usually located in remote areas where the number of meteorological stations is very low. For this reason, focusing, as a case study, on one of the few glaciers with a supraglacial automatic weather station (Forni Glacier), we investigated methods based on both satellite records and off‐glacier surface observations to estimate incoming short‐ and long‐wave radiation at the glacier surface (SWin and LWin). Specifically, for SWin, we considered CM SAF SARAH satellite gridded surface solar irradiance fields and data modeled by cloud transmissivity parametrized from both CM SAF COMET satellite cloud fractional cover fields and daily temperature range observed at the closest off‐glacier station. We then used the latter two data sources to derive LWin too. Finally, we used the estimated SWin and LWin records to assess the errors obtained when introducing estimated rather than measured incoming radiation data to quantify glacier melting by means of an energy balance model. Our results suggest that estimated SWin and LWin records derived from satellite measures are in better agreement with in situ observations than estimated SWin and LWin records parametrized from observations performed at the closest off‐glacier station. Moreover, we find that the former estimated records permit a significantly better quantification of glacier melting than the latter estimated ones. © MDPI AG. All rights reserved."
"55049964700;","A darker cryosphere in a warming world",2020,"10.1038/s41558-020-00911-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85092130499&doi=10.1038%2fs41558-020-00911-9&partnerID=40&md5=3ac2c1c17ee27f1f170df0a1ffb40637",[No abstract available]
"57219659663;57191967829;6603905015;57201989173;36782119900;","Glacier changes in the semi-arid huasco valley, chile, between 1986 and 2016",2020,"10.3390/geosciences10110429","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85094584846&doi=10.3390%2fgeosciences10110429&partnerID=40&md5=6a8efd8144bccd241cc39f80e7b9feb6","In the semi-arid and arid regions of the Chilean Andes, meltwater from the cryosphere is a key resource for the local economy and population. In this setting, climate change and economic activities foster water scarcity and resource conflicts. The study presents a detailed glacier and rock glacier inventory for the Huasco valley (28–29◦ S) in northern Chile based on a multi-temporal remote sensing approach. The results indicate a glacier-covered area of 16.35 ± 3.06 km2 (n = 167) and, additionally, 50 rock glaciers covering an area of about 8.6 km2 in 2016. About 81% of the ice-bodies are smaller than 0.1 km2, and only four glaciers are larger than 1 km2 . The change analysis reveals a more or less stable period between 1986 and 2000 and a drastic decline in the glacier-covered area by about 35% between 2000 and 2016. The detailed assessment of six subregions indicates a more pronounced glacier decrease in the vicinity of the Pascua Lama mining project. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland."
"57204937727;57118230800;57205199147;","Preliminary estimation and validation of polar motion excitation from different types of the grace and grace follow‐on missions data",2020,"10.3390/rs12213490","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85094173321&doi=10.3390%2frs12213490&partnerID=40&md5=1bc4d3683049be81d7cd1c26fbe12f61","The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission has provided global observations of temporal variations in the gravity field resulting from mass redistribution at the surface and within the Earth for the period 2002–2017. Although GRACE satellites are not able to realistically detect the second zonal parameter (ΔC20) of geopotential associated with the flattening of the Earth, they can accurately determine variations in degree‐2 order‐1 (ΔC21, ΔS21) coefficients that are proportional to variations in polar motion. Therefore, GRACE measurements are commonly exploited to interpret polar motion changes due to variations in the global mass redistribution, especially in the continental hydrosphere and cryosphere. Such impacts are usually examined by computing the so‐called hydrological polar motion excitation (HAM) and cryospheric polar motion excitation (CAM), often analyzed together as HAM/CAM. The great success of the GRACE mission and the scientific robustness of its data contributed to the launch of its successor, GRACE Follow‐ On (GRACE‐FO), which began in May 2018 and continues to the present. This study presents the first estimates of HAM/CAM computed from GRACE‐FO data provided by three data centers: Center for Space Research (CSR), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), and GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ). In this paper, the data series is computed using different types of GRACE/GRACE‐FO data: ΔC21, ΔS21 coefficients of geopotential, gridded terrestrial water storage anomalies, and mascon solutions. We compare and evaluate different methods of HAM/CAM estimation and examine the compatibility between CSR, JPL, and GFZ data. We also validate different HAM/CAM estimations using precise geodetic measurements and geophysical models. Analysis of data from the first 19 months of GRACE‐FO shows that the consistency between GRACE‐FO‐based HAM/CAM and observed hydrological/cryospheric signals in polar motion is similar to the consistency obtained for the initial period of the GRACE mission, worse than the consistency received for the best GRACE period, and higher than the consistency obtained for the terminal phase of the GRACE mission. In general, the current quality of HAM/CAM from GRACE Follow‐On meets expectations. In the following months, after full calibration of the instruments, this accuracy is expected to increase. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland."
"24802308800;55707271400;57219699071;7005525892;57204416896;37960900800;","Geometrical analysis of the inland topography to assess the likely response of wave-dominated coastline to sea level: Application to great britain",2020,"10.3390/jmse8110866","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85094817599&doi=10.3390%2fjmse8110866&partnerID=40&md5=ebe2b6963187f93d84f38083118d4a2b","The need for quantitative assessments at a large spatial scale (103 km) and over time horizons of the order 101 to 102 years have been reinforced by the 2019 Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, which concluded that adaptation to a sea-level rise will be needed no matter what emission scenario is followed. Here, we used a simple geometrical analysis of the backshore topography to assess the likely response of any wave-dominated coastline to a sea-level rise, and we applied it along the entire Great Britain (GB) coastline, which is ca. 17,820 km long. We illustrated how the backshore geometry can be linked to the shoreline response (rate of change and net response: erosion or accretion) to a sea-level rise by using a generalized shoreline Exner equation, which includes the effect of the backshore slope and differences in sediment fractions within the nearshore. To apply this to the whole of GB, we developed an automated delineation approach to extract the main geometrical attributes. Our analysis suggests that 71% of the coast of GB is best described as gentle coast, including estuarine coastline or open coasts where back-barrier beaches can form. The remaining 39% is best described as cliff-type coastlines, for which the majority (57%) of the backshore slope values are negative, suggesting that a non-equilibrium trajectory will most likely be followed as a response to a rise in sea level. For the remaining 43% of the cliffed coast, we have provided regional statistics showing where the potential sinks and sources of sediment are likely to be. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland."
"54380579300;7405682849;57209822481;56989640500;55577108600;57009108900;57206674297;57195307141;","Investigation of the spatio-temporal heterogeneity and optical property of water-soluble organic carbon in atmospheric aerosol and snow over the Yulong Snow Mountain, southeastern Tibetan Plateau",2020,"10.1016/j.envint.2020.106045","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090401118&doi=10.1016%2fj.envint.2020.106045&partnerID=40&md5=18a657718919fc40961cb2a0764472f5","Atmospheric aerosols are a branch of active research in recent decades. The deposition of light-absorbing substances on high-altitude glaciers causes substantial adverse impacts on the cryospheric environment, cryosphere-hydrology, and climate system. Although, the concentrations of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in snow/ice on glaciers of Tibetan Plateau (TP) have been reported, their transfer processes and optical properties in the context of summer precipitation-atmosphere-snow-river water continuum are seldom studied. In this study, we have systematically examined some scientific issues associated with WSOC concentrations and light absorption properties of WSOC in various forms of samples from the Mt. Yulong region. Statistical results demonstrate that the spatial distribution of WSOC in the snow of Baishui glacier was heterogeneous. The average WSOC concentrations of each snowpit were significantly decreased, and its light-absorbing properties were significantly elevated with the time extension. Aerosol WSOC concentrations and light absorption have distinct spatial disparity and seasonal variation. Pre-monsoon and monsoon have the highest and lowest WSOC content, respectively. Whereas the light-absorbing properties present contrasting seasonal trends. Rivers of which runoff was supplied by glacier meltwater have significantly lower WSOC concentrations (e.g., 0.42 ± 0.03 mg L−1) compared with other forms of water bodies. Mass absorption cross-section of WSOC (MAC-WSOC) in multiple snow and meltwater samples was significantly different and type-dependent. Atmospheric aerosol has the lowest MAC-WSOC value among the four types of samples, which was likely associated with exhaust emissions from private vehicles and tour buses. Statistical results indicated that the average AAE330-400 values of various snow/ice samples are subequal. Snow of glaciers supplies a desirable platform for the deposition of gaseous materials which experienced long-range transport in high altitude zones. Biomass-burning emissions made an immense contribution to the WSOC deposition over the study area, as demonstrated by the distribution of active fire points. However, this preliminary study represents the first systematic investigation of WSOC deposition in southeastern TP. Further robust in-situ field investigations and laboratory measurements are urgently necessary to improve our understanding of the transfer process and optical property of WSOC. © 2020 The Author(s)"
"57210976373;","Confident, likely, or both? The implementation of the uncertainty language framework in IPCC special reports",2020,"10.1007/s10584-020-02746-x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85085283378&doi=10.1007%2fs10584-020-02746-x&partnerID=40&md5=fbdb4871860d33701c5627a62025a1c3","The uncertainty language framework used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is designed to encourage the consistent characterization and communication of uncertainty between chapters, working groups, and reports. However, the framework has not been updated since 2010, despite criticism that it was applied inconsistently in the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) and that the distinctions between the framework’s three language scales remain unclear. This article presents a mixed-methods analysis of the application and underlying interpretation of the uncertainty language framework by IPCC authors in the three special reports published since AR5. First, I present an analysis of uncertainty language term usage in three recent special reports: Global Warming of 1.5°C (SR15), Climate Change and Land (SRCCL), and The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC). The language usage analysis highlights how many of the trends identified in previous reports—like the significant increase in the use of confidence terms—have carried forward into the special reports. These observed trends, along with ongoing debates in the literature on how to interpret the framework’s three language scales, inform an analysis of IPCC author experiences interpreting and implementing the framework. This discussion is informed by interviews with IPCC authors. Lastly, I propose several recommendations for clarifying the IPCC uncertainty language framework to address persistent sources of confusion highlighted by the authors. © 2020, Springer Nature B.V."
"55622453600;55850612200;","Sea-level rise projections for Sweden based on the new IPCC special report: The ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate",2020,"10.1007/s13280-019-01313-8","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85078503512&doi=10.1007%2fs13280-019-01313-8&partnerID=40&md5=991315a65d80f930769e54f92df77cdf","New sea-level rise projections for Sweden are presented. Compared to earlier projections, we have here, more carefully, taken regional variations in sea-level rise into consideration. The better treatment of regional variations leads to lower sea-level rise projections for Sweden. However, recent research has also shown that Antarctic ice loss, in high emission scenarios, could be greater than what was believed earlier. Taking also this into account, we find a near cancellation between the increased Antarctic contribution and the decrease owing to the better treatment of spatial inhomogeneities. Sweden’s sensitivity to melt from Antarctica and Greenland is also estimated using a new set of sea-level fingerprint kernels, and the sensitivity to melt from Greenland is found to be weak. To illustrate the influence mean sea-level rise has on extreme sea levels, it is also shown how the return period of sea-level extremes changes as a function of time owing to mean sea-level rise in the different projections. © 2020, The Author(s)."
"57219350051;6507023683;57214761419;","Future projection of cryospheric and hydrologic regimes in Koshi River basin, Central Himalaya, using coupled glacier dynamics and glacio-hydrological models",2020,"10.1017/jog.2020.51","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85092409095&doi=10.1017%2fjog.2020.51&partnerID=40&md5=8d5200bacae333efbffa71ad14a506a1","Climate-induced cryospheric changes can have a significant impact on the downstream water availability. In this study, the Open Global Glacier Model (OGGM) and the Glacio-hydrological Degree-day Model (GDM) are integrated to project the response of cryospheric and hydrological systems to climate change until 2100. The study area comprises six sub-basins of glacierized Koshi River basin covering Nepalese and Chinese territories. The output from OGGM is provided as input to GDM along with the spatial and hydro-meteorological data. The average glacier area change in all the sub-basins from 2021 to 2100 is estimated as 65 and 85% decrease and the average glacier volume change is estimated as 76 and 86% decrease for RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios, respectively. The future simulated discharge shows an increasing trend in pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons and a decreasing trend in post-monsoon and winter seasons after 2060 in all the sub-basins, which can lead to wetter wet seasons and drier dry seasons in the far future. A shift in peak flow is observed from August to July in most of the sub-basins. The coupled modelling technique used in this study can largely improve our understanding of glacio-hydrological dynamics in the Himalayan region. Copyright © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press."
"57009108900;8963601100;36496339500;55175426900;57203321797;","Columnar aerosol properties and radiative effects over Dushanbe, Tajikistan in Central Asia",2020,"10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114872","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85085552711&doi=10.1016%2fj.envpol.2020.114872&partnerID=40&md5=3b0d2ca544e2bb166162737417f87591","This paper presents the results of the study on columnar aerosol optical and physical properties and radiative effects directly observed over Dushanbe, the capital city of Tajikistan, a NASA AERONET site (equipped with a CIMEL sunphotometer) in Central Asia. The average aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Ångström exponent (AE) during the observation period from July 2010 to April 2018 were found to be 0.28 ± 0.20 and 0.82 ± 0.40, respectively. The highest seasonal AOD (0.32 ± 0.24), accompanied by the lowest average AE (0.61 ± 0.25) and fine-mode fraction in AOD (0.39), was observed during summer due to the influence of coarse particles like dust from arid regions. Fine particles were found in significant amounts during winter. The ‘mixed aerosol’ was identified as the dominant aerosol type with presence of ‘dust aerosol’ during summer and autumn seasons. Aerosol properties like volume size distribution, single scattering albedo, asymmetry parameter and refractive index suggested the influence of coarse particles (during summer and autumn). Most of the air masses reaching this site transported local and regional emissions, including from beyond Central Asia, explaining the presence of various aerosol types in Dushanbe's atmosphere. The seasonal aerosol radiative forcing efficiency (ARFE) in the atmosphere was found high (&gt;100 Wm−2) and consistent throughout the year. Consequently, this resulted in similar seasonally coherent high atmospheric solar heating rate (HR) of 1.5 K day−1 during summer-autumn-winter, and ca. 0.9 K day−1 during spring season. High ARFE and HR values indicate that atmospheric aerosols could exert significant implications to regional air quality, climate and cryosphere over the central Asian region and downwind Tianshan and Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau mountain regions with sensitive ecosystems. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd"
"57216566375;57194397480;57194346960;7404011405;","Performance of GRACE Mascon Solutions in Studying Seismic Deformations",2020,"10.1029/2020JB019510","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85094139255&doi=10.1029%2f2020JB019510&partnerID=40&md5=eaced0f14f3bf0f15387dab72d1e0aa3","GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) mascon (mass concentration) solutions are widely used in cryosphere science and hydrology research. Mascon solutions have been demonstrated to perform analogous to or better than spherical harmonic (SH) solutions at the basin scale. Although the mascon solutions are expected to facilitate an improved local recovery of seismic gravity signals of large earthquakes, the application of mascon solutions to earthquake analysis remains to be investigated. In this study, we examine the performance of the mascon solutions for seismic gravity signals induced by three M9 class (2011 Tohoku-Oki, 2004 Sumatra, and 2010 Chile) and three smaller earthquakes and compare them with SH solutions and theoretical gravity changes modeled according to the dislocation theory. We analyze the coseismic and postseismic gravity changes and conclude that the mascon solutions contain information almost identical to the SH solutions and retrieve coseismic gravity change signals with resolutions equivalent to Gaussian filter radii of 210–270 km. The mascon solutions have strengthened gravity change signals of approximately twice the strength of the SH solutions. However, mascon solution cannot fully recover the complete seismic deformation since it is still a spatially “band-limited” data set that uses the spatial smoothing in the aggressive regularization. We found that the mascon solutions contain “seismic-like” gravity change signals several months before the Tohoku-Oki and Chile earthquakes occurred. ©2020. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57217217578;21734205100;55340071000;56765950000;","Modeling regional precipitation over the Indus River basin of Pakistan using statistical downscaling",2020,"10.1007/s00704-020-03246-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086790001&doi=10.1007%2fs00704-020-03246-9&partnerID=40&md5=16275a2b86f45ee2b4bcd48b99cef0c0","Complex processes govern spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation within the high-mountainous headwater regions (commonly known as the upper Indus basin (UIB)), of the Indus River basin of Pakistan. Reliable precipitation simulations particularly over the UIB present a major scientific challenge due to regional complexity and inadequate observational coverage. Here, we present a statistical downscaling approach to model observed precipitation of the entire Indus basin, with a focus on UIB within available data constraints. Taking advantage of recent high altitude (HA) observatories, we perform precipitation regionalization using K-means cluster analysis to demonstrate effectiveness of low-altitude stations to provide useful precipitation inferences over more uncertain and hydrologically important HA of the UIB. We further employ generalized linear models (GLM) with gamma and Tweedie distributions to identify major dynamic and thermodynamic drivers from a reanalysis dataset within a robust cross-validation framework that explain observed spatiotemporal precipitation patterns across the Indus basin. Final statistical models demonstrate higher predictability to resolve precipitation variability over wetter southern Himalayans and different lower Indus regions, by mainly using different dynamic predictors. The modeling framework also shows an adequate performance over more complex and uncertain trans-Himalayans and the northwestern regions of the UIB, particularly during the seasons dominated by the westerly circulations. However, the cryosphere-dominated trans-Himalayan regions, which largely govern the basin hydrology, require relatively complex models that contain dynamic and thermodynamic circulations. We also analyzed relevant atmospheric circulations during precipitation anomalies over the UIB, to evaluate physical consistency of the statistical models, as an additional measure of reliability. Overall, our results suggest that such circulation-based statistical downscaling has the potential to improve our understanding towards distinct features of the regional-scale precipitation across the upper and lower Indus basin. Such understanding should help to assess the response of this complex, data-scarce, and climate-sensitive river basin amid future climatic changes, to serve communal and scientific interests. © 2020, The Author(s)."
"8950580300;8950580500;","Predicting tidal heights for extreme environments: From 25 h observations to accurate predictions at Jang Bogo Antarctic Research Station, Ross Sea, Antarctica",2020,"10.5194/os-16-1111-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85092288863&doi=10.5194%2fos-16-1111-2020&partnerID=40&md5=46d36643da0cee204801a0d3eb72a298","Accurate tidal height data for the seas around Antarctica are much needed, given the crucial role of these tides in the regional and global ocean, marine cryosphere, and climate processes. However, obtaining long-term sea level records for traditional tidal predictions is extremely difficult around ice-affected coasts. This study evaluates the ability of a relatively new tidal-species-based approach, the complete tidal species modulation with tidal constant corrections (CTSMCTCC) method, to accurately predict tides for a temporary observation station in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, using a record from a neighbouring reference station characterised by a similar tidal regime. Predictions for the ""mixed, mainly diurnal""regime of Jang Bogo Antarctic Research Station (JBARS) were made and evaluated based on summertime (2017; and 2018 to 2019) short-term (25 h) observations at this temporary station, along with tidal prediction data derived from year-long observations (2013) from the neighbouring ""diurnal""regime of Cape Roberts (ROBT). Results reveal the CTSMCTCC method can produce accurate (to within-5 cm root mean square errors) tidal predictions for JBARS when using short-term (25 h) tidal data from periods with higher-than-average tidal ranges (i.e. those at high lunar declinations). We demonstrate how to determine optimal short-term data collection periods based on the Moon's declination and/or the modulated amplitude ratio and phase lag difference between the diurnal and semidiurnal species predicted from CTSM at ROBT (i.e. the reference tidal station). The importance of using long-period tides to improve tidal prediction accuracy is also considered and, finally, the unique tidal regimes of the Ross Sea examined in this paper are situated within a wider Antarctic tidal context using Finite Element Solution 2014 (FES2014) model data. © Author(s) 2020."
"57194683362;36057416500;57204698418;25626122900;12797623000;56784582700;8284622100;55707329200;57194681612;57203976444;7404603029;","Remote sensing spatiotemporal patterns of frozen soil and the environmental controls over the Tibetan Plateau during 2002–2016",2020,"10.1016/j.rse.2020.111927","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086369083&doi=10.1016%2fj.rse.2020.111927&partnerID=40&md5=d90dabc0c07feba3f28b83ad70c8df06","The changing climate is affecting the frozen soil at an unprecedented rate across the Northern Hemisphere. However, due to sparse ground measurements, the changes of frozen soil and the environmental controls over the vast cryosphere are still unclear, such as in the Tibetan Plateau (TP). In this study, a process-based model solely driven by satellite remote sensing data is employed to investigate the spatiotemporal changes of seasonally frozen ground and permafrost over the entire TP (~3 million km2) during 2002–2016 at a spatial resolution of 1 km. Comprehensive validations against in situ observations of frozen ground types, mean annual ground temperature, active layer thickness, soil temperature, and frozen depth at 608 boreholes and 109 meteorological stations demonstrate an overall satisfactory performance of the model in reproducing the spatial pattern and temporal evolution of the frozen soil in the region. Spatially, land surface temperature (LST; both in-season and off-season) primarily controls the frozen ground types and frozen depth, with seasonally frozen ground and permafrost covering ~56% and ~ 37% of the plateau, respectively. The estimated spatial-averaged annual maximum soil freeze depth (SFD) is ~1.29 m, and the annual maximum active layer thickness (ALT) of permafrost is ~1.85 m. Temporally, ALT shows an overall increasing trend at an average rate of +3.17 cm yr−1, while SFD exhibits both decreasing (at ~62% areas) and increasing (at ~38% areas) trends in the region. Again, LST is found to be the dominant factor that controls the temporal changes in both SFD and ALT while precipitation (i.e., both rainfall and snowfall) plays an important (especially in more arid areas and regions near the lower limit of permafrost) but secondary role. Our results demonstrate the advantages of the satellite-based method in frozen soil simulations over large scales with complex topography and landscape and highlight the important roles of both temperature and precipitation in shaping the frozen soil patterns on the TP or other cold, dry regions. © 2020 Elsevier Inc."
"57210908353;36551761100;57191224305;57216915854;","Response of glacial lakes to glacier and climate changes in the western Nyainqentanglha range",2020,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139607","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85085268929&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2020.139607&partnerID=40&md5=d0338e618548fb3e2bda91d63635bf16","The western Nyainqentanglha (WNT) range, located in the transition zone between large-scale atmospheric circulations, has an abundance of glacial lakes and glaciers. In the warmer climate of recent decades, the glacial lakes and glaciers in the WNT range could have changed substantially. Here, glacial lake and glacier changes for the entire WNT range between 1976 and 2018 are examined. The results show that, between 1976 and 2018, the number of glacial lakes (&gt;0.0036 km2) increased by 56% from 192 to 299 and their total area increased by 35% from 6.75 ± 0.13 km2 to 9.12 ± 0.13 km2. The glacial lakes expanded faster in 2001–2018 (0.08 km2/yr) than in 1976–2001 (0.04 km2/yr), and faster on the southern side of the mountain range than on the northern side. Correspondingly, the rates of glacier area shrinkage and surface elevation thinning between 2000 and 2018 were −4.15 km2/yr and −0.29 ± 0.06 m/yr, respectively, greater than the respective rates of −3.91 km2/yr and −0.24 ± 0.11 m/yr in 1976–2000. The glacier retreat and elevation thinning to the south of the main divide are greater than to the north, with the exception of the thinning rate in 2000–2014 which is possibly due to precipitation differences. With the rapid retreat of glaciers, many glacial lakes are changing from proglacial lakes to unconnected glacial lakes. The increases in the number and area of glacial lakes are moving toward higher elevations, accompanying the retreat of glaciers and the increase in the mean elevation of glaciers. The observed increased precipitation also supports the increases of glacial lakes. The accelerating glacier loss and lake expansion in the WNT range imply a strong impact of climate change on the cryosphere over the past few decades. © 2020 Elsevier B.V."
"57211252064;35262555900;7003917155;","Comparing global passive microwave freeze/thaw records: Investigating differences between Ka- and L-band products",2020,"10.1016/j.rse.2020.111936","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086446277&doi=10.1016%2fj.rse.2020.111936&partnerID=40&md5=db8aeac12da375f0e2d136f0039f0a0d","The NASA L-Band Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite mission launched in 2015 has produced soil moisture and freeze thaw (FT) products at a global scale. While the use of L-band (1.41 GHz) passive microwave radiometry (P-MW) has proven useful in detecting changes in the surface FT state, these classifications have not been comprehensively assessed against similar existing FT products, such as the global FT record from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I, Ka-band, 37.0 GHz) as part of the FT Earth System Data Record (FT-ESDR). In order to fill in this gap, this study investigates regions in which FT classifications diverge and identifies potential sources of classification variability. The SMAP and SSM/I FT records are compared over an extended period covering multiple seasonal cycles from April 2015 through December 2017. The spatially and temporally varying relationship between these products is examined in relation to climate (Köppen-Geiger climate classes and air temperature), MODIS (MoDerate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) land cover, and topography (using Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data). SMAP and SSM/I FT product agreement proportion (Ap) was corrected for seasonality and then separated by land cover classes and compared to the global Ap mean. The agreement between these products vary most notably during freeze and thaw onset and in areas near abundant surface water, snow and ice, and wetlands. Relative to other vegetation types, reduced agreement between FT products is also observed over grasslands, sparsely vegetated lands, as well as mixed and evergreen forests. Distinct seasonal differences in FT classification agreement were also detected between products over cold arid regions and between continental and temperate classes. Similarly, as topographic complexity increases, a decreasing trend in agreement between L- and Ka-band FT products is observed. While reiterating challenges in FT classifications identified by prior studies, this work also contributes new insights by providing detailed geospatial and seasonal analyses into the factors contributing to FT product divergence. © 2020"
"25822837600;55474036900;7401916795;7404334532;57200919184;54888991900;57200293093;6701394069;7006188068;57219292320;36088552600;13403281000;57189031159;19639722300;7006151108;57219293615;6603267637;8507223000;57219296865;57191592471;57219296089;6701820543;34167916000;8242283600;12767422800;57206753724;57204118008;57219297353;25650541600;7003777393;7103245074;7003499456;36842807800;56517695200;7202824028;6602229667;7003736022;55901810200;","Heat stored in the Earth system: Where does the energy go?",2020,"10.5194/essd-12-2013-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85091056579&doi=10.5194%2fessd-12-2013-2020&partnerID=40&md5=b60200126e82ceebfc394bf4b4935490","Human-induced atmospheric composition changes cause a radiative imbalance at the top of the atmosphere which is driving global warming. This Earth energy imbalance (EEI) is the most critical number defining the prospects for continued global warming and climate change. Understanding the heat gain of the Earth system - and particularly how much and where the heat is distributed - is fundamental to understanding how this affects warming ocean, atmosphere and land; rising surface temperature; sea level; and loss of grounded and floating ice, which are fundamental concerns for society. This study is a Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) concerted international effort to update the Earth heat inventory and presents an updated assessment of ocean warming estimates as well as new and updated estimates of heat gain in the atmosphere, cryosphere and land over the period 1960-2018. The study obtains a consistent long-term Earth system heat gain over the period 1971-2018, with a total heat gain of <span classCombining double low line""inline-formula"">358±37&thinsp;ZJ, which is equivalent to a global heating rate of <span classCombining double low line""inline-formula"">0.47±0.1&thinsp;W&thinsp;m<span classCombining double low line""inline-formula"">-2. Over the period 1971-2018 (2010-2018), the majority of heat gain is reported for the global ocean with 89&thinsp;% (90&thinsp;%), with 52&thinsp;% for both periods in the upper 700&thinsp;m depth, 28&thinsp;% (30&thinsp;%) for the 700-2000&thinsp;m depth layer and 9&thinsp;% (8&thinsp;%) below 2000&thinsp;m depth. Heat gain over land amounts to 6&thinsp;% (5&thinsp;%) over these periods, 4&thinsp;% (3&thinsp;%) is available for the melting of grounded and floating ice, and 1&thinsp;% (2&thinsp;%) is available for atmospheric warming. Our results also show that EEI is not only continuing, but also increasing: the EEI amounts to <span classCombining double low line""inline-formula"">0.87±0.12&thinsp;W&thinsp;m<span classCombining double low line""inline-formula"">-2 during 2010-2018. Stabilization of climate, the goal of the universally agreed United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992 and the Paris Agreement in 2015, requires that EEI be reduced to approximately zero to achieve Earth's system quasi-equilibrium. The amount of <span classCombining double low line""inline-formula"">CO2 in the atmosphere would need to be reduced from 410 to 353&thinsp;ppm to increase heat radiation to space by 0.87&thinsp;W&thinsp;m<span classCombining double low line""inline-formula"">-2, bringing Earth back towards energy balance. This simple number, EEI, is the most fundamental metric that the scientific community and public must be aware of as the measure of how well the world is doing in the task of bringing climate change under control, and we call for an implementation of the EEI into the global stocktake based on best available science. Continued quantification and reduced uncertainties in the Earth heat inventory can be best achieved through the maintenance of the current global climate observing system, its extension into areas of gaps in the sampling, and the establishment of an international framework for concerted multidisciplinary research of the Earth heat inventory as presented in this study. This Earth heat inventory is published at the German Climate Computing Centre (DKRZ, <span classCombining double low line""uri"">https://www.dkrz.de/, last access: 7 August 2020) under the DOI <a hrefCombining double low line""https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/GCOS_EHI_EXP_v2"">https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/GCOS_EHI_EXP_v2</a> (von Schuckmann et al., 2020). © 2020 American Institute of Physics Inc.. All rights reserved."
"57195965529;7102856037;7005038255;56835688800;","Headwater Flow Geochemistry of Mount Everest (Upper Dudh Koshi River, Nepal)",2020,"10.3389/feart.2020.00351","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85091227605&doi=10.3389%2ffeart.2020.00351&partnerID=40&md5=5f48b349e701f3a3ac6e36b82e6f2168","The aim of this work, conducted in the upper valley of the Khumbu on the southern part of Mount Everest, is to approach in parallel three topics: (i) the dynamics of the water geochemistry, major ions and trace elements; (ii) the stable water isotopes of precipitation and rivers; and (iii) the water uses by the inhabitants. As in most mountain environments, the Khumbu area is threatened by climate change, which impacts the cryosphere and consequently the people and the landscapes. Moreover, changes in water use are also related to new needs stemming from tourism, which strongly affect local livelihood. For the first two topics, new results are presented. They provide details on the global chemical quality of the river water and show how certain elements are seasonally influenced and how other elements allow us to distinguish the water origins within the study zone. Beside the use of stable isotopes to determine mainly the origin of the water flow in the rivers, the isotopic patterns confirm the double climatic influence of the westerly fluxes in the winter season and of the Asian monsoon in the summer season. Regarding water use, the study does not conclude on the potability of the water resource, because microbiologic and organic components have not been investigated; however it confirms that the chemical quality is good. In conclusion, we attempt to predict the future of the geochemistry patterns submitted to the double pressure of climate change and the surge in tourism. © Copyright © 2020 Chevallier, Seidel, Taupin and Puschiasis."
"56670888400;56763899100;56459262900;56460580700;57219090263;57219090773;57212301205;7401966270;","Centennial-Scale Temperature Change During the Common Era Revealed by Quantitative Temperature Reconstructions on the Tibetan Plateau",2020,"10.3389/feart.2020.00360","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85091223580&doi=10.3389%2ffeart.2020.00360&partnerID=40&md5=1c758a0da0f50277618670cc021f04ed","Quantitative palaeotemperature reconstruction is crucial for understanding the evolution of Earth’s climate and reducing uncertainty in future climate predictions. Clarifying the temperature change over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) during the Common Era is critical because it plays a vital role in the prediction of cryosphere changes in such regions under a future warming climate. In this paper, we report a comprehensive synthesis of currently available quantitative temperature records to refine the temperature history of the TP during the Common Era. To date, Common Era quantitative temperature reconstructions are sparse and mainly concentrated in the northeastern TP. Considering seasonal bias of the available quantitative temperature reconstructions, three different composite temperature records for TP were derived, namely the “Standardization” composite, the “Mean annual air temperature anomaly” composite, and the “Mean summer temperature anomaly” composite individually. All the integrated temperature series reveal the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age, but the start and end timings of these multi-centennial-scale periods and their temperature amplitudes differ. There is strong seasonality in temperature variations on this high plateau, and the 20th century warming was characterized by rapid winter temperature increases, while summer temperatures displayed weak variations. Spatial analysis suggests a relatively consistent signal marking a warm TP during 600–1400 CE and a cold plateau during 1400–1900 CE. Large-scale trends in temperature history for the TP resemble those for China and the Northern Hemisphere. Many factors, such as seasonality of temperature proxies, might lead to uncertainty in the reconstructed series. The results highlight that it is of crucial importance to develop more seasonal temperature reconstructions to improve the reliability of quantitative paleoclimatic reconstructions based on geological records across the TP. © Copyright © 2020 Li, Zhang, Wang, Yan, Fan, Xing, He and Hou."
"57217684355;6603181723;41861091700;57200641715;57217677356;57193988375;","Losses and damages connected to glacier retreat in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru",2020,"10.1007/s10584-020-02770-x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85087513007&doi=10.1007%2fs10584-020-02770-x&partnerID=40&md5=7806f99ba054ac7337fabdb23ac67d24","The mountain cryosphere is one of the strongest affected systems by climate change. Glacier shrinkage leads to cascading impacts, including changes in river flow regimes, availability of water resources for downstream populations and economy, changes in the occurrence and severity of natural hazards, and cultural changes associated with landscape character and identity. In this study, we analyze impacts of mountain cryosphere change through a lens of Loss and Damage (L&D), a mechanism of international climate policy that tries to evaluate and reduce negative consequences of climate change for societies. We analyze the effects of climate change on glacier change, glacier lake formation and growth, hydrological regimes, and associated impacts on human societies in the Cordillera Blanca in the Peruvian Andes, now and under future scenarios. We use various methods such as literature review, glacial lake outburst flood, and hydrologic modeling to examine three major dimensions of cryospheric change and associated human impacts: (i) ice loss; (ii) glacial hazards; and (iii) variability of water availability. We identify the damage and losses in terms of the number of people affected by glacial hazards, monetized agricultural crop loss due to water loss, and non-economic values local people attribute to glacier loss. We find that different levels of warming have important negative but differentiated effects on natural and human systems. We also contend that the extent of loss and damage will largely be determined by governance and adaptation decisions such as water resource management and disaster risk management. We suggest that these lines of evidence are more explicitly taken into account in L&D policies. © 2020, Springer Nature B.V."
"57208530508;57208643113;16316552900;56652229100;8271803900;","Coupled Southern Ocean cooling and Antarctic ice sheet expansion during the middle Miocene",2020,"10.1038/s41561-020-0623-0","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089972437&doi=10.1038%2fs41561-020-0623-0&partnerID=40&md5=3d9f5d98ffa6e298f4ae89f72b69416f","The middle Miocene climate transition (~14 million years ago) was characterized by a dramatic increase in the volume of the Antarctic ice sheet. The driving mechanism of this transition remains under discussion, with hypotheses including circulation changes, declining carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and orbital forcing. Southern Ocean records of planktic foraminiferal Mg/Ca have previously been interpreted to indicate a cooling of 6–7 °C and a decrease in salinity that preceded Antarctic cryosphere expansion by up to ~300,000 years. This interpretation has led to the hypothesis that changes in meridional heat and vapour transport along with an early thermal isolation of Antarctica from extrapolar climates played a fundamental role in triggering ice growth. Here we revisit the middle Miocene Southern Ocean temperature evolution using clumped isotope and lipid biomarker temperature proxies. Our records indicate that the Southern Ocean cooling and the associated salinity decrease occurred in phase with the expansion of the Antarctic ice sheet. We demonstrate that the timing and magnitude of the Southern Ocean temperature change seen in previous reconstructions can be explained if we consider pH as an additional, non-thermal, control on foraminiferal Mg/Ca ratios. Therefore, our new dataset challenges the view of a thermal isolation of Antarctica preceding ice sheet expansion, and suggests a strong coupling between Southern Ocean conditions and Antarctic ice volume in times of declining atmospheric carbon dioxide. © 2020, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited."
"7102543399;10243292400;55202885600;16643814400;7601429849;7006927061;56733803600;7401501923;6505948757;54408152100;7201858544;57218184308;56464549900;55888236500;57218862644;56004634000;14063180500;11839001400;57215044421;57192703318;7202340838;7202920553;6701545503;7006453382;55966893100;36605541300;35115688500;57195198884;36005104100;7404395984;","The reprocessed Suomi NPP satellite observations",2020,"10.3390/RS12182891","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85091812642&doi=10.3390%2fRS12182891&partnerID=40&md5=e4c94e0dbaf1c958062aea9936cca85a","The launch of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/ National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) and its follow-on NOAA Joint Polar Satellite Systems (JPSS) satellites marks the beginning of a new era of operational satellite observations of the Earth and atmosphere for environmental applications with high spatial resolution and sampling rate. The S-NPP and JPSS are equipped with five instruments, each with advanced design in Earth sampling, including the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS), the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS), the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS), the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), and the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES). Among them, the ATMS is the new generation of microwave sounder measuring temperature profiles from the surface to the upper stratosphere and moisture profiles from the surface to the upper troposphere, while CrIS is the first of a series of advanced operational hyperspectral sounders providing more accurate atmospheric and moisture sounding observations with higher vertical resolution for weather and climate applications. The OMPS instrument measures solar backscattered ultraviolet to provide information on the concentrations of ozone in the Earth's atmosphere, and VIIRS provides global observations of a variety of essential environmental variables over the land, atmosphere, cryosphere, and ocean with visible and infrared imagery. The CERES instrument measures the solar energy reflected by the Earth, the longwave radiative emission from the Earth, and the role of cloud processes in the Earth's energy balance. Presently, observations from several instruments on S-NPP and JPSS-1 (re-named NOAA-20 after launch) provide near real-time monitoring of the environmental changes and improve weather forecasting by assimilation into numerical weather prediction models. Envisioning the need for consistencies in satellite retrievals, improving climate reanalyses, development of climate data records, and improving numerical weather forecasting, the NOAA/Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR) has been reprocessing the S-NPP observations for ATMS, CrIS, OMPS, and VIIRS through their life cycle. This article provides a summary of the instrument observing principles, data characteristics, reprocessing approaches, calibration algorithms, and validation results of the reprocessed sensor data records. The reprocessing generated consistent Level-1 sensor data records using unified and consistent calibration algorithms for each instrument that removed artificial jumps in data owing to operational changes, instrument anomalies, contaminations by anomaly views of the environment or spacecraft, and other causes. The reprocessed sensor data records were compared with and validated against other observations for a consistency check whenever such data were available. The reprocessed data will be archived in the NOAA data center with the same format as the operational data and technical support for data requests. Such a reprocessing is expected to improve the efficiency of the use of the S-NPP and JPSS satellite data and the accuracy of the observed essential environmental variables through either consistent satellite retrievals or use of the reprocessed data in numerical data assimilations. © 2020 by the authors."
"55445990400;56223929300;7401433183;57209600650;57209715875;","Responses of sedimentary δ2Halk values to environmental changes as revealed by different plant responses to altitude and altitude-related temperatures",2020,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138087","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85084474755&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2020.138087&partnerID=40&md5=f165973d8f2fc938b69a6a0de5d66b0f","Single species-based altitudinal transects may provide a new understanding of the variabilities in sedimentary wax-derived n-alkane hydrogen isotope (δ2Halk) values caused by altitude and complex climatic change linked with the growth of mountains. We investigated Kobresia pygmaea (Kobresia), Quercus aquifolioides (Quercus) and Berberis thunbergii DC (Berberis) along three altitudinal transects on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), i.e., the southern TP, the Longmen Mountains (LM; eastern TP) and the Qilian Mountains (QL; northeastern TP). Here we present 47 plant δ2Halk values: these include 14 Kobresia, 27 Berberis and 6 Quercus samples, which are accompanied by comparisons with nine new soil δ2Halk values from the QL, and 105 previously-published δ2Halk values for surface soils along the first two transects. Our data show that altitude is the dominant factor in determining three plant δ2Halk values. However, we observed substantial differences in the δ2Halk values and their εwax-p ratios for Kobresia, Quercus and Berberis for different climatic regimes and along these three transects. Significantly, for Kobresia along the LM and QL transects, ∆δ2Halk = −84.3‰/km (r2 = 0.94; p &lt; 0.05; n = 4) and − 65.5‰/km (r2 = 0.74; p &lt; 0.01; n = 10), and ∆εwax-p = −80.4‰/km (r2 = 0.93; p &lt; 0.05) and −56.7‰/km (r2 = 0.66; p &lt; 0.01), respectively, were three or four times as large as for the soil δ2Halk values observed along these altitudinal gradients. Overall, the altitudinal lapse rate (ALR) of δ2Halk values and their εwax-p ratios varies between species, with Kobresia being the most negative and Berberis the least negative, potentially resulting from the strong response of monocotyledoneae Kobresia δ2Halk values to cooling with increasing altitude, and the relative influence of cryosphere meltwater at higher altitudes. Thus, impact of climate change on the sedimentary δ2Halk values should therefore be fully taken into account during reconstructions of paleoaltitudes. © 2020 Elsevier B.V."
"57214524210;57213229471;6603274519;57212147562;","Permafrost response to land use and land cover change in the last millennium across the Northern Hemisphere",2020,"10.1002/ldr.3578","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85081008911&doi=10.1002%2fldr.3578&partnerID=40&md5=aacfb8367b94416317facc0de2d905a6","Land use and land cover change (LULCC) can alter surface climate through biogeophysical feedbacks including the modification of energy, moisture, and momentum exchanges between the land and atmosphere. Permafrost, a component of the cryosphere, plays an important role in the climate system. However, the role of permafrost in LULCC in cold regions is still not clearly understood. Here, we employ a LULCC sensitivity experiment carried out by the community Earth system model last millennium ensemble project to investigate the effect of LULCC in permafrost regions across the Northern Hemisphere during 850–2005. LULCC is associated with statistically significant large-scale cooling in permafrost regions. The overall area-averaged annual surface air temperature decreased 0.37°C during 850–2005, and soil temperature decreased 0.39°C. Active layer thickness declined at a rate of −0.54 cm/100 year ± 0.023 cm, with a net decline of 6.24 ± 0.26 cm during 850–2005 in association with LULCC. Soil moisture also showed a decrease, most pronounced in summer and autumn. Seasonally, the greatest surface air temperature decreases occurred in autumn at a rate of −0.042°C/100 year, and 0.2 m winter soil temperature decreased 0.036°C/100 year, both with time lags. Comparisons of cooling associated with LULCC demonstrate that permafrost regions are more sensitive to LULCC than the rest of the Northern Hemisphere. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."
"57219874741;8106351700;25635521800;22956412500;7003425768;","Climate-groundwater dynamics inferred from GRACE and the role of hydraulic memory",2020,"10.5194/esd-11-775-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85095859515&doi=10.5194%2fesd-11-775-2020&partnerID=40&md5=58bc1e39a554c23cad7f31ef06117906","Groundwater is the largest store of freshwater on Earth after the cryosphere and provides a substantial proportion of the water used for domestic, irrigation and industrial purposes. Knowledge of this essential resource remains incomplete, in part, because of observational challenges of scale and accessibility. Here we examine a 14-year period (2002-2016) of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) observations to investigate climate-groundwater dynamics of 14 tropical and sub-tropical aquifers selected from WHYMAP's (Worldwide Hydrogeological Mapping and Assessment Programme) 37 large aquifer systems of the world. GRACE-derived changes in groundwater storage resolved using GRACE Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) mascons and the Community Land Model's land surface model are related to precipitation time series and regional-scale hydrogeology. We show that aquifers in dryland environments exhibit long-term hydraulic memory through a strong correlation between groundwater storage changes and annual precipitation anomalies integrated over the time series; aquifers in humid environments show short-term memory through strong correlation with monthly precipitation. This classification is consistent with estimates of groundwater response times calculated from the hydrogeological properties of each system, with long (short) hydraulic memory associated with slow (rapid) response times. The results suggest that groundwater systems in dryland environments may be less sensitive to seasonal climate variability but vulnerable to long-term trends from which they will be slow to recover. In contrast, aquifers in humid regions may be more sensitive to climate disturbances such as drought related to the El Nino-Southern Oscillation but may also be relatively quick to recover. Exceptions to this general pattern are traced to human interventions through groundwater abstraction. Hydraulic memory is an important factor in the management of groundwater resources, particularly under climate change. © 2020 EDP Sciences. All rights reserved."
"50960889700;7202240406;57218517450;57218514758;57218512327;","Estimation of the Atmospheric Ice Content Mass, Spatial Distribution, and Long-Term Changes Based on the ERA5 Reanalysis",2020,"10.1029/2020GL088186","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089389751&doi=10.1029%2f2020GL088186&partnerID=40&md5=1a205856695a910c0d4c24d903540262","The aerial cryosphere refers to all ice bodies in the atmosphere and has important impacts on the development of weather systems, climate change, and aviation safety. The total mass of the aerial cryosphere is evaluated for the first time based on the fifth generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts \atmospheric reanalysis (ERA5) reanalysis data set, and the spatiotemporal variability and long-term change of the aerial cryosphere are investigated. The results show that the total mass of atmospheric ice is approximately 33.1 Gt [29.7–37.0 Gt], covering ~74.3% of the Earth's surface area with obvious latitudinal zonality and seasonal variability. The aerial cryosphere mass has been increasing over the past few decades due to the overall increase in the atmospheric water vapor content caused by rising global temperatures. Moreover, the contribution of warming to the ablation of the aerial cryosphere is negligible since there is no significant trend in the height of the atmospheric freezing point layer. © 2020. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"8856898200;7004941120;","State of the climate in 2019",2020,"10.1175/2020BAMSSTATEOFTHECLIMATE_INTRO.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85093823248&doi=10.1175%2f2020BAMSSTATEOFTHECLIMATE_INTRO.1&partnerID=40&md5=e30bd1f2c5cf564a39f91dce23fc3dfd","In 2019, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth’s atmosphere continued to increase. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth’s surface was 409.8 ± 0.1 ppm, an increase of 2.5 ± 0.1 ppm over 2018, and the highest in the modern instrumental record and in ice core records dating back 800 000 years. Combined, greenhouse gases and several halogenated gases contributed 3.14 W m−2 to radiative forcing, representing a 45% increase since 1990. Carbon dioxide is responsible for about 65% of this radiative forcing. The annual net global uptake of ~2.4 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide by oceans was the highest in the record dating to 1982 and 33% higher than the 1997–2017 average. A weak El Niño at the beginning of 2019 transitioned to ENSO-neutral conditions by mid-year. Even so, the annual global surface temperature across land and oceans was still among the three highest in records dating to the mid- to late 1800s. July 2019 was Earth’s hottest month on record. Well over a dozen countries across Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia, and the Caribbean reported record high annual temperatures. In North America, Alaska experienced its warmest year on record, while the high northern latitudes that encompass the Arctic were second warmest, behind only 2016. Stations in several countries, including Vietnam, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, and the United Kingdom, set new all-time daily high temperature records for their nations. Australia set a new nationally averaged daily maximum temperature record of 41.9°C on 18 December, breaking the previous record set in 2013 by 1.6°C. Daily temperatures surpassed 40°C for the first time in Belgium and the Netherlands. Lake temperatures increased on average across the globe in 2019; observed lakes in the Northern Hemisphere were covered in ice seven days fewer than the 1981–2010 average, according to phenological indicators. Over land, the growing season was an average of eight days longer than the 2000–10 average in the NH. Above Earth’s surface, the annual lower troposphere temperature was third highest to record high, and the lower stratosphere temperature was third lowest to record low, depending on the dataset analyzed. Middle- and upper-stratospheric temperatures were lowest on record since satellite records began in 1979. In September, Antarctica experienced a dramatic upper-atmosphere warming event that led to the smallest ozone hole since the early 1980s. Below-average Antarctic sea ice extent persisted throughout 2019, continuing a trend that began in September 2016. Net sea ice extent was below the 1981–2010 average for all days of the year, and January and June each set a new low monthly mean sea ice extent record. The Antarctic ice sheet continued to lose mass, with the highest rates of loss occurring in West Antarctica and Wilkes Land, East Antarctica. Across the cryosphere, alpine glaciers continued to lose mass for the 32nd consecutive year. Permafrost temperatures in the European Alps were slightly below the record temperatures measured in 2015, while record high permafrost temperatures were observed at a majority of the observation sites across the high northern latitudes. For the first time in the observational record at 26 sites in interior Alaska and the Seward Peninsula, the active layer did not freeze completely, a result of long-term permafrost warming and back-to-back relatively mild and snowy winters. In March, when Arctic sea ice reached its annual maximum extent, thin, first-year ice comprised ~77% of all ice, compared to about 55% in the 1980s. In September, the minimum sea ice extent tied for the second smallest extent in the 41-year satellite record. In the Bering Sea, increasing ocean temperatures and reduced sea ice—which was the lowest on record there for the second consecutive winter—are leading to shifts in fish distributions within some of the most valuable fisheries in the world. Larger and more abundant boreal species, as opposed to smaller and less abundant Arctic species, dominated a large portion of the Arctic shelf in 2018 and 2019. During the 2019 melt season, the extent and magnitude of ice loss over the Greenland ice sheet rivaled 2012, the previous year of record ice loss. Melting of glaciers and ice sheets, along with warming oceans, account for the trend in rising global mean sea level. In 2019, global mean sea level set a new record for the eighth consecutive year, reaching 87.6 mm above the 1993 average when satellite measurements began, with an annual average increase of 6.1 mm from 2018. Ocean heat content measured to 700 m depth was record high, and the globally averaged sea surface temperature was the second highest on record, surpassed only by the record El Niño year of 2016. In October, the Indian Ocean dipole exhibited its greatest magnitude since 1997, associated with dramatic upper ocean warming in the western Indian Ocean basin. While ENSO conditions during 2019 appeared to have limited impacts, many climate events were influenced by the strong positive IOD, which contributed to a large rainfall deficit from the eastern Indian Ocean to the South Pacific Ocean east of Australia. Record heat and dryness in Australia intensified drought conditions already in place following below-average rainfall in 2017 and 2018, leading to severe impacts during late austral spring and summer, including catastrophic wildfires. Smoke from these wildfires, along with the volcanic eruptions of Raikoke (Russia) and Ulawun (Papua New Guinea), helped load the stratosphere with aerosol levels unprecedented since the post-Mt. Pinatubo era of the early 1990s. Indonesia also suffered severe drought and extreme wildfires toward the end of 2019; no rainfall was observed in the East Sumba District of the East Nusa Tenggara Province for 263 days. Conversely, the positive IOD also contributed to excess rainfall over the Horn of Africa from August through December, resulting in widespread flooding across East Africa. Elsewhere, India experienced one of its heaviest summer monsoon rains since 1995 despite a delayed and suppressed monsoon during June. In the United States, rapid snowmelt in the spring, as well as heavy and frequent precipitation in the first half of the year, contributed to extensive flooding in the Midwest throughout spring and summer, notably the Mississippi and Missouri basins. Dry conditions persisted over large parts of western South Africa, in some locations having continued for approximately seven years. Antecedent dry conditions and extreme summer heat waves pushed most of Europe into extreme drought. Due in part to precipitation deficits during December 2018 to January 2019—the peak of the rainy season—wildfires scorched vast areas of the southern Amazonian forests in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru, as well as in northern Paraguay, later in 2019. Millions of trees and animals perished, with some local extinctions reported. In Siberia, fire activity during the summer was both strong and farther north than usual. This led to a new record of 27 teragrams (1012 g) of carbon emitted from fires in the Arctic, which was more than twice as high than in any preceding year. Closer to the equator, 96 named tropical storms were observed during the Northern and Southern Hemisphere storm seasons, well above the 1981–2010 average of 82. Five tropical cyclones reached Saffir–Simpson scale Category 5 intensity. In the North Atlantic basin, Hurricane Dorian caused unprecedented and tremendous devastation, with over 70 fatalities and damages totaling $3.4 billion (U.S. dollars) in The Bahamas. Tropical Cyclones Idai and Kenneth severely impacted southeastern Africa in March and April, respectively. Idai resulted in total damages of at least $2.2 billion (U.S. dollars), the costliest storm on record for the South Indian Ocean basin, as well as the deadliest with over 1200 fatalities across Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Malawi, and Madagascar. ©2020 American Meteorological Society"
"55842642900;6603899326;6603068145;56664486200;16023312800;6602842356;21734147100;7006005434;","The Evolving Paleobathymetry of the Circum-Antarctic Southern Ocean Since 34 Ma: A Key to Understanding Past Cryosphere-Ocean Developments",2020,"10.1029/2020GC009122","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089853259&doi=10.1029%2f2020GC009122&partnerID=40&md5=a98283ade89e91c3a1319fd9ea8c7efb","The Southern Ocean is a key player in the climate, ocean, and atmospheric system. As the only direct connection between all three major oceans since the opening of the Southern Ocean gateways, the development of the Southern Ocean and its relationship with the Antarctic cryosphere has influenced the climate of the entire planet. Although the depths of the ocean floor have been recognized as an important factor in climate and paleoclimate models, appropriate paleobathymetric models including a detailed analysis of the sediment cover are not available. Here we utilize more than 40 years of seismic reflection data acquisition along the margins of Antarctica and its conjugate margins, along with multiple drilling campaigns by the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) and its predecessor programs. We combine and update the seismic stratigraphy across the regions of the Southern Ocean and calculate ocean-wide paleobathymetry grids via a backstripping method. We present a suite of high-resolution paleobathymetric grids from the Eocene-Oligocene Boundary to modern times. The grids reveal the development of the Southern Ocean from isolated basins to an interconnected ocean affected by the onset and vigor of an Antarctic Circumpolar Current, as well as the glacial sedimentation and erosion of the Antarctic continent. The ocean-wide comparison through time exposes patterns of ice sheet development such as switching of glacial outlets and the change from wet-based to dry-based ice sheets. Ocean currents and bottom-water production interact with the sedimentation along the continental shelf and slope and profit from the opening of the ocean gateways. ©2020. The Authors."
"56906270000;35099740100;7404980648;56647905400;57195742061;7406489494;7006430366;","Glacier expansion on Baffin Island during early Holocene cold reversals",2020,"10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106419","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85087523218&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2020.106419&partnerID=40&md5=15f12811fca6fa56101bfc914ab6ad77","The North Atlantic was a key locus for circulation-driven abrupt climate change in the past and could play a similar role in the future. Abrupt cold reversals, including the 8.2 ka event, punctuated the otherwise warm early Holocene in the North Atlantic region and serve as useful paleo examples of rapid climate change. In this work, we assess the cryospheric response to early Holocene climate history on Baffin Island, Arctic Canada, using cosmogenic radionuclide dating of moraines. We present 39 new 10Be ages from four sets of multi-crested early Holocene moraines deposited by cirque glaciers and ice cap outlet glaciers, as well as erratic boulders along adjacent fiords to constrain the timing of regional deglaciation. The age of one moraine is additionally constrained by in situ 14C measurements, which confirm 10Be inheritance in some samples. All four moraines were deposited between ∼9.2 and 8.0 ka, and their average ages coincide with abrupt coolings at 9.3 and 8.2 ka that are recorded in Greenland ice cores. Freshwater delivery to the North Atlantic that reduced the flux of warm Atlantic water into Baffin Bay may explain brief intervals of glacier advance, although moraine formation cannot be definitively tied to centennial-scale cold reversals. We thus explore other possible contributing factors, including ice dynamics related to retreat of Laurentide Ice Sheet outlet glaciers. Using a numerical glacier model, we show that the debuttressing effect of trunk valley deglaciation may have contributed to these moraine-building events. These new age constraints and process insights highlight the complex behavior of the cryosphere during regional deglaciation and suggest that multiple abrupt cold reversals—as well as deglacial ice dynamics—likely played a role in early Holocene moraine formation on Baffin Island. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd"
"6602289745;6603440993;55270572300;55659645500;7005505365;","Differing limnological responses to late Holocene climate variability in the Cordillera Vilcanota, Peruvian Andes",2020,"10.1007/s10933-020-00127-z","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85085316914&doi=10.1007%2fs10933-020-00127-z&partnerID=40&md5=79fdb18e0a6442568e1717370f44d02b","In recent decades, climate change in Peru’s Cordillera Vilcanota has resulted in massive reductions to its cryosphere and the upslope migration of species and agriculture. Little, however, is known about the response of the region’s many lakes that support local biodiversity and supply water to downstream populations. We analyzed fossil diatom assemblages in dated sediment cores from three lakes with differing morphometry and catchment characteristics to document the limnological response to climate variability over the late Holocene. The study lakes contained similar dominant diatom taxa but recorded markedly different assemblage shifts over time. The two deeper lakes, Laguna Sibinacocha (zmax = 92 m) and Chaca Cocha (zmax = 18 m), contained diatom assemblages that oscillated in dominance between benthic fragilarioids (Staurosirella pinnata, Pseudostaurosira brevistriata) and the planktonic Discostella stelligera. The Chaca Cocha diatom record closely matched the mean state changes in climate inferred from independent proxy records, whereas the record from the glacially influenced Laguna Sibinacocha did not match independent records. In contrast, the shallow study site, Lado del Quelccaya (zmax = 5 m), recorded a complacent diatom profile dominated by benthic fragilarioids with negligible planktonic taxa. The disparate diatom trajectories among the study lakes reflect variations in morphometry and glacial influence and the assemblage shifts appear best explained by climate-driven alterations to thermal stratification. These data offer insight into the primary mechanisms driving limnological change in this region and how different lake types throughout the Andes may respond to future warming. © 2020, Springer Nature B.V."
"55192893300;57196002539;7401822381;57218563420;39863642100;57218570249;57155241000;","first measurement of soil freeze/thaw cycles in the tibetan plateau using CYGNSS GNSS-R data",2020,"10.3390/RS12152361","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089584045&doi=10.3390%2fRS12152361&partnerID=40&md5=cd6253b00a3513ff0c291f0500608669","The process of soil freezing and thawing refers to the alternating phase change of liquid water and solid water in the soil, accompanied by a large amount of latent heat exchange. It plays a vital role in the land water process and is an important indicator of climate change. The Tibetan Plateau in China is known as the ""roof of the world"", and it is one of the most prominent physical characteristics is the freezing and thawing process of the soil. For the first time, this paper utilizes the spaceborne GNSS-R mission, i.e., CYGNSS (Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System), to study the feasibility of monitoring the soil freeze-thaw (FT) cycles on the Tibetan Plateau. In the theoretical analysis part, model simulations show that there are abrupt changes in soil permittivities and surface reflectivities as the soil FT occurs. The CYGNSS reflectivities from January 2018 to January 2020 are compared with the SMAP FT state. The relationship between CYGNSS reflectivity and SMAP soil moisture within this time series is analyzed and compared. The results show that the effect of soil moisture on reflectivity is very small and can be ignored. The periodic oscillation change of CYGNSS reflectivity is almost the same as the changes in SMAP FT data. Freeze-thaw conversion is the main factor affecting CYGNSS reflectivity. The periodical change of CYGNSS reflectivity in the 2 years indicates that it is mainly caused by soil FT cycles. It is feasible to use CYGNSS to monitor the soil FT cycles in the Tibetan Plateau. This research expands the current application field of CYGNSS and opens a new chapter in the study of cryosphere using spaceborne GNSS-R with high spatial-temporal resolution. © 2020 by the authors."
"12784376300;57217013750;56134359300;26323296000;7004759191;16645011000;56553696300;7003785403;","Historical Northern Hemisphere snow cover trends and projected changes in the CMIP6 multi-model ensemble",2020,"10.5194/tc-14-2495-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089400234&doi=10.5194%2ftc-14-2495-2020&partnerID=40&md5=93fad4bb979f115dc777f227849aec2c","This paper presents an analysis of observed and simulated historical snow cover extent and snow mass, along with future snow cover projections from models participating in the World Climate Research Programme Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). Where appropriate, the CMIP6 output is compared to CMIP5 results in order to assess progress (or absence thereof) between successive model generations. An ensemble of six observation-based products is used to produce a new time series of historical Northern Hemisphere snow extent anomalies and trends; a subset of four of these products is used for snow mass. Trends in snow extent over 1981-2018 are negative in all months and exceed-50 × 103 km2 yr-1 during November, December, March, and May. Snow mass trends are approximately-5 Gtyr-1 or more for all months from December to May. Overall, the CMIP6 multi-model ensemble better represents the snow extent climatology over the 1981-2014 period for all months, correcting a low bias in CMIP5. Simulated snow extent and snow mass trends over the 1981-2014 period are stronger in CMIP6 than in CMIP5, although large inter-model spread remains in the simulated trends for both variables. There is a single linear relationship between projected spring snow extent and global surface air temperature (GSAT) changes, which is valid across all CMIP6 Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. This finding suggests that Northern Hemisphere spring snow extent will decrease by about 8 % relative to the 1995-2014 level per degree Celsius of GSAT increase. The sensitivity of snow to temperature forcing largely explains the absence of any climate change pathway dependency, similar to other fast-response components of the cryosphere such as sea ice and near-surface permafrost extent. © 2020 Author(s)."
"56270609700;7401569549;7003344757;7005961258;","Nutrients and warming interact to force mountain lakes into unprecedented ecological states: Changing state of mountain lakes",2020,"10.1098/rspb.2020.0304rspb20200304","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85087737290&doi=10.1098%2frspb.2020.0304rspb20200304&partnerID=40&md5=253df2965e352b9d0fc1c3d6e753e6cc","While deposition of reactive nitrogen (N) in the twentieth century has been strongly linked to changes in diatom assemblages in high-elevation lakes, pronounced and contemporaneous changes in other algal groups suggest additional drivers. We explored the origin and magnitude of changes in two mountain lakes from the end of the Little Ice Age at ca 1850, to ca 2010, using lake sediments. We found dramatic changes in algal community abundance and composition. While diatoms remain the most abundant photosynthetic organisms, concentrations of diatom pigments decreased while pigments representing chlorophytes increased 200-300% since ca 1950 and total algal biomass more than doubled. Some algal changes began ca 1900 but shifts in most sedimentary proxies accelerated ca 1950 commensurate with many human-caused changes to the Earth System. In addition to N deposition, aeolian dust deposition may have contributed phosphorus. Strong increases in summer air and surface water temperatures since 1983 have direct and indirect consequences for high-elevation ecosystems. Such warming could have directly enhanced nutrient use and primary production. Indirect consequences of warming include enhanced leaching of nutrients from geologic and cryosphere sources, particularly as glaciers ablate. While we infer causal mechanisms, changes in primary producer communities appear to be without historical precedent and are commensurate with the post-1950 acceleration of global change. © 2020 The Author(s)."
"55551779600;13606332000;22135310900;57216908611;57201249895;","Holocene temperature and landscape history of southwest Greenland inferred from isotope and geochemical lake sediment proxies",2020,"10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106358","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85085258859&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2020.106358&partnerID=40&md5=8a72c9c888b04243589efeb5273b6128","Terrestrial temperature reconstructions from the ice-free margins of Greenland are critical for constraining the sensitivity of the Greenland ice sheet to past climate change. Numerous investigations have clarified the glacial history of southwest Greenland in recent decades; however, very few local quantitative temperature reconstructions exist as context for changes in the cryosphere. We examine sedimentary records from two lakes south of Nuuk, Greenland (informally named lakes T1 and T2), and investigate millennial scale Holocene climate change using a multi-proxy approach. Changes in X-Ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), δ15N, δ13C and biogenic silica concentrations of bulk lake sediments mark the transition from a marine environment to isolated lakes as relative sea level fell in the early Holocene. δ18O values of subfossil insects (chironomids) from lakes T1 and T2 decreased by 2–3‰ from c. 8.8 ka BP (minimum limiting age for the onset of lacustrine sediment deposition in lake T2; ka BP = thousands of years before 1950) to 1 ka BP. Existing isotope-independent temperature reconstructions from the west coast of Greenland suggest that these changes in δ18O values accompanied gradual cooling of 2–4 °C, concomitant with decreasing summer insolation. There is widespread regional evidence that this cooling resulted in progressive regrowth of local glaciers and of the ice sheet. The regional consensus on the magnitude of this temperature change indicates that the local, modern modeled temperature - precipitation δ18O relationship cannot be used to quantify millennial-scale temperature changes at these sites through the Holocene. This reinforces that studies utilizing δ18O-based proxies to infer temperature change should carefully assess local isotope-temperature relationships over space and time. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd"
"35857960400;7004940109;7003375121;35240660700;","Modelling the present global terrestrial climatic response due to a chicxulub-type asteroid impact",2020,"10.3390/atmos11070747","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85088088769&doi=10.3390%2fatmos11070747&partnerID=40&md5=e667e5daa5c79fe9a04e2ea16918c2ae","A Chicxulub-like asteroid event occurs, on average, approximately every ~27 to 200 million years. Therefore, such an event could happen presently. Here, we simulate the climatic anomalies it may cause with respect to the current conditions, assuming the same target geology of carbonates and evaporates and a 1 Gt release of sulphate gases. We used a thermodynamic model, including water vapor, cloudiness (by greenhouse and albedo effects), and cryosphere feedback to calculate aerosol cooling. We found that it took nearly 4.5 years for solar radiation to recover its preimpact value-during the first year practically no solar radiation reached the surface. Recovery of the temperature took more than 45 years. The lowest temperatures occurred between 1.5 and 5 years after the impact, being the coldest at-14 °C below the preimpact temperature. July surface temperature anomalies occurred 1.5 years after the impact, becoming one of the largest, compared to preimpact temperatures. Most continents showed temperature anomalies of-45 °C. The least cold places were the polar regions with temperature anomalies between approximately-5 and 0 °C. As for the most remarkable climatic effect, we found that, for ~6 years, the ice extended over almost all the ocean surface and, after ~25 years, it covered nearly half of the surface, remaining so for beyond 45 years. The continental ice remained without reduction beyond 45 years. Sixty years after the impact, the surface oceanic and continental fractions covered by ice were 0.52 and 0.98, respectively. We also modeled the effect of smaller quantities of sulfur released after asteroid impacts, concluding that an instantaneous, large climatic perturbation attributed to a loading range may lead to a semi-permanent shift in the climate system. © 2020 by the authors."
"7404250633;57190752719;57217145056;14062193700;7402287546;35273004500;54986319300;55937166600;55719869000;57217145251;7401684007;37025663300;","Recent Decrease of Summer Sea Ice in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica",2020,"10.1029/2020GL087127","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086447395&doi=10.1029%2f2020GL087127&partnerID=40&md5=810684360c2c8f1886cf34338d2422e2","In Austral summer 2016/2017, the sea ice extent (SIE) in the Weddell Sea dropped to a near-record value in the satellite era (1.88 × 106 km2), a large negative seasonal anomaly that persisted in an unprecedented fashion for the following three summers. Various atmospheric and oceanic factors played a part in the change. Ice loss started in September 2016 when the northern Weddell Sea experienced westerly winds of record strength, advecting multiyear sea ice from the region. In late 2016, a polynya over Maud Rise contributed to low SIE over the eastern Weddell Sea. With extensive areas of open water early in the summer, upper ocean temperatures increased by ~0.5°C, with the anomalies persisting in subsequent years. The reappearance of the Maud Rise polynya in 2017, high ocean temperatures, and storms of record depth kept the summer SIE low. ©2020. The Authors."
"26767999000;","Interannual-to-multidecadal responses of antarctic ice shelf-ocean interaction and coastal water masses during the twentieth century and the early twenty-first century to dynamic and thermodynamic forcing",2020,"10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0659.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85085919827&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-19-0659.1&partnerID=40&md5=65a05c213a6b4618d65dd3ee71a2de76","Much attention has been paid to ocean-cryosphere interactions over the Southern Ocean. Basal melting of Antarctic ice shelves has been reported to be the primary ablation process for the Antarctic ice sheets. Warm waters on the continental shelf, such as Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) and Antarctic Surface Water (AASW), play a critical role in active ice shelf basal melting. However, the temporal evolution and mechanisms of the basal melting and warm water intrusions throughout the twentieth century and the early twentyfirst century have not been rigorously examined and are not fully understood. Here, we conduct a numerical experiment of an ocean-sea ice-ice shelf model forced with a century-long atmospheric reanalysis for the period 1900-2010. To begin with, we provide an assessment of the atmospheric conditions by comparing with available observation and show biases in warming and stronger westerly trends. Taking into account the limitation, we examine the interannual-to-multidecadal variability in the Antarctic ice shelf basal melting and the role of coastal water masses.Aseries of numerical experiments demonstrate that wind stress changes over the Southern Ocean drive enhanced poleward heat transport by stronger subpolar gyres and reduce coastal sea ice and cold-water formations, both of which result in an increased ocean heat flux into Antarctic ice shelf cavities. Furthermore, an increase of sea ice-free days leads to enhanced regional AASW contribution to the basal melting. This study demonstrates that changes in Antarctic coastal water masses are key metrics for better understanding of the ocean-cryosphere interaction over the Southern Ocean. © 2020 American Meteorological Society."
"56654413100;6504336119;6603458409;7005855881;9239033400;7402778425;","Effect of terrestrial organic matter on ocean acidification and CO2 flux in an Arctic shelf sea",2020,"10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102319","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85084457110&doi=10.1016%2fj.pocean.2020.102319&partnerID=40&md5=15ac669b5c7a57b73a1bd502b2ca03ad","Recent research has focused on the changing ability of oceans to absorb atmospheric CO2 and the consequences for ocean acidification, with Arctic shelf seas being among the most sensitive regions. Hudson Bay is a large shelf sea in northern Canada whose location at the margin of the cryosphere places it in the vanguard of global climate change. Here, we develop a four-compartment box-model and carbon budget using published and recently collected measurements to estimate carbon inputs, transformations, and losses within Hudson Bay. We estimate the annual effects of terrestrial carbon remineralization on aragonite saturation (ΩAr, a proxy for ocean acidification) and on the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2, a proxy for air-sea CO2 flux) within each compartment, as well as the effects of marine primary production, marine organic carbon remineralization, and terrestrial calcium carbonate dissolution. We find that the remineralization of terrestrial dissolved organic carbon is the main driver of CO2 accumulation and aragonite under-saturation in coastal surface waters, but this is largely offset by marine primary production. Below the surface mixed layer, marine organic carbon remineralization is the largest contributor to CO2 accumulation and aragonite under-saturation, and is partially offset by terrestrial CaCO3 dissolution. Overall, the annual delivery and processing of carbon reduces ΩAr of water flowing through HB by up to 0.17 units and raises pCO2 by up to 165 µatm. The similarities between Hudson Bay and other Arctic shelf seas suggest these areas are also significantly influenced by terrestrial carbon inputs and transformation. © 2020"
"55589174000;19933461800;7403211753;38961940400;24461985400;56410819700;9234991600;7202175786;","Revisiting the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum “Carbon Cycle Conundrum” With New Estimates of Atmospheric pCO2 From Boron Isotopes",2020,"10.1029/2019PA003713","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086874049&doi=10.1029%2f2019PA003713&partnerID=40&md5=2cfe57a1f5d40bd665a2f1081d702155","The Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO) was a gradual warming event and carbon cycle perturbation that occurred between 40.5 and 40.1 Ma. A number of characteristics, including greater-than-expected deep-sea carbonate dissolution, a lack of globally coherent negative δ13C excursion in marine carbonates, a duration longer than the characteristic timescale of carbon cycle recovery, and the absence of a clear trigger mechanism, challenge our current understanding of the Earth system and its regulatory feedbacks. This makes the MECO one of the most enigmatic events in the Cenozoic, dubbed a middle Eocene “carbon cycle conundrum.” Here we use boron isotopes in planktic foraminifera to better constrain pCO2 changes over the event. Over the MECO itself, we find that pCO2 rose by only 0.55–0.75 doublings, thus requiring a much more modest carbon injection than previously indicated by the alkenone δ13C-pCO2 proxy. In addition, this rise in pCO2 was focused around the peak of the 400 kyr warming trend. Before this, considerable global carbonate δ18O change was asynchronous with any coherent ocean pH (and hence pCO2) excursion. This finding suggests that middle Eocene climate (and perhaps a nascent cryosphere) was highly sensitive to small changes in radiative forcing. ©2020. The Authors."
"57217280690;57207492770;56440436600;57211170893;57161892000;57212476817;57201134407;","Precipitation dominates long-term water storage changes in Nam Co Lake (Tibetan Plateau) accompanied by intensified cryosphere melts revealed by a basin-wide hydrological modelling",2020,"10.3390/rs12121926","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086997069&doi=10.3390%2frs12121926&partnerID=40&md5=ab66019f2037089ed008c824d831a7d2","Lakes on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) have changed dramatically as a result of climate change during recent decades. Studying the changes in long-term lake water storage (LWS) is of great importance for regional water security and ecosystems. Nam Co Lake is the second largest lake in the central TP. To investigate the long-term changes in LWS, a distributed cryosphere-hydrology model (WEB-DHM) driven by multi-source data was evaluated and then applied to simulate hydrological processes across the whole Nam Co Lake basin from 1980 to 2016. Firstly, a comparison of runoff (lake inflow), land surface temperature, and snow depth between the model simulations and observations or remote sensing products showed that WEB-DHM could accurately simulate hydrological processes in the basin. Meanwhile, the simulated daily LWS was in good agreement with satellite-derived data during 2000-2016. Secondly, long-term simulations showed that LWS increased by 9.26 km3 during 1980-2016, reaching a maximum in 2010 that was 10.25 km3 greater than that in 1980. During this period, LWS firstly decreased (1980-1987), then increased (1988-2008), and decreased again (2009-2016). Thirdly, the contributions of precipitation runoff, melt-water runoff, lake surface precipitation, and lake evaporation to Nam Co LWS were 71%, 33%, 24%, and-28%, respectively. Snow and glacier melting have significantly intensified during recent decades (2.96 m3 s-1/decade on average), contributing a mean proportion of 22% of lake inflows. These findings are consistent with the significant increasing trends of annual precipitation and temperature in the lake basin (25 mm/decade and 0.4 K/decade, respectively). We conclude that long-term variations in Nam Co LWS during 1980-2016 were largely controlled by precipitation; however, the contribution of precipitation runoff to total lake inflow has decreased while the contribution from warming-induced snow and glacier melting has significantly increased. © 2020 by the authors."
"7003341226;16316745800;57192268660;6604043565;23012119000;57200087965;57217145732;6603121976;25951738200;56342609400;36011543800;13106177400;14419868200;22634991400;8667851000;57217746263;57203278634;57195492119;8294840700;15751518200;6507203307;6507974112;57217892346;6508164327;56572209800;","The roles of the S3MPC: Monitoring, validation and evolution of sentinel-3 altimetry observations",2020,"10.3390/rs12111763","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086459179&doi=10.3390%2frs12111763&partnerID=40&md5=1416f930d5fd519697a071d76cee49fb","The Sentinel-3 Mission Performance Centre (S3MPC) is tasked by the European Space Agency (ESA) to monitor the health of the Copernicus Sentinel-3 satellites and ensure a high data quality to the users. This paper deals exclusively with the effort devoted to the altimeter and microwave radiometer, both components of the Surface Topography Mission (STM). The altimeters on Sentinel-3A and-3B are the first to operate in delay-Doppler or SAR mode over all Earth surfaces, which enables better spatial resolution of the signal in the along-track direction and improved noise reduction through multi-looking, whilst the radiometer is a two-channel nadir-viewing system. There are regular routine assessments of the instruments through investigation of telemetered housekeeping data, calibrations over selected sites and comparisons of geophysical retrievals with models, in situ data and other satellite systems. These are performed both to monitor the daily production, assessing the uncertainties and errors on the estimates, and also to characterize the long-term performance for climate science applications. This is critical because an undetected drift in performance could be misconstrued as a climate variation. As the data are used by the Copernicus Services (e.g., CMEMS, Global Land Monitoring Services) and by the research community over open ocean, coastal waters, sea ice, land ice, rivers and lakes, the validation activities encompass all these domains, with regular reports openly available. The S3MPC is also in charge of preparing improvements to the processing, and of the development and tuning of algorithms to improve their accuracy. This paper is thus the first refereed publication to bring together the analysis of SAR altimetry across all these different domains to highlight the benefits and existing challenges. © 2020 by the authors."
"25225721500;57191264599;55916019000;7003303148;","OLCI A/B tandem phase analysis, Part 1: Level 1 homogenisation and harmonisation",2020,"10.3390/rs12111804","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086467842&doi=10.3390%2frs12111804&partnerID=40&md5=c7e555c04ee361056cb1cb076c0cb532","Copernicus is a European system for monitoring the Earth in support of European policy. It includes the Sentinel-3 satellite mission which provides reliable and up-to-date measurements of the ocean, atmosphere, cryosphere, and land. To fulfil mission requirements, two Sentinel-3 satellites are required on-orbit at the same time to meet revisit and coverage requirements in support of Copernicus Services. The inter-unit consistency is critical for the mission as more S3 platforms are planned in the future. A few weeks after its launch in April 2018, the Sentinel-3B satellite was manoeuvred into a tandem configuration with its operational twin Sentinel-3A already in orbit. Both satellites were flown only thirty seconds apart on the same orbit ground track to optimise cross-comparisons. This tandem phase lasted from early June to mid October 2018 and was followed by a short drift phase during which the Sentinel-3B satellite was progressively moved to a specific orbit phasing of 140° separation from the sentinel-3A satellite. In this paper, an output of the European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel-3 Tandem for Climate study (S3TC), we provide a full methodology for the homogenisation and harmonisation of the two Ocean and Land Colour Instruments (OLCI) based on the tandem phase. Homogenisation adjusts for unavoidable slight spatial and spectral differences between the two sensors and provide a basis for the comparison of the radiometry. Persistent radiometric biases of 1-2% across the OLCI spectrum are found with very high confidence. Harmonisation then consists of adjusting one instrument on the other based on these findings. Validation of the approach shows that such harmonisation then procures an excellent radiometric alignment. Performed on L1 calibrated radiances, the benefits of harmonisation are fully appreciated on Level 2 products as reported in a companion paper. Whereas our methodology aligns one sensor to behave radiometrically as the other, discussions consider the choice of the reference to be used within the operational framework. Further exploitation of the measurements indeed provides evidence of the need to perform flat-fielding on both payloads, prior to any harmonisation. Such flat-fielding notably removes inter-camera differences in the harmonisation coefficients. We conclude on the extreme usefulness of performing a tandem phase for the OLCI mission continuity as well as for any optical mission to which the methodology presented in this paper applies (e.g., Sentinel-2). To maintain the climate record, it is highly recommended that the future Sentinel-3C and Sentinel-3D satellites perform tandem flights when injected into the Sentinel-3 time series. © 2020 by the authors."
"55597123100;57201317174;56986711500;35217818500;52564430800;","Reconstruction of ocean circulation based on neodymium isotopic composition: Potential limitations and application to the mid-pleistocene transition",2020,"10.5670/oceanog.2020.205","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85092493568&doi=10.5670%2foceanog.2020.205&partnerID=40&md5=b024336739e8a2df8be866e22a70f2f8","As the ocean is Earth’s largest reservoir of carbon, its circulation strongly influences the global carbon cycle. The neodymium (Nd) isotopic composition (143Nd/144Nd or εNd) of seawater has been used as a tracer for ocean circulation. We revisit the capacity of this tracer using compiled modern seawater data sets and recent data (≤10,000 years, 10 kyr) extracted from the sedimentary record. Empirical equations that predict seawater εNd values from hydrography parameters can be used to evaluate possible biases in Nd isotopic ratios. The good overall agreement between measured seawater and predicted εNd values confirms the usefulness of Nd isotopic composition as a tracer of large-scale deepwater circulation in many parts of the modern ocean. Offsets observed between the sedimentary record and predicted values in certain oceanic regions can be partly explained by the contribution of porewater-​ derived Nd to sedimentary authigenic fractions. We use Nd isotopic composition to study a major climate transition in the middle Pleistocene called the “900 ka event,” which is characterized by a major perturbation in ocean carbon chemistry. All available reconstructed seawater εNd data indicate an increase in isotopic composition at the 900 ka event relative to the present value in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. This shift cannot be explained solely by more active formation of southern-sourced water that has a higher εNd value than the northern-sourced water. We suggest that a reduction in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and/or changes in Nd sources to the North Atlantic were the main cause(s) of the change in εNd observed during the evolution of the Northern Hemisphere cryosphere. © 2020, Oceanography Society. All rights reserved."
"22940314000;57209415462;57203680197;6604022111;","Reconstructing the groundwater recharge history for the Plymouth-Carver Aquifer Massachusetts, USA",2020,"10.1016/j.quaint.2019.06.026","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85067671251&doi=10.1016%2fj.quaint.2019.06.026&partnerID=40&md5=cb5d2081e25aabbc2ca12514f0626e18","Groundwater systems can respond to climate forcing and millennial climate shifts more slowly than other components of the hydrologic cycle, making it difficult to reconstruct the influences and responses of groundwater to changing climate. Here, we test the linkage between climate change and groundwater responses by using water level changes situated in areas with permeable, unconfined aquifers systems. For hydroclimate histories, we compare moisture models from terrestrial water level reconstructions with predictions of available water from a transient earth system climate model. We focus our analysis on several small waterbodies with Holocene-era proxy measurements that are connected to the Plymouth-Carver glacial aquifer in southeastern Massachusetts, USA. Using these pond- and marsh-based records, we reconstruct groundwater recharge histories along individual groundwater flow paths using water level and sea level reconstructions with an analytical solution to the groundwater flow equation. We find that the water level reconstructions could contain both hydroclimate and sea level signals, with the early Holocene water levels primarily due to hydroclimate with predominantly a sea level signal after ∼7.5 ka cal BP. Our results indicate that sea level influenced coastal pond water levels, and sea level may play a more significant role than effective moisture over certain periods in the Holocene for terrestrial water bodies hydraulically connected to the evolving position of the coast. Future climate reconstructions developed from water level histories from low-elevation inland water bodies may benefit from examining the potential influence of sea level in addition to hydroclimate, but additional model validation and consideration of other cryosphere and glacial processes are needed to fully resolve sea level as a driver of terrestrial water level change. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA"
"36666049000;35332923200;7202711067;35099630000;","Permafrost Thaw Dominates Mercury Emission in Tibetan Thermokarst Ponds",2020,"10.1021/acs.est.9b06712","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85084272668&doi=10.1021%2facs.est.9b06712&partnerID=40&md5=a1360205a2e280d119cf35a75c75b60b","Increasing evidence shows that warming is driving Hg release from the cryosphere. However, Hg cycling in thawing permafrost is less understood to date. Here we show that permafrost thaw dominantly supplied no-run thermokarst ponds by permafrost melt waters (PMWs) with high concentration of photoreducible Hg (PRHg) and subsequently controlled Hg(0) emissions in the Tibetan Plateau. This study was motivated by field survey suggesting that thermokarst ponds as recipient aquatic systems of PMWs could be an active converter of PRHg to Hg(0). Annual Hg mass balance in three seasonally ice-covered thermokarst ponds suggests that PMWs were the dominant input (81.2% to 91.2%) of PRHg in all three thermokarst ponds, and PRHg input would be a constraint of Hg(0) emission owing to the fast photoreduction of PRHg to Hg(0) in the water column. Annual Hg(0) emission in the thermokarst ponds of study region was conservatively estimated to increase by 15% over the past half century. Our findings highlight that climate-induced landscape disturbances and changes in hydrogeochemical processes in climate-sensitive permafrost will quickly and in situ drive Hg stored in permafrost for a very long time into the modern day Hg cycle, which potentially offsets the anthropogenic Hg mitigation policies. Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society."
"57194609181;6603888005;57206534330;16444433900;","Summarizing the state of the terrestrial biosphere in few dimensions",2020,"10.5194/bg-17-2397-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85084697856&doi=10.5194%2fbg-17-2397-2020&partnerID=40&md5=81598e471c70c4540d82efd03213fc3b","In times of global change, we must closely monitor the state of the planet in order to understand the full complexity of these changes. In fact, each of the Earth's subsystems-i.e., the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and cryosphere-can be analyzed from a multitude of data streams. However, since it is very hard to jointly interpret multiple monitoring data streams in parallel, one often aims for some summarizing indicator. Climate indices, for example, summarize the state of atmospheric circulation in a region. Although such approaches are also used in other fields of science, they are rarely used to describe land surface dynamics. Here, we propose a robust method to create global indicators for the terrestrial biosphere using principal component analysis based on a high-dimensional set of relevant global data streams. The concept was tested using 12 explanatory variables representing the biophysical state of ecosystems and land-atmosphere fluxes of water, energy, and carbon fluxes. We find that three indicators account for 82&thinsp;% of the variance of the selected biosphere variables in space and time across the globe. While the first indicator summarizes productivity patterns, the second indicator summarizes variables representing water and energy availability. The third indicator represents mostly changes in surface albedo. Anomalies in the indicators clearly identify extreme events, such as the Amazon droughts (2005 and 2010) and the Russian heat wave (2010). The anomalies also allow us to interpret the impacts of these events. The indicators can also be used to detect and quantify changes in seasonal dynamics. Here we report, for instance, increasing seasonal amplitudes of productivity in agricultural areas and arctic regions. We assume that this generic approach has great potential for the analysis of land surface dynamics from observational or model data. © 2020 Author(s)."
"57193230468;7402179586;35435194800;57192589839;57200145181;57202630056;57202626585;57216886370;57215497023;57129261700;57196703459;57208345485;7405433398;7103284815;7101815608;","Significant methane ebullition from alpine permafrost rivers on the East Qinghai–Tibet Plateau",2020,"10.1038/s41561-020-0571-8","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85085141313&doi=10.1038%2fs41561-020-0571-8&partnerID=40&md5=95804d95305ccebee17f620db70fe21c","Inland waters are large sources of methane to the atmosphere. However, considerable uncertainty exists in estimating the emissions of this potent greenhouse gas from global streams and rivers due, in part, to a lack of direct measurements in the high-altitude cryosphere and poor accounting for ebullition. Here we present methane concentrations and fluxes over three years in four basins on the East Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Methane ebullition rates decrease exponentially whereas diffusion declines linearly with increasing stream order. Nonetheless, the average ebullition rate (11.9 mmolCH4 m−2 d−1) from these streams and rivers—which have large organic stocks in surrounding permafrost, abundant cold-tolerant methanogens, shallow water depths, and experience low air pressure—were six times greater than the global average and reached a maximum of 374.4 mmolCH4 m−2 d−1. Upscaled total emissions from sampled third- to seventh-order waterways of the East Qinghai–Tibet Plateau are estimated to be 0.20 TgCH4 yr−1, 79% of which was attributed to ebullition. These methane emissions are approximately 20% of CO2 emissions (2.70 TgCO2 yr−1) in terms of carbon release and two times greater in terms of CO2-equivalent emissions. When upscaled to first- to seventh-order waterways, we estimate emissions of 0.37–1.23 TgCH4 yr−1. Our findings demonstrate that high-elevation rivers on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau are hotspots of methane delivery to the atmosphere. The large ebullitive fluxes, which constitute a substantial fraction of global fluvial methane emissions, reveal a positive feedback between climate warming, permafrost thaw and methane emissions. © 2020, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited."
"6603256509;57216807906;7102359243;7005326185;","Late Holocene fluctuations of Stoppani Glacier, southernmost Patagonia",2020,"10.1017/qua.2019.87","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85084746951&doi=10.1017%2fqua.2019.87&partnerID=40&md5=7de2fbd34b5c84d7333c1687a0b33da8","Some lateral moraines contain a rich record of Holocene glacial expansion. Previous workers have used such evidence to document glacial fluctuations in western Canada, Alaska, and the U.S. Pacific Northwest, but similar studies in Patagonia are uncommon. Here we report on the late Holocene behavior of Stoppani Glacier, a 75 km2 glacier sourced in the Cordillera Darwin, southernmost Patagonia. Based on radiocarbon-dated wood and organic material contained in the glacier's northeast lateral moraine, we infer that Stoppani Glacier advanced shortly before 3.8-3.6, at 3.2-2.8, 2.3-2.1, and 0.3-0.2, and possibly sometime before 1.4-1.3 and 0.8-0.7 cal ka BP. These advances culminated at 0.3-0.2 cal ka BP, when the glacier constructed a prominent end moraine, marking its greatest extent of the past 4000 years. Although the timing of several of the advances overlap with the age range of glacial expansion recognized elsewhere in Patagonia, some do not. Asynchronous behavior observed in the glacial record may arise from the type of evidence (e.g., lateral stratigraphy vs. end moraine) used to document glacial fluctuations or variations in climate or glacial response times. A significant difference between the Stoppani record and some other Patagonian records is that the former indicates general expansion of ice over the last 4000 years, whereas the latter indicate a net decrease in extent over that period. © 2020 University of Washington. Published by Cambridge University Press."
"57201552656;57211903687;6602508753;57190622010;","In Situ Estimates of Freezing/Melting Point Depression in Agricultural Soils Using Permittivity and Temperature Measurements",2020,"10.1029/2019WR026020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85085527658&doi=10.1029%2f2019WR026020&partnerID=40&md5=11c1754f80e07fa852172e434e919999","We present a method to characterize soil moisture freeze-thaw events and freezing/melting point depression using permittivity and temperature measurements, readily available from in situ sources. In cold regions soil freeze-thaw processes play a critical role in the surface energy and water balance, with implications ranging from agricultural yields to natural disasters. Although monitoring of the soil moisture phase state is of critical importance, there is an inability to interpret soil moisture instrumentation in frozen conditions. To address this gap, we investigated the freeze-thaw response of a widely used soil moisture probe, the HydraProbe, in the laboratory. Soil freezing curves (SFCs) and soil thawing curves (STCs) were identified using the relationship between soil permittivity and temperature. The permittivity SFC/STC was fit using a logistic growth model to estimate the freezing/melting point depression (Tf/m) and its spread (s). Laboratory results showed that the fitting routine requires permittivity changes greater than 3.8 to provide robust estimates and suggested that a temperature bias is inherent in horizontally placed HydraProbes. We tested the method using field measurements collected over the last 7 years from the Environment and Climate Change Canada and the University of Guelph's Kenaston Soil Moisture Network in Saskatchewan, Canada. By dividing the time series into freeze-thaw events and then into individual transitions, the permittivity SFC/STC was identified. The freezing and melting point depression for the network was estimated as Tf/m = − 0.35 ± 0.2,with Tf = − 0.41 ± 0.22 °C and Tm = − 0.29 ± 0.16 °C, respectively. ©2020. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57200201534;57200055610;46062580600;55688930000;57216707069;","Atmospheric teleconnection processes linking winter air stagnation and haze extremes in China with regional Arctic sea ice decline",2020,"10.5194/acp-20-4999-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85084349157&doi=10.5194%2facp-20-4999-2020&partnerID=40&md5=e1d3fd736eefbed7d2da4782319b53d4","<p>Recent studies suggested significant impacts of boreal cryosphere changes on wintertime air stagnation and haze pollution extremes in China. However, the underlying mechanisms of such a teleconnection relationship remains unclear. Here we use the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) to investigate dynamic processes leading to atmospheric circulation and air stagnation responses to Arctic sea ice changes. We conduct four climate sensitivity experiments by perturbing sea ice concentrations (SIC) and corresponding sea surface temperature (SST) in autumn and early winter over the whole Arctic and three subregions in the climate model. The results indicate distinct responses in circulation patterns and regional ventilation to the region-specific Arctic changes, with the largest increase of both the probability (by 132&thinsp;%) and the intensity (by 30&thinsp;%) of monthly air stagnation extremes being found in the experiment driven by SIC and SST changes over the Pacific sector of the Arctic (the East Siberian and Chukchi seas). The increased air stagnation extremes are mainly driven by an amplified planetary-scale atmospheric teleconnection pattern that resembles the negative phase of the Eurasian (EU) pattern. Dynamical diagnostics suggest that convergence of transient eddy forcing in the vicinity of Scandinavia in winter is largely responsible for the amplification of the teleconnection pattern. Transient eddy vorticity fluxes dominate the transient eddy forcing and produce a barotropic anticyclonic anomaly near Scandinavia and wave train propagation across Eurasia to the downstream regions in East Asia. The piecewise potential vorticity inversion analysis reveals that this long-range atmospheric teleconnection of Arctic origin takes place primarily via the middle and upper troposphere. The anomalous ridge over East Asia in the middle and upper troposphere worsens regional ventilation conditions by weakening monsoon northwesterlies and enhancing temperature inversions near the surface, leading to more and stronger air stagnation and pollution extremes over eastern China in winter. Ensemble projections based on state-of-The-Art climate models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) corroborate this teleconnection relationship between high-latitude environmental changes and midlatitude weather extremes, though the tendency and magnitude vary considerably among each participating model.</p>. © 2020 Copernicus GmbH. All rights reserved."
"7005132071;57207857889;55823326100;57209418225;","Adaptation to mountain cryosphere change: issues and challenges",2020,"10.1080/17565529.2019.1617099","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85067645304&doi=10.1080%2f17565529.2019.1617099&partnerID=40&md5=74c0bf80116a469e94389686f597b143","The cryosphere provides multiple services to society, but mountain cryosphere is shrinking at an alarming rate worldwide due to climate change, threatening natural and human systems. Adaptation to cryosphere change is essential to avoid irreversible damage and to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Although documenting adaptation actions and challenges is vital for preparing and implementing adaptation strategies, efforts to document and understand current adaptation practices specifically in response to cryosphere change have been limited. This paper synthesizes adaptation actions currently practiced in the mountain ranges of the Andes, Alps, Pamir, Tien Shan and Himalaya in response to cryosphere change, discusses common constraints and suggests actions for creating an enabling environment for adaptation. It identifies various adaptation measures adopted by different actors. These range from changing current practices and behaviour at household level to collaborative monitoring at regional level. However, most adaptation measures are autonomous, narrowly focused and short term, without adequate planning and government support. The physical challenges of mountain terrain, low adaptive capacities, limited knowledge and high uncertainty about future risks constrain widespread adoption of adaptation measures. Further research is needed to better understand factors influencing adaptation actions, and the policy options and responses that can overcome existing barriers. © 2019, © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group."
"35388158800;16073249900;57211293726;57215078221;","Sensitivity of the summer upper ocean heat content in a Western Antarctic Peninsula fjord",2020,"10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102287","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85079854806&doi=10.1016%2fj.pocean.2020.102287&partnerID=40&md5=e79f4b28b57e93cb440b8900818803a2","On the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), fjords make up most of the interface between the ocean and the cryosphere, and they are hotspots of biological productivity and biodiversity. Changes in the summer upper ocean (50 m) heat content, H, of a fjord could directly affect primary productivity and melting of icebergs and glacial fronts. Using the adjoint of a high-resolution Regional Ocean Model System model, we quantify the key drivers controlling changes in H to understand the summertime characteristics and potential climatic impacts. Results show that the summertime warming is mainly driven by the surface heat flux, and can be enhanced by inward along-fjord winds or northeastward winds along Gerlache strait. Opposite wind perturbations lead to a reduction of H. We learned that the sensitivity to the along-strait winds relates to the exchange of heat between the fjord and the strait, with the strait being a major heat source for the fjord in the unperturbed conditions. The sensitivity analysis of the most influential regional water masses identifies upper ocean waters from the north (<200 m) as the dominant driver. We also find that two possible consequences of climate change, warming air temperature and increasing meltwater input could have opposing effects on H. The additional meltwater leads to a cooling of the fjord that is mainly caused by a reduced import of heat from the strait. It follows that future increases of meltwater input (e.g. increased runoff) could play a crucial role for the fjord's upper ocean physics and potentially its ecosystem. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd"
"57202495671;7003941060;7003494572;","Respective influences of perturbed atmospheric and ocean–sea ice initial conditions on the skill of seasonal Antarctic sea ice predictions: A study with NEMO3.6–LIM3",2020,"10.1016/j.ocemod.2020.101591","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85080064096&doi=10.1016%2fj.ocemod.2020.101591&partnerID=40&md5=e6770cb7e7f07fcf4201f9e701d7495b","Dynamical climate models have been extensively used over the last decade to perform seasonal sea ice predictions in the context of ensemble forecasting. To date, the sensitivity to the initial conditions has received the most attention through the evaluation of the theoretical limit of Antarctic sea ice predictability imposed by the chaotic evolution of the climate system. The respective contributions of perturbed ocean–sea ice initial conditions and perturbed atmospheric boundary conditions to this predictability remains unevaluated, though. Using the coupled ocean–sea ice model NEMO3.6–LIM3, we developed a suitable framework for evaluating both influences on seasonal Antarctic sea ice predictions. This study reveals that the uncertainty associated with the evolution of the atmospheric conditions is a major limitation to the realization of skilful sea ice extent (SIE) predictions. However, it has a limited impact on sea ice volume (SIV) predictions. The discrepancies between the SIE and SIV predictabilities have been attributed to the presence of very thin ice, which accounts for much of the SIE variability in winter. We also demonstrated that an incorrect estimate of the ocean–sea ice initial conditions has a weaker, but not negligible influence. The time evolution of different plausible ocean–sea ice initial conditions under perfect knowledge of the atmospheric conditions suggest that the initial SIE errors cannot be totally reduced by the atmospheric forcing. They even increase during the melt season. The high persistence of the SIV anomalies is found to be responsible for this behaviour. These findings imply that a correct initialization of the sea ice thickness (SIT) might be more important than previously thought for seasonal Antarctic sea ice predictions, especially if one wants to predict the SIE during the melt season. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd"
"56684112000;57212677885;24492458800;57212681334;57212683119;7007058574;","Preferential elution of ionic solutes in melting snowpacks: Improving process understanding through field observations and modeling in the Rocky Mountains",2020,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136273","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85077318783&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2019.136273&partnerID=40&md5=62fdf6cb9749b56eb5fa462ee3478b69","The preferential elution of ions from melting snowpacks is a complex problem that has been linked to temporary acidification of water bodies. However, the understanding of these processes in snowpacks around the world, including the polar regions that are experiencing unprecedented warming and melting, remains limited despite being instrumental in supporting climate change adaptation. In this study, data collected from a snowmelt lysimeter and snowpits at meadow and forest-gap sites in a high elevation watershed in Colorado were combined with the PULSE multi-phase snowpack chemistry model to investigate the controls of meltwater chemistry and preferential elution. The snowdepth at the meadow site was 64% of that at the forest-gap site, and the snowmelt rate was greater there (meadow snowpit) due to higher solar irradiance. Cations such as Ca2+ and NH4+ were deposited mostly within the upper layers of both the meadow and forest-gap snowpacks, and acid anions such as NO3− and SO42− were more evenly distributed. The snow ion concentrations were generally greater at the forest-gap snowpit, except for NH4+, which indicates that wind erosion of wet and dry deposited ions from the meadow may have reduced concentrations of residual snow. Furthermore, at the forest-gap site, snow interception and scavenging processes such as sublimation, ventilation, and throughfall led to particular ion enrichment of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Cl−, SO42− and NO3−. Model simulations and observations highlight that preferential elution is enhanced by low snowmelt rates, with the model indicating that this is due to lower dilution rates and increased contact time and area between the percolating meltwater and the snow. Results suggest that low snowmelt rates can cause multiple early meltwater ionic pulses for ions subject to lower ion exclusion. Ion exclusion rates at the grain-size level have been estimated for the first time. © 2019 Elsevier B.V."
"6602819437;57212405140;7004270768;7006857671;57208121631;56652548500;","Decadal trends in water chemistry of Alpine lakes in calcareous catchments driven by climate change",2020,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135180","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85076623954&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2019.135180&partnerID=40&md5=54ebe1a1a5812a12ca0ef8eeabb623b1","High mountain lakes are considered sensitive indicators of the effects of natural and anthropogenic drivers, including atmospheric deposition and climate change. In this study, we assess long-term trends in the chemistry of a group of high altitude lakes in the Western Alps, Italy, lying in bedrock with a relevant presence of basic, soluble rocks. An in-depth investigation was performed on two key-sites (Lakes Boden Inferiore and Superiore) for which continuous chemical data are available for a period of 30 years. A group of 10 additional lakes in the same area was also considered; these lakes were sampled at the end of the ice-free period during irregular surveys in the period 1980–2017. Water samples were analysed for the main chemical variables, including pH, electrical conductivity, major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3 −, Cl−, SO4 2−, NO3 −) and algal nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen compounds, reactive silica). A steep increase in conductivity and ion concentrations was detected at the key-sites: conductivity increased from 40–45 to 60–70 µS cm−1 over the period 1984–2017; sulphate concentrations more than doubled over the same period (from 50–60 to 120–180 µeq L−1) and base cations increased from 400–500 to 600–750 µeq L−1. An increase in the solute content was also detected in the survey lakes (average conductivity from 39 ± 20 to 57 ± 23 µS cm−1). The analysis of meteorological data revealed a significant increase of air temperature (0.019 °C y−1 over the period 1950–2017), mainly in spring and summer (0.033 °C y−1), and a decrease of snow cover depth and duration. Meteo-climatic drivers were identified as the responsible for the chemical changes occurred in the lakes. Climate-driven effects on weathering rates were mainly indirect and occurred by affecting the flow paths of water at both surface and subsurface level. Cryosphere modification (reduced snow cover and permafrost thawing) also played a role. © 2019 Elsevier B.V."
"57209916497;","Impact of climate change on cryosphere-atmosphere-biosphere interaction over the Garhwal Himalaya, India",2020,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85081534906&partnerID=40&md5=9c3151cdb3d4c0db4fd67074f518c5b3","A long-term relationship among nighttime Land Surface Temperature (LST), Snow Cover Fraction (SCF), NDVI (Normalize Difference Vegetaion Index) and AOD (Atmospheric Optical Depth) have been conducted in different eco-regions of the Garhwal region, central Himalaya using MODIS monthly images. The trends were determined using linear regression methods for different seasons and regions. It is observed that the trends of the nighttime LST are similar between outer and higher Himalaya because of similar abundant free rock faces. The enhanced warming associated with precipitation resulted in change in temporal character of NDVI and SFC. The glaciers recession is leading friable fresh moraine and caused to more availability of dust in the higher Himalaya than middle Himalaya. The trajectory of HYSPLIT model suggests higher rate of increase in AOD at higher Himalaya than in the middle Himalaya. © 2020, World Research Association. All rights reserved."
"57215896788;55366249600;","Applications of unmanned aerial vehicles in cryosphere: Latest advances and prospects",2020,"10.3390/rs12060948","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85082303277&doi=10.3390%2frs12060948&partnerID=40&md5=3e0e0a20ef1d6887e1f58bf5f629c0d8","Owing to usual logistic hardships related to field-based cryospheric research, remote sensing has played a significant role in understanding the frozen components of the Earth system. Conventional spaceborne or airborne remote sensing platforms have their own merits and limitations. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have emerged as a viable and inexpensive option for studying the cryospheric components at unprecedented spatiotemporal resolutions. UAVs are adaptable to various cryospheric research needs in terms of providing flexibility with data acquisition windows, revisits, data/sensor types (multispectral, hyperspectral, microwave, thermal/night imaging, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), and photogrammetric stereos), viewing angles, flying altitudes, and overlap dimensions. Thus, UAVs have the potential to act as a bridging remote sensing platform between spatially discrete in situ observations and spatially continuous but coarser and costlier spaceborne or conventional airborne remote sensing. In recent years, a number of studies using UAVs for cryospheric research have been published. However, a holistic review discussing the methodological advancements, hardware and software improvements, results, and future prospects of such cryospheric studies is completely missing. In the present scenario of rapidly changing global and regional climate, studying cryospheric changes using UAVs is bound to gain further momentum and future studies will benefit from a balanced review on this topic. Our review covers the most recent applications of UAVs within glaciology, snow, permafrost, and polar research to support the continued development of high-resolution investigations of cryosphere. We also analyze the UAV and sensor hardware, and data acquisition and processing software in terms of popularity for cryospheric applications and revisit the existing UAV flying regulations in cold regions of the world. The recent usage of UAVs outlined in 103 case studies provide expertise that future investigators should base decisions on. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland."
"57197728205;55373025000;44361321500;","Atmospheric radiative processes accelerate ground surface warming over the southeastern tibetan plateau during 1998-2013",2020,"10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0410.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85080129696&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-19-0410.1&partnerID=40&md5=0f84f6934fb1fc928f6e32be6b3ebf78","The Tibetan Plateau (TP), known as the world's ""Third Pole,"" plays a vital role in regulating the regional and global climate and provides freshwater for about 1.5 billion people. Observations show an accelerated ground surface warming trend over the southeastern TP during the global warming slowdown period of 1998-2013, especially in the summer and winter seasons. The processes responsible for such acceleration are under debate as contributions from different radiative processes are still unknown. Here we estimate for the first time the contributions of each radiative component to the ground surface warming trend before and after 1998 by analyzing multisource datasets under an energy balance framework. Results show that declining cloud cover caused by the weakening of both the South Asian summer monsoon and local-scale atmospheric upward motion mainly led to the accelerated ground surface warming during the summers of 1998-2013, whereas the decreased surface albedo caused by the snow melting was the major warming factor in winter. Moreover, increased clear-sky longwave radiation induced by the warming middle and upper troposphere was the second largest factor, contributing to about 21%-48% of the ground surface warming trend in both the summer and winter seasons. Our results unravel the key processes driving the ground surface warming over the southeastern TP and have implications for the development of climate and Earth system models in simulating ground surface temperature change and other related complex cryosphere-hydrosphere-atmosphere interactions over high-altitude land areas. © 2020 American Meteorological Society."
"57192007192;57212084530;6603181723;56781216900;24376864000;55450434000;57218860070;","Climatic and hydrological projections to changing climate under CORDEX-South Asia experiments over the Karakoram-Hindukush-Himalayan water towers",2020,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135010","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85075877972&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2019.135010&partnerID=40&md5=5230e2890dc26f9c01d4271ef632f695","The complex snow and glacier (cryosphere) dynamics over the “third pole” mountainous regions of the Karakoram-Hindukush-Himalayas (HKH) makes this region challenging for accurate hydrological predictions. The objective of this study is to investigate the impacts of climate change on major hydrological components (precipitation-runoff, snow- and glacier-runoff, evapotranspiration and inter-annual change in streamflows) over the Hunza-, Gilgit- and Astore-River basins, located in HKH. For this purpose, three different hydrological models (snowmelt runoff (SRM), HEC-HMS and HBV are tested over snow- and glacier-covered river basins. These are subsequently integrated with the climate projections simulated from regional climate models (RCMs) developed under CORDEX-SA experiments. The basin-wide RCM-simulations for future scenarios exhibited an increase in precipitation but decline in intensity of rise over high-altitude zones. The temperature rise showed a maximum increase during monsoon by 4.18 °C, 4.37 °C and 4.34 °C over Hunza-, Gilgit- and Astore-River basins, respectively, for the period 2071–2099 (2090s) and a high emission scenario (RCP8.5). Further, in response to rise in precipitation and temperature, the SRM simulations showed a significant increase in snow- glacier-melt runoff (49%, 42% and 46% for SRM) and precipitation runoff (23.8%, 15.7% and 27% for HEC-HMS) in the Hunza-, Gilgit- and Astore-River basins, respectively, for the 2090s under RCP8.5. The streamflow projections for SRM showed a shift in hydrological regime with an increase by 369 (168.4%), 216.5 (74.8%) and 131.8 m3/s (82%) during pre-monsoon in the Hunza-, Gilgit- and Astore-River basins, respectively and then decline by −73.2 m3/s (−13.9%) and −45.4 m3/s (23.4%) during monsoon of the 2090s, in the Hunza- and Astore-River basins, respectively, under RCP8.5. Overall, the projections show that the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons are expected to be strongly influenced by climate change, through alterations in snow- and glacier-accumulation, and melt regimes with substantial consequences for river runoff in the region. © 2019 Elsevier B.V."
"57211662731;6602973638;7101800802;7004206177;15926344800;","Single-year thermal regime and inferred permafrost occurrence in the upper Ganglass catchment of the cold-arid Himalaya, Ladakh, India",2020,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134631","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85074798896&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2019.134631&partnerID=40&md5=8dce1bf2d77f025064ba5fdce7ebc0f7","Cold-arid regions of the trans-Himalaya in the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) is suspected to have a significant area of permafrost. However, information on the ground thermal regime of these permafrost areas is so far not available. This study bridge this knowledge gap by analysing the sub-surface thermal regime of selected sites in the Ganglass catchment, Ladakh range. Near surface ground temperature data recorded during September 2016 to August 2017 using 24-miniature temperature data loggers distributed across 12 plots and covering an elevation range of 4700–5612 m a.s.l. are used in this study. Permafrost characteristics including plausible ranges of thermal offset, active-layer thickness and mean annual ground temperature at 10 m depth were estimated by driving a one-dimensional heat conduction model. Two statistical models were used to map first order estimates of permafrost area in this 15.4 km2 catchment. Study suggest permafrost occurrence at all sites above 4900 m a.s.l. with active-layer thickness ranging from 0.1 to 4.2 m and the mean annual ground surface temperature ranging from between −10.0 and −0.85 °C for these sites. MAAT at these sites range from −4.1 to −8.9 °C and the surface offsets vary from −1.1 to 3.9 °C. Estimated thermal offset range from −0.9 to 0 °C. Both statistical models show comparable results and suggest 95% mean permafrost cover in the catchment above 4727 m a.s.l. These results strongly indicate existence of significant permafrost areas across the high elevations of the cold-arid regions of IHR. So far, permafrost processes are not considered for assessing present and future estimates of water and regional climate and as a causative factor for disasters like debris flows and landslides in the region. This study highlight the need for greater research efforts on Himalayan permafrost to have a comprehensive understanding of Himalayan cryosphere. © 2019"
"55958127500;56173665500;21734716100;7006901819;","Impacts of the Cryosphere and Atmosphere on Observed Microseisms Generated in the Southern Ocean",2020,"10.1029/2019JF005354","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85081073448&doi=10.1029%2f2019JF005354&partnerID=40&md5=c59d75150860c5214ffcae33a8f119e8","The Southern Ocean (in the region 60–180° E) south of the Indian Ocean, Australia, and the West Pacific is noted for the frequent occurrence and severity of its storms. These storms give rise to high-amplitude secondary microseisms from sources, including the deep ocean regions, and primary microseisms where the swells impinge on submarine topographic features. A better understanding of the varying microseism wavefield enables improvements to seismic imaging and development of proxy observables to complement sparse in situ wave observations and hindcast models of the global ocean wave climate. We analyze 12–26 years of seismic data from 11 seismic stations either on the East Antarctic coast or sited in the Indian Ocean, Australia, and New Zealand. The power spectral density of the seismic wavefield is calculated to explore how the time-changing microseism intensity varies with (i) sea ice coverage surrounding Antarctica and (ii) the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) climate index. Variations in sea ice extent are found to be the dominant control on the microseism intensity at Antarctic stations, which exhibit a seasonal pattern phase-shifted by 4–5 months compared to stations in other continents. Peaks in extremal intensity at East Antarctic stations occur in March–April, with the highest peaks for secondary microseisms occurring during negative SAM events. This relationship between microseism intensity and the SAM index is opposite to that observed on the Antarctic Peninsula. This work informs the complexity of microseism amplitudes in the Southern Hemisphere and assists ongoing interdisciplinary investigations of interannual variability and long-term trends. ©2020. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57214524210;57213229471;6603274519;57212147562;57212142839;57212140738;","Soil freeze depth variability across Eurasia during 1850–2100",2020,"10.1007/s10584-019-02586-4","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85076055816&doi=10.1007%2fs10584-019-02586-4&partnerID=40&md5=1a3a240268090d24bad6394343c9aeb5","Soil freeze depth (SFD) is an important indicator of cryospheric and climate change. Changes in SFD have important effects on hydrology, the energy balance, carbon exchange, and ecosystem diversity. However, quantifying and predicting SFD at large scales remains a challenge due to sparse long-term observations. This study employs the Stefan solution combined with 16 of the coupled model inter-comparison project phase 5 (CMIP5) models over the historical period (1850–2005) and three representative concentration pathways (RCP 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5) for 2006–2100, the Climatic Research Unit dataset (1901–2013), and hundreds of soil temperature, air temperature, precipitation, and snow depth sites to analyze the spatiotemporal variability of SFD in Eurasia under historical and projected climate change. During 1850–2005, a statistically significant SFD decrease of 0.49 ± 0.04 cm/decade is observed. Spatially, the biggest decreases are generally in Siberia and on the Tibetan Plateau. There is a projected decrease in 2006–2100 SFD of 4.58 ± 0.26, 1.85 ± 0.21, and 0.45 ± 0.18 cm/decade for RCP 8.5, 4.5, 2.6, respectively. These variations in SFD provide key insights into spatiotemporal changes in climate, and facilitate improved understanding of variation in frozen ground across Eurasia. © 2019, Springer Nature B.V."
"57211985592;55681348600;57215558745;57090091300;57215562249;57189049351;56845141900;57200915204;35737115500;15070397200;6603476391;","Spring season in western nepal himalaya is not yet warming: A 400-year temperature reconstruction based on tree-ringwidths of Himalayan Hemlock (Tsuga Dumosa)",2020,"10.3390/atmos11020132","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85081158720&doi=10.3390%2fatmos11020132&partnerID=40&md5=0462cfa5b5135062d2f31596bdabfec1","The Himalayan region has already witnessed profound climate changes detectable in the cryosphere and the hydrological cycle, already resulting in drastic socio-economic impacts. We developed a 619-yea-long tree-ring-width chronology from the central Nepal Himalaya, spanning the period 1399-2017 CE. However, due to low replication of the early part of the chronology, only the section after 1600 CE was used for climate reconstruction. Proxy climate relationships indicate that temperature conditions during spring (March-May) are the main forcing factor for tree growth of Tsuga dumosa at the study site. We developed a robust climate reconstruction model and reconstructed spring temperatures for the period 1600-2017 CE. Our reconstruction showed cooler conditions during 1658-1681 CE, 1705-1722 CE, 1753-1773 CE, 1796-1874 CE, 1900-1936 CE, and 1973 CE. Periods with comparably warmer conditions occurred in 1600-1625 CE, 1633-1657 CE, 1682-1704 CE, 1740-1752 CE, 1779-1795 CE, 1936-1945 CE, 1956-1972 CE, and at the beginning of the 21st century. Tropical volcanic eruptions showed only a sporadic impact on the reconstructed temperature. Also, no consistent temperature trend was evident since 1600 CE. Our temperature reconstruction showed positive teleconnections with March-May averaged gridded temperature data for far west Nepal and adjacent areas in Northwest India and on the Southwest Tibetan plateau. We found spectral periodicities of 2.75-4 and 40-65 years frequencies in our temperature reconstruction, indicating that past climate variability in central Nepal might have been influenced by large-scale climate modes, like the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation, the North Atlantic Oscillation, and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation. © 2020 by the authors."
"57191350057;57203321797;55688930000;25958962700;36893097600;57206674297;7404840444;57195307141;56645257600;57191268326;","Light-absorbing impurities accelerating glacial melting in southeastern Tibetan Plateau",2020,"10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113541","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85075904700&doi=10.1016%2fj.envpol.2019.113541&partnerID=40&md5=690d31e07912ee0cf1105d02b5aa6543","Deposition of light-absorbing particles on glacier surfaces poses a series of adverse impacts on the cryospheric environment, climate and human health. Broad attention of the scientific community has been paid on insoluble light-absorbing impurities (ILAIs) in snow and ice on glaciers over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). However, systematic investigation of ILAIs in snowpack of glaciers on the TP is scarce. In this study, the properties and darkening effect of ILAIs in snowpack on glaciers are extensively investigated in the southeast of TP. Results show that ILAIs concentrations in multiple types of snow and ice samples were significantly different. Snowpit depths varied substantially from one profile to another during May and June 2016. The average concentrations of ILAIs in snowpits increase as snow melting progresses. Black carbon (BC) and dust cause snow albedo reduction more in snow with larger grain size Re. Based on a radiative transfer model calculation, the average albedo reduction induced by BC in the snowpack was 0.141 ± 0.02, and associated daily maximum radiative forcing (RF) was 72.97 ± 12.7 W m−2. BC is a controlling light-absorbing factor in snowpack and causes substantial albedo reduction and thus the associated daily maximum RF. The maximum reduction of snow cover duration was 4.56 ± 0.71 days caused by BC and dust in snowpack in southeastern TP. The average mass absorption cross-section (MAC) of BC from multiple snowpits was 3.26 ± 0.46 m2 g−1, which represents a typical value of MAC in snow on glaciers, but it is type-dependent of snow/ice samples. Tropospheric aerosols vertically extended up to 8 km over the TP and its surrounding areas, which indicates the transport of aerosols from remote sources through elevated pathways. A large amount of carbon stored in the brittle glaciers can be potentially released with meltwater runoff under a warming climate. This study provides a new insight for investigating carbonaceous and light-absorbing particles in glacierization areas. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd"
"56746586200;57184608700;34882193500;57212943980;57212121230;","High-frequency glacial lake mapping using time series of sentinel-1A/1B sar imagery: An assessment for the southeastern tibetan plateau",2020,"10.3390/ijerph17031072","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85079244485&doi=10.3390%2fijerph17031072&partnerID=40&md5=33d3bbddb899708121969be98ed347eb","Glacial lakes are an important component of the cryosphere in the Tibetan Plateau. In response to climate warming, they threaten the downstream lives, ecological environment, and public infrastructures through outburst floods within a short time. Although most of the efforts have been made toward extracting glacial lake outlines and detect their changes with remotely sensed images, the temporal frequency and spatial resolution of glacial lake datasets are generally not fine enough to reflect the detailed processes of glacial lake dynamics, especially for potentially dangerous glacial lakes with high-frequency variability. By using full time-series Sentinel-1A/1B imagery over a year, this study presents a new systematic method to extract the glacial lake outlines that have a fast variability in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau with a time interval of six days. Our approach was based on a level-set segmentation, combined with a median pixel composition of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscattering coefficients stacked as a regularization term, to robustly estimate the lake extent across the observed time range. The mapping results were validated against manually digitized lake outlines derived from Gaofen-2 panchromatic multi-spectral (GF-2 PMS) imagery, with an overall accuracy and kappa coefficient of 96.54% and 0.95, respectively. In comparison with results from classical supervised support vector machine (SVM) and unsupervised Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Technique Algorithm (ISODATA) methods, the proposed method proved to be much more robust and effective at detecting glacial lakes with irregular boundaries that have similar backscattering as the surroundings. This study also demonstrated the feasibility of time-series Sentinel-1A/1B SAR data in the continuous monitoring of glacial lake outline dynamics. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland."
"57188731058;7003726500;","Assessing the performance of methods for monitoring ice phenology of theworld's largest high arctic lake using high-density time series analysis of Sentinel-1 data",2020,"10.3390/rs12030382","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85080891381&doi=10.3390%2frs12030382&partnerID=40&md5=555a2b30855cb5882b6010b14eaf5dfa","Lake ice is a dominant component of Canada's landscape and can act as an indicator for how freshwater aquatic ecosystems are changing with warming climates. While lake ice monitoring through government networks has decreased in the last three decades, the increased availability of remote sensing images can help to provide consistent spatial and temporal coverage for areas with annual ice cover. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data are commonly used for lake ice monitoring, due to the acquisition of images in any condition (time of day or weather). Using Sentinel-1 A/B images, a high-density time series of SAR images was developed for Lake Hazen in Nunavut, Canada, from 2015-2018. These images were used to test two different methods of monitoring lake ice phenology: one method using the first difference between SAR images and another that applies the Otsu segmentation method. Ice phenology dates determined from the two methods were compared with visual interpretation of the Sentinel-1 images. Mean errors for the pixel comparison of the first difference method ranged 3-10 days for ice-on and ice-off, while average error values for the Otsu method ranged 2-10 days. Mean errors for comparisons of different sections of the lake ranged 0-15 days for the first difference method and 2-17 days for the Otsu method. This research demonstrates the value of temporally consistent image acquisition for improving the accuracy of lake ice monitoring. © 2020 by the authors."
"57214109035;36145802300;23669371000;7005427503;","Contrasting changes in snow cover and its sensitivity to aerosol optical properties in Hindukush-Karakoram-Himalaya region",2020,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134356","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85074208453&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2019.134356&partnerID=40&md5=6a967f1b5640055dcc67192c419594a3","Snow cover plays a major role in the earth's climate system. The stability of the snow mass over Hindukush-Karakoram-Himalaya (HKH) in contrast to the worldwide retreat of mountainous glaciers and its relation to aerosol concentration remains poorly understood. The proposed study focused on the understanding of this relationship between various snow parameters and the optical properties of atmospheric aerosols over the HKH region of Northern Pakistan between March and June for a prolonged study period from 2005 to 2015. The aerosol's optical properties were retrieved from snow covered pixels in the study area to avoid the contamination of snow albedo (SA) by other features of land surfaces. The results revealed an increasing trend in the snow cover area (SCA) at the rate of 577.3, 1090.6 and 652.3 km2/year in March, May and June, respectively, with a decrease in April due to the uneven distribution of SCA during 2005–2015. The results revealed a strong positive correlation (R = 0.77) between SCA and SA, whereas SCA and SST were negatively correlated (R = −0.82) during the study period. The Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder (CALIPSO) indicated the presence of scattering and absorbing aerosols (e.g., dust, polluted dust, and smoke) both at high and low altitudes. However, the diminution of aerosol concentration was caused by their short time span in atmosphere and the occurrence of snowfall that washed them out from the snow at high altitudes. The findings indicated an increased SCA, with contrasting behavior in the ablation period. However, the presence of aerosols demands proper attention, to monitor any future threat to the high-altitude cryosphere. © 2019 Elsevier B.V."
"56706919700;55578889300;7004828383;56663417400;55573848600;8709662700;7404657546;","Modeling a modern-like <i>p</i>CO2 warm period (Marine Isotope Stage KM5c) with two versions of an Institut Pierre Simon Laplace atmosphere-ocean coupled general circulation model",2020,"10.5194/cp-16-1-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85077842367&doi=10.5194%2fcp-16-1-2020&partnerID=40&md5=2cb590ef90107c153633903313ceb67f","The mid-Piacenzian warm period (3.264 to 3.025&thinsp;Ma) is the most recent geological period with present-like atmospheric <span classCombining double low line""inline-formula""><i>p</i>CO2</span> and is thus expected to have exhibited a warm climate similar to or warmer than the present day. On the basis of understanding that has been gathered on the climate variability of this interval, a specific interglacial (Marine Isotope Stage KM5c, MIS KM5c; 3.205&thinsp;Ma) has been selected for the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project phase 2 (PlioMIP 2). We carried out a series of experiments according to the design of PlioMIP2 with two versions of the Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) atmosphere-ocean coupled general circulation model (AOGCM): IPSL-CM5A and IPSL-CM5A2. Compared to the PlioMIP 1 experiment, run with IPSL-CM5A, our results show that the simulated MIS KM5c climate presents enhanced warming in mid- to high latitudes, especially over oceanic regions. This warming can be largely attributed to the enhanced Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation caused by the high-latitude seaway changes. The sensitivity experiments, conducted with IPSL-CM5A2, show that besides the increased <span classCombining double low line""inline-formula""><i>p</i>CO2</span>, both modified orography and reduced ice sheets contribute substantially to mid- to high latitude warming in MIS KM5c. When considering the <span classCombining double low line""inline-formula""><i>p</i>CO2</span> uncertainties (<span classCombining double low line""inline-formula""><math xmlnsCombining double low line""http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"" idCombining double low line""M5"" displayCombining double low line""inline"" overflowCombining double low line""scroll"" dspmathCombining double low line""mathml""><mrow><mo>+</mo><mo>/</mo><mo>-</mo></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svgCombining double low line""http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"" widthCombining double low line""25pt"" heightCombining double low line""14pt"" classCombining double low line""svg-formula"" dspmathCombining double low line""mathimg"" md5hashCombining double low line""aaf64dc90f991cd4fcb7f25788bfe4fa""><svg:image xmlns:xlinkCombining double low line""http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"" xlink:hrefCombining double low line""cp-16-1-2020-ie00001.svg"" widthCombining double low line""25pt"" heightCombining double low line""14pt"" srcCombining double low line""cp-16-1-2020-ie00001.png""/></svg:svg></span></span>50&thinsp;ppmv) during the Pliocene, the response of the modeled mean annual surface air temperature to changes to <span classCombining double low line""inline-formula""><i>p</i>CO2</span> (<span classCombining double low line""inline-formula""><math xmlnsCombining double low line""http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"" idCombining double low line""M7"" displayCombining double low line""inline"" overflowCombining double low line""scroll"" dspmathCombining double low line""mathml""><mrow><mo>+</mo><mo>/</mo><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariantCombining double low line""normal"">50</mn></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svgCombining double low line""http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"" widthCombining double low line""39pt"" heightCombining double low line""14pt"" classCombining double low line""svg-formula"" dspmathCombining double low line""mathimg"" md5hashCombining double low line""5afaeba59c8bc52b10020ca531f7e775""><svg:image xmlns:xlinkCombining double low line""http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"" xlink:hrefCombining double low line""cp-16-1-2020-ie00002.svg"" widthCombining double low line""39pt"" heightCombining double low line""14pt"" srcCombining double low line""cp-16-1-2020-ie00002.png""/></svg:svg></span></span>&thinsp;ppmv) is not symmetric, which is likely due to the nonlinear response of the cryosphere (snow cover and sea ice extent). By analyzing the Greenland Ice Sheet surface mass balance, we also demonstrate its vulnerability under both MIS KM5c and modern warm climate. © 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License."
"57202421961;55232843500;57202418347;57194692012;57209395609;","Observed and simulated winter temperature over gurudongmar area, north sikkim, India",2020,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85083989711&partnerID=40&md5=85076106d78baae901f32e865adf43b4","The global warming and its impact on the cryosphere is a matter of serious concern. The Sikkim and the Eastern Himalaya are a canvas of vivid landscapes and of different climate zones. The study of cryosphere needs more attention on long term climatic trends of surface air temperature. The Gurudongmar area is very much important because this area is surrounded by glaciers and as well as cold desert and TsoLhamo Lake nearby. The Gurudongmar lake (located at an altitude of 17,800 ft) has been studied by several researchers in the context of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) and reported a high risk lake which is being largely affected by global warming and climate change. The present study is aimed to investigate the trend of temperature in recent past and in future time periods over the study area of Sikkim. The observed and model’s simulated gridded temperature data is considered to inkling of rising trend in winter months of December-January-February (DJF) over the study area. An increase in temperature is found for the future time period. This can be linked to the increasing hazard risk and change in local cryosphere environment. © 2020, India Meteorological Department. All rights reserved."
"25957969500;","Consequences of climate change for farming and rural areas",2020,"10.24425/sq.2019.126394","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85084366521&doi=10.24425%2fsq.2019.126394&partnerID=40&md5=180bb4b5570373b256377aba70b96845","Considerable climate changes have been observed in the last 50 years – warming in every spatial scale (global, conti-nental, regional and local), changes in atmospheric precipitation and several weather extremes, shrinking of cryosphere and sea level rise. The warming since the mid-20th century has predominantly been due to greenhouse gas emissions from human activities, in particular the combustion of fossil fuels, farming and other changes in land use. The paper presents the aspects of impact of climate change for farming and food security and the impact of farming for climate change in Polish and global scale. Agriculture holds a meaningful potential of reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and of carbon sequestration. It will be necessary to manage optimally advantageous changes and effectively adapt to adverse changes. © 2020, Scientific Publishers OWN. All rights reserved."
"56884655800;55883284700;","The evolution of a near-surface ground thermal regime and modeled active-layer thickness on James Ross Island, Eastern Antarctic Peninsula, in 2006–2016",2020,"10.1002/ppp.2018","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85071234155&doi=10.1002%2fppp.2018&partnerID=40&md5=c6c872b1129a8665b918e027ef1589ef","Thermal regime and thickness of the active layer respond rapidly to climate variations, and thus they are important measures of cryosphere changes in polar environments. We monitored air temperature and ground temperature at a depth of 5 cm and modeled active-layer thickness using the Stefan and Kudryavtsev models at the Abernethy Flats site, James Ross Island, Eastern Antarctic Peninsula, in the period March 2006 to February 2016. The decadal average of air and ground temperature was −7.3 and −6.1°C, respectively, and the average modeled active-layer thickness reached 60 cm. Mean annual air temperature increased by 0.10°C y−1 over the study period, while mean annual ground temperature showed the opposite tendency of −0.05°C y−1. The cooling took place mainly in summer and caused thawing season shortening and active-layer thinning of 1.6 cm y−1. However, these trends need to be taken carefully because all were non-significant at p &lt; 0.05. The Stefan and Kudryavtsev models reproduced the active-layer thickness with mean absolute errors of 2.6 cm (5.0%) and 3.4 cm (5.9%), respectively, which is better than in most previous studies, making them promising tools for active-layer modeling over Antarctica. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."
"57216581078;54401002500;52364737200;7005729142;","Linking global changes of snowfall and wet-bulb temperature",2020,"10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0254.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85085274938&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-19-0254.1&partnerID=40&md5=44b8fc9d5e27d701cabb950b9b0f9009","Snowfall is one of the primary drivers of the global cryosphere and is declining in many regions of the world with widespread hydrological and ecological consequences. Previous studies have shown that the probability of snowfall occurrence is well described by wet-bulb temperatures below 1°C (1.1°C) over land (ocean). Using this relationship, wet-bulb temperatures from three reanalysis products as well as multisatellite and reanalysis precipitation data are analyzed from 1979 to 2017 to study changes in potential snowfall areas, snowfall-torainfall transition latitude, snowfall amount, and snowfall-to-precipitation ratio (SPR). Results are presented at hemispheric scales, as well as for three Köppen-Geiger climate classes and four major mountainous regions including the Alps, the western United States, High Mountain Asia (HMA), and the Andes. In all reanalysis products, while changes in the wet-bulb temperature over the Southern Hemisphere are mostly insignificant, significant positive trends are observed over the Northern Hemisphere (NH). Significant reductions are observed in annual-mean potential snowfall areas over NH land (ocean) by 0.52 (0.34) million km2 decade-1 due to an increase of 0.34°C (0.35°C) decade-1 in wet-bulb temperature. The fastest retreat in NH transition latitudes is observed over Europe and central Asia at 0.78 and 0.458 decade-1. Among mountainous regions, the largest decline in potential snowfall areas is observed over the Alps at 3.64% decade-1 followed by the western United States at 2.81% and HMA at 1.85% decade-1. This maximum decrease over the Alps is associated with significant reductions in annual snowfall of 20 mm decade-1 and SPR of 2% decade-1 © 2019 American Meteorological Society."
"56444213700;56723875500;55577108600;6602368113;","Natural versus anthropogenic influence on trace elemental concentration in precipitation at Dokriani Glacier, central Himalaya, India",2020,"10.1007/s11356-019-07102-w","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85076927546&doi=10.1007%2fs11356-019-07102-w&partnerID=40&md5=a4264bee10a646ea3107d796cc24c5b1","Atmospheric pollutant transport and deposition at the Himalaya affects the climate, cryosphere, and monsoon patterns and impose an adverse impact over the Himalayan ecosystem. At present, the data on trace elements (TEs) concentrations and dynamics over the high-altitude Himalayan region are scarce and has received less attention. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the TEs concentration and depositional pattern at Dokriani Glacier, central Himalaya to understand their levels, dynamics, and potential effects. A total of 39 samples were collected from two snowpit stratigraphies, deposited during non-monsoon period and monsoonal precipitation between 4530 to 4630 m a.s.l. altitude in the year 2017. The results of analyzed trace metals (Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Sr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, As, and Pb) showed high enrichment values for Zn, Cr, Co, Ni and Mn compared to other parts of the Himalayan region, suggesting the influence of anthropogenic emissions (e.g., fossil fuel, metal production, and industrial processes) from urbanized areas of South Asia. Our results also revealed the possible health effects related to the enrichment of Zn and Cd, which may be responsible for skin-related diseases in Uttarakhand region. We attribute increasing anthropogenic activities in the environment to have a significant impact on the ecosystem health of the central Himalayan region. This study provides the baseline information on TEs concentration and sources in the Himalayas, which needs wide dissemination to scientific community as well as policymakers. Therefore, systematic observations, management, and preparing action plan to overcome the health effects from TEs pollution are urgently needed over the remote, pristine Himalayan region. © 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature."
"35546736600;35546736600;7004305415;7801566289;9746433100;","Evaluation of MODIS and VIIRS cloud-gap-filled snow-cover products for production of an Earth science data record",2019,"10.5194/hess-23-5227-2019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85077183004&doi=10.5194%2fhess-23-5227-2019&partnerID=40&md5=2d0a748a95e8f07d2ca455b708d56928","<p>MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cryosphere products have been available since 2000-following the 1999 launch of the Terra MODIS and the 2002 launch of the Aqua MODIS-and include global snow-cover extent (SCE) (swath, daily, and 8&thinsp;d composites) at 500&thinsp;m and <span classCombining double low line""inline-formula"">ĝ1/45</span>&thinsp;km spatial resolutions. These products are used extensively in hydrological modeling and climate studies. Reprocessing of the complete snow-cover data record, from Collection 5 (C5) to Collection 6 (C6) and Collection 6.1 (C6.1), has provided improvements in the MODIS product suite. Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Collection 1 (C1) snow-cover products at a 375&thinsp;m spatial resolution have been available since 2011 and are currently being reprocessed for Collection 2 (C2). Both the MODIS C6.1 and the VIIRS C2 products will be available for download from the National Snow and Ice Data Center beginning in early 2020 with the complete time series available in 2020. To address the need for a cloud-reduced or cloud-free daily SCE product for both MODIS and VIIRS, a daily cloud-gap-filled (CGF) snow-cover algorithm was developed for MODIS C6.1 and VIIRS C2 processing. MOD10A1F (Terra) and MYD10A1F (Aqua) are daily, 500&thinsp;m resolution CGF SCE map products from MODIS. VNP10A1F is the daily, 375&thinsp;m resolution CGF SCE map product from VIIRS. These CGF products include quality-Assurance data such as cloud-persistence statistics showing the age of the observation in each pixel. The objective of this paper is to introduce the new MODIS and VIIRS standard CGF daily SCE products and to provide a preliminary evaluation of uncertainties in the gap-filling methodology so that the products can be used as the basis for a moderate-resolution Earth science data record (ESDR) of SCE. Time series of the MODIS and VIIRS CGF products have been developed and evaluated at selected study sites in the US and southern Canada. Observed differences, although small, are largely attributed to cloud masking and differences in the time of day of image acquisition. A nearly 3-month time-series comparison of Terra MODIS and S-NPP VIIRS CGF snow-cover maps for a large study area covering all or parts of 11 states in the western US and part of southwestern Canada reveals excellent correspondence between the Terra MODIS and S-NPP VIIRS products, with a mean difference of 11&thinsp;070&thinsp;km<span classCombining double low line""inline-formula"">2</span>, which is <span classCombining double low line""inline-formula"">ĝ1/40.45</span>&thinsp;% of the study area. According to our preliminary validation of the Terra and Aqua MODIS CGF SCE products in the western US study area, we found higher accuracy of the Terra product compared with the Aqua product. The MODIS CGF SCE data record beginning in 2000 has been extended into the VIIRS era, which should last at least through the early 2030s.</p>. © 2019 BMJ Publishing Group. All rights reserved."
"57161892000;57207492770;56440436600;57212476817;57211170893;56519230000;","Coupled Snow and Frozen Ground Physics Improves Cold Region Hydrological Simulations: An Evaluation at the upper Yangtze River Basin (Tibetan Plateau)",2019,"10.1029/2019JD031622","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85076780989&doi=10.1029%2f2019JD031622&partnerID=40&md5=7b6de4bd1dcc21b72ef0da8b19b91bec","Cryosphere plays an important role in cold-region (e.g., Tibetan Plateau) hydrological processes under climate change, and thus cryosphere physics should be carefully represented in the hydrological modeling. In this study, based on the Water and Energy Budget-based Distributed Hydrological Model (WEB-DHM), we have further improved the cold-region hydrological processes, by incorporating the enthalpy-based coupled snow and frozen ground physics (hereinafter WEB-DHM-SF), and comprehensively evaluated at the upper Yangtze River Basin under widespread snow cover and frozen ground. The model was calibrated and validated at the basin scale using observed discharge at Zhimenda station during 1981–2016 and simulated discharge with high accuracies. The model also successfully reproduced the basin-wide daytime and nighttime land surface temperature (LST) as well as snow depth in basin-averaged time series and spatial distributions. At the point scale, the model successfully reproduced soil moisture and temperature profiles at Tuotuohe based on available yearlong observations. Furthermore, experiments were designed to investigate model improvements and indicated that the incorporation of the three-layer snow scheme with correct consideration of incident solar radiation attenuation among snow layers resulted in lowered snow melting and reduced discharges. Additionally, the incorporation of frozen ground physics with a correct description of soil water phase changes rendered the modeled soil moistures and temperatures more accurate in the cold season. Through rigorous evaluations of model performance, the incorporation of coupled snow and frozen ground physics demonstrates significant promise for improving cryosphere hydrological simulations in river basins on the TP. ©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"7004402835;6507415839;","SELEN4 (SELEN version 4.0): A Fortran program for solving the gravitationally and topographically self-consistent sea-level equation in glacial isostatic adjustment modeling",2019,"10.5194/gmd-12-5055-2019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85076108423&doi=10.5194%2fgmd-12-5055-2019&partnerID=40&md5=5af717788828c1c67152e0dac2a951df","We present SELEN4 (SealEveL EquatioN solver), an open-source program written in Fortran 90 that simulates the glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) process in response to the melting of the Late Pleistocene ice sheets. Using a pseudo-spectral approach complemented by a spatial discretization on an icosahedron-based spherical geodesic grid, SELEN4 solves a generalized sea-level equation (SLE) for a spherically symmetric Earth with linear viscoelastic rheology, taking the migration of the shorelines and the rotational feedback on sea level into account. The approach is gravitationally and topographically self-consistent, since it considers the gravitational interactions between the solid Earth, the cryosphere, and the oceans, and it accounts for the evolution of the Earth's topography in response to changes in sea level. The SELEN4 program can be employed to study a broad range of geophysical effects of GIA, including past relative sea-level variations induced by the melting of the Late Pleistocene ice sheets, the time evolution of paleogeography and of the ocean function since the Last Glacial Maximum, the history of the Earth's rotational variations, presentday geodetic signals observed by Global Navigation Satellite Systems, and gravity field variations detected by satellite gravity missions like GRACE (the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment). The ""GIA fingerprints"" constitute a standard output of SELEN4. Along with the source code, we provide a supplementary document with a full account of the theory, some numerical results obtained from a standard run, and a user guide. Originally, the SELEN program was conceived by Giorgio Spada (GS) in 2005 as a tool for students eager to learn about GIA, and it has been the first SLE solver made available to the community. © Author(s) 2019."
"57211135901;35373652300;57208550729;7103109626;12765807300;55478796400;","Identifying and mapping very small (&lt;0.5 km2) mountain glaciers on coarse to high-resolution imagery",2019,"10.1017/jog.2019.50","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85072763451&doi=10.1017%2fjog.2019.50&partnerID=40&md5=ceceeccf4d769496b53e5892e28ece89","Small mountain glaciers are an important part of the cryosphere and tend to respond rapidly to climate warming. Historically, mapping very small glaciers (generally considered to be &lt;0.5 km2) using satellite imagery has often been subjective due to the difficulty in differentiating them from perennial snowpatches. For this reason, most scientists implement minimum size-Thresholds (typically 0.01-0.05 km2). Here, we compare the ability of different remote-sensing approaches to identify and map very small glaciers on imagery of varying spatial resolutions (30-0.25 m) and investigate how operator subjectivity influences the results. Based on this analysis, we support the use of a minimum size-Threshold of 0.01 km2 for imagery with coarse to medium spatial resolution (30-10 m). However, when mapping on high-resolution imagery (&lt;1 m) with minimal seasonal snow cover, glaciers &lt;0.05 km2 and even &lt;0.01 km2 are readily identifiable and using a minimum threshold may be inappropriate. For these cases, we develop a set of criteria to enable the identification of very small glaciers and classify them as certain, probable or possible. This should facilitate a more consistent approach to identifying and mapping very small glaciers on high-resolution imagery, helping to produce more comprehensive and accurate glacier inventories. © The Author(s) 2019."
"57201684091;7005703628;7409462943;55660519000;57191717041;55287000900;","Evaluation and comparison of CHIRPS and MSWEP daily-precipitation products in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the period of 1981–2015",2019,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.104634","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85069966065&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2019.104634&partnerID=40&md5=ebfc0098d1b71a89ee39346d1221533c","High-resolution, long-term and accurate daily-precipitation is always difficult and rarely measured in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) because of the high altitude and complex terrain. The accuracy of satellite-based gridded precipitation products have been continuously improved recently which is crucial to the study of cryosphere ecology and environment. The goal of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of CHIRPS v2 (Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Stations data, version 2) and MSWEP v2 (Multi-source weighted-Ensemble Precipitation, version 2) daily-precipitation products over the QTP during the period 1981–2015. Validation was done using a time series of daily-precipitation data obtained from 104 hydrometeorological stations distributed over the QTP. Error metrics (The correlation coefficient CC, the relative bias BIAS, and root mean square error RMSE) were used for accuracy evaluation and detectability indicators (probability of detection POD, false alarm ratio RFA, and critical success index CSI) were used for the analysis of detection capabilities of rainfall occurrence events. The results indicate that when compared to rain gauge observations, CHIRPS and MSWEP daily-precipitation products represent well the spatial and temporal distribution of the mean daily precipitation over the QTP, while both of them overestimate the daily-precipitation (0.18 mm/d for CHIRPS, 0.56 mm/d for MSWEP). MSWEP performed better than CHIRPS according to CC (MSWEP is 0.44, CHIRPS is 0.23) and RMSE (MSWEP is 4.21 mm, CHIRPS is 5.03 mm) and MSWEP showed better detection capabilities with higher POD (0.65), lower RFA (0.50) and higher CSI (0.39) in the QTP. Both products are less accurate in dry conditions (the north QTP, winter) than in moist conditions (the south QTP, summer). Light precipitation events (0–2 mm/d) are underestimated but heavy precipitation events (2–25 mm/d) are overestimated. CHIRPS and MSWEP have shown great potential to be able to be applied to the precipitation-related study of the QTP. Although the accuracy of MSWEP is higher than that of CHIRPS, the latter has higher spatial resolution (o.o5°) and is more suitable for small-scale studies. © 2019"
"36700000500;55509507000;","Bispectra of climate cycles show how ice ages are fuelled",2019,"10.5194/cp-15-1959-2019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85075784848&doi=10.5194%2fcp-15-1959-2019&partnerID=40&md5=193e7439f6a59f985b70e30484966a1b","The increasingly nonlinear response of the climate-cryosphere system to insolation forcing during the Pliocene and Pleistocene, as recorded in benthic foraminiferal stable oxygen isotope ratios (<span classCombining double low line""inline-formula""><i>d</i>18O</span>), is marked by a distinct evolution in ice-age cycle frequency, amplitude, phase, and geometry. To date, very few studies have thoroughly investigated the non-sinusoidal shape of these climate cycles, leaving precious information unused to further unravel the complex dynamics of the Earth's system. Here, we present higher-order spectral analyses of the LR04 <span classCombining double low line""inline-formula""><i>d</i>18O</span> stack that describe coupling and energy exchanges among astronomically paced climate cycles. These advanced bispectral computations show how energy is passed from precession-paced to obliquity-paced climate cycles during the Early Pleistocene (from <span classCombining double low line""inline-formula"">ĝ'1/42500</span> to <span classCombining double low line""inline-formula"">ĝ'1/4750</span>&thinsp;ka) and ultimately to eccentricity-paced climate cycles during the Middle and Late Pleistocene (from <span classCombining double low line""inline-formula"">ĝ'1/4750</span>&thinsp;ka onward). They also show how energy is transferred among many periodicities that have no primary astronomical origin. We hypothesise that the change of obliquity-paced climate cycles during the mid-Pleistocene transition (from <span classCombining double low line""inline-formula"">ĝ'1/41200</span> to <span classCombining double low line""inline-formula"">ĝ'1/4600</span>&thinsp;ka), from being a net sink into a net source of energy, is indicative of the passing of a land-ice mass loading threshold in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), after which cycles of crustal depression and rebound started to resonate with the <span classCombining double low line""inline-formula"">ĝ'1/4110</span>&thinsp;kyr eccentricity modulation of precession. However, precession-paced climate cycles remain persistent energy providers throughout the Late Pliocene and Pleistocene, which is supportive of a dominant and continuous fuelling of the NH ice ages by insolation in the (sub)tropical zones, and the control it exerts on meridional heat and moisture transport through atmospheric and oceanic circulation.</p>. © Author(s) 2019."
"57207471266;55461388700;57210123720;7409256839;56918729900;55696667600;","Bayesian evaluation of meteorological datasets for modeling snowmelt runoff in Tizinafu watershed in Western China",2019,"10.1007/s00704-019-02944-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85069516640&doi=10.1007%2fs00704-019-02944-3&partnerID=40&md5=39032044f318d2db4ae70d4dc1353474","The Tizinafu watershed is characterized by extremely scarce precipitation and low temperature, and snow and glacier melting which dominate the main water resource of this area. Thus, assessing the snowmelt water resource has great significance to local residents and ecological systems. Based on snowmelt runoff model (SRM) and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation, four combinations of meteorological data consisting of two daily temperature data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model and two daily precipitation data from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and VIC, respectively, are evaluated for this ungauged basin in Bayesian uncertainty analysis. By comparing the performances of the four meteorological data combinations based on SRM (SRMMODIS + TRMM, SRMMODIS + VIC, SRMVIC + TRMM and SRMVIC + VIC, the former and latter subscripts denote temperature and precipitation data, respectively), results show that the four SRMs are both capable of reproducing the runoff process of the Tizinafu watershed on daily runoff simulation, and SRMVIC + VIC has the best performance. In addition, the impact of climate change on the water resources of the Tizinafu watershed is also evaluated in Bayesian uncertainty analysis, and four climate change scenarios under the condition of Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 of CMIP5 projection are considered. The results demonstrate that the mean annual runoff prediction of the 2090s increased by 17.2%, 20.2%, 24.1%, and 16.2% compared to that of base year for the four scenarios, respectively. In addition, with the increase of the cryosphere area, snow cover area will have an increasing impact on the mean annual runoff of the study area in the 2090s. The runoff components of snowpack melt and new snow are both sensitive to the cryosphere area, while the runoff component of rainfall is not sensitive to the cryosphere area. © 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature."
"36105812700;6603711967;","Paleodust insights into dust impacts on climate",2019,"10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0742.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85074778238&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-18-0742.1&partnerID=40&md5=a83a4748dd5a000d875383f44265256e","Mineral dust acts both as a tracer and a forcing agent of climate change. Past dust variability, imprinted in paleodust records from natural archives, offers the unique opportunity to reconstruct the global dust cycle within a range of possibilities that plausibly encompass future variations in response to climate change and land-cover and land-use changes. Dust itself has direct and indirect feedbacks on the climate system, through impacts on the atmosphere radiative budget and the carbon cycle. Starting from well-constrained reconstructions of the present and past dust cycle, we focus on quantifying dust direct impacts on the atmospheric radiation. We discuss the intrinsic effects of dust onto climate, and how changes in the global dust budget and surface conditions modulate the effective impacts on surface temperatures and precipitation. Most notably, the presence of dust tends to enhance the West African monsoon and warm the Arctic. We also highlight how different choices in terms of dust optical properties and size distributions may yield opposite results, and what are the observational constraints we can use to make an informed choice of model parameters. Finally, we discuss how dust variability might have influenced ongoing climate transitions in the past. In particular we found that a reduction in dust load, along with a reduced cryosphere cover, acted to offset Arctic warming during the deglaciation, potentially playing a role in shaping the Northern Hemisphere deglacial dynamics. © 2019 American Meteorological Society."
"57211980729;57207492770;56440436600;57211170893;57161892000;37051708400;","Evaluation of various precipitation products using ground-based discharge observation at the Nujiang River basin, China",2019,"10.3390/w11112308","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85075562100&doi=10.3390%2fw11112308&partnerID=40&md5=53a2a568d715ba81505505e69c161710","Precipitation observation and prediction is difficult in many high elevation regions due to the complex terrain and the lack of in situ observations for comparison. TheNujiang River (upper andmiddle Salween River) basin in the Tibetan Plateau is no exception. Because of this shortcoming, we propose the use of gauge-observed discharge time series at the basin outlet (e.g., Jiayuqiao hydrological station) to evaluate the performance of four different precipitation products (e.g., satellite-based products and reanalysis datasets). A physically-based distributed cryosphere hydrological model with coupled snow and frozen soil physicswas adopted to transfer the basin-wide gridded precipitation into the basin-outlet discharges. First, we corrected and evaluated the four precipitation products. A correlation relationship was established between each precipitation product and the available (limited) gauge rainfall within different elevation zones, and then used to correct the four precipitation products in the study basin. Secondly, a distributed cryosphere hydrological model was used to simulate the basin-outlet runoff driven by each corrected precipitation product. The results indicated that modern-era retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA2) precipitation has better performance in the upper Nujiang River basin relative to the other precipitation products based on comparisons of observed and simulated runoff. © 2019 by the authors."
"55639523300;6603925178;7003440089;57203078745;38361063500;55881361500;","Regional modeling of surface mass balance on the Cook Ice Cap, Kerguelen Islands (49 ∘S , 69 ∘E)",2019,"10.1007/s00382-019-04904-z","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85073642367&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-019-04904-z&partnerID=40&md5=ac96d30d4cddb2d5edee422db0c37aba","We assess the ability of the regional circulation model MAR to represent the recent negative surface mass balance (SMB) observed over the Kerguelen Islands (49 ∘S , 69 ∘E) and evaluate the uncertainties in SMB projections until the end of the century. The MAR model forced by ERA-Interim reanalysis shows a good agreement with meteorological observations at Kerguelen, particularly after slight adjustment of the forcing fields (+ 10% humidity, +0.8∘C, all year round) to improve precipitation occurrence and intensity. The modeled SMB and surface energy balance (SEB) are also successfully evaluated with observations, and spatial distributions are explained as being largely driven by the elevation gradient and by the strong west to east foehn effect occurring on the ice cap. We select five general circulation models (GCMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) by evaluating their ability to represent temperature and humidity in the southern mid-latitudes over 1980–1999 with respect to ERA-Interim and use them to force the MAR model. These simulations fail to replicate SMB observations even when outputs from the best CMIP5 model (ACCESS1-3) are used as forcing because all GCMs fail in accurately reproducing the circulation changes observed at Kerguelen since the mid-1970s. Global models chosen to represent extreme values of SMB drivers also fail in producing extreme values of SMB, suggesting that more rigorous modeling of present and future circulation changes with GCMs is still needed to accurately assess future changes of the cryosphere in this area. © 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature."
"6507832825;24778127100;","The Effect of Increasing Active Layer Depth on Changes in the Water Budget in the Cryolithozone",2019,"10.1134/S1064229319110036","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85075158704&doi=10.1134%2fS1064229319110036&partnerID=40&md5=90b7f8f8fc55703c1dc092771fd5a44d","Abstract: Under the influence of perennial dynamics of soil thawing depth, the upper layer of permafrost periodically thaws and becomes a part of the soil profile in the permafrost zone. In this case, the horizon, which is either frozen or thawed and has a thickness of several tens of centimeters, displays an elevated ice content (moisture). This horizon between the lower boundary of the active layer and the permafrost is named a protective layer or a transient permafrost layer and functions as a buffer that hinders thawing of the ice complex with its high ice content. The study of moisture using soil-regime methods and budget calculations showed that the protective layer of permafrost in sandy and loamy soils (at the depth of 1.5–5 m) contains from 25 to 60 mm (on average, 30 mm) of water in each 10-cm-thick layer of frozen soils under different types of forests in Central Yakutia. An increase in the seasonal thawing depth of permafrost-affected soils under conditions of global climate warming and anthropogenic impacts (forest fires, destruction of forest cover, etc.) causes degradation of the protective layer. The purpose of this article is to show the effect of increasing seasonal thawing depth of permafrost-affected soils on changes in the water content and water budget in permafrost areas because of the release of moisture stored in the protective layer in the context of global climate change. It was found that with an increase in the seasonal thawing depth, the protective layer should release a significant amount of water preserved in permafrost, which may change the water budget of permafrost territories. As calculations show, with an increase in the soil seasonal thawing depth by 20–30 cm on the interfluve areas, the volume of water entering the basins of nearby thermokarst depressions (alases) and rivers from frozen soils may reach 60 000–90 000 m3/km2. The obtained results can be used in modeling and predicting the dynamics of permafrost environments under the global climate change. © 2019, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd."
"55667997600;7403439502;","Weak linkage of winter surface air temperature over Northeast Asia with East Asian winter monsoon during 1993–2003",2019,"10.1007/s00382-019-04915-w","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85069899328&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-019-04915-w&partnerID=40&md5=7501aba64a803ac129592fa66b4dfd18","A colder winter over Northeast Asia (NEA) has traditionally been attributed to the stronger East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) on interannual timescale. However, the present work proposes this robust linkage becomes weak during 1993–2003, along with the changes of the underlying condition in the last three decades. During 1981–1992 and 2004–2016, the loss of autumn Arctic sea ice condensation (SIC) leads to the stratospheric warming and the polar vortex weakening, which results in the enhancement of the Siberian High (SH) and the colder surface air temperature (SAT) over NEA. In particular, the persisting anomalies of snow cover near the Mongolian Plateau from autumn to winter could amplify the influences of Arctic SIC on the EAWM during 1981–1992. However, during 1993–2003 both the EAWM and the SAT over NEA are modulated by the tropical SSTAs in the western Pacific warm pool, corresponding to a weak association between the EAWM and the SAT over NEA. These tropical warm SSTAs could excite a meridional teleconnection over East Asia to generate a barotropic anticyclonic anomaly in situ. It not only weakens the SH and EAWM but also decreases the SAT over NEA. Therefore, the predictor of winter SAT over NEA is altered from the cryosphere to the tropical SSTAs in this episode. The changes of interdecadal background may contribute to the distinct interannual relationship between EAWM and winter SAT over NEA. This will increase the uncertainty in seasonal forecast on the winter climate over East Asia. © 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature."
"57210820481;23098283400;56544373200;57205718769;36892703600;6505508505;24597874300;","Impact of local and regional emission sources on air quality in foothills of the Himalaya during spring 2016: An observation, satellite and modeling perspective",2019,"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.116897","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85071597099&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosenv.2019.116897&partnerID=40&md5=0a11ddd45964e92167b85d625606c341","Chitwan National Park in south-central Nepal is one of the few remaining protected forest ecosystems in South Asia with rich flora and fauna. However, in recent years, southern Nepal including the region of the National park area have experienced deteriorating air quality, which has raised concerns about its impact on ecosystem and public health. The region experiences forest fires during pre-monsoon season and thus, provide an ideal opportunity not only to study its impact on air quality but also to provide source specific diagnostic ratios. In this study, we report measurements of black carbon (BC), trace gases as well as particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5 and PM1) from Chitwan Air Quality Monitoring Station (CAQMS) during pre-monsoon season (February–May 2016). Average concentrations of BC, PM10, PM2.5, PM1 were found to be 10.9 ± 6.9 μg m−3, 156.4 ± 68.2 μg m−3, 95.9 ± 49.0 μg m−3, 80.1 ± 45.5 μg m−3 which are much higher than the prescribed 24 h limits of World Health Organization (25 μg m−3 for PM10 and 10 μg m−3 for PM2.5). Furthermore, average concentrations of trace gases, CO, CO2 and CH4 were 713.4 ± 476.6 ppbv, 446.0 ± 15.3 ppm and 2.182 ± 0.117 ppm respectively which are also higher than those in the surrounding regions. We identified two pollution events (Event #1 from 16 to 28 March 2016 and Event #2 from 6 to 17 April 2016) and found that surface concentrations of all measured species increased by a factor of 2–3 during these events. The BC/CO ratio of 16.3 ± 2.0, 11.1 ± 3.7 and 9.9 ± 4.2 ng m−3 ppbv−1 was observed during Event#1, Event#2 and during non-event period. Based on MODIS active fire counts and Ängstrȯm absorption exponent (AAE values of 1.8 and 1.9 during Event #1 and #2 respectively), we found that biomass burning (BB) activities were an important source during these events. This is further substantiated by relatively higher contribution of BB to observed BC concentration during both the events (73% and 75% during Event#1 and #2 respectively). Furthermore, a Langrangian modeling framework was used to quantify the contribution of local and regional fires to BC concentration. The contribution of local fires to modelled BC at CAQMS during Event #1 and #2 is estimated to be ~70% and ~78%, respectively. The satellite retrievals of AOD, NO2 and CO also exhibit a significant increase in columnar concentration during these pollution events. The CALIOP retrieved vertical profile of extinction coefficient further confirmed that these pollutants are not only confined near the surface but are lifted up to 2 km altitude, which can subsequently be transported to high-altitude pristine sites and can impose serious implications on the cryosphere. © 2019"
"36026612000;57193132723;7005063241;","Enhanced Habitability on High Obliquity Bodies near the Outer Edge of the Habitable Zone of Sun-like Stars",2019,"10.3847/1538-4357/ab4131","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85075168969&doi=10.3847%2f1538-4357%2fab4131&partnerID=40&md5=4db5a0934850db083c17e71ba3f4846f","High obliquity planets represent potentially extreme limits of terrestrial climate, as they exhibit large seasonality, a reversed annual-mean pole-to-equator gradient of stellar heating, and novel cryospheres. A suite of 3D global climate model simulations is performed for low and high obliquity planets with various stellar fluxes, CO2 concentrations, and initial conditions to explore the propensity for high obliquity climates to undergo global glaciation. We also simulate planets with thick CO2 or H2 atmospheres, such as those expected to develop near or beyond the outer edge of the habitable zone. We show that high obliquity planets are hotter than their low obliquity counterparts due to ice-albedo feedbacks for cold climates, and water vapor in warm climates. We suggest that the water vapor greenhouse trapping is greater on high obliquity bodies for a given global-mean temperature due to the different dynamical regimes that occur between the two states. While equatorial ice belts are stable at high obliquity in some climate regimes, it is substantially harder to achieve global glaciation than for a low obliquity planet. Temperate polar conditions can be present at high obliquity at forcings for which low obliquity planets would be in a hard snowball state. Furthermore, open ocean can persist even in the winter hemisphere and when global-mean temperatures are well below freezing. However, the influence of obliquity diminishes for dense atmospheres, in agreement with calculations from 1D energy balance models. © 2019. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.."
"55796180300;35385963200;55542329100;55722586400;22947314100;","Climate process chains: Examples from southern Africa",2019,"10.1002/joc.6106","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85065078342&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.6106&partnerID=40&md5=e64a6a730a1b917df0615fb42dd5e9e8","The climate system comprises multiple components, primarily the atmosphere, ocean and cryosphere, each incorporating physical processes that interact across scales. To help understand the behaviour of this complex system, and evaluate climate model simulations, researchers typically take a reductionist approach, focusing on individual climate processes and studying their relationships with weather and climate in different regions. While more holistic approaches, such as climate networks, have been developed to explicitly address the complexity of the climate, here we argue for the use of a new approach that accounts for multiple cross-scale process interactions, framed with respect to specific climate outcomes of societal importance. We introduce and explore the concept of “climate process chains” (CPCs), describing their potential application using examples determined for southern Africa. Building on related theoretical concepts, and through reviewing literature on climate processes and teleconnections to southern Africa, we identify candidate CPCs for two outcomes of societal interest; a regional-scale drought and local-scale heavy rainfall. Focusing on such outcomes means that CPC investigations have more relevance to climate risk management contexts, as well as providing a constraint on the exploration of climate uncertainties for a region. We argue that CPCs may help to articulate relationships amongst regionally relevant climate processes across temporal and spatial scales, and discuss their potential utility in climate research, including in the evaluation of climate models and their simulations. © 2019 The Authors. International Journal of Climatology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the Royal Meteorological Society."
"36090850200;57203321797;14008651300;15849804700;55709436000;55577108600;56403050600;57191900509;56041584800;23110180900;56003658400;57191350057;23098283400;8963601100;37117231000;","Carbonaceous aerosol characteristics on the Third Pole: A primary study based on the Atmospheric Pollution and Cryospheric Change (APCC) network",2019,"10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.112","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068576842&doi=10.1016%2fj.envpol.2019.06.112&partnerID=40&md5=c9cd972b1715f758406c3b0e7ec934b7","Carbonaceous aerosols (CAs) scatter and absorb incident solar radiation in the atmosphere, thereby influencing the regional climate and hydrological cycle, particularly in the Third Pole (TP). Here, we present the characteristics of CAs at 19 observation stations from the Atmospheric Pollution and Cryospheric Change network to obtain a deep understanding of pollutant status in the TP. The organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations decreased noticeably inwards from outside to inland of the TP, consistent with their emission load and also affected by transport process and meteorological condition. Urban areas, such as Kathmandu, Karachi, and Mardan, exhibited extremely high OC and EC concentrations, with low and high values occurring in the monsoon and non-monsoon seasons, respectively. However, remote regions inland the TP (e.g., Nam Co and Ngari) demonstrated much lower OC and EC concentrations. Different seasonal variations were observed between the southern and northern parts of the TP, suggesting differences in the patterns of pollutant sources and in distance from the sources between the two regions. In addition to the influence of long-range transported pollutants from the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), the TP was affected by local emissions (e.g., biomass burning). The OC/EC ratio also suggested that biomass burning was prevalent in the center TP, whereas the marginal sites (e.g., Jomsom, Dhunche, and Laohugou) were affected by fossil fuel combustion from the up-wind regions. The mass absorption cross-section of EC (MACEC) at 632 nm ranged from 6.56 to 14.7 m2 g−1, with an increasing trend from outside to inland of the TP. Urban areas had low MACEC values because such regions were mainly affected by local fresh emissions. In addition, large amount of brown carbon can decrease the MACEC values in cities of South Asia. Remote sites had high MACEC values because of the coating enhancement of aerosols. Influenced by emission, transport process, and weather condition, the CA concentrations and MACEC presented decreasing and increasing trends, respectively, from outside to inland of the TP. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd"
"57211133787;7005307066;26538428500;7101954943;56522715800;6602003804;57195961654;6603902085;","Quantification of different flow components in a high-altitude glacierized catchment (Dudh Koshi, Himalaya): Some cryospheric-related issues",2019,"10.5194/hess-23-3969-2019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85072753061&doi=10.5194%2fhess-23-3969-2019&partnerID=40&md5=48b744f61e0e58f545fe9684219303f5","In a context of climate change and water demand growth, understanding the origin of water flows in the Himalayas is a key issue for assessing the current and future water resource availability and planning the future uses of water in downstream regions. Two of the main issues in the hydrology of high-altitude glacierized catchments are (i) the limited representation of cryospheric processes controlling the evolution of ice and snow in distributed hydrological models and (ii) the difficulty in defining and quantifying the hydrological contributions to the river outflow. This study estimates the relative contribution of rainfall, glaciers, and snowmelt to the Khumbu River streamflow (Upper Dudh Koshi, Nepal, 146km2, 43% glacierized, elevation range from 4260 to 8848ma.s.l.) as well as the seasonal, daily, and sub-daily variability during the period 2012-2015 by using the DHSVM-GDM (Distributed Hydrological Soil Vegetation Model - Glaciers Dynamics Model) physically based glacio-hydrological model. The impact of different snow and glacier parameterizations was tested by modifying the snow albedo parameterization, adding an avalanche module, adding a reduction factor for the melt of debris-covered glaciers, and adding a conceptual englacial storage. The representation of snow, glacier, and hydrological processes was evaluated using three types of data (MODIS satellite images, glacier mass balances, and in situ discharge measurements). The relative flow components were estimated using two different definitions based on the water inputs and contributing areas. The simulated hydrological contributions differ not only depending on the used models and implemented processes, but also on different definitions of the estimated flow components. In the presented case study, ice melt and snowmelt contribute each more than 40% to the annual water inputs and 69% of the annual stream flow originates from glacierized areas. The analysis of the seasonal contributions highlights that ice melt and snowmelt as well as rain contribute to monsoon flows in similar proportions and that winter outflow is mainly controlled by the release from the englacial water storage. The choice of a given parametrization for snow and glacier processes, as well as their relative parameter values, has a significant impact on the simulated water balance: for instance, the different tested parameterizations led to ice melt contributions ranging from 42% to 54%. The sensitivity of the model to the glacier inventory was also tested, demonstrating that the uncertainty related to the glacierized surface leads to an uncertainty of 20% for the simulated ice melt component. © Author(s) 2019."
"7404285341;7102937523;56842098600;25723366900;12801488000;57195278040;57209719790;56949591800;10439148600;56527351800;56949911100;22947166500;","Eastern North American climate in phase with fall insolation throughout the last three glacial-interglacial cycles",2019,"10.1016/j.epsl.2019.06.029","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068521236&doi=10.1016%2fj.epsl.2019.06.029&partnerID=40&md5=10a6a3739026af425066fbb41c5a2628","The nature and controls of orbital-scale climate variability in North America (NA) are subjects of ongoing debates. On the basis of previous cave records from Southwestern United States, two mutually incompatible hypotheses have been proposed. One links NA orbital-scale climate variability to Northern Hemisphere (NH) summer insolation forcing in a manner analogous to low-latitude monsoon systems, while the other suggests that it is not causally tied to either changes in global ice-volumes or NH summer insolation. Here we report new cave oxygen isotope (δ18O) records from Buckeye Creek Cave (BCC), West Virginia, east central North America, covering most of the past three glacial-interglacial periods (∼335 to 45 kyr ago). The BCC δ18O record exhibits a strong precession-band cycle, which is in-phase with changes in global ice-volumes (i.e., sea level), sea surface temperatures in the NE Gulf of Mexico and is consistent with the results from published cave records from Nevada and Devils Hole. As with global ice-volume, the BCC records lag summer insolation at 65°N by ∼5000 yr, which stands in contrast with records of low-latitude monsoon variability in South America and Asia, which are in phase and out-of-phase with changes in summer insolation and sea level, respectively. Provided the degree of lag to summer insolation provides a measure of competing forcing from global ice-volume and summer insolation, our data suggest that NA orbital-scale climate variability is dominantly driven by ice-volume forcing. In addition, the sea surface temperatures in the NE Gulf of Mexico and changes in northern high-latitude cryosphere may be also important in explaining the unusually low δ18O values at times of the intermediate ice-volume periods in BCC and other NA cave records. © 2019 Elsevier B.V."
"57194683362;57205067628;57204698418;25626122900;16836656500;24172269700;","Satellite-based simulation of soil freezing/thawing processes in the northeast Tibetan Plateau",2019,"10.1016/j.rse.2019.111269","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85067605997&doi=10.1016%2fj.rse.2019.111269&partnerID=40&md5=6ac4849a5481d80a3e92284144062a75","Accurate quantification of the distribution and characteristics of frozen soil is critical for evaluating the impacts of climate change on the ecological and hydrological systems in high-latitude and -altitude regions, such as the Tibetan Plateau (TP). However, field observations have been limited by the harsh climate and complex terrain on the plateau, which greatly restricts our ability to predict the existence of and variations in frozen soils, especially at the regional scale. Here, we present a study relying solely on satellite data to drive process-based simulation of soil freeze-thaw processes. Modifications are made to an existing process-based model (Geomorphology-Based Eco-Hydrological Model, GBEHM) such that the model is fully adaptable to remote sensing inputs. The developed model fed with a combination of MODIS, TRMM and AIRX3STD satellite products is applied in the upper Yellow River Basin (coverage of ~2.54 × 105 km2) in the northeast TP and validated against field observations of freezing and thawing front depths (Dft) and soil temperature (Tsoil) at 54 China Meteorological Administration (CMA) stations, as well as frozen-ground types at 22 boreholes. Results indicate that the developed model performs reasonably well in simulating Dft (R2 = 0.69; mean bias = −0.03 m) and Tsoil (station averaged R2 and mean bias range between 0.90–0.96 and −0.51~−0.14 °C at eight observational depths, respectively), and outperforms the original GBEHM forced with ground-measured meteorological variables. The frozen-ground types are also (in general) accurately identified by the satellite-based approach, except for a few permafrost boreholes located near the permafrost boundary regions. Additionally, we also demonstrate the importance of considering dynamic soil water content in frozen soil simulation: We find that a static-soil-moisture assumption (as used in previous studies) would lead to biased soil temperature estimates by &gt;0.5 °C. Our study demonstrates the value of using satellite data in frozen-soil simulation over complex landscapes, potentially leading to a greater understanding of soil freeze-thaw processes at the regional scale. © 2019"
"24336646200;7006299304;6601964684;23988742400;8346790300;24802708900;6507501115;","Factors Controlling the Lack of Phytoplankton Biomass in Naturally Iron Fertilized Waters Near Heard and McDonald Islands in the Southern Ocean",2019,"10.3389/fmars.2019.00531","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85072839928&doi=10.3389%2ffmars.2019.00531&partnerID=40&md5=49ab4fb820676e55397f5432536d36a2","The Kerguelen Plateau is one of the regions in the Southern Ocean where spatially large algal blooms occur annually due to natural iron fertilization. The analysis of ocean color data as well as in situ samples collected during the Heard Earth-Ocean-Biosphere Interactions (HEOBI) voyage in January and February 2016, surprisingly revealed that chlorophyll a concentrations in waters located close to Heard and McDonald islands were much lower than those on the central Kerguelen Plateau. This occurs despite high levels of both glacial and volcanic iron supply from these islands. The analysis of pigment and optical data also indicated a shift in the phytoplankton size structure in this region, from a microphytoplankton to nanophytoplankton dominated community. Possible explanations for this high nutrient, high iron (Fe), low chlorophyll (HNHFeLC) phenomenon were explored. Low light availability due to deep mixing and shading by re-suspended sediment particles and augmented by dilution with surrounding low chlorophyll waters in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current was shown to be an important mechanism shaping phytoplankton communities. The competing dynamics between stimulation and limitation illustrate the complexity of short-term responses to our changing climate and cryosphere. © Copyright © 2019 Wojtasiewicz, Trull, Clementson, Davies, Patten, Schallenberg and Hardman-Mountford."
"8116816200;","Satellite gravimetry and mass transport in the earth system",2019,"10.1016/j.geog.2018.07.001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054448813&doi=10.1016%2fj.geog.2018.07.001&partnerID=40&md5=fdeefe9ae7b5545b3db17aef70e2d0d9","Since launched in March 2002, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite gravity mission has brought a new era to the studies of large-scale mass transport and redistribution within different components of the Earth system, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, ocean, cryosphere, and solid Earth, and greatly improved our understanding of the Earth climate system and solid Earth geophysics. This paper provides a comprehensive review of GRACE satellite gravimetry and its geophysical applications in monitoring and quantifying water mass changes in various components of the global water cycle, ice mass balance of polar ice sheets and mountain glaciers, global sea level change, and mass redistribution in solid Earth. We also discuss in detail different GRACE data products (e.g., standard spherical harmonic and mascon solutions), commonly used GRACE data post-processing methods, major challenges in using different GRACE data and how to correctly address those challenges. © 2018 The Author"
"57194692778;57207982806;23970605900;57040141000;55754495900;57209685473;","The dominant role of snow/ice Albedo feedback strengthened by black carbon in the enhanced warming over the Himalayas",2019,"10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0720.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85074770843&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-18-0720.1&partnerID=40&md5=0f709f65928d157086f7e031f081f154","An obvious warming trend in winter over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) in the recent decades has been widely discussed, with studies emphasizing the dominant effects of local radiative factors, including those due to black carbon (BC). The Himalayas are one of the largest snowpack- and ice-covered regions in the TP, and an ideal area to investigate local radiative effects on climate change. In this study, the coupled climate feedback response analysis method (CFRAM) is applied to quantify the magnitude of warming over the Himalayas induced by different external forcing factors and climate feedback processes. The results show that snow/ice albedo feedback (SAF) resulted in a warming of approximately 2.68C and was the primary contributor to enhanced warming over the Himalayas in recent decades. This warming was much greater than the warming induced by dynamic and other radiative factors. In particular, the strong radiative effects of BC on the warming over the Himalayas are identified by comparing control and BC-perturbed experiments of the Community Earth System Model (CESM). As a result of strong BC effects on the Himalayas, evaporation and reduced precipitation were strengthened, accounting for local drying and land degradation, which intensified warming. These results suggest that more investigations on the local radiative effects on the climate and ecosystem are needed, especially in the high-altitude cryosphere. © 2019 American Meteorological Society."
"55675146400;9239400200;","Water pathways for the Hindu-Kush-Himalaya and an analysis of three flood events",2019,"10.3390/atmos10090489","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85072245929&doi=10.3390%2fatmos10090489&partnerID=40&md5=da226d416c3d58566cbab6d5cf7a8240","The climatology of major sources and pathways of moisture for three locales along the Hindu-Kush-Himalayan region are examined, by use of Lagrangian methods applied to the ERA-Interim dataset, over the period from 1980 to 2016 for both summer (JJA) and winter (NDJ) periods. We also investigate the major flooding events of 2010, 2013, and 2017 in Pakistan, Uttarakhand, and Kathmandu, respectively, and analyse a subset of the climatology associated with the 20 most significant rainfall events over each region of interest. A comparison is made between the climatology and extreme events, in the three regions of interest, during the summer monsoon period. For Northern Pakistan and Uttarakhand, the Indus basin plays the largest role in moisture uptake. Moisture is also gathered from Eastern Europe and Russia. Extreme events display an increased influence of sub-tropical weather systems, which manifest themselves through low-level moisture transport; predominantly from the Arabian sea and along the Gangetic plain. In the Kathmandu region, it is found that the major moisture sources come from the Gangetic plain, Arabian Sea, Red Sea, Bay of Bengal, and the Indus basin. In this case, extreme event pathways largely match those of the climatology, although an increased number of parcels originate from the western end of the Gangetic plain. These results provide insights into the rather significant influence of mid-latitudinal weather systems, even during the monsoon season, in defining the climatology of the Hindu-Kush-Himalaya region, as well as how extreme precipitation events in this region represent atypical moisture pathways. We propose a detailed investigation of how such water pathways are represented in climate models for the present climate conditions and in future climate scenarios, as this may be extremely relevant for understanding the impacts of climate change on the cryosphere and hydrosphere of the region. © 2019 by the authors."
"55420901900;","GRAMAT: a comprehensive Matlab toolbox for estimating global mass variations from GRACE satellite data",2019,"10.1007/s12145-018-0368-0","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85056820663&doi=10.1007%2fs12145-018-0368-0&partnerID=40&md5=3934d32bd904df120c65fad62416bf26","In this paper, we robustly analyze the noise reduction methods for processing spherical harmonic (SH) coefficient data products collected by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission and devise a comprehensive GRACE Matlab Toolbox (GRAMAT) to estimate spatio-temporal mass variations over land and oceans. Functions in GRAMAT contain: (1) destriping of SH coefficients to remove “north-to-south” stripes, or geographically correlated high-frequency errors, and Gaussian smoothing, (2) spherical harmonic analysis and synthesis, (3) assessment and reduction of the leakage effect in GRACE-derived mass variations, and (4) harmonic analysis of regional time series of the mass variations and assessment of the uncertainty of the GRACE estimates. As a case study, we analyze the terrestrial water storage (TWS) variations in the Amazon River basin using the functions in GRAMAT. In addition to obvious seasonal TWS variations in the Amazon River basin, significant interannual TWS variations are detected by GRACE using the GRAMAT, which are consistent with precipitation anomalies in the region. We conclude that using GRAMAT and processing the GRACE level-2 data products, the global spatio-temporal mass variations can be efficiently and robustly estimated, which indicates the potential wide range of GRAMAT’s applications in hydrology, oceanography, cryosphere, solid Earth and geophysical disciplines to interpret large-scale mass redistribution and transport in the Earth system. We postulate that GRAMAT will also be an effective tool for the analysis of data from the upcoming GRACE-Follow-On mission. © 2018, The Author(s)."
"7402717381;7006865796;6603588898;6602667330;6602835531;55438286600;36343109300;25633608900;35772764900;57196398557;57210728961;57210726957;57210475010;57210732340;57189890813;","Summary and synthesis of Changing Cold Regions Network (CCRN) research in the interior of western Canada-Part 1: Projected climate and meteorology",2019,"10.5194/hess-23-3437-2019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85071325082&doi=10.5194%2fhess-23-3437-2019&partnerID=40&md5=ea1d7acdeb10db4bd4e84645dc47712b","The interior of western Canada, up to and including the Arctic, has experienced rapid change in its climate, hydrology, cryosphere, and ecosystems, and this is expected to continue. Although there is general consensus that warming will occur in the future, many critical issues remain. In this first of two articles, attention is placed on atmospheric-related issues that range from large scales down to individual precipitation events. Each of these is considered in terms of expected change organized by season and utilizing mainly ""business-as-usual"" climate scenario information. Large-scale atmospheric circulations affecting this region are projected to shift differently in each season, with conditions that are conducive to the development of hydroclimate extremes in the domain becoming substantially more intense and frequent after the mid-century. When coupled with warming temperatures, changes in the large-scale atmospheric drivers lead to enhancements of numerous water-related and temperature-related extremes. These include winter snowstorms, freezing rain, drought, forest fires, as well as atmospheric forcing of spring floods, although not necessarily summer convection. Collective insights of these atmospheric findings are summarized in a consistent, connected physical framework. © Author(s) 2019."
"57204137197;56454516100;57207713026;57212969690;","Hydrograph separation and the influence from climate warming on runoff in the north-eastern Tibetan Plateau",2019,"10.1016/j.quaint.2019.09.002","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85071903779&doi=10.1016%2fj.quaint.2019.09.002&partnerID=40&md5=fc630ccbc8da65d3637ae2006b8e9d53","There has been a noticeable change in runoff processes in cold regions under climate warming and a shrinking cryosphere; this is receiving increased scientific attention. This study explored the changing hydrological processes of the Anyuan river basin, in the north-eastern Tibetan Plateau, via stable isotope tracing of 202 samples from precipitation, supra-permafrost water, river water, groundwater, and soil water from 2013 to 2014. The isotopic composition of precipitation was characterized with maximum values in summer and minimum values in winter. The similar variations for stable isotopes of river water, spring water, and well water, confirming the close hydraulic connection among them within the study basin. In terms of soil water, the stable isotope value changes continuously with depth due to recharge by infiltration of precipitation and subsequent transpiration and evaporation. It demonstrated that river water was sourced mainly from precipitation and supra-permafrost water. Hydrograph separation indicated that supra-permafrost water and precipitation contributed 24% and 76% on average, respectively, to river water in the basin. This study will provide a scientific basis for water resource management in the north-eastern Tibetan Plateau. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA"
"7003357799;6603977202;","Climate change and rapid ice melt: Suggestions from abrupt permafrost degradation and ice melting in an alpine ice cave",2019,"10.1177/0309133319846056","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85066864604&doi=10.1177%2f0309133319846056&partnerID=40&md5=35eda8aa744a65a15d7031e10fcbfbd9","Among the different elements of the mountain cryosphere, ice caves still represent the lesser known part of it. Here we present a seven-year-long record of air and rock temperature in a cave of the southeastern European Alps. We demonstrate how the presence of a permanent ice deposit in the cave is not only related to the net cooling effect of the air circulation, as it is well known, but also to the occurrence of relict permafrost. Through a detailed representation of temperature patterns inside the cave, both air and rock data show how after a period of perennially subzero (cryotic) conditions in the rock, ongoing anthropogenic climate warming is responsible for permafrost degradation despite the cooling effect of the air circulation in the cave. Data support the important role of cryotic conditions in the rock in preserving a permanent ice cave deposit in the present climate, even once the possible relict permafrost inherited from the past disappears. A thickness of 29–44 m of permafrost, possibly formed during the Little Ice Age, has now almost completely disappeared. The present abrupt ice degradation observed in this cave is further exacerbated by positive feedbacks related to warmer air circulation in the cave system. © The Author(s) 2019."
"56431057300;6507244732;55397181600;22985768500;6506382965;8300204200;","New insights in the relation between climate and slope failures at high-elevation sites",2019,"10.1007/s00704-018-2673-4","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85056639047&doi=10.1007%2fs00704-018-2673-4&partnerID=40&md5=ed40a38333ec88f69c13b96ecb5fb7bf","Climate change is now unequivocal; however, the type and extent of terrestrial impacts are still widely debated. Among these, the effects on slope stability are receiving a growing attention in recent years, both as terrestrial indicators of climate change and implications for hazard assessment. High-elevation areas are particularly suitable for these studies, because of the presence of the cryosphere, which is particularly sensitive to climate. In this paper, we analyze 358 slope failures which occurred in the Italian Alps in the period 2000–2016, at an elevation above 1500 m a.s.l. We use a statistical-based method to detect climate anomalies associated with the occurrence of slope failures, with the aim to catch an eventual climate signal in the preparation and/or triggering of the considered case studies. We first analyze the probability values assumed by 25 climate variables on the occasion of a slope-failure occurrence. We then perform a dimensionality reduction procedure and come out with a set of four most significant and representative climate variables, in particular heavy precipitation and short-term high temperature. Our study highlights that slope failures occur in association with one or more climate anomalies in almost 92% of our case studies. One or more temperature anomalies are detected in association with most case studies, in combination or not with precipitation (47% and 38%, respectively). Summer events prevail, and an increasing role of positive temperature anomalies from spring to winter, and with elevation and failure size, emerges. While not providing a final evidence of the role of climate warming on slope instability increase at high elevation in recent years, the results of our study strengthen this hypothesis, calling for more extensive and in-depth studies on the subject. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature."
"57192200569;7003538187;13003291000;22962457400;","Habitable Snowballs: Temperate Land Conditions, Liquid Water, and Implications for CO2 Weathering",2019,"10.1029/2019JE005917","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85070686803&doi=10.1029%2f2019JE005917&partnerID=40&md5=64da8c457490d87b64c07b2a936b8b4c","Habitable planets are commonly imagined to be temperate planets like Earth, with areas of open ocean and warm land. In contrast, planets in snowball states, where oceans are entirely ice covered, are believed to be inhospitable. However, we show using a general circulation model that terrestrial planets in the inner habitable zone are able to support large unfrozen areas of land while in a snowball state. Due to their lower albedo, these unfrozen regions reach summer temperatures in excess of 10 °C. Such conditions permit CO2 weathering, suggesting that continental weathering can provide a mechanism for trapping planets in stable snowball states. The presence of land areas with warm temperatures and liquid surface water motivates a more-nuanced understanding of habitability during these snowball events. ©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57210450157;56524152600;15757708600;55382938000;6701712459;7003748648;","Projections of Alpine snow-cover in a high-resolution climate simulation",2019,"10.3390/atmos10080463","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85070769324&doi=10.3390%2fatmos10080463&partnerID=40&md5=829a61a1189772aa14cec8e55b862149","The recent development of high-resolution climate models offers a promising approach in improving the simulation of precipitation, clouds and temperature. However, higher grid spacing is also a promising feature to improve the simulation of snow cover. In particular, it provides a refined representation of topography and allows for an explicit simulation of convective precipitation processes. In this study we analyze the snow cover in a set of decade-long high-resolution climate simulation with horizontal grid spacing of 2.2km over the greater Alpine region. Results are compared against observations and lower resolution models (12 and 50 km), which use parameterized convection. The simulations are integrated using the COSMO (Consortium for Small-Scale Modeling) model. The evaluation of snow water equivalent (SWE) in the simulation of present-day climate, driven by the ERA-Interim reanalysis, against an observational dataset, reveals that the high-resolution simulation clearly outperforms simulations with grid spacing of 12 and 50 km. The latter simulations underestimate the cumulative amount of SWE over Switzerland over the whole annual cycle by 33% (12km simulation) and 56% (50km simulation) while the high-resolution simulation shows a spatially and temporally averaged difference of less than 1%. Scenario simulations driven by GCM MPI-ESM-LR (2081-2090 RCP8.5 vs. 1991-2000) reveal a strong decrease of SWE over the Alps, consistent with previous studies. Previous studies had found that the relative decrease becomes gradually smaller with elevation, but this finding was limited to low and intermediate altitudes (as a 12km simulation resolves the topography up to 2500 m). In the current study we find that the height gradient reverses sign, and relative reductions in snow cover increases above 3000m asl, where important parts of the cryosphere are present. In addition, the simulations project a transition from permanent to seasonal snow cover at high altitudes, with potentially important impacts to Alpine permafrost. This transition and the more pronounced decline of SWE emphasize the value of the higher grid spacing. Overall, we show that high-resolution climate models offer a promising approach in improving the simulation of snow cover in Alpine terrain. © 2019 by the authors."
"56650796300;57210171245;36442358300;57210173488;57210171071;56313091000;26644815900;6701428682;36188727600;","Mountain building, climate cooling and the richness of cold-adapted plants in the Northern Hemisphere",2019,"10.1111/jbi.13653","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85069754442&doi=10.1111%2fjbi.13653&partnerID=40&md5=5b162d1eb2d7d00a2bcca30ffded70d7","Aim: The summits of mountain ranges at mid-latitude in the Northern Hemisphere share many ecological properties with the Arctic, including comparable climates and similar flora. We hypothesize that the orogeny during the Oligocene-Miocene combined with global cooling led to the origin and early diversification of cold-adapted plant lineages in these regions. Before the establishment of the Arctic cryosphere, adaptation and speciation in high elevation areas of these mountain ranges may have led to higher species richness compared to the Arctic. Subsequent colonization from mid-latitude mountain ranges to the Arctic may explain similar but poorer flora. Location: Arctic-Alpine regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Methods: We mapped the cold climate in the Northern Hemisphere for most of the Cenozoic (60 Ma until present) based on paleoclimate proxies coupled with paleoelevations. We generated species distribution maps from occurrences and regional atlases for 5,464 plant species from 756 genera occupying cold climates. We fitted a generalized linear model to evaluate the association between cold-adapted plant species richness and environmental, as well as geographic variables. Finally, we performed a meta-analysis of studies which inferred and dated the ancestral geographic origin of cold-adapted lineages using phylogenies. Results: We found that the subalpine-alpine areas of the mid-latitude mountain ranges comprise higher cold-adapted plant species richness than the Palearctic and Nearctic polar regions. The topo-climatic reconstructions indicate that the cold climatic niche appeared in mid-latitude mountain ranges (42–38 Ma), specifically in the Himalayan region, and only later in the Arctic (22–18 Ma). The meta-analysis of the dating of the origin of cold-adapted lineages indicates that most clades originated in central Asia between 39–7 Ma. Main conclusions: Our results support the hypothesis that the orogeny and progressive cooling in the Oligocene-Miocene generated cold climates in mid-latitude mountain ranges before the appearance of cold climates in most of the Arctic. Early cold mountainous regions likely allowed for the evolution and diversification of cold-adapted plant lineages followed by the subsequent colonization of the Arctic. Our results follow Humboldt's vision of integrating biological and geological context in order to better understand the processes underlying the origin of arctic-alpine plant assemblages. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd"
"55764057800;57209140844;45961133700;55377025900;57208397829;55892478400;","Global open-access DEM performances in Earth's most rugged region High Mountain Asia: A multi-level assessment",2019,"10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.04.012","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85064614092&doi=10.1016%2fj.geomorph.2019.04.012&partnerID=40&md5=0ed752c4a07daa205f49fb4cdf619da7","Over the past decades, climate change has exerted pronounced influences on the cryo-hydrologic environments in High Mountain Asia (HMA). Digital elevation models (DEMs)are one of the critical datasets required in many hydrology- and cryosphere-related studies in HMA, which include estimations of glacier mass balances and lake water storage changes and hydrological runoff modelling. Several global or near-global coverage DEMs (e.g. SRTM and ASTER missions)have been widely utilized for such studies. However, a comprehensive assessment of the quality of these DEMs, particularly over the high-relief HMA area, is still lacking. This study investigated the performances of seven public freely-accessed DEM datasets (ASTER GDEM V2, SRTM-3 V4.1 DEM, SRTM-1 DEM, AW3D30 DEM, VFP-DEM, MERIT DEM, Seamless SRTM-1 DEM)over the HMA region by referring to high-accuracy elevation data from ICESat altimetry. We also provided an additional detailed assessment for typical lake basins and extremely rugged areas in the Himalayas by using available global positioning system (GPS)measurements and gridded SETSM DEM raster data. Results show that AW3D30 exhibits the highest accuracy in HMA land areas among these datasets. The accuracy of all studied DEMs demonstrates high spatial variation, which shows the strongest relationship with slope among several topographical factors, such as elevation and aspect. Over these rugged terrains with a large slope, such as the Hengduan Mountains and Himalayas, the vertical accuracy is relatively low in all investigated DEMs. We established empirical models for fitting the relationship between DEM vertical error and mean slope, which can be used to estimate the average elevation errors for any given local or basin-scale DEM grids. In addition, this study identified regions with anomalous elevation data in each dataset caused by the imperfect void-filling processing scheme. In sum, the 3-arc-second MERIT DEM is judged to be relatively dependable for HMA which not only achieves good performances in statistical error values but also retains few void-filling anomalies. The 1-arc-second AW3D30 could be the most promising product over HMA with its high spatial resolution and accuracy, although some void-filling anomalies need to be noted in some regions. © 2019 Elsevier B.V."
"37087012900;7402456930;21733785800;16029394900;57204356835;","The Aleutian Low-Beaufort Sea Anticyclone: A Climate Index Correlated With the Timing of Springtime Melt in the Pacific Arctic Cryosphere",2019,"10.1029/2019GL083306","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068468314&doi=10.1029%2f2019GL083306&partnerID=40&md5=c73900d982b0d2c7493f6ba882957f6d","Early and late extremes in the timing of snowmelt have recently been observed in the Pacific Arctic. Subseasonal-to-seasonal forecasts of this timing are important for industry, environmental management, and Arctic communities. In northern Alaska, the timing is influenced by the advection of marine air from the north Pacific by the Aleutian Low, modulated by high pressure centered in the Beaufort Sea. A new climate index that integrates their interaction could advance melt predictions. We define this index based on 850-hPa geopotential height at four fixed locations and refer to it as the Aleutian Low-Beaufort Sea Anticyclone (ALBSA). During positive ALBSA in May, advection of +0.5-1.5 K/day is observed through the Bering Strait. ALBSA is correlated with both snowmelt in northern Alaska and the onset of sea ice melt over the adjacent seas. ALBSA therefore may be suitable for monitoring the relevant circulation patterns and for developing predictive tools. ©2019. The Authors."
"56300680800;7103159189;7006275882;36873808300;","Deep ocean 14C ventilation age reconstructions from the Arctic Mediterranean reassessed",2019,"10.1016/j.epsl.2019.04.027","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85065541967&doi=10.1016%2fj.epsl.2019.04.027&partnerID=40&md5=0b50f2dc6db4c8385144d84dfb4e4ad7","The present-day ocean ventilation in the Arctic Mediterranean (Nordic Seas and Arctic Ocean), via transformation of northward inflowing warm Atlantic surface water into cold deep water, affects regional climate, atmospheric circulation and carbon storage in the deep ocean. Here we study the glacial evolution of the Arctic Mediterranean circulation and its influence on glacial climate using radiocarbon reservoir-age reconstructions on deep-sea cores from the Fram Strait that cover the late glacial period (33,000–20,000 yr ago; 33–20 ka). Our results show high Benthic-Planktic 14C age differences of ∼1500 14C years 33–26.5 ka suggesting significant water column stratification between ∼100–2600 m water depth, and reduction and/or shoaling of deep-water formation. This phase was followed by break-up of the stratification during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 26–20 ka), with Benthic-Planktic 14C age differences of ∼250 14C years, likely due to enhanced upwelling. These ocean circulation changes potentially contributed to the final intensification phase of glaciation via positive cryosphere-atmosphere-ocean circulation-carbon cycle feedbacks. Our data also do not support ‘extreme aging’ of &gt;6000 14C years in the deep Arctic Mediterranean, and appear to rule out the proposed outflow of very old Arctic Ocean water to the Nordic Seas during the LGM and to the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean during the deglacial period. © 2019 Elsevier B.V."
"36080562500;12140307100;54407187600;56609954200;57216114629;57209801479;6701857240;57192062415;7102826598;7003751915;23090602200;","Importance of snow and glacier meltwater for agriculture on the Indo-Gangetic Plain",2019,"10.1038/s41893-019-0305-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068751224&doi=10.1038%2fs41893-019-0305-3&partnerID=40&md5=3eaa6e710d2aa0142936d91260ea2fa9","Densely populated floodplains downstream of Asia’s mountain ranges depend heavily on mountain water resources, in particular for irrigation. An intensive and complex multi-cropping irrigated agricultural system has developed here to optimize the use of these mountain water resources in conjunction with monsoonal rainfall. Snow and glacier melt thereby modulate the seasonal pattern of river flows and, together with groundwater, provide water when rainfall is scarce. Climate change is expected to weaken this modulating effect, with potentially strong effects on food production in one of the world’s breadbaskets. Here we quantify the space-, time- and crop-specific dependence of agriculture in the Indo-Gangetic Plains on mountain water resources, using a coupled state-of-the-art, high-resolution, cryosphere–hydrology–crop model. We show that dependence varies strongly in space and time and is highest in the Indus basin, where in the pre-monsoon season up to 60% of the total irrigation withdrawals originate from mountain snow and glacier melt, and that it contributes an additional 11% to total crop production. Although dependence in the floodplains of the Ganges is comparatively lower, meltwater is still essential during the dry season, in particular for crops such as sugar cane. The dependency on meltwater in the Brahmaputra is negligible. In total, 129 million farmers in the Indus and Ganges substantially depend on snow and glacier melt for their livelihoods. Snow and glacier melt provides enough water to grow food crops to sustain a balanced diet for 38 million people. These findings provide important information for agricultural and climate change adaptation policies in a climate change hot spot where shifts in water availability and demand are projected as a result of climate change and socio-economic growth. © 2019, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited."
"57201089549;8934032500;57200109104;6602863013;36798418200;7005670735;8967864300;","Atmospheric circulation modulates the spatial variability of temperature in the Atlantic–Arctic region",2019,"10.1002/joc.6044","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85062517885&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.6044&partnerID=40&md5=e315634d1bf5499bdff88c3e03d93e72","The Arctic region has experienced significant warming during the past two decades with major implications on the cryosphere. The causes of Arctic amplification are still an open question within the scientific community, attracting recent interest. The goal of this study is to quantify the contribution of atmospheric circulation on temperature variability in the Atlantic–Arctic region at decadal to intra-annual timescales from 1951 to 2014. Daily 20th Century reanalyses geopotential height anomalies at 500 hPa were clustered into different weather regimes to assess their contribution to observed temperature variability. The results show that in winter, 25% of the warming (cooling) in the North Atlantic Ocean (northeastern Canada) is due to temporal decreases of high geopotential anomalies in Greenland. This regime influences air mass migration patterns, bringing less cold (warm) air masses into these regions. Additionally, atmospheric warming or cooling has been attributed to a change in nearby oceanic basin surface conditions because of sea ice decline. In summer, about 15% of the warming observed in Norwegian/Greenland Seas is related to an increase in temporal anticyclonic patterns. This ratio reaches 37% in Norway due to an amplification from downwards solar radiation. This study allows for better understanding how natural climate variability modulates the regional signature of climate change and estimating the uncertainties in climate projections. © 2019 Royal Meteorological Society"
"56227197700;15833742800;7003614389;7404181575;","Aerosol optical depth over the nepalese cryosphere derived from an empirical model",2019,"10.3389/feart.2019.00178","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068457024&doi=10.3389%2ffeart.2019.00178&partnerID=40&md5=018e742cdc91156a7695d8cb34444e48","In the Himalayan region, aerosols received much attention because they affect the regional as well as local climate. Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) observation from satellite are limited in the Himalayan region mainly due to high surface reflectance. To overcome this limitation, we have conducted a multivariate regression analysis to predict the AOD over the cryospheric portion of Nepalese Himalaya. Prediction using three meteorological variables from ERA-Interim: relative humidity, wind velocity components (U10 and V10) were taken into account for model development as independent variables, while the longest time series AOD observation at Pokhara station is used as dependent variable. Model coefficients were found significant at 95 percent level with 0.53 coefficients of determination for daily values. Correlation coefficients between model output and AERONET observations were found to be 0.68, 0.73, 0.75, 0.83, and 0.82 at Lumbini, Kathmandu Bode (KTM-BO), Kathmandu University (KTM-UN), Jomson, and Pyramid laboratory/observatory (EVK2CNR) AERONET stations, respectively. Model overestimate AOD at Jomsom, and EVK2CNR AERONET stations while slightly underestimates AOD in Lumbini, KTM-UN, and KTM-BO AERONET station, respectively. Both model output and MODIS observation showed that the highest AOD over Nepal is observed during winter and pre-monsoon season. While lowest AOD is observed during monsoon, and post-monsoon season. The result of this research supports that the use of linear regression model yields good estimation for daily average AOD in Nepal. The model that we have presented could possibly be used in other mountain regions for climate research. © 2019 Bhattarai, Burkhart, Stordal and Xu."
"57211336354;57139379600;7402095139;57196047815;57201635649;7202240406;55328815500;57204123494;57212996065;","Quantifying the developed and developing worlds’ carbon reduction contributions to Northern Hemisphere cryosphere change",2019,"10.1002/joc.6014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85061608611&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.6014&partnerID=40&md5=cc1f6984a33296ebb90ca5509c458a7d","Anthropogenically induced climate warming will not stop as long as carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions continue to increase. As positive feedback from the cryosphere can amplify climate warming in higher latitudes, adaptation to and mitigation of climate change in the cryosphere have become particularly important. In this study, we quantified the contributions of climate policies of the developed and developing worlds to moderating decreases in Northern Hemisphere sea ice and snow, using the Earth System Model of Beijing Normal University (BNU-ESM). The results indicate that the sea ice extent and snow cover would continue to shrink as CO2 concentrations continue to increase, and the combined efforts of the developed and developing worlds could successfully reduce losses of Arctic sea ice and snow. In the medium term (before 2060), contributions of the developing world to reducing the loss of Arctic sea ice extent are expected to be 65% in JFM and 60% in JAS, while the corresponding contributions to reducing snow cover loss are 46 and 70%. These contributions from the developed world are smaller: 44% in JFM and 22% in JAS for sea ice extent and 34% in JFM and 20% in JAS for snow cover. Over the long term (until 2100), the developing world is expected to contribute 71% in JFM and 77% in JAS to reducing the Arctic sea ice losses, and its contribution to reducing snow cover loss is 73 and 66%. Similarly, the corresponding contribution for the developed world is also smaller: 36% in JFM and 24% in JAS for sea ice extent and 32% in JFM and 30% in JAS for snow cover. However, the developed and developing world achieves a combined mitigation effect of more than 90% in the near and long term. © 2019 Royal Meteorological Society"
"56447902900;8688065800;20437082300;55951169300;7007032556;","Sensitivity of a calving glacier to ice-ocean interactions under climate change: New insights from a 3-d full-stokes model",2019,"10.5194/tc-13-1681-2019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85067287199&doi=10.5194%2ftc-13-1681-2019&partnerID=40&md5=3362774b67938161a15bde5623db93d7","Iceberg calving accounts for between 30&thinsp;% and 60&thinsp;% of net mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet, which has intensified and is now the single largest contributor to global sea level rise in the cryosphere. Changes to calving rates and the dynamics of calving glaciers represent a significant uncertainty in projections of future sea level rise. A growing body of observational evidence suggests that calving glaciers respond rapidly to regional environmental change, but predictive capacity is limited by the lack of suitable models capable of simulating calving mechanisms realistically. Here, we use a 3-D full-Stokes calving model to investigate the environmental sensitivity of Store Glacier, a large outlet glacier in West Greenland. We focus on two environmental processes: undercutting by submarine melting and buttressing by ice mélange, and our results indicate that Store Glacier is likely to be able to withstand moderate warming perturbations in which the former is increased by 50&thinsp;% and the latter reduced by 50&thinsp;%. However, severe perturbation with a doubling of submarine melt rates or a complete loss of ice mélange destabilises the calving front in our model runs. Furthermore, our analysis reveals that stress and fracture patterns at Store's terminus are complex and varied, primarily due to the influence of basal topography. Calving style and environmental sensitivity vary greatly, with propagation of surface crevasses significantly influencing iceberg production in the northern side, whereas basal crevasses dominate in the south. Any future retreat is likely to be initiated in the southern side by a combination of increased submarine melt rates in summer and reduced mélange strength in winter. The lateral variability, as well as the importance of rotational and bending forces at the terminus, underlines the importance of using the 3-D full-Stokes stress solution when modelling Greenland's calving glaciers. © Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License."
"56345703800;48661308400;57209422055;","A new look at roles of the cryosphere in sustainable development",2019,"10.1016/j.accre.2019.06.005","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85067658669&doi=10.1016%2fj.accre.2019.06.005&partnerID=40&md5=ffcfdbae4205c82c6da0d214d2f7e07a","While the cryosphere may bring in adverse impacts on natural and built environment, it may also provide benefits resulting from cryosphere services. By looking into the effect of the cryosphere on human-being, the study develops a unified approach in the analysis of cryospheric risks and services, with one focusing on the adverse impacts by cryospheric hazards and another emphasizing on the benefits that people can obtain from the natural capitals in the cryosphere. Meanwhile, climate change could further alter and complicate the roles of the cryosphere, not only by the changes in risks to cryospheric hazards, but also the changes in services that could potentially add more risks. The study further proposed a risk-based approach for the development of climate adaptation in the cryosphere. The approach essentially takes options to reduce exposure and vulnerability of societies to cryospheric hazards, and to better manage natural capitals and demands together with enhancing utility of the cryosphere, so as to maintain the benefit of cryosphere services in a sustainable way. The study further addresses the role of cryosphere services in strengthening sustainable development in terms of its relation with the sustainable development goals (SDGs), and provides a preliminary results on how the services contributes to SDGs. Overall, the approach developed in this study creates a new way to comprehensively assess the effect of cryosphere changes on our society and identify measures to maximize the benefit while minimizing the risk in relation to the cryosphere. © 2019 National Climate Center (China Meteorological Administration)"
"57196443214;36728446000;48661308400;7202240406;56345703800;","Valuating service loss of snow cover in Irtysh River Basin",2019,"10.1016/j.accre.2019.06.004","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85067664244&doi=10.1016%2fj.accre.2019.06.004&partnerID=40&md5=e19128c8897f2ff86467fe6773159c98","Snow cover provides essential resources and services for human well-being and socioeconomic development in arid areas. With the change in snow cover resulting from climate change that causes concerns about its consequences, there is a pressing need to analyze and understand its impact on the benefits that people has been enjoying from snow cover. These can be derived from the variation in economic value of snow services, that are demanded to meet socioeconomic activities. Based on the average decline mass of snow cover from 1979 to 2016 in Irtysh River Basin, we use the approach by applying economic evaluation to estimate the annual value loss of snow services. Considering the decreasing trend of snow cover mass at rates of −10.2 Mt per year (p < 0.05) or 0.3% per year, the annual service loss in Irtysh River Basin is currently worth up to CN¥196 million. Within it, the service loss of climate regulation contributes the most, or about CN¥84.7 million. The loss of freshwater service contributes only about 19%, implying that there would be a significant underestimation of service loss if only water supply would be considered. This may cause biased decision-making when we are facing the challenges of declining services as a result of climate change, impacting on the balancing of socioeconomic development and environment conservation for the sustainability over a long term. © 2019 National Climate Center (China Meteorological Administration)"
"6602612950;16507069700;49462086700;26432330300;55210011500;55250835700;35773503600;","Framing climate change in frontline communities: anthropological insights on how mountain dwellers in the USA, Peru, and Italy adapt to glacier retreat",2019,"10.1007/s10113-019-01482-y","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85065402674&doi=10.1007%2fs10113-019-01482-y&partnerID=40&md5=8bf63a19548181c446ba164f33616745","We report on anthropological research conducted in three mountain communities (in the USA, Italy and Peru), which have been directly affected by glacier retreat for over 40 years. Our mixed methods include ethnographic research, analysis of transcripts of interviews, focus groups and community meetings, and case studies of adaptation projects. Our findings indicate that local people are acute observers of change. They draw on two frames (climate change and community) in their discussions and projects but rely much more heavily on the latter frame. This pattern of drawing on the community frame, characteristic of all discussions, is most marked in the community meetings. The effectiveness of the community frame in supporting projects calls into question some widely shared notions about the role of belief in climate change as a crucial precondition for adaptation and challenges the “perceive–predict–act” model of climate change response. © 2019, The Author(s)."
"57200596159;7408107587;7403269980;57209412896;57209414235;","A preliminary study on the theory and method of comprehensive regionalization of cryospheric services",2019,"10.1016/j.accre.2019.06.002","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85067647684&doi=10.1016%2fj.accre.2019.06.002&partnerID=40&md5=b03c345fe31062db36873804bd8917ad","As one of the five most important spheres affecting climate systems globally, the cryosphere not only exerts crucial impacts on natural environment, but also plays a key role in guaranteeing the goods and services provision of the oasis in the cold and arid regions. However, there is a lack of synthesized knowledge about the contributions and profitability on socio-economic aspects of the cryospheric services (CSs). To cope with this key and urgent sustainable development issues, this study constructs a comprehensive regionalization research system that integrates the natural and socio-economic aspects for cryospheric characteristics with emphasis on interdisciplinary approaches. Guided by the supply-demand equilibrium model and the service maximization model, the research system consists of establishing a classification system for CSs, identifying the spatial distribution pattern of CSs, and constructing the comprehensive regionalization of CSs, which finally divides the research area into relatively independent, complete, and organically linked CS units of multiple spatial levels. By setting up a bridge between the CSs with socio-economic needs, it has profound and practical significance and implications for implementing the sustainable utilization strategies and macroeconomic policymaking for global environmental protection. © 2019 National Climate Center (China Meteorological Administration)"
"57209321115;57209320949;57191187902;57209317864;57209322571;57204467637;","Spatial and temporal variabilities of maximum snow depth in the Northern and Central Kazakhstan",2019,"10.1007/s12517-019-4505-y","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85067368027&doi=10.1007%2fs12517-019-4505-y&partnerID=40&md5=b5bf053c2438cb377a37c074629c2003","This article examined the dynamics of maximum snow cover in the Northern and Central Kazakhstan for the period from 1935 to 2012. Certain number of data from weather stations was collected for both regions (Northern and Central Kazakhstan) of the country in order to observe the spatial and temporal changes in glaciers. Mann-Kendall test along with sequential version of MK test and simple linear regression was used in the analysis. The analysis revealed regularities of the changes in maximum snow depth over spatial and temporal scales. Cumulative sum uncovered a change in trend, which indicated the data of global warming possibly affected the glacier. Periodicities in glacier changes were weakly related to the weather patterns like North Atlantic Oscillation and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillations. Obtained results, regularities, and inferences can be used in further studies of snow cover and water flow of the rivers, as well as for practical purposes. Recent changes in climate and hydrological flow of the observed catchment became evident for contemporary glaciations evolving hydrological implications of the cryosphere alterations in the study area. Findings of the study are useful in examining the differences in water availability on spatial and temporal scales due to limited availability of the glaciers in the region. © 2019, Saudi Society for Geosciences."
"6603905015;36782119900;57202720342;36477095000;57191967829;","Socio-hydrology of “artificial glaciers” in Ladakh, India: assessing adaptive strategies in a changing cryosphere",2019,"10.1007/s10113-018-1372-0","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85049080752&doi=10.1007%2fs10113-018-1372-0&partnerID=40&md5=5026064f99aba1147a66f792decb7f07","The consequences of even small glacier decrease and changes of seasonal snow cover are critical for the functioning of meltwater-dependent mountain agriculture. In order to deal with recurrent water scarcity, different types of ice reservoirs, commonly called “artificial glaciers,” have been introduced in Ladakh and promoted as appropriate adaptive strategies to cope with changes in the cryosphere. The resulting seasonal ice reservoirs increase meltwater availability during the critical period of water scarcity in spring. We examine the efficacy of 14 ice reservoirs through a long-term analysis of their functioning within the environmental and socioeconomic context of Ladakh. Using multi-temporal satellite data (1969–2017), close range photogrammetry, and repeat field measurements (2014 and 2015), we provide an inventory and typology of these ice reservoirs and estimate storage volume of one selected structure, which ranges from 1010 to 3220 m3 of water. We extrapolate this volume to all ice reservoirs and estimate potential irrigation cycles of cropped areas, which vary between less than 0.1 in unfavorable cases and almost 3 in optimal cases and years. Based on interviews and field surveys (2007–2017), we discuss the benefits perceived by local smallholders, such as the reduction of seasonal water scarcity and resulting crop failure risks together with the possibility of growing cash crops. We argue that “artificial glaciers” are remarkably suited to the physical environment. However, their usefulness as a climate change adaptation strategy is questionable because climatic variability, natural hazards, and an incomplete integration into the local socioeconomic setting significantly reduce their efficacy. © 2018, The Author(s)."
"16319351700;23569888300;57209565562;14008365900;36574232400;57197372728;28168125200;56080932300;13611337000;57209576944;54382462900;6602362776;55916752500;","An integrated view of greenland ice sheet mass changes based on models and satellite observations",2019,"10.3390/rs11121407","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068127596&doi=10.3390%2frs11121407&partnerID=40&md5=51bdeddd00c9cfee08e568c96f4f6d19","The Greenland ice sheet is a major contributor to sea level rise, adding on average 0.47 ± 0.23 mm year-1 to global mean sea level between 1991 and 2015. The cryosphere as a whole has contributed around 45% of observed global sea level rise since 1993. Understanding the present-day state of the Greenland ice sheet is therefore vital for understanding the processes controlling the modern-day rates of sea level change and for making projections of sea level rise into the future. Here, we provide an overview of the current state of the mass budget of Greenland based on a diverse range of remote sensing observations to produce the essential climate variables (ECVs) of ice velocity, surface elevation change, grounding line location, calving front location, and gravimetric mass balance as well as numerical modelling that together build a consistent picture of a shrinking ice sheet. We also combine these observations with output from a regional climate model and from an ice sheet model to gain insight into existing biases in ice sheet dynamics and surface mass balance processes. Observations show surface lowering across virtually all regions of the ice sheet and at some locations up to -2.65 m year-1 between 1995 and 2017 based on radar altimetry analysis. In addition, calving fronts at 28 study sites, representing a sample of typical glaciers, have retreated all around Greenland since the 1990s and in only two out of 28 study locations have they remained stable. During the same period, two of five floating ice shelves have collapsed while the locations of grounding lines at the remaining three floating ice shelves have remained stable over the observation period. In a detailed case study with a fracture model at Petermann glacier, we demonstrate the potential sensitivity of these floating ice shelves to future warming. GRACE gravimetrically-derived mass balance (GMB) data shows that overall Greenland has lost 255 ± 15 Gt year-1 of ice over the period 2003 to 2016, consistent with that shown by IMBIE and a marked increase compared to a rate of loss of 83 ± 63 Gt year-1 in the 1993-2003 period. Regional climate model and ice sheet model simulations show that surface mass processes dominate the Greenland ice sheet mass budget over most of the interior. However, in areas of high ice velocity there is a significant contribution to mass loss by ice dynamical processes. Marked differences between models and observations indicate that not all processes are captured accurately within models, indicating areas for future research. © 2019 by the authors."
"57191535389;36438966600;6603909200;12141117700;","Extent changes in the perennial snowfields of gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, Alaska",2019,"10.3390/hydrology6020053","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85067444203&doi=10.3390%2fhydrology6020053&partnerID=40&md5=696a4edad93a07398e485bf751f61d7a","Perennial snowfields in Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve (GAAR) in the central Brooks Range of Alaska are a critical component of the cryosphere. They serve as habitat for an array of wildlife, including caribou, a species that is crucial as a food and cultural resource for rural subsistence hunters and Native Alaskans. Snowfields also influence hydrology, vegetation, permafrost, and have the potential to preserve valuable archaeological artifacts. By deriving time series maps using cloud computing and supervised classification of Landsat satellite imagery, we calculated areas and evaluated extent changes. We also derived changes in elevations of the perennial snowfields that remained stable for at least four years. For the study period of 1985 to 2017, we found that total areas of perennial snowfields in GAAR are decreasing, with most of the notable changes in the latter half of the study period. Equilibrium areas, or bright areas, of the snowfields are shrinking, while ablation, or dark areas, are growing. We also found that the snowfields occur at higher elevations over time. Climate change may be altering the distribution, elevation, and extent of perennial snowfields in GAAR, which could affect caribou populations and subsistence lifestyles in rural Alaska. © 2019 by the authors."
"57213618684;55899199100;55476635800;15727148100;12753683300;7202240406;57200596159;7408107587;57209891909;","An ecosystem services zoning framework for the permafrost regions of China",2019,"10.1016/j.accre.2019.06.007","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068237291&doi=10.1016%2fj.accre.2019.06.007&partnerID=40&md5=f0c6b5c06ad43d06a2326fa096ecdc94","The degradation of the permafrost regions, resulting from intensive anthropogenic activities and global warming, has led to the loss of ecosystem services and is threating human well-being. Nevertheless, the real ecosystem service values and their complete zoning system in the permafrost regions have received insufficient attention. Research gaps between the identification of permafrost-based ecosystem services and ecosystem management are seriously constraining the development of cryospheric science. Thus, an ecosystem service zoning framework that links ecosystem services with human welfares is proposed to solve the abovementioned challenges in the permafrost regions of China. The three-tiered zoning framework for ecosystem services, consisting of zoning goals, principles, hierarchy, methodology, and nomenclature, is proposed for the permafrost regions of China. A combined method, i.e., GIS spatial tools, the location entropy analysis model, and ecosystem services assessment, was employed to distinguish ecosystem conditions, ecosystem service supply, and beneficiaries into these three-grade ecosystem service zones. Hierarchical and dynamic zoning could clarify protection priorities of ecosystems and ecosystem services in terms of regions, grades, and types. The framework could contribute to sustainable management of ecosystem services in the cryosphere. © 2019 National Climate Center (China Meteorological Administration)"
"8504011100;13905742000;56719829600;7004568999;7005295124;12040118500;16643189900;57060472600;35365381300;","Submarine Permafrost Map in the Arctic Modeled Using 1-D Transient Heat Flux (SuPerMAP)",2019,"10.1029/2018JC014675","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85067012758&doi=10.1029%2f2018JC014675&partnerID=40&md5=260aa77bd0334c5e174977a1eb5c47a7","Offshore permafrost plays a role in the global climate system, but observations of permafrost thickness, state, and composition are limited to specific regions. The current global permafrost map shows potential offshore permafrost distribution based on bathymetry and global sea level rise. As a first-order estimate, we employ a heat transfer model to calculate the subsurface temperature field. Our model uses dynamic upper boundary conditions that synthesize Earth System Model air temperature, ice mass distribution and thickness, and global sea level reconstruction and applies globally distributed geothermal heat flux as a lower boundary condition. Sea level reconstruction accounts for differences between marine and terrestrial sedimentation history. Sediment composition and pore water salinity are integrated in the model. Model runs for 450 ka for cross-shelf transects were used to initialize the model for circumarctic modeling for the past 50 ka. Preindustrial submarine permafrost (i.e., cryotic sediment), modeled at 12.5-km spatial resolution, lies beneath almost 2.5 ×106km2 of the Arctic shelf. Our simple modeling approach results in estimates of distribution of cryotic sediment that are similar to the current global map and recent seismically delineated permafrost distributions for the Beaufort and Kara seas, suggesting that sea level is a first-order determinant for submarine permafrost distribution. Ice content and sediment thermal conductivity are also important for determining rates of permafrost thickness change. The model provides a consistent circumarctic approach to map submarine permafrost and to estimate the dynamics of permafrost in the past. ©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"23569283700;57204434178;7006151875;","An efficient surface energy-mass balance model for snow and ice",2019,"10.5194/tc-13-1529-2019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85066818947&doi=10.5194%2ftc-13-1529-2019&partnerID=40&md5=94ae0afdb04f518510e3e1fb36c47efe","A comprehensive understanding of the state and dynamics of the land cryosphere and associated sea level rise is not possible without taking into consideration the intrinsic timescales of the continental ice sheets. At the same time, the ice sheet mass balance is the result of seasonal variations in the meteorological conditions. Simulations of the coupled climate-ice-sheet system thus face the dilemma of skillfully resolving short-lived phenomena, while also being computationally fast enough to run over tens of thousands of years. As a possible solution, we present the BEr n Snow SImulator (BESSI), a surface energy and mass balance model that achieves computational efficiency while simulating all surface and internal fluxes of heat and mass explicitly, based on physical first principles. In its current configuration it covers most land areas of the Northern Hemisphere. Input data are daily values of surface air temperature, total precipitation, and shortwave radiation. The model is calibrated using present-day observations of Greenland firn temperature, cumulative Greenland mass changes, and monthly snow extent over the entire domain. The results of the calibrated simulations are then discussed. Finally, as a first application of the model and to illustrate its numerical efficiency, we present the results of a large ensemble of simulations to assess the model's sensitivity to variations in temperature and precipitation. © 2019 Author(s)."
"57204097083;7406316768;14822123900;57196447493;55837751800;35885646000;57201565440;57204090715;56101623800;7404920253;56201139600;57204084391;57207492767;","Effects of snow-depth change on spring runoff in cryosphere areas of China",2019,"10.1080/02626667.2019.1599486","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85065424453&doi=10.1080%2f02626667.2019.1599486&partnerID=40&md5=5254fa7c2adae0dc9874f453813dacc0","Based on snow-depth and measured runoff data in the 19 river basins of the cryosphere areas of China, changes in cold season snow depth (CSSD) and spring runoff, and the relationship between CSSD and spring runoff were analysed. Decreasing trends in CSSD were detected mainly in the plains (plateaus), while increasing trends were found mainly in the mountainous regions. Different combinations of precipitation and temperature may be responsible for these results. The response of spring runoff to CSSD change varied greatly under climate warming. The runoff in April and May was commonly affected by CSSD, while the runoff in March was less affected by CSSD, but more by the increasing temperature causing more snowmelt in March. Due to relatively greater snow accumulation in spring, the runoff during spring was less affected by CSSD in the southern Tienshan Mountains. © 2019, © 2019 IAHS."
"7103175635;9238963700;7202417094;7101991899;","PALeo constraints on SEA level rise (PALSEA): Ice-sheet and sea-level responses to past climate warming",2019,"10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.03.032","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063760705&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2019.03.032&partnerID=40&md5=22f8614be96392f290d4d404d2dd6d28","Here we summarize the motivation and issues surrounding the responses of ice sheets and sea level to past climate warming as part of the PALeo constraints on SEA level rise (PALSEA) working group. Papers in this special issue of Quaternary Science Reviews focus on the timescale of glaciations during the late Pliocene, the magnitude of ice-sheet fluctuations and volume leading up to and during the last glacial maximum, the timing and persistence of ice-sheet impacts on deglacial and future relative sea-level change, and relative sea-level change during peak interglacial climate. A more dynamic cryosphere is noted under both late Pliocene and last glacial cycle climate conditions, while relative sea-level changes during the last deglaciation appear to correspond closely with individual ice-sheet deglaciation. Lastly, relative sea-level change during peak interglacial conditions may have fluctuated by as much as a meter, although the sources of such variability (Greenland, Antarctica or elsewhere) remain elusive. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd"
"23486154900;57207713026;56004333300;57204146117;57205609028;57193423650;56729607300;57206866466;57196779723;57204137197;57205415455;","Climate background, relative rate, and runoff effect of multiphase water transformation in Qilian Mountains, the third pole region",2019,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.339","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85060759530&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2019.01.339&partnerID=40&md5=63b51e3e703fb2f77eeb75fe7abd59e9","Multiphase water transformation has great effects on alpine hydrology, but these effects remain unclear in the third pole region. Taking the Qilian Mountains as an example, the climate background and relative rates of multiphase water transformation were analyzed, and the runoff effect was evaluated based on long-term field observations. There are three climatic aspects driving multiphase water transformation, including lengthening ablation period, accelerative warming after 1990, and larger warming in the cryosphere belt than in the vegetation belt. The accelerative multiphase water transformation was quantified by three facts: the glacier area retreat rate accelerated by 50% after 1990, the percentage of snowfall in precipitation decreased by 7% after 1990, and the contribution from recycling moisture to precipitation increased by 60% from 1961–1990 to 1991–2016. Under the multiphase water transformation, the outlet runoff for three inland rivers increased by 5 × 10 8 m 3 /10 a after 1990. This runoff increase was concentrated mainly in the ablation period. For the seasonal runoff pattern, maximum runoff lagged maximum precipitation by one month under increasing glacier snow meltwater and thickening permafrost active layer. Meltwater from the cryosphere is a crucial runoff component in the Qilian Mountains. At present, these multiphase water transformations are accelerating, along with the yearly runoff increase, which will obviously have a profound impact on water resources management and flood control in the third pole region. © 2019 Elsevier B.V."
"6603905015;36782119900;56576037400;57202720342;36477095000;57191967829;","Cryosphere-fed irrigation networks in the northwestern himalaya: Precarious livelihoods and adaptation strategies under the impact of climate change",2019,"10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-18-00072.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85077188707&doi=10.1659%2fMRD-JOURNAL-D-18-00072.1&partnerID=40&md5=022f0c0208d5212a6c5495c2ce27b17a","Irrigated agriculture is crucial for the livelihood security of mountain communities in the northwestern part of the Himalayan arc and adjoining regions of the Karakoram Hindu Kush and Trans-Himalaya. Using meltwater from glaciers, snow, and permafrost, mountain dwellers have developed sophisticated techniques to cope with recurrent water scarcity caused by glacier retreat, glacier thinning, and seasonal snow-cover dynamics. Based on case studies from the Nanga Parbat region, Hunza-Karakoram, and Ladakh, this paper seeks to identify general patterns and site-specific characteristics of agrarian practices and adaptation strategies in the face of climate change. The comparative case study approach reveals differing responses to water scarcity, which depend on local conditions and include the construction of new irrigation channels, installation of pipes, and building of artificial ice reservoirs. The biophysical investigation is supplemented by an exploration of socioeconomic factors and is based on long-term research in the 3 study areas. The methods used include multitemporal remote sensing analysis, mapping of natural water storage components and irrigation infrastructure, and interviews. Taking into consideration social factors such as the expansion of off-farm income opportunities and market integration, we identify key variables that affect the sustainability and resilience of land use systems. Outcomes are diverse, ranging from the intensification and extension of irrigated mountain agriculture to the abandonment of irrigated areas, depending on local sociohydrological settings. © 2019 Nüsser et al."
"57195305850;15081122600;57207451047;13908344600;57202563842;36998411000;","Geomorphic control on regional glacier lake outburst flood and debris flow activity over northern Tien Shan",2019,"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.03.003","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85062533795&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloplacha.2019.03.003&partnerID=40&md5=2cc1edd411284cac4c091938e2859c69","Glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs) and related debris flows (DF) are significant natural threats in the Tien Shan Mountains. Their occurrence is favoured by the formation of new glacier lakes and the destabilization of moraines and hillslopes due to climate warming. Understanding the frequency-magnitude of these processes is essential for the implementation of Disaster Risk Reduction strategies. Yet, long-term records of past GLOFs or DF in the region are almost completely missing, which renders rational hazard and risk assessments difficult. Here, we present a unique, multi-century dataset of regional GLOF-DF reconstruction for the Tien Shan based on tree-ring analyses from six different torrential fans, and provide insights on regional processes activity. Based on this dataset, we also test whether GLOF-DF activity is related to glacier degradation and changes in geomorphic characteristics at the catchment scale. Results from >430 disturbed trees growing on six different DF fans suggest frequent GLOF-DF activity since the 19th century, which is consistent with available historical records. We also observe an increase in process activity during the mid-20th century coinciding with phases of glacier stagnation or even slight glacier advances. This means GLOF-DF activity in northern Tien Shan is inversely related to moraine-glacier ratios as well as to glacier area shrinkage rates and fan characteristics (such as slope and depositional area). These findings imply that glaciological and geomorphic features could be used for regional susceptibility assessments in the future. Results presented here are the longest, annually resolved GLOF-DF series in the region, if not worldwide, and constitute a unique dataset to understand process variability. As such, they should be used for further climate change adaptation to mitigate natural hazard and risk in the region. © 2019 Elsevier B.V."
"57208602313;35847805400;7404700567;57194204669;57208595668;57208601765;57194210055;","A study on the assessment of multi-source satellite soil moisture products and reanalysis data for the Tibetan Plateau",2019,"10.3390/rs11101196","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85066757862&doi=10.3390%2frs11101196&partnerID=40&md5=bdd8c1ff7e59127c7116cbd6c683e60d","Soil moisture is a key variable in the process of land-atmosphere energy and water exchange. Currently, there are a large number of operational satellite-derived soil moisture products and reanalysis soil moisture products available. However, due to the lack of in situ soil moisture measurements over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), their accuracy and applicability are unclear. Based on the in situ measurements of the soil moisture observing networks established at Maqu, Naqu, Ali, and Shiquanhe (Sq) by the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Northwest Institute of Eco-Environmental Resources, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the University of Twente over the TP, the accuracy and reliability of the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative Soil Moisture version 4.4 (ESA CCI SM v4.4) soil moisture products and the European Centre for Medium-RangeWeather Forecasts Reanalysis 5 (ERA5) soil moisture product were evaluated. The spatiotemporal distributions and interannual variations of the soil moisture were analyzed. Further, the climatological soil moisture changing trends across the TP were explored. The results show that with regard to the whole plateau, the combined product performs the best (unbiased root-mean-square error (ubRMSE) = 0.043 m3/m3, R = 0.66), followed by the active product (ubRMSE = 0.048 m3/m3, R = 0.62), the passive product (ubRMSE = 0.06 m3/m3, R = 0.61), and the ERA5 soil moisture product (ubRMSE = 0.067 m3/m3, R = 0.52). Considering the good spatiotemporal data continuity of the ERA5 soil moisture product, the ERA5 soil moisture data from 1979 to 2018 were used to analyze the climatological soil moisture changing trend for the entire TP surface. It was found that there was an increasing trend of soil moisture across the TP, which was consistent with the overall trends of increasing precipitation and decreasing evaporation. Moreover, the shrinkage of the cryosphere in conjunction with the background TP warming presumably contribute to soil moisture change. © 2019 by the authors."
"56015155300;15126487800;7006309552;36971236700;7403075762;11939471600;16201863300;7201755405;","Future evolution and uncertainty of river flow regime change in a deglaciating river basin",2019,"10.5194/hess-23-1833-2019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063930639&doi=10.5194%2fhess-23-1833-2019&partnerID=40&md5=37e666ec546774b8eee687dc67d41bd6","The flow regimes of glacier-fed rivers are sensitive to climate change due to strong climate cryosphere hydrosphere interactions. Previous modelling studies have projected changes in annual and seasonal flow magnitude but neglect other changes in river flow regime that also have socio-economic and environmental impacts. This study employs a signature-based analysis of climate change impacts on the river flow regime for the deglaciating Virkisá river basin in southern Iceland. Twenty-five metrics (signatures) are derived from 21st century projections of river flow time series to evaluate changes in different characteristics (magnitude, timing and variability) of river flow regime over subdaily to decadal timescales. The projections are produced by a model chain that links numerical models of climate and glacio-hydrology. Five components of the model chain are perturbed to represent their uncertainty including the emission scenario, numerical climate model, downscaling procedure, snow/ice melt model and runoff-routing model. The results show that the magnitude, timing and variability of glacier-fed river flows over a range of timescales will change in response to climate change. For most signatures there is high confidence in the direction of change, but the magnitude is uncertain. A decomposition of the projection uncertainties using analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows that all five perturbed model chain components contribute to projection uncertainty, but their relative contributions vary across the signatures of river flow. For example, the numerical climate model is the dominant source of uncertainty for projections of high-magnitude, quick-release flows, while the runoffrouting model is most important for signatures related to lowmagnitude, slow-release flows. The emission scenario dominates mean monthly flow projection uncertainty, but during the transition from the cold to melt season (April and May) the snow/ice melt model contributes up to 23% of projection uncertainty. Signature-based decompositions of projection uncertainty can be used to better design impact studies to provide more robust projections. © 2019 Author(s)."
"36834936500;6603547819;","Antarctic governance in a climate changed world",2019,"10.1080/18366503.2019.1637679","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063190527&doi=10.1080%2f18366503.2019.1637679&partnerID=40&md5=d038bcfb066ddb2457a5438546bbcc8f","The Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) is regarded as one of the more successful cases of international governance. For nearly 60 years, the ATS has provided the basis for peaceful use of the Antarctica and facilitated international cooperation on scientific research on the continent. The ATS now faces several new challenges largely driven by global environmental change from human activities carried out outside the region. Most prominently, human-induced climate change is impacting the Antarctic cryosphere and marine ecosystems of the Southern Ocean and increasing the scope of human activities in these areas. A key challenge for Antarctic governance will be managing regime interaction between the ATS and the growing number of environmental, resource management and wider regimes operating in the region. Given this institutional complexity, we argue that the concept of an ‘Antarctic regime complex' provides useful insights for understanding interaction between the ATS and other institutions operating within the region. Finally, we conclude that the ATS will likely require a new level of institutional resilience in interacting other regimes within the Antarctic regime complex, as it continues to perform a key role in shaping governance of the region. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group."
"55650786000;57206613939;56345703800;6602164207;56203707500;","Understanding changes in the water budget driven by climate change in cryospheric-dominated watershed of the northeast Tibetan Plateau, China",2019,"10.1002/hyp.13383","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85061425666&doi=10.1002%2fhyp.13383&partnerID=40&md5=1e025447bc46d8c6dbb555c5ffab5ec5","Glacial retreat and the thawing of permafrost due to climate warming have altered the hydrological cycle in cryospheric-dominated watersheds. In this study, we analysed the impacts of climate change on the water budget for the upstream of the Shule River Basin on the northeast Tibetan Plateau. The results showed that temperature and precipitation increased significantly during 1957–2010 in the study area. The hydrological cycle in the study area has intensified and accelerated under recent climate change. The average increasing rate of discharge in the upstream of the Shule River Basin was 7.9 × 10 6  m 3 /year during 1957–2010. As the mean annual glacier mass balance lost −62.4 mm/year, the impact of glacier discharge on river flow has increased, especially after the 2000s. The contribution of glacier melt to discharge was approximately 187.99 × 10 8  m 3 or 33.4% of the total discharge over the study period. The results suggested that the impact of warming overcome the effect of precipitation increase on run-off increase during the study period. The evapotranspiration (ET) increased during 1957–2010 with a rate of 13.4 mm/10 years. On the basis of water balance and the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment and the Global Land Data Assimilation System data, the total water storage change showed a decreasing trend, whereas groundwater increased dramatically after 2006. As permafrost has degraded under climate warming, surface water can infiltrate deep into the ground, thus changing both the watershed storage and the mechanisms of discharge generation. Both the change in terrestrial water storage and changes in groundwater have had a strong control on surface discharge in the upstream of the Shule River Basin. Future trends in run-off are forecasted based on climate scenarios. It is suggested that the impact of warming will overcome the effect of precipitation increase on run-off in the study area. Further studies such as this will improve understanding of water balance in cold high-elevation regions. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."
"57190880586;36961168200;9132756500;7102162181;","Cryospheric hazards and risk perceptions in the Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park and Buffer Zone, Nepal",2019,"10.1007/s11069-018-3560-0","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85059608601&doi=10.1007%2fs11069-018-3560-0&partnerID=40&md5=50b9ecff9e90e73114e8390c0384ee56","Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) are among the most serious cryospheric hazards for mountain communities. Multiple studies have predicted the potential risks posed by rapidly expanding glacial lakes in the Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park and Buffer Zone of Nepal. People’s perceptions of such cryospheric hazards can influence their actions, beliefs, and responses to those hazards and associated risks. This study provides a systematic approach that combines household survey data with ethnography to analyze people’s perceptions of GLOF risks and the socioeconomic and cultural factors influencing their perceptions. A statistical logit model of household data showed a significant positive correlation between the perceptions of GLOF risks and livelihood sources, mainly tourism. Risk perceptions are also influenced by spatial proximity to glacial lakes and whether a village is in potential flood zones. The 2016 emergency remediation work implemented in the Imja Tsho (glacial lake) has served as a cognitive fix, especially in the low-lying settlements. Much of uncertainty and confusions related GLOF risks among locals can be attributed to a disconnect between how scientific information is communicated to the local communities and how government climate change policies have been limited to awareness campaigns and emergency remediation efforts. A sustainable partnership of scientists, policymakers, and local communities is urgently needed to build a science-driven, community-based initiative that focuses not just in addressing a single GLOF threat but develops on a comprehensive cryospheric risk management plan and considers opportunities and challenges of tourism in the local climate adaptation policies. © 2019, Springer Nature B.V."
"7006961728;7407797613;57153656200;","An integrated index of recent pan-Arctic climate change",2019,"10.1088/1748-9326/aaf665","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85067102636&doi=10.1088%2f1748-9326%2faaf665&partnerID=40&md5=bf23bd945117dfd9aa4309a2888fa397","We investigate climatic changes that have occurred in the Arctic over the period 1982-2017 through examination of ten observational cryospheric time series, and develop a new quantitative composite Arctic climate change index (ACCI). Using Factor Analysis highlights joint trends of winter temperature increases and sea ice loss, tundra shifts, and secondarily summer sea ice loss, spring snow loss, and Greenland land ice loss. An Arctic-wide atmospheric circulation index (Arctic Oscillation) was not selected as a joint contributor. Distinct Arctic change began in 1990 and the trend increases after 2005 to the end of the series. That most variables of the collection project onto a single pattern of change suggests that the Arctic is responding as a coherent system over the previous three decades. However, no single index exclusively tracks change in the Arctic, a conclusion that emerges from a multivariate analysis. A composite quantitative index (ACCI) is useful to document the covariability of systematic Arctic change. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd."
"56410819700;24073921700;55589174000;7404348898;7003599727;7403211753;","Orbital Forcing, Ice Volume, and CO2 Across the Oligocene-Miocene Transition",2019,"10.1029/2018PA003420","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85062364405&doi=10.1029%2f2018PA003420&partnerID=40&md5=5a2b5c2bad1dbcbc8636c0afe36ce80c","Paleoclimate records suggest that a rapid major transient Antarctic glaciation occurred across the Oligocene-Miocene transition (OMT; ca. 23 Ma; ~50-m sea level equivalent in 200–300 kyr). Orbital forcing has long been cited as an important factor determining the timing of the OMT glacial event. A similar orbital configuration occurred 1.2 Myr prior to the OMT, however, and was not associated with a major climate event, suggesting that additional mechanisms play an important role in ice sheet growth and decay. To improve our understanding of the OMT, we present a boron isotope-based CO2 record between 22 and 24 Ma. This new record shows that δ11B/CO2 was comparatively stable in the million years prior to the OMT glaciation and decreased by 0.7‰ (equivalent to a CO2 increase of ~65 ppm) over ~300 kyr during the subsequent deglaciation. More data are needed, but we propose that the OMT glaciation was triggered by the same forces that initiated sustained Antarctic glaciation at the Eocene-Oligocene transition: long-term decline in CO2 to a critical threshold and a superimposed orbital configuration favorable to glaciation (an eccentricity minimum and low-amplitude obliquity change). When comparing the reconstructed CO2 increase with estimates of δ18Osw during the deglaciation phase of the OMT, we find that the sensitivity of the cryosphere to CO2 forcing is consistent with recent ice sheet modeling studies that incorporate retreat into subglacial basins via ice cliff collapse with modest CO2 increase, with clear implications for future sea level rise. ©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"55581933600;7801680684;6506590906;56604243500;56931003600;","Concentrations and loads of DOC, phenols and aldehydes in a proglacial arctic river in relation to hydro-meteorological conditions. A case study from the southern margin of the Bellsund Fjord – SW Spitsbergen",2019,"10.1016/j.catena.2018.10.049","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85056230063&doi=10.1016%2fj.catena.2018.10.049&partnerID=40&md5=22a8760d55c284400b8047bb29832a41","Climate warming accelerates the melting and thawing of cryosphere components. Therefore, it favours the release of contaminants stored in High-Arctic glaciers for many years. The rate of land-based glacier retreat is of particular importance for the hydrological regime of glacial rivers, but also for the chemical composition of their waters. In this study, we examined 84 surface water samples collected during a period of 42 days (melt season 2012) from the Scott River of glacial-hydrological regime (NW Wedel-Jarlsberg Land). The studies of Scott River hydro-meteorological conditions provided indication on the relation between mean air temperatures (T) and mean daily discharge (Q) (r = 0.67). Moreover, they confirmed the role of short-term meteorological events (increasing of air temperature and heavy precipitation) on the acceleration of glacier melt. In this context, the study also demonstrated incidents of the release of a more concentrated pulse of chemical compounds delivered by the Scottbreen valley glacier. The analysis covered fluctuations of physicochemical parameters, and presence of selected organic pollutants (∑phenols, formaldehyde (HCHO)). Based on the correlation matrix analysis, it was found that fluctuations of physicochemical indices (pH, specific electrolytic conductivity (SEC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC)) were related to changes in T and Q. Principal components analysis (PCA)permitted us to distinguish two principal components (hydro-meteorological and biogeochemical conditions) responsible for 71.1% of the total hydrochemical variation. In terms of the first principal component, it was found that there was a relationship with the intensified ablation of glacier ice and with the second one, the influence of geological and biological conditions of the environment on the chemistry of the river. The combination of these factors directly shaped the hydrochemistry of the proglacial river during the melt season of 2012. The results of organic compound loads, which are presented in this paper provide unique information about the transport of contaminants such as: (DOC) (9.41–579 mgC s−1), ∑phenols (19.7–534 mg s−1), HCHO (34.0–82.3 mg s−1)) in the Scott River. It is worth noting that the differentiation of concentration and mean daily loads of DOC, between the gorge (96.0 mgC s−1) and mouth (99.6 mgC s−1) sections of the river, were related with the activity of a herring gull (Larus argentatus) colony at the river mouth. © 2018 Elsevier B.V."
"55464772600;6602817609;56967725800;57210230785;56968017200;7003430681;","A Variational Method for Sea Ice Ridging in Earth System Models",2019,"10.1029/2018MS001395","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063284644&doi=10.1029%2f2018MS001395&partnerID=40&md5=7695d972ed7da91a8f1ff7cd9bfa49be","We have derived an analytic form of the thickness redistribution function, Ψ, and compressive strength of sea ice using variational principles. By using the technique of coarse-graining vertical sea ice deformation, or ridging, in the momentum equation of the pack, we isolate frictional energy loss from potential energy gain in the collision of floes. The method accounts for macroporosity of ridge rubble, ϕR, and by including this in the state space of the pack, we expand the sea ice thickness distribution, g(h), to a bivariate distribution, g(h,ϕR). The effect of macroporosity is for the first time included in the large-scale mass conservation and momentum equations of frozen oceans. We make assumptions that have simplified the problem, such as treating sea ice as a granular material in ridges, and assuming that bending moments associated with ridging are perturbations around an isostatic state. Regardless of these simplifications, the coarse-grained ridge model is highly predictive of macroporosity and ridge shape. By ensuring that vertical sea ice deformation observes a variational principle both at the scale of individual ridges and over the pack as a whole, we can predict distributions of ridge shapes using equations that can be solved in Earth system models. Our method also offers the possibility of more accurate derivations of sea ice thickness from ice freeboard measured by space-borne altimeters over polar oceans. ©2019. The Authors."
"57207772436;6602434284;","Interhemispheric effect of global geography on Earth's climate response to orbital forcing",2019,"10.5194/cp-15-377-2019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85062839335&doi=10.5194%2fcp-15-377-2019&partnerID=40&md5=2c7c38fe4204c7f8cc735dd3453c8dea","The climate response of the Earth to orbital forcing shows a distinct hemispheric asymmetry due to the unequal distribution of land in the Northern Hemisphere versus Southern Hemisphere. This asymmetry is examined using a global climate model (GCM) for different climate responses such as mean summer temperatures and positive degree days. A land asymmetry effect (LAE) is quantified for each hemisphere and the results show how changes in obliquity and precession translate into variations in the calculated LAE. We find that the global climate response to specific past orbits is likely unique and modified by complex climate-ocean-cryosphere interactions that remain poorly known. Nonetheless, these results provide a baseline for interpreting contemporaneous proxy climate data spanning a broad range of latitudes, which may be useful in paleoclimate data-model comparisons, and individual time-continuous records exhibiting orbital cyclicity.</p>. © 2019 BMJ Publishing Group.All Rights Reserved."
"57214524210;55969830400;6603274519;57191965091;57208485885;55268668500;","Evaluation and quantification of surface air temperature over Eurasia based on CMIP5 models",2019,"10.3354/cr01549","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85064941746&doi=10.3354%2fcr01549&partnerID=40&md5=5d8c8fd7a16b6ad6a1e130bc5a7a7f0e","Parts of Eurasia underlain by large areas of frozen ground that are both sensitive to, and an indicator of, climate change. Previous studies have investigated the effect of climate change on frozen ground; however, those studies did not quantify the past or projected climate change effects for specific frozen ground regions. This study applied surface air temperature from the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) data set and the multi-model ensemble mean of 16 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models to evaluate past and projected surface air temperature changes, and quantify changes in different frozen ground regions. Results indicate that CMIP5 can simulate surface air temperature over Eurasia well, and there is slightly better performance of CMIP5 ensemble averages in the late 20th century than in the early 20th century. Over the Eurasian continent, time-series of ensemble area-averaged mean annual air temperatures (MAT) from CMIP5 increased at about 0.074°C decade−1 during 1850−2005, and are projected to increase by 0.078−0.719°C decade−1, depending on future emission pathways, during 2006−2100. Compared to the period 1986−2005, the temperature is predicted to be 1.68−6.41°C higher during 2081−2100. Changes of MAT demonstrate that the fastest increase will occur in continuous permafrost regions, next in discontinuous permafrost regions, followed by sporadic, isolated, and relict permafrost, and finally non-permafrost regions. Overall, these results can be used to help estimate and project cryospheric changes. © The authors 2019."
"56418124300;23486348300;7003532926;","Applying the Energy- and Water Balance Model for Incorporation of the Cryospheric Component into a Climate Model. Part III. Modeling Mass Balance on the Surface of the Antarctic Ice Sheet",2019,"10.3103/S1068373919020018","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85064945725&doi=10.3103%2fS1068373919020018&partnerID=40&md5=97b6d1879362025bf212b1c60ab72284","The Earth system models have been actively developed during recent decades. They integrate the blocks describing the dynamics of the atmosphere, the ocean and the cryosphere. The Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) is one of the most important components of the Earth’s cryosphere. Therefore, the incorporation of the AIS model into the Earth system model will significantly improve the accuracy of reconstructions of climate parameters for paleoclimate studies and for climate predictions. This paper presents a description of the energy balance block of the AIS model. This is a continuation of our recent work on integration of the cryosphere block to the climate model. The testing of the block (the EWBM-A buffer model) was carried out using the climate data generated by the INMCM model developed in the Institute of Numerical Mathematics of RAS. The results of the calculations of the surface mass balance components of the Antarctic ice sheet are presented for the 30-year pre-industrial period and are compared with the recent results obtained in the literature. © 2019, Allerton Press, Inc."
"35726828600;35321472800;35726597200;35171458400;","Trends of climate change in the upper Indus basin region, Pakistan: implications for cryosphere",2019,"10.1007/s10661-018-7184-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85059500587&doi=10.1007%2fs10661-018-7184-3&partnerID=40&md5=d07ab1c7d95870c579a590da473327a4","The Indus River, the lifeline of Pakistan’s economy and its tributaries, derives most of water flow from the upper Indus basin comprised of Karakorum, Himalaya, and Hindu Kush mountain ranges, thus making this area important in climate change studies. We analyzed the records of climatic variables including temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity (RH) from two weather stations (Gilgit and Skardu) of upper Indus basin region from 1953 to 2006. To observe the trends of climate change, the selected time was divided into two temporal half periods consisting of 27 years each (1953–1979 and 1980–2006). The overall mean temperature (OMT) was decreased by − 0.137 °C in Gilgit, while an increase of 0.63 °C was observed in Skardu during the later period compared to the previous one. The mean minimum temperature (MMT) was found to decrease while mean maximum temperature (MXT) showed non-significant changes during the summer at both locations. However, there was an evidence of spring and winter warming at both locations due to increase in the MXT. The precipitation data showed large interannual variation at both locations. Significant increases in the morning relative humidity (RH) were observed during summer and autumn months at Skardu and throughout the year at Gilgit, while the evening RH increased during the same seasons at both stations. Significant increase in MXT and OMT during spring and winter months at higher elevation (Skardu) may have serious implications for the deposition and melting of seasonal snowpack with impacts on local livelihoods and river flow. © 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG."
"57204674520;7102652802;35585053100;57205192907;25639577800;7006630335;56674114400;12039821300;","A Pinus cembra L. tree-ring record for late spring to late summer temperature in the Rhaetian Alps, Italy",2019,"10.1016/j.dendro.2018.10.010","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85056622422&doi=10.1016%2fj.dendro.2018.10.010&partnerID=40&md5=ef80f0e9146976fbe8748749ce357bd7","Ongoing climate change strongly affects high-elevation environments in the European Alps, influencing the cryosphere and the biosphere and causing widespread retreat of glaciers and changes in biomes. Nevertheless, high-elevation areas often lack long meteorological series, and global datasets cannot represent local variations well. Thus, proxy data, such as tree rings, provide information on past climatic variations from these remote sites. Although maximum latewood density (MXD) chronologies provide better temperature information than those based on tree-ring width (TRW), MXD series from the European Alps are lacking. To derive high-quality temperature information for the Rhaetian Alps, Pinus cembra L. trees sampled at approximately 2000 m a.s.l. were used to build one MXD chronology spanning from 1647 to 2015. The MXD data were significantly and highly correlated with seasonal May-September mean temperatures. The MXD chronology showed a generally positive trend since the middle of the 19th century, interrupted by short phases of climatic deterioration in the beginning of the 20th century and in the 1970s, conforming with the temperature trends. Our results underline the potential for using Pinus cembra L. MXD to reconstruct mean temperature variations, especially during the onset and latter part of the growing season, providing additional information on parts of the growing season not inferred from TRW. Future studies on MXD for this species will increase the availability of temporal and spatial data, allowing detailed climate reconstructions. © 2018 The Authors"
"55881006800;7005918416;7006823846;","Prediction of Ice-Free Conditions for a Perennially Ice-Covered Antarctic Lake",2019,"10.1029/2018JF004756","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85062368392&doi=10.1029%2f2018JF004756&partnerID=40&md5=d8afa3e183514c31f738cb8d410b9bbe","Although perennially ice-covered Antarctic lakes have experienced variable ice thicknesses over the past several decades, future ice thickness trends and associated aquatic biological responses under projected global warming remain unknown. Heat stored in the water column in chemically stratified Antarctic lakes that have middepth temperature maxima can significantly influence the ice thickness trends via upward heat flux to the ice/water interface. We modeled the ice thickness of the west lobe of Lake Bonney, Antarctica, based on possible future climate scenarios utilizing a 1D thermodynamic model that accounts for surface radiative fluxes as well as the heat flux associated with the temperature evolution of the water column. Model results predict that the ice cover of Lake Bonney will shift from perennial to seasonal within one to four decades, a change that will drastically influence ecosystem processes within the lake. ©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"35099355900;54401002500;7006621313;8277424000;8408994300;","A prognostic nested k-nearest approach for microwave precipitation phase detection over snow cover",2019,"10.1175/JHM-D-18-0021.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063590901&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-18-0021.1&partnerID=40&md5=237b89a5ece309e28743716d336e4bc4","Monitoring changes of precipitation phase from space is important for understanding the mass balance of Earth's cryosphere in a changing climate. This paper examines a Bayesian nearest neighbor approach for prognostic detection of precipitation and its phase using passive microwave observations from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite. The method uses the weighted Euclidean distance metric to search through an a priori database populated with coincident GPM radiometer and radar observations as well as ancillary snow-cover data. The algorithm performance is evaluated using data from GPM official precipitation products, ground-based radars, and high-fidelity simulations from the Weather Research and Forecasting Model. Using the presented approach, we demonstrate that the hit probability of terrestrial precipitation detection can reach to 0.80, while the probability of false alarm remains below 0.11. The algorithm demonstrates higher skill in detecting snowfall than rainfall, on average by 10%. In particular, the probability of precipitation detection and its solid phase increases by 11% and 8%, over dry snow cover, when compared to other surface types. The main reason is found to be related to the ability of the algorithm in capturing the signal of increased liquid water content in snowy clouds over radiometrically cold snow-covered surfaces. © 2019 American Meteorological Society."
"57213058785;6506959872;35318290800;6503862357;","Recent snow cover variation in the Upper Indus Basin of Gilgit Baltistan, Hindukush Karakoram Himalaya",2019,"10.1007/s11629-018-5201-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85061494451&doi=10.1007%2fs11629-018-5201-3&partnerID=40&md5=c88e4429a0ae038ad6a894233fcf0e27","Mountainous basins like the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) of Gilgit Baltistan (GB) are dependent on seasonal snowmelt and glacier melt. Monitoring of the snow-covered area (SCA) is not only vital for the overall hydrology of the Indus basin but also important to the sustainable agriculture and hydropower system. The snow-covered area in the UIB of GB was investigated for changes over the last 18 years using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow product. The study area was divided into five elevation zones ranging from 877–8564 meters above sea level (m ASL). In contrast to the global cryosphere related studies, SCA in the UIB is slightly increasing. Elevation based SCA analysis also indicated that SCA is slightly increasing in each elevation zone. However, a significant amount of snow is concentrated in areas above 5000 m ASL. Due to the strong correlation between SCA and precipitation, the precipitation data also follow a similar trend. Analysis of the climatic data suggests a statistically significant increase in total monthly precipitation and relative humidity, a slight decrease in mean monthly temperature and a significant upward tendency in monthly solar irradiance data. All these trends in combination with the increasing trend in global precipitation, winter westerly disturbances and orographic precipitation are the important factors behind the slightly increasing SCA in the study area. Our results though constrained by short observation period mainly contribute to the understanding of advancing snow cover and glaciers in Hindukush Karakoram. © 2019, Science Press, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, CAS and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature."
"57200221537;55635700800;7401727978;6602386601;57190075323;7801375648;","Assessing water resources under climate change in high-altitude catchments: a methodology and an application in the Italian Alps",2019,"10.1007/s00704-017-2366-4","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85040339531&doi=10.1007%2fs00704-017-2366-4&partnerID=40&md5=cfedc53920792122951fa91f864c9586","Assessment of the future water resources in the Italian Alps under climate change is required, but the hydrological cycle of the high-altitude catchments therein is poorly studied and little understood. Hydrological monitoring and modeling in the Alps is difficult, given the lack of first hand, site specific data. Here, we present a method to model the hydrological cycle of poorly monitored high-altitude catchments in the Alps, and to project forward water resources availability under climate change. Our method builds on extensive experience recently and includes (i) gathering data of climate, of cryospheric variables, and of hydrological fluxes sparsely available; (ii) robust physically based glacio-hydrological modeling; and (iii) using glacio-hydrological projections from GCM models. We apply the method in the Mallero River, in the central (Retiche) Alps of Italy. The Mallero river covers 321 km 2 , with altitude between 310 and 4015 m a.s.l., and it has 27 km 2 of ice cover. The glaciers included in the catchment underwent large mass loss recently, thus Mallero is largely paradigmatic of the present situation of Alpine rivers. We set up a spatially explicit glacio-hydrological model, describing the cryospheric evolution and the hydrology of the area during a control run CR, from 1981 to 2007. We then gather climate projections until 2100 from three Global Climate Models of the IPCC AR5 under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5. We project forward flow statistics, flow components (rainfall, snow melt, ice melt), ice cover, and volume for two reference decades, namely 2045–2054 and 2090–2099. We foresee reduction of the ice bodies from − 62 to − 98% in volume (year 2100 vs year 1981), and subsequent large reduction of ice melt contribution to stream flows (from − 61 to − 88%, 2100 vs CR). Snow melt, now covering 47% of the stream flows yearly, would also be largely reduced (from − 19 to − 56%, 2100 vs CR). The stream flows will decrease on average at 2100 (from + 1 to − 25%, with − 7%), with potential for increased flows during fall, and winter, and large decrease in summer. Our results provide a tool for consistent modeling of the cryospheric, and hydrologic behavior, and can be used for further investigation of the high-altitude catchments in the Alps. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature."
"55328815500;57200604530;57139379600;24461654300;57200596835;37262263600;","A skilful prediction scheme for West China autumn precipitation",2019,"10.1007/s00704-017-2363-7","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85041829083&doi=10.1007%2fs00704-017-2363-7&partnerID=40&md5=bcc427cd8744ac7fe5a7ecbf6173da1c","West China is one of the country’s largest precipitation centres in autumn. This region’s agriculture and people are highly vulnerable to the variability in the autumn rain. This study documents that the water vapour for West China autumn precipitation (WCAP) is from the Bay of Bengal, the South China Sea and the Western Pacific. A strong convergence of the three water vapour transports (WVTs) and their encounter with the cold air from the northern trough over Lake Barkersh-Lake Baikal result in the intense WCAP. Three predictors in the preceding spring or summer are identified for the interannual variability of WCAP: (1) sea surface temperature in the Indo-Pacific warm pool in summer, (2) soil moisture from the Hexi Corridor to the Hetao Plain in summer and (3) snow cover extent over East Europe and West Siberian in spring. The cold SSTAs contribute to an abnormal regional meridional circulation and intensified WVTs. The wet soil results in greater air humidity and anomalous southerly emerging over East Asia. Reduced snow cover stimulates a Rossby wave train that weakens the cold air, favouring autumn rainfall in West China. The three predictors, which demonstrate the influences of air-sea interaction, land surface processes and the cryosphere on the WCAP, have clear physical significance and are independent with each other. We then develop a new statistical prediction model with these predictors and the multilinear regression analysis method. The predicted and observed WCAP shows high correlation coefficients of 0.63 and 0.51 using cross-validation tests and independent hindcasts, respectively. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature."
"56175430400;32668030400;6506487021;55999371000;22636136100;6603351993;7202427376;18835275200;6602273926;16031279100;","Spatiotemporal patterns of rain-on-snow and basal ice in high Arctic Svalbard: Detection of a climate-cryosphere regime shift",2019,"10.1088/1748-9326/aaefb3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063405399&doi=10.1088%2f1748-9326%2faaefb3&partnerID=40&md5=5baadcc09df124cf0369988975a9cee9","Arctic winters have become increasingly warmer and rainier. Where permafrost prevails, winter rain (or rain-on-snow) is known to occasionally cause extensive ice layers at the snow/ground interface, i.e. 'basal ice' or 'ground ice', with potentially large ecological and socio-economic implications. However, an overall lack of field data has so far restricted our predictive understanding of the environmental conditions shaping spatiotemporal variation in basal ice. Here, we use time-series of spatially replicated snowpack measurements from coastal (Ny-Ålesund area; 2000-2017) and central Spitsbergen (Nordenskiöld Land; 2010-2017), Svalbard, to analyze spatiotemporal patterns in basal ice and how they are linked with topography, weather, snowpack and climate change. As expected, both the spatial occurrence and thickness of basal ice increased strongly with the annual amount of winter rain. This effect was modified by accumulated snowfall; a deeper snowpack restricts ice formation following a minor rain event, but enhances ice formation following heavy rain due to an increased contribution of snowmelt. Accordingly, inter-annual variation in snow depth was negatively related to basal ice thickness. Annual fluctuations in basal ice thickness were strongly correlated in space (average correlation ρ = 0.40; 0-142 km distance between plots) due to strong spatial correlation in winter rain (ρ = 0.62; 14-410 km distance between meteorological stations). Models of basal ice based on meteorological time-series (1957-2017) suggested that ice-free winters (i.e. mean basal ice <0.1 cm) had virtually not occurred since 1998, whereas such winters previously (1957-1998) occurred every three-four years on average. This detected cryosphere regime shift was linked to a parallel climate regime shift with increased winter rain amounts. Svalbard is regarded a bellwether for Arctic winter climate change. Our empirical study may therefore provide an early warning of future changes in high-arctic snowpacks. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd."
"57202142004;7004664603;16443893300;6507832282;13406040100;57190967888;55480654300;6506258154;56592889000;16203322900;8883143500;15020982200;57203108617;56452429200;23670554500;7004027519;36150087800;7005601996;9733491000;8945984800;57102106700;6603577900;57202930095;11940634500;7006425629;7006954827;57208121047;56757625500;6602185381;36106370400;6602683836;6603532476;8361562300;55262316000;55614884700;","Fostering multidisciplinary research on interactions between chemistry, biology, and physics within the coupled cryosphere-atmosphere system",2019,"10.1525/elementa.396","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85084412015&doi=10.1525%2felementa.396&partnerID=40&md5=a2a892a0cd3db4fc002e907972882f1a","The cryosphere, which comprises a large portion of Earth's surface, is rapidly changing as a consequence of global climate change. Ice, snow, and frozen ground in the polar and alpine regions of the planet are known to directly impact atmospheric composition, which for example is observed in the large influence of ice and snow on polar boundary layer chemistry. Atmospheric inputs to the cryosphere, including aerosols, nutrients, and contaminants, are also changing in the anthropocene thus driving cryosphere-atmosphere feedbacks whose understanding is crucial for understanding future climate. Here, we present the Cryosphere and ATmospheric Chemistry initiative (CATCH) which is focused on developing new multidisciplinary research approaches studying interactions of chemistry, biology, and physics within the coupled cryosphere - atmosphere system and their sensitivity to environmental change. We identify four key science areas: (1) micro-scale processes in snow and ice, (2) the coupled cryosphere-atmosphere system, (3) cryospheric change and feedbacks, and (4) improved decisions and stakeholder engagement. To pursue these goals CATCH will foster an international, multidisciplinary research community, shed light on new research needs, support the acquisition of new knowledge, train the next generation of leading scientists, and establish interactions between the science community and society. © 2019 The Author(s)."
"56335546000;7202569516;7004473576;","Cryosphere carbon dynamics control early Toarcian global warming and sea level evolution",2019,"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.11.003","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85056968645&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloplacha.2018.11.003&partnerID=40&md5=18cd7f9ce98571ab1b1ac68506d79b3e","The Earth's cryosphere represents a huge climate-sensitive carbon reservoir capable of releasing carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) from permafrost soils or gas reservoirs capped by permafrost and ice caps upon rising global temperatures. Carbon release from these reservoirs has the potential to further accelerate global warming. Present day cryosphere demise is a focus of scientific research. The potential role of cryosphere carbon reservoirs in Mesozoic climate perturbations is even lesser known and currently underinvestigated. In contrast to previous views of a constantly warm Early Jurassic period, virtually lacking a cryosphere, recent studies have identified icehouse conditions for this time interval. Following these icehouse conditions, global warming occurred during the early Toarcian (~183 Ma) and was accompanied by a major carbon cycle anomaly as manifested in recurring negative carbon isotope excursions (CIEs). We propose that an initially volcanic-driven gentle rise of atmospheric temperature in the Early Toarcian triggered a melt-down of Earth's cryosphere which during the preceding Pliensbachian had expanded to the mid-latitudes and thus was highly vulnerable to warming. The rapid release of greenhouse gases, mainly as 13C-depleted CH4, or its oxidation product CO2, is recorded in the carbon isotope ratios of sedimentary organic matter and carbonates. Toarcian sediments display a series of orbitally-forced negative CIEs characterized by a frequency shift from eccentricity to obliquity cycles comparable to Pleistocene climate rhythms. This pattern is explained by a self-sustaining destabilization of labile cryosphere carbon reservoirs which started at mid-latitudes where eccentricity is most effective and then rhythmically progressed poleward to latitudes where obliquity dominates. The hitherto underestimated presence of a temperature-sensitive Pliensbachian cryosphere constituted an essential precondition for the early Toarcian climate change and its associated sea-level rise. The Pliensbachian cooling had transferred water into the terrestrial cryosphere causing a severe sea-level fall. Transgressive pulses at the Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary and in the early Toarcian occurred concomitant to rising global temperatures and resulted from the meltdown of continental ice caps. This ice-volume effect and the massive discharge of freshwater into the oceans is well preserved in the exceptionally low δ18O values of carbonates formed during the cryosphere demise and sea-level increase. Carbon and oxygen isotope ratios, climate and sea-level shifts thus underpin the presence of an Early Jurassic cryosphere and thereby highlight the role of glacio-eustatic mechanisms as main drivers of late Pliensbachian to early Toarcian geodynamics. © 2018"
"57216864248;57211888961;25928520400;57216855919;6505803114;","Mountain guides facing the effects of climate change. What perceptions and adaptation strategies at the foot of mont blanc? [Les guides de haute montagne face aux effets du changement climatique. Quelles perceptions et stratégies d’adaptation au pied du Mont Blanc?]",2019,"10.4000/RGA.5865","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85084996856&doi=10.4000%2fRGA.5865&partnerID=40&md5=fd6a9a1c144adf8d03521320283be845","The evolution of the high Alpine mountain environment, especially the cryosphere that faces climate change, deeply modifies the human activities that take place there. The mountaineering routes are directly impacted and they sometimes become inaccessible. In order to recover a good balance, adaptation is necessary. Mountain guides are among the most dependent professionals on the field on which they practice. As a result, they are probably the most impacted professionals but, at the same time, they are also those who can produce a lot of adaptation strategies. The aim of this paper is therefore to identify how mountain guides from Chamonix and Courmayeur are impacted and the different adaptation strategies they developed to face climate change. By this cross-border study, using quantitative and qualitative methods, this paper is also showing that the adaptation strategies are controlled by the territory dynamics. © 2019, Armand Colin. All rights reserved."
"6701752471;36856321600;26023913800;12760240500;25629055800;57198379031;57209781901;8278450900;6507890706;7102450474;57191737914;8642592500;6506848305;6507492100;7003361863;56604888300;22953153500;9434771700;55914364600;57208304879;7006270084;15044268700;7404544551;8570871900;57209779308;15729547600;23392868000;36876405100;55418728800;57192398469;6602817609;55165863400;54894032100;36056399500;55271577800;24534445300;7402064802;7005920812;7202048112;57206716460;8859530100;57210230785;15755995900;25637373000;6602075440;35617453500;7004687638;18936046300;7102696626;7202475536;55802246600;7006705919;57194773664;7101610644;6602858513;55464772600;57188758598;7004245252;57193608086;36982280200;55544607500;36352387000;57202522440;7101791974;36338065200;23037063200;57202299549;55688930000;36931958000;56161781600;54582960000;7004403539;7401936984;55720018700;55317177900;26645289600;6603400519;7403247998;57201123684;56384704800;52464731300;36183647300;57111263900;56583139400;","The DOE E3SM Coupled Model Version 1: Overview and Evaluation at Standard Resolution",2019,"10.1029/2018MS001603","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85065411121&doi=10.1029%2f2018MS001603&partnerID=40&md5=ee99e5d2d79a28ec657d1eff722076dc","This work documents the first version of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) new Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SMv1). We focus on the standard resolution of the fully coupled physical model designed to address DOE mission-relevant water cycle questions. Its components include atmosphere and land (110-km grid spacing), ocean and sea ice (60 km in the midlatitudes and 30 km at the equator and poles), and river transport (55 km) models. This base configuration will also serve as a foundation for additional configurations exploring higher horizontal resolution as well as augmented capabilities in the form of biogeochemistry and cryosphere configurations. The performance of E3SMv1 is evaluated by means of a standard set of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Characterization of Klima simulations consisting of a long preindustrial control, historical simulations (ensembles of fully coupled and prescribed SSTs) as well as idealized CO2 forcing simulations. The model performs well overall with biases typical of other CMIP-class models, although the simulated Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation is weaker than many CMIP-class models. While the E3SMv1 historical ensemble captures the bulk of the observed warming between preindustrial (1850) and present day, the trajectory of the warming diverges from observations in the second half of the twentieth century with a period of delayed warming followed by an excessive warming trend. Using a two-layer energy balance model, we attribute this divergence to the model's strong aerosol-related effective radiative forcing (ERFari+aci = −1.65 W/m2) and high equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS = 5.3 K). © 2019. The Authors."
"57211888961;57212192997;25928520400;57202000648;","Effects of climate change on high Alpine mountain environments: Evolution of mountaineering routes in the Mont Blanc massif (Western Alps) over half a century",2019,"10.1080/15230430.2019.1612216","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85074668573&doi=10.1080%2f15230430.2019.1612216&partnerID=40&md5=e59b3f9d65fbc8ad0e7a4f20c02b6b5f","In high alpine environments, glacial shrinkage and permafrost warming due to climate change have significant consequences on mountaineering routes. Few research projects have studied the relationship between climate change and mountaineering; this study attempts to characterize and explain the evolution over the past 40 years of the routes described in The Mont Blanc Massif: The 100 Finest Routes, Gaston Rébuffat’s emblematic guidebook, published in 1973.The main elements studied were the geomorphic and cryospheric changes at work and their impacts on the itinerary’s climbing parameters, determining the manner and possibility for an itinerary to be climbed. Thirty-one interviews, and comparison with other guidebooks, led to the identification of 25 geomorphic and cryospheric changes related to climate change that are affecting mountaineering itineraries. On average, an itinerary has been affected by nine changes. Among the 95 itineraries studied, 93 have been affected by the effects of climate change–26 of them have been greatly affected; and three no longer exist. Moreover, periods during which these itineraries can be climbed in good conditions in summer have tended to become less predictable and periods of optimal conditions have shifted toward spring and fall, because the itineraries have become more dangerous and technically more challenging. © 2019, © 2019 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC."
"57210324536;57209347137;7401727978;7801375648;","Hydropower from the alpine cryosphere in the era of climate change. The case of the Sabbione storage plant in Italy",2019,"10.3390/w11081599","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85070293206&doi=10.3390%2fw11081599&partnerID=40&md5=914670e2e025e636cdb8920c4f950624","Greenhouse gas reduction policies will have to rely as much as possible upon renewable, clean energy sources. Hydropower is a very good candidate, since it is the only renewable energy source whose production can be adapted to demand, and still has a large exploitation margin, especially in developing countries. However, in Europe the contribution of hydropower from the cold water in the mountain areas is at stake under rapid cryospheric down wasting under global warming. Italian Alps are no exception, with a large share of hydropower depending upon cryospheric water. We study here climate change impact on the iconic Sabbione (Hosandorn) glacier, in the Piemonte region of Italy, and the homonymous reservoir, which collects water from ice melt. Sabbione storage plant has operated since 1953 and it was, until recently, the highest altitude dam of Europe at 2460 m asl, and the former second largest dam of the Alps with 44 Mm3. We use two models, namely Poly-Hydro and Poly-Power, to assess (i) present hydrological budget and components (i.e., ice/snow melt, rainfall), and (ii) hydropower production under optimal reservoirs' management, respectively. We then project forward hydrological cycle including Sabbione glacier's fate, under properly downscaled climate change scenarios (three General Circulation Models, three Representative Concentration Pathways, nine scenarios overall) from IPCC until 2100, and we assess future potential for hydropower production under the reservoir's re-operation. Mean annual discharge during 2000-2017 is estimated at 0.90 m3 s-1, with ice melt contribution of ca. 11.5%, and ice cover as measured by remote sensing changing from 4.23 km2 in 2000 to 2.94 km2 in 2017 (-30%). Mean hydropower production during 2005-2017 is estimated as 46.6 GWh. At the end of the century ice covered area would be largely depleted (0-0.37 km2), and ice melt contribution would drop largely over the century (0%-10%, 5% on average at half century, and null in practice at the end of century). Therefore, decreased ice cover, and uncertain patterns of changing precipitation, would combine to modify the future stream fluxes (-22% to -3%, -10% on average at half century, and -28% to 1%, average -13%, at the end of century). Power production, driven by seasonal demand and water availability, would change (decrease) in the future (-27% to -8%, -15% on average at half century, and -32% to -5%, -16% at the end of century). Our results demonstrate potential for decrease of cold water in this area, paradigmatic of the present state of hydropower in the Alps, and subsequent considerable hydropower losses under climate change, and claim for adaptation measures therein. © 2019 by the authors."
"55633077600;6603181723;35744479900;57204726485;57204726855;56707504600;","Adaptation action and research in glaciated mountain systems: Are they enough to meet the challenge of climate change?",2019,"10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.10.012","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85056811597&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloenvcha.2018.10.012&partnerID=40&md5=3c6c440a85efb9456d7bab6f101cc3ee","The challenge of climate change in glaciated mountain systems is significant and cannot be met without adaptation actions and research that addresses the interwoven scientific, human, and socio-ecological dimensions of climate change. However, our understanding of the effectiveness of existing efforts in meeting this challenge is lacking, a shortcoming compounded by a lack of consistent and comparable information about adaptation action and research in glaciated mountain systems. This study develops a typology of the challenge of climate change in glaciated mountain systems and uses formal systematic review methods to critically evaluate existing adaptation actions and research in light of this framework. Our results––based on an evaluation of 170 English-language peer-reviewed and grey literature documents––indicate that socially-relevant climate-related changes are already manifesting in glaciated mountain systems, with the most commonly documented stimuli for adaptation being hydrological changes related to the degradation of the high mountain cryosphere. Some degree of adaptation action has occurred in 78% of countries with glaciated mountain ranges, but most adaptations are reactions to experienced climatic stimuli and carried out without guidance from a formal adaptation plan. The study also identified the emergence of explicitly mountain-focused adaptation research, yet studies framed in this way are still relatively scarce and have only been carried out in about half of the countries with glaciated mountain ranges. Although we document several laudable adaptation action and research efforts, few initiatives are adequately addressing the difficulties outlined in our evaluation framework for the challenge of climate change. The study discusses the consequences of observed shortcomings and identifies recommendations for more fully meeting the challenge of climate change in glaciated mountain systems. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd"
"55766197400;55900043700;57205407524;","Glacier and snow variations and their impacts on regional water resources in mountains",2019,"10.1007/s11442-019-1585-2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85059903979&doi=10.1007%2fs11442-019-1585-2&partnerID=40&md5=35b1f3de810ed09c760abad992501438","Glaciers and snow are major constituents of solid water bodies in mountains; they can regulate the stability of local water sources. However, they are strongly affected by climate change. This study focused on the Tianshan Mountains, using glacier and snow datasets to analyse variations in glaciers, snow, water storage, and runoff. Three typical river basins (Aksu, Kaidou, and Urumqi Rivers) were selected to interpret the impacts of glacier and snow changes on regional water resources in the Tianshan Mountains. The results exhibited a nonlinear functional relationship between glacial retreat rate and area, demonstrating that small glacial retreat is more sensitive under climate change. Further, the glacial retreat rate at the low-middle elevation zone was seen to be faster than that at the high elevation zone. The regional average terrestrial water storage (TWS) decrease rate in the Tianshan Mountains was–0.7±1.53 cm/a during 2003–2015. The highest TWS deficit region was located in the central part of the Tianshan Mountains, which was closely related to sharp glacial retreats. The increases in glacier and snow meltwater led to an increase in runoff in the three typical river basins, especially that of the Aksu River (0.4×108 m3/a). The decreasing and thinning of areas, and increasing equilibrium line altitude (ELV) of glaciers have been the major causes for the decrease in runoff in the three river basins since the mid-1990s. Therefore, the results reveal the mechanisms causing the impacts of glaciers and snow reduction in mountains on regional water resources under climate change, and provide a reference for water resources management in the mountainous river basins. © 2019, Science in China Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature."
"57209347137;55635700800;7401727978;7801375648;","Potentially modified hydropower production under climate change in the Italian Alps",2019,"10.1002/hyp.13473","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85067482846&doi=10.1002%2fhyp.13473&partnerID=40&md5=6b91e095a2fada8477faea03a468588c","We present an assessment of the potential impacts of climate change on hydropower production within a paradigmatic, very highly exploited cryospheric area of upper Valtellina valley in the Italian Alps. Based on dependable and unique hydrological measures from our high-altitude hydrometric network Idrostelvio during 2006–2015, we set up the Poly-Hydro model to mimic the cryospheric processes driving hydrological flow formation in this high-altitude area. We then set up an optimization tool, which we call Poly-Power, to maximize the revenue of the plant manager under given hydrological regimes, namely, by proper operation of the hydroelectric production scheme (reservoirs, pipelines, and power plants) of the area. We then pursue hydrological projections until 2100, feeding Poly-Hydro with the downscaled outputs of three general circulation models from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report, under the scenarios Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 2.6, RCP 4.5, and RCP 8.5. We assess hydrological flows in two reference decades, that is, at half century (2040–2049), and end of century (2090–2099). We then feed the so obtained hydrological scenarios as inputs to Poly-Power, and we project future production of hydroelectric power, with and without reoperation of the system. The average annual stream flows for hydropower production decreases along the century under our scenarios (−21 to +7%, on average − 5% at half century; −17 to −2%, average − 8%, end of century), with ice cover melting unable to offset such decrease. Reduction in snowfall and increase in liquid rainfall are the main factors affecting the modified hydrological regime. Energy production (and revenues) at half century may increase under our scenarios (−9 to +15%, +3% on average). At the end of century in spite of a projected increase on average (−7 to +6%, +1% on average), under the warmest scenario RCP 8.5 decrease of energy production is consistently projected (−4% on average). Our results provide an array of potential scenarios of modified hydropower production under future climate change and may be used for brain storming of adaptation strategies. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."
"6603096267;7007003234;7402618129;35190202900;7203085045;57197724895;6603418610;55344912300;7501439334;7006111103;7401916795;23568665500;6602115663;25822837600;57201235812;36657972500;","Evolving the global ocean observing system for research and application services through international coordinatio",2019,"10.3389/fmars.2019.00449","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85069760051&doi=10.3389%2ffmars.2019.00449&partnerID=40&md5=11655528e89bd4893d230d7e2453de78","Climate change and variability are major societal challenges, and the ocean is an integral part of this complex and variable system. Key to the understanding of the ocean's role in the Earth's climate system is the study of ocean and sea-ice physical processes, including its interactions with the atmosphere, cryosphere, land and biosphere. These processes include those linked to ocean circulation; the storage and redistribution of heat, carbon, salt and other water properties; and air-sea exchanges of heat, momentum, freshwater, carbon and other gasses. Measurements of ocean physics variables are fundamental to reliable earth prediction systems for a range of applications and users. In addition, knowledge of the physical environment is fundamental to growing understanding of the ocean's biogeochemistry and biological/ecosystem variability and function. Through the progress from OceanObs'99 to OceanObs'09, the ocean observing system has evolved from a platform centric perspective to an integrated observing system. The challenge now is for the observing system to evolve to respond to an increasingly diverse end user group. The Ocean Observations Physics and Climate panel (OOPC), formed in 1995, has undertaken many activities that led to observing system-related agreements. Here, OOPC will explore the opportunities and challenges for the development of a fit-for-purpose, sustained and prioritized ocean observing system, focusing on physical variables that maximize support for fundamental research, climate monitoring, forecasting on different timescales, and society. OOPC recommendations are guided by the Framework for Ocean Observing (Lindstrom et al. 2012) which emphasizes identifying user requirements by considering time and space scales of the Essential Ocean Variables. This approach provides a framework for reviewing the adequacy of the observing system, looking for synergies in delivering an integrated observing system for a range of applications and focusing innovation in areas where existing technologies do not meet these requirements. © 2019 Sloyan, Wilkin, Hill, Chidichimo, Cronin, Johannessen, Karstensen, Krug, Lee, Oka, Palmer, Rabe, Speich, Von Schuckmann, Weller and Yu."
"57214445340;57198816614;56099847500;57209274600;57214467144;57210558827;34875116800;","Snow cover trend analysis using modis snow products: A case of shayok river basin in Northern Pakistan",2019,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85078758129&partnerID=40&md5=a77c9e0761da53dfe9a8b7069b537fa2","To tackle the challenges of the growing water demands, an improved Water resource management is required. The main contributor of water resources in Pakistan is the Indus river, which Inflow largely depends on glacier and snowmelt from Upper Indus Basin located in the mountainous ranges of Himalaya–Karakoram–Hindukush (HKH). Despite such importance, assessment of cryosphere dynamics cannot be done manually with accuracy, especially in mountainous areas comprising difficult terrain. To obtain precision, other sources of information such as station data and remotely sensed snow-covered area, should be used together to make accurate conclusions about the snow cover and climate variability conditions which will affect downstream population for water-related activities and its management and, for example, hydropower generation, etc. Therefore, this study was done to explore the changes in snow-covered area in Shayok River basin (Sub-catchment of the Indus River) through remote sensing and GIS. Satellite images of MODIS sensor were used to examine the variation in snow. Modis 8-day composite images from 2000-2018 were selected to investigate SCA due to its high accuracy. Furthermore, climate data from one (only available) high altitude climate station located at the same basin was used to study correlation among now cover variations with varying preticipation, minimum and maximum year-round temperatures for the period of 2000-2018. Analysis showed that remote sensing is a useful technique for estimation of snow in difficult and complex topography. Moreover, results also indicate that SCA is highly correlated with the climatic parameters (Temperature and Precipitation data) therefore it is important to get accurate climate data to understand snow extent properly. Our results will be helpful to manage water resources properly in downstream population which indicate one-month shift of snow cover accumulation and depletion. However, to make more accurate and conclusions, we recommend on detail study of each river basin and long-term monitoring of whole UIB. © 2019, National Centre of Excellence in Geology. All rights reserved."
"25929874200;57210362352;55866018700;56457099100;7404724327;56415892300;57190379151;57190376064;57204185597;12782146100;","GIS-Supported Airfield Selection near Zhongshan Station, East Antarctica, based on Multi-Mission Remote Sensing Data",2019,"10.1080/01490419.2019.1645770","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85070463096&doi=10.1080%2f01490419.2019.1645770&partnerID=40&md5=356eb8d009352ee32da09216a4839aab","As Antarctica attracts increasing attention in global climate change studies, the demand for field expeditions has increased in recent decades. Aircraft has become the most efficient mode of transportation because of the advantages of short travel times over long distances, access to unreachable locations and capability to carry different types of sensors to obtain large areal coverages. However, few studies have been published regarding Antarctic airfield site selection for heavy-wheeled aircraft. In this paper, we present methods and results of blue-ice airfield preliminary selection near Zhongshan station, East Antarctica. The geographic information system (GIS)-based method is supported by multi-mission high-resolution images from the ZY-3, WorldView-2 and Landsat-8 satellites along with existing remote sensing products. Ground truth observations were integrated with satellite panchromatic and spectral information to identify runway candidate areas. The information inferred by remote sensing data, including firn type, ice movement, surface slope and ice fracture, is used for evaluation of the airfield selection rules. Finally, the rankings and recommendations of runway candidates were performed in a GIS analysis environment. The site selection approach developed in this paper can be applied in preconstruction studies of other similar cryosphere environments to provide appropriate candidates for a final stage field investigation. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group."
"35264002700;55081909700;13004692700;7004985118;56267975000;","Quantitative organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst stratigraphy across the eocene-oligocene transition in the Gulf of Mexico: A record of climateand sea level change during the onset of antarctic glaciation",2019,"10.1127/nos/2018/0455","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85076491913&doi=10.1127%2fnos%2f2018%2f0455&partnerID=40&md5=fcb62dbd7df7e91f3d187e208cd39007","The Eocene – Oligocene Transition (EOT, ~34–33.5 Ma) marks a major transition in Cenozoic climate evolution through the relatively rapid establishment of a continental-scale ice sheet on Antarctica. The EOT is characterized by two ~200 kyr spaced shifts (termed EOT-1 and Oi-1) in the oxygen isotopic composition (δ18O) of benthic foraminifera, representing both changes in continental ice-volume and temperature. Estimates of the timing and magnitude of these changes during this critical phase in Earth’s climatic evolution are controversial. Here we present marine palynological assemblage data, in particular of organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts (dinocysts), across a classic upper Eocene to lower Oligocene neritic succession cored in Alabama, USA; the Saint Stephens Quarry (SSQ) borehole. These palynological data combined with lithological information allow the identification of three sequence boundaries across the EOT. Critically, we identify a sequence boundary at the level corresponding to the EOT-1. Integrated sea level and paleotemperature records show that EOT-1 primarily represents cooling with some minor and transient continental ice sheet expansion. Furthermore, we identify a significant hiatus, likely caused by major sea level fall at the base of Magnetochron C13n that corresponds to the Oi-1 shift. This clarifies the δ18O records from SSQ that essentially lack the expected pronounced shift to positive δ18O values so characteristic for Oi-1. Furthermore, we document originations and extinctions of potentially temperature-sensitive dinocysts associated with the EOT-1. In contrast, the Oi-1 does not stand out as period of substantial dinoflagellate turnover. The combined results illustrate that major cooling, limited and transient ice growth and major biotic change were occurring before the full-size expansion of the Antarctic cryosphere. © 2018 The Authors."
"56068955500;56867845000;57206627063;7409078608;44261698000;","Evaluation on glaciers ecological services value in the Tianshan Mountains, Northwest China",2019,"10.1007/s11442-019-1586-1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85059867849&doi=10.1007%2fs11442-019-1586-1&partnerID=40&md5=3b3058e677bb7ef5094d53434a36b0e4","Mountain glaciers, which perform a unique and irreplaceable ecological service, provide the material basis and characteristic cultural foundation of the ecological environment and sustainable socio-economic development in arid areas. However, few studies have estimated the service value of glaciers in regulating ecological environment and providing human welfare. According to the statistics of the First and Second Chinese Glacier Inventory (FCGI/SCGI), this study analyzed the variations in glacier area and ice volume in the Tianshan Mountains in China and modeled the ecosystem service function of mountain glaciers. The service value per unit area and equivalent factor methods were combined to determine the annual value of the ecological service provided by glaciers in the study area. The results show that: (1) In the period 1970–2010, the glacier area decreased by 1274 km2 (the ratio of area shrinkage was 13.9%) and the annual average decrease in ice volume was 4.08×109 m3. The increase in glacier area at high altitudes (&gt; 5200 m) may be due to the fact that glacier accumulation caused by increasing precipitation is greater than glacier melting caused by rising temperatures. (2) The annual value of the ecological service provided by glaciers in the study area is 60.2 billion yuan. The values of climate regulation, hydrological regulation, and freshwater resource supply account for 66.4%, 21.6%, and 9.3% of the total value respectively. The annual value of the ecological service provided by hydroelectric power is 350 million yuan. (3) From a comparative analysis of the glaciers, forest, grassland and wetland ecosystems, the supply of freshwater resources/physical production and ecological regulation represent the main contributions of the four types of system, and the ecosystem service value of glaciers per unit area is higher than that of other types of ecosystem. This research will improve the understanding of the impact of glaciers on human welfare and maintenance of the ecological environment and will promote the ecological security of the cryosphere, environmental protection, and the sustainable use of resources. © 2019, Science in China Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature."
"24528483000;57203321797;55664298600;7201599329;36183623700;7202154983;","Variability in individual particle structure and mixing states between the glacier-snowpack and atmosphere in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau",2018,"10.5194/tc-12-3877-2018","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058565271&doi=10.5194%2ftc-12-3877-2018&partnerID=40&md5=8b6e8571308041563051d32b1c4de6db","Aerosols affect the Earth's temperature and climate by altering the radiative properties of the atmosphere. Changes in the composition, morphological structure, and mixing state of aerosol components will cause significant changes in radiative forcing in the atmosphere. This work focused on the physicochemical properties of light-Absorbing particles (LAPs) and their variability through deposition process from the atmosphere to the glacier-snowpack interface based on large-range observations in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, and laboratory transmission electron microscope (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) measurements. The results showed that LAP particle structures changed markedly in the snowpack compared to those in the atmosphere due to black carbon (BC) and organic matter (OM) particle aging and salt-coating condition changes. Considerably more aged BC and OM particles were observed in the glacier and snowpack surfaces than in the atmosphere, as the concentration of aged BC and OM varied in all locations by 4-16 and 12-25 in the atmosphere, whereas they varied by 25-36 and 36-48 in the glacier-snowpack surface. Similarly, the salt-coated particle ratio of LAPs in the snowpack is lower than in the atmosphere. Albedo change contribution in the Miaoergou, Yuzhufeng, and Qiyi glaciers is evaluated using the SNICAR model for glacier surface-distributed impurities. Due to the salt-coating state change, the snow albedo decreased by 16.7-33.9 compared to that in the atmosphere. Such a great change may cause more strongly enhanced radiative heating than previously thought, suggesting that the warming effect from particle structure and mixing change in glacier-snowpack LAPs may have markedly affected the climate on a global scale in terms of direct forcing in the cryosphere. © Author(s) 2018."
"56648048800;57201188115;57196806780;7402647639;57199296297;57201182592;26031591200;57201183285;57201184944;7403603080;7003534832;","Glacier protection laws: Potential conflicts in managing glacial hazards and adapting to climate change",2018,"10.1007/s13280-018-1043-x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85043679649&doi=10.1007%2fs13280-018-1043-x&partnerID=40&md5=11a8ca616b27bbbab2cbcd50a5032d7c","The environmental, socioeconomic and cultural significance of glaciers has motivated several countries to regulate activities on glaciers and glacierized surroundings. However, laws written to specifically protect mountain glaciers have only recently been considered within national political agendas. Glacier Protection Laws (GPLs) originate in countries where mining has damaged glaciers and have been adopted with the aim of protecting the cryosphere from harmful activities. Here, we analyze GPLs in Argentina (approved) and Chile (under discussion) to identify potential environmental conflicts arising from law restrictions and omissions. We conclude that GPLs overlook the dynamics of glaciers and could prevent or delay actions needed to mitigate glacial hazards (e.g. artificial drainage of glacial lakes) thus placing populations at risk. Furthermore, GPL restrictions could hinder strategies (e.g. use of glacial lakes as reservoirs) to mitigate adverse impacts of climate change. Arguably, more flexible GPLs are needed to protect us from the changing cryosphere. © 2018, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences."
"6602098362;55893823700;12761052200;35096299800;6701588531;7201488063;34771961800;","Persistent polar ocean warming in a strategically geoengineered climate",2018,"10.1038/s41561-018-0249-7","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85055969142&doi=10.1038%2fs41561-018-0249-7&partnerID=40&md5=7b9f1265ce0a9ed6bece8329643429d2","Enhancement of the Earth’s albedo through the injection of sulfate aerosols into the stratosphere has been proposed as an approach to offset some of the adverse effects of climate change. Here we analyse an ensemble of simulations of the twenty-first century climate designed to explore a strategic geoengineering approach. Specifically, stratospheric sulfur injections are imposed at 15° and 30° in both hemispheres with the aim to minimize the changes in surface temperature, both in the global mean and in its gradients between hemispheres and from equator to pole. The approach accomplishes these goals and reduces previously noted adverse impacts of solar radiation management, such as excessive cooling in the tropics and weakening rainfall over land. Nonetheless, hydrological responses over the North Atlantic Ocean lead to an acceleration of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and to continued warming of the deep and polar oceans, particularly in the vicinity of southern Greenland. These changes could cause continued, albeit slower, cryospheric melt and global sea level rise. Our simulations demonstrate the complexity of the coupled climate response to geoengineering and highlight the need for significant advances in our ability to simulate the coupled climate system and the continued refinement of geoengineering strategies as a prerequisite to their successful implementation. © 2018, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited."
"57185187400;36158029700;57188699672;","Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Early Twenty-First Century Areal Changes in the Kabul River Basin Cryosphere",2018,"10.1007/s41748-018-0066-6","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85067866396&doi=10.1007%2fs41748-018-0066-6&partnerID=40&md5=9dbaa299cdf297621f42aebfae4b0997","Climate change is a common concern globally and the Kabul River Basin, a transboundary basin between Pakistan and Afghanistan, is no exception. Rising temperatures cause snow and glaciers to melt rapidly, which increases the variability of river flows that may affect the water resource management between the two countries. For this purpose, it is necessary to study snow and glaciers, the main source of river flow. The goal of this research is to assess and analyze the basin-scale and elevation-zonal variation in the areal extent of snow and glacier cover for the years 2001–2016, on daily, monthly, seasonal and yearly basis. The basin was distributed into eight elevation zones; and snow cover for the whole basin and each elevation zone was then extracted by utilizing the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Onboard TERRA Satellite, 8-daily, 500 m resolution images. As per average climatology of the basin, snow cover is minimum in August because of higher summer temperatures and maximum in February owing to lower winter temperatures and higher westerly precipitation in solid form. Based on the basin-scale analysis of changes in the daily snow-covered areal extents, it is found that snow cover significantly increases in the three lowest elevation zones, whereas in the mid elevation zones (Zone 4 and 5) and the highest elevation zone (Zone 8) a negligible decreasing trend is found. Moreover, non-significant but decreasing trend in Zone 8 may hint either at decrease in solid precipitation in the high elevation region or a slight retreat of the glaciers which may become significant in the coming years. In addition, there is a significant decreasing trend of snow covered area in Zones 6 and 7 which gives a similar indication. Our seasonal and annual analysis indicates that there is an overall slight increasing trend in the basin for all analyzed seasons and also on annual basis. The results concluded that a detailed hydro-climate modeling analysis should be carried out for this basin to find the changes in water availability under the future climate scenarios. © 2018, Springer Nature Switzerland AG."
"56763622000;13407535500;56250881900;7004821150;","Pattern of southern Laurentide Ice Sheet margin position changes during Heinrich Stadials 2 and 1",2018,"10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.10.019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85055575071&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2018.10.019&partnerID=40&md5=2c5cef3a35f657df242052f5f247a433","With concerns over rising global temperatures, ice sheet stability and implications for sea level rise, the responses of former ice sheets to past climate change provide useful insights into linkages between the atmosphere, cryosphere and oceans. One example is the behavior of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) during Heinrich Stadials, times of cooler sea surface temperature (SST) in the North Atlantic. Using existing cosmogenic surface exposure ages, varve chronologies, radiocarbon ages, and optically stimulated luminescence ages from the southern LIS margin, this report tests the hypothesis that the southern side of the LIS advanced during times of surface cooling of the North Atlantic. This test reconstructs the timing of local glacial maxima and the times immediately pro- and preceding them, from multiple areas and compares them to the timing of Heinrich Stadial 2 (HS2; 26.6–23.6 ka) and to the timing of Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1; 19.3–15.3 ka). During HS2 southern sector lobes (New England region, Huron-Erie Lobe, Lake Michigan Lobe, Green Bay Lobe and the Chippewa Lobe) advanced towards their maximum position, except for the Des Moines Lobe for which there is no applicable data. During HS1 these same lobes experienced substantial retreat, but the Des Moines Lobe advanced. Thus, the southern Laurentide margin behaved differently during the two Heinrich Stadials. This pattern may be attributed to differing east-west temperature gradients across North America and associated changes in atmospheric circulation. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd"
"57196094298;6506260223;7403314553;6602326035;55386674600;","Declining glacier cover threatens the biodiversity of alpine river diatom assemblages",2018,"10.1111/gcb.14454","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85055277793&doi=10.1111%2fgcb.14454&partnerID=40&md5=201ae406e8e7854a05c552ac86d1e534","Climate change poses a considerable threat to the biodiversity of high altitude ecosystems worldwide, including cold-water river systems that are responding rapidly to a shrinking cryosphere. Most recent research has demonstrated the severe vulnerability of river invertebrates to glacier retreat but effects upon other aquatic groups remain poorly quantified. Using new data sets from the European Alps, we show significant responses to declining glacier cover for diatoms, which play a critical functional role as freshwater primary producers. Specifically, diatom α-diversity and density in rivers presently fed by glaciers will increase with future deglaciation, yet β-diversity within and between sites will reduce because declining glacier influence will lower the spatiotemporal variability of glacier cover and its associated habitat heterogeneity. Changes in diatom assemblage composition as glacier cover declined were associated strongly with increasing riverbed stability and water temperature. At the species level, diatoms showed a gradation of responses; for example, Eunotia trinacria, found exclusively at river sites with high (≥52%) catchment glacier cover, may be affected negatively by ice loss. Conversely, seven taxa confined to sites with no glacier cover, including Gomphonema calcareum, stand to benefit. Nineteen (22%) taxa were noted as threatened, endangered, rare or decreasing on the Red List of Algae for Germany, with most at sites ≤26% glacier cover, meaning further ice loss may benefit these diatoms. However, six taxa found only in rivers ≥28% glacier cover may require reclassification of their Red List conservation status, as this habitat is threatened by deglaciation. Our identification of clear links between decreasing glacier cover and river diatom biodiversity suggests there could be significant reorganization of river ecosystems with deglaciation, for example, through alterations to primary production, biogeochemical cycles, and the shifting resource base of alpine freshwater food webs which lack significant allochthonous energy inputs. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd"
"57203297105;6603458409;57204290815;55740420600;","Henry's Law constant for CO2 in aqueous sodium chloride solutions at 1 atm and sub-zero (Celsius) temperatures",2018,"10.1016/j.marchem.2018.10.003","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85055128373&doi=10.1016%2fj.marchem.2018.10.003&partnerID=40&md5=51aaf3b2c42aa4d44365ffc5fe6c8883","The solubility of CO2 in seawater is known to increase at colder temperatures, but few studies have examined the CO2 solubility in seawater and in sea-ice brines at sub-zero (Celsius) temperatures. The thermodynamic Henry's Law constant (KH) for CO2 in concentrated NaCl solutions was determined for the first time at sub-zero temperatures and salinities resembling those of the cryospheric seawater and sea-ice brine environments in polar and sub-polar oceans. The temperature (T, in Kelvin) dependence of the KH within the temperature and salinity ranges of this study (263 ≤ T ≤ 272 K and 35 ≤ S ≤ 152) is described by the following best-fit equation: ln KH = −2.484 + 2.775 × 10−2(274 − T) − 9.854 × 10−2/(274 − T) − 1.009 × 10−1 ln (274–T). The results show that the general practice, in geochemical and coupled climate‑carbon cycling models, of extrapolating KH values from above-zero to sub-zero temperatures underestimates the solubility of CO2 by up to 19%. © 2018 The Authors"
"8321530600;35508257500;7005709969;","Best practices in crafting the calibrated, Enhanced-Resolution passive-microwave EASE-Grid 2.0 brightness temperature Earth System Data Record",2018,"10.3390/rs10111793","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85057138016&doi=10.3390%2frs10111793&partnerID=40&md5=bb3c8f3937985568c11acd7deb0b1b32","Since the late 1970s, satellite passive-microwave brightness temperatures have been a mainstay in remote sensing of the cryosphere. Polar snow and ice-covered ocean and land surfaces are especially sensitive to climate change and are observed to fluctuate on interannual to decadal timescales. In regions of limited sunlight and cloudy conditions, microwave measurements are particularly valuable for monitoring snow- and ice-covered ocean and land surfaces, due to microwave sensitivity to phase changes of water. Historically available at relatively low resolutions (25 km) compared to optical techniques (less than 1 km), passive-microwave sensors have provided short-timescale, large-area spatial coverage, and high temporal repeat observations for monitoring hemispheric-wide changes. However, historically available gridded passive microwave products have fallen short of modern requirements for climate data records, notably by using inconsistently-calibrated input data, including only limited periods of sensor overlaps, employing image-reconstruction methods that tuned for reduced noise rather than enhanced resolution, and using projection and grid definitions that were not easily interpreted by geolocation software. Using a recently completed Fundamental Climate Data Record of the swath format passive-microwave record that incorporated new, cross-sensor calibrations, we have produced an improved, gridded data record. Defined on the EASE-Grid 2.0 map projections and derived with numerically efficient image-reconstruction techniques, the Calibrated, Enhanced-Resolution Brightness Temperature (CETB) Earth System Data Record (ESDR) increases spatial resolution up to 3.125 km for the highest frequency channels, and satisfies modern Climate Data Record (CDR) requirements as defined by the National Research Council. We describe the best practices and development approaches that we used to ensure algorithmic integrity and to define and satisfy metadata, content and structural requirements for this high-quality, reliable, consistently gridded microwave radiometer climate data record. © 2018 by the authors."
"6602713038;55777340000;15127045600;6603708746;36812177800;57200112391;56328271600;7004217329;7007121830;","Subglacial permafrost evidencing re-advance of the Greenland Ice Sheet over frozen ground",2018,"10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.09.002","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054065591&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2018.09.002&partnerID=40&md5=cd410855fa766f97b748460cb1a51db9","Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) covers an area of 1.7 km2. It has been an important source of climate information and the air temperature history of Greenland is well known. However, the thermal history and temperature conditions of the Greenland bedrock are poorly known. There are only few records on the temperature of the proglacial bedrock and no records on bedrock temperature underneath the ice sheet. The Greenland Analogue Project (GAP) recently investigated hydrological, hydrogeological and geochemical processes in Kangerlussuaq, West Greenland. Because permafrost has a major hydrological impact in Arctic regions, the cryogenic structure of the bedrock was an important research topic. From previous studies it was already known that Kangerlussuaq is located within the zone of continuous permafrost. Temperature profiling in a new research borehole, extending horizontally 30 m underneath the ice sheet, revealed that permafrost is 350 m deep at the ice margin. This result raised the question how far the permafrost extends under the ice sheet? In order to investigate the thermal properties, we made a series of electromagnetic (EM) soundings at the ice margin area – on proglacial area and on the ice sheet – and detected, that subglacial permafrost extends at least 2 km from the ice margin to inland. We also observed a patchy unfrozen sediment layer between the ice and the frozen bedrock. Possible existence of subglacial sediments and their role in ice dynamics has been debated in many recent papers. Our successful campaign shows that geophysics can be used for bedrock investigations through thick ice, which is known to be challenging for electromagnetic methods. Our results provide the first direct evidence supporting the proposed Holocene ice re-advance over frozen ground, and contribute to the discussion on the rapid climate changes in past, to the future of the ice sheet under warming climate and hydrogeology at the ice margin. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd"
"57189227473;7003726500;7003991297;54791435500;8582121200;","Semi-automated classification of Lake Ice Cover using dual polarization RADARSAT-2 imagery",2018,"10.3390/rs10111727","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85057086302&doi=10.3390%2frs10111727&partnerID=40&md5=2b7d8d963776ed09c45145c0b6d7411c","Lake ice is a significant component of the cryosphere due to its large spatial coverage in high-latitude regions during the winter months. The Laurentian Great Lakes are the world's largest supply of freshwater and their ice cover has a major impact on regional weather and climate, ship navigation, and public safety. Ice experts at the Canadian Ice Service (CIS) have been manually producing operational Great Lakes image analysis charts based on visual interpretation of the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. In that regard, we have investigated the performance of the semi-automated segmentation algorithm ""glocal"" Iterative Region Growing with Semantics (IRGS) for lake ice classification using dual polarized RADARSAT-2 imagery acquired over Lake Erie. Analysis of various case studies indicated that the ""glocal"" IRGS algorithm could provide a reliable ice-water classification using dual polarized images with a high overall accuracy of 90.4%. However, lake ice types that are based on stage of development were not effectively identified due to the ambiguous relation between backscatter and ice types. The slight improvement of using dual-pol as opposed to single-pol images for ice-water discrimination was also demonstrated. © 2018 by the authors."
"14630111600;","Spatiotemporal variability of snow cover on Tibet, China using MODIS remote-sensing data",2018,"10.1080/01431161.2018.1466075","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85046042331&doi=10.1080%2f01431161.2018.1466075&partnerID=40&md5=bca056fa6efab244b1277a76a298a28c","Snow cover is an important component of the cryosphere, and the study on spatial and temporal variations of snow cover is essential for understanding the consequences and impacts of climate change and water resources management. In this study, the temporal variation of snow-covered area (SCA) and spatial variability of snow-cover frequency (SCF) on Tibet is analysed based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)/Terra snow cover product (MOD10A2) from 2000 to 2015, and relationships with main climate variables are investigated. Results are as follows: (1) there is a very weak decreasing trend in annual mean SCA, and a slight increasing trend in autumn and winter and a slight decreasing trend in spring and more robust decreasing trend in summer for SCA are found. (2) The temporal variation of SCA is negatively correlated with temperature, whereas it is little correlated with corresponding precipitation. (3) The general trend of spatial SCF variation on Tibet, predominated by snow-cover variations in spring and autumn, tends to decrease in spring while it tends to increase in autumn. (4) The spatial variability of SCF is attributed to snow-cover variations in autumn and spring, which is more obvious in higher latitudes in autumn while it is more noticeable in lower-latitude southeastern plateau in spring. (5) The regions with higher variability of snow cover are main pastoral land and more prone to snow-related disaster in Tibet, becoming key zone of snow-cover monitoring and disaster prevention and mitigation. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group."
"35168107300;22633807400;36007295400;6506877604;57203246793;7004215477;","19th century glacier retreat in the Alps preceded the emergence of industrial black carbon deposition on high-alpine glaciers",2018,"10.5194/tc-12-3311-2018","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85055048493&doi=10.5194%2ftc-12-3311-2018&partnerID=40&md5=73851bc2dd0111f61ff78239f92f76c1","Light absorbing aerosols in the atmosphere and cryosphere play an important role in the climate system. Their presence in ambient air and snow changes the radiative properties of these systems, thus contributing to increased atmospheric warming and snowmelt. High spatio-temporal variability of aerosol concentrations and a shortage of long-term observations contribute to large uncertainties in properly assigning the climate effects of aerosols through time. Starting around AD 1860, many glaciers in the European Alps began to retreat from their maximum mid-19th century terminus positions, thereby visualizing the end of the Little Ice Age in Europe. Radiative forcing by increasing deposition of industrial black carbon to snow has been suggested as the main driver of the abrupt glacier retreats in the Alps. The basis for this hypothesis was model simulations using elemental carbon concentrations at low temporal resolution from two ice cores in the Alps. Here we present sub-annually resolved concentration records of refractory black carbon (rBC; using soot photometry) as well as distinctive tracers for mineral dust, biomass burning and industrial pollution from the Colle Gnifetti ice core in the Alps from AD 1741 to 2015. These records allow precise assessment of a potential relation between the timing of observed acceleration of glacier melt in the mid-19th century with an increase of rBC deposition on the glacier caused by the industrialization of Western Europe. Our study reveals that in AD 1875, the time when rBC ice-core concentrations started to significantly increase, the majority of Alpine glaciers had already experienced more than 80 % of their total 19th century length reduction, casting doubt on a leading role for soot in terminating of the Little Ice Age. Attribution of glacial retreat requires expansion of the spatial network and sampling density of high alpine ice cores to balance potential biasing effects arising from transport, deposition, and snow conservation in individual ice-core records. © Author(s) 2018."
"57192007192;56781216900;6603181723;24376864000;","Future climate and cryosphere impacts on the hydrology of a scarcely gauged catchment on the Jhelum river basin, Northern Pakistan",2018,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.206","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85047266194&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2018.05.206&partnerID=40&md5=33526d4eae170adb41b04e069a4035c1","Streamflow projections are fundamental sources for future water resources strategic planning and management, particularly in high-altitude scarcely-gauged basins located in high mountain Asia. Therefore, quantification of the climate change impacts on major hydrological components (evapotranspiration, soil water storage, snowmelt-runoff, rainfall-runoff and streamflow) is of high importance and remains a challenge. For this purpose, we analysed general circulation models (GCMs) using a multiple bias correction approach and two different hydrological models i.e. the Hydrological Modelling System (HEC-HMS) and the Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM), to examine the impact of climate change on the hydrological behaviour of the Jhelum River basin. Based on scrutiny, climate projections using four best fit CMIP5 GCMs (i.e. BCC-CSM1.1, INMCM4, IPSL-CM5A-LR and CMCC-CMS) were chosen by evaluating linear scaling, local intensity scaling (LOCI) and distribution mapping (DM) approaches at twenty climate stations. Subsequently, after calibration and validation of HEC-HMS and SRM at five streamflow gauging stations, the bias corrected projected climate data was integrated with HEC-HMS and SRM to simulate projected streamflow. Results demonstrate that the DM approach fitted the projections best. The climate projections exhibited maximum intra-annual rises in precipitation by 183.2 mm (12.74%) during the monsoon for RCP4.5 and a rise in Tmin (Tmax) by 4.77 °C (4.42 °C) during pre-monsoon, for RCP8.5 during 2090s. The precipitation and temperature rise is expected to expedite and increase snowmelt-runoff up to 48% and evapotranspiration and soil water storage up to 45%. The projections exhibited significant increases in streamflows by 330 m3/s (22.6%) for HEC-HMS and 449 m3/s (30.7%) for SRM during the pre-monfaf0000soon season by the 2090s under RCP8.5. Overall, our results reveal that the pre-monsoon season is potentially utmost affected under scenario-periods, and consequently, which has the potential to alter the precipitation and flow regime of the Jhelum River basin due to significant early snow- and glacier-melt. © 2018 Elsevier B.V."
"36551067200;7004706018;6603132441;7005140533;55316399700;8135327700;55167874900;35508676000;55600933800;20434914000;57204209569;","Snow and Water Imaging Spectrometer: Mission and instrument concepts for earth-orbiting CubeSats",2018,"10.1117/1.JRS.12.044001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85055006506&doi=10.1117%2f1.JRS.12.044001&partnerID=40&md5=9b733120545407df584d3e0bac06aa31","The Snow and Water Imaging Spectrometer (SWIS) is a science-grade imaging spectrometer designed for CubeSat integration, spanning a 350-to 1700-nm spectral range with 5.7-nm sampling, a 10-degree field-of-view, and 0.3-mrad spatial resolution. The system operates at F/1.8, providing the high throughput for low-reflectivity (<1%) water surfaces, while avoiding saturation over bright snow or clouds. The SWIS design utilizes heritage from previously demonstrated instruments on airborne platforms while advancing the state of the art in compact sensors of this kind in terms of size and spectral coverage. Compared with airborne campaigns, the CubeSat platform allows for more frequent and regular sampling, while maintaining intermediate to high resolution relative to heritage global sensors. Through frequent repeat observations from space at a moderate spatial resolution, SWIS can address key science questions concerning aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem changes, cryosphere warming and melt behavior, cloud and atmospheric science, and potential impacts of climate change and human activities on the environment. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)."
"36798418200;7004605766;55968536100;8967864300;6602802632;","Assessment of periglacial response to increased runoff: An Arctic hydrosystem bears witness",2018,"10.1002/ldr.3099","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85053308770&doi=10.1002%2fldr.3099&partnerID=40&md5=df9da71957652e7620d8b0f0908ad684","In the general context of global warming, the cryosphere appears as an environment that exhibits a strong sensitivity to climate variations. Overall, glacier systems are now known to be reliable indicators of climate trends. Although glacier dynamics are subject to international monitoring networks, periglacial environments are much less observed. However, these newly deglaciated areas get wider since glaciers are retreating, and their dynamics become increasingly significant. The observed increase in water fluxes, temperature and precipitation, permafrost melting, and reduced cold periods induce a combined control on modifications of the glacier and periglacial dynamics. Such consequences are also visible on the landscape, hinting at an adaptation of the environment to the climatic forcing. The work carried out focuses on Austre Lovénbreen area, a small 10-km2 glacier basin (Svalbard, 78.87°N, 12.15°E, west coast of Spitsbergen) exhibiting typical arctic glacial retreat trends. Its geomorphological characteristics as well as its observatory status make it an appropriate control area. Our investigations are based on a combination of classical on-site snow, ice, and geomorphological measurements, combined with innovative methods using aerial photography (e.g., from unmanned aerial systems) and digital photogrammetric image processing. Such data currently complement classical remote sensing methods (satellite imagery), providing both improved resolution and high temporal repeatability. Indeed, short acquisition time and flexibility allows measurements within very short time intervals, a requirement when short events are significant in the whole system evolution: The speed at which climatic change-related events occur requires such fine-grained spatial and temporal monitoring. This work highlights an increase of sediment transfers during the last decade that ties in with the increasing liquid precipitation as well as a trend of rising temperatures. The newly deglaciated area, particularly at the glacier front, is in constant and fast reshaping, which is quantifiable from 1 year to another, assessing the increase of periglacial landscape modification. This small-scale detailed analysis enlightens on global processes occurring in Arctic regions demonstrating ongoing geomorphological and landscape changes as a consequence of glacier retreat and newly exposed periglacial environments. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."
"57198856897;15020504300;34882060600;57201390171;","Snow cover variability in North-West Himalaya during last decade",2018,"10.1007/s12517-018-3926-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054192464&doi=10.1007%2fs12517-018-3926-3&partnerID=40&md5=242d627fef326c0cb621f5e620fa5cf1","Snow is an essential component of the cryosphere and spatio-temporal variability of snow cover over large Himalayan region is important for climate change studies, regional and global energy budget, aquatic cycles and managing water resources, etc. In the present paper, analysis of snow cover area (SCA) variation for more than a decade period from 2001 to 2016 in North-West Himalaya (NWH) and its climatic zones, i.e., lower Himalayan zone (LHZ), middle Himalayan zone (MHZ), and upper Himalayan zone (UHZ), has been presented. SCA has been estimated using 10-day maximum snow cover product derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor images. Large inter and intra-annual variation in snow cover of NWH and its climatic zones have been observed during the data period. SCA in NWH varied from ~ 13,180 km2 (August, 2001) to ~ 2, 11,000 km2 (February, 2004) during the data period. Mean of annual and seasonal SCA has been estimated for entire NWH and its climatic zones. Mean annual SCA of NWH, LHZ, MHZ, and UHZ were estimated to be ~ 92,482 km2, ~ 8150 km2, ~ 35,078 km2, and ~ 21,190 km2 respectively. SCA was observed to be decreasing in NWH, LHZ, and MHZ at the rate of 840 km2 year−1, 31 km2 year−1, and 74 km2 year−1 respectively during 2001–2010, although the trend was statistically non-significant. Statistically significant increasing trend in SCA has been observed in UHZ at the rate of 241 km2 year−1 during 2001–2016. The paper highlights a shift in SCA trends after 2010 in NWH, LHZ, and MHZ and slowdown in snow/ice cover shrinkage during recent years. Additionally, variation in snowline elevation, snow cover duration and effect of topography on snow cover has been explored during different seasons in the NWH and its climatic zones. © 2018, Saudi Society for Geosciences."
"9740792600;8294840700;36842807800;57192679119;13106177400;57200087965;15751518200;57215108468;7006749626;","CryoSat-2 swath interferometric altimetry for mapping ice elevation and elevation change",2018,"10.1016/j.asr.2017.11.014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85039441214&doi=10.1016%2fj.asr.2017.11.014&partnerID=40&md5=94142ee9d001d496491196521888b74e","For more than 25 years, satellite radar altimetry has provided continuous information on the state of the cryosphere and on its contribution to global sea-level rise. The technique typically delivers maps of ice-sheet elevation and elevation change with 3–10 km spatial resolution and seasonal to monthly temporal resolution. Here we show how the interferometric mode of CryoSat-2 can be used to map broad (5 km-wide) swaths of surface elevation with fine (500 m) spatial resolution from each satellite pass, providing a step-change in the capability of satellite altimetry for glaciology. These swaths of elevation data contain up to two orders of magnitude more surface elevation measurements than standard altimeter products, which provide single elevation measurements based on the range to the Point-Of-Closest-Approach (POCA) in the vicinity of the sub-satellite ground track. The swath elevations allow a more dense, statistically robust time series of elevation change to be formed with temporal resolution of a factor 5 higher than for POCA. The mean differences between airborne altimeter and CryoSat-2 derived ice sheet elevations and elevation rates range from −0.93 ± 1.17 m and 0.29 ± 1.25 m a −1 , respectively, at the POCA, to −1.50 ± 1.73 m and 0.04 ± 1.04 m a −1 , respectively, across the entire swath. We demonstrate the potential of these data by creating and evaluating elevation models of: (i) the Austfonna Ice Cap (Svalbard), (ii) western Greenland, and (iii) Law Dome (East Antarctica); and maps of ice elevation change of: (iv) the Amundsen Sea sector (West Antarctica), (v) Icelandic ice caps, and (vi) above an active subglacial lake system at Thwaites Glacier (Antarctica), each at 500 m spatial posting – around 10 times finer than possible using traditional approaches based on standard altimetry products. © 2017 COSPAR"
"56763977200;16403028400;36842807800;","Estimating Arctic sea ice thickness and volume using CryoSat-2 radar altimeter data",2018,"10.1016/j.asr.2017.10.051","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85034100293&doi=10.1016%2fj.asr.2017.10.051&partnerID=40&md5=e877a134ed0f526c65678d54bd2d9a14","Arctic sea ice is a major element of the Earth's climate system. It acts to regulate regional heat and freshwater budgets and subsequent atmospheric and oceanic circulation across the Arctic and at lower latitudes. Satellites have observed a decline in Arctic sea ice extent for all months since 1979. However, to fully understand how changes in the Arctic sea ice cover impact on our global weather and climate, long-term and accurate observations of its thickness distribution are also required. Such observations were made possible with the launch of the European Space Agency's (ESA's) CryoSat-2 satellite in April 2010, which provides unparalleled coverage of the Arctic Ocean up to 88°N. Here we provide an end-to-end, comprehensive description of the data processing steps employed to estimate Northern Hemisphere sea ice thickness and subsequent volume using CryoSat-2 radar altimeter data and complementary observations. This is a sea ice processor that has been under constant development at the Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling (CPOM) since the early 1990s. We show that there is no significant bias in our satellite sea ice thickness retrievals when compared with independent measurements. We also provide a detailed analysis of the uncertainties associated with our sea ice thickness and volume estimates by considering the independent sources of error in the retrieval. Each month, the main contributors to the uncertainty are snow depth and snow density, which suggests that a crucial next step in Arctic sea ice research is to develop improved estimates of snow loading. In this paper we apply our theory and methods solely to CryoSat-2 data in the Northern Hemisphere. However, they may act as a guide to developing a sea ice processing system for satellite radar altimeter data over the Southern Hemisphere, and from other Polar orbiting missions. © 2017 COSPAR"
"23491625000;57191267336;25641545200;57200087965;57215108468;14419868200;57195812290;13106177400;53986388800;57191262574;15751518200;21833275400;6508164327;6506551564;","CryoSat instrument performance and ice product quality status",2018,"10.1016/j.asr.2017.11.024","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85044718950&doi=10.1016%2fj.asr.2017.11.024&partnerID=40&md5=22ba62efc86e2385b2fda39835861f45","Over the past 20 years, satellite radar altimetry has shown its ability to revolutionise our understanding of the ocean and climate. Previously, these advances were largely limited to ice-free regions, neglecting large portions of the Polar Regions. Launched in 2010, the European Space Agency's (ESA) polar-orbiting CryoSat satellite was specifically designed to measure changes in the thickness of polar sea ice and the elevation of the ice sheets and mountain glaciers. To reach this goal, the CryoSat products have to meet the highest performance standards, achieved through continual improvements of the associated Instrument Processing Facilities. Since April 2015, the CryoSat ice products are generated with Baseline-C, which represented a major processor upgrade. Several improvements were implemented in this new Baseline, most notably the release of freeboard data within the Level 2 products. The Baseline-C upgrade has brought significant improvements to the quality of Level-1B and Level-2 products relative to the previous Baseline-B products, which in turn is expected to have a positive impact on the scientific exploitation of CryoSat measurements over land ice and sea ice. This paper provides an overview of the CryoSat ice data quality assessment and evolutions, covering all quality control and calibration activities performed by ESA and its partners. Also discussed are the forthcoming evolutions of the processing chains and improvements anticipated in the next processing Baseline. © 2017 COSPAR"
"57044839500;57197241467;7101713567;6602995025;6602424525;55966194700;57197870683;7006061101;","Wet avalanches: Long-term evolution in the Western Alps under climate and human forcing",2018,"10.5194/cp-14-1299-2018","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85053300851&doi=10.5194%2fcp-14-1299-2018&partnerID=40&md5=8d525a4fefe647dcd1df19a4155c5d67","Understanding wet avalanche intensity and the role of past environmental changes on wet avalanche occurrence is a main concern especially in the context of a warming climate and accelerated environmental mutations. Avalanches are closely related to fast cryosphere changes and may cause major threats to human society. Here, we used the sedimentary archive of the Alpine Lake Lauvitel (Lac du Lauvitel; western French Alps) to establish the first long-term avalanche record in this Alpine region. For this purpose, we used a novel CT-scan methodology that allows the precise identification of coarse material - from sand to pebble - transported to the lake and embedded within the finer continuous sedimentation. We identified a total of 166 deposits over the last 3300&thinsp;yr&thinsp;cal.&thinsp;BP. In parallel, a detailed pollen analysis gave an independent record of environmental changes. Based on modern observation, lake monitoring, seismic investigations and sedimentological evidences, coarse material deposits were attributed to wet avalanche events. Our results highlight the effect of vegetation cover on the avalanche hazard while a period of strong frequency increase occurred after 780&thinsp;yr&thinsp;cal.&thinsp;BP. In Lake Lauvitel, this period corresponds to a major forest clearance induced by the rise of human land use. Climate forcing on the avalanche hazard was investigated before and after the vegetation shift. On a multicentennial scale, wet avalanches preferably occur during periods of larger glacier extent, in which higher winter precipitation probably generates a sufficiently thick snow cover. On a sub-centennial scale, avalanches are more frequent during periods of relative warming, resulting in a destabilization of the same snow cover in spring season. Our results highlight as well the role of forest cover in mitigating wet snow avalanches' occurrence. In the context of predicted warmer temperatures, this study raises the question of whether a wet avalanche hazard increase may be expected in the near future especially at higher altitudes. © Author(s) 2018."
"55390548700;6506363517;35894581100;14033871500;57206753724;23488815000;","Climate model configurations of the ecmwf integrated forecasting system (ecmwf-ifs cycle 43r1) for highresmip",2018,"10.5194/gmd-11-3681-2018","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85053264745&doi=10.5194%2fgmd-11-3681-2018&partnerID=40&md5=ac6ef7c07e0cc24f0e7c0d9f3b2b5dc6","This paper presents atmosphere-only and coupled climate model configurations of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Integrated Forecasting System (ECMWF-IFS) for different combinations of ocean and atmosphere resolution. These configurations are used to perform multi-decadal ensemble experiments following the protocols of the High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP) and phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). These experiments are used to evaluate the sensitivity of major biases in the atmosphere, ocean, and cryosphere to changes in atmosphere and ocean resolution. All configurations successfully reproduce the observed long-Term trends in global mean surface temperature. Furthermore, following an adjustment to account for <q>drift</q> in the subsurface ocean, coupled configurations of ECMWF-IFS realistically reproduce observation-based estimates of ocean heat content change since 1950. Climatological surface biases in ECMWF-IFS are relatively insensitive to an increase in atmospheric resolution from ĝ1/4 50 to ĝ1/4 25&thinsp;km. However, increasing the horizontal resolution of the atmosphere while maintaining the same vertical resolution enhances the magnitude of a cold bias in the lower stratosphere. In coupled configurations, there is a strong sensitivity to an increase in ocean model resolution from 1 to 0.25°. However, this sensitivity to ocean resolution takes many years to fully manifest and is less apparent in the first year of integration. This result has implications for the ECMWF coupled model development strategy that typically relies on the analysis of biases in short ( &lt; 1 year) ensemble (re)forecast data sets. The impacts of increased ocean resolution are particularly evident in the North Atlantic and Arctic, where they are associated with an improved Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, increased meridional ocean heat transport, and more realistic sea-ice cover. In the tropical Pacific, increased ocean resolution is associated with improvements to the magnitude and asymmetry of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability and better representation of non-linear sea surface temperature (SST)-radiation feedbacks during warm events. However, increased ocean model resolution also increases the magnitude of a warm bias in the Southern Ocean. Finally, there is tentative evidence that both ocean coupling and increased atmospheric resolution can improve teleconnections between tropical Pacific rainfall and geopotential height anomalies in the North Atlantic. © Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License."
"57201357929;6603684839;57194085361;23006105100;35264002700;7004985118;56267975000;6603332131;24309428500;","Paleoceanography and ice sheet variability offshore Wilkes Land, Antarctica-Part 3: Insights from Oligocene-Miocene TEX86-based sea surface temperature reconstructions",2018,"10.5194/cp-14-1275-2018","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85052906708&doi=10.5194%2fcp-14-1275-2018&partnerID=40&md5=b2cbdcb85e6e426d9f7f7068ee7345de","The volume of the Antarctic continental ice sheet(s) varied substantially during the Oligocene and Miocene ( ∼ 34-5Ma) from smaller to substantially larger than today, both on million-year and on orbital timescales. However, reproduction through physical modeling of a dynamic response of the ice sheets to climate forcing remains problematic, suggesting the existence of complex feedback mechanisms between the cryosphere, ocean, and atmosphere systems. There is therefore an urgent need to improve the models for better predictions of these systems, including resulting potential future sea level change. To assess the interactions between the cryosphere, ocean, and atmosphere, knowledge of ancient sea surface conditions close to the Antarctic margin is essential. Here, we present a new TEX86-based sea surface water paleotemperature record measured on Oligocene sediments from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Site U1356, offshore Wilkes Land, East Antarctica. The new data are presented along with previously published Miocene temperatures from the same site. Together the data cover the interval between 34 and 11Ma and encompasses two hiatuses. This record allows us to accurately reconstruct the magnitude of sea surface temperature (SST) variability and trends on both million-year and glacial-interglacial timescales. On average, TEX86 values indicate SSTs ranging between 10 and 21°C during the Oligocene and Miocene, which is on the upper end of the few existing reconstructions from other high-latitude Southern Ocean sites. SST maxima occur around 30.5, 25, and 17Ma. Our record suggests generally warm to temperate ocean offshore Wilkes Land. Based on lithological alternations detected in the sedimentary record, which are assigned to glacial-interglacial deposits, a SST variability of 1.5-3.1°C at glacial-interglacial timescales can be established. This variability is slightly larger than that of deep-sea temperatures recorded in Mg/Ca data. Our reconstructed Oligocene temperature variability has implications for Oligocene ice volume estimates based on benthic δ18O records. If the long-term and orbital-scale SST variability at Site U1356 mirrors that of the nearby region of deep-water formation, we argue that a substantial portion of the variability and trends contained in long-term δ18O records can be explained by variability in Southern high-latitude temperature and that the Antarctic ice volume may have been less dynamic than previously thought. Importantly, our temperature record suggests that Oligocene-Miocene Antarctic ice sheets were generally of smaller size compared to today. © 2018 Author(s)."
"57208608401;7202240406;50960889700;36168100900;","Changes in the Proportion of Precipitation Occurring as Rain in Northern Canada during Spring–Summer from 1979–2015",2018,"10.1007/s00376-018-7226-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85049603191&doi=10.1007%2fs00376-018-7226-3&partnerID=40&md5=7de5888fce54ac898c91981d490d6ddf","Changes in the form of precipitation have a considerable impact on the Arctic cryosphere and ecological system by influencing the energy balance and surface runoff. In this study, station observations and ERA-Interim data were used to analyze changes in the rainfall to precipitation ratio (RPR) in northern Canada during the spring–summer season (March–July) from 1979–2015. Our results indicate that ERA-Interim describes the spring–summer variations and trends in temperature and the RPR well. Both the spring–summer mean temperature [0.4°C–1°C (10 yr)-1] and the RPR [2%–6% (10 yr)-1] increased significantly in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago from 1979–2015. Moreover, we suggest that, aside from the contribution of climate warming, the North Atlantic Oscillation is probably another key factor influencing temporal and spatial differences in the RPR over northern Canada. © 2018, Chinese National Committee for International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Science Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature."
"55048999100;57208266264;6507959034;7102900225;7101977707;16636910800;","Alaskan marine transgressions record out-of-phase Arctic Ocean glaciation during the last interglacial",2018,"10.1130/G40345.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054151525&doi=10.1130%2fG40345.1&partnerID=40&md5=6726494bbe3f81a94cb44fd4c250f9f8","Ongoing climate change focuses attention on the Arctic cryosphere's responses to past and future climate states. Although it is now recognized the Arctic Ocean Basin was covered by ice sheets and their associated floating ice shelves several times during the Late Pleistocene, the timing and extent of these polar ice sheets remain uncertain. Here we relate a relict barrier-island system on the Beaufort Sea coast of northern Alaska to the isostatic effects of a previously unrecognized ice shelf grounded on the adjacent continental shelf. A new suite of optically stimulated luminescence dates show that this barrier system formed during one or more marine transgressions occurring late in Marine Isotope Stage 5 (MIS 5) between 113 ka and 71 ka. Because these transgressions occurred after the warmest part of the last interglacial (ca. 123 ka) and did not coincide with the global eustatic sea-level maximum during MIS 5e, this indicates Arctic ice sheets developed out-of-phase with lower-latitude sectors of the Laurentide and Fennoscandian ice sheets. We speculate that Arctic ice sheets began development during full interglacial conditions when abundant moisture penetrated to high latitudes, and low summer insolation favored glacier growth. These ice sheets reached their full extents at interglacial-glacial transitions, then wasted away at the heights of mid-latitude glaciations because of moisture limitations. © 2018 Geological Society of America."
"56916199800;24172269700;55707329200;57194681612;55761502900;7404801403;","Frozen ground degradation may reduce future runoff in the headwaters of an inland river on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau",2018,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.07.078","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85051382236&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2018.07.078&partnerID=40&md5=86e416e9f7af050e26fe1c8590ad594c","On the Tibetan Plateau, climate change, particularly increases in air temperature, significantly affects cryospheric and hydrological processes. Based on 5 typical future climate scenarios from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) under emission scenario RCP4.5 and a distributed ecohydrological model (GBEHM), this study analyzes the potential characteristics of future climate change (from 2011 to 2060) and the associated effects on the cryospheric and hydrological processes in the upper Heihe River Basin, a typical cold mountain region located on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. The precipitation, air temperature, and frozen ground elasticities of runoff/evapotranspiration are then estimated based on the simulation results. The typical future climate scenarios suggest that air temperature will increase at an average rate of 0.34 °C/10a in the future and that precipitation will increase slightly by 6 mm/10a under the RCP 4.5 emission scenario. Based on the GBEHM-simulated results, due to the increase in air temperature, glaciers would be reduced to less than 100 million m3 by 2060, the permafrost area would shrink by 23%, the maximum frozen depth of seasonally frozen ground would decrease by 5.4 cm/10a and the active layer depth of the frozen ground would increase by 6.1 cm/10a. Additionally, runoff would decrease by approximately 5 mm/10a, and evapotranspiration would increase by approximately 9 mm/10a. The estimated elasticities indicate that annual runoff would decrease at an average rate of 24 mm/°C and evapotranspiration would increase at an average rate of 21 mm/°C with rising air temperature in the future. The impacts of increased air temperature on hydrological processes are mainly due to changes in frozen ground. The thickening of the active layer of the frozen ground increases the soil storage capacity, leading to decreased runoff and increased evapotranspiration. When the active layer depth increases by 1 cm, annual runoff decreases by approximately 1.3 mm, and annual evapotranspiration increases by approximately 0.9 mm. In addition, the shift from permafrost to seasonal frozen ground increases groundwater infiltration, which decreases surface runoff. Compared to that over the past 50 years, the effect of increased air temperature on the frozen ground in the upper Heihe River Basin will be greater in the future, which would result in a faster reduction in runoff in the future considering the effects of global warming. © 2018 Elsevier B.V."
"56362984900;7005027331;","Vegetation phenology in Greenland and links to cryospheric change",2018,"10.1017/aog.2018.24","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85055188479&doi=10.1017%2faog.2018.24&partnerID=40&md5=751fe04ba13a5fd1fea7b57520a7bb97","Recent greening of vegetation across the Arctic is associated with warming temperatures, hydrologic change and shorter snow-covered periods. Here we investigated trends for a subset of arctic vegetation on the island of Greenland. Vegetation in Greenland is unique due to its close proximity to the Greenland Ice Sheet and its proportionally large connection to the Greenlandic population through the hunting of grazing animals. The aim of this study was to determine whether or not longer snow-free periods (SFPs) were causing Greenlandic vegetation to dry out and become less productive. If vegetation was drying out, a subsequent aim of the study was to determine how widespread the drying was across Greenland. We utilized a 15-year time-series obtained by the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to analyze the Greenland vegetation by deriving descriptors corresponding with the SFP, the number of cumulative growing degree-days and the time-integrated Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. While the productivity of most vegetated areas increased in response to longer growing periods, there were localized regions that exhibited signs consistent with the drying hypothesis. In these areas, vegetation productivity decreased in response to longer SFPs and more accumulated growing degree-days. © 2018 The Author(s)."
"56175876400;","Subglacial topography of an icefall inferred from repeated terrestrial laser scanning",2018,"10.1109/LGRS.2018.2845342","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85049143719&doi=10.1109%2fLGRS.2018.2845342&partnerID=40&md5=da16acd15d9d51683cf0e994041b081f","Information about ice thickness and subglacial topography is a key element for ice dynamics modeling and, consequently, for better understanding of current response of glaciers to climatic forcing. While there has been a substantial progress in the measurements of glacial surface, ice thickness measurements still suffer from limited coverage and strong interpolation. Furthermore, there are some glaciated areas where typical remote sensing techniques provide only limited data due to unfavorable climatic conditions and steep topography. A perfect example of such a feature is icefalls dominating landscapes of the maritime Antarctic. In order to close that gap, this letter presents a simple method of inferring the subglacial topography based on repeated terrestrial laser scanning of the ice surface and inverse shallow ice approximation modeling. Emerald Icefalls, King George Island, were surveyed twice within eight-day period, allowing to derive ice surface velocity field by feature tracking analysis and to estimate ice thickness and the subglacial topography. Calculated ice thickness is low, with the mean value of 72±18 m. Therefore, in line with former studies, the overall ice flux of Emerald Icefalls is small despite their relatively high surface ice flow velocities. © 2018 IEEE."
"16643449100;7004477665;","Modeling Long-Term Permafrost Degradation",2018,"10.1029/2018JF004655","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85052448784&doi=10.1029%2f2018JF004655&partnerID=40&md5=fa04b1caf550a9fbdba5b9660e4d0875","Permafrost, as an important part of the Cryosphere, has been strongly affected by climate warming, and a wide spread of permafrost responses to the warming is currently observed. In particular, at some locations rather slow rates of permafrost degradations are noticed. We related this behavior to the presence of unfrozen water in frozen fine-grained earth material. In this paper, we examine not-very-commonly-discussed heat flux from the ground surface into the permafrost and consequently discuss implications of the presence of unfrozen liquid water on long-term thawing of permafrost. We conducted a series of numerical experiments and demonstrated that the presence of fine-grained material with substantial unfrozen liquid water content at below 0°C temperature can significantly slow down the thawing rate and hence can increase resilience of permafrost to the warming events. This effect is highly nonlinear, and a difference between the rates of thawing in fine- and coarse-grained materials is more drastic for lower values of heat flux incoming into permafrost. For high heat flux, the difference between these rates almost disappears. As near-surface permafrost temperature increases towards 0°C and the changes in the ground temperature become less evident, the future observation networks should try to incorporate measurements of unfrozen liquid water content in the near-surface permafrost and heat flux into permafrost in addition to the existing temperature observations. ©2018. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57189385703;6602544167;24474633500;35569377100;57200906358;","Glacial and submarine processes on the shelf margin of the Disko Bay Trough Mouth Fan",2018,"10.1016/j.margeo.2017.12.001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85040336793&doi=10.1016%2fj.margeo.2017.12.001&partnerID=40&md5=a8a4e270ef4d9794e703b2da3e42b6fc","Fast-flowing ice streams and outlet glaciers exert a major control on glacial discharge from contemporary and past ice sheets. Improving our understanding of the extent and dynamic behaviour of palaeo-ice streams is crucial for predictions of how the cryosphere will respond to climate warming and the associated implications for global sea level. This paper presents results from two 3D-seismic surveys located on the continental shelf adjoining the Disko Bay Trough Mouth Fan (TMF), one of the largest glacial outlet systems in Greenland. Located at the seaward terminus of the c. 370 km long cross-shelf Disko Trough, the Disko Bay TMF was generated by highly efficient subglacial sediment delivery onto the continental slope during repeated ice stream advances. A variety of submarine glacial landform assemblages are recognised on the seabed reflecting past ice stream activity. The 3D-seismic study covers the shallow banks located north and south of the Disko Trough and sheds focus on the seabed and the uppermost stratigraphic interval associated with the late Pleistocene development. The buried section (probably of Saalian age) contains a prominent grounding-zone wedge (GZW) in the northern and low-angle progradational packages in the southern area, indicating a period of major glacial advances to the shelf margin. Subsequently, the outer margin was influenced by glacimarine sedimentation, localized shelf-edge ice advances and sediment transport by contour currents that possibly began in the last interglacial period (Eemian). During the last (de)glaciation, the northern bank appears to have been covered by passive ice leaving a field of dead-ice deposits. In contrast, multiple sets of terminal moraine ridges observed on the southern bank suggest a slow retreat of active, grounded ice from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) position on the outer shelf. Isostatic and tectonic influences on relative sea level may have played a role in generating the divergent glacial configurations of the northern and southern bank areas. © 2017 Elsevier B.V."
"35975039100;26643036500;57207008570;","Brief communication: Understanding solar geoengineering's potential to limit sea level rise requires attention from cryosphere experts",2018,"10.5194/tc-12-2501-2018","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85050794097&doi=10.5194%2ftc-12-2501-2018&partnerID=40&md5=1a4df61fd6d3f06eeab92452372194bf","Stratospheric aerosol geoengineering, a form of solar geoengineering, is a proposal to add a reflective layer of aerosol to the stratosphere to reduce net radiative forcing and so to reduce the risks of climate change. The efficacy of solar geoengineering at reducing changes to the cryosphere is uncertain; solar geoengineering could reduce temperatures and so slow melt, but its ability to reverse ice sheet collapse once initiated may be limited. Here we review the literature on solar geoengineering and the cryosphere and identify the key uncertainties that research could address. Solar geoengineering may be more effective at reducing surface melt than a reduction in greenhouse forcing that produces the same global-average temperature response. Studies of natural analogues and model simulations support this conclusion. However, changes below the surfaces of the ocean and ice sheets may strongly limit the potential of solar geoengineering to reduce the retreat of marine glaciers. High-quality process model studies may illuminate these issues. Solar geoengineering is a contentious emerging issue in climate policy and it is critical that the potential, limits, and risks of these proposals are made clear for policy makers. © 2018 Author(s)."
"56844514100;57191874483;57203041709;","Evolution of glacial and high-altitude lakes in the Sikkim, Eastern Himalaya over the past four decades (1975-2017)",2018,"10.3389/fenvs.2018.00081","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85050359567&doi=10.3389%2ffenvs.2018.00081&partnerID=40&md5=539d583ae7f5dc8b306403ebf20ccdb9","Global climate change is significantly triggering the dynamic evolution of high-mountain lakes which may pose a serious threat to downstream areas, warranting their systematic and regular monitoring. This study presents the first temporal inventory of glacial and high-altitude lakes in the Sikkim, Eastern Himalaya for four points in time i.e., 1975, 1991, 2000, and 2017 using Hexagon, TM, ETM+, and OLI images, respectively. First, a baseline data was generated for the year 2000 and then the multi-temporal lake changes were assessed. The annual mapping of SGLs was also performed for four consecutive years (2014-2017) to analyze their nature and occurrence pattern. The results show an existence of 463 glacial and high-altitude lakes (&gt; 0.003 km2) in 2000 which were grouped into four classes: supraglacial (SGL; 50) pro/peri glacial lake in contact with glacier (PGLC; 35), pro/peri glacial lake away from glacier (PGLA; 112) and other lakes (OL; 266). The mean size of lakes is 0.06 km2 and about 87% lakes have area &lt; 0.1 km2. The number of lakes increased (by 9%) from 425 in 1975 to 466 in 2017, accompanied by a rapid areal expansion from 25.17 ± 1.90 to 31.24 ± 2.36 km2 (24%). The maximum expansion in number (106%) and area (138%) was observed in SGLs, followed by PGLCs (number: 34%; area: 90%). Contrarily no significant change was found in other lakes. The annual SGL mapping reveals that their number (area) increased from 81 (543,153 m2) to 96 (840,973 m2) between 2014 and 2017. Occurrence pattern of SGLs shows that maximum number of lakes (&gt; 80%) are persistent in nature, followed by drain-out (15-20%) and recurring type lakes (7-8%). The new-formed lakes (9-17%) were consistently noticed in all the years (2014-2017). The results of this study underline that regional climate is accelerating the cryosphere thawing and if the current trend continues, further glacier melting will likely occur. Therefore, formation of new lakes and expansion of existing lakes is expected in the study area leading to increase in potential of glacial lake outburst floods. Thereby, persistent attention should be paid to the influences of climatic change in the region. © 2018 Shukla, Garg and Srivastava."
"57192007192;56781216900;57209193067;56385126100;24376864000;56384817200;56386027800;","Ensembling Downscaling Techniques and Multiple GCMs to Improve Climate Change Predictions in Cryosphere Scarcely-Gauged Catchment",2018,"10.1007/s11269-018-1982-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85045122058&doi=10.1007%2fs11269-018-1982-9&partnerID=40&md5=4aa568470767d3b42e95ef954911befc","Future projections of climate variables are the key for the development of mitigation and adaptation strategy to changing climate. However, such projections are often subjected to large uncertainties which make implementation of climate change strategies on water resources system a challenging job. Major uncertainty sources are General Circulation models (GCMs), post-processing and climate heterogeneity based on catchment characteristics (e.g. scares data and high-altitude). Here we presents the comparisons between different GCMs, statistical downscaling and bias correction approaches and finally climate projections, with the integration of gridded and converted (monthly to daily) data for a high-altitude, scarcely-gauged Jhelum River basin, Pakistan. Current study relies on climate projections obtained from factorial combination of 5-GCMs, 2 statistical downscaling and 2 bias correction methods. In addition, we applied bias corrected APHRODITE, converted daily data using MODAWEC model and observed data. Further, five GCMs (CGCM3, HadCM3, CCSM3, ECHAM5 and CSIRO-MK3.5) were tested to scrutinize two suitable GCMs integrated with Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) and Smooth Support Vector Machine (SSVM). Results illustrate that the CGCM3 and HadCM3 were suitable GCMs for selected study basin. Both downscaling techniques are able to simulate precipitation, however, SSVM performed slightly better than SDSM. We found that the integration of CGCM3 with SSVM (SSVM-CGCM3) generates precipitation and temperature better than the CGCM3 (SDSM-CGCM3) and HadCM3 (SDSM-HadCM3) with SDSM. Furthermore, the low elevation stations were influenced by monsoon, significantly prone to rise in precipitation and temperature, while high-altitude stations were influenced by westerlies circulations, less prone to climate change. The projections indicated rise in basin-wide annual precipitation by 25.51, 36.76 and 45.52 mm and temperature by 0.64, 1.47 and 2.79 °C, during 2030s, 2060s and 2090s, respectively. The methods and results of this study can be adopted to evaluate climate change implications in the catchments of characteristics similar to Jhelum River basin. © 2018, Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer Nature."
"55376724400;7005196173;57213045794;55701557500;57203033980;55666101800;7006961728;55944035000;","Anomalous blocking over Greenland preceded the 2013 extreme early melt of local sea ice",2018,"10.1017/aog.2017.30","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85033395551&doi=10.1017%2faog.2017.30&partnerID=40&md5=869f2fdd41abc9b7d0d4954b00e15056","The Arctic marine environment is undergoing a transition from thick multi-year to first-year sea-ice cover with coincident lengthening of the melt season. Such changes are evident in the Baffin Bay-Davis Strait-Labrador Sea (BDL) region where melt onset has occurred ~8 days decade-1 earlier from 1979 to 2015. A series of anomalously early events has occurred since the mid-1990s, overlapping a period of increased upper-air ridging across Greenland and the northwestern North Atlantic. We investigate an extreme early melt event observed in spring 2013. (~6σ below the 1981-2010 melt climatology), with respect to preceding sub-seasonal mid-tropospheric circulation conditions as described by a daily Greenland Blocking Index (GBI). The 40-days prior to the 2013 BDL melt onset are characterized by a persistent, strong 500 hPa anticyclone over the region (GBI &gt;+1 on &gt;75% of days). This circulation pattern advected warm air from northeastern Canada and the northwestern Atlantic poleward onto the thin, first-year sea ice and caused melt ~50 days earlier than normal. The episodic increase in the ridging atmospheric pattern near western Greenland as in 2013, exemplified by large positive GBI values, is an important recent process impacting the atmospheric circulation over a North Atlantic cryosphere undergoing accelerated regional climate change. © 2017 The Author(s)."
"36104325000;7101936026;6506025150;57194495947;57194497887;","Assessment of perception and adaptation to climate-related glacier changes in the arid Rivers Basin in northwestern China",2018,"10.1007/s00704-017-2181-y","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85020408611&doi=10.1007%2fs00704-017-2181-y&partnerID=40&md5=cd606ef72f88e6ee8b7ec31ff69ef49a","In many mountainous areas of the world, glaciers serve as a source of fresh water that is of critical importance and contributes to the sustainability of agriculture and other socio-economic activities. An enhanced understanding of socio-economic consequences of the climate-related glacier changes is essential to the identification of vulnerable entities and the development of well-targeted environmental adaptation policies. A questionnaire and interviews of farmers in the Heihe River Basin were used to analyze their perception of cryospheric changes, attitudes towards mitigation of cryospheric changes, and the ways in which they perceived their responsibility. Preferred responses and interventions for cryospheric change and views on responsible parties were also collected and evaluated. Our investigation revealed that most rural residents were concerned about glacier changes and believed they would bring harm to present society, individuals, and families, as well as to future generations. The respondents’ perceptions were mainly influenced by the mass media. Most respondents tended to favor adaptation measures implemented by the government and other policy-making departments. An integrated approach will be needed to deal with the challenges to tackling climate-related glacier change. © 2017, Springer-Verlag Wien."
"55766197400;55900043700;","The glacier and snow variations and their impact on water resources in mountain regions: A case study in Tianshan Mountains of Central Asia [中亚天山山区冰雪变化及其对区域水资源的影响]",2018,"10.11821/dlxb201807010","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85055429485&doi=10.11821%2fdlxb201807010&partnerID=40&md5=53ea5b7f77ecd5fa4d2d6bd9968bd5d4","Strongly impacted by climate change, glacier and snow, as major parts of solid reservoirs in mountains, can regulate the local water sources. This study uses glacier and snow datasets to analyze the variations of glaciers, snow, water storage, and runoff in the Tianshan Mountains, and selects three typical river basins (Aksu River, Kaidu River, and Urumqi River) to interpret the impact of glacier and snow changes on regional water resources in this region. Results indicate that: (1) the functional relationship between glaciers retreat and glaciers area is f(x) = -0.53×x-0.15 (R2 = 0.42, RMSE = 0.086), and small glacier retreat is more sensitive under climate change. Meanwhile, glacier retreat rate at the low-middle elevation bands is faster than that of the high elevation band; (2) the decreasing rate of regional average total water storage (TWS) is -0.7±1.53 cm/a in the study area during 2003-2015. The maximum of TWS deficit region was mainly observed in the central part of the mountains, which is closely related with accelerated glacier retreats; (3) during the past half century, the increased melting of glacier and snow melt led to a runoff increase in the three typical river basins, especially in the Aksu river basin (0.4×108 m3/a). The area decreasing, thinning, and rising equilibrium line altitude (ELV) of glaciers are the major factor contributing to the decreasing trend of runoff in the three river basins since the mid-1990s. Therefore, results revealed that the mechanism of influence of solid water reserves reduction in mountains on regional water resources under climate change, and also provided references for water resources management in the mountainous river basin. © 2018, Science Press. All right reserved."
"55388362700;7006430366;57201484290;","Assessing ice margin fluctuations on differing timescales: Chronological constraints from Sermeq Kujatdleq and Nordenskiöld Gletscher, central West Greenland",2018,"10.1177/0959683618761541","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85045028616&doi=10.1177%2f0959683618761541&partnerID=40&md5=686f38278e38c875a0ba3b6bd2f263a7","The observational record of ice margin position reveals asynchrony in both the timing and magnitude of Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) margin fluctuations and illustrates the complex reactions of ice sheets to climatic perturbations. In this study, we reconstruct the timing and pattern of middle- and late-Holocene GrIS margin fluctuations at two locations, ~190 km apart, in central West Greenland using radiocarbon-dated sediment cores from proglacial-threshold lakes. Our results demonstrate that deglaciation occurs at both sites during the early Holocene, with the ice sheet remaining in a smaller-than-present ice margin configuration until ~500 years ago when it readvanced into lake catchments at both sites. At our northern site, Sermeq Kujatdleq, the late-Holocene advance of the GrIS approached maximum position during the past 280 years, with the culmination of the advance occurring at AD 1992–1994, and modern retreat was underway by AD 1998–2001. In contrast, field and observational evidence suggest that the GrIS at our southern site, Nordenskiöld Gletscher, has been advancing or stable throughout the 20th century. These results, in conjunction with previous work in the region, highlight the asynchronous nature of late-Holocene advances and subsequent modern retreat, implying that local variability, such as ice velocity or ice dynamics, is responsible for modulating ice margin response to changes in climate on these decadal to centennial timescales. Additional high-resolution records of past ice sheet fluctuations are needed to inform and more accurately constrain our predictions of future cryosphere response to changes in climate. © 2018, The Author(s) 2018."
"57195459096;7003573924;","The transitional depositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of Chasma Boreale",2018,"10.1016/j.icarus.2017.08.038","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85030324965&doi=10.1016%2fj.icarus.2017.08.038&partnerID=40&md5=bf7778eb53466cb85c4379113fda16f4","The depositional system within Chasma Boreale is unique in that it contains active aeolian environments, expressed as dune fields, and active cryosphere environments, present as layered ice deposits, as well as environments that transition between these. This work presents a new analysis of the Chasma Boreale sediment system that creates an interpretative framework addressing: (a) controls on the balance between aeolian and cryospheric processes in the modern depositional system, (b) the stratigraphic architecture of related sedimentary deposits, and (c) processes of sediment accumulation and preservation. Images from Context Camera (CTX; 6 m/pixel) are used to classify and map sedimentary environments, surfaces, and deposits on the reentrant floor, to refine the established geologic map of the reentrant, and to infer the stratigraphic record of the accumulation from Chasma Boreale's depositional system. A spectrum of sedimentary environments occurring between those dominated by aeolian and by cryospheric processes are identified. Through time, the boundaries of these sedimentary environments have shifted, resulting in complex lateral changes in the configuration of sedimentary environments on the reentrant's floor. Vertically, the stratigraphic record is characterized by the punctuation of sandy aeolian deposits by icy surfaces that indicate episodes of ice growth that preserve underlying deposits, resulting in accumulation. Stabilized icy surfaces occur at multiple vertical (temporal) scales and lateral extents, suggesting the influence of both regional climate change due to allogenic forcing, as well as autogenic dynamics within the transitional system. These observations demonstrate that the Chasma Boreale accumulation can be interpreted in an aeolian sequence stratigraphic framework. This work contributes the first detailed description of the processes forming polar aeolian sequences, with an emphasis on the competing and complementary dynamics between aeolian and cryospheric systems. © 2017 Elsevier Inc."
"57215374060;15623796000;57203056727;57201740960;9740792600;6508084048;7006457242;","Accelerating glacier mass loss on Franz Josef Land, Russian Arctic",2018,"10.1016/j.rse.2018.04.004","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85046036769&doi=10.1016%2fj.rse.2018.04.004&partnerID=40&md5=4633d7b8b651a9f98c342ad34007e6b2","The glaciers of the Franz Josef Land (FJL) archipelago in the Russian Arctic are subjected to rapidly-warming temperatures but are small contributors to sea level. We analyze ice surface elevation data derived from satellite stereo imagery (WorldView and SPOT), radar altimetry (CryoSat-2), and a digitized 1953 cartographic map to calculate elevation change rates [Formula presented]. Mass loss from FJL doubled between 2011 and 2015 compared to 1953–2011/2015, increasing from a rate of −2.18 ± 0.72 Gt yr−1 to −4.43 ± 0.78 Gt yr−1. This 2011−2015 rate indicates an acceleration in ice loss from that observed in 2003–2009 by multiple studies using ICESat and GRACE. Glacier thinning rates are spatially highly variable. We observe glacier thinning rates of up to 10 m per year, and in general we see a trend of increased thinning from the NE towards the SW. Glacier retreat is widespread and has led to the creation of at least one new island. Historically, ice wastage from FJL is thought to have been relatively small, but accelerating ice loss may be the new normal for this archipelago in a warming Arctic. © 2018 Elsevier Inc."
"56845574000;22979988700;56294593400;56845674600;56243460400;7003645727;55901447400;6701456889;","Multi-decadal mass balance series of three Kyrgyz glaciers inferred from modelling constrained with repeated snow line observations",2018,"10.5194/tc-12-1899-2018","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85048216064&doi=10.5194%2ftc-12-1899-2018&partnerID=40&md5=03c51d075ed89d6aeaef04036791276a","Glacier surface mass balance observations in the Tien Shan and Pamir are relatively sparse and often discontinuous. Nevertheless, glaciers are one of the most important components of the high-mountain cryosphere in the region as they strongly influence water availability in the arid, continental and intensely populated downstream areas. This study provides reliable and continuous surface mass balance series for selected glaciers located in the Tien Shan and Pamir-Alay. By cross-validating the results of three independent methods, we reconstructed the mass balance of the three benchmark glaciers, Abramov, Golubin and Glacier no. 354 for the past 2 decades. By applying different approaches, it was possible to compensate for the limitations and shortcomings of each individual method. This study proposes the use of transient snow line observations throughout the melt season obtained from satellite optical imagery and terrestrial automatic cameras. By combining modelling with remotely acquired information on summer snow depletion, it was possible to infer glacier mass changes for unmeasured years. The model is initialized with daily temperature and precipitation data collected at automatic weather stations in the vicinity of the glacier or with adjusted data from climate reanalysis products. Multi-annual mass changes based on high-resolution digital elevation models and in situ glaciological surveys were used to validate the results for the investigated glaciers. Substantial surface mass loss was confirmed for the three studied glaciers by all three methods, ranging from -0.30±0.19 to -0.41±0.33mw.e. yr-1 over the 2004-2016 period. Our results indicate that integration of snow line observations into mass balance modelling significantly narrows the uncertainty ranges of the estimates. Hence, this highlights the potential of the methodology for application to unmonitored glaciers at larger scales for which no direct measurements are available. © Author(s) 2018."
"55949428700;57203625078;","Streamflow response to shrinking glaciers under changing climate in the Lidder Valley, Kashmir Himalayas",2018,"10.1007/s11629-017-4474-0","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85048502285&doi=10.1007%2fs11629-017-4474-0&partnerID=40&md5=54a92773216614b3c44d72ee513b724c","The study investigated the streamflow response to the shrinking cryosphere under changing climate in the Lidder valley, Upper Indus Basin (UIB), Kashmir Himalayas. We used a combination of multitemporal satellite data and topographic maps to evaluate the changes in area, length and volume of the glaciers from 1962 to 2013. A total of 37 glaciers from the Lidder valley, with an area of 39.76 km2 in 1962 were selected for research in this study. It was observed that the glaciers in the valley have lost ~28.89 ±0.1% of the area and ~19.65 ±0.069% of the volume during the last 51 years, with variable interdecadal recession rates. Geomorphic and climatic influences on the shrinking glacier resources were studied. 30-years temperature records (1980-2010) in the study area showed a significant increasing trend in all the seasons. However, the total annual precipitation during the same period showed a nonsignificant decreasing trend except during the late summer months (July, August and September), when the increasing trend is significant. The depletion of glaciers has led to the significant depletion of the streamflows under the changing climate in the valley. Summer streamflows (1971-2012) have increased significantly till mid-nineties but decreased significantly thereafter, suggesting that the tipping point of streamflow peak, due to the enhanced glacier-melt contribution under increasing global temperatures, may have been already reached in the basin. The observed glacier recession and climate change patterns, if continued in future, would further deplete the streamflows with serious implications on water supplies for different uses in the region. © 2018, Science Press, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, CAS and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature."
"8548304600;8836278700;57199920061;15846270900;36609311400;40761390100;57195931940;","Scavenging ratio of black carbon in the Arctic and the Antarctic",2018,"10.1016/j.polar.2018.03.002","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85044863097&doi=10.1016%2fj.polar.2018.03.002&partnerID=40&md5=eca7db2d71aa0373a480ce988df43567","Long-term monitoring of atmospheric aerosols and their interaction with radiation, cloud, and cryosphere over the Arctic and the Antarctic are very important for the global climate change related issues. In this regard, for conducting aerosol measurements, India has extended the concerted efforts to the Svalbard region of the Norwegian Arctic (Himadri, 78°55′N 11°56′E, 8 m a.s.l.) in the northern hemisphere and the Larsemann Hills of coastal Antarctic (Bharati, 69°24.4′S 76°11.7′E, 40 m a.s.l.) in the southern hemisphere. In the present study, we have examined the role of black carbon (BC) deposition in darkening the polar snow in different sunlit seasons and estimated the scavenging ratio of BC over both the poles from simultaneous measurements of atmospheric and snow deposited BC concentrations. The study reveals distinct spatio-temporal variability of BC in polar snow, even though the concentrations are, in general, low (<12 ppbw, parts per billion by weight). During local summer seasons, the BC in snow at the Arctic (median ∼ 7.98 ppbw) was higher than that at the Antarctica (median ∼ 1.70 ppbw). Concurrent with this, the scavenging ratio (SR) also showed large variability over both the poles. Relatively higher values of SR over the Antarctica (mean ∼ 119.54 ± 23.04; during southern hemispheric summer) in comparison to that over the Arctic (mean ∼ 69.48 ± 4.79; during northern hemispheric spring) clearly indicate the difference in removal mechanisms (aerosol mixing, aging and size distribution) of BC from the atmosphere over distinct polar environments. Measurement of spectral incoming and reflected radiances over the Arctic snow during the early spring season of 2017 indicated the values of surface broadband albedo varying between 0.64 and 0.79. The Snow, Ice and Aerosol Radiative (SNICAR) model simulated values of spectral albedo correlated well with the measured ones and indicated the role of dust absorption, in addition to that of BC, in changing the snow albedo. This information needs to be accurately incorporated in the radiative transfer models for the accurate estimation of snow albedo forcing over the Polar Regions. © 2018 Elsevier B.V. and NIPR"
"36941183100;6508340903;57199296297;16043821500;55906607500;","Snow cover and snow albedo changes in the central Andes of Chile and Argentina from daily MODIS observations (2000–2016)",2018,"10.1016/j.rse.2018.02.072","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042728425&doi=10.1016%2fj.rse.2018.02.072&partnerID=40&md5=ad914765fd51a2cda671966d490c1f21","The variables of snow cover extent (SCE), snow cover duration (SCD), and snow albedo (SAL) are primary factors determining the surface energy balance and hydrological response of the cryosphere, influencing snow pack and glacier mass-balance, melt, and runoff conditions. This study examines spatiotemporal patterns and trends in SCE, SCD, and SAL (2000–2016; 16 years) for central Chilean and Argentinean Andes using the MODIS MOD10A1 C6 daily snow product. Observed changes in these variables are analyzed in relation to climatic variability by using ground truth observations (meteorological data from the El Yeso Embalse and Valle Nevado weather stations) and the Multivariate El Niño index (MEI) data. We identified significant downward trends in both SCE and SAL, especially during the onset and offset of snow seasons. SCE and SAL showed high inter-annual variability which correlate significantly with MEI applied with a one-month time-lag. SCE and SCD decreased by an average of ~13 ± 2% and 43 ± 20 days respectively, over the study period. Analysis of spatial pattern of SCE indicates a slightly greater reduction on the eastern side (~14 ± 2%) of the Andes Cordillera compared to the western side (~12 ± 3%). The downward SCE, SAL, and SCD trends identified in this study are likely to have adverse impacts on downstream water resource availability to agricultural and densely populated regions in central Chile and Argentina. © 2018 Elsevier Inc."
"36140592200;57198641457;54682443200;35212759200;7202843160;7409462943;","An inventory of historical glacial lake outburst floods in the Himalayas based on remote sensing observations and geomorphological analysis",2018,"10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.02.002","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85044380994&doi=10.1016%2fj.geomorph.2018.02.002&partnerID=40&md5=6341640a6ee3b92c6756741e73166034","Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) are a unique type of natural hazard in the cryosphere that may result in catastrophic fatalities and damages. The Himalayas are known as one of the world's most GLOF-vulnerable zones. Effective hazard assessments and risk management require a thorough inventory of historical GLOF events across the Himalayas, which is hitherto absent. Existing studies imply that numerous historical GLOF events are contentious because of discrepant geographic coordinates, names, or outburst time, requiring further verifications. This study reviews and verifies over 60 historical GLOF events across the Himalayas using a comprehensive method that combines literature documentations, archival remote sensing observations, geomorphological analysis, and field investigations. As a result, three unreported GLOF events were discovered from remote sensing images and geomorphological analysis. Eleven suspicious events were identified and suggested to be excluded. The properties of five outburst lakes, i.e., Degaco, Chongbaxia Tsho, Geiqu, Lemthang Tsho, and a lake on Tshojo Glacier, were corrected or updated. A total of 51 GLOF events were verified to be convincing, and these outburst lakes were classified into three categories according to their statuses in the past decades, namely disappeared (12), stable (30), and expanding (9). Statistics of the verified GLOF events show that GLOF tended to occur between April and October in the Himalayas. We suggest that more attention should be paid to rapidly expanding glacial lakes with high possibility of repetitive outbursts. This study also demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating remote sensing and geomorphic interpretations in identifying and verifying GLOF events in remote alpine environments. This inventory of GLOFs with a range of critical attributes (e.g., locations, time, and mechanisms) will benefit the continuous monitoring and prediction of potentially dangerous glacial lakes and contribute to outburst-induced risk assessments and hazard mitigations. © 2017 Elsevier B.V."
"57188760155;6603022568;55880847200;35097154800;56494041500;7004156406;","GIA Model Statistics for GRACE Hydrology, Cryosphere, and Ocean Science",2018,"10.1002/2017GL076644","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85043250181&doi=10.1002%2f2017GL076644&partnerID=40&md5=f8984d23f0e7b3d616030a912fa3d81b","We provide a new analysis of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) with the goal of assembling the model uncertainty statistics required for rigorously extracting trends in surface mass from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission. Such statistics are essential for deciphering sea level, ocean mass, and hydrological changes because the latter signals can be relatively small (≤2 mm/yr water height equivalent) over very large regions, such as major ocean basins and watersheds. With abundant new >7 year continuous measurements of vertical land motion (VLM) reported by Global Positioning System stations on bedrock and new relative sea level records, our new statistical evaluation of GIA uncertainties incorporates Bayesian methodologies. A unique aspect of the method is that both the ice history and 1-D Earth structure vary through a total of 128,000 forward models. We find that best fit models poorly capture the statistical inferences needed to correctly invert for lower mantle viscosity and that GIA uncertainty exceeds the uncertainty ascribed to trends from 14 years of GRACE data in polar regions. ©2018. The Authors."
"57078327600;7801659982;7004762788;6701635696;","Reinforcing the North Atlantic backbone: Revision and extension of the composite splice at ODP Site 982",2018,"10.5194/cp-14-321-2018","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85043533370&doi=10.5194%2fcp-14-321-2018&partnerID=40&md5=bc6e1e657c32e44585d4c02473817c8d","Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 982 represents a key location for understanding the evolution of climate in the North Atlantic over the past 12g Ma. However, concerns exist about the validity and robustness of the underlying stratigraphy and astrochronology, which currently limits the adequacy of this site for high-resolution climate studies. To resolve this uncertainty, we verify and extend the early Pliocene to late Miocene shipboard composite splice at Site 982 using high-resolution XRF core scanning data and establish a robust high-resolution benthic foraminiferal stable isotope stratigraphy and astrochronology between 8.0 and 4.5g Ma. Splice revisions and verifications resulted in g 1/4 g 11g m of gaps in the original Site 982 isotope stratigraphy, which were filled with 263 new isotope analyses. This new stratigraphy reveals previously unseen benthic δ18O excursions, particularly prior to 6.65g Ma. The benthic δ18O record displays distinct, asymmetric cycles between 7.7 and 6.65g Ma, confirming that high-latitude climate is a prevalent forcing during this interval. An intensification of the 41g kyr beat in both the benthic δ13C and δ18O is also observed g 1/4 g 6.4g Ma, marking a strengthening in the cryosphere-carbon cycle coupling. A large g 1/4 g 0.7g ‰ double excursion is revealed g 1/4 g 6.4-6.3g Ma, which also marks the onset of an interval of average higher δ18O and large precession and obliquity-dominated δ18O excursions between 6.4 and 5.4g Ma, coincident with the culmination of the late Miocene cooling. The two largest benthic δ18O excursions g 1/4 g 6.4-6.3g Ma and TG20/22 coincide with the coolest alkenone-derived sea surface temperature (SST) estimates from Site 982, suggesting a strong connection between the late Miocene global cooling, and deep-sea cooling and dynamic ice sheet expansion. The splice revisions and revised astrochronology resolve key stratigraphic issues that have hampered correlation between Site 982, the equatorial Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Comparisons of the revised Site 982 stratigraphy to high-resolution astronomically tuned benthic δ18O stratigraphies from ODP Site 926 (equatorial Atlantic) and Ain el Beida (north-western Morocco) show that prior inconsistencies in short-term excursions are now resolved. The identification of key new cycles at Site 982 further highlights the requirement for the current scheme for late Miocene marine isotope stages to be redefined. Our new integrated deep-sea benthic stable isotope stratigraphy and astrochronology from Site 982 will facilitate future high-resolution late Miocene to early Pliocene climate research. © Author(s) 2018."
"57078965800;36700000500;8041575400;7004468401;8255159200;13004692700;6701866406;","Astronomical tunings of the Oligocene-Miocene transition from Pacific Ocean Site U1334 and implications for the carbon cycle",2018,"10.5194/cp-14-255-2018","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042927119&doi=10.5194%2fcp-14-255-2018&partnerID=40&md5=b793527a79e9729474aeca1eff28655b","Astronomical tuning of sediment sequences requires both unambiguous cycle pattern recognition in climate proxy records and astronomical solutions, as well as independent information about the phase relationship between these two. Here we present two different astronomically tuned age models for the Oligocene-Miocene transition (OMT) from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1334 (equatorial Pacific Ocean) to assess the effect tuning has on astronomically calibrated ages and the geologic timescale. These alternative age models (roughly from ~ 22 to ~ 24 Ma) are based on different tunings between proxy records and eccentricity: the first age model is based on an aligning CaCO3 weight (wt%) to Earth's orbital eccentricity, and the second age model is based on a direct age calibration of benthic foraminiferal stable carbon isotope ratios (δC) to eccentricity. To independently test which tuned age model and associated tuning assumptions are in best agreement with independent ages based on tectonic plate-pair spreading rates, we assign the tuned ages to magnetostratigraphic reversals identified in deep-marine magnetic anomaly profiles. Subsequently, we compute tectonic plate-pair spreading rates based on the tuned ages. The resultant alternative spreading-rate histories indicate that the CaCO3 tuned age model is most consistent with a conservative assumption of constant, or linearly changing, spreading rates. The CaCO3 tuned age model thus provides robust ages and durations for polarity chrons C6Bn.1n-C7n.1r, which are not based on astronomical tuning in the latest iteration of the geologic timescale. Furthermore, it provides independent evidence that the relatively large (several 10 000 years) time lags documented in the benthic foraminiferal isotope records relative to orbital eccentricity constitute a real feature of the Oligocene- Miocene climate system and carbon cycle. The age constraints from Site U1334 thus indicate that the delayed responses of the Oligocene-Miocene climate-cryosphere system and (marine) carbon cycle resulted from highly nonlinear feedbacks to astronomical forcing. © Author(s) 2018."
"7006592026;8042105100;","Regional earth system modeling: review and future directions",2018,"10.1080/16742834.2018.1452520","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85055290457&doi=10.1080%2f16742834.2018.1452520&partnerID=40&md5=38a6caa21d657c20800aa472db9411d0","The authors review recent advances in the development of coupled Regional Earth System Models (RESMs), a field that is still in its early stages. To date, coupled regional atmosphere-ocean-sea ice, atmosphere-aerosol and atmosphere-biosphere models have been developed, but they have been applied only to limited regional settings. Much more work is thus needed to assess their transferability to a wide range of settings. Future challenges in regional climate modeling are identified, including the development of fully coupled RESMs encompassing not only atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, biosphere, chemosphere, but also the human component in a fully interactive way. © 2018, © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group."
"57201373318;7404303923;36655728800;7004500706;6603535726;6506541276;","Icebergs in the Nordic Seas Throughout the Late Pliocene",2018,"10.1002/2017PA003240","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85044532651&doi=10.1002%2f2017PA003240&partnerID=40&md5=03aa270d3f57554f3436de2260ec8b99","The Arctic cryosphere is changing and making a significant contribution to sea level rise. The Late Pliocene had similar CO2 levels to the present and a warming comparable to model predictions for the end of this century. However, the state of the Arctic cryosphere during the Pliocene remains poorly constrained. For the first time we combine outputs from a climate model with a thermodynamic iceberg model to simulate likely source regions for ice-rafted debris (IRD) found in the Nordic Seas from Marine Isotope Stage M2 to the mid-Piacenzian Warm Period and what this implies about the nature of the Arctic cryosphere at this time. We compare the fraction of melt given by the model scenarios with IRD data from four Ocean Drilling Program sites in the Nordic Seas. Sites 911A, 909C, and 907A show a persistent occurrence of IRD that model results suggest is consistent with permanent ice on Svalbard. Our results indicate that icebergs sourced from the east coast of Greenland do not reach the Nordic Seas sites during the warm Late Pliocene but instead travel south into the North Atlantic. In conclusion, we suggest a continuous occurrence of marine-terminating glaciers on Svalbard and on East Greenland (due to the elevation of the East Greenland Mountains during the Late Pliocene). The study has highlighted the usefulness of coupled climate model-iceberg trajectory modeling for understanding ice sheet behavior when proximal geological records for Pliocene ice presence or absence are absent or are inconclusive. ©2018. The Authors."
"56245770300;36988392200;26433807800;6603358668;","Projected cryospheric and hydrological impacts of 21st century climate change in the Ötztal Alps (Austria) simulated using a physically based approach",2018,"10.5194/hess-22-1593-2018","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042689167&doi=10.5194%2fhess-22-1593-2018&partnerID=40&md5=b311a94cc490a69c47f28a202e0a1258","A physically based hydroclimatological model (AMUNDSEN) is used to assess future climate change impacts on the cryosphere and hydrology of the Ötztal Alps (Austria) until 2100. The model is run in 100 m spatial and 3 h temporal resolution using in total 31 downscaled, bias-corrected, and temporally disaggregated EURO-CORDEX climate projections for the representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 scenarios as forcing data, making this - to date - the most detailed study for this region in terms of process representation and range of considered climate projections. Changes in snow coverage, glacierization, and hydrological regimes are discussed both for a larger area encompassing the Ötztal Alps (1850 km2, 862-3770 m a.s.l.) as well as for seven catchments in the area with varying size (11-165 km2) and glacierization (24-77 %). Results show generally declining snow amounts with moderate decreases (0-20 % depending on the emission scenario) of mean annual snow water equivalent in high elevations (> 2500 m a.s.l.) until the end of the century. The largest decreases, amounting to up to 25-80 %, are projected to occur in elevations below 1500 m a.s.l. Glaciers in the region will continue to retreat strongly, leaving only 4-20 % of the initial (as of 2006) ice volume left by 2100. Total and summer (JJA) runoff will change little during the early 21st century (2011-2040) with simulated decreases (compared to 1997-2006) of up to 11 % (total) and 13 % (summer) depending on catchment and scenario, whereas runoff volumes decrease by up to 39 % (total) and 47 % (summer) towards the end of the century (2071-2100), accompanied by a shift in peak flows from July towards June. © Author(s) 2018."
"57078327600;57201645905;56202404700;7007037244;7801659982;6506989282;8293755000;","Deciphering the State of the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene Equatorial Pacific",2018,"10.1002/2017PA003245","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85045530262&doi=10.1002%2f2017PA003245&partnerID=40&md5=39f2024706f8a2fe9597031f4b83cb7f","The late Miocene-early Pliocene was a time of global cooling and the development of modern meridional thermal gradients. Equatorial Pacific sea surface conditions potentially played an important role in this global climate transition, but their evolution is poorly understood. Here we present the first continuous late Miocene-early Pliocene (8.0–4.4 Ma) planktic foraminiferal stable isotope records from eastern equatorial Pacific Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1338, with a new astrochronology spanning 8.0–3.5 Ma. Mg/Ca analyses on surface dwelling foraminifera Trilobatus sacculifer from carefully selected samples suggest that mean sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are ~27.8 ± 1.1°C (1σ) between 6.4 and 5.5 Ma. The planktic foraminiferal δ18O record implies a 2°C cooling between 7.2 and 6.1 Ma and an up to 3°C warming between 6.1 and 4.4 Ma, consistent with observed tropical alkenone paleo-SSTs. Diverging fine-fraction-to-foraminiferal δ13C gradients likely suggest increased upwelling between 7.1–6.0 and 5.8–4.6 Ma, concurrent with the globally recognized late Miocene Biogenic Bloom. This study shows that both warm and asymmetric mean states occurred in the equatorial Pacific during the late Miocene-early Pliocene. Between 8.0–6.5 and 5.2–4.4 Ma, low east-west δ18O and SST gradients and generally warm conditions prevailed. However, an asymmetric mean climate state developed between 6.5 and 5.7 Ma, with larger east-west δ18O and SST gradients and eastern equatorial Pacific cooling. The asymmetric mean state suggests stronger trade winds developed, driven by increased meridional thermal gradients associated with global cooling and declining atmospheric pCO2 concentrations. These oscillations in equatorial Pacific mean state are reinforced by Antarctic cryosphere expansion and related changes in oceanic gateways (e.g., Central American Seaway/Indonesian Throughflow restriction). ©2018. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57201003390;8570871900;35180334400;","Multidecadal Variability in Surface Albedo Feedback Across CMIP5 Models",2018,"10.1002/2017GL076293","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042261173&doi=10.1002%2f2017GL076293&partnerID=40&md5=16adf01ff267558fe6ac6ab584a0dc62","Previous studies quantify surface albedo feedback (SAF) in climate change, but few assess its variability on decadal time scales. Using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Version 5 (CMIP5) multimodel ensemble data set, we calculate time evolving SAF in multiple decades from surface albedo and temperature linear regressions. Results are meaningful when temperature change exceeds 0.5 K. Decadal-scale SAF is strongly correlated with century-scale SAF during the 21st century. Throughout the 21st century, multimodel ensemble mean SAF increases from 0.37 to 0.42 W m−2 K−1. These results suggest that models' mean decadal-scale SAFs are good estimates of their century-scale SAFs if there is at least 0.5 K temperature change. Persistent SAF into the late 21st century indicates ongoing capacity for Arctic albedo decline despite there being less sea ice. If the CMIP5 multimodel ensemble results are representative of the Earth, we cannot expect decreasing Arctic sea ice extent to suppress SAF in the 21st century. ©2018. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"56403050600;57203321797;7005274759;23110180900;25724194100;14008651300;7202041928;55286948600;55994686000;55650786000;57193628565;57194196537;7202154983;7101751659;","Black carbon and mineral dust in snow cover on the Tibetan Plateau",2018,"10.5194/tc-12-413-2018","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85041710197&doi=10.5194%2ftc-12-413-2018&partnerID=40&md5=24d8947e5f54a7c768886f2f021d782a","Snow cover plays a key role for sustaining ecology and society in mountainous regions. Light-absorbing particulates (including black carbon, organic carbon, and mineral dust) deposited on snow can reduce surface albedo and contribute to the near-worldwide melting of snow and ice. This study focused on understanding the role of black carbon and other water-insoluble light-absorbing particulates in the snow cover of the Tibetan Plateau (TP). The results found that the black carbon, organic carbon, and dust concentrations in snow cover generally ranged from 202 to 17-468-ng-g-1, 491 to 13-880-ng-g-1, and 22 to 846-μg-g-1, respectively, with higher concentrations in the central to northern areas of the TP. Back trajectory analysis suggested that the northern TP was influenced mainly by air masses from Central Asia with some Eurasian influence, and air masses in the central and Himalayan region originated mainly from Central and South Asia. The relative biomass-burning-sourced black carbon contributions decreased from g∼50-% in the southern TP to ∼30-% in the northern TP. The relative contribution of black carbon and dust to snow albedo reduction reached approximately 37 and 15-%, respectively. The effect of black carbon and dust reduced the snow cover duration by 3.1-±-0.1 to 4.4-±-0.2 days. Meanwhile, the black carbon and dust had important implications for snowmelt water loss over the TP. The findings indicate that the impacts of black carbon and mineral dust need to be properly accounted for in future regional climate projections, particularly in the high-altitude cryosphere. © 2018 Author(s)."
"15065515900;57211891817;57203081487;7005395607;54409357200;56332041000;","Thermal anomalies detect critical global land surface changes",2018,"10.1175/JAMC-D-17-0093.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042423107&doi=10.1175%2fJAMC-D-17-0093.1&partnerID=40&md5=0f53cbe800ece6e6145356226b973352","Measurements that link surface conditions and climate can provide critical information on important biospheric changes occurring in the Earth system. As the direct driving force of energy and water fluxes at the surface-atmosphere interface, land surface temperature (LST) provides information on physical processes of land-cover change and energy-balance changes that air temperature cannot provide. Annual maximum LST (LSTmax) is especially powerful at minimizing synoptic and seasonal variability and highlighting changes associated with extreme climatic events and significant land-cover changes. The authors investigate whether maximum thermal anomalies from satellite observations could detect heat waves and droughts, a melting cryosphere, and disturbances in the tropical forest from 2003 to 2014. The 1-km2 LSTmax anomalies peaked in 2010 when 20% of the global land area experienced anomalies of greater than 1 standard deviation and over 4% of the global land area was subject to positive anomalies exceeding 2 standard deviations. Positive LSTmax anomalies display complex spatial patterns associated with heat waves and droughts across the global land area. The findings presented herein show that entire biomes are experiencing shifts in their LSTmax distributions driven by extreme climatic events and large-scale land surface changes, such as melting of ice sheets, severe droughts, and the incremental effects of forest loss in tropical forests. As climate warming and land-cover changes continue, it is likely that Earth's maximum surface temperatures will experience greater and more frequent directional shifts, increasing the possibility that critical thresholds in Earth's ecosystems and climate system will be surpassed, resulting in profound and irreversible changes. © 2018 American Meteorological Society."
"7003645727;24778348100;55312610200;25631575600;9740039900;7402710147;6603762648;56243460400;56522715800;33067460100;25031396200;55199373900;25958069700;6603181723;6701758954;54393560200;7202296460;56566573500;55664151400;","Massive collapse of two glaciers in western Tibet in 2016 after surge-like instability",2018,"10.1038/s41561-017-0039-7","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85040789600&doi=10.1038%2fs41561-017-0039-7&partnerID=40&md5=83c0c871eda37d9b4ec9b71bd23cbcbe","Surges and glacier avalanches are expressions of glacier instability, and among the most dramatic phenomena in the mountain cryosphere. Until now, the catastrophic collapse of a glacier, combining the large volume of surges and mobility of ice avalanches, has been reported only for the 2002 130 × 106 m3 detachment of Kolka Glacier (Caucasus Mountains), which has been considered a globally singular event. Here, we report on the similar detachment of the entire lower parts of two adjacent glaciers in western Tibet in July and September 2016, leading to an unprecedented pair of giant low-angle ice avalanches with volumes of 68 ± 2 × 106 m3 and 83 ± 2 × 106 m3. On the basis of satellite remote sensing, numerical modelling and field investigations, we find that the twin collapses were caused by climate- and weather-driven external forcing, acting on specific polythermal and soft-bed glacier properties. These factors converged to produce surge-like enhancement of driving stresses and massively reduced basal friction connected to subglacial water and fine-grained bed lithology, to eventually exceed collapse thresholds in resisting forces of the tongues frozen to their bed. Our findings show that large catastrophic instabilities of low-angle glaciers can happen under rare circumstances without historical precedent. © 2018 The Authors 2017, under exclusive licence to Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature."
"36179129500;7409462943;57195607021;55660655400;57200937942;","Definition and classification system of glacial lake for inventory and hazards study",2018,"10.1007/s11442-018-1467-z","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042681236&doi=10.1007%2fs11442-018-1467-z&partnerID=40&md5=1983b6ae89d879a54863b04769d9c623","Glacial lakes are not only the important refresh water resources in alpine region, but also act as a trigger of many glacial hazards such as glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) and debris flow. Therefore, glacial lakes play an important role on the cryosphere, climate change and alpine hazards. In this paper, the issues of glacial lake were systematically discussed, then from the view of glacial lake inventory and glacial lake hazards study, the glacial lake was defined as natural water mainly supplied by modern glacial meltwater or formed in glacier moraine’s depression. Furthermore, a complete classification system of glacial lake was proposed based on its formation mechanism, topographic feature and geographical position. Glacial lakes were classified as 6 classes and 8 subclasses, i.e., glacial erosion lake (including cirque lake, glacial valley lake and other glacial erosion lake), moraine-dammed lake (including end moraine-dammed lake, lateral moraine-dammed lake and moraine thaw lake), ice-blocked lake (including advancing glacier-blocked lake and other glacier-blocked lake), supraglacial lake, subglacial lake and other glacial lake. Meanwhile, some corresponding features exhibiting on remote sensing image and quantitative indices for identifying different glacial lake types were proposed in order to build a universal and operational classification system of glacial lake. © 2018, Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resources Research (IGSNRR), Science China Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature."
"7404480911;57195574170;8953038700;8570871900;7403931916;16645127300;","Time-Dependent Cryospheric Longwave Surface Emissivity Feedback in the Community Earth System Model",2018,"10.1002/2017JD027595","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85040724795&doi=10.1002%2f2017JD027595&partnerID=40&md5=5784384454248d96817a44049e73c701","Frozen and unfrozen surfaces exhibit different longwave surface emissivities with different spectral characteristics, and outgoing longwave radiation and cooling rates are reduced for unfrozen scenes relative to frozen ones. Here physically realistic modeling of spectrally resolved surface emissivity throughout the coupled model components of the Community Earth System Model (CESM) is advanced, and implications for model high-latitude biases and feedbacks are evaluated. It is shown that despite a surface emissivity feedback amplitude that is, at most, a few percent of the surface albedo feedback amplitude, the inclusion of realistic, harmonized longwave, spectrally resolved emissivity information in CESM1.2.2 reduces wintertime Arctic surface temperature biases from −7.2 ± 0.9 K to −1.1 ± 1.2 K, relative to observations. The bias reduction is most pronounced in the Arctic Ocean, a region for which Coupled Model Intercomparison Project version 5 (CMIP5) models exhibit the largest mean wintertime cold bias, suggesting that persistent polar temperature biases can be lessened by including this physically based process across model components. The ice emissivity feedback of CESM1.2.2 is evaluated under a warming scenario with a kernel-based approach, and it is found that emissivity radiative kernels exhibit water vapor and cloud cover dependence, thereby varying spatially and decreasing in magnitude over the course of the scenario from secular changes in atmospheric thermodynamics and cloud patterns. Accounting for the temporally varying radiative responses can yield diagnosed feedbacks that differ in sign from those obtained from conventional climatological feedback analysis methods. ©2018. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57188924386;57203030873;6603925960;57193321831;56297151300;","Isolating the Liquid Cloud Response to Recent Arctic Sea Ice Variability Using Spaceborne Lidar Observations",2018,"10.1002/2017JD027248","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85040225886&doi=10.1002%2f2017JD027248&partnerID=40&md5=7d92617f3abc5770dbe5024dfbea5b5f","While the radiative influence of clouds on Arctic sea ice is known, the influence of sea ice cover on Arctic clouds is challenging to detect, separate from atmospheric circulation, and attribute to human activities. Providing observational constraints on the two-way relationship between sea ice cover and Arctic clouds is important for predicting the rate of future sea ice loss. Here we use 8 years of CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) spaceborne lidar observations from 2008 to 2015 to analyze Arctic cloud profiles over sea ice and over open water. Using a novel surface mask to restrict our analysis to where sea ice concentration varies, we isolate the influence of sea ice cover on Arctic Ocean clouds. The study focuses on clouds containing liquid water because liquid-containing clouds are the most important cloud type for radiative fluxes and therefore for sea ice melt and growth. Summer is the only season with no observed cloud response to sea ice cover variability: liquid cloud profiles are nearly identical over sea ice and over open water. These results suggest that shortwave summer cloud feedbacks do not slow long-term summer sea ice loss. In contrast, more liquid clouds are observed over open water than over sea ice in the winter, spring, and fall in the 8 year mean and in each individual year. Observed fall sea ice loss cannot be explained by natural variability alone, which suggests that observed increases in fall Arctic cloud cover over newly open water are linked to human activities. ©2018. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57188868339;26027205800;7203045286;","Multiphase Reactive Transport and Platelet Ice Accretion in the Sea Ice of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica",2018,"10.1002/2017JC013345","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85040638327&doi=10.1002%2f2017JC013345&partnerID=40&md5=958f13d995b5eac221a666436e7e8a0b","Sea ice seasonally to interannually forms a thermal, chemical, and physical boundary between the atmosphere and hydrosphere over tens of millions of square kilometers of ocean. Its presence affects both local and global climate and ocean dynamics, ice shelf processes, and biological communities. Accurate incorporation of sea ice growth and decay, and its associated thermal and physiochemical processes, is underrepresented in large-scale models due to the complex physics that dictate oceanic ice formation and evolution. Two phenomena complicate sea ice simulation, particularly in the Antarctic: the multiphase physics of reactive transport brought about by the inhomogeneous solidification of seawater, and the buoyancy driven accretion of platelet ice formed by supercooled ice shelf water onto the basal surface of the overlying ice. Here a one-dimensional finite difference model capable of simulating both processes is developed and tested against ice core data. Temperature, salinity, liquid fraction, fluid velocity, total salt content, and ice structure are computed during model runs. The model results agree well with empirical observations and simulations highlight the effect platelet ice accretion has on overall ice thickness and characteristics. Results from sensitivity studies emphasize the need to further constrain sea ice microstructure and the associated physics, particularly permeability-porosity relationships, if a complete model of sea ice evolution is to be obtained. Additionally, implications for terrestrial ice shelves and icy moons in the solar system are discussed. © 2018. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57200696736;16403546300;","Polar Frontal Migration in the Warm Late Pliocene: Diatom Evidence From the Wilkes Land Margin, East Antarctica",2018,"10.1002/2017PA003225","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042233548&doi=10.1002%2f2017PA003225&partnerID=40&md5=7f6c9c17b0614457c14cc12880140eab","The late Pliocene is the most recent interval in Earth's history to sustain global temperatures within the range of warming predicted for the 21st century, providing an appealing analog for the changes we might encounter in the coming century. Published global reconstructions and climate models find an average +2° summer sea surface temperature anomaly relative to modern during the 3.3–3.0 Ma interval of the late Pliocene, when atmospheric CO2 concentrations last reached 400 ppm. Here we present a new diatom-based reconstruction of Pliocene interglacial sea surface conditions from IODP Site U1361, on the East Antarctic continental rise. We find that open ocean conditions in the mid-Pliocene became increasingly influenced by sea ice from 3.6–3.2 Ma, prior to the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation. This cooling trend was interrupted by a temporary southward migration of the Antarctic Polar Front, bathing U1361 in subantarctic waters during a single interglacial—marine isotope stage KM3 (3.17–3.15 Ma)—after which sea ice returned. Building on the identification of this single outlier interglacial, we have revisited earlier reconstructions to explore the response of the Southern Ocean/cryosphere system to peak late Pliocene warmth. By applying a modern chronostratigraphic framework to those low-resolution reconstructions, we identify the same frontal migration in four other cores in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean, documenting a major migration of the polar front during a key interval of warm climate. These new results suggest that KM3 is a crucial interval to test ice sheet stability in the context of anthropogenic warming. ©2018. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57033058300;12240469400;15840948500;56145346300;24597637700;57157925000;56625399700;57212421118;55900043700;","Improving MODIS snow products with a HMRF-based spatio-temporal modeling technique in the Upper Rio Grande Basin",2018,"10.1016/j.rse.2017.10.001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85031415414&doi=10.1016%2fj.rse.2017.10.001&partnerID=40&md5=12db3a75005ae4a6f051d31c1533276d","Seasonal snow cover and its melt dominate regional climate and hydrology in many mountainous regions in the world. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow cover products have been widely used for regional hydrological modeling. However, data gaps in snow products due to frequent clouds remain a serious problem, particularly for daily products. This paper presents a spatio-temporal modeling technique for filling up data gaps in daily snow cover estimates, based on time series of Terra/Aqua MODIS images. The spatio-temporal modeling technique integrates MODIS spectral information, spatial and temporal contextual information, and environmental association within a Hidden Markov Random Field (HMRF) framework. The performance of our new technique is quantitatively evaluated by comparing our snow cover estimates with in situ observations at 33 SNOTEL stations as well as to original MODIS snow cover products over the Upper Rio Grande Basin during 2006–2008 snow seasons. Mainly due to cloud obscuration, there are as high as 32% data gaps in original Terra/Aqua combined MODIS snow products. Our HMRF technique reduced cloud-cover related data gaps to < 1% and achieved a snow-mapping accuracy of 88.0% for the gap-filled areas. For the areas not covered by clouds, our HMRF-based technique also improved the snow cover estimate accuracy of original MODIS snow products by 3.5%, from 85.1% to 88.6%. When spatio-temporal contextual information and environmental association information are progressively incorporated within the HMRF framework, the overall snow mapping accuracies are improved and omission errors are reduced. Particularly, our HMRF-based technique increased the snow product accuracy by 4.2% during whole transition periods, and by 6.2% in March during snow melt. The snow mapping accuracies were significantly improved over evergreen forests and mixed forests. © 2017 Elsevier Inc."
"54409169500;7004890124;55656037100;26648730900;7402154014;15062658200;57196440128;6603041547;35307687900;7403274942;7102745877;","Time–space variations in infrasound sources related to environmental dynamics around Lützow–Holm Bay, east Antarctica",2017,"10.1016/j.polar.2017.10.001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85033227591&doi=10.1016%2fj.polar.2017.10.001&partnerID=40&md5=5fdd164db353b4bb656bfcb69a717775","Characteristic features of infrasound waves observed in the Antarctic reflect the physical interaction between the surface environment along the continental margin and the surrounding Southern Ocean. The temporal–spatial variability of the source locations for infrasound excitation during the eight-month period between January and August 2015 was investigated using recordings made by two infrasound arrays deployed along a section of the coast of Lützow–Holm Bay (LHB), Antarctica. The infrasound arrays clearly detected temporal variations in frequency content and propagation direction during this period. A number of infrasound sources were identified, many located north of the arrays. Many of the events had a predominant frequency content of a few Hz, higher than microbaroms from the ocean. A comparison of the results with MODIS satellite images indicated that these infrasound sources were ice-quakes associated with the calving of glaciers, the breaking off of sea ice, and collisions between this sea ice and icebergs around the LHB. Continuous measurements of infrasound in the Antarctic may serve as a proxy for monitoring the regional surface environment in terms of climate change at high southern latitudes. © 2017"
"56008128100;8687038400;16205109500;12240249100;12797539500;57200162619;","Using structure from motion photogrammetry to measure past glacier changes from historic aerial photographs",2017,"10.1017/jog.2017.79","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85040006914&doi=10.1017%2fjog.2017.79&partnerID=40&md5=e4c2a2fbfb205e097790a4f615fc4ea7","Quantifying historic changes in glacier size and mass balance is important for understanding how the cryosphere responds to climate variability and change. Airborne photogrammetry enables glacier extent and equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs) to be monitored for more glaciers at lower cost than traditional mass-balance programs and other remote-sensing techniques. Since 1977, end-of-summer-snowlines, which are a proxy for annual ELAs, have been recorded for 50 glaciers in the Southern Alps of New Zealand using oblique aerial photographs. In this study, we use structure from motion photogrammetry to estimate the camera parameters, including position, for historic photographs, which we then use to measure glacier change. We apply this method to a small maritime New Zealand glacier (Brewster Glacier, 1670-2400 m a.s.l.) to derive annual ELA and length records between 1981 and 2017, and quantify the uncertainties associated with the method. Our length reconstruction shows largely continuous terminus retreat of 365 ± 12 m for Brewster Glacier since 1981. The ELA record, which compares well with glaciological mass-balance data measured between 2005 and 2015, shows pronounced interannual variability. Mean ELAs range from 1707 ± 6 to 2303 ± 5 m a.s.l., with the highest ELAs occurring in the last decade. © The Author(s) 2017."
"7005801679;57194387075;24605569300;7004977068;16235008700;55960549500;6602732085;7004431053;6603834154;","Understanding the drivers of extensive plant damage in boreal and Arctic ecosystems: Insights from field surveys in the aftermath of damage",2017,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.050","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85019853169&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2017.05.050&partnerID=40&md5=60d89d9947237246657c9b5781a8e1dc","The exact cause of population dieback in nature is often challenging to identify retrospectively. Plant research in northern regions has in recent decades been largely focussed on the opposite trend, namely increasing populations and higher productivity. However, a recent unexpected decline in remotely-sensed estimates of terrestrial Arctic primary productivity suggests that warmer northern lands do not necessarily result in higher productivity. As large-scale plant dieback may become more frequent at high northern latitudes with increasing frequency of extreme events, understanding the drivers of plant dieback is especially urgent. Here, we report on recent extensive damage to dominant, short, perennial heath and tundra plant populations in boreal and Arctic Norway, and assess the potential drivers of this damage. In the High-Arctic archipelago of Svalbard, we recorded that 8–50% of Cassiope tetragona and Dryas octopetala shoots were dead, and that the ratios of dead shoots increased from 2014 to 2015. In boreal Norway, 38–63% of Calluna vulgaris shoots were dead, while Vaccinium myrtillus had damage to 91% of shoots in forested sites, but was healthy in non-forested sites. Analyses of numerous sources of environmental information clearly point towards a winter climate-related reason for damage to three of these four species. In Svalbard, the winters of 2011/12 and 2014/15 were documented to be unusually severe, i.e. insulation from ambient temperature fluctuation by snow was largely absent, and ground-ice enforced additional stress. In boreal Norway, the 2013/14 winter had a long period with very little snow combined with extremely low precipitation rates, something which resulted in frost drought of uncovered Calluna plants. However, extensive outbreaks of a leaf-defoliating geometrid moth were identified as the driver of Vaccinium mortality. These results suggest that weather and biotic extreme events potentially have strong impacts on the vegetation state of northern lands. © 2017 Elsevier B.V."
"56167604200;7103322345;7004218017;14028244200;6603493963;7003698344;56950334800;7003553425;6602580221;","Marine-terminating glaciers sustain high productivity in Greenland fjords",2017,"10.1111/gcb.13801","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85026782284&doi=10.1111%2fgcb.13801&partnerID=40&md5=a1ced74e120b4543a93e04997f2ef64b","Accelerated mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet leads to glacier retreat and an increasing input of glacial meltwater to the fjords and coastal waters around Greenland. These high latitude ecosystems are highly productive and sustain important fisheries, yet it remains uncertain how they will respond to future changes in the Arctic cryosphere. Here we show that marine-terminating glaciers play a crucial role in sustaining high productivity of the fjord ecosystems. Hydrographic and biogeochemical data from two fjord systems adjacent to the Greenland ice sheet, suggest that marine ecosystem productivity is very differently regulated in fjords influenced by either land-terminating or marine-terminating glaciers. Rising subsurface meltwater plumes originating from marine-terminating glaciers entrain large volumes of ambient deep water to the surface. The resulting upwelling of nutrient-rich deep water sustains a high phytoplankton productivity throughout summer in the fjord with marine-terminating glaciers. In contrast, the fjord with only land-terminating glaciers lack this upwelling mechanism, and is characterized by lower productivity. Data on commercial halibut landings support that coastal regions influenced by large marine-terminating glaciers have substantially higher marine productivity. These results suggest that a switch from marine-terminating to land-terminating glaciers can substantially alter the productivity in the coastal zone around Greenland with potentially large ecological and socio-economic implications. © 2017 The Authors. Global Change Biology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd."
"6603116597;6602967499;7004334437;7403740894;56236490600;7006978226;6603115650;26032707800;10639484800;6507357895;57198425521;57215849599;6603257129;","The spatial and interannual dynamics of the surface water carbonate system and air-sea CO2 fluxes in the outer shelf and slope of the Eurasian Arctic Ocean",2017,"10.5194/os-13-997-2017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85036504118&doi=10.5194%2fos-13-997-2017&partnerID=40&md5=035953d4504a0d1bbcfa8503729398fe","The Arctic is undergoing dramatic changes which cover the entire range of natural processes, from extreme increases in the temperatures of air, soil, and water, to changes in the cryosphere, the biodiversity of Arctic waters, and land vegetation. Small changes in the largest marine carbon pool, the dissolved inorganic carbon pool, can have a profound impact on the carbon dioxide (CO2/flux between the ocean and the atmosphere, and the feedback of this flux to climate. Knowledge of relevant processes in the Arctic seas improves the evaluation and projection of carbon cycle dynamics under current conditions of rapid climate change. Investigation of the CO2 system in the outer shelf and continental slope waters of the Eurasian Arctic seas (the Barents, Kara, Laptev, and East Siberian seas) during 2006, 2007, and 2009 revealed a general trend in the surface water partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2/distribution, which manifested as an increase in pCO2 values eastward. The existence of this trend was defined by different oceanographic and biogeochemical regimes in the western and eastern parts of the study area; the trend is likely increasing due to a combination of factors determined by contemporary change in the Arctic climate, each change in turn evoking a series of synergistic effects. A high-resolution in situ investigation of the carbonate system parameters of the four Arctic seas was carried out in the warm season of 2007; this year was characterized by the next-to-lowest historic sea-ice extent in the Arctic Ocean, on satellite record, to that date. The study showed the different responses of the seawater carbonate system to the environment changes in the western vs. the eastern Eurasian Arctic seas. The large, open, highly productive water area in the northern Barents Sea enhances atmospheric CO2 uptake. In contrast, the uptake of CO2 was strongly weakened in the outer shelf and slope waters of the East Siberian Arctic seas under the 2007 environmental conditions. The surface seawater appears in equilibrium or slightly supersaturated by CO2 relative to atmosphere because of the increasing influence of river runoff and its input of terrestrial organic matter that mineralizes, in combination with the high surface water temperature during sea-ice-free conditions. This investigation shows the importance of processes that vary on small scales, both in time and space, for estimating the air-sea exchange of CO2. It stresses the need for highresolution coverage of ocean observations as well as time series. Furthermore, time series must include multi-year studies in the dynamic regions of the Arctic Ocean during these times of environmental change. © 2017 Author."
"56581482200;55806957000;23090903900;52364254400;56394130900;13805883800;","Remote Linkages to Anomalous Winter Atmospheric Ridging Over the Northeastern Pacific",2017,"10.1002/2017JD026575","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85034958069&doi=10.1002%2f2017JD026575&partnerID=40&md5=3865a4027dbb0081b809f6bcfeeb3178","Severe drought in California between 2013 and 2016 has been linked to the multiyear persistence of anomalously high atmospheric pressure over the northeastern Pacific Ocean, which deflected the Pacific storm track northward and suppressed regional precipitation during California's winter “rainy season.” Multiple hypotheses have emerged regarding why this high pressure ridge near the west coast of North America was so resilient—including unusual sea surface temperature patterns in the Pacific Ocean, reductions in Arctic sea ice, random atmospheric variability, or some combination thereof. Here we explore relationships between previously documented atmospheric conditions over the North Pacific and several potential remote oceanic and cryospheric influences using both observational data and a large ensemble of climate model simulations. Our results suggest that persistent wintertime atmospheric ridging similar to that implicated in California's 2013–2016 drought can at least partially be linked to unusual Pacific sea surface temperatures and that Pacific Ocean conditions may offer some degree of cool-season foresight in this region despite the presence of substantial internal variability. ©2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"54898787000;7003437716;56404008800;7403354324;","Impacts of Himalayas on black carbon over the Tibetan Plateau during summer monsoon",2017,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.101","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85018592268&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2017.04.101&partnerID=40&md5=cb73d5acc8006575d33c144ed4b8e92e","The Tibetan Plateau (TP) plays important roles in global climate and environment. This study combines in-situ BC measurements in the Himalayas and the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) with a regional dynamical and chemical model (WRF-Chem model) to investigate the effect of the trans-Himalayas on black carbon (BC) from the IGP to the TP during Indian summer monsoon. To determine topographic effects of the trans-Himalayas on BC concentrations over the TP, sensitive experiments were conducted by applying the WRF-Chem model. The results showed that the reduction of the altitude of the Himalayas had an important effect on the trans-Himalayas transport of BC. There was an obvious increase in BC concentration over the trans-Himalayas region, but no significant increase over the TP because the TP (a.m.s.l ~ 4 km) always acted as a wall to prevent BC transport from the IGP to the TP. The trans-Himalayas transport of BC was strongly dependent upon meteorological conditions over the IGP. During summer monsoon, there were three types of cyclones at different locations and one kind of convergent circulation in the IGP. Under the condition of convergent airflows, a strong northeastward wind produced the trans-Himalayas transport of BC. As a result, BC concentrations in the southeastern TP significantly increased to 0.6–0.8 μg m− 3. When the cyclone located in the eastern IGP, high BC concentrations over the IGP were transported along the foothill of the Himalayas, resulting in a significant reduction of the trans-Himalayas transport. When the cyclone moved to the west, the dynamical perturbations for the trans-Himalayas transport were weaker than the eastern cyclone, and the trans-Himalayas transport were enhanced in the middle and eastern Himalayas. This study will be helpful to assess the impacts of BC particles emitted from South Asia on regional climate change and ecological environment over the TP in the future. © 2017 Elsevier B.V."
"12039350600;7004097414;9042657800;56525641400;15120189400;55724426100;7404441387;6701623059;55866906600;","Degradation and stabilization of ice wedges: Implications for assessing risk of thermokarst in northern Alaska",2017,"10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.09.001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85032733871&doi=10.1016%2fj.geomorph.2017.09.001&partnerID=40&md5=db1858a4dc41a595c622132e7b65ed37","Widespread degradation of ice wedges has been observed during the last decades in numerous areas within the continuous permafrost zone of Eurasia and North America. To study ice-wedge degradation, we performed field investigations at Prudhoe Bay and Barrow in northern Alaska during 2011–2016. In each study area, a 250-m transect was established with plots representing different stages of ice-wedge degradation/stabilization. Field work included surveying ground- and water-surface elevations, thaw-depth measurements, permafrost coring, vegetation sampling, and ground-based LiDAR scanning. We described cryostratigraphy of frozen soils and stable isotope composition, analyzed environmental characteristics associated with ice-wedge degradation and stabilization, evaluated the vulnerability and resilience of ice wedges to climate change and disturbances, and developed new conceptual models of ice-wedge dynamics that identify the main factors affecting ice-wedge degradation and stabilization and the main stages of this quasi-cyclic process. We found significant differences in the patterns of ice-wedge degradation and stabilization between the two areas, and the patterns were more complex than those previously described because of the interactions of changing topography, water redistribution, and vegetation/soil responses that can interrupt or reinforce degradation. Degradation of ice wedges is usually triggered by an increase in the active-layer thickness during exceptionally warm and wet summers or as a result of flooding or disturbance. Vulnerability of ice wedges to thermokarst is controlled by the thickness of the intermediate layer of the upper permafrost, which overlies ice wedges and protects them from thawing. In the continuous permafrost zone, degradation of ice wedges rarely leads to their complete melting; and in most cases wedges eventually stabilize and can then resume growing, indicating a somewhat cyclic and reversible process. Stabilization of ice wedges after their partial degradation makes them better protected than before degradation because the intermediate layer is usually 2 to 3 times thicker on top of stabilized ice wedges than on top of initial ice wedges in undisturbed conditions. As a result, the likelihood of formation of large thaw lakes in the continuous permafrost zone triggered by ice-wedge degradation alone is very low. © 2017 Elsevier B.V."
"6701853567;6603875926;7402647751;8068419200;6603196127;36105812700;7004069409;29367524300;7103175635;9238963700;55453681500;14919137200;26655610800;7004500706;7004423053;8954866200;57210230785;7005978899;6603711967;56197352400;26423853600;6602791920;36097570900;7003512303;35346106500;","The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6 - Part 2: Two interglacials, scientific objective and experimental design for Holocene and Last Interglacial simulations",2017,"10.5194/gmd-10-3979-2017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85033373177&doi=10.5194%2fgmd-10-3979-2017&partnerID=40&md5=b4307695ef808c7ab88feb9543757f24","Two interglacial epochs are included in the suite of Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP4) simulations in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The experimental protocols for simulations of the mid-Holocene (midHolocene, 6000 years before present) and the Last Interglacial (lig127k, 127 000 years before present) are described here. These equilibrium simulations are designed to examine the impact of changes in orbital forcing at times when atmospheric greenhouse gas levels were similar to those of the preindustrial period and the continental configurations were almost identical to modern ones. These simulations test our understanding of the interplay between radiative forcing and atmospheric circulation, and the connections among large-scale and regional climate changes giving rise to phenomena such as land-sea contrast and high-latitude amplification in temperature changes, and responses of the monsoons, as compared to today. They also provide an opportunity, through carefully designed additional sensitivity experiments, to quantify the strength of atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, and land-surface feedbacks. Sensitivity experiments are proposed to investigate the role of freshwater forcing in triggering abrupt climate changes within interglacial epochs. These feedback experiments naturally lead to a focus on climate evolution during interglacial periods, which will be examined through transient experiments. Analyses of the sensitivity simulations will also focus on interactions between extratropical and tropical circulation, and the relationship between changes in mean climate state and climate variability on annual to multi-decadal timescales. The comparative abundance of paleoenvironmental data and of quantitative climate reconstructions for the Holocene and Last Interglacial make these two epochs ideal candidates for systematic evaluation of model performance, and such comparisons will shed new light on the importance of external feedbacks (e.g., vegetation, dust) and the ability of state-of-the-art models to simulate climate changes realistically. © Author(s) 2017."
"57196049321;6602102280;7403451512;","Spatially Variable Geothermal Heat Flux in West Antarctica: Evidence and Implications",2017,"10.1002/2017GL075579","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85031426256&doi=10.1002%2f2017GL075579&partnerID=40&md5=62753838e3475c04f727055629c06ed1","Geothermal heat flux (GHF) is an important part of the basal heat budget of continental ice sheets. The difficulty of measuring GHF below ice sheets has directly hindered progress in the understanding of ice sheet dynamics. We present a new GHF measurement from below the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, made in subglacial sediment near the grounding zone of the Whillans Ice Stream. The measured GHF is 88 ± 7 mW m−2, a relatively high value compared to other continental settings and to other GHF measurements along the eastern Ross Sea of 55 mW m−2 and 69 ± 21 mW m−2 but within the range of regional values indicated by geophysical estimates. The new GHF measurement was made ~100 km from the only other direct GHF measurement below the ice sheet, which was considerably higher at 285 ± 80 mW m−2, suggesting spatial variability that could be explained by shallow magmatic intrusions or the advection of heat by crustal fluids. Analytical calculations suggest that spatial variability in GHF exceeds spatial variability in the conductive heat flux through ice along the Siple Coast. Accurate GHF measurements and high-resolution GHF models may be necessary to reliably predict ice sheet evolution, including responses to ongoing and future climate change. ©2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"55728667400;6603446872;55446361900;","Spatiotemporal patterns of High Mountain Asia's snowmelt season identified with an automated snowmelt detection algorithm, 1987-2016",2017,"10.5194/tc-11-2329-2017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85030791296&doi=10.5194%2ftc-11-2329-2017&partnerID=40&md5=c6cd3772218e3fa7ff5dc0993c7c561c","High Mountain Asia (HMA) - encompassing the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding mountain ranges - is the primary water source for much of Asia, serving more than a billion downstream users. Many catchments receive the majority of their yearly water budget in the form of snow, which is poorly monitored by sparse in situ weather networks. Both the timing and volume of snowmelt play critical roles in downstream water provision, as many applications - such as agriculture, drinking-water generation, and hydropower - rely on consistent and predictable snowmelt runoff. Here, we examine passive microwave data across HMA with five sensors (SSMI, SSMIS, AMSR-E, AMSR2, and GPM) from 1987 to 2016 to track the timing of the snowmelt season - defined here as the time between maximum passive microwave signal separation and snow clearance. We validated our method against climate model surface temperatures, optical remote-sensing snow-cover data, and a manual control dataset (<i>n</i> Combining double low line 2100, 3 variables at 25 locations over 28 years); our algorithm is generally accurate within 3-5 days. Using the algorithm-generated snowmelt dates, we examine the spatiotemporal patterns of the snowmelt season across HMA. The climatically short (29-year) time series, along with complex interannual snowfall variations, makes determining trends in snowmelt dates at a single point difficult. We instead identify trends in snowmelt timing by using hierarchical clustering of the passive microwave data to determine trends in self-similar regions. We make the following four key observations. (1) The end of the snowmelt season is trending almost universally earlier in HMA (negative trends). Changes in the end of the snowmelt season are generally between 2 and 8 days decadeĝ'1 over the 29-year study period (5-25 days total). The length of the snowmelt season is thus shrinking in many, though not all, regions of HMA. Some areas exhibit later peak signal separation (positive trends), but with generally smaller magnitudes than trends in snowmelt end. (2) Areas with long snowmelt periods, such as the Tibetan Plateau, show the strongest compression of the snowmelt season (negative trends). These trends are apparent regardless of the time period over which the regression is performed. (3) While trends averaged over 3 decades indicate generally earlier snowmelt seasons, data from the last 14 years (2002-2016) exhibit positive trends in many regions, such as parts of the Pamir and Kunlun Shan. Due to the short nature of the time series, it is not clear whether this change is a reversal of a long-term trend or simply interannual variability. (4) Some regions with stable or growing glaciers - such as the Karakoram and Kunlun Shan - see slightly later snowmelt seasons and longer snowmelt periods. It is likely that changes in the snowmelt regime of HMA account for some of the observed heterogeneity in glacier response to climate change. While the decadal increases in regional temperature have in general led to earlier and shortened melt seasons, changes in HMA's cryosphere have been spatially and temporally heterogeneous. © Authors 2017."
"57078327600;7801659982;56374391900;35346173900;7007108900;7005437892;7401521299;8293755000;7007037244;6701635696;","Late Miocene climate and time scale reconciliation: Accurate orbital calibration from a deep-sea perspective",2017,"10.1016/j.epsl.2017.07.038","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85027443991&doi=10.1016%2fj.epsl.2017.07.038&partnerID=40&md5=49c3afb546945e263b678100ff8ec5ed","Accurate age control of the late Tortonian to early Messinian (8.3–6.0 Ma) is essential to ascertain the origin of benthic foraminiferal δ18O trends and the late Miocene carbon isotope shift (LMCIS), and to examine temporal relationships between the deep-sea, terrasphere and cryosphere. The current Tortonian–Messinian Geological Time Scale (GTS2012) is based on astronomically calibrated Mediterranean sections; however, no comparable non-Mediterranean stratigraphies exist for 8–6 Ma suitable for testing the GTS2012. Here, we present the first high-resolution, astronomically tuned benthic stable isotope stratigraphy (1.5 kyr resolution) and magnetostratigraphy from a single deep-sea location (IODP Site U1337, equatorial Pacific Ocean), which provides unprecedented insight into climate evolution from 8.3–6.0 Ma. The astronomically calibrated magnetostratigraphy provides robust ages, which differ by 2–50 kyr relative to the GTS2012 for polarity Chrons C3An.1n to C4r.1r, and eliminates the exceptionally high South Atlantic spreading rates based on the GTS2012 during Chron C3Bn. We show that the LMCIS was globally synchronous within 2 kyr, and provide astronomically calibrated ages anchored to the GPTS for its onset (7.537 Ma; 50% from base Chron C4n.1n) and termination (6.727 Ma; 11% from base Chron C3An.2n), confirming that the terrestrial C3:C4 shift could not have driven the LMCIS. The benthic records show that the transition into the 41-kyr world, when obliquity strongly influenced climate variability, already occurred at 7.7 Ma and further strengthened at 6.4 Ma. Previously unseen, distinctive, asymmetric saw-tooth patterns in benthic δ18O imply that high-latitude forcing played an important role in late Miocene climate dynamics from 7.7–6.9 Ma. This new integrated deep-sea stratigraphy from Site U1337 can act as a new stable isotope and magnetic polarity reference section for the 8.3–6.0 Ma interval. © 2017 Elsevier B.V."
"8353426000;7007107032;57193849104;57217545578;36637135700;6603145910;7201914277;35345503300;6602274378;54400289400;7004334437;24448725200;7005917443;","The de Long Trough: A newly discovered glacial trough on the East Siberian continental margin",2017,"10.5194/cp-13-1269-2017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85029679858&doi=10.5194%2fcp-13-1269-2017&partnerID=40&md5=358e97730417f0c7b6d5f52d0b9bc7c4","Ice sheets extending over parts of the East Siberian continental shelf have been proposed for the last glacial period and during the larger Pleistocene glaciations. The sparse data available over this sector of the Arctic Ocean have left the timing, extent and even existence of these ice sheets largely unresolved. Here we present new geophysical mapping and sediment coring data from the East Siberian shelf and slope collected during the 2014 SWERUS-C3 expedition (SWERUS-C3: Swedish-Russian-US Arctic Ocean Investigation of Climate-Cryosphere-Carbon Interactions). The multibeam bathymetry and chirp sub-bottom profiles reveal a set of glacial landforms that include grounding zone formations along the outer continental shelf, seaward of which lies a > 65-m thick sequence of glacio-genic debris flows. The glacial landforms are interpreted to lie at the seaward end of a glacial trough-the first to be reported on the East Siberian margin, here referred to as the De Long Trough because of its location due north of the De Long Islands. Stratigraphy and dating of sediment cores show that a drape of acoustically laminated sediments covering the glacial deposits is older than 50 kyr BP. This provides direct evidence for extensive glacial activity on the Siberian shelf that predates the Last Glacial Maximum and most likely occurred during the Saalian (Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6). © 2017 Author(s)."
"6701529532;55801038300;","Response to Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf cavity warming in a coupled ocean-ice sheet model - Part 1: The ocean perspective",2017,"10.5194/os-13-765-2017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85029799199&doi=10.5194%2fos-13-765-2017&partnerID=40&md5=b79b78af69ca295ef2c3f95b55387582","The Regional Antarctic ice and Global Ocean (RAnGO) model has been developed to study the interaction between the world ocean and the Antarctic ice sheet. The coupled model is based on a global implementation of the Finite Element Sea-ice Ocean Model (FESOM) with a mesh refinement in the Southern Ocean, particularly in its marginal seas and in the sub-ice-shelf cavities. The cryosphere is represented by a regional setup of the ice flow model RIMBAY comprising the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf and the grounded ice in its catchment area up to the ice divides. At the base of the RIMBAY ice shelf, melt rates from FESOM's ice-shelf component are supplied. RIMBAY returns ice thickness and the position of the grounding line. The ocean model uses a pre-computed mesh to allow for an easy adjustment of the model domain to a varying cavity geometry. RAnGO simulations with a 20th-century climate forcing yield realistic basal melt rates and a quasi-stable grounding line position close to the presently observed state. In a centennial-scale warm-water-inflow scenario, the model suggests a substantial thinning of the ice shelf and a local retreat of the grounding line. The potentially negative feedback from ice-shelf thinning through a rising in situ freezing temperature is more than outweighed by the increasing water column thickness in the deepest parts of the cavity. Compared to a control simulation with fixed ice-shelf geometry, the coupled model thus yields a slightly stronger increase in ice-shelf basal melt rates. © Author(s) 2017."
"57216310373;56259640100;57192545544;23987265200;","Snowmelt runoff prediction under changing climate in the Himalayan cryosphere: A case of Gilgit River Basin",2017,"10.1016/j.gsf.2016.08.008","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85006827155&doi=10.1016%2fj.gsf.2016.08.008&partnerID=40&md5=6d16de75273a4d8932af5dc4fadf2320","There are serious concerns of rise in temperatures over snowy and glacierized Himalayan region that may eventually affect future river flows of Indus river system. It is therefore necessary to predict snow and glacier melt runoff to manage future water resource of Upper Indus Basin (UIB). The snowmelt runoff model (SRM) coupled with MODIS remote sensing data was employed in this study to predict daily discharges of Gilgit River in the Karakoram Range. The SRM was calibrated successfully and then simulation was made over four years i.e. 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010 achieving coefficient of model efficiency of 0.96, 0.86, 0.9 and 0.94 respectively. The scenarios of precipitation and mean temperature developed from regional climate model PRECIS were used in SRM model to predict future flows of Gilgit River. The increase of 3 °C in mean annual temperature by the end of 21th century may result in increase of 35–40% in Gilgit River flows. The expected increase in the surface runoff from the snow and glacier melt demands better water conservation and management for irrigation and hydel-power generation in the Indus basin in future. © 2016 China University of Geosciences (Beijing) and Peking University"
"56490801800;57211466775;36941175900;7005649268;55980782100;","Hydrologic impacts of changes in climate and glacier extent in the Gulf of Alaska watershed",2017,"10.1002/2016WR020033","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85031901879&doi=10.1002%2f2016WR020033&partnerID=40&md5=4f6a85718d6bb607fcb14f37c760058d","High-resolution regional-scale hydrologic models were used to quantify the response of late 21st century runoff from the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) watershed to changes in regional climate and glacier extent. NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis data were combined with five Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 general circulation models (GCMs) for two representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios (4.5 and 8.5) to develop meteorological forcing for the period 2070–2099. A hypsographic model was used to estimate future glacier extent given assumed equilibrium line altitude (ELA) increases of 200 and 400 m. GCM predictions show an increase in annual precipitation of 12% for RCP 4.5 and 21% for RCP 8.5, and an increase in annual temperature of 2.5°C for RCP 4.5 and 4.3°C for RCP 8.5, averaged across the GOA. Scenarios with perturbed climate and glaciers predict annual GOA-wide runoff to increase by 9% for RCP4.5/ELA200 case and 14% for the RCP8.5/ELA400 case. The glacier runoff decreased by 14% for RCP4.5/ELA200 and by 34% for the RCP8.5/ELA400 case. Intermodel variability in annual runoff was found to be approximately twice the variability in precipitation input. Additionally, there are significant changes in runoff partitioning and increases in snowpack runoff are dominated by increases in rain-on-snow events. We present results aggregated across the entire GOA and also for individual watersheds to illustrate the range in hydrologic regime changes and explore the sensitivities of these results by independently perturbing only climate forcings and only glacier cover. © 2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"22934582700;10639570300;","Pluri-decadal (1955-2014) evolution of glacier-rock glacier transitional landforms in the central Andes of Chile (30-33deg;S)",2017,"10.5194/esurf-5-493-2017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85028564858&doi=10.5194%2fesurf-5-493-2017&partnerID=40&md5=3c0350d5155e99461efaef5acd7e5d3d","Three glacier-rock glacier transitional landforms in the central Andes of Chile are investigated over the last decades in order to highlight and question the significance of their landscape and flow dynamics. Historical (1955-2000) aerial photos and contemporary (&gt;ĝ€2000) Geoeye satellite images were used together with common processing operations, including imagery orthorectification, digital elevation model generation, and image feature tracking. At each site, the rock glacier morphology area, thermokarst area, elevation changes, and horizontal surface displacements were mapped. The evolution of the landforms over the study period is remarkable, with rapid landscape changes, particularly an expansion of rock glacier morphology areas. Elevation changes were heterogeneous, especially in debris-covered glacier areas with large heaving or lowering up to more than ±1ĝ€mĝ€yrĝ'1. The use of image feature tracking highlighted spatially coherent flow vector patterns over rock glacier areas and, at two of the three sites, their expansion over the studied period; debris-covered glacier areas are characterized by a lack of movement detection and/or chaotic displacement patterns reflecting thermokarst degradation; mean landform displacement speeds ranged between 0.50 and 1.10ĝ€mĝ€yrĝ'1 and exhibited a decreasing trend over the studied period. One important highlight of this study is that, especially in persisting cold conditions, rock glaciers can develop upward at the expense of debris-covered glaciers. Two of the studied landforms initially (prior to the study period) developed from an alternation between glacial advances and rock glacier development phases. The other landform is a small debris-covered glacier having evolved into a rock glacier over the last half-century. Based on these results it is proposed that morphological and dynamical interactions between glaciers and permafrost and their resulting hybrid landscapes may enhance the resilience of the mountain cryosphere against climate change."
"7005387538;7101693468;6603785154;","Grand challenges in cryospheric sciences: Toward better predictability of glaciers, snow and sea ice",2017,"10.3389/feart.2017.00064","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85027703533&doi=10.3389%2ffeart.2017.00064&partnerID=40&md5=6d21cce6234d0895d8ceed511c6e4d99",[No abstract available]
"35781577600;7005664339;7006130951;7006359209;57195992785;","Aerosol-driven increase in Arctic sea ice over the middle of the twentieth century",2017,"10.1002/2016GL071941","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85024131114&doi=10.1002%2f2016GL071941&partnerID=40&md5=1299408d57b89b41476073e81ab7428b","Updated observational data sets without climatological infilling show that there was an increase in sea ice concentration in the eastern Arctic between 1950 and 1975, contrary to earlier climatology infilled observational data sets that show weak interannual variations during that time period. We here present climate model simulations showing that this observed sea ice concentration increase was primarily a consequence of cooling induced by increasing anthropogenic aerosols and natural forcing. Indeed, sulphur dioxide emissions, which lead to the formation of sulphate aerosols, peaked around 1980 causing a sharp increase in the burden of sulphate between the 1950s and 1970s; but since 1980, the burden has dropped. Our climate model simulations show that the cooling contribution of aerosols offset the warming effect of increasing greenhouse gases over the midtwentieth century resulting in the expansion of the Arctic sea ice cover. These results challenge the perception that Arctic sea ice extent was unperturbed by human influence until the 1970s, suggesting instead that it exhibited earlier forced multidecadal variations, with implications for our understanding of impacts and adaptation in human and natural Arctic systems. ©2017. The Authors."
"55671418200;","North Atlantic deep water formation and AMOC in CMIP5 models",2017,"10.5194/os-13-609-2017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85026455656&doi=10.5194%2fos-13-609-2017&partnerID=40&md5=b77e4877086208e7fed5c4867460acb2","Deep water formation in climate models is indicative of their ability to simulate future ocean circulation, carbon and heat uptake, and sea level rise. Present-day temperature, salinity, sea ice concentration and ocean transport in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre and Nordic Seas from 23 CMIP5 (Climate Model Intercomparison Project, phase 5) models are compared with observations to assess the biases, causes and consequences of North Atlantic deep convection in models. The majority of models convect too deep, over too large an area, too often and too far south. Deep convection occurs at the sea ice edge and is most realistic in models with accurate sea ice extent, mostly those using the CICE model. Half of the models convect in response to local cooling or salinification of the surface waters; only a third have a dynamic relationship between freshwater coming from the Arctic and deep convection. The models with the most intense deep convection have the warmest deep waters, due to a redistribution of heat through the water column. For the majority of models, the variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is explained by the volumes of deep water produced in the subpolar gyre and Nordic Seas up to 2 years before. In turn, models with the strongest AMOC have the largest heat export to the Arctic. Understanding the dynamical drivers of deep convection and AMOC in models is hence key to realistically forecasting Arctic oceanic warming and its consequences for the global ocean circulation, cryosphere and marine life. © Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License."
"56215430100;6602257307;36545728200;24340550300;55220409000;6603825856;15521059100;","Contamination of the Arctic reflected in microbial metagenomes from the Greenland ice sheet",2017,"10.1088/1748-9326/aa7445","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85025110637&doi=10.1088%2f1748-9326%2faa7445&partnerID=40&md5=89bd93b2ccc2f94bb92b4f255dcba49e","Globally emitted contaminants accumulate in the Arctic and are stored in the frozen environments of the cryosphere. Climate change influences the release of these contaminants through elevated melt rates, resulting in increased contamination locally. Our understanding of how biological processes interact with contamination in the Arctic is limited. Through shotgun metagenomic data and binned genomes from metagenomes we show that microbial communities, sampled from multiple surface ice locations on the Greenland ice sheet, have the potential for resistance to and degradation of contaminants. The microbial potential to degrade anthropogenic contaminants, such as toxic and persistent polychlorinated biphenyls, was found to be spatially variable and not limited to regions close to human activities. Binned genomes showed close resemblance to microorganisms isolated from contaminated habitats. These results indicate that, from a microbiological perspective, the Greenland ice sheet cannot be seen as a pristine environment. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd."
"57203346076;55598097500;22962927700;57195232060;","Slowdown of global surface air temperature increase and acceleration of ice melting",2017,"10.1002/2017EF000554","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85026408787&doi=10.1002%2f2017EF000554&partnerID=40&md5=9a564ee9a0544b6351cc65b8545ba975","Although recent decades have been the warmest since 1850, and global mean temperatures during 2015 and 2016 beat all instrumental records, the rate of increase in global surface air temperature (GSAT) significantly decreased at the beginning of the 21st Century. In this context, we examine the roles of ice melting and associated increase in sea-water mass, both of which significantly increased at the same time as GSAT decreased. Specifically, we show that (1) the slowdown of the rate of increase in GSAT between the specific periods 1992–2001 and 2002–2011 exists in all three climate records analyzed and is statistically significant at the 5% level amounting between 0.029 and 0. 036°C/yr and leaving an energy of 14.8–18.4 1019 J/yr available; (2) the increase of the atmosphere-related ice melt between these two periods amounts to 316 Gt/yr which requires 10.5 1019 J/yr, that is, between 57% and 71% of the energy left by the slowdown; and (3) the energy budget shows, therefore, that the heat required to melt this additional 316 Gt/yr of ice is of the same order as the energy needed to warm the atmosphere during the decade 2002–2011 as much as during the previous one, suggesting a redistribution of heat within the atmosphere–cryosphere system. © 2017 The Authors."
"6701494496;56366577400;35497573900;6603073692;6603371044;7103211168;24737203600;8840527400;6701552501;35498628900;9535830600;55950356400;6603031108;7006577580;56439282700;23767805300;6507738674;7402942478;55167369500;46961283200;57205340585;6602701665;15830223100;57203488770;55620908300;57062290500;8687063000;6603899593;7103116704;56154651600;55959203400;","The modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications, version 2 (MERRA-2)",2017,"10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0758.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85020084015&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-16-0758.1&partnerID=40&md5=b9dcc40441ff46937b102d90d924a664","The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2), is the latest atmospheric reanalysis of the modern satellite era produced by NASA's Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO). MERRA-2 assimilates observation types not available to its predecessor, MERRA, and includes updates to the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) model and analysis scheme so as to provide a viable ongoing climate analysis beyond MERRA's terminus. While addressing known limitations of MERRA, MERRA-2 is also intended to be a development milestone for a future integrated Earth system analysis (IESA) currently under development at GMAO. This paper provides an overview of the MERRA-2 system and various performance metrics. Among the advances in MERRA-2 relevant to IESA are the assimilation of aerosol observations, several improvements to the representation of the stratosphere including ozone, and improved representations of cryospheric processes. Other improvements in the quality of MERRA-2 compared with MERRA include the reduction of some spurious trends and jumps related to changes in the observing system and reduced biases and imbalances in aspects of the water cycle. Remaining deficiencies are also identified. Production of MERRA-2 began in June 2014 in four processing streams and converged to a single near-real-time stream in mid-2015. MERRA-2 products are accessible online through the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data Information Services Center (GES DISC). © 2017 American Meteorological Society."
"56226146200;57072975100;36131817700;57194614981;15769236000;55131186300;25925792100;7801654745;6603757377;","Reanalysis of a 10-year record (2004-2013) of seasonal mass balances at Langenferner/Vedretta Lunga, Ortler Alps, Italy",2017,"10.5194/tc-11-1417-2017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85021254200&doi=10.5194%2ftc-11-1417-2017&partnerID=40&md5=27b430f1bff946f482b3eb40d5c8398a","Records of glacier mass balance represent important data in climate science and their uncertainties affect calculations of sea level rise and other societally relevant environmental projections. In order to reduce and quantify uncertainties in mass balance series obtained by direct glaciological measurements, we present a detailed reanalysis workflow which was applied to the 10-year record (2004 to 2013) of seasonal mass balance of Langenferner, a small glacier in the European Eastern Alps. The approach involves a methodological homogenization of available point values and the creation of pseudo-observations of point mass balance for years and locations without measurements by the application of a process-based model constrained by snow line observations. We examine the uncertainties related to the extrapolation of point data using a variety of methods and consequently present a more rigorous uncertainty assessment than is usually reported in the literature. Results reveal that the reanalyzed balance record considerably differs from the original one mainly for the first half of the observation period. For annual balances these misfits reach the order of &gt; 300 kg m-2 and could primarily be attributed to a lack of measurements in the upper glacier part and to the use of outdated glacier outlines. For winter balances respective differences are smaller (up to 233 kg m-2) and they originate primarily from methodological inhomogeneities in the original series. Remaining random uncertainties in the reanalyzed series are mainly determined by the extrapolation of point data to the glacier scale and are on the order of ±79 kg m-2 for annual and ±52 kg m-2 for winter balances with values for single years/seasons reaching ±136 kg m-2. A comparison of the glaciological results to those obtained by the geodetic method for the period 2005 to 2013 based on airborne laser-scanning data reveals that no significant bias of the reanalyzed record is detectable. © Author(s) 2017."
"57161682800;7005373834;7005917443;57061813300;6504635978;8353426000;55832844900;24448725200;","Pore water geochemistry along continental slopes north of the East Siberian Sea: Inference of low methane concentrations",2017,"10.5194/bg-14-2929-2017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85021137737&doi=10.5194%2fbg-14-2929-2017&partnerID=40&md5=ef8f870a944ff0934c4473c36066d2bc","Continental slopes north of the East Siberian Sea potentially hold large amounts of methane (CH4) in sediments as gas hydrate and free gas. Although release of this CH4 to the ocean and atmosphere has become a topic of discussion, the region remains sparingly explored. Here we present pore water chemistry results from 32 sediment cores taken during Leg 2 of the 2014 joint Swedish-Russian-US Arctic Ocean Investigation of Climate-Cryosphere-Carbon Interactions (SWERUS-C3) expedition. The cores come from depth transects across the slope and rise extending between the Mendeleev and the Lomonosov ridges, north of Wrangel Island and the New Siberian Islands, respectively. Upward CH4 flux towards the seafloor, as inferred from profiles of dissolved sulfate (SO42g), alkalinity, and the 13C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), is negligible at all stations east of 143°gE longitude. In the upper 8gm of these cores, downward SO42g flux never exceeds 6.2gmolgmg2gkyrg1, the upward alkalinity flux never exceeds 6.8gmolgmg2gkyrg1, and 13C composition of DIC (13C-DIC) only moderately decreases with depth (g3.6g‰gmg1 on average). Moreover, upon addition of Zn acetate to pore water samples, ZnS did not precipitate, indicating a lack of dissolved H2S. Phosphate, ammonium, and metal profiles reveal that metal oxide reduction by organic carbon dominates the geochemical environment and supports very low organic carbon turnover rates. A single core on the Lomonosov Ridge differs, as diffusive fluxes for SO42g and alkalinity were 13.9 and 11.3gmolgmg2gkyrg1, respectively, the 13C-DIC gradient was 5.6g‰gmg1, and Mn2+ reduction terminated within 1.3gm of the seafloor. These are among the first pore water results generated from this vast climatically sensitive region, and they imply that abundant CH4, including gas hydrates, do not characterize the East Siberian Sea slope or rise along the investigated depth transects. This contradicts previous modeling and discussions, which due to the lack of data are almost entirely based on assumption."
"14421409400;24072495000;7404226510;57194501249;57194506882;6603118938;","Ground-ice stable isotopes and cryostratigraphy reflect late Quaternary palaeoclimate in the Northeast Siberian Arctic (Oyogos Yar coast, Dmitry Laptev Strait)",2017,"10.5194/cp-13-587-2017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85015979713&doi=10.5194%2fcp-13-587-2017&partnerID=40&md5=ea6179ed6c529e20af2339e3abace662","To reconstruct palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironmental conditions in the northeast Siberian Arctic, we studied late Quaternary permafrost at the Oyogos Yar coast (Dmitry Laptev Strait). New infrared-stimulated luminescence ages for distinctive floodplain deposits of the Kuchchugui Suite (112.5ĝ€±ĝ€9.6ĝ€kyr) and thermokarst-lake deposits of the Krest Yuryakh Suite (102.4ĝ€±ĝ€9.7ĝ€kyr), respectively, provide new substantial geochronological data and shed light on the landscape history of the Dmitry Laptev Strait region during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5. Ground-ice stable-isotope data are presented together with cryolithological information for eight cryostratigraphic units and are complemented by data from nearby Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island. Our combined record of ice-wedge stable isotopes as a proxy for past winter climate conditions covers about 200ĝ€000 years and is supplemented by stable isotopes of pore and segregated ice which reflect annual climate conditions overprinted by freezing processes. Our ice-wedge stable-isotope data indicate substantial variations in northeast Siberian Arctic winter climate conditions during the late Quaternary, in particular between glacial and interglacial times but also over the last millennia to centuries. Stable isotope values of ice complex ice wedges indicate cold to very cold winter temperatures about 200ĝ€kyr ago (MIS7), very cold winter conditions about 100ĝ€kyr ago (MIS5), very cold to moderate winter conditions between about 60 and 30ĝ€kyr ago, and extremely cold winter temperatures during the Last Glacial Maximum (MIS2). Much warmer winter conditions are reflected by extensive thermokarst development during MIS5c and by Holocene ice-wedge stable isotopes. Modern ice-wedge stable isotopes are most enriched and testify to the recent winter warming in the Arctic. Hence, ice-wedge-based reconstructions of changes in winter climate conditions add substantial information to those derived from paleoecological proxies stored in permafrost and allow a distinction between seasonal trends of past climate dynamics. Future progress in ice-wedge dating and an improved temporal resolution of ice-wedge-derived climate information may help to fully explore the palaeoclimatic potential of ice wedges. © Author(s) 2017."
"7102257172;15519804100;56403320700;","Attribution of spring snow water equivalent (SWE) changes over the northern hemisphere to anthropogenic effects",2017,"10.1007/s00382-016-3291-4","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84979995647&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-016-3291-4&partnerID=40&md5=30f7d29821ad93ae203d9032a59ed09c","Snow is an important component of the cryosphere and it has a direct and important influence on water storage and supply in snowmelt-dominated regions. This study evaluates the temporal evolution of snow water equivalent (SWE) for the February–April spring period using the GlobSnow observation dataset for the 1980–2012 period. The analysis is performed for different regions of hemispherical to sub-continental scales for the Northern Hemisphere. The detection–attribution analysis is then performed to demonstrate anthropogenic and natural effects on spring SWE changes for different regions, by comparing observations with six CMIP5 model simulations for three different external forcings: all major anthropogenic and natural (ALL) forcings, greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing only, and natural forcing only. The observed spring SWE generally displays a decreasing trend, due to increasing spring temperatures. However, it exhibits a remarkable increasing trend for the southern parts of East Eurasia. The six CMIP5 models with ALL forcings reproduce well the observed spring SWE decreases at the hemispherical scale and continental scales, whereas important differences are noted for smaller regions such as southern and northern parts of East Eurasia and northern part of North America. The effects of ALL and GHG forcings are clearly detected for the spring SWE decline at the hemispherical scale, based on multi-model ensemble signals. The effects of ALL and GHG forcings, however, are less clear for the smaller regions or with single-model signals, indicating the large uncertainty in regional SWE changes, possibly due to stronger influence of natural climate variability. © 2016, The Author(s)."
"57213045794;54684240200;7005196173;6603887794;7006627750;","Drivers and potential predictability of summer time North Atlantic polar front jet variability",2017,"10.1007/s00382-016-3307-0","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84983409236&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-016-3307-0&partnerID=40&md5=5b7546e3eb409b1d97c61c1002e27bd0","The variability of the North Atlantic polar front jet stream is crucial in determining summer weather around the North Atlantic basin. Recent extreme summers in western Europe and North America have highlighted the need for greater understanding of this variability, in order to aid seasonal forecasting and mitigate societal, environmental and economic impacts. Here we find that simple linear regression and composite models based on a few predictable factors are able to explain up to 35 % of summertime jet stream speed and latitude variability from 1955 onwards. Sea surface temperature forcings impact predominantly on jet speed, whereas solar and cryospheric forcings appear to influence jet latitude. The cryospheric associations come from the previous autumn, suggesting the survival of an ice-induced signal through the winter season, whereas solar influences lead jet variability by a few years. Regression models covering the earlier part of the twentieth century are much less effective, presumably due to decreased availability of data, and increased uncertainty in observational reanalyses. Wavelet coherence analysis identifies that associations fluctuate over the study period but it is not clear whether this is just internal variability or genuine non-stationarity. Finally we identify areas for future research. © 2016, The Author(s)."
"35097154800;6603022568;55880847200;","Mass transport waves amplified by intense Greenland melt and detected in solid Earth deformation",2017,"10.1002/2017GL073478","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85019891751&doi=10.1002%2f2017GL073478&partnerID=40&md5=47639019c33f100c6f570ae13599b911","The annual cycle and secular trend of Greenland mass loading are well recorded in measurements of solid Earth deformation. Horizontal crustal displacements can potentially track the spatiotemporal detail of mass changes with great fidelity. Our analysis of Greenland crustal motion data reveals that a significant excitation of horizontal amplitudes occurs during the intense melt years. We discover that solitary seasonal waves of substantial mass transport (1.67 ± 0.54 Gt/month) traveled at an average speed of 7.1 km/month through Rink Glacier in 2012. We deduce that intense surface melting enhanced either basal lubrication or softening of shear margins, or both, causing the glacier to thin dynamically in summer. The newly routed upstream subglacial water was likely to be both retarded and inefficient, thus providing a causal mechanism for the prolonged ice transport to continue well into the winter months. As the climate continues to produce increasingly warmer spring and summer, amplified seasonal waves of mass transport may become ever more present with important ramifications for the future sea level rise. ©2017. The Authors."
"36798418200;7004605766;8967864300;7003312142;6602802632;","Using a small COTS UAV to quantify moraine dynamics induced by climate shift in Arctic environments",2017,"10.1080/01431161.2016.1249310","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84994112050&doi=10.1080%2f01431161.2016.1249310&partnerID=40&md5=b69f29a948420543a6143c2ff914f0c6","Arctic regions are known to be places where climate shift yields the most visible consequences. In this context, glaciers and their environment are highly subject to global warming effects. New dynamics are observed and the behaviour of arctic systems (such as glaciers, moraines, beaches, etc.) changes at rates visible over yearly observations. According to recent works on climate change impacts on the cryosphere, short/violent events are recently observed and are one characteristic of these changes. As a consequence, an accelerating rate of glacial and pro-glacial activity is observed, especially at the end of each hydrological season (early fall). As an example, many phases of streamflow increase/decrease are observed, transforming glacier outflows, moraine morphology, and re-organizing intra-moraine processes. Within only a few days, the morphology of some parts of the moraine can be completely changed. In order to observe and quantify these processes, reactive methods of survey are needed. That is why the use of commercial off the shelf–DJI Phantom3 Professional–unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for aerial photography acquisition combined with structure from motion analysis and digital elevation model computation were chosen. The robust architecture of this platform makes it well suited as a reliable picture acquisition system for high resolution (sub-decimetre) imaging. These increasingly popular methods, at a convergence of technologies including inertial guidance systems, long lasting batteries, and available computational power (both embedded and for image processing), allow to fly and to acquire data whatever the conditions of cloud cover. Furthermore, data acquisition is much more flexible than traditional satellite imagery: several flights can be performed in order to obtain the best conditions/acquisitions at a high spatiotemporal resolution. Moreover, the low-flying UAV yielding high picture resolution allows to generate high-resolution digital elevation models, and therefore, to measure accurately dynamics on the field with decimetre resolution in all three directions. Our objective is to show an experimental campaign of small UAV data acquisition in an arctic basin (Austre Lovén glacier, Svalbard, 78°N) separated by a few days. Knowing the changing conditions at this period, similar UAV flights have been reiterated in order to catch moraine dynamics. This allowed us to select two sets of images whose processing highlights and quantifies morphological changes into the moraine while a rain event occurred between two cold periods. © 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group."
"7403278265;57194173579;57191823871;57193905217;","Hydrologic controls and water vulnerabilities in the Naryn River Basin, Kyrgyzstan: A socio-hydro case study of water stressors in central Asia",2017,"10.3390/w9050325","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85019031807&doi=10.3390%2fw9050325&partnerID=40&md5=5d6835a1f9733b86e309dd3d92bcd3cb","Water vulnerabilities in Central Asia are affected by a complex combination of climate-sensitive water sources, trans-boundary political tensions, infrastructure deficiencies and a lack of water management organization from community to federal levels. This study aims to clarify the drivers of water stress across the 440 km Naryn River basin, headwater stem to the Syr Darya and the disappearing North Aral Sea. We use a combination of human and physical geography approaches to understand the meltwater-controlled hydrology of the system (using hydrochemical mixing models) as well as the human-water experience (via community surveys). Surveys indicate that current water stress is primarily a function of water management and access issues resulting from the clunky transition from Soviet era large-scale agriculture to post-Soviet small-plot farming. Snow and ice meltwaters play a dominant role in the surface and ground water supplies to downstream communities across the study's 4220 m elevation gradient, so future increases to water stress due to changes in volume and timing of water supply is likely given frozen waters' high sensitivities to warming temperatures. The combined influence of social, political and climate-induced pressures on water supplies in the Naryn basin suggest the need for proactive planning and adaptation strategies, and warrant concern for similar melt-sourced Central Asian watersheds. © 2017 by the authors."
"56562016300;35306080000;7404603029;","Simulation of permafrost changes on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China, over the past three decades",2017,"10.1080/17538947.2016.1237571","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84990176548&doi=10.1080%2f17538947.2016.1237571&partnerID=40&md5=f0bce8bc8c3f33f91fa96bd4b9f4cbb3","Permafrost is one of the largest elements of the terrestrial cryosphere and is extremely sensitive to climate change. Based on mean annual ground temperature (MAGT) data from 189 boreholes on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP), terrain factors, and climate data from China Meteorological Forcing Dataset, we propose a new mean annual ground air temperature (MAGAT) statistical model between meteorological parameters with subsurface temperatures to simulate permafrost distribution and variation of MAGT on the QTP over the past three decades (1981–2010). Validation of the model with MAGT data from 13 boreholes and permafrost maps of the QTP indicated that the MAGAT model is applicable to simulate the distribution and evolution of permafrost on the QTP. Simulation results show that the spatiotemporal MAGT of permafrost significantly increased by 0.37°C, or 0.25°C/10 yr, and the total area of permafrost decreased by 2.48 × 105 km2 on the QTP over the past three decades. Regionally, the changes of permafrost in the southwestern QTP were greater than other regions of the QTP. © 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group."
"56990851000;19638828800;7801381681;6504595453;7103291150;56437336500;","Dynamics of peat plateau near the southern boundary of the East European permafrost zone",2017,"10.1134/S1064229317030097","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85019770740&doi=10.1134%2fS1064229317030097&partnerID=40&md5=aa99fa698a7408b5c92387abc20d8e5b","Detailed study of a peat plateau near the southern boundary of the East European permafrost zone has been performed. The botanical and palynological compositions of the peat to the depth of 10 m, its radiocarbon dates (the AMS method), and its physical and chemical characteristics have been determined. The accumulation of peat in this area began about 8300 years ago at the end of the Boreal period. In the middle of the Atlantic period, the rate of peat accumulation reached 1.44 mm/yr. During the warming phase in the Middle Subboreal period, the peat plateau was subjected to active thermal erosion; part of the peat was eroded. The processes of thermal erosion are also active at present and destroy the edges of peat mounds. At the same time, the gradual accumulation of peat on the plateau continues. An increase in the degree of peat mineralization is expected upon the establishment of aerobic conditions against the background degradation of the permafrost. Peat plateaus and large peat mounds have been the sinks of atmospheric carbon for a larger part of their history. In this context, we do not expect their significant negative influence on the climate in the future. © 2017, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd."
"55779746400;6602208186;6603684839;24309428500;6603586021;6603332131;57194085361;36773536900;23095899400;15823214600;","A new quantitative approach to identify reworking in Eocene to Miocene pollen records from offshore Antarctica using red fluorescence and digital imaging",2017,"10.5194/bg-14-2089-2017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85018622443&doi=10.5194%2fbg-14-2089-2017&partnerID=40&md5=bd5c44c542094827c74417df9a8a8f03","Antarctic palaeoclimate evolution and vegetation history after the formation of a continent-scale cryosphere at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, 33.9 million years ago, has remained a matter of controversy. In particular, the reconstruction of terrestrial climate and vegetation has been strongly hampered by uncertainties in unambiguously identifying non-reworked as opposed to reworked sporomorphs that have been transported into Antarctic marine sedimentary records by waxing and waning ice sheets. Whereas reworked sporomorph grains over longer non-successive geological timescales are easily identifiable within younger sporomorph assemblages (e.g. Permian sporomorphs in Pliocene sediments), distinguishing non-reworked from reworked material in palynological assemblages over successive geological time periods (e.g. Eocene sporomorphs in Oligocene sediments) has remained problematic. This study presents a new quantitative approach to identifying non-reworked pollen assemblages in marine sediment cores from circum-Antarctic waters. We measured the fluorescence colour signature, including red, green, and blue fluorescence; brightness; intensity; and saturation values of selected pollen and spore taxa from Eocene, Oligocene, and Miocene sediments from the Wilkes Land margin Site U1356 (East Antarctica) recovered during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 318. Our study identified statistically significant differences in red-fluorescence values of non-reworked sporomorph taxa against age. We conclude that red fluorescence is a reliable parameter for identifying the presence of non-reworked pollen and spores in Antarctic marine sediment records from the circum-Antarctic realm that are influenced by glaciation and extensive reworking. Our study provides a new tool to accurately reconstruct Cenozoic terrestrial climate change on Antarctica using fossil pollen and spores. © 2017 The Author(s)."
"48360904200;7006728944;","Methods for mapping and monitoring global glaciovolcanism",2017,"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.01.017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85011301842&doi=10.1016%2fj.jvolgeores.2017.01.017&partnerID=40&md5=4bb6a665a03845e887a54e67e553295c","The most deadly (Nevado del Ruiz, 1985) and the most costly (Eyjafjallajökull, 2010) eruptions of the last 100 years were both glaciovolcanic. Considering its great importance to studies of volcanic hazards, global climate, and even astrobiology, the global distribution of glaciovolcanism is insufficiently understood. We present and assess three algorithms for mapping, monitoring, and predicting likely centers of glaciovolcanic activity worldwide. Each algorithm intersects buffer zones representing known Holocene-active volcanic centers with existing datasets of snow, ice, and permafrost. Two detection algorithms, RGGA and PZGA, are simple spatial join operations computed from the Randolph Glacier Inventory and the Permafrost Zonation Index, respectively. The third, MDGA, is an algorithm run on all 15 available years of the MOD10A2 weekly snow cover product from the Terra MODIS satellite radiometer. Shortcomings and advantages of the three methods are discussed, including previously unreported blunders in the MOD10A2 dataset. Comparison of the results leads to an effective approach for integrating the three methods. We show that 20.4% of known Holocene volcanic centers host glaciers or areas of permanent snow. A further 10.9% potentially interact with permafrost. MDGA and PZGA do not rely on any human input, rendering them useful for investigations of change over time. An intermediate step in MDGA involves estimating the snow-covered area at every Holocene volcanic center. These estimations can be updated weekly with no human intervention. To investigate the feasibility of an automatic ice-loss alert system, we consider three examples of glaciovolcanism in the MDGA weekly dataset. We also discuss the potential use of PZGA to model past and future glaciovolcanism based on global circulation model outputs. Combined, the three algorithms provide an automated system for understanding the geographic and temporal patterns of global glaciovolcanism which should be of use for hazard assessment, the search for extreme microbiomes, climate models, and implementation of ice-cover-based volcano monitoring systems. © 2017 Elsevier B.V."
"57014496500;7401958053;57199903513;37056513600;7401863116;","Improved modeling of snow and glacier melting by a progressive two-stage calibration strategy with GRACE and multisource data: How snow and glacier meltwater contributes to the runoff of the Upper Brahmaputra River basin?",2017,"10.1002/2016WR019656","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85017208828&doi=10.1002%2f2016WR019656&partnerID=40&md5=73e5053c9e360a7a6584da8828f7362a","Snow and glacier melting and accumulation are important processes of the hydrological cycle in the cryosphere, e.g., high-mountain areas. Glaciers and snow cover respond to climate change notably over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) as the Earth's Third Pole where complex topography and lack of ground-based observations result in knowledge gaps in hydrological processes and large uncertainties in model output. This study develops a snow and glacier melt model for a distributed hydrological model (Coupled Routing and Excess Storage model, CREST) using the Upper Brahmaputra River (UBR) basin in the TP as a case study. Satellite and ground-based precipitation and land surface temperature are jointly used as model forcing. A progressive two-stage calibration strategy is developed to derive model parameters, i.e., (1) snow melting processes (stage I) and (2) glacier melting and runoff generation and routing using multisource data (stage II). Stage-I calibration is performed using the MODIS snow cover area (SCA) product and a blending snow water equivalent (SWE) product combined with partial in situ measurements. Stage-II calibration is based on Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite-derived total water storage (TWS) changes and streamflow observed at a gauging station of the lower reach of the UBR. Results indicate that the developed two-stage calibration method provides more reliable streamflow, snow (both SCA and SWE), and TWS change simulations against corresponding observations than commonly used methods based on streamflow and/or SCA performance. The simulated TWS time series shows high consistency with GRACE counterparts for the study period 2003–2014, and overestimated melting rates and contributions of glacier meltwater to runoff in previous studies are improved to some degree by the developed model and calibration strategy. Snow and glacier runoff contributed 10.6% and 9.9% to the total runoff, and the depletion rate of glacier mass was ∼ −10 mm/a (∼ −2.4 Gt/a, Gt/a is gigaton (km3 of water) per year) over the UBR basin during the study period. This study is valuable in examining the impacts of climate change on hydrological processes of cryospheric regions and providing an improved approach for simulating more reliable hydrological variables over the UBR basin and potentially similar regions globally. © 2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"7004586688;57193374051;7102757223;6701402091;15724705600;6603035763;16315767700;8245528300;22937577900;35866679700;7005848354;7103363111;6602866287;7006246996;6602125464;57206547313;56431832800;6602389214;7005941690;7005457386;7006575294;7006936301;55476061600;12645612500;6506669380;","The Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2): Science requirements, concept, and implementation",2017,"10.1016/j.rse.2016.12.029","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85008613355&doi=10.1016%2fj.rse.2016.12.029&partnerID=40&md5=d8068822c991f6ef3015d8dc291d385c","The Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) mission used laser altimetry measurements to determine changes in elevations of glaciers and ice sheets, as well as sea ice thickness distribution. These measurements have provided important information on the response of the cryopshere (Earth's frozen surfaces) to changes in atmosphere and ocean condition. ICESat operated from 2003 to 2009 and provided repeat altimetry measurements not only to the cryosphere scientific community but also to the ocean, terrestrial and atmospheric scientific communities. The conclusive assessment of significant ongoing rapid changes in the Earth's ice cover, in part supported by ICESat observations, has strengthened the need for sustained, high accuracy, repeat observations similar to what was provided by the ICESat mission. Following recommendations from the National Research Council for an ICESat follow-on mission, the ICESat-2 mission is now under development for planned launch in 2018. The primary scientific aims of the ICESat-2 mission are to continue measurements of sea ice freeboard and ice sheet elevation to determine their changes at scales from outlet glaciers to the entire ice sheet, and from 10s of meters to the entire polar oceans for sea ice freeboard. ICESat carried a single beam profiling laser altimeter that produced ~ 70 m diameter footprints on the surface of the Earth at ~ 150 m along-track intervals. In contrast, ICESat-2 will operate with three pairs of beams, each pair separated by about 3 km cross-track with a pair spacing of 90 m. Each of the beams will have a nominal 17 m diameter footprint with an along-track sampling interval of 0.7 m. The differences in the ICESat-2 measurement concept are a result of overcoming some limitations associated with the approach used in the ICESat mission. The beam pair configuration of ICESat-2 allows for the determination of local cross-track slope, a significant factor in measuring elevation change for the outlet glaciers surrounding the Greenland and Antarctica coasts. The multiple beam pairs also provide improved spatial coverage. The dense spatial sampling eliminates along-track measurement gaps, and the small footprint diameter is especially useful for sea surface height measurements in the often narrow leads needed for sea ice freeboard and ice thickness retrievals. The ICESat-2 instrumentation concept uses a low energy 532 nm (green) laser in conjunction with single-photon sensitive detectors to measure range. Combining ICESat-2 data with altimetry data collected since the start of the ICESat mission in 2003, such as Operation IceBridge and ESA's CryoSat-2, will yield a 15 + year record of changes in ice sheet elevation and sea ice thickness. ICESat-2 will also provide information of mountain glacier and ice cap elevations changes, land and vegetation heights, inland water elevations, sea surface heights, and cloud layering and optical thickness. © 2017"
"57191350057;57203321797;57191268326;56028456700;7404942217;57191900509;56645257600;36893097600;57188582985;","In-situ measurements of light-absorbing impurities in snow of glacier on Mt. Yulong and implications for radiative forcing estimates",2017,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.032","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85009766643&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2017.01.032&partnerID=40&md5=14fe2b64224d0420b5354a3af467c4ee","The Tibetan Plateau (TP) or the third polar cryosphere borders geographical hotspots for discharges of black carbon (BC). BC and dust play important roles in climate system and Earth's energy budget, particularly after they are deposited on snow and glacial surfaces. BC and dust are two kinds of main light-absorbing impurities (LAIs) in snow and glaciers. Estimating concentrations and distribution of LAIs in snow and glacier ice in the TP is of great interest because this region is a global hotspot in geophysical research. Various snow samples, including surface aged-snow, superimposed ice and snow meltwater samples were collected from a typical temperate glacier on Mt. Yulong in the snow melt season in 2015. The samples were determined for BC, Organic Carbon (OC) concentrations using an improved thermal/optical reflectance (DRI Model 2001) method and gravimetric method for dust concentrations. Results indicated that the LAIs concentrations were highly elevation-dependent in the study area. Higher contents and probably greater deposition at relative lower elevations (generally &lt; 5000 m asl) of the glacier was observed. Temporal difference of LAIs contents demonstrated that LAIs in snow of glacier gradually increased as snow melting progressed. Evaluations of the relative absorption of BC and dust displayed that the impact of dust on snow albedo and radiative forcing (RF) is substantially larger than BC, particularly when dust contents are higher. This was verified by the absorption factor, which was &lt; 1.0. In addition, we found the BC-induced albedo reduction to be in the range of 2% to nearly 10% during the snow melting season, and the mean snow albedo reduction was 4.63%, hence for BC contents ranging from 281 to 894 ng g− 1 in snow of a typical temperate glacier on Mt. Yulong, the associated instantaneous RF will be 76.38–146.96 W m− 2. Further research is needed to partition LAIs induced glacial melt, modeling researches in combination with long-term in-situ observations of LAIs in glaciers is also urgent needed in the future work. © 2017 Elsevier B.V."
"37064386300;7201710743;7102381140;57194263150;","Diurnal evolution of the temperature sensitivity of CO2 efflux in permafrost soils under control and warm conditions",2017,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.089","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85008474087&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2016.12.089&partnerID=40&md5=5a0d696d95226f94987b557e8515b4a8","Cryosols contain ~ 33% of the global soil organic carbon. Cryosol warming and permafrost degradation may enhance the CO2 release to the atmosphere through the microbial decomposition. Despite the large carbon pool, the permafrost carbon feedback on the climate remains uncertain. In this study, we aimed at better understanding the diurnal evolution of the temperature sensitivity of CO2 efflux in Cryosols. A Histic Cryosol and a Turbic Cryosol were instrumented in tussock tundra ecosystems near Salluit (Nunavik, Canada). Open top chambers were installed during summer 2011 and the ground temperature, the soil moisture and meteorological variables were recorded hourly while the ecosystem respiration was measured three times per day every second day with opaque and closed dynamic chambers in control and warm stations. Despite warmer conditions, the average CO2 efflux at the control stations at the Histic site (1.29 ± 0.45 μmolCO2 m− 2 s− 1) was lower than at the Turbic site (2.30 ± 0.74 μmolCO2 m− 2 s− 1). The increase in CO2 efflux with warming was greater in the Histic Cryosol (~ 39%) than in the Turbic Cryosol (~ 16%). Our study showed that the temperature sensitivity of the ecosystem respiration evolved during the day and decreased with the experimental warming. Both sites exhibited diurnal hysteresis loops between CO2 efflux and the soil surface temperature. The width of hysteresis loops increased with the solar radiation and decreased along the growing season. We developed simple linear models that took into account the diurnal evolution of the temperature sensitivity of CO2 efflux and we estimated the seasonal cumulative carbon release to the atmosphere. The calculation using solely diurnal measurements significantly differed from the seasonal carbon release modelled hourly. Our study highlighted that the time of the day when measurements are performed should be taken into account to accurately estimate the seasonal carbon release from tundra ecosystems. © 2016 Elsevier B.V."
"55699587100;57189939159;6506620526;8206721000;","An extended global Earth system data record on daily landscape freeze-thaw status determined from satellite passive microwave remote sensing",2017,"10.5194/essd-9-133-2017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85013167821&doi=10.5194%2fessd-9-133-2017&partnerID=40&md5=1a6318d819cd377d0c742a29fdb10908","The landscape freeze-thaw (FT) signal determined from satellite microwave brightness temperature (Tb) observations has been widely used to define frozen temperature controls on land surface water mobility and ecological processes. Calibrated 37 GHz T b retrievals from the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR), Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), and SSM/I Sounder (SSMIS) were used to produce a consistent and continuous global daily data record of landscape FT status at 25 km grid cell resolution. The resulting FT Earth system data record (FT-ESDR) is derived from a refined classification algorithm and extends over a larger domain and longer period (1979-2014) than prior FT-ESDR releases. The global domain encompasses all land areas affected by seasonal frozen temperatures, including urban, snow-and ice-dominant and barren land, which were not represented by prior FT-ESDR versions. The FT retrieval is obtained using a modified seasonal threshold algorithm (MSTA) that classifies daily Tb variations in relation to grid-cell-wise FT thresholds calibrated using surface air temperature data from model reanalysis. The resulting FT record shows respective mean annual spatial classification accuracies of 90.3 and 84.3 % for evening (PM) and morning (AM) overpass retrievals relative to global weather station measurements. Detailed data quality metrics are derived characterizing the effects of sub-grid-scale open water and terrain heterogeneity, as well as algorithm uncertainties on FT classification accuracy. The FT-ESDR results are also verified against other independent cryospheric data, including in situ lake and river ice phenology, and satellite observations of Greenland surface melt. The expanded FT-ESDR enables new investigations encompassing snow-and ice-dominant land areas, while the longer record and favorable accuracy allow for refined global change assessments that can better distinguish transient weather extremes, landscape phenological shifts, and climate anomalies from longer-term trends extending over multiple decades. The dataset is freely available online (doi:10.5067/MEASURES/CRYOSPHERE/nsidc-0477.003). © 2017 Author(s)."
"35225198700;7102666825;56884655800;24334975500;57201281634;56277962200;56096932400;6603764342;","Recent regional climate cooling on the Antarctic Peninsula and associated impacts on the cryosphere",2017,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.030","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85008147850&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2016.12.030&partnerID=40&md5=7864f9336a73d52ac8117e4f38e2fd7f","The Antarctic Peninsula (AP) is often described as a region with one of the largest warming trends on Earth since the 1950s, based on the temperature trend of 0.54 °C/decade during 1951–2011 recorded at Faraday/Vernadsky station. Accordingly, most works describing the evolution of the natural systems in the AP region cite this extreme trend as the underlying cause of their observed changes. However, a recent analysis (Turner et al., 2016) has shown that the regionally stacked temperature record for the last three decades has shifted from a warming trend of 0.32 °C/decade during 1979–1997 to a cooling trend of − 0.47 °C/decade during 1999–2014. While that study focuses on the period 1979–2014, averaging the data over the entire AP region, we here update and re-assess the spatially-distributed temperature trends and inter-decadal variability from 1950 to 2015, using data from ten stations distributed across the AP region. We show that Faraday/Vernadsky warming trend is an extreme case, circa twice those of the long-term records from other parts of the northern AP. Our results also indicate that the cooling initiated in 1998/1999 has been most significant in the N and NE of the AP and the South Shetland Islands (> 0.5 °C between the two last decades), modest in the Orkney Islands, and absent in the SW of the AP. This recent cooling has already impacted the cryosphere in the northern AP, including slow-down of glacier recession, a shift to surface mass gains of the peripheral glacier and a thinning of the active layer of permafrost in northern AP islands. © 2016 Elsevier B.V."
"17346560500;7202547195;7003698344;6603826567;7004100731;22940851800;16445128600;17435843700;24554344300;6603493963;","A synthesis of the arctic terrestrial and marine carbon cycles under pressure from a dwindling cryosphere",2017,"10.1007/s13280-016-0872-8","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85010450420&doi=10.1007%2fs13280-016-0872-8&partnerID=40&md5=3994a227e251e13c2c7c8f240f6e625f","The current downturn of the arctic cryosphere, such as the strong loss of sea ice, melting of ice sheets and glaciers, and permafrost thaw, affects the marine and terrestrial carbon cycles in numerous interconnected ways. Nonetheless, processes in the ocean and on land have been too often considered in isolation while it has become increasingly clear that the two environments are strongly connected: Sea ice decline is one of the main causes of the rapid warming of the Arctic, and the flow of carbon from rivers into the Arctic Ocean affects marine processes and the air–sea exchange of CO2. This review, therefore, provides an overview of the current state of knowledge of the arctic terrestrial and marine carbon cycle, connections in between, and how this complex system is affected by climate change and a declining cryosphere. Ultimately, better knowledge of biogeochemical processes combined with improved model representations of ocean–land interactions are essential to accurately predict the development of arctic ecosystems and associated climate feedbacks. © 2017, The Author(s)."
"22935158900;55547727700;26433171500;25624257300;7403019018;6602506180;","Spatiotemporal variability in surface energy balance across tundra, snow and ice in Greenland",2017,"10.1007/s13280-016-0867-5","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85010289441&doi=10.1007%2fs13280-016-0867-5&partnerID=40&md5=a78bfc84a21fdbf79171027b66fd0b1f","The surface energy balance (SEB) is essential for understanding the coupled cryosphere–atmosphere system in the Arctic. In this study, we investigate the spatiotemporal variability in SEB across tundra, snow and ice. During the snow-free period, the main energy sink for ice sites is surface melt. For tundra, energy is used for sensible and latent heat flux and soil heat flux leading to permafrost thaw. Longer snow-free period increases melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet and glaciers and may promote tundra permafrost thaw. During winter, clouds have a warming effect across surface types whereas during summer clouds have a cooling effect over tundra and a warming effect over ice, reflecting the spatial variation in albedo. The complex interactions between factors affecting SEB across surface types remain a challenge for understanding current and future conditions. Extended monitoring activities coupled with modelling efforts are essential for assessing the impact of warming in the Arctic. © 2017, The Author(s)."
"55513480300;16022771900;16031878300;55666202400;24402443600;56662800400;23034123200;8718417000;7006131392;","Long term active layer monitoring at a warm-based glacier front from maritime Antarctica",2017,"10.1016/j.catena.2016.07.031","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85027933678&doi=10.1016%2fj.catena.2016.07.031&partnerID=40&md5=77cfdc496a81e23aefa959157eb877a3","Knowledge on active-layer dynamics and permafrost distribution is of especial importance in Maritime Antarctica, where dramatic climate warming occurred in the last decades. Few long-term studies of active-layer temperatures in this region, and no one focus on recently deglaciated areas under paraglacial conditions. This paper analyses the long-term soil thermal regime of a warm-based glacial front site located at Low Head, King George Island. The monitoring system consists of soil temperature probes connected to a datalogger that recorded data at hourly intervals. We calculated the thawing days (TD), freezing days (FD), number of isothermal days (ID), number of freeze-thaw days (FTD), thawing degree days (TDD), freezing degree days (FDD), and the apparent thermal diffusivity (ATD). The results indicate that active layer thermal regime at Low Head is similar to other periglacial environments from Maritime Antarctica, with differences associated with the influence from the nearby warm-based glacier. Surface temperatures show greater variations during the summer resulting in frequent freeze and thaw cycles, mainly (1 cm and 10 cm). The temperature profile during the studied period indicates that the active layer thickness reached a maximum of 106 cm on February 7th 2015. Soil temperature buffering was limited by the low snow cover, low soil moisture, and absence of vegetation. Based on the high interannual variability detected during the five years monitoring run, we stress that longer monitoring periods are necessary for a more detailed knowledge on how permafrost respond to climate changes in this rapidly warming zone. © 2016 Elsevier B.V."
"7005211216;","Detection capabilities: some historical footnotes: and lesser known Currie research",2017,"10.1007/s10967-016-4925-z","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84989193307&doi=10.1007%2fs10967-016-4925-z&partnerID=40&md5=caf6c41bd7700346f492758fe593484d","Part I Summary of relevant topics from 1923 to present—including: Currie (Anal Chem 40:586–593, 1968) detection concepts &amp; capabilities; International detection &amp; uncertainty standards; Failure of classical 14C dating and birth of new scientific disciplines; Exploratory nuclear data analysis of 85Kr monitors found coincident with the collapse of the Iron Curtain (1989); Faulty statistics proved responsible for mistaken assertions that Currie’s LC yields excessive false positives; Low-level counting and AMS for atmospheric 37Ar and µmolar fossil/biomass carbon in the environment; Erroneous assumption that our low-level background is a Poisson Process, linked to ~8 % spurious anticoincidence events. Part II Exact treatment of bivariate Poisson data—solved in 1930s by Przyborowski and Wilenski, Krakow University, for detecting extreme trace amounts of a malicious contaminant (dodder) in high purity seed standards. We adapted their treatment to detection capabilities in ultra-low-level nuclear counting. The timing of their work had great historical significance, marking the start of World War II, with the invasion of Poland (1939). © 2016, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary."
"56210187800;55915866100;7004560443;","New geophysical compilations link crustal block motion to Jurassic extension and strike-slip faulting in the Weddell Sea Rift System of West Antarctica",2017,"10.1016/j.gr.2016.09.009","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85009128780&doi=10.1016%2fj.gr.2016.09.009&partnerID=40&md5=d193e36d86c30c4fb55996f5635f908e","Gondwana breakup changed the global continental configuration, leading to opening of major oceanic gateways, shifts in the climate system and significant impacts on the biosphere, hydrosphere and cryosphere. Although of global importance, the earliest stages of the supercontinental fragmentation are poorly understood. Reconstructing the processes driving Gondwana breakup within the ice-covered Weddell Sea Rift System (WSRS) has proven particularly challenging. Paleomagnetic data and tectonic reconstructions of the WSRS region indicate that major Jurassic translation and rotation of microcontinental blocks were a key precursor to Gondwana breakup by seafloor spreading. However, geophysical interpretations have provided little support for major motion of crustal blocks during Jurassic extension in the WSRS. Here we present new compilations of airborne magnetic and airborne gravity data, together with digital enhancements and 2D models, enabling us to re-evaluate the crustal architecture of the WSRS and its tectonic and kinematic evolution. Two provinces are identified within the WSRS, a northern E/W trending province and a southern N/S trending province. A simple extensional or transtensional model including ~ 500 km of crustal extension and Jurassic magmatism accounts for the observed geophysical patterns. Magmatism is linked with rifting between South Africa and East Antarctica in the north, and associated with back-arc extension in the south. Our tectonic model implies ~ 30° of Jurassic block rotation and juxtaposes the magnetically similar Haag Block and Shackleton Range, despite differences in both Precambrian and Pan African-age surface geology. Although geophysically favoured our new model cannot easily be reconciled with geological and paleomagnetic interpretations that require ~ 1500 km of motion and 90° anticlockwise rotation of the Haag-Ellsworth Whitmore block from a pre-rift position adjacent to the Maud Belt. However, our model provides a simpler view of the WSRS as a broad Jurassic extensional/transtensional province within a distributed plate boundary between East and West Antarctica. © 2016 International Association for Gondwana Research"
"24338619600;55664151400;55235064100;7202843160;56210832700;56655885600;10041301900;55715181100;57212362627;36551761100;","Lake seasonality across the Tibetan Plateau and their varying relationship with regional mass changes and local hydrology",2017,"10.1002/2016GL072062","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85010496554&doi=10.1002%2f2016GL072062&partnerID=40&md5=189989b8c46b8fb1a269b51b55efea30","The recent growth and deepening of inland lakes in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) may be a salient indicator of the consequences of climate change. The seasonal dynamics of these lakes is poorly understood despite this being potentially crucial for disentangling contributions from glacier melt and precipitation, which are all sensitive to climate, to lake water budget. Using in situ observations, satellite altimetry and gravimetry data, we identified two patterns of lake level seasonality. In the central, northern, and northeastern TP, lake levels are characterized by considerable increases during warm seasons and decreases during cold seasons, which is consistent with regional mass changes related to monsoon precipitation and evaporation. In the northwestern TP, however, lake levels exhibit dramatic increases during both warm and cold seasons, which deviate from regional mass changes. This appears to be more connected with high spring snowfall and large summer glacier melt. The variable lake level response to different drivers indicates heterogeneous sensitivity to climate change between the northwestern TP and other regions. ©2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"7103100591;7003649411;7201515319;","Ca isotopic geochemistry of an Antarctic aquatic system",2017,"10.1002/2016GL071169","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85010679773&doi=10.1002%2f2016GL071169&partnerID=40&md5=4d508ee9269002ef806caf6578f2cbc5","The McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, are a polar desert ecosystem. The hydrologic system of the dry valleys is linked to climate with ephemeral streams that flow from glacial melt during the austral summer. Past climate variations have strongly influenced the closed-basin, chemically stratified lakes on the valley floor. Results of previous work point to important roles for both in-stream processes (e.g., mineral weathering, precipitation and dissolution of salts) and in-lake processes (e.g., mixing with paleo-seawater and calcite precipitation) in determining the geochemistry of these lakes. These processes have a significant influence on calcium (Ca) biogeochemistry in this aquatic ecosystem, and thus variations in Ca stable isotope compositions of the waters can aid in validating the importance of these processes. We have analyzed the Ca stable isotope compositions of streams and lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys. The results validate the important roles of weathering of aluminosilicate minerals and/or CaCO3 in the hyporheic zone of the streams, and mixing of lake surface water with paleo-seawater and precipitation of Ca-salts during cryo-concentration events to form the deep lake waters. The lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys evolved following different geochemical pathways, evidenced by their unique, nonsystematic Ca isotope signatures. ©2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57217499106;36468993100;36941175900;6602444072;57193073497;57193080282;57190373054;57190372526;","Hydrologic and geomorphic changes resulting from episodic glacial lake outburst floods: Rio Colonia, Patagonia, Chile",2017,"10.1002/2016GL071374","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85010552526&doi=10.1002%2f2016GL071374&partnerID=40&md5=01fe541afdf3b69119c72d82683dd189","Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) are a prominent but poorly understood cryospheric hazard in a warming climate. We quantify the hydrologic and geomorphic response to 21 episodic GLOFs that began in April 2008 using multitemporal satellite imagery and field observations. Peak discharge exiting the source lake became progressively muted downstream. At ~40–60 km downstream, where the floods entered and traveled down the main stem Rio Baker, peak discharges were generally &lt; 2000 m3 s−1, although these flows were still &gt;1–2 times the peak annual discharge of this system, Chile's largest river by volume. As such, caution must be applied to empirical relationships relating lake volume to peak discharge, as the latter is dependent on where this observation is made along the flood path. The GLOFs and subsequent periods of free drainage resulted in &gt; 40 m of incision, the net removal of ~25 × 106 m3 of sediment from the source lake basin, and a nonsteady channel configuration downstream. These results demonstrate that GLOFs sourced from low-order tributaries can produce significant floods on major main stem rivers, in addition to significantly altering sediment dynamics. Published 2016. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the United States of America."
"36551761100;55664151400;6701581547;55901447400;7401672948;8284622100;55731334900;35332943100;57203012951;55235064100;56655885600;24338619600;37462539100;55499066600;35622440300;49962700500;57207482495;","Extensive and drastically different alpine lake changes on Asia's high plateaus during the past four decades",2017,"10.1002/2016GL072033","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85009211739&doi=10.1002%2f2016GL072033&partnerID=40&md5=9f7c50e462e50ff9ee1011701bf927f3","Asia's high plateaus are sensitive to climate change and have been experiencing rapid warming over the past few decades. We found 99 new lakes and extensive lake expansion on the Tibetan Plateau during the last four decades, 1970–2013, due to increased precipitation and cryospheric contributions to its water balance. This contrasts with disappearing lakes and drastic shrinkage of lake areas on the adjacent Mongolian Plateau: 208 lakes disappeared, and 75% of the remaining lakes have shrunk. We detected a statistically significant coincidental timing of lake area changes in both plateaus, associated with the climate regime shift that occurred during 1997/1998. This distinct change in 1997/1998 is thought to be driven by large-scale atmospheric circulation changes in response to climate warming. Our findings reveal that these two adjacent plateaus have been changing in opposite directions in response to climate change. These findings shed light on the complex role of the regional climate and water cycles and provide useful information for ecological and water resource planning in these fragile landscapes. ©2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"7101800802;57205100034;56095257400;37075466200;56959807600;15926344800;7102826598;8907957600;57075263400;","Review article: Inferring permafrost and permafrost thaw in the mountains of the Hindu Kush Himalaya region",2017,"10.5194/tc-11-81-2017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85009936563&doi=10.5194%2ftc-11-81-2017&partnerID=40&md5=ca3f5e6472dbac4e8e19ca87bc80a6ba","The cryosphere reacts sensitively to climate change, as evidenced by the widespread retreat of mountain glaciers. Subsurface ice contained in permafrost is similarly affected by climate change, causing persistent impacts on natural and human systems. In contrast to glaciers, permafrost is not observable spatially and therefore its presence and possible changes are frequently overlooked. Correspondingly, little is known about permafrost in the mountains of the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region, despite permafrost area exceeding that of glaciers in nearly all countries. Based on evidence and insight gained mostly in other permafrost areas globally, this review provides a synopsis on what is known or can be inferred about permafrost in the mountains of the HKH region. Given the extreme nature of the environment concerned, it is to be expected that the diversity of conditions and phenomena encountered in permafrost exceed what has previously been described and investigated. We further argue that climate change in concert with increasing development will bring about diverse permafrost-related impacts on vegetation, water quality, geohazards, and livelihoods. To better anticipate and mitigate these effects, a deepened understanding of high-elevation permafrost in subtropical latitudes as well as the pathways interconnecting environmental changes and human livelihoods are needed. © 2017 Author(s)."
"23491642600;57191414857;6601983435;16309345800;36751735800;25626678600;6603465042;6602591927;57216295937;56498912500;6505806917;6507580028;","Characterization of seismic signals recorded in Tethys Bay, Victoria land (Antarctica): Data from atmosphere-cryosphere-hydrosphere interaction",2017,"10.4401/ag-7408","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85026818558&doi=10.4401%2fag-7408&partnerID=40&md5=6f61a31b13482abbdcb7a82dc3daf67f","In this paper, we analysed 3-component seismic signals recorded during 27 November 2016-10 January 2017 by two stations installed in Tethys Bay (Victoria Land, Antarctica), close to Mario Zucchelli Station. Due to the low noise levels, it was possible to identify three different kinds of signals: teleseismic earthquakes, microseisms, and icequakes. We focus on the latter two. A statistically significant relationship was found between microseism amplitude and both wind speed and sea swell. Thus, we suggest that the recorded microseism data are caused by waves at the shore close to the seismic stations rather than in the deep ocean during storms. In addition, we detected three icequakes, with dominant low frequencies (below 2 Hz), located in the David Glacier area with local magnitude of 2.4-2.6. These events were likely to have been generated at the rock-ice interface under the glacier. This work shows how seismic signals recorded in Antarctica provide insights on the interactions between the atmosphere-cryosphere-hydrosphere. Since climate patterns drive these interactions, investigations on Antarctic seismic signals could serve as a proxy indicator for estimating climate changes. © 2017 by Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia. All rights reserved."
"10046242800;","Impact of climate changes on cryosphere in Suru-Zanskar Valley, Kargil: Observed trends, and socio-economic relvance",2017,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85020131602&partnerID=40&md5=9feb5fa271dea63852abc7800f9515de","It is a great honor and privilege to deliver the Prof. A. B. Mukerji Memorial lecture at IIG conference, Kurkshetra, Haryana. I am extremely grateful to Professor A. B. Mukerji family members and IIG for having provided an opportunity to share my experience on Cryosphere sciences with young geographers. My association with Prof A. B. Mukerji dates back to 1965, when Ijoined the Department of Geography, Panjab University, Chandigarh, as M.A student. Since then I have had an privilege of knowing Prof. Mukerji intimately as a teacher, research supervisor for my Ph.D dissertation, and above all as human being. It was Professor Mukerji who initiated me in field of research and teaching in geography. Prof. Mukerji was one of the top five geographers of the country with sharpest minds and most prodigious output of his generation. A great researcher and above all a renowned scholar ofinternational repute during last five decades. He had love for field work and discerning eye for details to dig out past and formulate hunches. He envisaged the importance of empiricism and modeling techniques in field of physical and cultural geography. I have a great admiration on his commitment to this society and the discipline of geography more so his humanity with youngsters. I can only offer him my salutation today."
"7003357799;56008302700;6701490301;6603977202;6602769306;6701357943;6701495864;","First alpine evidence of in situ coarse cryogenic cave carbonates (CCCCOARSE)",2017,"10.4461/GFDQ2017.40.5","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85031319355&doi=10.4461%2fGFDQ2017.40.5&partnerID=40&md5=8a804075002f7a33dfc84b3ea0dc0022","A layer of coarse cryogenic cave carbonate (CCCcoarse) is documented within a subsurface ice outcrop (in-situ) in a cave of the Julian Alps (southeastern Alps). This original finding, representing the first alpine evidence of in-situ CCCcoarse and the first occurrence from the southern side of the Alps, provides a unique opportunity to better understand the processes associated with the formation of CCCcoarse with respect to the cave ice mass balance. Here, we discuss first considerations on the shape and characteristics of CCCcoarse samples and their potential for palaeoclimate reconstructions in the southern Alps. In the light of accelerated climate change, we emphasize the need for scientific actions to exploit the available physical, chemical, isotopic and biological records from still untapped and fragile cryospheric archives such as ice caves."
"26767999000;7003967390;34976525000;56447828000;24339411000;57203493729;6701626212;55667751600;","Modeling ocean-cryosphere interactions off adélie and George V Land, East Antarctica",2017,"10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0808.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85008157527&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-15-0808.1&partnerID=40&md5=a372cfda295df2fa20414ae24b88c14a","Ocean-cryosphere interactions along the Adélie and George V Land (AGVL) coast are investigated using a coupled ocean-sea ice-ice shelf model. The dominant feature of the Mertz Glacier Tongue (MGT), located at approximately 145°E, was a highly productive winter coastal polynya system, until its calving in February 2010 dramatically changed the regional ""icescape."" This study examines the annual mean, seasonal, and interannual variabilities of sea ice production; basal melting of the MGT; ice shelves, large icebergs, and fast ice; Dense Shelf Water (DSW) export; and bottom water properties on the continental slope and rise, and assesses the impacts of the calving event. The interannual variability of the winter coastal polynya regime is dominated by the regional offshore winds and air temperature, which are linked to activity of the Amundsen Sea low pressure system. This is the main driver of the interannual variability of DSW exported from the AGVL region. The calving event led to a decrease in sea ice production that resulted in a decrease in the density of DSW export. Subsequently, there is extensive freshening downstream over the continental shelf and slope regions. In addition, it is found that the calving event causes a significant decrease in the mean melt rate of the MGT, resulting from a decrease in ocean heat flux into the cavity due to ocean circulation changes. © 2017 American Meteorological Society."
"35781577600;57192158275;7006130951;7005664339;","Arctic sea ice response to the eruptions of Agung, El Chichón, and Pinatubo",2017,"10.1002/2017JD027038","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85026675350&doi=10.1002%2f2017JD027038&partnerID=40&md5=32475c935cd577e24786397c49a5c75e","Using a large initial condition ensemble of climate model simulations, we examine the impact of volcanic activity on Arctic sea ice cover from 1960 to 2005, a period that includes three very large tropical eruptions. Ensemble averaging across simulations with natural (volcanic and solar) forcings alone reduces noise due to internal variability to show a decade of increased Arctic sea extent (of up to half a million square kilometers) following each of the Mount Agung (1963), Mount El Chichón (1982), and Mount Pinatubo (1991) eruptions. A similar impact is seen when averaging over a large ensemble of simulations with natural and all-known anthropogenic forcings. We show that the volcanic response in sea ice cover is sensitive to preeruption temperature, with warmer conditions before an eruption being associated with a larger than average response. Finally, a detection and attribution analysis using second-generation Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM2) did not identify a significant response in the observations, while finding no evidence of inconsistency between observations and CanESM2 since regression coefficients were consistent with unity. A similar detection and attribution analysis using the somewhat stronger volcanic response from the simulations in the average of the CMIP5 models did identify a detectable natural forcing response in four observational sea ice extent data sets. © 2017 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Environment and Climate Change."
"7004890124;57194326086;54409169500;55713048700;55656037100;55430168000;26648730900;56918878400;37046227600;57195294939;","Characteristic atmosphere and ocean interaction in the coastal and marine environment inferred from infrasound at Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica - Observation and initial data -",2017,"10.4401/ag-7364","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85026797140&doi=10.4401%2fag-7364&partnerID=40&md5=6971b1215846f95ff0f3c6470473e16d","Characteristic features of infrasound waves observed in the Antarctic reveal physical interaction involving surface environments around the continent and Southern Ocean. In December 2015, an infrasound array (100 m spacing) by three sensors (Chaparral Physics Model 25, with a detectable frequency range of 0.1-200 Hz), together with a broadband barometer (Digiquartz Nano-Resolution Model 6000-16B Barometer, with a detectable frequency range of 0-22 Hz) were installed at Jang Bogo Staion, Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica by the Korea Arctic and Antarctic Research Program (KAARP). The initial data recorded by the broadband barometer contain characteristic signals originated by surrounding environment, including local noises such as katabatic winds. Clear oceanic signals (microbaroms) are continuously recorded as the background noises with predominant frequency around 0.2 s at the austral summer on December. Variations in their frequency context and amplitude strength in Power Spectral Density had been affected by an evolution of sea-ice surrounding the Terra Nova Bay. Microbaroms measurement is a useful tool for characterizing ocean wave climate, complementing other oceanographic, cryospheric and geophysical data in the Antarctic. Continuous infrasound observations in Terra Nova Bay attain a new proxy for monitoring environmental changes such as the global warming, involving cryosphere dynamics, as well as the volcanic eruptions in Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica. © 2017 by Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia. All rights reserved."
"57211612511;57203625078;55995010900;","Aerosol black carbon at an urban site-Srinagar, Northwestern Himalaya, India: Seasonality, sources, meteorology and radiative forcing",2017,"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.07.004","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85021916547&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosenv.2017.07.004&partnerID=40&md5=536f89869c2f33154c1b2870db31de37","Black carbon (BC) mass concentration was measured first-time at a high altitude urban site-Srinagar (1600 m asl), in northwestern Himalaya, India using an Aethalometer during 2013 to study temporal variations (monthly, diurnal and seasonal), meteorological influences, source and its radiative forcing. Diurnal variations with two peaks (at 8–10 h and 20–23 h) and two dips (at 13–17 h and 0–3 h) were observed throughout the year with varying magnitude. November and April showed the highest (13.6 μg/m3) and the lowest (3.4 μg/m3) mean monthly BC concentration respectively. Seasonally, autumn displayed the highest (9.2 μg/m3) and spring the lowest (3.5 μg/m3) mean BC concentration. Annual average BC concentration was quite higher (6 μg/m3) than those reported for other high altitude stations. Wind speed, Minimum temperature and total precipitation showed a clear negative correlation with BC (r = −0.63, −0.51 and −0.55 respectively), while as, the evening relative humidity showed positive correlation (r = 0.56). During autumn, spring and winter seasons, the main source of BC at Srinagar is the biomass burning, while during summer season, equal contribution of BC is from fossil fuel and biomass burning. Back trajectory simulations revealed that, except summer, westerly air masses are the dominant winds, transporting BC from central Asia, west Asia, south Asia, Africa and some parts of Europe to Srinagar adding to its local sources. Clear-sky short wave radiative forcing of atmosphere due to BC was highest (58.2 W m-2) during autumn which leads to the increase in lower atmospheric heating rate by 1.6 K/d. The high concentration of BC observed over the high-altitude Himalayan Kashmir region has serious implications for the regional climate, hydrology and cryosphere which needs to be investigated. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd"
"7404980648;6603749696;7006169273;7005895771;","Episodic Neoglacial snowline descent and glacier expansion on Svalbard reconstructed from the 14C ages of ice-entombed plants",2017,"10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.10.023","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84996844076&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2016.10.023&partnerID=40&md5=64db7eb8f7932afcd5bd18f57d07709b","The response of the Northern Hemisphere cryosphere to the monotonic decline in summer insolation and variable radiative forcing during the Holocene has been one of irregular expansion culminating in the Little Ice Age, when most glaciers attained their maximum late Holocene dimensions. Although periods of intervening still-stand or ice-retreat can be reconstructed by direct dating of ice-recessional features, defining times of Neoglacial ice growth has been limited to indirect proxies preserved in distal archives. Here we report 45 precise radiocarbon dates on in situ plants emerging from beneath receding glaciers on Svalbard that directly date the onset of snowline descent and glacier expansion, entombing the plants. Persistent snowline lowering occurred between 4.0 and 3.4 ka, but with little additional persistent lowering until early in the first millennium AD. Populations of individual 14C calendar age results and their aggregate calendar age probabilities define discrete episodes of vegetation kill and snowline lowering 240–340 AD, 410–540 AD and 670–750 AD, each with a lower snowline than the preceding episode, followed by additional snowline lowering between 1000 and 1220 AD, and between 1300 and 1450 AD. Snowline changes after 1450 AD, including the maximum ice extent of the Little Ice Age are not resolved by our collections, although snowlines remained lower than their 1450 AD level until the onset of modern warming. A time-distance diagram derived from a 250-m-long transect of dated ice-killed plants documents ice-margin advances ∼750, ∼1100 and after ∼1500 AD, concordant with distributed vegetation kill ages seen in the aggregate data set, supporting our central thesis that vegetation kill ages provide direct evidence of snowline lowering and cryospheric expansion. The mid- to late-Holocene history of snowline lowering on Svalbard is similar to ELA reconstructions of Norwegian and Svalbard cirque glaciers, and consistent with a cryospheric response to the secular decline of regional summertime insolation and stepped changes in nearby surface ocean environments. The widespread exposure of entombed plants dating from the first millennium AD suggests that Svalbard's average summer temperatures of the past century now exceed those of any century since at least 700 AD, including medieval times. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd"
"36832832100;7005803643;","Influence of sea ice on ocean water vapor isotopes and Greenland ice core records",2016,"10.1002/2016GL071748","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85008471477&doi=10.1002%2f2016GL071748&partnerID=40&md5=aa2bca4c1222b7a522510b406b4c7593","A warming climate results in sea ice loss and impacts to the Arctic water cycle. The water isotope parameter deuterium excess, a moisture source proxy, can serve as a tracer to help understand hydrological changes due to sea ice loss. However, unlocking the sea ice change signal of isotopes from ice cores requires understanding how sea ice changes impact deuterium excess, which is unknown. Here we present the first isotope data linking a gradient of sea ice extents to oceanic water vapor deuterium excess values. Initial loss of sea ice extent leads to lower deuterium excess moisture sources, and then values progressively increase with further ice loss. Our new process-based interpretation suggests that past rapid (1–3 years) Greenland ice core changes in deuterium excess during warming might not be the result of abrupt atmospheric circulation shifts, but rather gradual loss of sea ice extent at northern latitude moisture sources. ©2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"7003713584;","Cenozoic mean greenhouse gases and temperature changes with reference to the Anthropocene",2016,"10.1111/gcb.13342","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84973352454&doi=10.1111%2fgcb.13342&partnerID=40&md5=25dbb0da6fa606416b4a45c1cf9a74d2","Cenozoic greenhouse gases (GHG) variations and warming periods underscore the extreme rates of current climate change, with major implications for the adaptability and survivability of terrestrial and marine habitats. Current rise rate of greenhouse gases, reaching 3.3 ppm CO2 per year during March 2015–2016, is the fastest recorded since the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Event (PETM) when carbon release to the atmosphere was about an order of magnitude less than at present. The ice core evidence of concentration of (GHG) and temperatures in the atmosphere/ocean/cryosphere system over the last 740 kyr suggests that the rate of rise in GHG over the last ~260 years, CO2 rates rising from 0.94 ppm yr−1 in 1959 (315.97 ppm) to 1.62 ppm yr−1 in 2000 (369.52 ppm) to 3.05 ppm yr−1 in 2015 (400.83 ppm), constitutes a unique spike in the history of the atmosphere. The reliance of pre-740 kyr paleoclimate estimates on multiple proxies, including benthic and plankton fossils, fossil plants, residual organic matter, major and trace elements in fossils, sediments and soils, place limits on the resolution of pre-upper Pleistocene paleoclimate estimates, rendering it likely recorded mean Cenozoic paleoclimate trends may conceal abrupt short-term climate fluctuations. However, as exemplified by the Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) and earlier GHG and temperature spikes associated with major volcanic and asteroid impact events, the long-term residence time of CO2 in the atmosphere extends the signatures of abrupt warming events to within detection limits of multiple paleoproxies. The mean post-1750 temperature rise rate (approximately ~0.0034 °C per yr, or ~0.008 °C per yr where temperature is not masked by sulfur aerosols) exceeds those of the PETM (approximately ~0.0008–0.0015 °C per yr) by an order of magnitude and mean glacial termination warming rates (last glacial termination [LGT] ~ 0.00039; Eemian ~0.0004 °C per yr) by near to an order of magnitude. Consistent with previous interglacial peaks an increasing likelihood of collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Ocean Circulation is threatening a severe stadial event. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd"
"56964448300;9038110500;35168123100;57191278302;57191277889;6603327039;6602842279;57191280893;6505751184;","Norwegian Sea warm pulses during Dansgaard-Oeschger stadials: Zooming in on these anomalies over the 35–41 ka cal BP interval and their impacts on proximal European ice-sheet dynamics",2016,"10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.09.011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84988663072&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2016.09.011&partnerID=40&md5=8158da4cbb3d9f520596dab9174dfa86","The last glacial millennial climatic events (i.e. Dansgaard-Oeschger and Heinrich events) constitute outstanding case studies of coupled atmosphere-ocean-cryosphere interactions. Here, we investigate the evolution of sea-surface and subsurface conditions, in terms of temperature, salinity and sea ice cover, at very high-resolution (mean resolution between 55 and 155 years depending on proxies) during the 35–41 ka cal BP interval covering three Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles and including Heinrich event 4, in a new unpublished marine record, i.e. the MD99-2285 core (62.69°N; -3.57s°E). We use a large panel of complementary tools, which notably includes dinocyst-derived sea-ice cover duration quantifications. The high temporal resolution and multiproxy approach of this work allows us to identify the sequence of processes and to assess ocean-cryosphere interactions occurring during these periodic ice-sheet collapse events. Our results evidence a paradoxical hydrological scheme where (i) Greenland interstadials are marked by a homogeneous and cold upper water column, with intensive winter sea ice formation and summer sea ice melting, and (ii) Greenland and Heinrich stadials are characterized by a very warm and low saline surface layer with iceberg calving and reduced sea ice formation, separated by a strong halocline from a less warm and saltier subsurface layer. Our work also suggests that this stadial surface/subsurface warming started before massive iceberg release, in relation with warm Atlantic water advection. These findings thus support the theory that upper ocean warming might have triggered European ice-sheet destabilization. Besides, previous paleoceanographic studies conducted along the Atlantic inflow pathways close to the edge of European ice-sheets suggest that such a feature might have occurred in this whole area. Nonetheless, additional high resolution paleoreconstructions are required to confirm such a regional scheme. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd"
"55892255500;56173694200;57217545578;","Calcareous microfossil-based orbital cyclostratigraphy in the Arctic Ocean",2016,"10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.07.004","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84979781077&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2016.07.004&partnerID=40&md5=b535f2d4c0fd68385b7489c09b93a1a5","Microfaunal and geochemical proxies from marine sediment records from central Arctic Ocean (CAO) submarine ridges suggest a close relationship over the last 550 thousand years (kyr) between orbital-scale climatic oscillations, sea-ice cover, marine biological productivity and other parameters. Multiple paleoclimate proxies record glacial to interglacial cycles. To understand the climate-cryosphere-productivity relationship, we examined the cyclostratigraphy of calcareous microfossils and constructed a composite Arctic Paleoclimate Index (API) “stack” from benthic foraminiferal and ostracode density from 14 sediment cores. Following the hypothesis that API is driven mainly by changes in sea-ice related productivity, the API stack shows the Arctic experienced a series of highly productive interglacials and interstadials every ∼20 kyr. These periods signify minimal ice shelf and sea-ice cover and maximum marine productivity. Rapid transitions in productivity are seen during shifts from interglacial to glacial climate states. Discrepancies between the Arctic API curves and various global climatic, sea-level and ice-volume curves suggest abrupt growth and decay of Arctic ice shelves related to climatic and sea level oscillations. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd"
"55574272500;57211466775;7101988762;","How much cryosphere model complexity is just right? Exploration using the conceptual cryosphere hydrology framework",2016,"10.5194/tc-10-2147-2016","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84989187463&doi=10.5194%2ftc-10-2147-2016&partnerID=40&md5=623b789508c711e9fea37a7f6bb31e44","Making meaningful projections of the impacts that possible future climates would have on water resources in mountain regions requires understanding how cryosphere hydrology model performance changes under altered climate conditions and when the model is applied to ungaged catchments. Further, if we are to develop better models, we must understand which specific process representations limit model performance. This article presents a modeling tool, named the Conceptual Cryosphere Hydrology Framework (CCHF), that enables implementing and evaluating a wide range of cryosphere modeling hypotheses. The CCHF represents cryosphere hydrology systems using a set of coupled process modules that allows easily interchanging individual module representations and includes analysis tools to evaluate model outputs. CCHF version 1 (Mosier, 2016) implements model formulations that require only precipitation and temperature as climate inputs - for example variations on simple degree-index (SDI) or enhanced temperature index (ETI) formulations - because these model structures are often applied in data-sparse mountain regions, and perform relatively well over short periods, but their calibration is known to change based on climate and geography. Using CCHF, we implement seven existing and novel models, including one existing SDI model, two existing ETI models, and four novel models that utilize a combination of existing and novel module representations. The novel module representations include a heat transfer formulation with net longwave radiation and a snowpack internal energy formulation that uses an approximation of the cold content. We assess the models for the Gulkana and Wolverine glaciated watersheds in Alaska, which have markedly different climates and contain long-term US Geological Survey benchmark glaciers. Overall we find that the best performing models are those that are more physically consistent and representative, but no single model performs best for all of our model evaluation criteria."
"36700000500;57078965800;6701866406;55891718300;6603964960;6603068604;7004468401;57190214437;7404348898;57200784712;7004762788;7004547629;55325149400;37110654300;","Cyclostratigraphy and eccentricity tuning of the early Oligocene through early Miocene (30.1–17.1 Ma): Cibicides mundulus stable oxygen and carbon isotope records from Walvis Ridge Site 1264",2016,"10.1016/j.epsl.2016.06.007","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84978438297&doi=10.1016%2fj.epsl.2016.06.007&partnerID=40&md5=939e49f8dae2a24e89283e3995da658d","Few astronomically calibrated high-resolution (≤5 kyr) climate records exist that span the Oligocene–Miocene time interval. Notably, available proxy records show responses varying in amplitude at frequencies related to astronomical forcing, and the main pacemakers of global change on astronomical time-scales remain debated. Here we present newly generated X-ray fluorescence core scanning and benthic foraminiferal stable oxygen and carbon isotope records from Ocean Drilling Program Site 1264 (Walvis Ridge, southeastern Atlantic Ocean). Complemented by data from nearby Site 1265, the Site 1264 benthic stable isotope records span a continuous ∼13-Myr interval of the Oligo-Miocene (30.1–17.1 Ma) at high resolution (∼3.0 kyr). Spectral analyses in the stratigraphic depth domain indicate that the largest amplitude variability of all proxy records is associated with periods of ∼3.4 m and ∼0.9 m, which correspond to 405- and ∼110-kyr eccentricity, using a magnetobiostratigraphic age model. Maxima in CaCO3 content, δ18O and δ13C are interpreted to coincide with ∼110 kyr eccentricity minima. The strong expression of these cycles in combination with the weakness of the precession- and obliquity-related signals allow construction of an astronomical age model that is solely based on tuning the CaCO3 content to the nominal (La2011_ecc3L) eccentricity solution. Very long-period eccentricity maxima (∼2.4-Myr) are marked by recurrent episodes of high-amplitude ∼110-kyr δ18O cycles at Walvis Ridge, indicating greater sensitivity of the climate/cryosphere system to short eccentricity modulation of climatic precession. In contrast, the responses of the global (high-latitude) climate system, cryosphere, and carbon cycle to the 405-kyr cycle, as expressed in benthic δ18O and especially δ13C signals, are more pronounced during ∼2.4-Myr minima. The relationship between the recurrent episodes of high-amplitude ∼110-kyr δ18O cycles and the ∼1.2-Myr amplitude modulation of obliquity is not consistent through the Oligo-Miocene. Identification of these recurrent episodes at Walvis Ridge, and their pacing by the ∼2.4-Myr eccentricity cycle, revises the current understanding of the main climate events of the Oligo-Miocene. © 2016 The Authors"
"56431057300;55397181600;6507244732;22985768500;6701696379;","Climate anomalies associated with the occurrence of rockfalls at high-elevation in the Italian Alps",2016,"10.5194/nhess-16-2085-2016","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84987761212&doi=10.5194%2fnhess-16-2085-2016&partnerID=40&md5=77672e708885a4926a1f67b9805648a3","Climate change is seriously affecting the cryosphere in terms, for example, of permafrost thaw, alteration of rain=snow ratio, and glacier shrinkage. There is concern about the increasing number of rockfalls at high elevation in the last decades. Nevertheless, the exact role of climate parameters in slope instability at high elevation has not been fully explored yet. In this paper, we investigate 41 rockfalls listed in different sources (newspapers, technical reports, and CNR IRPI archive) in the elevation range 1500- 4200ma.s.l. in the Italian Alps between 1997 and 2013 in the absence of an evident trigger. We apply and improve an existing data-based statistical approach to detect the anomalies of climate parameters (temperature and precipitation) associated with rockfall occurrences. The identified climate anomalies have been related to the spatiotemporal distribution of the events. Rockfalls occurred in association with significant temperature anomalies in 83% of our case studies. Temperature represents a key factor contributing to slope failure occurrence in different ways. As expected, warm temperatures accelerate snowmelt and permafrost thaw; however, surprisingly, negative anomalies are also often associated with slope failures. Interestingly, different regional patterns emerge from the data: higher-than-average temperatures are often associated with rockfalls in the Western Alps, while in the Eastern Alps slope failures are mainly associated with colder-than-average temperatures. © Author(s) 2016."
"21740424900;57191966165;55698246500;55494212000;57190405090;57190049986;","The influence from the shrinking cryosphere and strengthening evopotranspiration on hydrologic process in a cold basin, Qilian Mountains",2016,"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.06.017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84979729779&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloplacha.2016.06.017&partnerID=40&md5=9265507495c3a5150a966328a53e227f","Under a warming climate, the cryosphere shrinking is accelerating and the evopotranspiration is strengthening, which have caused the spatial and temporal changes of water resources and water cycle in inland river basins. With a vast area of 1.0 × 104 km2 and an annual average evopotranspiration of 515 mm, the influence from recycling moisture to precipitation and the contribution from cryosphere meltwater to runoff have been quantified in source region of Heihe river basin at the central Qilian Mountains, where 365 glaciers locate within an area of 77.22 km2, whiles frozen soil accounts for 80% of the region. Results indicated that frozen soil meltwater and glacier snow meltwater have contributed by 28% and 7%, on average, to the outlet river water in the basin, respectively. It was founded that evaporation and transpiration moisture were responsible for 10% and 17%, on average, of local precipitation, respectively. These findings provide new progresses on isotopic hydrology of cold basin, which will strengthen further understanding on the role of frozen soil meltwater and local moisture recycling in the water cycle for inland river basins. © 2016 Elsevier B.V."
"24332971800;24437285800;7003793415;15831627900;7006838702;","Continuous monitoring of spectral albedo of snowed surfaces in Ny-Ålesund",2016,"10.1007/s12210-016-0513-y","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84959143841&doi=10.1007%2fs12210-016-0513-y&partnerID=40&md5=c00b5c71bb4610db6d7fa8a1c0884d6b","Polar areas are the most sensitive targets of climate change. From this perspective, the continuous monitoring of the cryosphere represents a critical issue, which, at the moment, we can only partially supply with specific satellite missions. Furthermore, the integration between remote-sensed multi-spectral images and field data is crucial to validate retrieval algorithms. The micro-physical characteristics of the snow surface and the presence of liquid water in the first layer of the snowpack can be determined in addition to the spatial distribution of snow/ice covers. The aim of this work is to present the field activity carried out in Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard Islands, Norway), where an unmanned apparatus was installed to provide continuous spectral surface albedo. A full-range approach was adopted during the 2014 spring/summer period at the CNR Climate Change Tower. This setup was obtained using a spectroradiometer with a spectral range between 350 and 2500 nm integrated with a remote cosine receiver, characterized by a field of view of about 180°, mounted on a rotating support. The system was integrated with a camera aimed to acquire sky and ground images. The first results assessed the feasibility of continuous monitoring the spectral variations of snowed surfaces during the melting period. This study represents a first attempt to associate snow metamorphism to spectral variations and it supports the identification of relevant correlations with meteorological parameters. © 2016, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei."
"45961453200;7202843160;45961133700;36140592200;54682443200;","Glacial lake evolution in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau and the cause of rapid expansion of proglacial lakes linked to glacial-hydrogeomorphic processes",2016,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.06.054","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84976863932&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2016.06.054&partnerID=40&md5=ee952822a2fd42a245fa0e3f2102175c","Glacial lakes, as an important component of the cryosphere in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau (SETP) in response to climate change, pose significant threats to the downstream lives and properties of people, engineering construction, and ecological environment via outburst floods, yet we currently have limited knowledge of their distribution, evolution, and the driving mechanism of rapid expansions due to the low accessibility and harsh natural conditions. By integrating optical imagery, satellite altimetry and digital elevation model (DEM), this study presents a regional-scale investigation of glacial lake dynamics across two river basins of the SETP during 1988–2013 and further explores the glacial-hydrogeomorphic process of rapidly expanding lakes. In total 1278 and 1396 glacial lakes were inventoried in 1988 and 2013, respectively. Approximately 92.4% of the lakes in 2013 are not in contact with modern glaciers, and the remaining 7.6% includes 27 (1.9%) debris-contact lakes (in contact with debris-covered ice) and 80 (5.7%) cirque lakes. In categorizing lake variations, we found that debris-contact proglacial lakes experienced much more rapid expansions (∼75%) than cirque lakes (∼7%) and non-glacier-contact lakes (∼3%). To explore the cause of rapid expansion for these debris-contact lakes, we further investigated the mass balance of parent glaciers and elevation changes in lake surfaces and debris-covered glacier tongues using time-series Landsat images, ICESat altimetry, and DEM. Results reveal that the upstream expansion of debris-contact proglacial lakes was not directly associated with rising water levels but with a geomorphological alternation of upstream lake basins caused by melting-induced debris subsidence at glacier termini. This suggests that the hydrogeomorphic process of glacier thinning and retreat, in comparison with direct glacial meltwater alone, may have played a dominant role in the recent glacial lake expansion observed across the SETP. Our findings assist in understanding the expansion mechanism of debris-contact proglacial lakes, which facilitates early recognition of potential glacial lake hazards in this region. © 2016 Elsevier B.V."
"24402523700;55120726100;7004214645;7005140378;","Coherence among the Northern Hemisphere land, cryosphere, and ocean responses to natural variability and anthropogenic forcing during the satellite era",2016,"10.5194/esd-7-717-2016","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84984684901&doi=10.5194%2fesd-7-717-2016&partnerID=40&md5=6ef30535c6a3e91b1ed0c7e441d25f47","A lack of long-term measurements across Earth's biological and physical systems has made observation-based detection and attribution of climate change impacts to anthropogenic forcing and natural variability difficult. Here we explore coherence among land, cryosphere and ocean responses to recent climate change using 3 decades (1980-2012) of observational satellite and field data throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Our results show coherent interannual variability among snow cover, spring phenology, solar radiation, Scandinavian Pattern, and North Atlantic Oscillation. The interannual variability of the atmospheric peak-to-trough CO2 amplitude is mostly impacted by temperature-mediated effects of El Ninõ/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific/North American Pattern (PNA), whereas CO2 concentration is affected by Polar Pattern control on sea ice extent dynamics. This is assuming the trend in anthropogenic CO2 emission remains constant, or the interannual changes in the trends are negligible. Our analysis suggests that sea ice decline-related CO2 release may outweigh increased CO2 uptake through longer growing seasons and higher temperatures. The direct effects of variation in solar radiation and leading teleconnections, at least in part via their impacts on temperature, dominate the interannual variability of land, cryosphere and ocean indicators. Our results reveal a coherent long-term changes in multiple physical and biological systems that are consistent with anthropogenic forcing of Earth's climate and inconsistent with natural drivers. © 2016 Author(s)."
"56968017200;7004247643;6603953218;","Interaction of sea ice floe size, ocean eddies, and sea ice melting",2016,"10.1002/2016GL069742","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84980329079&doi=10.1002%2f2016GL069742&partnerID=40&md5=a08ca40d6a215cef220e59cdb0195926","The effect of the horizontal size of sea ice floes on sea ice melting is commonly formulated using the ratio between side and basal floe area. This leads to the conclusion that floe size is not important for sea ice evolution when floes exceed about 30 m. This paper considers a mutual interaction between floe size, ocean circulation, and melting. We find that lateral density gradients form at the boundaries of floes and drive ocean-mixed-layer instability and energetic eddies that spread from the ice edge. The resulting circulation mixes heat horizontally, melting floes near their edges. Idealized ocean model experiments show that the sea ice response is sensitive to floe size in the range of 1–50 km, considerably larger than previously assumed important, as smaller floes melt more rapidly per unit ice area. It is proposed that the role of eddies and floe size distribution should be incorporated into current climate models. ©2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57190336999;57202952372;","James Dyson (1948) Shrinkage of Sperry and Grinnell Glaciers, Glacier National Park, Montana. Geographical Review 38(1): 95–103",2016,"10.1177/0309133316652820","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84979280004&doi=10.1177%2f0309133316652820&partnerID=40&md5=03e9f2a0d95f9c5c7e457a29367591d0","A warming climate is melting the namesake glaciers of Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. James Dyson’s 1948 paper was one of the earliest publications to emphasize climate change impacts to the cryosphere through an examination of Sperry and Grinnell Glaciers. This paper, combined with his subsequent works, acts as a pillar for current glacier monitoring efforts. © 2016, © The Author(s) 2016."
"21740424900;57191966165;55698246500;55494212000;56533666100;57190049986;6507475331;","Quantitative evaluation on the influence from cryosphere meltwater on runoff in an inland river basin of China",2016,"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.06.005","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84976866373&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloplacha.2016.06.005&partnerID=40&md5=273c464611994210f1ae6124c1c06810","Under climate warming, increasing attention is being directed towards high altitude regions where glaciers are shrinking and frozen soil is in degrading. This study, taken Taolai river in Qilian Mountains as an example, is to quantify the relative contributions of cryosphere meltwater to outlet river, based on 221 water samples from precipitation, river, groundwater and meltwater during 2013–2014. The results indicated that cryosphere meltwater accounted for 49% of the total runoff in the source region, and this contribution rate decreased to 21% at the outlet of basin. In addition, precipitation and meltwater from cryosphere belt has contributed up to 78% of the outlet river runoff. An inverse altitude effect of stable isotopes for river water and groundwater is likely to occur, which is caused by the relatively larger contribution rate of frozen soil meltwater in the source region. The results could provide a comprehensive overview on the influence from cryosphere meltwater to hydrologic process in cold basins. © 2016 Elsevier B.V."
"55747710100;55231577100;36610274400;37014098900;57189493222;","Precipitation trend-Elevation relationship in arid regions of the China",2016,"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.05.007","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84971474427&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloplacha.2016.05.007&partnerID=40&md5=a54b646a283ded247f25c27fb46b0487","Based on monthly precipitation data at 128 meteorological stations in the arid regions of the China (ARC), we investigated that the regional characteristics of precipitation trend and the precipitation trend-elevation relationship during the period of 1961-2012. There is growing evidence that the elevation-dependent wetting (EDWE), which is the precipitation wetting trend is amplified with elevation. The precipitation trend increases significantly with elevation except for the altitude from 500 to 1500 m, the highest correlation appears above 1500 m, increases by 13 mm/decade with each 1000 m. With the elevation increasing every 1000 m, precipitation tendency rate increases by 7 mm/decade from 1000 to 2000 m and increases by 10 mm/decade from 2000 to 4000 m. EDWE has an impact on the change of the cryospheric systems, ecosystems and water resources, especially in arid regions of China. We discuss mechanisms that contribute towards EDWE: water vapor changes and warming-driven water circulation speeds up. We suggest future needs to increase evidence of understand the EDWE in other mountainous regions, and its controlling mechanisms through integrated the observational network of surface in-situ climate observations, satellite data and high-resolution climatic modeling. © 2016 Elsevier B.V."
"56002401400;7101677832;7201727556;7202640224;55841088700;13806152600;7201443806;11939657300;56230679900;12765807300;7005649268;55841813800;7004941120;56531909100;6602222369;57200241494;6508391853;6701784981;15729555500;6602077574;39361136600;55418682000;55269984800;7401943680;8719703500;6603689369;7402206480;57191597143;7202060229;7006287865;6507612700;26648162300;6507874424;57204297539;6602402405;6603199420;56014544500;6508389989;7006460576;8856898200;6701552501;57203200427;45560888900;57153656200;7006188068;6701801931;7005634455;55738125200;15041638200;9842647800;57196994199;7003648299;55096581900;8721557100;11939423600;56241981400;7202907367;35731070900;7101929812;7007034953;55382278500;7202733689;6507012725;55937166600;16933919600;55665464100;56122795500;7003796684;6603872903;6701926213;6508108998;35767428100;56082386700;47860961300;14023953700;6603136620;6603549082;23011196800;6507142963;6602478960;10938806300;7004759191;57191596723;6602111828;8551194800;55974229900;7004499037;6508385415;6701674643;9243789500;7006563002;13403281000;17434022100;14013071900;12646465800;6701785246;7003286921;8706636800;7004597725;10044631200;35777594300;7102699989;57191591575;56028602100;7101671456;40661368100;56002544100;57191595815;7003597952;16315767700;57191598077;25624278100;57191590046;7006203287;34881780600;47861050200;57203078745;6701739873;8869265800;7004286363;6508003871;7003799326;16636014600;8837473100;7202970886;7004741593;57191597685;7005587298;7201607592;13609746100;7004129856;47861026300;7004475719;6603689866;6701592812;7103308166;57189440780;6603993619;36165564800;6602516156;23667603000;55392764700;56544721800;55495155800;26642900400;6506328135;36999865300;6603267637;43961249000;7401720543;6603928917;8956780500;7005196173;7401918334;6603568529;7202355164;6603631763;16174796300;6507643183;7006113978;24437931700;57191594510;7005110878;6507587039;57216567707;7402013152;7404211378;55490014700;57215957424;7101600167;7401857060;7101995675;15834675800;57191592054;6603531554;35519868200;55999371000;8507223000;35612536300;23466744600;7402589576;6603790378;7102963655;7004848917;55272324200;7405716588;55768583400;57191595346;41561392600;45561229300;57219113417;56493740900;57191593827;7202066251;36739268200;12792311100;56995680700;6603932593;47861240700;57191592471;55778084100;8906055900;7801652633;6507034946;6701573532;55703069400;7202427376;15756003600;6602095846;7401481138;23994284000;6603685334;7103033047;7006350707;7003923978;55716700200;39961878800;6602661960;7006119444;55895105500;55996942600;8219523500;6602073516;57212200020;6602582424;57191594206;6603042456;7202221033;12240469400;55977336000;6507130681;7004364155;8553782200;23978267300;57191589720;12797539500;6603023560;6701562635;8870038800;8538703200;7006299804;8242283600;7003845876;24802640400;55516983400;35307547700;7006747377;57191590919;7005314575;35609878300;55583151200;7801681528;56472496900;45561507900;6701626212;57202611109;9846180800;57216907006;57206753724;15750860000;47861102800;7202748891;22958109300;35586195300;6506196123;6602871885;7003528814;7202026956;6603662158;57206511020;15521239600;55663671600;7102063963;7004368198;7103271119;7005367608;6603288138;7006783796;36061813500;57189515462;6603707656;6508268565;7101681589;6603786703;43261917100;6603667298;12784376300;55917306500;6701764472;7005816283;6602255562;35508764000;7202400272;55841946000;14625228300;57191590544;7103033688;7006961728;55841370400;36459918800;8100172600;13408504900;36869143400;57150195600;7004176604;55841221600;7202361087;55879706300;57191594611;6603545358;55841938900;57208982698;7004353965;6603059928;8970508600;56981062700;7005006917;7005453641;55907267400;12240259200;55931822300;6603573706;7006499360;36925376400;10939479600;7004202450;41561926300;6602184938;47861405100;55426220700;56668487400;56448430100;7004662136;12759748000;6701899848;11940707700;56698026600;55396541600;35508431200;55999844600;57191597022;7004477665;55927220900;57205479513;23486561700;6602883825;7004466957;24179187700;22836070500;6701581258;15058058100;45561735900;7003916945;6602171170;7003775081;36348820100;56817075300;35783705400;15319530000;6603083860;57204337270;55643443500;7004467879;7102701564;8925504300;8658858500;6602479200;6603463506;7202706097;7004590496;55841097900;7101619974;6603440546;57202528734;7201644572;55455998600;6602844274;6602775903;6602579458;55628198500;56597778200;57191593191;23983397400;6701478238;36648133700;6506827279;16481564100;24328913000;7004902765;56001433100;6603894413;55709000400;7005573482;6603777172;15319527800;56315423900;35590784100;7003736022;57191595809;37082067400;35106150700;6701335145;57191592593;6602484429;36703572200;7003415852;6602506180;7004326742;6602576807;56576406600;6602232676;9045036800;25227769600;6507206337;7003460109;56790311500;7101692211;56247884800;6603344816;57196612094;7007140552;7006274990;7404416268;57203540849;23502460300;57070565000;7407797613;7410338331;56264081100;37100517800;35376447600;57201235812;6602535404;57203721616;55901810200;6603585313;7202395795;22636199100;7410001367;57191596240;12141117700;7403531523;35495958000;56222251100;22836772900;35794721100;55841381700;35880015900;7401674579;57191593924;7404164186;57191596886;57191590422;55807701500;57191594002;57191597370;35585284200;57191596254;57191597075;57190253108;57191592207;57191593480;57191589997;57191591490;57191593782;57191593248;57191598064;57191595257;","State of the climate in 2015",2016,"10.1175/2016BAMSStateoftheClimate.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84986201515&doi=10.1175%2f2016BAMSStateoftheClimate.1&partnerID=40&md5=a8177319a39c61e4de4a1ab6d775c0a7","In 2015, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth’s atmosphere—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—all continued to reach new high levels. At Mauna Loa, Hawaii, the annual CO2 concentration increased by a record 3.1 ppm, exceeding 400 ppm for the first time on record. The 2015 global CO2 average neared this threshold, at 399.4 ppm. Additionally, one of the strongest El Niño events since at least 1950 developed in spring 2015 and continued to evolve through the year. The phenomenon was far reaching, impacting many regions across the globe and affecting most aspects of the climate system. Owing to the combination of El Niño and a long-term upward trend, Earth observed record warmth for the second consecutive year, with the 2015 annual global surface temperature surpassing the previous record by more than 0.1°C and exceeding the average for the mid- to late 19th century—commonly considered representative of preindustrial conditions—by more than 1°C for the first time. Above Earth’s surface, lower troposphere temperatures were near-record high. Across land surfaces, record to near-record warmth was reported across every inhabited continent. Twelve countries, including Russia and China, reported record high annual temperatures. In June, one of the most severe heat waves since 1980 affected Karachi, Pakistan, claiming over 1000 lives. On 27 October, Vredendal, South Africa, reached 48.4°C, a new global high temperature record for this month. In the Arctic, the 2015 land surface temperature was 1.2°C above the 1981–2010 average, tying 2007 and 2011 for the highest annual temperature and representing a 2.8°C increase since the record began in 1900. Increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 25 February 2015, the lowest maximum sea ice extent in the 37-year satellite record was observed, 7% below the 1981–2010 average. Mean sea surface temperatures across the Arctic Ocean during August in ice-free regions, representative of Arctic Ocean summer anomalies, ranged from ~0°C to 8°C above average. As a consequence of sea ice retreat and warming oceans, vast walrus herds in the Pacific Arctic are hauling out on land rather than on sea ice, raising concern about the energetics of females and young animals. Increasing temperatures in the Barents Sea are linked to a community-wide shift in fish populations: boreal communities are now farther north, and long-standing Arctic species have been almost pushed out of the area. Above average sea surface temperatures are not confined to the Arctic. Sea surface temperature for 2015 was record high at the global scale; however, the North Atlantic southeast of Greenland remained colder than average and colder than 2014. Global annual ocean heat content and mean sea level also reached new record highs. The Greenland Ice Sheet, with the capacity to contribute ~7 m to sea level rise, experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface for the first time since the record melt of 2012. Other aspects of the cryosphere were remarkable. Alpine glacier retreat continued, and preliminary data indicate that 2015 is the 36th consecutive year of negative annual mass balance. Across the Northern Hemisphere, late-spring snow cover extent continued its trend of decline, with June the second lowest in the 49-year satellite record. Below the surface, record high temperatures at 20-m depth were measured at all permafrost observatories on the North Slope of Alaska, increasing by up to 0.66°C decade–1 since 2000. In the Antarctic, surface pressure and temperatures were lower than the 1981–2010 average for most of the year, consistent with the primarily positive southern annular mode, which saw a record high index value of +4.92 in February. Antarctic sea ice extent and area had large intra-annual variability, with a shift from record high levels in May to record low levels in August. Springtime ozone depletion resulted in one of the largest and most persistent Antarctic ozone holes observed since the 1990s. Closer to the equator, 101 named tropical storms were observed in 2015, well above the 1981–2010 average of 82. The eastern/central Pacific had 26 named storms, the most since 1992. The western north Pacific and north and south Indian Ocean basins also saw high activity. Globally, eight tropical cyclones reached the Saffir–Simpson Category 5 intensity level. Overlaying a general increase in the hydrologic cycle, the strong El Niño enhanced precipitation variability around the world. An above-normal rainy season led to major floods in Paraguay, Bolivia, and southern Brazil. In May, the United States recorded its all-time wettest month in its 121-year national record. Denmark and Norway reported their second and third wettest year on record, respectively, but globally soil moisture was below average, terrestrial groundwater storage was the lowest in the 14-year record, and areas in “severe” drought rose from 8% in 2014 to 14% in 2015. Drought conditions prevailed across many Caribbean island nations, Colombia, Venezuela, and northeast Brazil for most of the year. Several South Pacific countries also experienced drought. Lack of rainfall across Ethiopia led to its worst drought in decades and affected millions of people, while prolonged drought in South Africa severely affected agricultural production. Indian summer monsoon rainfall was just 86% of average. Extremely dry conditions in Indonesia resulted in intense and widespread fires during August–November that produced abundant carbonaceous aerosols, carbon monoxide, and ozone. Overall, emissions from tropical Asian biomass burning in 2015 were almost three times the 2001–14 average. © 2015 by the artist."
"36018467800;57190443950;7202991355;7004637798;7004818551;6701846449;9248887100;","Statistical indicators of Arctic sea-ice stability-prospects and limitations",2016,"10.5194/tc-10-1631-2016","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84980028107&doi=10.5194%2ftc-10-1631-2016&partnerID=40&md5=fc4aace660cf6d5b9362c5edd6ae3b39","We examine the relationship between the mean and the variability of Arctic sea-ice coverage and volume in a large range of climates from globally ice-covered to globally ice-free conditions. Using a hierarchy of two column models and several comprehensive Earth system models, we consolidate the results of earlier studies and show that mechanisms found in simple models also dominate the interannual variability of Arctic sea ice in complex models. In contrast to predictions based on very idealised dynamical systems, we find a consistent and robust decrease of variance and autocorrelation of sea-ice volume before summer sea ice is lost. We attribute this to the fact that thinner ice can adjust more quickly to perturbations. Thereafter, the autocorrelation increases, mainly because it becomes dominated by the ocean water's large heat capacity when the ice-free season becomes longer. We show that these changes are robust to the nature and origin of climate variability in the models and do not depend on whether Arctic sea-ice loss occurs abruptly or irreversibly. We also show that our climate is changing too rapidly to detect reliable changes in autocorrelation of annual time series. Based on these results, the prospects of detecting statistical early warning signals before an abrupt sea-ice loss at a ""tipping point"" seem very limited. However, the robust relation between state and variability can be useful to build simple stochastic climate models and to make inferences about past and future sea-ice variability from only short observations or reconstructions."
"55817344400;23570382300;56119539800;23007496500;","Soil-frost-enabled soil-moisture-precipitation feedback over northern high latitudes",2016,"10.5194/esd-7-611-2016","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84979901968&doi=10.5194%2fesd-7-611-2016&partnerID=40&md5=eb070e7c3f1f3f9ad3861300bbc8b502","Permafrost or perennially frozen ground is an important part of the terrestrial cryosphere; roughly one quarter of Earth's land surface is underlain by permafrost. The currently observed global warming is most pronounced in the Arctic region and is projected to persist during the coming decades due to anthropogenic CO2 input. This warming will certainly have effects on the ecosystems of the vast permafrost areas of the high northern latitudes. The quantification of such effects, however, is still an open question. This is partly due to the complexity of the system, including several feedback mechanisms between land and atmosphere. In this study we contribute to increasing our understanding of such land-atmosphere interactions using an Earth system model (ESM) which includes a representation of cold-region physical soil processes, especially the effects of freezing and thawing of soil water on thermal and hydrological states and processes. The coupled atmosphere-land models of the ESM of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, MPI-ESM, have been driven by prescribed observed SST and sea ice in an AMIP2-type setup with and without newly implemented cold-region soil processes. Results show a large improvement in the simulated discharge. On the one hand this is related to an improved snowmelt peak of runoff due to frozen soil in spring. On the other hand a subsequent reduction in soil moisture enables a positive feedback to precipitation over the high latitudes, which reduces the model's wet biases in precipitation and evapotranspiration during the summer. This is noteworthy as soil-moisture-atmosphere feedbacks have previously not been the focus of research on the high latitudes. These results point out the importance of high-latitude physical processes at the land surface for regional climate."
"7404346665;6508187834;24080605900;","Transformations of landscape and peat-forming ecosystems in response to late Holocene climate change in the western Antarctic Peninsula",2016,"10.1002/2016GL069380","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84978378757&doi=10.1002%2f2016GL069380&partnerID=40&md5=11967d24bedb786d6c64ce0dedf5a0f9","We used subfossil mosses and peats to document changes in regional climate, cryosphere, and terrestrial ecosystems in the western Antarctic Peninsula at ~65°S latitude. We find that most peat forming ecosystems have initiated since 2800 cal B.P., in response to warmer summers and increasing summer insolation. The period at 900–600 cal B.P. was coldest as indicated by ice advance, abundance of kill ages from ice-entombed mosses exposed recently from retreating glacial ice, and apparent gap in peatbank initiation. Furthermore, the discovery of a novel Antarctic hairgrass (Deschampsia antarctica) peatland at 2300–1200 cal B.P. from the mainland Antarctic Peninsula suggests a much warmer climate than the present. A warming and wetting climate in the 1980s caused very high carbon accumulation in a Polytrichum strictum moss peatbank. Our results document dramatic transformations of landscape and ecosystems in response to past warmer climate, providing a telltale sign for what may come in the future. ©2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"25422233100;","Baseline characteristics of a debris-covered snow-covered gorge in a typical Japanese mountainous terrain",2016,"10.1016/j.gr.2015.05.001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84930028176&doi=10.1016%2fj.gr.2015.05.001&partnerID=40&md5=0bb77cc93ae2620130f59545863e182c","Debris-covered snow-covered gorges (DSGs) are common in the mountainous environment of the Japanese Alps in the Western Pacific Region, but are almost absent in subdued landscapes, where snow melting rates are higher. Our study demonstrates that the effect of debris coverage on the shrinkage of snow-covered gorges of the Japanese Alps results in differences in how the gorges respond to climate change, which has been neglected in predictions of future water availability. Snow-covered gorges and glacial meltwater make important contributions to drinking water, irrigation water, and hydropower supply in the Japanese Alps Region. Global warming is expected to increase mountainous river discharge and snowmelt in the short-term, but long-term predictions are uncertain. Therefore, detailed and reliable baseline data about the mountainous environment of the Japanese Alps, and its effects on the cryosphere, are essential for predicting the future hydrosphere of Japan. However, field investigations in this region are difficult, and to date, studies have not collected enough data to fully understand the processes involved. Supraglacial debris influences the terminus dynamics, and can thereby modify the migration of a snow-covered gorge under climate change. Recent studies have found several DSGs that are stagnant (i.e., almost non-flowing) in the mountainous environments of southwest Saskatchewan, Canada. Two surface samples were taken on 24 June 2014 and 27 June 2014 to determine the mean grain size of sediment at the site. It was found that DSGs extended for several kilometres through valleys in this region. Our results indicated that the maximum temperature within 10 cm of the ground surface varied from 10 °C to 15 °C, which may be the crucial baseline factor for the existence of DSGs. Although the increasing rates of meltwater discharge and surface lowering indicate that these snow-covered gorges are currently shrinking, their fronts remain remarkably stable, a phenomenon that has also been observed in other regions. The significance of debris cover and its impact on regional differences in the mountainous environment of the Japanese Alps has not been established in the mountainous valley-belt of the region. In this study, we report the baseline characteristics of DSG during the beginning of the snowmelt period in the extreme mountainous environment region of the Japanese Alps. © 2015 International Association for Gondwana Research."
"23486348300;7003532926;57190760252;53863711000;","Applying the energy- and water balance model for incorporation of the cryospheric component into a climate model. Part II. Modeled mass balance on the green land ice sheet surface",2016,"10.3103/S1068373916060017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84983087135&doi=10.3103%2fS1068373916060017&partnerID=40&md5=08da823bb9e0185105ec82f428180e93","The Greenland ice sheet is a very important potential source of fresh water inflow to the World Ocean under warming climate conditions. Apparently, it was the same during the Last Interglacial 130-115 thousand years ago. In order to quantify input of the Greenland ice sheet to the rise of the global mean sea level in the past or in the future, we include a surface mass balance model block into the Earth System Model. The computational algorithm is based on the calculation of energy balance on the ice sheet surface. The key tuning parameter of the model is the daily amplitude of air surface temperature. It defines the area and the rate of snow or ice melting. The range of possible values of this parameter is determined during a series of numerical experiments. High sensitivity of meltwater runoff volume to surface air temperature amplitude is revealed. © 2016, Allerton Press, Inc."
"7003357799;57147028900;6701490301;56582430600;6603977202;","Response of ice caves to weather extremes in the southeastern Alps, Europe",2016,"10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.02.017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84959354524&doi=10.1016%2fj.geomorph.2016.02.017&partnerID=40&md5=0dfe70bf428f435e3f3579ea07031316","High altitude karstic environments often preserve permanent ice deposits within caves, representing the lesser-known portion of the cryosphere. Despite being not so widespread and easily reachable as mountain glaciers and ice caps, ice caves preserve much information about past environmental changes and climatic evolution.We selected 1111 ice caves from the existing cave inventory, predominantly but not exclusively located in the periglacial domain where permafrost is not dominant (i.e., with mean annual air temperature <. 3 °C but not in a permafrost environment). The influence of climate and topography on ice cave distribution is also investigated. In order to assess the thickness and the inner structure of the deposits, we selected two exemplary ice caves in the Canin massif (Julian Alps) performing several multifrequency GPR surveys. A strong influence of global and local climate change in the evolution of the ice deposits has been particularly highlighted in the dynamic ice cave type, especially in regard to the role of weather extremes. The natural response of ice caves to a warming climate could lead to a fast reduction of such ice masses. The increased occurrence of weather extremes, especially warmer and more intense precipitation caused by higher mean 0 °C-isotherms, could in fact be crucial in the future mass balance evolution of such permanent ice deposits. © 2016 Elsevier B.V."
"22979988700;56431888700;","Sensitivity of very small glaciers in the swiss alps to future climate change",2016,"10.3389/feart.2016.00034","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84994588676&doi=10.3389%2ffeart.2016.00034&partnerID=40&md5=c857d0aeb16bf77dcefcc2dac4bc4929","Very small glaciers (&lt;0.5km2) account for more than 80% of the total number of glaciers in mid- to low-latitude mountain ranges. Although their total area and volume is small compared to larger glaciers, they are a relevant component of the cryosphere, contributing to landscape formation, local hydrology, and sea-level rise. Worldwide glacier monitoring mostly focuses on medium-sized to large glaciers leaving us with a limited understanding of the response of dwarf glaciers to climate change. In this study, we present a comprehensive modeling framework to assess past and future changes of very small glaciers at the mountain-range scale. Among other processes our model accounts for snow redistribution, changes in glacier geometry, and the time-varying effect of supraglacial debris. It computes the mass balance distribution, the englacial temperature regime and proglacial runoff. The evolution of 1133 individual glaciers in the Swiss Alps is modeled in detail until 2060 based on newdistributed data sets. Our results indicate that 52%of all very small glaciers in Switzerland will completely disappear within the next 25 years. However, a few avalanche-fed glaciers at low elevation might be able to survive even substantial atmospheric warming. We find highly variable sensitivities of very small glaciers to air temperature change, with gently-sloping, low-elevation, and debris-covered glaciers being most sensitive. © 2016 Huss and Fischer."
"57204123494;57139379600;7403595848;7402095139;57211336354;55328815500;57190955076;56041901600;37262263600;56107692200;","Climate system responses to a common emission budget of carbon dioxide",2016,"10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0213.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84962213025&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-15-0213.1&partnerID=40&md5=45b2525b732075f9a3028136172b195c","Global warming as quantified by surface air temperature has been shown to be approximately linearly related to cumulative emissions of CO2. Here, a coupled state-of-the-art Earth system model with an interactive carbon cycle (BNU-ESM) was used to investigate whether this proportionality extends to the complex Earth system model and to examine the climate system responses to different emission pathways with a common emission budget of man-made CO2. These new simulations show that, relative to the lower emissions earlier and higher emissions later (LH) scenario, the amount of carbon sequestration by the land and the ocean will be larger and Earth will experience earlier warming of climate under the higher emissions earlier and lower emissions later (HL) scenario. The processes within the atmosphere, land, and cryosphere, which are highly sensitive to climate, show a relatively linear relationship to cumulative CO2 emissions and will attain similar states under both scenarios, mainly because of the negative feedback between the radiative forcing and ocean heat uptake. However, the processes with larger internal inertias depend on both the CO2 emissions scenarios and the emission budget, such as ocean warming and sea level rise. © 2016 American Meteorological Society."
"57188753031;6701344406;15750571400;","Stochastic secular trends in sea level rise",2016,"10.1002/2015JC011301","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84962886845&doi=10.1002%2f2015JC011301&partnerID=40&md5=0c15e78450e589bd2190937b56f96498","Global mean sea level (GMSL) has been rising since (at least) the nineteenth century and the rate of rise may be increasing. Several studies that attempt to explain the long-term trend of GMSL during the instrumental record share the common assumption that this trend is deterministic in nature and different from natural variations. Here we show that the trend can alternatively be explained, at least in part, as being caused by random variations within the coupled ocean-atmosphere-cryosphere system, and hence not having a deterministic origin. These random trends, which add to externally forced changes (e.g., through anthropogenic climate change), are a consequence of the integrated character of GMSL, which is the cumulative addition of temporal contributions that exhibit random character, and whose integration results in GMSL variations with persistence on decadal-centennial time scales. The generation of trends by integration of random stationary noise (i.e., even in a constant climate) is a robust and fundamental feature of stochastically forced systems with memory. The integrated character of GMSL results in an intrinsic difficulty in distinguishing internal from externally forced trends. © 2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"50461787200;7404603029;7403073372;7005314575;55474682700;56254603000;","Recent changes in the active layer thickness across the northern hemisphere",2016,"10.1007/s12665-015-5229-2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84961717964&doi=10.1007%2fs12665-015-5229-2&partnerID=40&md5=dcdcc77d488449e3ed5d77ca537db50e","To better understand the ecological and hydrological responses to climatic and cryospheric changes, the spatiotemporal variations in the active layer thickness (ALT) need to be scrupulously studied. Based on more than 230 sites from the circumpolar active layer monitoring network, the spatiotemporal characteristics of the ALT across the northern hemisphere during 1990–2015 were investigated. Results indicate that the ALT exhibits substantial spatial variations across the northern hemisphere, ranging from approximately 30 cm in the arctic and subarctic regions to greater than 10 m in the mountainous permafrost regions at mid-latitudes. Regional averages of ALT are 48 cm in Alaska, 93 cm in Canada, 164 cm in the Nordic countries (including Greenland and Svalbard) and Switzerland, 330 cm in Mongolia, 476 cm in Kazakhstan, and 230 cm on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), respectively. In Russia, the regional averages of ALT in European North, West Siberia, Central Siberia, Northeast Siberia, Chukotka, and Kamchatka are 110, 92, 69, 61, 53 and 60 cm, respectively. Increasing trends of ALT were not uniformly present in the observational records. Significant changes in the ALT were observed at 73 sites, approximately 43.2 % of the investigated 169 sites that are available for statistical analysis. Less than 25 % Alaskan sites and approximately 33 % Canadian sites showed significant increase in the ALT. On the QTP, almost all the sites showed significant ALT increases. Insignificant increase and even decrease in the ALT were observed in some parts of the northern hemisphere, e.g., Mongolia, parts of Alaska and Canada. The air and ground temperatures, vegetation, substrate, microreliefs, and soil moisture in particular, play decisive roles in the spatiotemporal variations in the ALT, but the relationships among each other are complicated and await further studies. © 2016, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg."
"10639674700;7004137021;56897158400;6506496540;16452268000;7403729580;57205189680;24331197800;10642255900;25222135800;57188753233;","Millennial-scale vegetation changes in the tropical Andes using ecological grouping and ordination methods",2016,"10.5194/cp-12-697-2016","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84962854220&doi=10.5194%2fcp-12-697-2016&partnerID=40&md5=17064d5f64466df45cd5f29169a08fb0","We compare eight pollen records reflecting climatic and environmental change from northern and southern sites in the tropical Andes. Our analysis focuses on the last 30ĝ€ 000 years, with particular emphasis on the Pleistocene to Holocene transition. We explore ecological grouping and downcore ordination results as two approaches for extracting environmental variability from pollen records. We also use the records of aquatic and shoreline vegetation as markers for lake level fluctuations and moisture availability. Our analysis focuses on the signature of millennial-scale climate variability in the tropical Andes, in particular Heinrich stadials (HS) and Greenland interstadials (GI). <br><br> The pollen records show an overall warming trend during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition, but the onset of post-glacial warming differs in timing among records. We identify rapid responses of the tropical vegetation to millennial-scale climate variability. The signatures of HS and the Younger Dryas are generally recorded as downslope upper forest line (UFL) migrations in our transect, and are likely linked to air temperature cooling. The GI1 signal is overall comparable between northern and southern records and indicates upslope UFL migrations and warming in the tropical Andes. Our marker for lake level changes indicated a north-To-south difference that could be related to moisture availability. <br><br> The air temperature signature recorded by the Andean vegetation was consistent with millennial-scale cryosphere and sea surface temperature changes but suggests a potential difference between the magnitude of temperature change in the ocean and the atmosphere. We also show that arboreal pollen percentage (AP %) and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) scores are two complementary approaches to extract environmental variability from pollen records. © Author(s) 2016. CC Attribution 3.0 License."
"35097154800;6603022568;55880847200;","ISSM-SESAW v1.0: Mesh-based computation of gravitationally consistent sea-level and geodetic signatures caused by cryosphere and climate driven mass change",2016,"10.5194/gmd-9-1087-2016","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84961826929&doi=10.5194%2fgmd-9-1087-2016&partnerID=40&md5=5110d6dfda0f3544b43ebb1aa6ae61f1","A classical Green's function approach for computing gravitationally consistent sea-level variations associated with mass redistribution on the earth's surface employed in contemporary sea-level models naturally suits the spectral methods for numerical evaluation. The capability of these methods to resolve high wave number features such as small glaciers is limited by the need for large numbers of pixels and high-degree (associated Legendre) series truncation. Incorporating a spectral model into (components of) earth system models that generally operate on a mesh system also requires repetitive forward and inverse transforms. In order to overcome these limitations, we present a method that functions efficiently on an unstructured mesh, thus capturing the physics operating at kilometer scale yet capable of simulating geophysical observables that are inherently of global scale with minimal computational cost. The goal of the current version of this model is to provide high-resolution solid-earth, gravitational, sea-level and rotational responses for earth system models operating in the domain of the earth's outer fluid envelope on timescales less than about 1 century when viscous effects can largely be ignored over most of the globe. The model has numerous important geophysical applications. For example, we compute time-varying computations of global geodetic and sea-level signatures associated with recent ice-sheet changes that are derived from space gravimetry observations. We also demonstrate the capability of our model to simultaneously resolve kilometer-scale sources of the earth's time-varying surface mass transport, derived from high-resolution modeling of polar ice sheets, and predict the corresponding local and global geodetic signatures. © Author(s) 2016."
"45961453200;45961133700;35580526300;57201066147;","Homogenization of surface temperature data in High Mountain Asia through comparison of reanalysis data and station observations",2016,"10.1002/joc.4403","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84939176129&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.4403&partnerID=40&md5=24b2bcd576bc5c8ff5c6c5a92cfae165","High-quality temperature estimates with good spatio-temporal coverage are necessary for completely understanding the influences of warming climate on cryosphere and hydrological systems in High Mountain Asia (HMA). In this study, we compare reanalysis temperature data from ERA-Interim and National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) with station observations in HMA during 1979-2011. The results indicate that although reanalysis temperature data can capture the warming trends in HMA, the trend magnitudes are clearly underestimated by reanalysis data. In particular, the increase in summer temperature cannot be identified from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. For ERA-Interim, temperature increases are underestimated in the north and northwest of HMA; for NCEP/NCAR, the warming magnitudes show evident biases in the Pamir, Himalayas, and southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Considering that high-frequency signals and periodical fluctuations among the three datasets are in good agreement, and based on the wavelet transform method, the low-frequency component decomposed from the temperature time series of ERA-Interim and NCEP/NCAR reanalyses is adjusted by that derived from station observations. The resulting homogenized reanalysis temperature data show much better spatio-temporal consistency with station data. The differences in monthly and annual temperature anomalies between station and homogenized ERA-Interim and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data become more convergent. The homogenized temperature time series are better correlated with station data at annual and seasonal timescales. © 2016 Royal Meteorological Society."
"35857960400;7004940109;7003375121;7006313933;6701427386;","Solar activity cloudiness effect on NH warming for 1980-2095",2016,"10.1016/j.asr.2015.11.024","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84959515010&doi=10.1016%2fj.asr.2015.11.024&partnerID=40&md5=efc31834d83ebd925bcea2faec7cf062","We use a Thermodynamic Climate Model (TCM) to compute the Northern Hemisphere temperature anomaly for the period 1980-2095, corresponding to the global warming (GW) by the increase of the atmospheric CO 2 ; the GW is in turn diminished as a consequence of the negative anomaly of the solar activity (SA), giving a warming reduction (WR). So the CO 2 and the SA represent external climate forcings. The total solar irradiance (TSI) is the main manifestation of the SA and of course is the climate driver; the SA produces besides the solar wind that modulates the flux of galactic cosmic rays (GCR), which in turn modifies the low cloud cover, that by itself influences inversely the mid cloud cover; the combination of both cloudiness yields the so called relevant cloud cover. The GCR-cloudiness effect has a delay of ∼1 yr with respect to TSI effect, which is the time for a SA change to reach the heliopause carried by the solar wind. In order to incorporate this climate mechanism, the TCM now includes the warming due to the vapor condensation by GCR, which causes a decrease in the magnitude of the WR. The TCM was improved by incorporating it new parameterizations of three mechanisms, which are activated by the GW: the atmospheric lapse rate changes; the water vapor emissivity between 8 and 12.5μ is computed with the E-Trans/HITRAN calculator; and changes in this emissivity band according to the relative humidity changes. The 11-yr variability of the TSI time series is filtered to get the trend along 21st century. Two IPCC (2001, 2007) CO 2 emission scenarios are used: the high A1FI and the low A1T. Emphasis is made on the results for two particular years: one corresponding to the deepest part of the TSI grand solar minimum in the year 2029, and the other to the end of the century, 2095. The main thermal feedbacks included in TCM are those due to the atmospheric greenhouse effect by water vapor, to the cryosphere-albedo and to cloudiness-albedo. By 2100 the GW from the TCM is 5.1 °C for A1FI and 2.6 °C for A1T. On 2029 and including all the model forcings and feedbacks, and for those scenarios, the WR is 0.31 and 0.33 °C, respectively; by 2095, the corresponding values are ∼0.17 and ∼0.12 °C. When the warming due to vapor condensation induced by the GCR effect is excluded, for A1FI the WR increases from 0.31 to 0.53 °C by 2029, and from 0.17 to 0.29 °C by 2095; and for A1T from 0.33 to 0.65 °C by 2029, and from 0.12 to 0.23 °C by 2095. The net GW (including the WR) for both scenarios is within the range reported by the IPCC (2001). The WR is greater for the A1T on 2029, which indicates that an atmosphere with less CO 2 is more sensitive to the SA. Thus, we obtain the interesting result that the heat released in this process, masks to some degree the climate effect that these clouds have on the GW. © 2015 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved."
"56124609800;6603667298;","Linking interannual variability in extreme Greenland blocking episodes to the recent increase in summer melting across the Greenland ice sheet",2016,"10.1002/joc.4440","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84937605653&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.4440&partnerID=40&md5=1095057c00b68524e363d8d767246b5b","Atmospheric blocking commonly occurs over the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, resulting from the development of persistent areas of high pressure that lead to warmer-than-average surface temperatures west of the high centre. While the variability and trends in anticyclonic circulation patterns (including blocking) over Greenland have been previously documented, an analysis of the most extreme blocking events within the observational record is lacking. In this study, a historical climatology of extreme Greenland blocking episodes (GBEs) from 1958 to 2013 is examined within the context of anomalous anticyclonic circulation patterns over the North Atlantic region during recent years. Based on a combination of the ERA-40 (1958-1978) and ERA-Interim (1979-2013) reanalysis data sets, the Greenland Blocking Index (GBI) is used to quantify 500 hPa geopotential height anomalies for the identification of extreme GBEs. The annual rate of extreme blocking days has doubled since 1958, reaching an average of approximately 20 days per year by 2013. The frequency and, to some extent, duration of extreme GBEs were unprecedentedly high from 2007 to 2013 compared to the 56-year period of record, with a majority of the increase occurring during the spring (MAM) and summer (JJA). A multiple linear regression analysis reveals that interannual variability in extreme blocking and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) are the two predominant drivers of surface meltwater production across the entire Greenland ice sheet (GrIS), but Arctic sea ice extent and North Atlantic cyclone activity can also influence the extent of summer melting over portions of the GrIS. Thus, in addition to the larger-scale atmospheric and oceanic variability, smaller-scale features such as extratropical cyclones can play a significant role in modulating GrIS surface melting each summer. © 2016 Royal Meteorological Society."
"56449698100;56450973000;57188697259;8338654000;7501704796;","Open Polar Server (OPS)-An open source infrastructure for the cryosphere community",2016,"10.3390/ijgi5030032","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84962432640&doi=10.3390%2fijgi5030032&partnerID=40&md5=cdcc6d93905e988b04b2a0da8040d825","The Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets (CReSIS) at the University of Kansas has collected approximately 1000 terabytes (TB) of radar depth sounding data over the Arctic and Antarctic ice sheets since 1993 in an effort to map the thickness of the ice sheets and ultimately understand the impacts of climate change and sea level rise. In addition to data collection, the storage, management, and public distribution of the dataset are also primary roles of the CReSIS. The Open Polar Server (OPS) project developed a free and open source infrastructure to store, manage, analyze, and distribute the data collected by CReSIS in an effort to replace its current data storage and distribution approach. The OPS infrastructure includes a spatial database management system (DBMS), map and web server, JavaScript geoportal, and MATLAB application programming interface (API) for the inclusion of data created by the cryosphere community. Open source software including GeoServer, PostgreSQL, PostGIS, OpenLayers, ExtJS, GeoEXT and others are used to build a system that modernizes the CReSIS data distribution for the entire cryosphere community and creates a flexible platform for future development. Usability analysis demonstrates the OPS infrastructure provides an improved end user experience. In addition, interpolating glacier topography is provided as an application example of the system. © 2016 by the authors."
"57163302700;16645385100;10540061400;","On the variability of cold region flooding",2016,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.01.055","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84960372727&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2016.01.055&partnerID=40&md5=1ad0415d1d6ae1be9b88dd1c372fd603","Cold region hydrological systems exhibit complex interactions with both climate and the cryosphere. Improving knowledge on that complexity is essential to determine drivers of extreme events and to predict changes under altered climate conditions. This is particularly true for cold region flooding where independent shifts in both precipitation and temperature can have significant influence on high flows. This study explores changes in the magnitude and the timing of streamflow in 18 Swedish Sub-Arctic catchments over their full record periods available and a common period (1990-2013). The Mann-Kendall trend test was used to estimate changes in several hydrological signatures (e.g. annual maximum daily flow, mean summer flow, snowmelt onset). Further, trends in the flood frequency were determined by fitting an extreme value type I (Gumbel) distribution to test selected flood percentiles for stationarity using a generalized least squares regression approach.Results highlight shifts from snowmelt-dominated to rainfall-dominated flow regimes with all significant trends (at the 5% significance level) pointing toward (1) lower magnitudes in the spring flood; (2) earlier flood occurrence; (3) earlier snowmelt onset; and (4) decreasing mean summer flows. Decreasing trends in flood magnitude and mean summer flows suggest widespread permafrost thawing and are supported by increasing trends in annual minimum daily flows. Trends in selected flood percentiles showed an increase in extreme events over the full periods of record (significant for only four catchments), while trends were variable over the common period of data among the catchments. An uncertainty analysis emphasizes that the observed trends are highly sensitive to the period of record considered. As such, no clear overall regional hydrological response pattern could be determined suggesting that catchment response to regionally consistent changes in climatic drivers is strongly influenced by their physical characteristics. © 2016 Elsevier B.V."
"57218082838;13406672500;7005965757;","Observed high-altitude warming and snow cover retreat over Tibet and the Himalayas enhanced by black carbon aerosols",2016,"10.5194/acp-16-1303-2016","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84957824487&doi=10.5194%2facp-16-1303-2016&partnerID=40&md5=20414efbba1855eb6c66ad90fce6ff5c","Himalayan mountain glaciers and the snowpack over the Tibetan Plateau provide the headwater of several major rivers in Asia. In situ observations of snow cover extent since the 1960s suggest that the snowpack in the region have retreated significantly, accompanied by a surface warming of 2-2.5 °C observed over the peak altitudes (5000 m). Using a high-resolution ocean-atmosphere global climate model and an observationally constrained black carbon (BC) aerosol forcing, we attribute the observed altitude dependence of the warming trends as well as the spatial pattern of reductions in snow depths and snow cover extent to various anthropogenic factors. At the Tibetan Plateau altitudes, the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration exerted a warming of 1.7 °C, BC 1.3 °C where as cooling aerosols cause about 0.7 °C cooling, bringing the net simulated warming consistent with the anomalously large observed warming. We therefore conclude that BC together with CO2 has contributed to the snow retreat trends. In particular, BC increase is the major factor in the strong elevation dependence of the observed surface warming. The atmospheric warming by BC as well as its surface darkening of snow is coupled with the positive snow albedo feedbacks to account for the disproportionately large role of BC in high-elevation regions. These findings reveal that BC impact needs to be properly accounted for in future regional climate projections, in particular on high-altitude cryosphere. © Author(s) 2016."
"49662861400;22937401700;35477122800;8509152300;","Cryoconite: The dark biological secret of the cryosphere",2016,"10.1177/0309133315616574","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84955575875&doi=10.1177%2f0309133315616574&partnerID=40&md5=9a7c6c9fbbb3470288174f12f5262c66","Cryoconite is granular sediment found on glacier surfaces comprising both mineral and biological material. Despite long having been recognised as an important glaciological and biological phenomenon cryoconite remains relatively poorly understood. Here, we appraise the literature on cryoconite for the first time, with the aim of synthesising and evaluating current knowledge to direct future investigations. We review the properties of cryoconite, the environments in which it is found, the biology and biogeochemistry of cryoconite, and its interactions with climate and anthropogenic pollutants. We generally focus upon cryoconite in the Arctic in summer, with Antarctic and lower latitude settings examined individually. We then compare the current state-of-the-science with that at the turn of the twentieth century, and suggest directions for future research including specific recommendations for studies at a range of spatial scales and a framework for integrating these into a more holistic understanding of cryoconite and its role in the cryosphere. © 2015, © The Author(s) 2015."
"57192007192;15848058400;55696544800;56293739100;","Hydrological modeling to simulate streamflow under changing climate in a scarcely gauged cryosphere catchment",2016,"10.1007/s12665-015-5059-2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84961328456&doi=10.1007%2fs12665-015-5059-2&partnerID=40&md5=6b15e332a1c8b9c22a27b6947e7bf5c2","Investigation of continuous daily streamflow based on both rainfall and snowmelt in a cryosphere catchment is challenging, particularly when climate records are limited or unavailable. This study compares the accuracy of the Hydrological Engineering Center-Hydrological Modeling System (HEC-HMS) and the Snowmelt-Runoff Model (SRM) to perform continuous simulation of rainfall and snowmelt-runoff in the scarcely gauged Jhelum River basin of Pakistan under current and potential climate change scenarios. We used Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation data and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow cover data to examine the efficiency of both models. Observed streamflow data from 5 years (2000–2005) were used for calibration and from another 3 years (2007–2010) were used for model validation. Good agreement was attained between the simulated and observed streamflow for annual and snowmelt season in the validation period: (0.71, 10.4) and (0.58, 12.4) for HEC-HMS and (0.74, 8.82) and (0.64, 1.74) for SRM [statistic stated as (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency and difference in volume %)], respectively. Future streamflow was projected for 2095 using potential climate change scenarios based on precipitation, mean temperature, and snow cover area (SCA). The HEC-HMS and SRM indicated variations in annual streamflow from −8 to +14 % and −13 to +35 %, respectively, with a change in temperature from −2 to +4 °C and from −11 to +32 % and 13–42 % with a change in precipitation from −10 to +20 % along a temperature increase from 2 to 4 °C, respectively. Additionally, SRM showed that changes in SCA from −10 to +30 % would contribute to annual streamflow from −4 to +14 %, whereas a temperature increase from 2 to 4 °C along with a 20 % increase in SCA extent would increase the annual streamflow by 34 %. Overall, the results of this study reveal that the SRM model has a high computing efficiency and requires fewer data inputs than HEC-HMS to predict runoff under changing climate conditions in a high-altitude, scarcely gauged basin. © 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg."
"38662088400;15127198600;7401956572;8249212800;","On the role of buoyant flexure in glacier calving",2016,"10.1002/2015GL067247","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84957727688&doi=10.1002%2f2015GL067247&partnerID=40&md5=eefb51bd93784fcf179b65860a501656","Interactions between glaciers and the ocean are key for understanding the dynamics of the cryosphere in the climate system. Here we investigate the role of hydrostatic forces in glacier calving. We develop a mathematical model to account for the elastic deformation of glaciers in response to three effects: (i) marine and lake-terminating glaciers tend to enter water with a nonzero slope, resulting in upward flexure around the grounding line; (ii) horizontal pressure imbalances at the terminus are known to cause hydrostatic in-plane stresses and downward acting torque; (iii) submerged ice protrusions at the glacier front may induce additional buoyancy forces that can cause calving. Our model provides theoretical estimates of the importance of each effect and suggests geometric and material conditions under which a given glacier will calve from hydrostatic flexure. We find good agreement with observations. This work sheds light on the intricate processes involved in glacier calving and can be hoped to improve our ability to model and predict future changes in the ice-climate system. © 2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"56459116400;56544373200;23098283400;15926344800;13304638000;","Black carbon and the Himalayan cryosphere: A review",2016,"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.08.078","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84954156178&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosenv.2015.08.078&partnerID=40&md5=215021503cb46f0cf269be706ac991e2","The Himalayan cryosphere borders global hotspots for emissions of black carbon (BC), a carbonaceous aerosol with a short atmospheric lifespan and potentially significant impacts on glaciers and snow cover. BC in the atmosphere absorbs radiation efficiently, leading to localized positive climate forcing. BC may also be deposited onto snow and ice surfaces, thereby changing their albedo. This review presents up-to-date observational data of BC in the atmosphere and in snow and ice, as well as its effects on the cryosphere in the Hindu-Kush-Himalayan (HKH) region along the northern edge of South Asia. Significant spatial variation exists in the measured concentrations of BC in the atmosphere and cryosphere. A strong seasonal pattern exists, with highest concentrations in the pre-monsoon and lowest during the monsoon. Existing observations show bias towards certain areas, with a noticeable lack of measurements on the south side of the Himalaya. Significant uncertainty persists in the emissions estimates of BC in the HKH region, with a standard deviation of regional emissions from various emission inventories of 0.5150 × 10-9 kg m-2 s-1, or 47.1% of the mean (1.0931 × 10-9 kg m-2 s-1). This and other uncertainties, including poor model resolution, imprecision in deposition modeling, and incongruities among measurement types, propagate through simulations of BC concentration in atmosphere and cryosphere. Modeled atmospheric concentrations can differ from observations by as much as a factor of three with no systematic bias, and modeled concentrations in snow and ice can differ from observations by a factor of 60 in certain regions. In the Himalaya, estimates of albedo change due to BC range from about 2 to 10%, estimates of direct radiative forcing due to BC in the atmosphere from (-2)-7 W m-2, and surface forcing estimates from 0 to 28 W m-2, though every forcing estimate uses its own definition, with varying degrees of complexity and numbers of feedbacks. We find the most important course of further study to be model verification, enabled by increasing observational data and in this region and consistent measurement protocol. © 2015."
"57078327600;8293755000;6506989282;","Evaluating climatic response to external radiative forcing during the late Miocene to early Pliocene: New perspectives from eastern equatorial Pacific (IODP U1338) and North Atlantic (ODP 982) locations",2016,"10.1002/2015PA002881","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84958923908&doi=10.1002%2f2015PA002881&partnerID=40&md5=02ea39636cc70ac25b7e801430bddb63","Orbital-scale climate variability during the latest Miocene-early Pliocene is poorly understood due to a lack of high-resolution records spanning 8.0-3.5 Ma, which resolve all orbital cycles. Assessing this variability improves understanding of how Earth's system sensitivity to insolation evolves and provides insight into the factors driving the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC) and the Late Miocene Carbon Isotope Shift (LMCIS). New high-resolution benthic foraminiferal Cibicidoides mundulus δ18O and δ13C records from equatorial Pacific International Ocean Drilling Program Site U1338 are correlated to North Atlantic Ocean Drilling Program Site 982 to obtain a global perspective. Four long-term benthic δ18O variations are identified: the Tortonian-Messinian, Miocene-Pliocene, and Early-Pliocene Oxygen Isotope Lows (8-7, 5.9-4.9, and 4.8-3.5 Ma) and the Messinian Oxygen Isotope High (MOH; 7-5.9 Ma). Obliquity-paced variability dominates throughout, except during the MOH. Eleven new orbital-scale isotopic stages are identified between 7.4 and 7.1 Ma. Cryosphere and carbon cycle sensitivities, estimated from δ18O and δ13C variability, suggest a weak cryosphere-carbon cycle coupling. The MSC termination coincided with moderate cryosphere sensitivity and reduced global ice sheets. The LMCIS coincided with reduced carbon cycle sensitivity, suggesting a driving force independent of insolation changes. The response of the cryosphere and carbon cycle to obliquity forcing is established, defined as Earth System Response (ESR). Observations reveal that two late Miocene-early Pliocene climate states existed. The first is a prevailing dynamic state with moderate ESR and obliquity-driven Antarctic ice variations, associated with reduced global ice volumes. The second is a stable state, which occurred during the MOH, with reduced ESR and lower obliquity-driven variability, associated with expanded global ice volumes. ©2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57211149894;7404603029;7403073372;","Evolutions of water stable isotopes and the contributions of cryosphere to the alpine river on the Tibetan Plateau",2016,"10.1007/s12665-015-4894-5","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84950317363&doi=10.1007%2fs12665-015-4894-5&partnerID=40&md5=537d6c28715e92563481f487dea77747","The significant changes of cryosphere on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are an important cause of concern for the huge population in Asia which depends on the glacier-permafrost feed rivers. Up to now, little is known about the response of runoff to the cryospheric changes under a warming climate. Taking an example of a typical alpine river (hereafter named KLR River) in Kunlun Mountains Pass on the TP to investigate the hydrological processes and quantify the potential recharge sources using stable isotopes and electrical conductivities. The results showed significantly temporal variations in isotopes of precipitation and river water. Deviations in the precipitation isotopes indicated that precipitation in Kunlun Mountains Pass during summer months mainly originated from local recycled moisture and slightly influenced by monsoon. The KLR river was separated into three hydrological components which include precipitation, meltwater of glacier and meltwater of subsurface ground ice. On average, the meltwater of glacier accounted for 56.64 % of total flow, whereas the meltwater of subsurface ground ice contributed 37.44 % and only 5.92 % was supplied by precipitation. Evidently, the contributions of glacier and thawing permafrost are up to as high as 94 %. The cryosphere played a crucial role on the hydrological cycle on the TP which would be important to understand the water resource distribution in permafrost regions on the TP under the global warming. © 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg."
"21740424900;57191966165;57219152385;55494212000;55992194500;56533666100;","Contribution from frozen soil meltwater to runoff in an in-land river basin under water scarcity by isotopic tracing in northwestern China",2016,"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.12.002","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84949921778&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloplacha.2015.12.002&partnerID=40&md5=491884f012d911a6e6fd5cd8d969b21f","Cryosphere meltwater has been recognized as an important source of local water resources. However, there are few assessments on the contribution from frozen soil meltwater. In this study, we quantify the fraction from frozen soil meltwater and glacier snow meltwater to runoff in Shiyang River, an in-land river basin of northwestern China, where glaciers were disappearing and frozen soil was in degradation. A large number of samples for precipitation, surface water, groundwater, frozen soil meltwater and glacier snow meltwater have been collected and analyzed for their isotopic compositions. Results indicated that runoff was mainly generated from the cryosphere belt, and it was found that frozen soil meltwater was responsible for 20%, on average, of the outlet river water during flood season in the basin. The contribution rates from frozen soil meltwater to the outlet river runoff changed among the seven sub-basins. The results confirmed that frozen soil meltwater has played an important role in runoff of in-land river basins, and evaluating its influence on the hydrological process under a climate warming scenario is of great significance. © 2015 Elsevier B.V."
"57190977861;6603561851;7202164650;6603532476;","Seasonal study of mercury species in the antarctic Sea Ice environment",2016,"10.1021/acs.est.6b02700","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85020595874&doi=10.1021%2facs.est.6b02700&partnerID=40&md5=bdf0d9a50b8ab31cd23a87840455c5c2","Limited studies have been conducted on mercury concentrations in the polar cryosphere and the factors affecting the distribution of mercury within sea ice and snow are poorly understood. Here we present the first comprehensive seasonal study of elemental and total mercury concentrations in the Antarctic sea ice environment covering data from measurements in air, sea ice, seawater, snow, frost flowers, and brine. The average concentration of total mercury in sea ice decreased from winter (9.7 ng L-1) to spring (4.7 ng L-1) while the average elemental mercury concentration increased from winter (0.07 ng L-1) to summer (0.105 ng L-1). The opposite trends suggest potential photoor dark oxidation/reduction processes within the ice and an eventual loss of mercury via brine drainage or gas evasion of elemental mercury. Our results indicate a seasonal variation of mercury species in the polar sea ice environment probably due to varying factors such as solar radiation, temperature, brine volume, and atmospheric deposition. This study shows that the sea ice environment is a significant interphase between the polar ocean and the atmosphere and should be accounted for when studying how climate change may affect the mercury cycle in polar regions. © 2016 American Chemical Society."
"57192276648;55739545700;57188861485;35239293700;55939843000;57192267697;57192275189;8271783000;","Long-term variability of surface albedo and its correlation with climatic variables over antarctica",2016,"10.3390/rs8120981","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85002888657&doi=10.3390%2frs8120981&partnerID=40&md5=f438d417cc983704e773392efd61e814","The cryosphere is an essential part of the earth system for understanding climate change. Components of the cryosphere, such as ice sheets and sea ice, are generally decreasing over time. However, previous studies have indicated differing trends between the Antarctic and the Arctic. The South Pole also shows internal differences in trends. These phenomena indicate the importance of continuous observation of the Polar Regions. Albedo is a main indicator for analyzing Antarctic climate change and is an important variable with regard to the radiation budget because it can provide positive feedback on polar warming and is related to net radiation and atmospheric heating in the mainly snow-and ice-covered Antarctic. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed long-term temporal and spatial variability of albedo and investigated the interrelationships between albedo and climatic variables over Antarctica. We used broadband surface albedo data from the Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring and data for several climatic variables such as temperature and Antarctic oscillation index (AAO) during the period of 1983 to 2009. Time series analysis and correlation analysis were performed through linear regression using albedo and climatic variables. The results of this research indicated that albedo shows two trends, west trend and an east trend, over Antarctica. Most of the western side of Antarctica showed a negative trend of albedo (about-0.0007 to-0.0015 year-1), but the other side showed a positive trend (about 0.0006 year-1). In addition, albedo and surface temperature had a negative correlation, but this relationship was weaker in west Antarctica than in east Antarctica. The correlation between albedo and AAO revealed different relationships in the two regions; west Antarctica had a negative correlation and east Antarctica showed a positive correlation. In addition, the correlation between albedo and AAO was weaker in the west. This suggests that the eastern area is influenced by the atmosphere, but that the western area is influenced more strongly by other factors. © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland."
"8377309700;55522308400;","Arctic sea ice and warm season North American extreme surface air temperatures",2016,"10.3354/cr01349","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84956645219&doi=10.3354%2fcr01349&partnerID=40&md5=6ce102a591ce9a5832fd51e6c9733769","A growing amount of evidence points to a notable linkage between the changing Arctic cryosphere and weather in the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Recent studies propose a series of mechanisms that make plausible the connection between Arctic amplification/sea ice decline and extreme weather. Using composite analyses, this study examines associations between the frequency of occurrence of boreal summer daily extreme surface air temperatures across North America and simultaneous mean Arctic sea ice concentration (SIC) conditions during the period 1979-2013. Four distinct regions show coherent relationships including large sections of the eastern USA, Canada and the Canadian Arctic, central North America, southeast USA, and the west coast from southern Canada to Alaska. Across the eastern USA and Canada, as well as in western North America, the connections are principally shaped by low ice conditions with an expected decline in the incidence of cool nights/days and an increase in the incidence of warm nights/days. The ice-temperature relationships observed in the other regions are mostly shaped by high ice conditions. Synoptic analyses indicate the associations to be reflected in mean summer surface air temperature (SAT) and surface anomaly flows, as well as in the 500 and 200 hPa geo - potential height flow and mean zonal wind anomaly patterns. Areas with the greatest atmospheric flow modifications have been generally associated with regions that display most notable extreme temperature frequency modifications. © Inter-Research 2016."
"55693946500;7101977707;16636910800;37108615300;7005582869;6701780951;24072495000;","Mid-Wisconsin to Holocene Permafrost and Landscape Dynamics based on a Drained Lake Basin Core from the Northern Seward Peninsula, Northwest Alaska",2016,"10.1002/ppp.1848","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84959441934&doi=10.1002%2fppp.1848&partnerID=40&md5=016245eff27bef2778942e7be8b59a56","Permafrost-related processes drive regional landscape dynamics in the Arctic terrestrial system. A better understanding of past periods indicative of permafrost degradation and aggradation is important for predicting the future response of Arctic landscapes to climate change. Here, we used a multi-proxy approach to analyse a~4m long sediment core from a drained thermokarst lake basin on the northern Seward Peninsula in western Arctic Alaska (USA). Sedimentological, biogeochemical, geochronological, micropalaeontological (ostracoda, testate amoebae) and tephra analyses were used to determine the long-term environmental Early-Wisconsin to Holocene history preserved in our core for central Beringia. Yedoma accumulation dominated throughout the Early to Late-Wisconsin but was interrupted by wetland formation from 44.5 to 41.5ka BP. The latter was terminated by the deposition of 1m of volcanic tephra, most likely originating from the South Killeak Maar eruption at about 42ka BP. Yedoma deposition continued until 22.5ka BP and was followed by a depositional hiatus in the sediment core between 22.5 and 0.23ka BP. We interpret this hiatus as due to intense thermokarst activity in the areas surrounding the site, which served as a sediment source during the Late-Wisconsin to Holocene climate transition. The lake forming the modern basin on the upland initiated around 0.23ka BP and drained catastrophically in spring 2005. The present study emphasises that Arctic lake systems and periglacial landscapes are highly dynamic and that permafrost formation as well as degradation in central Beringia was controlled by regional to global climate patterns as well as by local disturbances. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."
"56652527600;56652554200;56652548500;57208121661;7801628758;","The recent transition from glacial to periglacial environment in a high altitude alpine basin (Sabbione basin, north-western Italian Alps). Preliminary outcomes from a multidisciplinary approach",2016,"10.4461/GFDQ.2016.39.3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84999176917&doi=10.4461%2fGFDQ.2016.39.3&partnerID=40&md5=59e99af659012d2e55d74de5d4b77af9","High Alps are characterised by glacial and periglacial environments, which change sensitively in response to climatic changes. The global warming that has been witnessed over the last few decades has caused remarkable effects on high altitude mountain zones. In order to assess the ongoing transition from glacial to periglacial environments, due to climate change, and its effects on cryosphere, geosphere and biosphere, a multidisciplinary approach has been applied in the Sabbione Basin (Italy). In this study, attention has mainly been paid to two selected areas (pilot sites) representative of glacial-periglacial interactions in the investigated basin. Climatological and geomorphological studies have been conducted, together with analyses on the potential permafrost distribution. Furthermore, floristic surveys have been carried out to characterise the vegetation within the periglacial sites and Artemisia genipi has been selected as the monitoring species because of its abundance and its late flowering season. The climatic analyses have indicated that, over the last decades, air temperatures have increased and snow cover duration and thickness have decreased, thus causing a substantial regression of the glaciers. Periglacial processes and new permafrost-related landforms have been developing in recently deglaciated areas. The distribution, reproductive state and phenology of the monitoring species show a clear relationship with the permafrost-related landforms (i.e. rock glaciers). Moreover, the phenological delay observed in some of the Artemisia genipi individuals shows that micro-morphology and cold water sources have a considerable influence on their development. Finally, it has been found that lower altitude plant species have been colonising the basin, indicating an upward shift due to global warming conditions."
"55650786000;57203321797;23013213800;56965911600;","Terrestrial Water Storage Changes of Permafrost in the Three-River Source Region of the Tibetan Plateau, China",2016,"10.1155/2016/4364738","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84959305103&doi=10.1155%2f2016%2f4364738&partnerID=40&md5=333c1c2aa58d2b51583d22db4dadd96e","Changes in permafrost influence water balance exchanges in watersheds of cryosphere. Water storage change (WSC) is an important factor in water cycle. We used Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite data to retrieve WSC in the Three-River Source Region and subregions. WSC in four types of permafrost (continuous, seasonal, island, and patchy permafrost) was analyzed during 2003-2010. The result showed that WSC had significant change; it increased by 9.06 ± 0.01 mm/a (21.89 ± 0.02 × 10 9 m 3) over the Three-River Source Region during the study period. The most significant changes of WSC were in continuous permafrost zone, with a total amount of about 13.94 ± 0.48 × 10 9 m 3. The spatial distribution of WSC was in state of gain in the continuous permafrost zone, whereas it was in a state of loss in the other permafrost zones. Little changes of precipitation and runoff occurred in study area, but the WSC increased significantly, according to water balance equation, the changes of runoff and water storage were subtracted from changes of precipitation, and the result showed that changes of evaporation is minus which means the evaporation decreased in the Three-River Source Region during 2003-2010. Copyright © 2016 Min Xu et al."
"38361063500;57203078745;56992344200;","Evaluation of the CMIP5 models in the aim of regional modelling of the Antarctic surface mass balance",2015,"10.5194/tc-9-2311-2015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84949183463&doi=10.5194%2ftc-9-2311-2015&partnerID=40&md5=0a599e88bad37a5fe28e2b84e154f770","The surface mass balance (SMB) of the Antarctic Ice Sheet cannot be reliably deduced from global climate models (GCMs), both because their spatial resolution is insufficient and because their physics are not adapted for cold and snow-covered regions. By contrast, regional climate models (RCMs) adapted for polar regions can physically and dynamically downscale SMB components over the ice sheet using large-scale forcing at their boundaries. Polar-oriented RCMs require appropriate GCM fields for forcing because the response of the cryosphere to a warming climate is dependent on its initial state and is not linear with respect to temperature increase. In this context, we evaluate the current climate in 41 climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) data set over Antarctica by focusing on forcing fields which may have the greatest impact on SMB components simulated by RCMs. Our inter-comparison includes six reanalyses, among which ERA-Interim reanalysis is chosen as a reference over 1979-2014. Model efficiency is assessed taking into account the multi-decadal variability of the fields over the 1850-1980 period. We show that fewer than 10 CMIP5 models show reasonable biases compared to ERA-Interim, among which ACCESS1-3 is the most pertinent choice for forcing RCMs over Antarctica, followed by ACCESS1-0, CESM1-BGC, CESM1-CAM5, NorESM1-M, CCSM4 and EC-EARTH. Finally, climate change over the Southern Ocean in CMIP5 is less sensitive to the global warming signal than it is to the present-day simulated sea-ice extent and to the feedback between sea-ice decrease and air temperature increase around Antarctica. © 2015 Author(s)."
"9845583300;8722939400;57203215073;","Glacier response to North Atlantic climate variability during the Holocene",2015,"10.5194/cp-11-1587-2015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84948967665&doi=10.5194%2fcp-11-1587-2015&partnerID=40&md5=eec73496e399e024cdfa6a1b89d648f0","Small glaciers and ice caps respond rapidly to climate variations, and records of their past extent provide information on the natural envelope of past climate variability. Millennial-scale trends in Holocene glacier size are well documented and correspond with changes in Northern Hemisphere summer insolation. However, there is only sparse and fragmentary evidence for higher-frequency variations in glacier size because in many Northern Hemisphere regions glacier advances of the past few hundred years were the most extensive and destroyed the geomorphic evidence of ice growth and retreat during the past several thousand years. Thus, most glacier records have been of limited use for investigating centennial-scale climate forcing and feedback mechanisms. Here we report a continuous record of glacier activity for the last 9.5 ka from southeast Greenland derived from high-resolution measurements on a proglacial lake sediment sequence. Physical and geochemical parameters show that the glaciers responded to previously documented Northern Hemisphere climatic excursions, including the ""8.2 ka"" cooling event, the Holocene Thermal Maximum, Neoglacial cooling, and 20th century warming. In addition, the sediments indicate centennial-scale oscillations in glacier size during the late Holocene. Beginning at 4.1 ka, a series of abrupt glacier advances occurred, each lasting ∼100 years and followed by a period of retreat, that were superimposed on a gradual trend toward larger glacier size. Thus, while declining summer insolation caused long-term cooling and glacier expansion during the late Holocene, climate system dynamics resulted in repeated episodes of glacier expansion and retreat on multi-decadal to centennial timescales. These episodes coincided with ice rafting events in the North Atlantic Ocean and periods of regional ice cap expansion, which confirms their regional significance and indicates that considerable glacier activity on these timescales is a normal feature of the cryosphere. The data provide a longer-term perspective on the rate of 20th century glacier retreat and indicate that recent anthropogenic-driven warming has already impacted the regional cryosphere in a manner outside the natural range of Holocene variability. © 2015 Author(s)."
"42461903300;55574191125;37035969500;6701723886;","Marine record of Holocene climate, ocean, and cryosphere interactions: Herbert Sound, James Ross Island, Antarctica",2015,"10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.09.009","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84945548080&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2015.09.009&partnerID=40&md5=236ddf356511063cf68d5bbf2e7873a4","The sediment record offshore James Ross Island, northeast Antarctic Peninsula presents an unparalleled opportunity to directly compare marine and terrestrial climate records spanning the Holocene in maritime Antarctica. An 11 m drill core was collected between Herbert Sound and Croft Bay as part of the SHALDRIL NBP-0502 initiative and produced the southernmost sediment record from the eastern side of the AP. Thirty-eight radiocarbon ages are used to construct an age model of centennial-scale resolution. Multi-proxy records, including magnetic susceptibility, pebble content, particle size, total organic carbon, and diatom assemblages, were interrogated in the context of nearby Holocene-age ice core, lake, and drift records from James Ross Island. Differences in the timing and expression of Holocene events reflect marine controls on tidewater glaciers, such as water mass configurations and sea ice. Glacial behavior mimics ice core paleotemperatures during the Holocene, with the exception of distinct ocean warming events. Herbert Sound was fully occupied by grounded ice during the Last Glacial Maximum, and experienced rapid lift-off, followed by a floating ice phase. The canopy of floating ice receded by 10 ± 2.4 cal kyr BP, presumably in response to Early Holocene warming. Herbert Sound and Croft Bay fully deglaciated by 7.2 cal kyr BP, when the Mid Holocene Hypsithermal commenced and the sound became open and productive. An extreme peak in productivity ~6.1 cal kyr BP indicates an oceanic warming event that is not reflected in atmospheric temperature or lacustrine sediment records. Increase in sea ice cover and ice rafting mark the onset of the Neoglacial ~2.5 cal kyr BP, when pronounced atmospheric cooling is documented in the James Ross Island ice core. Our comparison facilitates more holistic understanding of atmosphere-ocean-cryosphere interactions that may aid predictions of glacial response to future warming and sea-level scenarios. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd."
"55262316000;7006253164;7403063262;24458137900;57016200800;","The international global atmospheric chemistry (IGAC) project: Facilitating atmospheric chemistry research for 25 years",2015,"10.1016/j.ancene.2015.10.001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84951310132&doi=10.1016%2fj.ancene.2015.10.001&partnerID=40&md5=469bacd0a931a18372fbc4aba629c2ed","This paper outlines the scientific achievements and insights gained from the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) project, which has been jointly sponsored by the international Commission on Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Pollution (iCACGP) and the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) since 1990. A short history of IGAC is followed by representative key scientific achievements. Over 25 years, IGAC has facilitated international scientific collaborations that have deepened the understanding of how atmospheric composition impacts air quality, climate change, and ecosystems from local to global scales. Activities fostered by IGAC show how the field of atmospheric chemistry has evolved from a focus on the atmosphere as a single natural compartment of the Earth system to an emphasis on its interactions with other Earth components, such as oceans, the cryosphere, the biosphere, and the impact of humans on atmospheric composition. Finally, one of IGAC's significant accomplishments has been building scientific capacity and cooperation in the field of atmospheric chemistry around the globe, especially through its biennial science conferences. As part of IGBP, IGAC has contributed to improving the current state of knowledge of the Earth system and providing the scientific basis to suggest that we have entered the Anthropocene. IGAC will continue to play this role and expand its connections to the larger global change and sustainability research communities, capitalizing on the transition to Future Earth. © 2015 The Authors."
"57189312124;7003512303;55450457900;","Effects of melting ice sheets and orbital forcing on the early Holocene warming in extratropical Northern Hemisphere",2015,"10.5194/cpd-11-5345-2015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85050578931&doi=10.5194%2fcpd-11-5345-2015&partnerID=40&md5=8ee6d14a47ff0f01cdb52656c6de6eea","The early Holocene is a critical period for climate change, as it marked the final transition from the last deglaciation to the relatively warm and stable Holocene. It is characterized by a warming trend that has been registered in numerous proxy records. This climatic warming was accompanied by major adjustments in different climate components, including the decaying of ice sheets in cryosphere, the perturbation of circulation in the ocean, the expansion of vegetation (over the high latitude) in biosphere. Previous studies have analyzed the influence of the demise of the ice sheets and other forcings on climate system. However, the climate response to the forcings together with the internal feedbacks before 9 ka remains not fully comprehended. In this study, we therefore disentangle how these forcings contributed to climate change during the earliest part of Holocene (11.5-7 ka) by employing the LOVECLIM climate model for both equilibrium and transient experiments. The results of our equilibrium experiments for 11.5 ka reveal that the annual mean temperature at the onset of the Holocene was lower than in the preindustrial era in the Northern extratropics, except in Alaska. The magnitude of this cool anomaly varies regionally as a response to varying climate forcings and diverse mechanisms. In eastern N America and NW Europe the temperatures throughout the whole year were 2-5°C lower than in the preindustrial control, reaching the maximum cooling as here the climate was strongly influenced by the cooling effects of the ice sheets. This cooling of the ice-sheet surface was caused both by the enhanced surface albedo and by the orography of the ice sheets. For Siberia, a small deviation (-0.5-1.5°C) in summer temperature and 0.5-1.5°C cooler annual climate compared to the preindustrial run were caused by the counteraction of the high albedo associated with the tundra vegetation which was more southward extended at 11.5 ka than in the preindustrial period and the orbitally induced radiation anomalies. In the eastern part of the Arctic Ocean (over Barents Sea, Kara Sea and Laptev Sea), the annual mean temperature was 0.5-2°C lower than at 0 ka, because the cooling effect of a reduced northward heat transport induced by the weakened ocean circulation overwhelmed the orbitally induced warming. The 0.5-3°C cooler climate over the N Labrador Sea and N Atlantic Ocean was related to the reduced northward heat transport and sea-ice feedbacks initiated by the weakened ocean circulation. In contrast, in Alaska, temperatures in all seasons were 0.5-3°C higher than the control run primarily due to the orbitally induced positive insolation anomaly and also to the enhanced southerly winds which advected warm air from the South as a response to the high air pressure over the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Our transient experiments indicate that the Holocene temperature evolution and the early Holocene warming also vary between different regions. In Alaska, the climate is constantly cooling over the whole Holocene, primarily following the decreasing insolation. In contrast, in N Canada, the overall warming during the early Holocene is faster than in other areas (up to 1.88°C ka-1 in summer) as a consequence of the progressive decay of the LIS, and the warming lasted till about 7 ka when this deglaciation was completed. In NW Europe, the Arctic and Siberia, the overall warming rates are intermediate with about 0.3-0.7°C ka-1 in most of seasons (with only exception in Arctic's winter). Overall, our results demonstrate the spatial variability of the climate during the early Holocene, both in terms of the temperature distribution and warming rates, as the response to varying dominant forcings and diverse mechanisms. © Author(s) 2015."
"56537420600;7003301963;7102011602;7103272759;6603129971;","An overview of research from a high elevation landscape: the Niwot Ridge, Colorado Long Term Ecological Research programme",2015,"10.1080/17550874.2015.1123320","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84960082893&doi=10.1080%2f17550874.2015.1123320&partnerID=40&md5=cbbccab3b4b545e80800dce52fa3ce98","Background: There is a paucity of information for mountain catchments, and in particular a lack of long-term data collection in alpine areas. Aims: The focus of this special issue is to synthesize alpine research undertaken in the last 20 years at high altitude research sites that comprise the Niwot Ridge Long Term Ecological Research (NWT LTER) programme. It is a timely update of the benchmark volume on alpine ecology by Bowman and Seastedt (2001) that presented a summary of work carried out over 40 years on the structure and functioning of the NWT LTER alpine terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Methods: We introduce and synthesize both the individual manuscripts in this monograph, along with insights from non-LTER investigators. Results and conclusions: Mountain areas are sentinels of climate change. We are seeing those effects today. Furthermore, these ecosystem changes we report are occurring in mountain areas before they occur in downstream ecosystems. Thus, the sensitivity of mountain ecosystems to changes in climate begs for enhanced and worldwide protection. Our results suggest that investing in observational and integrated social-ecological system research in mountains is key for underpinning scientifically the development and implementation of efficient mitigation and adaptation measures and sustainable development strategies. © 2016 Botanical Society of Scotland and Taylor & Francis."
"7003999902;56537583200;6701657297;7006672568;56537420600;","Cryosphere: ice on Niwot Ridge and in the Green Lakes Valley, Colorado Front Range",2015,"10.1080/17550874.2014.992489","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84959904731&doi=10.1080%2f17550874.2014.992489&partnerID=40&md5=66c3e38ff68a2256287d5a6eb95deab9","Background: Subsurface ice preserved as ice lenses and within rock glaciers as well as glacial and lake ice provides sensitive indicators of climate change and serve as a late-season source of meltwater. Aims: We synthesise the results of geomorphological, geophysical and geochemical studies during the period of 1995–2014, building on a long history of earlier work focused on ice and permafrost studies on Niwot Ridge and the adjacent Green Lakes Valley (GLV), which is part of the Niwot Ridge Long Term Ecological Research Site. Methods: These studies are discussed in the context of how bodies of ice and rock glaciers reflect changing local climate. We review recent results from geophysical investigations (resistivity, seismic refraction and ground-penetrating radar) of the shallow subsurface, ongoing monitoring of the Arikaree Glacier, three rock glaciers and lake ice in the GLV, and interpretations of how subsurface ice melt regulates the flow and chemistry of alpine surface water after seasonal snowfields melt. Results and conclusions: Permafrost conditions reported from Niwot Ridge in the 1970s are generally absent today, but ice lenses form and melt seasonally. Ice is present permanently within the Green Lakes 5 rock glacier and at nearby favourable sites. The Arikaree Glacier has shown a marked decline in cumulative mass balance during the past 12 years after a 30-year period when net mass balance was ca. 0. Duration of seasonal lake ice increases with elevation in GLV, but duration has decreased at all seven lakes that have been monitored during the last three decades. This decrease has been most marked at the lowest elevation where it amounted to a reduction of about 1 d year−1 and least at Green Lake 5 where the loss has been at a rate of 0.5 d year−1. Surface temperature measurements from rock glaciers have not shown strong trends during the past 15 years. It has been suggested that almost all of the 2.5-mm year−1 increase in stream discharge from the upper GLV in September and October has been derived from melting of subsurface ice. © 2015 Botanical Society of Scotland and Taylor & Francis."
"57203625078;55360803500;57202041815;55949428700;37664365200;55315152400;","Implications of Shrinking Cryosphere under Changing Climate on the Streamflows in the Lidder Catchment in the Upper Indus Basin, India",2015,"10.1657/AAAR0014-088","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84946075869&doi=10.1657%2fAAAR0014-088&partnerID=40&md5=11cd399f0a3dc82b840d0c83befd8533","Lidder tributary in the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) of the Himalayas, an important source of surface and ground water, is experiencing clear indications of climate change. In the basin, minimum, maximum, and average temperatures are showing a significant increasing trend in all the four seasons. Precipitation is showing insignificant decrease over time in the basin. However, the proportion of snow is decreasing and correspondingly, the proportion of rains is increasing. The temperature projections also show increasing trends for the end of this century. The time-series analysis of the Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) shows a depletion of the snow-cover in the region. Furthermore, during the past 51 years, the glacier area in the basin has decreased from 46.09 km2 in 1962 to 33.43 km2 in 2013, a depletion of 27.47%. As a result of glacier recession in the basin, the streamflow fed predominantly by snowmelt and glacier melt, is showing a statistically significant decline since the mid-1990s. The declining streamflows have potential to adversely affect agriculture, energy production, tourism, and even domestic water supplies. The Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) was tested for estimating the runoff from this glaciated basin on an operational basis. The average simulated runoff 11.94 m3 s-1 at the outlet is in concordance with the average measured runoff 13.51 m3 s-1 showing R2 of 0.82. The model could thus be used for snowmelt runoff estimation, on an operational basis, for judicious utilization of the depleting water resources in the region. © 2015 Regents of the University of Colorado."
"7006847078;36161859500;57204947821;7003643525;","Arctic freshwater synthesis: Introduction",2015,"10.1002/2015JG003127","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84956572474&doi=10.1002%2f2015JG003127&partnerID=40&md5=7b0bb6718e636c28df40fd94a9856df2","In response to a joint request from the World Climate Research Program's Climate and Cryosphere Project, the International Arctic Science Committee, and the Arctic Council's Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program, an updated scientific assessment has been conducted of the Arctic Freshwater System (AFS), entitled the Arctic Freshwater Synthesis (AFSΣ). The major reason for joint request was an increasing concern that changes to the AFS have produced, and could produce even greater, changes to biogeophysical and socioeconomic systems of special importance to northern residents and also produce extra-Arctic climatic effects that will have global consequences. Hence, the key objective of the AFSΣ was to produce an updated, comprehensive, and integrated review of the structure and function of the entire AFS. The AFSΣ was organized around six key thematic areas: atmosphere, oceans, terrestrial hydrology, terrestrial ecology, resources and modeling, and the review of each coauthored by an international group of scientists and published as separate manuscripts in this special issue of Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences. This AFSΣ - Introduction reviews the motivations for, and foci of, previous studies of the AFS, discusses criteria used to define the domain of the AFS, and details key characteristics of the definition adopted for the AFSΣ. Key Points The AFS can produce significant intra-Arctic and extra-Arctic effects Programs studying the AFS have evolved over the last half century Defining the domain and characteristics of the AFS are critical to its study. © 2015 The Authors."
"7006847078;36161859500;57204947821;7003643525;57202754759;6602289589;6701823396;6701788311;","Arctic Freshwater Synthesis: Summary of key emerging issues",2015,"10.1002/2015JG003128","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84955213918&doi=10.1002%2f2015JG003128&partnerID=40&md5=713961e939ba0b1e969d3c62fad49bae","In response to a joint request from the World Climate Research Program's Climate and Cryosphere Project, the International Arctic Science Committee, and the Arctic Council's Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program an updated scientific assessment has been conducted of the Arctic Freshwater System (AFS), entitled the Arctic Freshwater Synthesis (AFSΣ). The major reason behind the joint request was an increasing concern that changes to the AFS have produced, and could produce even greater, changes to biogeophysical and socioeconomic systems of special importance to northern residents and also produce extra-Arctic climatic effects that will have global consequences. The AFSΣ was structured around six key thematic areas: atmosphere, oceans, terrestrial hydrology, terrestrial ecology, resources, and modeling, the review of each coauthored by an international group of scientists and published as separate manuscripts in this special issue of Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences. This AFSΣ summary manuscript reviews key issues that emerged during the conduct of the synthesis, especially those that are cross-thematic in nature, and identifies future research required to address such issues. ©2015 American Geophysical Union."
"55581398500;6603613067;8397494800;","Simulation of black carbon in snow and its climate impact in the Canadian Global Climate Model",2015,"10.5194/acp-15-10887-2015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84942783479&doi=10.5194%2facp-15-10887-2015&partnerID=40&md5=9990c5a8424997b9b6dd12c3c784ddf7","A new physically based parameterisation of black carbon (BC) in snow was developed and implemented in the Canadian Atmospheric Global Climate Model (CanAM4.2). Simulated BC snow mixing ratios and BC snow radiative forcings are in good agreement with measurements and results from other models. Simulations with the improved model yield considerable trends in regional BC concentrations in snow and BC snow radiative forcings during the time period from 1950-1959 to 2000-2009. Increases in radiative forcings for Asia and decreases for Europe and North America are found to be associated with changes in BC emissions. Additional sensitivity simulations were performed in order to study the impact of BC emission changes between 1950-1959 and 2000-2009 on surface albedo, snow cover fraction, and surface air temperature. Results from these simulations indicate that impacts of BC emission changes on snow albedos between these 2 decades are small and not significant. Overall, changes in BC concentrations in snow have much smaller impacts on the cryosphere than the net warming surface air temperatures during the second half of the 20th century. © Author(s) 2015."
"56835450500;55881123300;56835351200;25928520400;6508261814;55232261100;12800074400;35967121400;6508329682;7006806786;6602424525;","Climate change and natural hazards in the Alps: Observed and potential impacts on physical and socio-economic systems [Changements climatiques et risques naturels dans les Alpes: Impacts observés et potentiels sur les systèmes physiques et socio-économiques]",2015,"10.4000/rga.2878","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84941342204&doi=10.4000%2frga.2878&partnerID=40&md5=25656d5a4b6dcc187335051984d99bf2","Under the effects of climate change, Alpine mountainous regions are undergoing fast and well-perceptible evolutions, which are attracting the growing attention of people, scientists and managers. To cope better with the hazards and vulnerabilities specific to these territories, the current national and European public policies in the Alpine countries now prescribe adapting natural hazard prevention to climate change. This paper provides a review of recent advances in knowledge on the perceived, measured and projected changes in i) climate patterns, ii) the cryosphere, hydrosystems and geomorphological dynamics on Alpine slopes, and iii) natural hazard evolution and induced risks at the scale of the French Alps. We give a brief overview of new results achieved by research, cooperation and capitalisation projects in these thematic fields during the programme period 2007-2013, which are available on databases, thematic knowledge platforms and observatories developed by different scientific and technical operators in the larger framework of the European Alpine arc. We illustrate this renewed synthesis by published examples of hydro-gravitational hazard activity chronicles, along with climate patterns identified as “predictors”. © Journal of Alpine Research."
"57202491759;","The shaping of climate science: Half a century in personal perspective",2015,"10.5194/hgss-6-87-2015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85006230885&doi=10.5194%2fhgss-6-87-2015&partnerID=40&md5=ffda1505df71a56ff8f29ce464629b1d","The paper traces my career as a climatologist from the 1950s and that of most of my graduate students from the late 1960s. These decades were the formative ones in the evolution of climate science. Following a brief account of the history of climatology, a summary of my early training, my initial teaching and research in the UK is discussed. This is followed by new directions at the University of Colorado, Boulder from October 1968. The history of the World Data Center for Glaciology/National Snow and Ice Data Center in Boulder from 1977 is described and climate-cryosphere initiatives at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES). International activities and links are then reported, followed by a section on national and international committees. I then describe my activities during sabbaticals and research leaves. The paper concludes with discussion of my ""retirement"" activities and an epilogue. The paper is based on a lecture given at the Roger Barry Symposium: A Chronicle of Distinction: From the Arctic to the Andes, at the University of Colorado, 10 August 2004 and updated to 2014. © Author(s) 2015."
"7202240406;56645257600;55664298600;","A preliminary study of cryosphere service function and value evaluation",2015,"10.1016/j.accre.2015.11.004","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84951865844&doi=10.1016%2fj.accre.2015.11.004&partnerID=40&md5=4e1c6a77311ca8c9367078fd733ea9fd","Cryosphere science research and development (R&D) has been strongly committed to public service, integrating natural sciences with socioeconomic impacts. Owing to the current shift from purely natural cryosphere scientific research to linking cryosphere science with socioeconomic and cultural science, cross-disciplinary research in this field is emerging, which advocates future cryosphere science research in this field. Utilizing the cryosphere service function (CSF), this study establishes CSF and its value evaluation system. Cryosphere service valuation can benefit the decisionmakers' and public's awareness of environmental protection. Implementing sustainable CSF utilization strategies and macroeconomic policymaking for global environmental protection will have profound and practical significance as well as avoid environmental degradation while pursuing short-term economic profits and achieving rapid economic development. © 2015 National Climate Center (China Meteorological Administration)."
"7801333909;56708688900;6603776561;36947072600;7005617315;35474716800;6603096922;6603669065;7003340727;16452268000;7004476663;7004303561;","Particle sources and downward fluxes in the eastern Fram strait under the influence of the west Spitsbergen current",2015,"10.1016/j.dsr.2015.06.002","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84934904197&doi=10.1016%2fj.dsr.2015.06.002&partnerID=40&md5=14d48f62f98655917b9a8b6d78c662d0","The carbon cycle of the Arctic Ocean is tightly regulated by land-atmosphere-cryosphere-ocean interactions. Characterizing these environmental exchanges and feedbacks is critical to facilitate projections of the carbon cycle under changing climate conditions. The environmental drivers of sinking particles including organic carbon (OC) to the deep-sea floor are investigated with four moorings including sediment traps and currentmeters at the Arctic gateway in the eastern Fram Strait, which is the area where warm anomalies are transported northwards to the Arctic. Particles fluxes were collected over one year (July 2010-July 2011) and have been analysed to obtain the content of the lithogenic fraction, calcium carbonate, OC and its stable isotopes, opal, and the grain size. Records of near bottom current speed and temperature along with satellite observations of sea ice extent and chlorophyll-a concentration have been used for evaluation of the environmental conditions.We found increased lithogenic fluxes (up to 9872mgm-2d-1) and coarsening grain size of settling particles in late winter-early spring. At the same time, intensifications of the northward flowing west Spitsbergen current (WSC) were recorded. The WSC was able to resuspend and transport northwards sediments that were deposited at the outlet of Storfjordrenna and on the upper slope west of Spitsbergen. The signal of recurrent winnowing of fine particles was also detected in the top layer of surface sediments. In addition, an increased arrival of sea ice transported ice rafted detritus (>414 detrital carbonate mineral grains larger than 1mm per m2) from the southern Spitsbergen coast along with terrestrial organic matter was observed beyond 1000m of water depth during winter months. Finally, the downward particle fluxes showed typical temporal variability of high latitudes, with high percentages of the biogenic compounds (opal, organic carbon and calcium carbonate) linked to the phytoplankton bloom in spring-summer. However, on an annual basis local planktonic production was a secondary source for the downward OC, since most of the OC was advected laterally by the WSC. Overall, these observations demonstrated the sensitivity of the downward flux of particles to environmental conditions such as hydrodynamics, sea ice rafting, and pelagic primary production. Future alteration of the patterns of natural drivers due to climate change is thus expected to cause major shifts in the downward flux of particles, including carbon, to the deep sea ecosystems. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd."
"6507835556;56703215100;","Glaciers of the Orulgan Range: assessment of the current state and possible development for the middle of the 21st century",2015,"10.1007/s12665-015-4605-2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84937521012&doi=10.1007%2fs12665-015-4605-2&partnerID=40&md5=89c3e2b6a0fc3f52b5531c481fff63a6","An assessment of the current state of Orulgan Range (part of Verkhoyansky Range, the NE Siberia) glaciers is proposed. It was conducted involving ASTER images for the summer 2010 and the corresponding DEM. We have identified 70 % of the glaciers, outlined in the Inventory of glaciers of the USSR, Part. 2. Orulgan range. Leningrad: Hydrometeoizdat 17(5):67, (1972). The mean relative degree of the area reduction for Orulgan glaciers is about 60 % from that time up to 2010. Using ASTER GDEM, the equilibrium line altitudes were defined for contemporary glacier systems of the Orulgan. We used climatic scenario for the period 2049–2060, which is an addition to the global temperature of 1.5° (the array developed by Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, RAS) and corresponding to this increase precipitation—the array of Voeikov Observatory, Sankt-Peterburg, identified by 31 AOGCMs (involved in the CMIP5 project), in particular, RCP4.5 to project the glacier development to 2049–2060. The previously developed technique used the outputs for assessing the evolution of the Orulgan glacier systems. Results showed that under the scenario combination of precipitation, feeding glaciers, and summer temperatures, the Orulgan glaciation actually would disappear. These results are compared with the earlier projection made involving the ECHAM 4 as a climate scenario (Ananicheva et al., Cryosphere 4:435–445, 2010). © 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg."
"7101954943;56799507600;26323296000;6602533657;7004015298;7004399781;8601666400;7003658685;6603902085;","Black carbon in snow in the upper Himalayan Khumbu Valley, Nepal: Observations and modeling of the impact on snow albedo, melting, and radiative forcing",2015,"10.5194/tc-9-1685-2015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84940029603&doi=10.5194%2ftc-9-1685-2015&partnerID=40&md5=22f594aae279d204738173c2c70fdd8c","Black carbon (BC) in snow in the Himalayas has recently attracted considerable interest due to its impact on snow albedo, snow and glacier melting, regional climate and water resources. A single particle soot photometer (SP2) instrument was used to measure refractory BC (rBC) in a series of surface snow samples collected in the upper Khumbu Valley, Nepal between November 2009 and February 2012. The obtained time series indicates annual cycles with maximum rBC concentrations before the onset of the monsoon season and fast decreases during the monsoon period. Detected concentrations ranged from a few up to 70 ppb with rather large uncertainties due to the handling of the samples. Detailed modeling of the snowpack, including the detected range and an estimated upper limit of BC concentrations, was performed to study the role of BC in the seasonal snowpack. Simulations were performed for three winter seasons with the snowpack model Crocus, including a detailed description of the radiative transfer inside the snowpack. While the standard Crocus model strongly overestimates the height and the duration of the seasonal snowpack, a better calculation of the snow albedo with the new radiative transfer scheme enhanced the representation of the snow. However, the period with snow on the ground without BC in the snow was still overestimated between 37 and 66 days, which was further diminished by 8 to 15 % and more than 40 % in the presence of 100 or 300 ppb of BC. Compared to snow without BC, the albedo is reduced on average by 0.027 and 0.060 in the presence of 100 and 300 ppb BC. While the impact of increasing BC in the snow on the albedo was largest for clean snow, the impact on the local radiative forcing is the opposite. Here, increasing BC caused an even larger impact at higher BC concentrations. This effect is related to an accelerated melting of the snowpack caused by a more efficient metamorphism of the snow due to an increasing size of the snow grains with increasing BC concentrations. The melting of the winter snowpack was shifted by 3 to 10 and 17 to 27 days during the three winter seasons in the presence of 100 and 300 ppb BC compared to clean snow, while the simulated annual local radiative forcing corresponds to 3 to 4.5 and 10.5 to 13.0 W m-2. An increased sublimation or evaporation of the snow reduces the simulated radiative forcing, leading to a net forcing that is lower by 0.5 to 1.5 W m-2, while the addition of 10 ppm dust causes an increase of the radiative forcing between 2.5 and 3 W m-2. According to the simulations, 7.5 ppm of dust has an effect equivalent to 100 ppb of BC concerning the impact on the melting of the snowpack and the local radiative forcing. © Author(s) 2015."
"57218082838;13406672500;7005965757;","Observed high-altitude warming and snow cover retreat over Tibet and the Himalayas enhanced by black carbon aerosols",2015,"10.5194/acpd-15-19079-2015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85029223940&doi=10.5194%2facpd-15-19079-2015&partnerID=40&md5=8dcc163ca7aff63b02ddc43618c5e1d6","Himalayan mountain glaciers and the snowpack over the Tibetan Plateau provide the headwater of several major rivers in Asia. In-situ observations of snow cover fraction since the 1960s suggest that the snow pack in the region have retreated significantly, accompanied by a surface warming of 2-2.5°C observed over the peak altitudes (5000 m). Using a high-resolution ocean-atmosphere global climate model and an observationally constrained black carbon (BC) aerosol forcing, we attribute the observed altitude dependence of the warming trends as well as the spatial pattern of reductions in snow depths and snow cover fraction to various anthropogenic factors. At the Tibetan Plateau altitudes, the increase of atmospheric CO2 concentration exerted a warming of 1.7°C, BC 1.3°C where as cooling aerosols cause about 0.7°C cooling, bringing the net simulated warming consistent with the anomalously large observed warming. We therefore conclude that BC together with CO2 has contributed to the snow retreat trends. Especially, BC increase is the major factor in the strong elevation dependence of the observed surface warming. The atmospheric warming by BC as well as its surface darkening of snow are coupled with the positive snow albedo feedbacks to account for the disproportionately large role of BC in high-elevation regions. These findings reveal that BC impact needs to be properly accounted for in future regional climate projections, in particular on high-altitude cryosphere. © Author(s) 2015."
"35219455800;54407187600;56492469800;23090602200;7003974605;","SPHY v2.0: Spatial Processes in HYdrology",2015,"10.5194/gmd-8-2009-2015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84938087406&doi=10.5194%2fgmd-8-2009-2015&partnerID=40&md5=d7fa1b95cdb331f82b73a66e6a01d362","This paper introduces and presents the Spatial Processes in HYdrology (SPHY) model (v2.0), its development background, its underlying concepts, and some example applications. SPHY has been developed with the explicit aim of simulating terrestrial hydrology on flexible scales, under various physiographical and hydroclimatic conditions, by integrating key components from existing and well-tested models. SPHY is a spatially distributed leaky bucket type of model, and is applied on a cell-by-cell basis. The model is written in the Python programming language using the PCRaster dynamic modeling framework. SPHY (i) integrates most hydrologic processes, (ii) has the flexibility to be applied in a wide range of hydrologic applications, and (iii) on various scales, and (iv) can easily be implemented. The most relevant hydrological processes that are integrated into the SPHY model are rainfall-runoff processes, cryosphere processes, evapotranspiration processes, the dynamic evolution of vegetation cover, lake/reservoir outflow, and the simulation of root-zone moisture contents. Studies in which the SPHY model was successfully applied and tested are described in this paper, including (i) real-time soil moisture predictions to support irrigation management in lowland areas, (ii) climate change impact studies in snow- and glacier-fed river basins, and (iii) operational flow forecasting in mountainous catchments. © Author(s) 2015."
"57191965091;55969830400;55994686000;","Changes in the timing and duration of the near-surface soil freeze/thaw status from 1956 to 2006 across China",2015,"10.5194/tc-9-1321-2015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84933044196&doi=10.5194%2ftc-9-1321-2015&partnerID=40&md5=4d0b5cb7cfa9eb5d3f685fef1ad988b5","The near-surface soil freeze/thaw status is an important indicator of climate change. Using data from 636 meteorological stations across China, we investigated the changes in the first date, the last date, the duration, and the number of days of the near-surface soil freeze over the period 1956-2006. The results reveal that the first date of the near-surface soil freeze was delayed by about 5 days, or at a rate of 0.10 ± 0.03 day yr-1, and the last date was advanced by about 7 days, or at a rate of 0.15 ± 0.02 day yr-1. The duration of the near-surface soil freeze decreased by about 12 days or at a rate of 0.25 ± 0.04 day yr-1, while the actual number of the near-surface soil freeze days decreased by about 10 days or at a rate of 0.20 ± 0.03 day yr-1. The rates of changes in the near-surface soil freeze/thaw status increased dramatically from the early 1990s through the end of the study period. Regionally, the changes in western China were greater than those in eastern China. Changes in the near-surface soil freeze/thaw status were primarily controlled by changes in air temperature, but urbanization may also play an important role. © 2015 Author(s)."
"38361063500;57203078745;56992344200;","Evaluation of the CMIP5 models in the aim of regional modelling of the Antarctic surface mass balance",2015,"10.5194/tcd-9-3113-2015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042737659&doi=10.5194%2ftcd-9-3113-2015&partnerID=40&md5=9a57c5efd9477f0f094418e05b79ee78","The Antarctic surface mass balance (SMB) cannot be reliably deduced from global climate models (GCMs), both because their spatial resolution is insufficient and because their physics are not adapted for cold and snow-covered regions. By contrast, regional climate models (RCMs) adapted for polar regions can physically and dynamically downscale surface mass balance components over the ice-sheet using large scale forcing at their boundaries. Polar-oriented RCMs require appropriate GCM fields for forcing because the response of the cryosphere to a warming climate is dependent on its initial state and is not linear with respect to temperature increase. In this context, we evaluate current climate in 41 climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) dataset over Antarctica by focusing on forcing fields which may have the greatest impact on SMB components simulated by RCMs. Our inter-comparison includes 5 reanalyses, among which ERA-Interim reanalysis is chosen as a reference over 1979-2014. Model efficiency is assessed taking into account the multi-decadal variability of the fields over the 1850-1980 period. We show that less than 10 CMIP5 models show reasonable biases compared to ERA-Interim, among which ACCESS1-3 seems to be the most pertinent choice for regional climate modeling over Antarctica, followed by CMCC-CM, MIROC-ESM/MIROC-ESM-CHEM and NorESM1-M. Finally, climate change over the Southern Ocean is much more dependent on the initial state of winter sea-ice extent and on the local feedback between air temperature increase and winter sea-ice extent decrease than on the global warming signal. © Author(s) 2015."
"54400572200;9249236100;","Snowfall in the Himalayas: An uncertain future from a little-known past",2015,"10.5194/tc-9-1147-2015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84930659568&doi=10.5194%2ftc-9-1147-2015&partnerID=40&md5=49b91eac4e08b2c2dacd05e4fabb9d3c","Snow and ice provide large amounts of meltwater to the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers. This study combines present-day observations and reanalysis data with climate model projections to estimate the amount of snow falling over the basins today and in the last decades of the 21st century. Estimates of present-day snowfall based on a combination of temperature and precipitation from reanalysis data and observations vary by factors of 2-4. The spread is large, not just between the reanalysis and the observations but also between the different observational data sets. With the strongest anthropogenic forcing scenario (RCP8.5), the climate models project reductions in annual snowfall by 30-50% in the Indus Basin, 50-60% in the Ganges Basin and 50-70% in the Brahmaputra Basin by 2071-2100. The reduction is due to increasing temperatures, as the mean of the models show constant or increasing precipitation throughout the year in most of the region. With the strongest anthropogenic forcing scenario, the mean elevation where rain changes to snow - the rain/snow line - creeps upward by 400-900 m, in most of the region by 700-900 meters. The largest relative change in snowfall is seen in the upper westernmost sub-basins of the Brahmaputra. With the strongest forcing scenario, most of this region will have temperatures above freezing, especially in the summer. The projected reduction in annual snowfall is 65-75%. In the upper Indus, the effect of a warmer climate on snowfall is less extreme, as most of the terrain is high enough to have temperatures sufficiently far below freezing today. A 20-40% reduction in annual snowfall is projected. © Author(s) 2015."
"56421411000;7202089880;57188867135;55576700800;36707366800;","Estimation of surface upward longwave radiation from MODIS and VIIRS clear-sky data in the Tibetan Plateau",2015,"10.1016/j.rse.2015.02.021","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84924955597&doi=10.1016%2fj.rse.2015.02.021&partnerID=40&md5=30e51d0db6c78ea15fd672e3ff6e2bad","Surface upward longwave radiation (SULR) is one critical component of the surface energy balance and is closely related to the surface temperature fields. The SULR with the moderate spatial resolution and appropriate precision in the Tibetan Plateau, a large and complex cryosphere, can enhance our understanding of the land surface processes, atmospheric circulations and even global climate change. The purpose of this paper is to estimate SULR from top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiances of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS). A hybrid method is proposed that combines extensive radiative transfer simulation and the Artificial Neuron Network (ANN) statistical model. For the sake of ensuring the availability of the simulation database, the eligible profiles from MODIS atmospheric profiles product were screened according to five criteria. And then the analyses on the important parameters of the simulation dataset were performed to check the integrality of this dataset. Moreover, the variables' importance was analyzed, and TOA radiances of MODIS channels 29, 31, 32 and 33 (or VIIRS channels M14, M15 and M16) and sensor view zenith angle (VZA) were selected to retrieve SULR. The ANN-based retrieval model was created finally based on this simulation dataset. The evaluation showed good agreements for both MODIS and VIIRS training and testing datasets with R2 greater than 0.98. The MODIS SULR was validated using two-year ground-measured data at seven sites in the Tibetan Plateau with R2 of 0.886, root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 26.985Wm-2 and mean bias error (MBE) of 10.812Wm-2 as a whole. And the relevance was obvious from the overall trend and distribution though the discrepancy was relatively large when directly comparing SULR from VIIRS and MODIS data. The validation results showed that the ANN model is a good nonlinear model to retrieve SULR with the TOA radiances and VZA. © 2015 Elsevier Inc."
"56027708800;56024884500;55718857500;8718425100;55190998900;8963601100;57203321797;","Atmospheric brown clouds reach the Tibetan Plateau by crossing the Himalayas",2015,"10.5194/acp-15-6007-2015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84930677345&doi=10.5194%2facp-15-6007-2015&partnerID=40&md5=42d5ad0e7e1d36bf488a7c2d9db1187b","The Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau region (HTP), despite being a remote and sparsely populated area, is regularly exposed to polluted air masses with significant amounts of aerosols including black carbon. These dark, light-absorbing particles are known to exert a great melting potential on mountain cryospheric reservoirs through albedo reduction and radiative forcing. This study combines ground-based and satellite remote sensing data to identify a severe aerosol pollution episode observed simultaneously in central Tibet and on the southern side of the Himalayas during 13-19 March 2009 (pre-monsoon). Trajectory calculations based on the high-resolution numerical weather prediction model COSMO are used to locate the source regions and study the mechanisms of pollution transport in the complex topography of the HTP. We detail how polluted air masses from an atmospheric brown cloud (ABC) over South Asia reach the Tibetan Plateau within a few days. Lifting and advection of polluted air masses over the great mountain range is enabled by a combination of synoptic-scale and local meteorological processes. During the days prior to the event, winds over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) are generally weak at lower levels, allowing for accumulation of pollutants and thus the formation of ABCs. The subsequent passing of synoptic-scale troughs leads to southwesterly flow in the middle troposphere over northern and central India, carrying the polluted air masses across the Himalayas. As the IGP is known to be a hotspot of ABCs, the cross-Himalayan transport of polluted air masses may have serious implications for the cryosphere in the HTP and impact climate on regional to global scales. Since the current study focuses on one particularly strong pollution episode, quantifying the frequency and magnitude of similar events in a climatological study is required to assess the total impact. © Author(s) 2015."
"25649086200;7005273789;7003512303;","How do icebergs affect the Greenland ice sheet under pre-industrial conditions? - A model study with a fully coupled ice-sheet-climate model",2015,"10.5194/tc-9-821-2015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84929163839&doi=10.5194%2ftc-9-821-2015&partnerID=40&md5=a26ebc72ebc48d004b43909ad4f382d4","Icebergs have a potential impact on climate since they release freshwater over a widespread area and cool the ocean due to the take-up of latent heat. Yet, so far, icebergs have never been modelled using an ice-sheet model coupled to a global climate model. Thus, in climate models their impact on climate has been restricted to the ocean. In this study, we investigate the effect of icebergs on the climate of the mid- to high latitudes and the Greenland ice sheet itself within a fully coupled ice-sheet (GRenoble model for Ice Shelves and Land Ice, or GRISLI)-earth-system (<i>i</i>LOVECLIM) model set-up under pre-industrial climate conditions. This set-up enables us to dynamically compute the calving sites as well as the ice discharge and to close the water cycle between the climate and the cryosphere model components. Further, we analyse the different impact of moving icebergs compared to releasing the ice discharge at the calving sites directly. We performed a suite of sensitivity experiments to investigate the individual role of the different factors that influence the impact of the ice release on the ocean: release of ice discharge as icebergs versus as freshwater fluxes, and freshening and latent heat effects. We find that icebergs enhance the sea-ice thickness around Greenland, thereby cooling the atmosphere and increasing the Greenland ice sheet's height. Melting the ice discharge directly at the calving sites, thereby cooling and freshening the ocean locally, results in a similar ice-sheet configuration and climate as the simulation where icebergs are explicitly modelled. Yet, the simulation where the ice discharge is released into the ocean at the calving sites while taking up the latent heat homogeneously underestimates the cooling effect close to the ice-sheet margin and overestimates it further away, thereby causing a reduced ice-sheet thickness in southern Greenland. We conclude that in our fully coupled atmosphere-ocean-cryosphere model set-up the spatial distribution of the take-up of latent heat related to iceberg melting has a bigger impact on the climate than the input of the iceberg's meltwater. Moreover, we find that icebergs affect the ice sheet's geometry even under pre-industrial equilibrium conditions due to their enhancing effect on sea ice, which causes a colder prevailing climate. © Author(s) 2015."
"54912998900;14421409400;56606215000;8613967400;7404226510;56488109300;16643189900;","Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in Arctic ground ice",2015,"10.5194/tc-9-737-2015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84928496080&doi=10.5194%2ftc-9-737-2015&partnerID=40&md5=6174a305914c2c83a19b9ad36f5178a1","Thermal permafrost degradation and coastal erosion in the Arctic remobilize substantial amounts of organic carbon (OC) and nutrients which have accumulated in late Pleistocene and Holocene unconsolidated deposits. Permafrost vulnerability to thaw subsidence, collapsing coastlines and irreversible landscape change are largely due to the presence of large amounts of massive ground ice such as ice wedges. However, ground ice has not, until now, been considered to be a source of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and other elements which are important for ecosystems and carbon cycling. Here we show, using biogeochemical data from a large number of different ice bodies throughout the Arctic, that ice wedges have the greatest potential for DOC storage, with a maximum of 28.6 mg L-1 (mean: 9.6 mg L-1). Variation in DOC concentration is positively correlated with and explained by the concentrations and relative amounts of typically terrestrial cations such as Mg2+ and K+. DOC sequestration into ground ice was more effective during the late Pleistocene than during the Holocene, which can be explained by rapid sediment and OC accumulation, the prevalence of more easily degradable vegetation and immediate incorporation into permafrost. We assume that pristine snowmelt is able to leach considerable amounts of well-preserved and highly bioavailable DOC as well as other elements from surface sediments, which are rapidly frozen and stored in ground ice, especially in ice wedges, even before further degradation. We found that ice wedges in the Yedoma region represent a significant DOC (45.2 Tg) and DIC (33.6 Tg) pool in permafrost areas and a freshwater reservoir of 4200 km2. This study underlines the need to discriminate between particulate OC and DOC to assess the availability and vulnerability of the permafrost carbon pool for ecosystems and climate feedback upon mobilization. © 2015 Author(s)."
"12780166800;26639699000;7005427463;36078615400;55514005400;36522576900;55388362700;14010351500;34869459600;7004038301;55682653785;37047593500;55423849100;7404170630;7201497360;36823116200;","The Southern Glacial Maximum 65,000 years ago and its Unfinished Termination",2015,"10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.02.009","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84924086187&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2015.02.009&partnerID=40&md5=add6a376084ffdbeaae223b9f4871a2a","Glacial maxima and their terminations provide key insights into inter-hemispheric climate dynamics and the coupling of atmosphere, surface and deep ocean, hydrology, and cryosphere, which is fundamental for evaluating the robustness of earth's climate in view of ongoing climate change. The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ~26-19ka ago) is widely seen as the global cold peak during the last glacial cycle, and its transition to the Holocene interglacial, dubbed 'Termination 1 (T1)', as the most dramatic climate reorganization during this interval. Climate records show that over the last 800ka, ice ages peaked and terminated on average every 100ka ('100ka world'). However, the mechanisms pacing glacial-interglacial transitions remain controversial and in particular the hemispheric manifestations and underlying orbital to regional driving forces of glacial maxima and subsequent terminations remain poorly understood.Here we show evidence for a full glacial maximum in the Southern Hemisphere 65.1±2.7ka ago and its 'Unfinished Termination'. Our 10Be chronology combined with a model simulation demonstrates that New Zealand's glaciers reached their maximum position of the last glacial cycle during Marine Isotope Stage-4 (MIS-4). Southern ocean and greenhouse gas records indicate coeval peak glacial conditions, making the case for the Southern Glacial Maximum about halfway through the last glacial cycle and only 15ka after the last warm period (MIS-5a). We present the hypothesis that subsequently, driven by boreal summer insolation forcing, a termination began but remained unfinished, possibly because the northern ice sheets were only moderately large and could not supply enough meltwater to the North Atlantic through Heinrich Stadial 6 to drive a full termination. Yet the Unfinished Termination left behind substantial ice on the northern continents (about 50% of the full LGM ice volume) and after another 45ka of cooling and ice sheet growth the earth was at inter-hemispheric Last Glacial Maximum configuration, when similar orbital forcing hit maximum-size northern ice sheets and ushered in T1 and thus the ongoing interglacial. This argument highlights the critical role of full glacial conditions in both hemispheres for terminations and implies that the Southern Hemisphere climate could transition from interglacial to full glacial conditions in about 15,000 years, while the Northern Hemisphere and its continental ice-sheets required half a glacial cycle. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd."
"56471889900;56734403000;7004198955;","Water availability, use and governance in the wine producing region of Mendoza, Argentina",2015,"10.1016/j.envsci.2014.12.008","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84920605893&doi=10.1016%2fj.envsci.2014.12.008&partnerID=40&md5=1fe91e2cf67fd84a6b4ca84dd3c6656a","This paper explores current and future issues of water availability and use in one of the world's major wine-producing areas, Mendoza Province in Argentina. The region is located close to the Central Andes and is characterized by an arid to semi-arid climate, which exacerbates pressures on land-use and water resources for wine production. The principal supply of water originates in the snow and ice fields of the nearby Andean peaks. Already under stress today, the environmental, economic and societal structure of the region, highly dependent on the wine industry, is likely to be vulnerable to climate change in the course of the 21st century. In this study, the possible impacts of shifting temperature and precipitation patterns and climate variability linked to extreme events and El Niño/Southern Oscillation ENSO on water resources in the region and consequently on the wine industry will be investigated. While climatic factors already today exert a major control on water availability, water use is also shown to be influenced by non-climatic factors, in particular overexploitation of the resource and a certain degree of opacity of policies related to water rights and water allocation. Climate model results for the future suggest that there may be important changes in the quantity and timing of stream flow, highly dependent on the Andean cryosphere where many glaciers are already rapidly shrinking today. The direct impacts of a changing climate on wineries include extreme events and also decreased water availability for irrigation in the long term. In view of the importance wine as a major income-earner for Argentina, public water policies will need to address both the issues of unreliable current water governance practices and the adaptations necessary to cope with a changing climate. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd."
"56515448200;6602300399;35617953000;","Evaluating key parameters for the initiation of a Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth with a single Earth System Model of intermediate complexity",2015,"10.1016/j.epsl.2015.01.035","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84922709855&doi=10.1016%2fj.epsl.2015.01.035&partnerID=40&md5=b6c33ba5655ed2bd773287a1d3ce8344","Even after more than two decades of intense research the main drivers for a potential Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth continue to be discussed controversially. In this study we present results from 37 sensitivity experiments that were performed with the Planet Simulator (PlaSim), an Earth System Model of intermediate complexity. In contrast to previous studies, in which only a limited number of potential climate-controlling parameters were assessed with different climate models, we tested our presumed key parameters within one single model. This approach makes it easier to compare the influence of the various parameters on extreme climate change as postulated for the Neoproterozoic Era. Furthermore we compare the results obtained to most recent high complexity state-of-the-art approaches. This comparison helps to estimate, which internal model interactions and physics are crucial for a Snowball Earth simulation and hence should be included into a model that is capable of realistically simulating a Neoproterozoic climate. To this effect we carried out simulations that involved reduced solar irradiation, land-sea distributions, atmospheric CO2 concentrations, relief of the land surface and length of day. In addition, we focus on different land surface albedo values, which were most likely exceptionally low and similar to the Martian albedo, and obliquity changes between 23.5° and 80°. Our findings suggest that changes in land surface albedo are a strong climate driver that can compensate a much lower Neoproterozoic total solar irradiance if it is combined with shifts in obliquity or atmospheric CO2 levels. We also obtained a critical threshold for increased obliquities beyond which a Snowball Earth situation turns into an extreme greenhouse climate with almost absent cryosphere, and furthermore, obliquity values that lead to a tropical ice age with sea ice spreading from the equator to high latitudes. © 2015 Elsevier B.V."
"55731334900;57192493516;7202048112;8284622100;57196732517;","Aridity changes in the Tibetan Plateau in a warming climate",2015,"10.1088/1748-9326/10/3/034013","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84925397448&doi=10.1088%2f1748-9326%2f10%2f3%2f034013&partnerID=40&md5=4ae1cc25e080ddb06226eabcebd5ea12","Desertification in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) has drawn increasing attention in the recent decades. It has been postulated as a consequence of increasing climate aridity due to the observed warming. This study quantifies the aridity changes in the TP and attributes the changes to different climatic factors. Using the ratio of precipitation to potential evapotranspiration (P/PET) as an aridity index, we used observed meteorological records at 83 stations in the TP to calculate PET using the Penman-Monteith algorithm and the ratio. Spatial and temporal changes of P/PET in 1979-2011 were analyzed. Results show that stations located in the arid and semi-arid northwestern TP are becoming significantly wetter, and half of the stations in the semi-humid eastern TP are becoming drier, though not significantly, in the recent three decades. The aridity change patterns are significantly correlated with the change patterns of precipitation, sunshine duration and diurnal temperature range. Temporal correlations between the annual P/PET ratio and other meteorological variables confirm the significant correlation between aridity and the three variables, with precipitation being the dominant driver of P/PET changes at the interannual time scale. Annual PET are insignificantly but negatively correlated with P/PET in the cold season. In the warm season, however, the correlation between PET and P/PET is significant at the confidence level of 99.9% when the cryosphere near the surface melts. Significant correlation between annual wind speed and aridity occurs in limited locations and months. Consistency in the climatology pattern and linear trends in surface air temperature and precipitation calculated using station data, gridded data, and nearest grid-to-stations for the TP average and across sub-basins indicate the robustness of the trends despite the large spatial heterogeneity in the TP that challenge climate monitoring. © 2015 IOP Publishing Ltd."
"56494041500;55668192400;14008365900;55916752500;","Mass changes in Arctic ice caps and glaciers: Implications of regionalizing elevation changes",2015,"10.5194/tc-9-139-2015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84921719465&doi=10.5194%2ftc-9-139-2015&partnerID=40&md5=d4d4d73b395c48afd48dd8c23bab856d","The mass balance of glaciers and ice caps is sensitive to changing climate conditions. The mass changes derived in this study are determined from elevation changes derived measured by the Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) for the time period 2003-2009. Four methods, based on interpolation and extrapolation, are used to regionalize these elevation changes to areas without satellite coverage. A constant density assumption is then applied to estimate the mass change by integrating over the entire glaciated region. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the sensitivity of the regional mass balance of Arctic ice caps and glaciers to different regionalization schemes. The sensitivity analysis is based on studying the spread of mass changes and their associated errors, and the suitability of the different regionalization techniques is assessed through cross-validation. The cross-validation results shows comparable accuracies for all regionalization methods, but the inferred mass change in individual regions, such as Svalbard and Iceland, can vary up to 4 Gt a'1, which exceeds the estimated errors by roughly 50% for these regions. This study further finds that this spread in mass balance is connected to the magnitude of the elevation change variability. This indicates that care should be taken when choosing a regionalization method, especially for areas which exhibit large variability in elevation change. © 2015 Author(s)."
"37089364100;7404011080;","Atmosphere-cryosphere coupled model for regional climate applications",2015,"10.1155/2015/764970","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84926341687&doi=10.1155%2f2015%2f764970&partnerID=40&md5=17f8b3a2518970ee03ed1e6993c41ae6","There have been significant advances in our understanding of the climate system, but two major problems still exist in modeling atmospheric response during cold seasons: (a) lack of detailed physical description of snow and frozen soil in the land-surface schemes and (b) insufficient understanding of regional climate response from the cryosphere. A multilayer snow land-surface model based on the conservations of heat and water substance inside the soil and snow is coupled to an atmospheric RCM, to investigate the effect of snow, snowmelt, and soil frost on the atmosphere during cold seasons. The coupled RCM shows much improvement in moisture and temperature simulation for March-April of 1997 compared to simple parameterizations used in GCMs. The importance of such processes in RCM simulation is more pronounced in mid-to-high latitudes during the transition period (winter-spring) affected by changes in surface energy and the hydrological cycle. The effect of including cryosphere physics through snow-albedo feedback mechanism changes the meridional temperature gradients and in turn changes the location of weather systems passing over the region. The implications from our study suggest that, to reduce the uncertainties and better assess the impacts of climate change, RCM simulations should include the detailed snow and frozen soil processes. © 2015 Ki-Hong Min and Wen-Yih Sun."
"57190074588;","The Arctic is unravelling",2015,"10.1007/s13412-014-0221-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84977090434&doi=10.1007%2fs13412-014-0221-9&partnerID=40&md5=ac33757946df1a93b903d6cebe7dca0f","Though many seem to view climate change-related deviations in the Arctic as nothing more than as a distant early warning for the ‘rest of us’, new research indicates that loss of Arctic sea ice could be affecting the jet stream in such a way as to be impacting weather in the northern hemisphere. Uncharacteristically long blocking patterns being linked to the weakening circulation of upper atmospheric winds in the northern hemisphere are being connected not only to the bitter North American winter of 2013/2014 and to the uncommonly cool summer of 2014, but also to extreme weather events, many of them involving copious amounts of precipitation. Hence, changes in the cryosphere a world away, once regarded as largely isolated and innocuous, now appear to be affecting the lives—and livelihoods—of those living in the urban northern hemisphere. © 2015, AESS."
"7202409708;25958667600;7005649268;6507965363;55880795600;55980782100;","Surface melt dominates Alaska glacier mass balance",2015,"10.1002/2015GL064349","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84938983015&doi=10.1002%2f2015GL064349&partnerID=40&md5=2f9fc28c1365e887958bb8f22011c965","Mountain glaciers comprise a small and widely distributed fraction of the world's terrestrial ice, yet their rapid losses presently drive a large percentage of the cryosphere's contribution to sea level rise. Regional mass balance assessments are challenging over large glacier populations due to remote and rugged geography, variable response of individual glaciers to climate change, and episodic calving losses from tidewater glaciers. In Alaska, we use airborne altimetry from 116 glaciers to estimate a regional mass balance of -75±11Gtyr-1 (1994-2013). Our glacier sample is spatially well distributed, yet pervasive variability in mass balances obscures geospatial and climatic relationships. However, for the first time, these data allow the partitioning of regional mass balance by glacier type. We find that tidewater glaciers are losing mass at substantially slower rates than other glaciers in Alaska and collectively contribute to only 6% of the regional mass loss. © 2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"8880094700;","The role of the gulf stream in European climate",2015,"10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015656","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84948614818&doi=10.1146%2fannurev-marine-010814-015656&partnerID=40&md5=3447dbb33cb30d20e82a442b8f4a55a0","The Gulf Stream carries the warm, poleward return flow of the wind-driven North Atlantic subtropical gyre and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. This northward flow drives a significant meridional heat transport. Various lines of evidence suggest that Gulf Stream heat transport profoundly influences the climate of the entire Northern Hemisphere and, thus, Europe's climate on timescales of decades and longer. The Gulf Stream's influence is mediated through feedback processes between the ocean, atmosphere, and cryosphere. This review synthesizes paleoclimate archives, model simulations, and the instrumental record, which collectively suggest that decadal and longer-scale variability of the Gulf Stream's heat transport manifests in changes in European temperature, precipitation, and storminess. Given that anthropogenic climate change is projected to weaken the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, associated changes in European climate are expected. However, large uncertainty in the magnitude of the anticipated weakening undermines the predictability of the future climate in Europe. Copyright © 2015 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved."
"54903897800;28267610200;55243476700;9043030100;56491316000;7004450599;6506910731;","Arctic warming: Nonlinear impacts of sea-ice and glacier melt on seabird foraging",2015,"10.1111/gcb.12811","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84923106694&doi=10.1111%2fgcb.12811&partnerID=40&md5=95ca4895295fdacdac8b0abbb81c6ca2","Arctic climate change has profound impacts on the cryosphere, notably via shrinking sea-ice cover and retreating glaciers, and it is essential to evaluate and forecast the ecological consequences of such changes. We studied zooplankton-feeding little auks (Alle alle), a key sentinel species of the Arctic, at their northernmost breeding site in Franz-Josef Land (80°N), Russian Arctic. We tested the hypothesis that little auks still benefit from pristine arctic environmental conditions in this remote area. To this end, we analysed remote sensing data on sea-ice and coastal glacier dynamics collected in our study area across 1979-2013. Further, we recorded little auk foraging behaviour using miniature electronic tags attached to the birds in the summer of 2013, and compared it with similar data collected at three localities across the Atlantic Arctic. We also compared current and historical data on Franz-Josef Land little auk diet, morphometrics and chick growth curves. Our analyses reveal that summer sea-ice retreated markedly during the last decade, leaving the Franz-Josef Land archipelago virtually sea-ice free each summer since 2005. This had a profound impact on little auk foraging, which lost their sea-ice-associated prey. Concomitantly, large coastal glaciers retreated rapidly, releasing large volumes of melt water. Zooplankton is stunned by cold and osmotic shock at the boundary between glacier melt and coastal waters, creating new foraging hotspots for little auks. Birds therefore switched from foraging at distant ice-edge localities, to highly profitable feeding at glacier melt-water fronts within <5 km of their breeding site. Through this behavioural plasticity, little auks maintained their chick growth rates, but showed a 4% decrease in adult body mass. Our study demonstrates that arctic cryosphere changes may have antagonistic ecological consequences on coastal trophic flow. Such nonlinear responses complicate modelling exercises of current and future polar ecosystem dynamics. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd."
"25633608900;57203213519;7003500845;7103028819;7402717381;7103172539;57190731341;","The Changing Cold Regions Network: Observation, diagnosis and prediction of environmental change in the Saskatchewan and Mackenzie River Basins, Canada",2015,"10.1007/s11430-014-5001-6","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84926645623&doi=10.1007%2fs11430-014-5001-6&partnerID=40&md5=5a7ccbf64ea3fe21e1f4a9bf32314d2e","Climate change is causing rapid and severe changes to many Earth systems and processes, with widespread cryospheric, ecological, and hydrological impacts globally, and especially in high northern latitudes. This is of major societal concern and there is an urgent need for improved understanding and predictive tools for environmental management. The Changing Cold Regions Network (CCRN) is a Canadian research consortium with a focus to integrate existing and new experimental data with modelling and remote sensing products to understand, diagnose, and predict changing land, water, and climate, and their interactions and feedbacks over the geographic domain of the Mackenzie and Saskatchewan River Basins in Canada. The network operates a set of 14 unique and focused Water, Ecosystem, Cryosphere and Climate (WECC) observatories within this region, which provide opportunities to observe and understand processes and their interaction, as well as develop and test numerical simulation models, and provide validation data for remote sensing products. This paper describes this network and its observational, experimental, and modelling programme. An overview of many of the recent Earth system changes observed across the study region is provided, and some local insights from WECC observatories that may partly explain regional patterns and trends are described. Several of the model products being developed are discussed, and linkages with the local to international user community are reviewed—In particular, the use of WECC data towards model and remote sensing product calibration and validation is highlighted. Some future activities and prospects for the network are also presented at the end of the paper. © 2014, Science China Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg."
"26767999000;55520201700;35762238200;56698283400;7003672448;6603196127;7003967390;","Modelling the Antarctic marine cryosphere at the Last Glacial Maximum",2015,"10.3189/2015AoG69A792","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84932609103&doi=10.3189%2f2015AoG69A792&partnerID=40&md5=2100fb78aecf09eaa14ccaf671cee9b5","We estimate the sea-ice extent and basal melt of Antarctic ice shelves at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) using a coupled ice-shelf-sea-ice-ocean model. The shape of Antarctic ice shelves, ocean conditions and atmospheric surface conditions at the LGM are different from those in the present day; these are derived from an ice-shelf-ice-sheet model, a sea-ice-ocean model and a climate model for glacial simulations, respectively. The winter sea ice in the LGM is shown to extend up to ∼7° of latitude further equatorward than in the present day. For the LGM summer, the model shows extensive sea-ice cover in the Atlantic sector and little sea ice in the other sectors. These modelled sea-ice features are consistent with those reconstructed from sea-floor sedimentary records. Total basal melt of Antarctic ice shelves in the LGM was ∼2147Gta-1, which is much larger than the present-day value. More warm waters originating from Circumpolar Deep Water could be easily transported into ice-shelf cavities during the LGM because the full glacial grounding line extended to shelf break regions and ice shelves overhung continental slopes. This increased transport of warm water masses underneath an ice shelf and into their basal cavities led to the high basal melt of ice shelves in the LGM."
"36544089700;7006679326;7004476777;35424868500;7004214287;55934854300;","Evidence of a full West Antarctic Ice Sheet back to the early Oligocene: Insight from double dating of detrital apatites in Ross Sea sediments",2015,"10.1111/ter.12153","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84929660736&doi=10.1111%2fter.12153&partnerID=40&md5=1087a774bbd92342b953ce9c003e847b","The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is the most unstable component of the Antarctic cryosphere. Its fluctuations are well documented since the Pliocene, but its behaviour over the last 35 Ma is more controversial, particularly during periods of past high global pCO<inf>2</inf> values similar to those predicted in future global climate scenarios. Here, we present new U-Pb dating of detrital apatite grains (previously dated by the fission-track method) from Cape Roberts Project Oligocene to Pliocene marine sediments in the Ross Sea. Two past ice-flow patterns were identified: one formed by outlet glaciers sourcing short-travelled apatites and one, northerly directed, bringing far-travelled apatite grains. The latter provides the first robust physical evidence for the presence and repeated expansion of an Oligocene West Antarctic Ice Sheet. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd."
"45961453200;45961133700;56152346800;35580526300;","Can mountain glacier melting explains the GRACE-observed mass loss in the southeast Tibetan Plateau: From a climate perspective?",2015,"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.11.001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84911201774&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloplacha.2014.11.001&partnerID=40&md5=b15d97706ee717443eaca3a95ea94fbf","The southeast Tibetan Plateau (SETP) includes the majority of monsoonal temperate glaciers in High Mountain Asia (HMA), which is an important source of water for the upper reaches of several large Asian river systems. Climatic change and variability has substantial impacts on cryosphere and hydrological processes in the SETP. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) gravimetry observations between 2003 and 2009 suggest that there was an average mass loss rate of - 5.99 ± 2.78. Gigatonnes (Gt)/yr in this region. Meanwhile, the hydrological data by model calculations from the GLDAS/Noah and CPC are used to estimate terrestrial water storage (TWS) changes with a slight negative trend of about - 0.3. Gt/yr. The recent studies (Kääb et al., 2012; Gardner et al., 2013) reported the thinning rates of mountain glaciers in HMA based on the satellite laser altimetry, and an approximate estimation of the glacier mass budget in the SETP was 4.69 ± 2.03. Gt/yr during 2003-2009. This estimate accounted for a large proportion (~. 78.3%) of the difference between the GRACE TWS and model-calculated TWS changes. To better understand the cause of sharp mass loss existing in the SETP, the correlations between key climatic variables (precipitation and temperature) and the GRACE TWS changes are examined at different timescales between 2003 and 2011. The results show that precipitation is the leading factors of abrupt, seasonal and multi-year undulating signals of GRACE TWS anomaly time series, but with weak correlations with the inter-annual trend and annual mass budget of GRACE TWS. In contrast, the annual mean temperature is tightly associated with the annual net mass budget (r. = 0.81, p. <. 0.01), which indirectly suggests that the GRACE-observed mass loss in the SETP may be highly related to glacial processes. © 2014 Elsevier B.V."
"7410008529;7201887812;56294944900;","Trends and variability in rain-on-snow events",2015,"10.1002/2015GL065320","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84943339129&doi=10.1002%2f2015GL065320&partnerID=40&md5=b2d9ba3e42443418f6c1ec064b01520b","We analyzed rain-on-snow (ROS) events in two reanalysis products. ROS events are a relatively rare phenomenon outside of a few regional maxima including western Eurasia, the higher elevations of western North America, the northeastern United States, and southeastern Canada. ROS events occur at the high latitudes, especially away from the continental interior, and no robust trends were found in the frequency of ROS events. We also explored the variability of ROS events with dominant large climate modes. The most robust relationship was found with the Arctic Oscillation or North Atlantic Oscillation (AO/NAO). The most notable variability associated with the AO/NAO was a northeast/southwest dipole feature across western Eurasia. More ROS events were found for northeastern Europe for the positive phase of the AO/NAO due to the increased frequency of rainfall. However, more ROS events were found for Central Europe for the negative phase of the AO/NAO due to the increased frequency of snow cover. ©2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"38062095100;55789096600;52265000500;25957914700;7405483854;","Diverse responses of remotely sensed grassland phenology to interannual climate variability over frozen ground regions in Mongolia",2015,"10.3390/rs70100360","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84920848912&doi=10.3390%2frs70100360&partnerID=40&md5=5caf02f20a1c07d0265d2966c41dfaf0","Frozen ground may regulate the phenological shifts of dry and cold grasslands at the southern edge of the Eurasian cryosphere. In this study, an investigation based on the MODIS Collection 5 phenology product and climatic data collected from 2001 to 2009 reveals the diverse responses of grassland phenology to interannual climate variability over various frozen ground regions in Mongolia. Compared with middle and southern typical steppe and desert steppe, the spring (start of season; SOS) and autumn (end of season; EOS) phenological events of northern forest steppe with lower air temperature tend to be earlier and later, respectively. Both the SOS and EOS are less sensitive to climate variability in permafrost regions than in other regions, whereas the SOS of typical steppe is more sensitive to both air temperature and precipitation over sporadic permafrost and seasonal frozen ground regions. Over various frozen ground regions in Mongolia; the SOS is mainly dominated by the prior autumn precipitation, and frozen ground plays a vital role in storing the precipitation of the previous autumn for the subsequent grass green-up. The EOS is mainly dominated by autumn air temperature. These findings could help to improve phenological models of grasslands in extremely dry and cold regions. © 2014 by the authors."
"26648766300;24168098300;7006617790;7201613656;","Laurentide-Cordilleran Ice Sheet saddle collapse as a contribution to meltwater pulse 1A",2015,"10.1002/2015GL063960","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84931574268&doi=10.1002%2f2015GL063960&partnerID=40&md5=3cd268fbfe5bc9becd8b2ef0f1a60081","The source or sources of meltwater pulse 1A (MWP-1A) at ∼14.5 ka, recorded at widely distributed sites as a sea level rise of ∼10-20 m in less than 500 years, is uncertain. A recent ice modeling study of North America and Greenland has suggested that the collapse of an ice saddle between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets, with a eustatic sea level equivalent (ESLE) of ∼10 m, may have been the dominant contributor to MWP-1A. To test this suggestion, we predict gravitationally self-consistent sea level changes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the present day associated with the ice model. We find that a combination of the saddle collapse scenario and melting outside North America and Greenland with an ESLE of ∼3 m yields sea level changes across MWP-1A that are consistent with far-field sea level records at Barbados, Tahiti, and Sunda Shelf. ©2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"35781577600;7006130951;7005664339;","Impact of aerosol emission controls on future Arctic sea ice cover",2015,"10.1002/2015GL065504","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84946553094&doi=10.1002%2f2015GL065504&partnerID=40&md5=0beb67f1df0d1b151bbb2896d2a74c01","We examine the response of Arctic sea ice to projected aerosol and aerosol precursor emission changes under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios in simulations of the Canadian Earth System Model. The overall decrease in aerosol loading causes a warming, largest over the Arctic, which leads to an annual mean reduction in sea ice extent of approximately 1 million km2 over the 21st century in all RCP scenarios. This accounts for approximately 25% of the simulated reduction in sea ice extent in RCP 4.5, and 40% of the reduction in RCP 2.5. In RCP 4.5, the Arctic ocean is projected to become ice-free during summertime in 2045, but it does not become ice-free until 2057 in simulations with aerosol precursor emissions held fixed at 2000 values. Thus, while reductions in aerosol emissions have significant health and environmental benefits, their substantial contribution to projected Arctic climate change should not be overlooked. Key Points Projected aerosol emission reductions drive a sea ice extent decrease of about 1 million square kilometers by 2100 Aerosol changes drive 25% of the simulated sea ice extent reduction in RCP 4.5 and 40% in RCP 2.5 Aerosol reductions result in an ice-free Arctic about 10 years earlier than would otherwise occur © 2015. The Authors."
"57209494488;55972727200;","Boltzmann–Shannon entropy and river flow stability within Upper Indus Basin in a changing climate",2015,"10.1080/15715124.2014.965718","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84922242453&doi=10.1080%2f15715124.2014.965718&partnerID=40&md5=b80364ad232a9ff9af5aa309abc8e292","ABSTRACT: Water resource in Upper Indus Basin is highly vulnerable to climate change because seasonal snows and glacial melts are the principal components (70%) of river flows in this basin. Here, we apply the concept of Boltzmann–Shannon entropy to long-term discharge records along the main stem of the Upper Indus and its most important tributary Shyok River to determine the relative stability of flows in the four main seasons of the basin. Spring flows are most unstable possibly due to variations in onset of snow melting time in a changing climate. Summer flows, which account for bulk of the annual flows, have remained relatively stable, indicating general stability of the cryosphere of the basin during the past six decades. We draw support of this conclusion from observation of the trend of long-term time series (1962–2013) of summer inflows at the Tarbela reservoir located at the outlet of Upper Indus Basin. Within the summer flow regime, August flows show greatest instability possibly due to changing rate of production of glacial melts under a changing climate. Upper Indus flows are stabilized by flows from the Karakoram where glaciers have either mostly remained stable or gained mass slightly in the recent decades in spite of widespread glacier wastage or ice losses in the western Himalayas. The approach presented here can be used to determine predictabilities of monthly and seasonal flows in water resources management and planning challenged by changes in climate and by land and water usage in concert with economic and social changes. © 2014, © 2014 International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research."
"55763790828;6701802774;","A global assessment of accelerations in surface mass transport",2015,"10.1002/2015GL064941","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84941733943&doi=10.1002%2f2015GL064941&partnerID=40&md5=02cb03a2fe8e1b57dd3d40a271ae8f7d","Water mass transport in the Earth's dynamic surface layer of atmosphere, cryosphere, and hydrosphere driven by various global change processes has complex spatiotemporal patterns. Here we determine global patterns and regional mean values of accelerations in surface mass variations during the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission's data span from 2002.2 to 2015.0. GRACE gravity data are supplemented by surface deformation from 607 Global Navigation Satellite System stations, an ocean bottom pressure model, satellite laser ranging, and loose a priori knowledge on mass variation regimes incorporating high-resolution geographic boundaries. While Greenland and West Antarctica have strong negative accelerations, Alaska and the Arctic Ocean show significant positive accelerations. In addition, the accelerations are not constant in time with some regions showing considerable variability due to irregular interannual changes. No evidence of significant nonsteric mean sea level acceleration has been found, but the uncertainty is quite large. © 2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"55606122600;7402647639;55455157700;","Rock glaciers as water stores in the Bolivian Andes: An assessment of their hydrological importance",2015,"10.1657/AAAR0014-029","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84923673124&doi=10.1657%2fAAAR0014-029&partnerID=40&md5=1167fb35fad3e5de7493787bfbfe1aa5","Water scarcity is a growing issue for high altitude arid countries like Bolivia, where serious water resource concerns exist because of climate change and population growth. In this study we use a recent Bolivian rock glacier inventory (Rangecroft et al., 2014) to estimate the water equivalent storage of these understudied cryospheric reserves. This paper shows that Bolivian rock glaciers currently store between 11.7 and 137 million cubic meters of water. Rock glacier water equivalents are compared to corresponding ice glacier water equivalent to allow an assessment of the hydrological importance of rock glaciers as water stores in this water scarce region. It can be seen that in the densely glaciated Cordillera Real (15°-16°S) rock glaciers form a small component of mountain water stores; however, along the Cordillera Occidental (17°-22°S), where ice glaciers are absent, rock glaciers are a more important part of the cryospheric water store, suggesting that they could be important for local water management. This is the first time that the water equivalence of the Bolivian rock glacier store has been quantified and is a first step toward assessing the contribution and importance of alternative high altitude water sources. © 2015 Regents of the University of Colorado."
"55650786000;57203321797;56965911600;","Evaluation of Water Storage Change of Inland Cryosphere in Northwestern China",2015,"10.1155/2015/681634","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84947460132&doi=10.1155%2f2015%2f681634&partnerID=40&md5=acf3292dabb5f6e1e86010a3f0211444","The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission provides measurements of Earth's static and time-variable gravity fields with monthly resolution. In this study, changes of water storage in northwestern China were determined by GRACE monthly gravity field data obtained from 2003 to 2010. Comparisons of water storage change (WSC) simulated by a four-dimensional assimilation model (Noah) and observed by GRACE revealed similar patterns of change and a correlation coefficient of 0.71 (P<0.05). Trend analysis indicated significant changes in the spatiotemporal variation of WSC in northwestern China during the 8-year study period, which were stronger in the east than in the west and more pronounced in the south than in the north. The most pronounced increase in water storage occurred in Gansu and Qinghai provinces, but, overall, water storage increased by 0.61 mm/a over northwestern China during the study period. Clear seasonal variations of WSC and precipitation were found, because glacial meltwater and precipitation are the main sources of water in the hydrosphere; meanwhile, the distributions of glaciers and permafrost also affect the spatial distribution of WSC. © 2015 Min Xu et al."
"36020971200;","MODIS Terra Collection 6 fractional snow cover validation in mountainous terrain during spring snowmelt using Landsat TM and ETM+",2015,"10.1002/hyp.10134","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84892750705&doi=10.1002%2fhyp.10134&partnerID=40&md5=42ac0631a5d66138f68d9e17a66dea24","Daily swath MODIS Terra Collection 6 fractional snow cover (MOD10_L2) estimates were validated with two-day Landsat TM/ETM + snow-covered area estimates across central Idaho and southwestern Montana, USA. Snow cover maps during spring snowmelt for 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2009 were compared between MODIS Terra and Landsat TM/ETM + using least-squared regression. Strong spatial and temporal map agreement was found between MODIS Terra fractional snow cover and Landsat TM/ETM + snow-covered area, although map disagreement was observed for two validation dates. High-altitude cirrus cloud contamination during low snow conditions as well as late season transient snowfall resulted in map disagreement. MODIS Terra's spatial resolution limits retrieval of thin-patchy snow cover, especially during partially cloudy conditions. Landsat's image acquisition frequency can introduce difficulty when discriminating between transient and resident mountain snow cover. Furthermore, transient snowfall later in the snowmelt season, which is a stochastic accumulation event that does not usually persist beyond the daily timescale, will skew decadal snow-covered area variability if bi-monthly climate data record development is the objective. As a quality control step, ground-based daily snow telemetry snow-water-equivalent measurements can be used to verify transient snowfall events. Users of daily MODIS Terra fractional snow products should be aware that local solar illumination and sensor viewing geometry might influence fractional snow cover estimation in mountainous terrain. Cross-sensor interoperability has been confirmed between MODIS Terra and Landsat TM/ETM + when mapping snow from the visible/infrared spectrum. This relationship is strong and supports operational multi-sensor snow cover mapping, specifically climate data record development to expand cryosphere, climate, and hydrological science applications. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."
"56022852500;7003726500;55339245900;57203275605;","Ice freeze-up and break-up detection of shallow lakes in Northern Alaska with spaceborne SAR",2015,"10.3390/rs70506133","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84930033184&doi=10.3390%2frs70506133&partnerID=40&md5=d743f8b673e2108f374f5ebad56734e1","Shallow lakes, with depths less than ca. 3.5-4 m, are a ubiquitous feature of the Arctic Alaskan Coastal Plain, covering up to 40% of the land surface. With such an extended areal coverage, lakes and their ice regimes represent an important component of the cryosphere. The duration of the ice season has major implications for the regional and local climate, as well as for the physical and biogeochemical processes of the lakes. With day and night observations in all weather conditions, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensors provide year-round acquisitions. Monitoring the evolution of radar backscatter (σ°) is useful for detecting the timing of the beginning and end of the ice season. Analysis of the temporal evolution of C-band σ° from Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) Wide Swath and RADARSAT-2 ScanSAR, with a combined frequency of acquisitions from two to five days, was employed to evaluate the potential of SAR to detect the timing of key lake-ice events. SAR observations from 2005 to 2011 were compared to outputs of the Canadian Lake Ice Model (CLIMo). Model simulations fall within similar ranges with those of the SAR observations, with a mean difference between SAR observations and model simulations of only one day for water-clear-of-ice (WCI) from 2006 to 2010. For freeze onset (FO), larger mean differences were observed. SAR analysis shows that the mean FO date for these shallow coastal lakes is 30 September and the mean WCI date is 5 July. Results reveal that greater variability existed in the mean FO date (up to 26 days) than in that of melt onset (MO) (up to 12 days) and in that of WCI (6 days). Additionally, this study also identifies limitations and provides recommendations for future work using C-band SAR for monitoring the lake-ice phenology of shallow Arctic lakes. © 2015 by the authors."
"45761496900;7004211803;56952228900;7004032816;9248919100;57212904475;57203382356;35112393000;","Dynamics of ozone and nitrogen oxides at Summit, Greenland: I. Multi-year observations in the snowpack",2015,"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.09.060","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84969667437&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosenv.2015.09.060&partnerID=40&md5=006d899e960bec94ae85bb3982fe3ef7","A multi-year investigation of ozone (O3) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in snowpack interstitial air down to a depth of 2.8 m was conducted at Summit, Greenland, to elucidate mechanisms controlling the production and destruction of these important trace gases within the snow. Snowpack O3 values ranged from 30 to 40 ppbv during winter months, and dropped below 10 ppbv in summer. Wintertime NOx levels were low at all depths in the snowpack (below 10 pptv for NO and below 25 pptv for NO2). In the summer, NO values up to 120 pptv, and NO2 mixing ratios up to ∼700 pptv were observed. O3 loss within the snowpack was observed throughout all seasons. The magnitude of the O3 loss rate tracked the seasonal and diurnal cycle of incoming short wave solar radiation. Production of NO within a shallow layer of the snowpack was recorded during the spring and summer months. NO2 production also occurred, and heightened levels were measured down to 2.5 m in the snowpack. The average daily maximum in NO was observed at solar noon, and the minimum was seen during night. The daily peak in NO2 was on average 7 h shifted from the incoming solar radiation and NO maxima. NOx levels in interstitial air during spring were enhanced relative to summer and fall. The influence of meteorological effects such as wind pumping on snowpack interstitial air levels of O3 and NOx was investigated using case study periods. Increased snowpack ventilation during high wind events was found to yield enhancement in snowpack NOx, with this effect being enhanced during times when O3 was elevated in ambient air. This behavior suggests that O3 is involved in NOx production in the snowpack. This extensive set of observations is used to re-evaluate physical and chemical processes that describe the dynamic O3 and NOx chemistry occurring within snowpack interstitial air at Summit. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd."
"6603966031;7004515812;7402846040;7006161467;56814648600;56028258300;7004930220;55973240300;56875784900;12039350600;26643238000;24449866400;35076386100;7004097414;35495103000;6603902064;7004905858;7201827928;","Palaeoenvironmental Interpretation of Yedoma Silt (Ice Complex) Deposition as Cold-Climate Loess, Duvanny Yar, Northeast Siberia",2015,"10.1002/ppp.1843","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84940650906&doi=10.1002%2fppp.1843&partnerID=40&md5=def05a88e72c112e912f024ec4a921ad","Uncertainty about the geological processes that deposited syngenetically frozen ice-rich silt (yedoma) across hundreds of thousands of square kilometres in central and northern Siberia fundamentally limits our understanding of the Pleistocene geology and palaeoecology of western Beringia, the sedimentary processes that led to sequestration of hundreds of Pg of carbon within permafrost and whether yedoma provides a globally significant record of ice-age atmospheric conditions or just regional floodplain activity. Here, we test the hypotheses of aeolian versus waterlain deposition of yedoma silt, elucidate the palaeoenvironmental conditions during deposition and develop a conceptual model of silt deposition to clarify understanding of yedoma formation in northern circumpolar regions during the Late Pleistocene. This is based on a field study in 2009 of the Russian stratotype of the 'Yedoma Suite', at Duvanny Yar, in the lower Kolyma River, northern Yakutia, supplemented by observations that we have collected there and at other sites in the Kolyma Lowland since the 1970s. We reconstruct a cold-climate loess region in northern Siberia that forms part of a vast Late Pleistocene permafrost zone extending from northwest Europe across northern Asia to northwest North America, and that was characterised by intense aeolian activity. Five litho- and cryostratigraphic units are identified in yedoma remnant 7E at Duvanny Yar, in ascending stratigraphic order: (1) massive silt, (2) peat, (3) stratified silt, (4) yedoma silt and (5) near-surface silt. The yedoma silt of unit 4 dominates the stratigraphy and is at least 34 m thick. It is characterised by horizontal to gently undulating subtle colour bands but typically lacks primary sedimentary stratification. Texturally, the yedoma silt has mean values of 65 ± 7 per cent silt, 15 ± 8 per cent sand and 21 ± 4 per cent clay. Particle size distributions are bi- to polymodal, with a primary mode of about 41 μm (coarse silt) and subsidiary modes are 0.3-0.7 μm (very fine clay to fine clay), 3-5 μm (coarse clay to very fine silt), 8-16 μm (fine silt) and 150-350 μm (fine sand to medium sand). Semidecomposed fine plant material is abundant and fine in-situ roots are pervasive. Syngenetic ice wedges, cryostructures and microcryostructures record syngenetic freezing of the silt. An age model for silt deposition is constructed from 47 pre-Holocene accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C ages, mostly from in-situ roots and from three optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages of quartz sand grains. The 14C ages indicate that silt deposition extends from 19 000 ± 300 cal BP to 50 000 cal BP or beyond. The OSL ages range from 21.2 ± 1.9 ka near the top of the yedoma to 48.6 ± 2.9 ka near the bottom, broadly consistent with the 14C age model. Most of the yedoma silt in unit 4 at Duvanny Yar constitutes cryopedolith (sediment that has experienced incipient pedogenesis along with syngenetic freezing). Mineralised and humified organic remains dispersed within cryopedolith indicate incipient soil formation, but distinct soil horizons are absent. Five buried palaeosols and palaeosol 'complexes' are identified within cryopedolith on the basis of sedimentary and geochemical properties. Magnetic susceptibility, organic content, elemental concentrations and ratios tend to deviate from average values of these parameters at five levels in unit 4. The cryopedolith-palaeosol sequence accreted incrementally upwards on a vegetated palaeo-land surface with a relief of at least several metres, preserving syngenetic ground ice in the aggrading permafrost. Pollen spectra dated to between about 17 000 and 25 000 14C BP characteristically have frequencies of 20-60 per cent tree/shrub pollen (mainly Betula and Pinus) and 20-60 per cent graminoids, predominantly Poaceae, plus forbs, whereas spectra dated to about 30 000-33 000 14C BP have lower values of woody taxa (about 10%) and are dominated by graminoids (mainly Poaceae), forbs (particularly Caryophyllaceae and Asteraceae) and Selaginella rupestris. The latter are more typical of Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) samples reported elsewhere in Siberia, and the unusually high arboreal pollen values in the LGM yedoma at Duvanny Yar are attributed to long-distance transport of pollen. Three hypotheses concerning the processes and environmental conditions of yedoma silt deposition at Duvanny Yar are tested. The alluvial-lacustrine hypothesis and the polygenetic hypothesis are both discounted on sedimentary, palaeoenvironmental, geocryological and palaeoecological grounds. The loessal hypothesis provides the only reasonable explanation to account for the bulk of the unit 4 yedoma silt at this site. Supporting the loessal interpretation are sedimentological and geocryological similarities between the Duvanny Yar loess-palaeosol sequence and cold-climate loesses in central and northern Alaska, the Klondike (Yukon), western and central Siberia and northwest Europe. Differences between loess at Duvanny Yar and that in western and central Siberia and northwest Europe include the persistence of permafrost and the abundance of ground ice and fine in-situ roots within the yedoma. Modern analogues of cold-climate loess deposition are envisaged at a local scale in cold, humid climates where local entrainment and deposition of loess are generally restricted to large alluvial valleys containing rivers that are glacially sourced or drain areas containing Late Pleistocene glacial deposits, and thus glacially ground silt. The Duvanny Yar yedoma shares sedimentological and geocryological features with yedoma interpreted as ice-rich loess or reworked loess facies at Itkillik (northern Alaska) and in the central Yakutian lowland, and with yedoma in the Laptev Sea region and the New Siberian Archipelago. It is therefore suggested that many lowland yedoma sections across Beringia are primarily of aeolian origin (or consist of reworked aeolian sediments), although other depositional processes (e.g. alluvial and colluvial) may account for some yedoma sequences in river valleys and mountains. A conceptual model of yedoma silt deposition at Duvanny Yar as cold-climate loess in Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 and MIS 2 envisages summer or autumn as the main season of loess deposition. In summer, the land surface was snow-free, unfrozen and relatively dry, making it vulnerable to deflation. Graminoids, forbs and biological soil crust communities trapped and stabilised windblown sediments. Loess accretion resulted from semicontinuous deposition of fine background particles and episodic, discrete dust storms that deposited coarse silt. Winter was characterised by deep thermal contraction cracking beneath thin and dusty snow covers, and snow and frozen ground restricted deflation and sediment trapping by dead grasses. Sources of loess at Duvanny Yar potentially include: (1) sediments and weathered bedrock on uplands to the east, south and southwest of the Kolyma Lowland; (2) alluvium deposited by rivers draining these uplands; and (3) sediments exposed in the Khallerchin tundra to the north and on the emergent continental shelf of the East Siberian Sea. Glacially sourced tributaries of the palaeo-Kolyma River contributed glacially ground silt into channel and/or floodplain deposits, and some of these were probably reworked by wind and deposited as loess in the Kolyma Lowland. The palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the sedimentary sequence at Duvanny Yar is traced from MIS 6 to the late Holocene. It includes thermokarst activity associated with alas lake development in the Kazantsevo interglacial (MIS 5e), loess accumulation, pedogenesis and syngenetic permafrost development, possibly commencing in the Zyryan glacial (70 000-55 000 cal BP) and extending through the Karginsky interstadial (55 000-25 000 cal BP) and Sartan glacial (25 000-15 000 cal BP), cessation of yedoma silt deposition during the Lateglacial, renewed thermokarst activity in the early Holocene, and permafrost aggradation in the mid to late Holocene. Beringian coastlands from northeast Yakutia through the north Alaskan Coastal Plain to the Tuktoyaktuk Coastlands (Canada) were characterised by extensive aeolian activity (deflation, loess, sand dunes, sand sheets, sand wedges) during MIS 2. Siberian and Canadian high-pressure cells coupled with a strengthened Aleutian low-pressure cell would have created enhanced pressure gradient-driven winds sufficient to entrain sediment on a regional scale. Summer winds are thought to have deflated sediment exposed on the East Siberian Sea shelf and deposited silt as a distal aeolian facies to the south. Additionally, stronger localised winds created by local downslope gravity flows (katabatic winds) may have entrained sediment. Local katabatic winds in summer may have transported silt generally northwards towards the Kolyma Lowland, particularly during times of extended upland glaciation in the North Anyuy Range to the east during the Zyryan (MIS 4) period, whereas winter winds carried limited amounts of silt generally southwards as a result of pressure gradient forces. The Duvanny Yar yedoma is part of a subcontinental-scale region of Late Pleistocene cold-climate loess. One end member, exemplified by the yedoma at Duvanny Yar, was loess rich in syngenetic ground ice (Beringian yedoma). The other, exemplified by loess in northwest Europe, was ice-poor and subject to complete permafrost degradation at the end of the last ice age. These end members reflect a distinction between enduring cold continuous permafrost conditions leading to stacked ice-rich transition zones and large syngenetic ice wedges in much of Beringia versus conditions oscillating between cold permafrost, warm permafrost and seasonal frost, leading to repeated permafrost thaw and small ice-wedge pseudomorphs in northwest Europe. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."
"56243460400;24578134500;8636921300;56442593500;49261252100;57204294964;8705999100;55293780600;6603385683;56442610900;6602003804;","Glacier topography and elevation changes derived from Pléiades sub-meter stereo images",2014,"10.5194/tc-8-2275-2014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84916614182&doi=10.5194%2ftc-8-2275-2014&partnerID=40&md5=62c45648833cb7020d416f74b9cef6e3","In response to climate change, most glaciers are losing mass and hence contribute to sea-level rise. Repeated and accurate mapping of their surface topography is required to estimate their mass balance and to extrapolate/calibrate sparse field glaciological measurements. In this study we evaluate the potential of sub-meter stereo imagery from the recently launched Pléiades satellites to derive digital elevation models (DEMs) of glaciers and their elevation changes. Our five evaluation sites, where nearly simultaneous field measurements were collected, are located in Iceland, the European Alps, the central Andes, Nepal and Antarctica. For Iceland, the Pléiades DEM is also compared to a lidar DEM. The vertical biases of the Pléiades DEMs are less than 1m if ground control points (GCPs) are used, but reach up to 7m without GCPs. Even without GCPs, vertical biases can be reduced to a few decimetres by horizontal and vertical co-registration of the DEMs to reference altimetric data on ice-free terrain. Around these biases, the vertical precision of the Pléiades DEMs is ±1m and even ±0.5m on the flat glacier tongues (1σ confidence level). Similar precision levels are obtained in the accumulation areas of glaciers and in Antarctica. We also demonstrate the high potential of Pléiades DEMs for measuring seasonal, annual and multiannual elevation changes with an accuracy of 1m or better if cloud-free images are available. The negative region-wide mass balances of glaciers in the Mont-Blanc area (-1.04 ± 0.23ma-1 water equivalent, w.e.) are revealed by differencing Satellite pour l'Observation de la Terre 5 (SPOT 5) and Pléiades DEMs acquired in August 2003 and 2012, confirming the accelerated glacial wastage in the European Alps. © Author(s) 2014."
"56151374100;56227666500;7006954443;7403441497;7404614089;7006393267;","Cloud mask over snow-/ice-covered areas for the GCOM-C1/SGLI cryosphere mission: Validations over Greenland",2014,"10.1002/2014JD022017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84913573217&doi=10.1002%2f2014JD022017&partnerID=40&md5=735b51a2c9073411780118173696b579","Cloud detection is a critically important first step required to derive many satellite data products. A novel cloud detection algorithm designed for the cryosphere mission of Global Climate Observation Mission First Climate satellite/Second Generation Global Imager (GCOM-C1/SGLI) is presented. This reflectance-based cloud detection scheme mainly utilizes only two short wavelength infrared channels with dynamic thresholds that depend on Sun-satellite viewing geometry to perform accurate cloud detection over snow/ice surfaces in high latitude as well as high-elevation regions. Profiles of atmospheric absorbing and scattering molecules as well as surface elevation are considered in the determination of the thresholds for the resulting snow/ice cloud mask (SCM) algorithm. Image-based tests and statistical results have been used to validate the performance of the SCM over the Greenland plateau. Statistics using collocated Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua observations over Greenland in 2007 show that over snow/ice surfaces the performance of the SCM is generally better than that of the MODIS cloud mask. © 2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"55428906200;6601972959;","Influence of solar activity on the climate change",2014,"10.1134/S1024856014060104","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84950313999&doi=10.1134%2fS1024856014060104&partnerID=40&md5=50d281ed55e9f67f2963cc81d91981df","We discuss problems which are of main importance for understanding the nature of climate changes in the 20th century and basic physical processes responsible for these changes. A possible role of solar activity in the Earth’s climate changes in the past and future is considered. As shown, physical mechanisms which can provide for the solar variability effect on the weather and climate are reduced to the control of the energy flux from the Earth to space. A special emphasis is given on the solar activity effect on climatic characteristics of the troposphere through the atmospheric electricity. We consider peculiarities of the response of thermal and dynamic regimes of the World Ocean and atmosphere to solar activity changes and processes in the atmosphere, ocean, and cryosphere. We also show and discuss results of the analysis of regularities and peculiarities of troposphere and the ocean surface temperature response to both isolated heliogeophysical disturbances and long-term changes in solar and geomagnetic activity. © 2014, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd."
"56089922500;56089940900;57207008570;","Glacier volume and area change by 2050 in high mountain Asia",2014,"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.08.006","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907519512&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloplacha.2014.08.006&partnerID=40&md5=5b5df1b43db9a98d05c8e83c3019d18f","We estimate individual area and volume change by 2050 of all 67,028 glaciers, with a total area of 122,969km2, delineated in the Randolph Glacier Inventory 2.0 of high mountain Asia (HMA). We used the 25km resolution regional climate model RegCM 3.0 temperature and precipitation change projections forced by the IPCC A1B scenario. Glacier simulations were based on a novel surface mass balance-altitude parameterization fitted to observational data, and various volume-area scaling approaches using Shuttle Radar Topography Mission surface topography of each individual glacier. We generate mass balance-altitude relations for all the glaciers by region using nearest available glacier measurements. Equilibrium line altitude (ELA) sensitivities to temperature and precipitation change vary by region based on the relative importance of sublimation and melting processes. We also made simulations with mass balance tuned to match satellite observations of glacier thickness changes in HMA from 2003 to 2009. Net mass loss is half as much using the tuned model than using just glaciological calibration data, suggesting the representativity of benchmark glaciers is a larger source of uncertainty in future HMA contributions to sea level rise than errors in glacier inventories or volume-area scaling. Both models predict that about 35% of the glaciers in Karakoram and the northwestern Himalaya are advancing, which is consistent with the observed slight mass gain of glaciers in these regions in recent years. However, we find that 76% of all the glaciers will retreat, most of which are of the maritime type. We project total glacier area loss in high mountain Asia in 2050 to be 22% (in the tuned model) or 35% (un-tuned) of their extent in 2000, and they will contribute 5mm (tuned model) to global sea level rise. © 2014 Elsevier B.V."
"8846887600;7004060399;","Climate system response to stratospheric ozone depletion and recovery",2014,"10.1002/qj.2330","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84922846122&doi=10.1002%2fqj.2330&partnerID=40&md5=acfe9b4a426ba3d526ff2a472b2fb495","We review what is presently known about the climate system response to stratospheric ozone depletion and its projected recovery, focusing on the responses of the atmosphere, ocean and cryosphere. Compared with well-mixed greenhouse gases (GHGs), the radiative forcing of climate due to observed stratospheric ozone loss is very small: in spite of this, recent trends in stratospheric ozone have caused profound changes in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) climate system, primarily by altering the tropospheric midlatitude jet, which is commonly described as a change in the Southern Annular Mode. Ozone depletion in the late twentieth century was the primary driver of the observed poleward shift of the jet during summer, which has been linked to changes in tropospheric and surface temperatures, clouds and cloud radiative effects, and precipitation at both middle and low latitudes. It is emphasized, however, that not all aspects of the SH climate response to stratospheric ozone forcing can be understood in terms of changes in the midlatitude jet. The response of the Southern Ocean and sea ice to ozone depletion is currently a matter of debate. For the former, the debate is centred on the role of ocean eddies in possibly opposing wind-driven changes in the mean circulation. For the latter, the issue is reconciling the observed expansion of Antarctic sea-ice extent during the satellite era with robust modelling evidence that the ice should melt as a result of stratospheric ozone depletion (and increases in GHGs). Despite lingering uncertainties, it has become clear that ozone depletion has been instrumental in driving SH climate change in recent decades. Similarly, ozone recovery will figure prominently in future climate change, with its impacts expected to largely cancel the impacts of increasing GHGs during the next half-century. © 2014 Royal Meteorological Society."
"55446724600;7403276577;7102890126;","The impact of ice layers on gas transport through firn at the North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling (NEEM) site, Greenland",2014,"10.5194/tc-8-1801-2014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907549723&doi=10.5194%2ftc-8-1801-2014&partnerID=40&md5=06ea6a992f5da23708fc873649e7f4d6","Typically, gas transport through firn is modeled in the context of an idealized firn column. However, in natural firn, imperfections are present, which can alter transport dynamics and therefore reduce the accuracy of reconstructed climate records. For example, ice layers have been found in several firn cores collected in the polar regions. Here, we examined the effects of two ice layers found in a NEEM, Greenland firn core on gas transport through the firn. These ice layers were found to have permeability values of 3.0 and 4.0 × 10-10m2, and are therefore not impermeable layers. However, the shallower ice layer was found to be significantly less permeable than the surrounding firn, and can therefore retard gas transport. Large closed bubbles were found in the deeper ice layer, which will have an altered gas composition than that expected because they were closed near the surface after the water phase was present. The bubbles in this layer represent 12% of the expected closed porosity of this firn layer after the firn-ice transition depth is reached, and will therefore bias the future ice core gas record. The permeability and thickness of the ice layers at the North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling (NEEM) site suggest that they do not disrupt the firn-air concentration profiles and that they do not need to be accounted for in gas transport models at NEEM. © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License."
"7004198955;57202563842;","Assessing the impacts of climatic change on mountain water resources",2014,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.122","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84904757677&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2013.11.122&partnerID=40&md5=d01447c6134503923a92e4543bf11488","As the evidence for human induced climate change becomes clearer, so too does the realization that its effects will have impacts on numerous environmental and socio-economic systems. Mountains are recognized as very sensitive physical environments with populations whose histories and current social positions often strain their capacity to accommodate intense and rapid changes to their resource base. It is thus essential to assess the impacts of a changing climate, focusing on the quantity of water originating in mountain regions, particularly where snow and ice melt represent a large streamflow component as well as a local resource in terms of freshwater supply, hydropower generation, or irrigation. Increasing evidence of glacier retreat, permafrost degradation and reduced mountain snowpack has been observed in many regions, thereby suggesting that climate change may seriously affect streamflow regimes. These changes could in turn threaten the availability of water resources for many environmental and economic systems, and exacerbate a range of natural hazards that would compound these impacts. As a consequence, socio-economic structures of downstream living populations would be also impacted, calling for better preparedness and strategies to avoid conflicts of interest between water-dependent economic actors. This paper is thus an introduction to the Special Issue of this journal dedicated to the European Union Seventh Framework Program (EU-FP7) project ACQWA (. Assessing Climate Impacts on the Quantity and Quality of WAter), a major European network of scientists that was coordinated by the University of Geneva from 2008 to 2014. The goal of ACQWA has been to address a number of these issues and propose a range of solutions for adaptation to change and to help improve water governance in regions where quantity, seasonality, and perhaps quality of water may substantially change in coming decades. © 2013 Elsevier B.V."
"7102211523;23020245400;26636742300;8551711300;56255615400;","Recent ice dynamic and surface mass balance of Union Glacier in the West Antarctic ice sheet",2014,"10.5194/tc-8-1445-2014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84931569128&doi=10.5194%2ftc-8-1445-2014&partnerID=40&md5=f4dda15b5d9f513334051696d15683d8","HHere we present the results of a comprehensive glaciological investigation of Union Glacier (79°460 S/83°240 W) in theWest Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS), a major outlet glacier within the Ellsworth Mountains. Union Glacier flows into the Ronne Ice Shelf, where recent models have indicated the potential for significant grounding line zone (GLZ) migrations in response to changing climate and ocean conditions. To elaborate a glaciological base line that can help to evaluate the potential impact of this GLZ change scenario, we installed an array of stakes on Union Glacier in 2007. The stake network has been surveyed repeatedly for elevation, velocity, and net surface mass balance. The region of the stake measurements is in near-equilibrium, and ice speeds are 10 to 33ma-1. Ground-penetrating radars (GPR) have been used to map the subglacial topography, internal structure, and crevasse frequency and depth along surveyed tracks in the stake site area. The bedrock in this area has a minimum elevation of-858ma.s.l., significantly deeper than shown by BEDMAP2 data. However, between this deeper area and the local GLZ, there is a threshold where the subglacial topography shows a maximum altitude of 190 m. This subglacial condition implies that an upstream migration of the GLZ will not have strong effects on Union Glacier until it passes beyond this shallow ice pinning point. © 2014 Author(s)."
"56271859200;6603460713;7005978899;","Semi-Lagrangian transport of oxygen isotopes in polythermal ice sheets: Implementation and first results",2014,"10.5194/gmd-7-1395-2014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84904340822&doi=10.5194%2fgmd-7-1395-2014&partnerID=40&md5=ca71acc9bdfd4a778ecf470c4b5de8ff","Modelling the evolution of the Earth system on long timescales requires the knowledge and understanding of driving mechanisms, such as the hydrological cycle. This is dominant in all components of the Earth's system, such as atmosphere, ocean, land surfaces/vegetation and the cryosphere. Observations and measurements of stable water isotopes in climate archives can help to decipher and reconstruct climate change and its regional variations. For the cryosphere, the δ18O cycle in the current generation of Earth system models is missing and an efficient and accurate tracer transport scheme is required. We describe ISOPOLIS 1.0, a modular semi-Lagrangian transport scheme of second-order accuracy, which is coupled to the polythermal and thermomechanical ice sheet model SICOPOLIS (version 2.9). Model skill is demonstrated by experiments with a simplified ice sheet geometry and by comparisons of simulated ice cores with data from Greenland (GRIP) and Antarctica (Vostok). The presented method is a valuable tool to investigate the transport of any kind of passive tracer inside the cold ice part of a polythermal ice sheet and is an important step to model the whole δ18O cycle. © Author(s) 2014."
"7005273789;55573848600;25649086200;6603131145;7004847089;","Adding a dynamical cryosphere to iLOVECLIM (version 1.0): Coupling with the GRISLI ice-sheet model",2014,"10.5194/gmd-7-1377-2014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84904346868&doi=10.5194%2fgmd-7-1377-2014&partnerID=40&md5=e0c0233683b334b1674f50cfd81879db","We present a coupling approach to and the first results of the GRISLI ice-sheet model within the iLOVECLIM-coupled climate model. The climate component is a relatively low-resolution earth system model of intermediate complexity, well suited for long-term integrations and thus for coupled climate-cryosphere studies. We describe the coupling procedure with emphasis on the downscaling scheme and the methods to compute the snow fraction from total precipitation fields. We then present results for the Greenland ice sheet under pre-industrial climate conditions at the end of a 14 000 yr long integration. The simulated ice sheet presents too large a thickness in its central part owing to the overestimation of precipitation in the atmospheric component. We find that including downscaling procedures for temperature improves the temperature distributions over Greenland for both the summer and annual means. We also find an ice-sheet areal extent that is overestimated with respect to the observed Greenland ice sheet. © Author(s) 2014."
"55213327000;23004722300;7201968629;","Permafrost-affected soils and their carbon pools with a focus on the Russian Arctic",2014,"10.5194/se-5-595-2014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84903988154&doi=10.5194%2fse-5-595-2014&partnerID=40&md5=efda7bb67547b8fccd596dfcc16aacc2","Permafrost-affected soils have accumulated enormous pools of organic matter during the Quaternary period. The area occupied by these soils amounts to more than 8.6 million km2, which is about 27% of all land areas north of 50° N. Therefore, permafrost-affected soils are considered to be one of the important cryosphere elements within the climate system. Due to the cryopedogenic processes that form these particular soils and the overlying vegetation that is adapted to the arctic climate, organic matter has accumulated to the present extent of up to 1024 Pg (1 Pg Combining double low line 1015 g Combining double low line 1 Gt) of soil organic carbon stored within the uppermost 3 m of ground. Considering the observed progressive climate change and the projected polar amplification, permafrost-affected soils will undergo fundamental property changes. Higher turnover and mineralisation rates of the organic matter are consequences of these changes, which are expected to result in an increased release of climate-relevant trace gases into the atmosphere. The controversy of whether permafrost regions continue accumulating carbon or already function as a carbon source remains open until today. An increased focus on this subject matter, especially in underrepresented Siberian regions, could contribute to a more robust estimation of the soil organic carbon pool of permafrost regions and at the same time improve the understanding of the carbon sink and source functions of permafrost-affected soils. © 2014 Author(s)."
"24339847400;","Climate change implications for the glaciers of the Hindu Kush, Karakoram and Himalayan region",2014,"10.5194/tc-8-941-2014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84901344494&doi=10.5194%2ftc-8-941-2014&partnerID=40&md5=49681e1cb055d2233a7cae54a7d0068a","The Hindu Kush, Karakoram, and Himalaya (HKH) region has a negative average glacial mass balance for the present day despite anomalous possible gains in the Karakoram. However, changes in climate over the 21st century may influence the mass balance across the HKH. This study uses regional climate modelling to analyse the implications of unmitigated climate change on precipitation, snowfall, air temperature and accumulated positive degree days for the Hindu Kush (HK), Karakoram (KK), Jammu-Kashmir (JK), Himachal Pradesh and West Nepal regions (HP), and East Nepal and Bhutan (NB). The analysis focuses on the climate drivers of change rather than the glaciological response. Presented is a complex regional pattern of climate change, with a possible increase in snowfall over the western HKH and decreases in the east. Accumulated degree days are less spatially variable than precipitation and show an increase in potential ablation in all regions combined with increases in the length of the seasonal melt period. From the projected change in regional climate the possible implications for future glacier mass balance are inferred. Overall, within the modelling framework used here the eastern Himalayan glaciers (Nepal-Bhutan) are the most vulnerable to climate change due to the decreased snowfall and increased ablation associated with warming. The eastern glaciers are therefore projected to decline over the 21st Century despite increasing precipitation. The western glaciers (Hindu Kush, Karakoram) are expected to decline at a slower rate over the 21st century in response to unmitigated climate compared to the glaciers of the east. Importantly, regional climate change is highly uncertain, especially in important cryospheric drivers such as snowfall timing and amounts, which are poorly constrained by observations. Data are available from the author on request. © Author(s) 2014."
"7005917443;7003485191;7202417094;6602185064;","The dynamic Arctic",2014,"10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.03.022","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84900435754&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2014.03.022&partnerID=40&md5=0c074cbe1c30d5cd62641e36a0706dfd","Research campaigns over the last decade have yielded a growing stream of data that highlight the dynamic nature of Arctic cryosphere and climate change over a range of time scales. As a consequence, rather than seeing the Arctic as a near static environment in which large scale changes occur slowly, we now view the Arctic as a system that is typified by frequent, large and abrupt changes. The traditional focus on end members in the system - glacial versus interglacial periods - has been replaced by a new interest in understanding the patterns and causes of such dynamic change. Instead of interpreting changes almost exclusively as near linear responses to external forcing (e.g. orbitally-forced climate change), research is now concentrated on the importance of strong feedback mechanisms that in our palaeo-archives often border on chaotic behaviour. The last decade of research has revealed the importance of on-off switching of ice streams, strong feedbacks between sea level and ice sheets, spatial and temporal changes in ice shelves and perennial sea ice, as well as alterations in ice sheet dynamics caused by shifting centres of mass in multi-dome ice sheets. Recent advances in dating techniques and modelling have improved our understanding of leads and lags that exist in different Arctic systems, on their interactions and the driving mechanisms of change. Future Arctic research challenges include further emphases on rapid transitions and untangling the feedback mechanisms as well as the time scales they operate on. © 2014 The Authors."
"35778323400;7403315151;7004821150;7401720555;56157638600;55577733400;55577273900;55338203400;13606332000;","Holocene fluctuations of Bregne ice cap, Scoresby Sund, east Greenland: A proxy for climate along the Greenland Ice Sheet margin",2014,"10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.06.024","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84900463671&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2013.06.024&partnerID=40&md5=8ce6734aa8bda9e2bd4150622eb6b0de","The Greenland Ice Sheet is a major component of the Arctic cryosphere and the magnitude of its response to future climate changes remains uncertain. Longer-term records of climate near the ice sheet margin provide information about natural climate variability and can be used to understand the causes of past changes in the Greenland Ice Sheet. As a proxy for Holocene climate near the ice sheet margin, we reconstruct the fluctuations of Bregne ice cap in the Scoresby Sund region of central east Greenland. Bregne is a small ice cap (2.5km2 in area) and responds sensitively to summer temperatures. We employ a multi-proxy approach to reconstruct the ice cap fluctuations using geomorphic mapping, 10Be ages of boulders and bedrock and lake sediment records.Past extents of Bregne ice cap are marked by moraines and registered by sediments in downvalley lakes. 10Be ages of bedrock and boulders outboard of the moraines indicate that Bregne ice cap was within ~250m of its present-day limit by at least 10.7ka. Multi-proxy data from sediments in Two Move lake, located downvalley from Bregne ice cap, indicate that the ice cap likely completely disappeared during early and middle Holocene time. Increasing magnetic susceptibility and percent clastic material from ~6.5 to ~1.9calkaBP in Two Move lake sediments suggest progressively colder conditions and increased snow accumulation on the highlands west of the lake. Laminated silt deposited at ~2.6calkaBP and ~1.9calkaBP to present registers the onset and persistence of Bregne ice cap during the late Holocene. 10Be ages of boulders on an unweathered, unvegetated moraine in the Bregne ice cap forefield range from 0.74 to 9.60ka. The youngest 10Be age (0.74ka) likely represents the age of the moraine whereas older ages may be due to 10Be inherited from prior periods of exposure. This late Holocene moraine marks the second largest advance of the ice cap since deglaciation of the region at the end of the last ice age. The oldest moraine in the forefield dates to ≤2.6calkaBP. The fluctuations of Bregne ice cap were likely influenced by Northern Hemisphere summer insolation throughout the Holocene and abrupt late Holocene cold events. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd."
"57217455138;7404920253;7201797102;35885646000;14822123900;56201139600;24344645000;56101623800;","A cryosphere-hydrology observation system in a small alpine watershed in the Qilian mountains of China and its meteorological gradient",2014,"10.1657/1938-4246-46.2.505","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84902177509&doi=10.1657%2f1938-4246-46.2.505&partnerID=40&md5=e71af3f55da0f0845753174cbd5ca003","The unavailability of sufficient data at higher elevations causes many uncertainties in research on cold regions. This study considers a cryosphere-hydrology observation system established in 2008 at the Hulu small alpine watershed in the Qilian Mountains of Northwest China. The altitudinal gradient of weather factors is analyzed using data from the Hulu watershed and routine stations located in the Heihe upstream. The data presented here provide the following knowledge of mountain meteorology at elevations from 3367 m to 4166 m/4248 m in the Qilian Mountains: (1) the yearly precipitation-altitude relationship is linear in regions below 4248 m in the Heihe upstream, where the precipitation gradient increased marginally from 1960 to 2011; (2) the yearly air temperature lapse rate (TLR) is weaker at higher elevations (&gt;3000 m), and the seasonal TLR became more divergent between winter and summer half-years from 1960 to 2011 (yearly mean 5.6 °C km-1); (3) in the Hulu watershed, the LRs of water vapor pressure and absolute humidity are higher in warm seasons with yearly means of 1.1 hpa km-1 and 0.84 g m-3 km -1, respectively, and the maximum relative humidity value is found at elevations between 3500 and 3700 m in the Heihe upstream; (4) the long-term existence of snow increases the albedo to yearly means of 0.22, 0.30, 0.35, and 0.27 in areas of grassland, meadow, marshy meadow, and alpine desert in the Hulu watershed, respectively. The relationship between monthly net radiation and soil surface temperature (Ts) is linear, and the mean Ts LR was about 7.5 °C km-1 from July 2009 to September 2011."
"7005233189;6603854907;24178069200;","Modeling the carbon and nitrogen cycles",2014,"10.3389/fenvs.2014.00008","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85027042540&doi=10.3389%2ffenvs.2014.00008&partnerID=40&md5=ddabf21040bad321711b7646dc56d64b","The issues of air pollution are inextricably linked to the mechanisms underlying the physicochemical functioning of the biosphere which together with the atmosphere, the cryosphere, the lithosphere, and the hydrosphere constitute the climate system. We herewith present a review of the achievements and unresolved problems concerning the modeling of the biochemical cycles of basic chemicals of the climate system, such as carbon and nitrogen. Although the achievements in this area can roughly describe the carbon and nitrogen cycles, serious problems still remain associated with the accuracy and precision of the processes and assessments employed in the relevant modeling. © 2014 Varotsos, Krapivin and Soldatov."
"55312610200;24578134500;7003644704;6602003804;56119272900;6602533657;","Modeling near-surface firn temperature in a cold accumulation zone (Col du Dôme, French Alps): From a physical to a semi-parameterized approach",2014,"10.5194/tc-8-689-2014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84898822082&doi=10.5194%2ftc-8-689-2014&partnerID=40&md5=5391558ac6dbf2b868d793f6e3bc0913","Analysis of the thermal regime of glaciers is crucial for glacier hazard assessment, especially in the context of a changing climate. In particular, the transient thermal regime of cold accumulation zones needs to be modeled. A modeling approach has therefore been developed to determine this thermal regime using only near-surface boundary conditions coming from meteorological observations. In the first step, a surface energy balance (SEB) model accounting for water percolation and radiation penetration in firn was applied to identify the main processes that control the subsurface temperatures in cold firn. Results agree well with subsurface temperatures measured at Col du Dǒme (4250 m above sea level (a.s.l.)), France. In the second step, a simplified model using only daily mean air temperature and potential solar radiation was developed. This model properly simulates the spatial variability of surface melting and subsurface firn temperatures and was used to accurately reconstruct the deep borehole temperature profiles measured at Col du Dǒme. Results show that percolation and refreezing are efficient processes for the transfer of energy from the surface to underlying layers. However, they are not responsible for any higher energy uptake at the surface, which is exclusively triggered by increasing energy flux from the atmosphere due to SEB changes when surface temperatures reach 0 °C. The resulting enhanced energy uptake makes cold accumulation zones very vulnerable to air temperature rise. © 2014 Author(s)."
"15837797300;56109434300;","Vital role of daily temperature variability in surface mass balance parameterizations of the Greenland ice sheet",2014,"10.5194/tc-8-575-2014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84898047311&doi=10.5194%2ftc-8-575-2014&partnerID=40&md5=8713e4396870bdd2a4004b11465ad69c","This study aims to demonstrate that the spatial and seasonal effects of daily temperature variability in positive degree-day (PDD) models play a decisive role in shaping the modeled surface mass balance (SMB) of continental-scale ice masses. Here we derive monthly fields of daily temperature standard deviation (SD) across Greenland from the ERA-40 (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 40 yr Reanalysis) reanalysis spanning from 1958 to 2001 and apply these fields to model recent surface responses of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS). Neither the climate data set analyzed nor in situ measurements taken in Greenland support the range of commonly used spatially and temporally uniform SD values (∼ 5 °C). In this region, the SD distribution is highly inhomogeneous and characterized by low values during summer months (∼ 1 to 2.5 °C) in areas where most surface melting occurs. As a result, existing SMB parameterizations using uniform, high SD values fail to capture both the spatial pattern and amplitude of the observed surface responses of the GIS. Using realistic SD values enables significant improvements in the modeled regional and total SMB with respect to existing estimates from recent satellite observations and the results of a high-resolution regional model. In addition, this resolves large uncertainties associated with other major parameters of a PDD model, namely degree-day factors. The model appears to be nearly insensitive to the choice of degree-day factors after adopting the realistic SD distribution. © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License."
"6701538102;23670127000;","Mapping exposure to snow in a developing African context: Implications for human and livestock vulnerability in Lesotho",2014,"10.1007/s11069-013-0964-8","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84897616227&doi=10.1007%2fs11069-013-0964-8&partnerID=40&md5=16ef754d5e1f76205f758144cd193002","Alpine cryospheric hazards are becoming increasingly prominent under current global/regional climate change scenarios and receiving wide scientific coverage from, in particular, northern hemisphere mountain regions associated with glaciers, permafrost, and extensive seasonal snow cover. However, there is a general paucity of knowledge and attention on cryospheric hazards associated with mountain environments only occasionally/rarely impacted by heavy seasonal snowfalls or severe frost events, particularly those in developing and southern hemisphere regions. Prolonged snow cover in the Lesotho Highlands sometimes carries the consequence of human and livestock deaths owing to isolation and exposure in this developing region. We use daily Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer snow cover images for the period 2003-2010, to establish the frequency, extent, and timing of snowfalls across Lesotho. In addition, a digital shape file containing the location, name, and district attributes of 2,016 villages across Lesotho was used to assist in the construction of a village exposure to snow index. A ranking system was applied to each village according to the seasonal duration of snow cover, and the accessibility and proximity to the nearest road. Snowfalls occur on average between 1 and 8 times per annum, with village exposure to snow (potential vulnerability) being generally low, particularly for the lowlands and Senqu River Valley. However, the study identifies that some high-altitude (>2,500 m) villages such as Thoteng, Letseng-la-Terae, and Mabalane are, on occasion, highly exposed to prolonged snow cover, and particularly so during the mid-snow season of July/August. We demonstrate the importance of applying spatiotemporal assessments on infrequent snow occurrences (which carry associated hazards) in developing mountain regions such as Lesotho, with implications to reduce livelihood risks through improved disaster preparedness and a well-informed, focused emergency response. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht."
"37462245600;6603721979;7004097414;7004615420;57203030822;","A geosystems approach to permafrost investigations for engineering applications, an example from a road stabilization experiment, Beaver Creek, Yukon, Canada",2014,"10.1016/j.coldregions.2013.12.006","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84893011683&doi=10.1016%2fj.coldregions.2013.12.006&partnerID=40&md5=4e502a5cce856d433afd8ba4779fb923","The Alaska Highway crosses numerous terrain units underlined by warm and ice-rich discontinuous permafrost highly susceptible to thermal degradation. For years, this infrastructure, which is essential to transportation in northwestern Canada and Alaska, has been showing signs of road damage induced by permafrost degradation. In 2008, Yukon Highways and Public Works, and its international collaborators, implemented a road experimental site near Beaver Creek (Yukon) to test mitigation techniques aiming to control permafrost degradation. Permafrost investigations were done accordingly to a geosystem approach based on the hypothesis that permafrost has a distinctive sensitivity to climate and terrain conditions at a local scale and that changes (dynamics) in the system must be integrated in the analysis to obtain a holistic understanding of permafrost conditions and consequences of potential changes through time. Therefore, permafrost assessment at BC-RES came along with other components assessment such as local climate, natural terrain and embankment conditions.Four main units identified were typically ice-rich, with the exception of one shallow sub-unit (2B) that was ice-poor, but which contained the top of inactive ice-wedges, and Unit 3 at depth. The extent of the syngenetic ice wedges was not encountered, but reached at least a depth of 10.7. m. Units 1 and 2 (likely eolian periglacial deposits) were fine-grained soils characterized by a potential to liquefy, if soils thaw and maintain their natural moisture content, and to differential thaw-settlement. Unit 3 (likely interglacial deposit) was mainly made of peat, while Unit 4 (likely glacial deposit) was a diamicton with a fine-grained matrix containing abundant excess ice. Impact from road embankment was measured at many locations in permafrost below the infrastructure. Isothermal profile under the road and embankment subsidence, assessed from core-drilling combination with GPR and ground temperatures, reflected the thermal impact of embankment and its interaction with other geosystem components (e.g. snow, groundwater) on the underlying ice-rich cryostratigraphic units. Thaw depth below embankment sideslopes had mostly reached sub-unit 2B, exposing now excess ground ice from the underlying very ice-rich sub-unit 2C and ice wedge to melting. In this context, an increase in permafrost degradation is expected in the near future, regardless of the mitigation technique performance.Application of the geosystem approach for road infrastructure in permafrost regions was beneficial at the BC-RES to identify the comprehensive critical engineering conditions that should be considered at the infrastructure spatial scale for road sustainability through timescale of its life. This approach emphasized the importance of changes in properties and processes, including their variability and dynamic related to interactions within the system. Overall, engineering studies in permafrost regions, which are typically sensitive to changes in conditions, would clearly benefit from applications of the geosystem approach, which can be adapted to spatial and time scales of these studies. © 2013 Elsevier B.V."
"44061090200;35547807400;","Comparison of surface albedo feedback in climate models and observations",2014,"10.1002/2014GL059280","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84895777843&doi=10.1002%2f2014GL059280&partnerID=40&md5=b6a346cf3ef81e88dc76d940152f5438","Snow and ice albedo feedback plays an important role in the greater warming of the Arctic compared to the tropics. Previous work has estimated the observed Northern Hemisphere cryosphere feedback, but there have been no estimates of surface albedo feedback from observations globally. Here we compare the zonal mean surface albedo feedback from satellite data sets with that from eleven ocean-atmosphere coupled climate models for both climate change and the seasonal cycle. Differences between observed data sets make it difficult to constrain models. Nevertheless, we find that climate change Northern Hemisphere extratropical feedback is considerably higher for observations (potentially 3.1 ± 1.3 W m-2 K-1) than models (0.4-1.2 W m -2 K-1), whereas the seasonal cycle feedback is similar in observations and models, casting doubt on the ability of the seasonal cycle to accurately predict the climate change feedback. Observed Antarctic sea ice feedback is strongly positive in the seasonal cycle and similar to models. Key Points Models underestimate climate change feedback in the NH extratropics Observed Antarctic feedback is strongly positive in the seasonal cycle The observed seasonal cycle is unlikley to constrain modeled feedback much ©2014. The Authors."
"37089487300;56468201900;6602164207;7409078608;55660655400;55220961600;55747595600;","Recent changes in freezing level heights in High Asia and their impact on glacier changes",2014,"10.1002/2013JD020490","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84896939727&doi=10.1002%2f2013JD020490&partnerID=40&md5=b8cf5e1738f369dc272604be8614c05c","The heights of the atmospheric freezing level have increased over most glacierized areas of High Asia during 1971-2010, especially in the Altai Mountains, the eastern Tianshan Mountains, and the northeastern margins of the Tibetan Plateau. The systematic increase of freezing level heights (FLHs) is evidenced from both radiosonde and National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis data. Eleven glaciers with long-term observations are selected in typical high-elevation mountain ranges to examine the relationship between changes in FLHs and cryospheric response. Long-term trends in glacier mass balance and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) show significant correlations with changes in FLHs. A rise of 10 m in summer FLH causes mass balance of reference glaciers in High Asia to decrease by between 7 and 38-mm (water equivalent) and ELA to increase by between 3.1 and 9.8-m, respectively, depending on location. Both relationships are statistically significant (p-<-0.01) for most reference glaciers. Thus, rapid deglaciation in these high mountain ranges during recent decades is related to the increase in FLH. Similar relationships may exist in other high-elevation glaciers of High Asia with changes in FLHs having significant ecological and social consequences, especially in arid and semiarid regions. Key Points Atmospheric freezing level heights over High Asia have significantly increased Observed rapid deglaciation correlates with changes in freezing level heights The climatic significance of freezing level heights is discussed © 2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"35180334400;8570871900;57203030873;","Diagnosing shortwave cryosphere radiative effect and its 21st century evolution in CESM",2014,"10.1002/2013JD021139","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84899001981&doi=10.1002%2f2013JD021139&partnerID=40&md5=cfed351dd01199bf08cea852a694cb06","We incorporate a new diagnostic called the cryosphere radiative effect (CrRE), the instantaneous influence of surface snow and sea ice on the top-of-model solar energy budget, into two released versions of the Community Earth System Model (CESM1 and CCSM4). CrRE offers a more climatically relevant metric of the cryospheric state than snow and sea ice extent and is influenced by factors such as the seasonal cycle of insolation, cloud masking, and vegetation cover. We evaluate CrRE during the late 20th century and over the 21st century, specifically diagnosing the nature of CrRE contributions from terrestrial and marine sources. The radiative influence of ice sheets and glaciers is not considered, but snow on top of them is accounted for. Present-day global CrRE in both models is -3.8 W m2, with a boreal component (-4.2 to -4.6 W m-2) that compares well with observationally derived estimates (-3.9 to -4.6 W m-2). Similar present-day CrRE in the two model versions results from compensating differences in cloud masking and sea ice extent. Over the 21st century, radiative forcing in the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario causes reduced boreal sea ice cover, austral sea ice cover, and boreal snow cover, which all contribute roughly equally to enhancing global absorbed shortwave radiation by 1.4–1.8 Wm-2. Twenty-first century RCP8.5 global cryospheric albedo feedback are +0.41 and +0.45 W/m-2/K, indicating that the two models exhibit similar temperature-normalized CrRE change. © 2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"55812101900;7004299063;37037519900;57207008570;7407104838;35096299800;9249627300;","Arctic cryosphere response in the geoengineering model intercomparison project G3 and G4 scenarios",2014,"10.1002/2013JD020627","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84898941474&doi=10.1002%2f2013JD020627&partnerID=40&md5=e9f108a925042d1a2c688b9c9603f669","We analyzed output from the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project for the two most “realistic” scenarios, which use the representative concentration pathway of 4.5 Wm-2 by 2100 (RCP4.5) as the control run and inject sulfate aerosol precursors into the stratosphere. The first experiment, G3, is specified to keep RCP4.5 top of atmosphere net radiation at 2020 values by injection of sulfate aerosols, and the second, G4, injects 5 Tg SO2 per year. We ask whether geoengineering by injection of sulfate aerosols into the lower stratosphere from the years 2020 to 2070 is able to prevent the demise of Northern Hemispere minimum annual sea ice extent or slow spring Northern Hemispere snow cover loss. We show that in all available models, despite geoengineering efforts, September sea ice extents still decrease from 2020 to 2070, although not as quickly as in RCP4.5. In two of five models, total September ice loss occurs before 2060. Spring snow extent is increased from 2020 to 2070 compared to RCP4.5 although there is still a negative trend in 3 of 4 models. Because of the climate system lag in responding to the existing radiative forcing, to stop Arctic sea ice and snow from continuing to melt, the imposed forcing would have to be large enough to also counteract the existing radiative imbalance. After the cessation of sulfate aerosol injection in 2070, the climate system rebounds to the warmer RCP4.5 state quickly, and thus, any sea ice or snow retention as a result of geoengineering is lost within a decade. © 2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"15025016200;41862083000;7004019727;23106104500;37096844000;6506388203;8141113900;7102423377;35767349800;7004638808;7003392367;56962771100;55421445700;7003850890;","Effect of early Pliocene uplift on late Pliocene cooling in the Arctic-Atlantic gateway",2014,"10.1016/j.epsl.2013.11.007","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84889603153&doi=10.1016%2fj.epsl.2013.11.007&partnerID=40&md5=16ba08f42a8711799ca1dc7da93027ad","Despite the undisputed role of the Arctic Ocean in the modern and Pliocene climate system, the Arctic has only recently attracted public awareness that ongoing, fundamental change in the Arctic cryosphere could be a response to global warming. Clarification of the Arctic's role in global climate during the Pliocene is, however, largely hampered by equivocal stratigraphic constraints. From a well-dated Pliocene sequence from the Yermak Plateau, off NW Spitsbergen, we present sedimentological and geochemical data indicating that 4 million years ago terrigenous sediment supply and sources changed abruptly in response to a regional tectonic uplift event. We argue that this event together with contemporary uplift and tilting along the northwestern European continental margin preconditioned the landmasses for glacial ice build-up during intensification of the Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (INHG). Our data further suggest that the final deepening/widening of the Arctic-Atlantic gateway, the Fram Strait, between 6.5 and 5 Ma gradually caused increased deep-water mass exchange which, in turn, likely contributed to the intensification of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation. Coupled to the North Atlantic warm pool as a regional moisture source, declining atmospheric CO2 levels and other feedback mechanisms during the Pliocene, the regional tectonic activities in the high northern latitudes caused decreased summer ablation and thus allowed the initial build-up of glacial ice both in Scandinavia, and the sub-aerially exposed Svalbard/Barents Sea, culminating in the first large-scale coastline-shelf edge glaciations at ~2.75 Ma ago. © 2013 Elsevier B.V."
"15729547600;16041047000;57210230785;7202475536;","Future climate warming increases Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance variability",2014,"10.1002/2013GL058172","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84892656885&doi=10.1002%2f2013GL058172&partnerID=40&md5=81eda75396620dd90dd7103f34ad4204","The integrated surface mass balance (SMB) of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) has large interannual variability. Long-term future changes to this variability will affect GrIS dynamics, freshwater fluxes, regional oceanography, and detection of changes in ice volume trends. Here we analyze a simulated 1850-2100 GrIS SMB time series from the Community Earth System Model, currently the only global climate model that realistically simulates GrIS SMB. We find a significant increase in interannual integrated SMB variability over time, which we attribute primarily to a shift to a high-variability melt-dominated SMB regime due to GrIS ablation area growth. We find temporal increases to characteristic ablation and accumulation area-specific SMB variabilities to be of secondary importance. Since ablation area SMB variability is driven largely by variability in summer surface melt, variability in the climate processes regulating the energy fluxes that control melting will likely increasingly determine future GrIS SMB variability. ©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"24072495000;6507429257;25655313900;56186700900;14421409400;7404226510;6603118938;6701477081;","Ice Complex formation in arctic East Siberia during the MIS3 Interstadial",2014,"10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.11.009","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84889595339&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2013.11.009&partnerID=40&md5=429ff3bc1a93966cd3536c4622e38e01","A continuous 15m long sequence of Ice Complex permafrost (Yedoma) exposed in a thermo-cirque at the southern coast of Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island (New Siberian Archipelago, Dmitry Laptev Strait) was studied to reconstruct past landscape and environmental dynamics. The sequence accumulated during the Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS3) Interstadial between >49 and 29kaBP in an ice-wedge polygon. The frozen deposits were cryolithologically described and sampled on a vertical bluff between two ice wedges. According to sedimentological and geochronological data, the section is subdivided into three units which correlate with environmental conditions of the early, middle, and late MIS3 period. Palynological data support this stratification. The stable isotope signature of texture ice in the polygon structure reflects fractionation due to local freeze-thaw processes, while the signature of an approximately 5m wide and more than 17m high ice wedge fits very well into the regional stable-water isotope record. Regional climate dynamics during the MIS3 Interstadial and local landscape conditions of the polygonal patterned ground controlled the Ice Complex formation. The sequence presented here completes previously published MIS3 permafrost records in Northeast Siberia. Late Quaternary stadial-interstadial climate variability in arctic West Beringia is preserved at millennial resolution in the Ice Complex. A MIS3 climate optimum was revealed between 48 and 38kaBP from the Ice Complex on Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd."
"57209785151;7403276577;7102890126;","Impact of physical properties and accumulation rate on pore close-off in layered firn",2014,"10.5194/tc-8-91-2014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84892714712&doi=10.5194%2ftc-8-91-2014&partnerID=40&md5=be2b455f1267c85a161b716dc828aaa9","Investigations into the physical characteristics of deep firn near the lock-in zone through pore close-off are needed to improve understanding of ice core records of past atmospheric composition. Specifically, the permeability and microstructure profiles of the firn through the diffusive column influence the entrapment of air into bubbles and thus the ice age-gas age difference. The purpose of this study is to examine the nature of pore closure processes at two polar sites with very different local temperatures and accumulation rates. Density, permeability, and microstructure measurements were made on firn cores from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide, a site that has moderate accumulation rates with a seasonal climate archive, and Megadunes in East Antarctica, a site that is a natural laboratory for accumulation rate effects in the cold low-accumulation desert. We found that the open pore structure plays a more important role than density in predicting gas transport properties, throughout the porous firn matrix. For firn below 50 m depth at both WAIS Divide and Megadunes, finer-grained layers experience close-off shallower in the firn column than do coarser-grained layers, regardless of which grain size layer is the denser layer at depth. Pore close-off occurs at a critical open porosity that is accumulation rate dependent. Defining pore close-off at a critical open porosity for a given accumulation rate as opposed to a critical total porosity accounts for the pore space available for gas transport. Below the critical open porosity, the firn becomes impermeable despite having small amounts of interconnected pore space. The low-accumulation sites, with generally coarse grains, close off at lower open porosities (∼<10%) than the open porosity (∼>10%) of high-accumulation sites that have generally finer grains. The microstructure and permeability even near the bottom of the firn column are relic indicators of the nature of accumulation when that firn was at the surface. The physical structure and layering are the primary controlling factors on pore close-off. In contrast to current assumptions for polar firn, the depth and length of the lock-in zone is primarily dependent upon accumulation rate and microstructural variability due to differences in grain size and pore structure, rather than the density variability of the layers. © 2014 Author(s)."
"55200342600;6701712459;11940707700;37461808200;6602438071;","A satellite-based snow cover climatology (1985-2011) for the European Alps derived from AVHRR data",2014,"10.5194/tc-8-73-2014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84892771593&doi=10.5194%2ftc-8-73-2014&partnerID=40&md5=7391391bf553be1c62aa1fefcde78f2d","Seasonal snow cover is of great environmental and socio-economic importance for the European Alps. Therefore a high priority has been assigned to quantifying its temporal and spatial variability. Complementary to land-based monitoring networks, optical satellite observations can be used to derive spatially comprehensive information on snow cover extent. For understanding long-term changes in alpine snow cover extent, the data acquired by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensors mounted onboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA) and Meteorological Operational satellite (MetOp) platforms offer a unique source of information. In this paper, we present the first space-borne 1 km snow extent climatology for the Alpine region derived from AVHRR data over the period 1985-2011. The objective of this study is twofold: first, to generate a new set of cloud-free satellite snow products using a specific cloud gap-filling technique and second, to examine the spatiotemporal distribution of snow cover in the European Alps over the last 27 yr from the satellite perspective. For this purpose, snow parameters such as snow onset day, snow cover duration (SCD), melt-out date and the snow cover area percentage (SCA) were employed to analyze spatiotemporal variability of snow cover over the course of three decades. On the regional scale, significant trends were found toward a shorter SCD at lower elevations in the south-east and south-west. However, our results do not show any significant trends in the monthly mean SCA over the last 27 yr. This is in agreement with other research findings and may indicate a deceleration of the decreasing snow trend in the Alpine region. Furthermore, such data may provide spatially and temporally homogeneous snow information for comprehensive use in related research fields (i.e., hydrologic and economic applications) or can serve as a reference for climate models. © 2014 Author(s). CC Attribution 3.0 License."
"12767422800;20435990000;57203049177;","Feedbacks and mechanisms affecting the global sensitivity of glaciers to climate change",2014,"10.5194/tc-8-59-2014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84892183911&doi=10.5194%2ftc-8-59-2014&partnerID=40&md5=252b28dae711d32e802443b4ec6f909f","Mass loss by glaciers has been an important contributor to sea level rise in the past, and is projected to contribute a substantial fraction of total sea level rise during the 21st century. Here, we use a model of the world's glaciers to quantify equilibrium sensitivities of global glacier mass to climate change, and to investigate the role of changes in glacier hypsometry for long-term mass changes. We find that 21st century glacier-mass loss is largely governed by the glacier's response to 20th century climate change. This limits the influence of 21st century climate change on glacier-mass loss, and explains why there are relatively small differences in glacier-mass loss under greatly different scenarios of climate change. The projected future changes in both temperature and precipitation experienced by glaciers are amplified relative to the global average. The projected increase in precipitation partly compensates for the mass loss caused by warming, but this compensation is negligible at higher temperature anomalies since an increasing fraction of precipitation at the glacier sites is liquid. Loss of low-lying glacier area, and more importantly, eventual complete disappearance of glaciers, strongly limit the projected sea level contribution from glaciers in coming centuries. The adjustment of glacier hypsometry to changes in the forcing strongly reduces the rates of global glacier-mass loss caused by changes in global mean temperature compared to rates of mass loss when hypsometric changes are neglected. This result is a second reason for the relatively weak dependence of glacier-mass loss on future climate scenario, and helps explain why glacier-mass loss in the first half of the 20th century was of the same order of magnitude as in the second half of the 20th century, even though the rate of warming was considerably smaller. © 2014 Author(s)."
"7101936026;56495191100;6507531495;","Progress in studies of cryospheric changes and their impacts on climate of China",2014,"10.1007/s13351-014-4029-z","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84921762964&doi=10.1007%2fs13351-014-4029-z&partnerID=40&md5=2245695c1a49743eb5b1b9e8e97dac98","The cryosphere is a prominent factor in and an indicator of global climate change. It serves one of the most direct and sensitive feedbacks in the climate system, and plays an important role in the earth's climate system. Cryospheric research has attracted unprecedented attention in the context of global warming, and is now one of the most active areas in studies of global change, sustainable development, and the climate system. This paper addresses recent and potential future changes in the cryosphere both globally and within China under the background of global warming. Particular attention is paid to progress toward understanding the impacts of the Tibetan Plateau and Eurasian snow cover, Arctic and Antarctic sea ice, and permafrost and glaciers on Chinese climate. The future development of cryospheric research in China is also discussed. © The Chinese Meteorological Society and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014."
"35587726000;55637634300;57215763767;55584797405;56624264100;","Cumulative departure model of the cryosphere during the pleistocene",2014,"10.1061/(ASCE)CR.1943-5495.0000071","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84928941238&doi=10.1061%2f%28ASCE%29CR.1943-5495.0000071&partnerID=40&md5=134f123dad4fca0f824150f2e2541f46","A mathematical model is developed to describe changes in ice volume in the cryosphere. Modeling the cryosphere may be useful in assessing future climate impacts currently captured by global circulation models (GCMs) by providing an opportunity to validate GCMs. Leveraging the dominating effects of freezing and thawing in the cryosphere to simplify relevant heat transport equations allows for the derivation of a mathematical model that can be solved exactly. Such exact solutions are useful in investigating other climatic components that may be similarly analyzed for possible GCM validation. The current trend in GCM advancement is to increase the complexity and sophistication of the various heat transport effects that are represented in the governing mathematical model in cumulative form as the heat forcing function. In this paper, simplified models are developed whose solution can be directly compared with available data forms representing temperature and ice volume during the Pleistocene. With careful integration of the Pleistocene temperature term in the mathematical solution, the well-known cumulative departure method can be resolved from the mathematical solution using a two-term expansion of the corresponding Taylor series. This simplification is shown to be a good approximation of the Pleistocene ice volume for given Pleistocene temperatures. © 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers."
"6602617354;","Climatic sensitivity of the non-glaciated mountains cryosphere (Tatra Mts., Poland and Slovakia)",2014,"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.07.001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84904573053&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloplacha.2014.07.001&partnerID=40&md5=db2c41d010a8856cbdb8e68e8d4e0f90","This paper concerns the response of the conditioned by orography cryosphere of the non-glaciated mountains of mid-latitude to the climate impulses. It presents the relationships among the air temperature, precipitation, snow cover, lake ice cover, firn-ice patches (glacierets) and permafrost in the Tatras. The data from the warmest multi-year in the history of the local meteorological measurements and statistical models (multiple regression) have been used. The results indicate that all the components of the contemporary cryosphere are very sensitive to the changes in the air temperature in winter or snow precipitation/accumulation. Due to the diverse orographic conditions, interannual variability of seasonal and perennial, surface and subsurface ice deposits in the mountain areas may not be synchronous. However, the long-term trends of this variability reflect the changes in the global climate system. © 2014 Elsevier B.V."
"16444282400;56146932800;","Development of a National Snow and Ice Monitoring Network for New Zealand",2014,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84899765908&partnerID=40&md5=36f0a0856190ad5715ef5b719f714dba","Depending on the pace of global climate change, snow and ice are two resources that are likely to show significant change over the next 20 to 100 years. Such changes will have substantial impacts on the long-term planning for water resources and the daily operations of hydro-electricity generation, agriculture and tourism/skiing industries. These changes will also affect all aspects of the alpine and downstream environments, with influences on the hydrological cycle, erosion and land stability, biodiversity, and recreation in these areas. In 2006, the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) started to develop the National Snow and Ice Monitoring Network (SIN), an expansion of the climate station network, to better observe and quantify changes in the cryosphere. The new network has two primary aims: first to gain a better understanding of snow and ice in terms of a resource and a hazard; secondly, to assess the future impact of climate change on snow and ice. This means that NIWA and New Zealand have both a real-time and a long-term need for the data from these sites. New Zealand lacks a good record of historical snow data, and the previous climate network configuration had poor coverage of areas at higher elevations. We discuss the instrumentation, location selection and installation of the new SIN sites. The resulting climate station configuration greatly improves the coverage of land areas above 1, 000 m in elevation. © New Zealand Hydrological Society (2013)."
"55880847200;15726481600;36239282800;","Modeling the evolution of polar ice sheets: Ice sheet system model workshop; Bergen, Norway, 2-4 June 2014",2014,"10.1002/2014EO450005","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84911042021&doi=10.1002%2f2014EO450005&partnerID=40&md5=d197258c29638f605a5c199d83523554","The Ice Sheet System Model (ISSM) team, which is funded primarily by NASA (Cryosphere and Modeling, Analysis and Prediction programs), as well as the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, University of California, Irvine, and National Science Foundation's Office of Polar Programs, organized a workshop in collaboration with the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR) at the University of Bergen in Norway, in June 2014. ©2014 The Authors."
"7005950855;","Fifth IPCC Assessment Report Now Out",2014,"10.1515/igbp-2015-0001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84951811509&doi=10.1515%2figbp-2015-0001&partnerID=40&md5=2a4d0246afdfbe00b53bb450d832b7d9","The Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is now available. It provides policymakers with an assessment of information on climate change, its impacts and possible response options (adaptation and mitigation). Summaries for policymakers of three reports of IPCC working groups and of the Synthesis Report have now been approved by IPCC plenaries. This present paper reports on the most essential findings in AR5. It briefly informs on the contents of reports of all IPCC working groups. It discusses the physical science findings, therein observed changes (ubiquitous warming, shrinking cryosphere, sea level rise, changes in precipitation and extremes, and biogeochemical cycles). It deals with the drivers of climate change, progress in climate system understanding (evaluation of climate models, quantification of climate system responses), and projections for the future. It reviews impacts, adaptation and vulnerability, including observed changes, key risks, key reasons for concern, sectors and systems, and managing risks and building resilience. Finally, mitigation of climate change is discussed, including greenhouse gas emissions in the past, present and future, and mitigation in sectors. It is hoped that the present article will encourage the readership of this journal to dive into the AR5 report that provides a wealth of useful information. © 2014 Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz, published by De Gruyter Open."
"41662155300;6701827213;7103076532;6701604201;34979116900;55922631000;55922595300;36671148500;","An ice core record of near-synchronous global climate changes at the Bølling transition",2014,"10.1038/ngeo2147","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84901701650&doi=10.1038%2fngeo2147&partnerID=40&md5=73a347dcfd4fd99403559b5724d248e7","The abrupt warming that initiated the Bølling-Allerød interstadial was the penultimate warming in a series of climate variations known as Dansgaard-Oeschger events. Despite the clear expression of this transition in numerous palaeoclimate records, the relative timing of climate shifts in different regions of the world and their causes are subject to debate. Here we explore the phasing of global climate change at the onset of the Bølling-Allerød using air preserved in bubbles in the North Greenland Eemian ice core. Specifically, we measured methane concentrations, which act as a proxy for low-latitude climate, and the 15N/ 14N ratio of N2, which reflects Greenland surface temperature, over the same interval of time. We use an atmospheric box model and a firn air model to account for potential uncertainties in the data, and find that changes in Greenland temperature and atmospheric methane emissions at the Bølling onset occurred essentially synchronously, with temperature leading by 4.5+21 -24 years. We cannot exclude the possibility that tropical climate could lag changing methane concentrations by up to several decades, if the initial methane rise came from boreal sources alone. However, because even boreal methane-producing regions lie far from Greenland, we conclude that the mechanism that drove abrupt change at this time must be capable of rapidly transmitting climate changes across the globe. © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited."
"26031354700;7003427380;","High predictability of the winter Euro-Atlantic climate from cryospheric variability",2014,"10.1038/ngeo2118","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84901723127&doi=10.1038%2fngeo2118&partnerID=40&md5=03950c5cdf05626ec90c1e6a30ddc9d3","Seasonal prediction skill for surface winter climate in the Euro-Atlantic sector has been limited so far. In particular, the predictability of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation, the mode that largely dominates regional atmospheric and climate variability, remains a hurdle for present dynamical prediction systems. Statistical forecasts have also been largely elusive, but October Eurasian snow cover has been shown to be a robust source of regional predictability. Here we use maximum covariance analysis to show that Arctic sea-ice variability represents another good predictor of the winter Euro-Atlantic climate at lead times of as much as three months. Cross-validated hindcasts of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation index using September sea-ice anomalies yield a correlation skill of 0.59 for the period 1979/1980-2012/2013, suggesting that 35% of its variance could be predicted three months in advance. This skill can be further enhanced, at the expense of a shorter lead time, by using October Eurasian snow cover as an additional predictor. Skilful predictions of winter European surface air temperature and precipitation are also obtained with September sea ice as the only predictor. We conclude that it is important to incorporate Arctic sea-ice variability in seasonal prediction systems. © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited."
"55947509300;56117598600;56084464200;47560910000;7103238423;7801319129;54968398800;55368433000;","Geomatics techniques applied to glaciers, rock glaciers, and ice patches in Spain (1991-2012)",2014,"10.1111/geoa.12047","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84906941092&doi=10.1111%2fgeoa.12047&partnerID=40&md5=20d94a9aee1d2aa88adf092eb06a7ace","At present there is a wide variety of geomatic techniques available to determine the dynamics of glaciers, rock glaciers and ice patches. Between 1991 and 2012, different geomatic techniques - total station, global positioning system, close-range photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanner - were applied to monitor the movement of cryosphere landforms in the high mountains of the Iberian Peninsula. The applied techniques must be adapted to the dynamic conditions of cryospheric environments, and so there is no ideal general technique, and depending on the characteristics of the geomorphological structure to be studied, different geomatic techniques can be used. However, there are situations in which certain instruments cannot be used: global positioning system-real time kinematics shows difficulties when the presence of vertical walls cause a 'multipath' effect. The technique that provides the best results in each case must be chosen, although they can all give good results in measuring and monitoring geomorphological processes. This paper analyses the techniques used and results on vertical and horizontal changes of glaciers, rock glaciers and ice patches in the Sierra Nevada, Pyrenees and Picos de Europa, and differences among them by location and topoclimatic setting. All glaciers and rock glaciers show a thinning tendency and annual variations in the flow velocity. In addition to the specific dynamic analysis, the geomatic techniques can be used to detail scale and volume changes and perimeter of the analysed landforms. © 2014 Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography."
"6601981423;56194137200;57213175895;","Cryogenic Deformation Structures in Late Cenozoic Unconsolidated Sediments of the Tunka Depression in the Baikal Rift Zone",2014,"10.1002/ppp.1809","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84901840729&doi=10.1002%2fppp.1809&partnerID=40&md5=780ca28bbe9e2d979a68abc1f296c67c","The Late Cenozoic alluvial deposits in the Tunka depression of the Baikal Rift Zone, Russia, contain wedge-shaped structures and involutions that provide valuable palaeogeographic information about the southern part of eastern Siberia. The structure of the unconsolidated host deposits, the shape and size of the deformation structures (wedge shaped, wave like or drop like) and the physical-mechanical properties of the sediments (particle size, density, porosity, water content and colour) point to a cryogenic origin of the deformation structures, as ice wedge pseudomorphs and cryoturbations, rather than an origin associated with seismic activity or sedimentation. The oldest pseudomorphs and cryoturbations developed during climate-warming periods of the subboreal climatic phase (3600-2600years ago). © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."
"56308641700;8673372700;57199009811;56308675700;","Remote sensing based assessment of glacial lake growth on milam glacier, goriganga basin, kumaon himalaya",2014,"10.1007/s12594-014-0055-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84905401656&doi=10.1007%2fs12594-014-0055-9&partnerID=40&md5=dffdf4ec81bdd112a96fd86812956183","The climate change of the twentieth century had an evident effect on glacier environments of the Himalaya. Temporal images of Indian Remote Sensing satellites provide an opportunity to monitor the recession of glacier and development of glacial lakes in the Himalayan cryosphere with a cost to time benefit ratio. The recession of Milam glacier and subsequent growth of a proglacial lake near the snout was analysed using Resourcesat-1 and Resourcesat-2 data. The recession of 480 m during 2004 to 2011 and growth of 47 epiglacial ponds over Milam glacier shows the glacier is in a state of imbalance and losing the ice by downwasting. © GEOL. SOC. INDIA."
"7403315151;57203364777;56199690100;55338203400;42761749200;55241190400;14036032200;56200459400;","Expanded glaciers during a dry and cold last glacial maximum in equatorial East Africa",2014,"10.1130/G35421.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84902202551&doi=10.1130%2fG35421.1&partnerID=40&md5=7f80847b8a640c4d1dd90c471c211ec1","Glaciers on the world's highest tropical mountains are among the most sensitive components of the cryosphere, yet the climatic controls that infl uence their fl uctuations are not fully understood. Here we present the fi rst 10Be ages of glacial moraines in Africa and use these to assess the climatic conditions that infl uenced past tropical glacial extents. We applied 10Be surface exposure dating to determine the ages of quartz-rich boulders atop moraines in the Rwenzori Mountains (~1°N, 30°E), located on the border of Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The 10Be ages document expanded glaciers ca. 23.4 and 20.1 ka, indicating that glaciers in equatorial East Africa advanced during the global Last Glacial Maximum (ca. 26-19.5 ka). A comparison of these moraine ages with regional paleoclimate records indicates that Rwenzori glaciers expanded contemporaneously with dry and cold conditions. Recession from the moraines occurred after ca. 20.1 ka, similar in timing to a rise in air temperature documented in East African lake records. Our results suggest that, on millennial time scales, past fl uctuations of Rwenzori glaciers were strongly infl uenced by air temperature. © 2014 Geological Society of America."
"24484558600;56537420600;55202268500;37059017800;7006672568;","Thawing glacial and permafrost features contribute to nitrogen export from Green Lakes Valley, Colorado Front Range, USA",2014,"10.1007/s10533-013-9886-5","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84897470927&doi=10.1007%2fs10533-013-9886-5&partnerID=40&md5=01e045ad08583c289495cd2b3a362069","Alpine ecosystems are particularly susceptible to disturbance due to their short growing seasons, sparse vegetation and thin soils. Increased nitrogen deposition in wetfall and changes in climate currently affect Green Lakes Valley within the Colorado Front Range. Research conducted within the alpine links chronic nitrogen inputs to a suite of ecological impacts, resulting in increased nitrate export. The atmospheric nitrogen flux decreased by 0.56 kg ha-1 year-1 between 2000 and 2009, due to decreased precipitation; however alpine nitrate yields increased by 40 % relative to the previous decade (1990-1999). Long term trends indicate that weathering products such as sulfate, calcium, and silica have also increased over the same period. The geochemical composition of thawing permafrost, as indicated by rock glacial and blockfield meltwater, suggests it is the source of these weathering products. Furthermore, mass balance models indicate the high ammonium loads within glacial meltwater are rapidly nitrified, contributing ~0.5-1.4 kg N ha-1 to the growing season nitrate flux from the alpine watershed. The sustained export of these solutes during dry, summer months is likely facilitated by thawing cryosphere providing hydraulic connectivity late into the growing season. This mechanism is further supported by the lack of upward weathering or nitrogen solute trends in a neighboring catchment which lacks permafrost and glacial features. These findings suggest that reductions of atmospheric nitrogen deposition alone may not improve water quality, as cryospheric thaw exposes soils to biological and geochemical processes that may affect alpine nitrate concentrations as much as atmospheric deposition trends. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht."
"16480157500;36562071600;7405273477;55706580300;7409432772;7101707983;36013562000;55902696400;","DDTs and HCHs in sediment cores from the Tibetan Plateau",2014,"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.012","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84887198873&doi=10.1016%2fj.chemosphere.2013.10.012&partnerID=40&md5=0400459b5403f4976ff9fb37543fca07","Sediment cores were collected from five critical regions in the Tibetan Plateau and were analysed for OCPs with the objective of examining the time trends and recycling of DDTs and HCHs in the cryogenic area. A concurrent increase of the DDT and HCH concentrations from the late 1980s in Lake Yamzho Yumco, Nam Co and Star Sea were observed. The increasing levels of DDE/DDTs (>0.4) suggested that DDT in the upper layers of the sediment cores may be recycled/""weathered"" DDT. Regarding the acceleration of glacier retreat from the 1980s due to global warming, it is suggested that OCPs formerly trapped either in the snow/glacier or in the frozen soil land recently reclaimed in the processes of glacier retreat may have been flushed into the sedimentary basins. These findings demonstrate the potential impact of global warming on the recycling of POPs in the plateau cryosphere and indicate that the pristine Tibetan Plateau may serve as one of the key probes to the global trend of POPs. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd."
"56226148200;6507023683;23090602200;56227103900;56227197700;56227340300;56226146200;55218493400;35956268700;34974580000;","Preliminary results of mass-balance observations of Yala Glacier and analysis of temperature and precipitation gradients in Langtang Valley, Nepal",2014,"10.3189/2014AoG66A106","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84903132383&doi=10.3189%2f2014AoG66A106&partnerID=40&md5=5e0004fac3ccb35ad769fb755fd8385f","Monitoring the glacier mass balance of summer-accumulation-type Himalayan glaciers is critical to not only assess the impact of climate change on the volume of such glaciers but also predict the downstream water availability and the global sea-level change in future. To better understand the change in meteorological parameters related to glacier mass balance and runoff in a glacierized basin and to assess the highly heterogeneous glacier responses to climate change in the Nepal Himalaya and nearby ranges, the Cryosphere Monitoring Project (CMP) carries out meteorological observations in Langtang Valley and mass-balance measurements on Yala Glacier, a debris-free glacier in the same valley. A negative annual mass balance of -0.89mw.e. and the rising equilibrium-line altitude of Yala Glacier indicate a continuation of a secular trend toward more negative mass balances. Lower temperature lapse rate during the monsoon, the effect of convective precipitation associated with mesoscale thermal circulation in the local precipitation and the occurrence of distinct diurnal cycles of temperature and precipitation at different stations in the valley are other conclusions of this comprehensive scientific study initiated by CMP which aims to yield multi-year glaciological, hydrological and meteorological observations in the glacierized Langtang River basin."
"55445129500;7401569549;","Climate, Not Atmospheric Deposition, Drives the Biogeochemical Mass-Balance of a Mountain Watershed",2014,"10.1007/s10498-013-9199-2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84897575114&doi=10.1007%2fs10498-013-9199-2&partnerID=40&md5=8e0b164f0818ecf4c70db99a1193dc14","Watershed mass-balance methods are valuable tools for demonstrating impacts to water quality from atmospheric deposition and chemical weathering. Owen Bricker, a pioneer of the mass-balance method, began applying mass-balance modeling to small watersheds in the late 1960s and dedicated his career to expanding the literature and knowledge of complex watershed processes. We evaluated long-term trends in surface-water chemistry in the Loch Vale watershed, a 660-ha. alpine/subalpine catchment located in Rocky Mountain National Park, CO, USA. Many changes in surface-water chemistry correlated with multiple drivers, including summer or monthly temperature, snow water equivalent, and the runoff-to-precipitation ratio. Atmospheric deposition was not a significant causal agent for surface-water chemistry trends. We observed statistically significant increases in both concentrations and fluxes of weathering products including cations, SiO2, SO42-, and ANC, and in inorganic N, with inorganic N being primarily of atmospheric origin. These changes are evident in the individual months June, July, and August, and also in the combined June, July, and August summer season. Increasingly warm summer temperatures are melting what was once permanent ice and this may release elements entrained in the ice, stimulate chemical weathering with enhanced moisture availability, and stimulate microbial nitrification. Weathering rates may also be enhanced by sustained water availability in high snowpack years. Rapid change in the flux of weathering products and inorganic N is the direct and indirect result of a changing climate from warming temperatures and thawing cryosphere. © 2013 The Author(s)."
"7404678955;","Quantifying and Reducing Uncertainty in the Large-Scale Response of the Water Cycle",2014,"10.1007/s10712-012-9203-1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84897459417&doi=10.1007%2fs10712-012-9203-1&partnerID=40&md5=c945307670de52f2d6f60887e9b5fdc1","Despite their obvious environmental, societal and economic importance, our understanding of the causes and magnitude of the variations in the global water cycle is still unsatisfactory. Uncertainties in hydrological predictions from the current generation of models pose a serious challenge to the reliability of forecasts and projections across time and space scales. This paper provides an overview of the current issues and challenges in modelling various aspects of the Earth's hydrological cycle. These include: the global water budget and water conservation, the role of model resolution and parametrisation of precipitation-generating processes on the representation of the global and regional hydrological cycle, representation of clouds and microphysical processes, rainfall variability, the influence of land-atmosphere coupling on rainfall patterns and their variability, monsoon processes and teleconnections, and ocean and cryosphere modelling. We conclude that continued collaborative activity in the areas of model development across timescales, process studies and climate change studies will provide better understanding of how and why the hydrological cycle may change, and better estimation of uncertainty in model projections of changes in the global water cycle. © 2012 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of United Kingdom 2012."
"55882114500;41561788600;14071389300;23974441400;48861439400;12765822400;55419212600;7202019251;55207460700;57188830149;56001772500;56317234800;","Remote sensing for snow hydrology in China: Challenges and perspectives",2014,"10.1117/1.JRS.8.084687","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84905748539&doi=10.1117%2f1.JRS.8.084687&partnerID=40&md5=0737adf3aec9a6bd7cb227c0ba0148d1","Snow is one of the most important components of the cryosphere. Remote sensing of snow focuses on the retrieval of snow parameters and monitoring of variations in snow using satellite data. These parameters are key inputs for hydrological and atmospheric models. Over the past 30 years, the field of snow remote sensing has grown dramatically in China. The 30-year achievements of research in different aspects of snow remote sensing in China, especially in (1) methods of retrieving snow cover, snow depth/snow water equivalent, and grain size and (2) applications to snowmelt runoff modeling, snow response on climate change, and remote sensing monitoring of snow-caused disasters are reviewed/summarized. The importance of the first remote sensing experiment on snow parameters at the upper reaches of the Heihe River Basin, in 2008, is also highlighted. A series of experiments, referred to as the Cooperative Observation Series for Snow (COSS), focus on some key topics on remote sensing of snow. COSS has been implemented for 3 years and will continue in different snow pattern regions of China. The snow assimilation system has been established in some regions using advanced ensemble Kalman filters. Finally, an outlook for the future of remote sensing of snow in China is given. © 2014 The Authors."
"7006681376;7004047492;24280225800;","High temporal resolution estimations of the Arctic sea ice albedo during the melting and refreezing periods of the years 2011",2014,"10.1016/j.rse.2013.10.001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84886304044&doi=10.1016%2fj.rse.2013.10.001&partnerID=40&md5=f188aa94263cd44de5a8f6317ccbab2c","Methods for estimating seasonal and long term trends of the Arctic sea ice albedo are of growing importance to cryosphere and climate studies. Remote sensing of the sea ice albedo has hitherto been carried out using optical satellite instruments. However, the measured data is often insufficient in late summer and fall because of clouds and low solar elevations. Therefore, new methods are a prerequisite for realistic estimations for the global sea ice albedo over the whole melting-refreezing period. Here, we show that a new microwave based sea ice albedo estimation method alleviates problems of optical instruments, offering new albedo data especially during the refreezing periods even on a daily basis. In this study we present detailed weekly and daily albedo progress over the whole Arctic sea ice area from June to September for the period of 2003-2011, estimated using the microwave method. © 2013 Elsevier Inc."
"23090602200;55823635300;55113746900;6506484654;","The importance of observed gradients of air temperature and precipitation for modeling runoff from a glacierized watershed in the Nepalese Himalayas",2014,"10.1002/2013WR014506","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84895854032&doi=10.1002%2f2013WR014506&partnerID=40&md5=954b95326a23a01715653e7b21e9dd6e","The performance of glaciohydrological models which simulate catchment response to climate variability depends to a large degree on the data used to force the models. The forcing data become increasingly important in high-elevation, glacierized catchments where the interplay between extreme topography, climate, and the cryosphere is complex. It is challenging to generate a reliable forcing data set that captures this spatial heterogeneity. In this paper, we analyze the results of a 1 year field campaign focusing on air temperature and precipitation observations in the Langtang valley in the Nepalese Himalayas. We use the observed time series to characterize both temperature lapse rates (LRs) and precipitation gradients (PGs). We study their spatial and temporal variability, and we attempt to identify possible controlling factors. We show that very clear LRs exist in the valley and that there are strong seasonal differences related to the water vapor content in the atmosphere. Results also show that the LRs are generally shallower than the commonly used environmental lapse rates. The analysis of the precipitation observations reveals that there is great variability in precipitation over short horizontal distances. A uniform valley wide PG cannot be established, and several scale-dependent mechanisms may explain our observations. We complete our analysis by showing the impact of the observed LRs and PGs on the outputs of the TOPKAPI-ETH glaciohydrological model. We conclude that LRs and PGs have a very large impact on the water balance composition and that short-term monitoring campaigns have the potential to improve model quality considerably. Key Points Precipitation is variable and uniform precipitation gradients cannot be derived Temperature lapse rates are not constant throughout the year and shallow Temperature lapse rates and precipitation gradients are key inputs in modeling © 2014. The Authors."
"55666753300;7005764179;7401569549;8263742400;","Links between N deposition and nitrate export from a high-elevation watershed in the Colorado front range",2014,"10.1021/es502461k","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84918562623&doi=10.1021%2fes502461k&partnerID=40&md5=7ce04a23c02f4184f04ce6e6b607b00e","Long-term patterns of stream nitrate export and atmospheric N deposition were evaluated over three decades in Loch Vale, a high-elevation watershed in the Colorado Front Range. Stream nitrate concentrations increased in the early 1990s, peaked in the mid-2000s, and have since declined by over 40%, coincident with trends in nitrogen oxide emissions over the past decade. Similarities in the timing and magnitude of N deposition provide evidence that stream chemistry is responding to changes in atmospheric deposition. The response to deposition was complicated by a drought in the early 2000s that enhanced N export for several years. Other possible explanations, including forest disturbance, snow depth, or permafrost melting, could not explain patterns in N export. Our results show that stream chemistry responds rapidly to changes in N deposition in high-elevation watersheds, similar to the response observed to changes in sulfur deposition. © This article not subject to U.S. Copyright. Published 2014 by the American Chemical Society."
"56206398400;8909964400;7004614283;9249394800;","Assessment of the capabilities of the temporal and spatiotemporal ICA method for geophysical signal separation in GRACE data",2014,"10.1002/2013JB010452","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84902436374&doi=10.1002%2f2013JB010452&partnerID=40&md5=7a109ffa4ccaadeaf0f67a7858756798","We investigate the potential of two independent component analysis (ICA) methods, i.e., the temporal and spatiotemporal ICA, for separating geophysical signals in Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data. These methods are based on the assumption of the statistical independence of the signals and thus separate the GRACE-observed mass changes into maximal independent signals. These two ICA methods are compared to the conventional principal component analysis (PCA) method. We test the three methods with respect to their ability to separate a periodic hydrological signal from a trend signal originating in the solid Earth or the cryosphere with simulated and Center for Space Research GRACE mass changes for the time period of January 2003 to December 2010. In addition, we investigate whether the methods are capable of separating hydrological annual and semiannual mass variations. It is shown that both ICA methods are superior to PCA when non-Gaussian mass variations are analyzed. Furthermore, the spatiotemporal ICA resolves successfully the lack of full temporal and spatial independence of the geophysical signals observed by GRACE both in global and regional simulation scenarios. Although the temporal and spatiotemporal ICA are nearly equivalent, both superior to PCA in the global GRACE analysis, the spatiotemporal ICA proves to be more efficient in regional applications by recover more reliably the postglacial rebound trend in North America and the bimodal total water storage variability in Africa. ©2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"20436091100;55437014800;","Pseudo 3-D P wave refraction seismic monitoring of permafrost in steep unstable bedrock",2014,"10.1002/2012JF002638","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84896517822&doi=10.1002%2f2012JF002638&partnerID=40&md5=7bb6ea4fcffefd32796c750dbc122887","Degrading permafrost in steep rock walls can cause hazardous rock creep and rock slope failure. Spatial and temporal patterns of permafrost degradation that operate at the scale of instability are complex and poorly understood. For the first time, we used P wave seismic refraction tomography (SRT) to monitor the degradation of permafrost in steep rock walls. A 2.5-D survey with five 80 m long parallel transects was installed across an unstable steep NE-SW facing crestline in the Matter Valley, Switzerland. P wave velocity was calibrated in the laboratory for water-saturated low-porosity paragneiss samples between 20°C and -5°C and increases significantly along and perpendicular to the cleavage by 0.55-0.66 km/s (10-13%) and 2.4-2.7 km/s (>100%), respectively, when freezing. Seismic refraction is, thus, technically feasible to detect permafrost in low-porosity rocks that constitute steep rock walls. Ray densities up to 100 and more delimit the boundary between unfrozen and frozen bedrock and facilitate accurate active layer positioning. SRT shows monthly (August and September 2006) and annual active layer dynamics (August 2006 and 2007) and reveals a contiguous permafrost body below the NE face with annual changes of active layer depth from 2 to 10 m. Large ice-filled fractures, lateral onfreezing of glacierets, and a persistent snow cornice cause previously unreported permafrost patterns close to the surface and along the crestline which correspond to active seasonal rock displacements up to several mm/a. SRT provides a geometrically highly resolved subsurface monitoring of active layer dynamics in steep permafrost rocks at the scale of instability. Key Points Seismic refraction tomography is applied first time to rock wall permafrost The applicability is demonstrated in the lab and the field at relevant depths High-potential tool to investigate destabilization processes in permafrost rocks ©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"51864949700;7101948064;55736460600;24758974300;7003627515;","Satellite-based estimates of Antarctic surface meltwater fluxes",2013,"10.1002/2013GL058138","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84888776230&doi=10.1002%2f2013GL058138&partnerID=40&md5=73c85b57bae53065597cd486a3a1dd72","This study generates novel satellite-derived estimates of Antarctic-wide annual (1999-2009) surface meltwater production using an empirical relationship between radar backscatter from the QuikSCAT (QSCAT) satellite and melt calculated from in situ energy balance observations. The resulting QSCAT-derived melt fluxes significantly agree with output from the regional climate model RACMO2.1 and with independent ground-based observations. The high-resolution (4.45 km) QSCAT-based melt fluxes uniquely detect interannually persistent and intense melt (&gt;400 mm water equivalent (w.e.) year-1) on interior Larsen C Ice Shelf that is not simulated by RACMO2.1. This supports a growing understanding of the importance of a föhn effect in this region and quantifies the resulting locally enhanced melting that is spatially consistent with recently observed Larsen C thinning. These new results highlight important cryosphere-climate interactions and processes that are presently not fully captured by the coarser-resolution (27 km) regional climate model. Key Points Novel satellite-based estimates of Antarctic surface meltwater production Broad agreement among satellite, ground, and climate model melt results High melt on inner Larsen C Ice Shelf likely results from a föhn effect ©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"55193777900;57202754759;6602817609;","Arctic ocean sea ice snow depth evaluation and bias sensitivity in CCSM",2013,"10.5194/tc-7-1887-2013","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84890516998&doi=10.5194%2ftc-7-1887-2013&partnerID=40&md5=0bd50a6389f880f0761174636c16f7b9","Sea ice cover in the Arctic Ocean is a continued focus of attention. This study investigates the impact of the snow overlying the sea ice in the Arctic Ocean. The impact of snow depth biases in the Community Climate System Model (CCSM) is shown to impact not only the sea ice, but also the overall Arctic climate. Following the identification of seasonal biases produced in CCSM simulations, the thermodynamic transfer through the snow-ice column is perturbed to determine model sensitivity to these biases. This study concludes that perturbations on the order of the observed biases result in modification of the annual mean conductive flux through the snow-ice column of 0.5 W m2 relative to an unmodified simulation. The results suggest that the ice has a complex response to snow characteristics, with ice of different thicknesses producing distinct reactions. Our results indicate the importance of an accurate simulation of snow on the Arctic sea ice. Consequently, future work investigating the impact of current precipitation biases and missing snow processes, such as blowing snow, densification, and seasonal changes, is warranted. © 2013 Author(s)."
"8523958300;6603192524;7004505238;","An estimated cost of lost climate regulation services caused by thawing of the Arctic cryosphere",2013,"10.1890/11-0858.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84891311737&doi=10.1890%2f11-0858.1&partnerID=40&md5=ee9abaa778b8d1c5a5c6d82072ac2729","Recent and expected changes in Arctic sea ice cover, snow cover, and methane emissions from permafrost thaw are likely to result in large positive feedbacks to climate warming. There is little recognition of the significant loss in economic value that the disappearance of Arctic sea ice, snow, and permafrost will impose on humans. Here, we examine how sea ice and snow cover, as well as methane emissions due to changes in permafrost, may potentially change in the future, to year 2100, and how these changes may feed back to influence the climate. Between 2010 and 2100, the annual costs from the extra warming due to a decline in albedo related to losses of sea ice and snow, plus each year's methane emissions, cumulate to a present value cost to society ranging from US$7.5 trillion to US$91.3 trillion. The estimated range reflects uncertainty associated with (1) the extent of warming-driven positive climate feedbacks from the thawing cryosphere and (2) the expected economic damages per metric ton of CO2 equivalents that will be imposed by added warming, which depend, especially, on the choice of discount rate. The economic uncertainty is much larger than the uncertainty in possible future feedback effects. Nonetheless, the frozen Arctic provides immense services to all nations by cooling the earth's temperature: the cryosphere is an air conditioner for the planet. As the Arctic thaws, this critical, climate-stabilizing ecosystem service is being lost. This paper provides a first attempt to monetize the cost of some of those lost services.© 2013 by the Ecological Society of America."
"7401822381;7004568854;6603735766;","Observing and understanding the Earth system variations from space geodesy",2013,"10.1016/j.jog.2013.08.001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84888817388&doi=10.1016%2fj.jog.2013.08.001&partnerID=40&md5=2906fb705c73d5c754dc9a53fc35211b","The interaction and coupling of the Earth system components that include the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere, and other fluids in Earth's interior, influence the Earth's shape, gravity field and its rotation (the three pillars of geodesy). The effects of global climate change, such as sea level rise, glacier melting, and geoharzards, also affect these observables. However, observations and models of Earth's system change have large uncertainties due to the lack of direct high temporal-spatial measurements. Nowadays, space geodetic techniques, particularly GNSS, VLBI, SLR, DORIS, InSAR, satellite gravimetry and altimetry provide a unique opportunity to monitor and, therefore, understand the processes and feedback mechanisms of the Earth system with high resolution and precision. In this paper, the status of current space geodetic techniques, some recent observations, and interpretations of those observations in terms of the Earth system are presented. These results include the role of space geodetic techniques, atmospheric-ionospheric sounding, ocean monitoring, hydrologic sensing, cryosphere mapping, crustal deformation and loading displacements, gravity field, geocenter motion, Earth's oblateness variations, Earth rotation and atmospheric-solid earth coupling, etc. The remaining questions and challenges regarding observing and understanding the Earth system are discussed. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd."
"55102510300;7006501049;","Melt patterns and dynamics in Alaska and Patagonia derived from passive microwave brightness temperatures.",2013,"10.3390/rs6010603","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84893380826&doi=10.3390%2frs6010603&partnerID=40&md5=6d1656ae6bcd0b6ecf3ba7a630c4b37e","Glaciers and icefields are critical components of Earth's cryosphere to study and monitor for understanding the effects of a changing climate. To provide a regional perspective of glacier melt dynamics for the past several decades, brightness temperatures (Tb) from the passive microwave sensor Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) were used to characterize melt regime patterns over large glacierized areas in Alaska and Patagonia. The distinctness of the melt signal at 37V-GHz and the ability to acquire daily data regardless of clouds or darkness make the dataset ideal for studying melt dynamics in both hemispheres. A 24-year (1988-2011) time series of annual Tb histograms was constructed to (1) characterize and assess temporal and spatial trends in melt patterns, (2) determine years of anomalous Tb distribution, and (3) investigate potential contributing factors. Distance from coast and temperature were key factors influencing melt. Years of high percentage of positive Tb anomalies were associated with relatively higher stream discharge (e.g., Copper and Mendenhall Rivers, Alaska, USA and Rio Baker, Chile). The characterization of melt over broad spatial domains and a multi-decadal time period offers a more comprehensive picture of the changing cryosphere and provides a baseline from which to assess future change. © 2014 by the authors."
"55440359400;55969830400;7404801211;7005314575;7202840464;7004477665;7004371983;","Influence of the physical terrestrial Arctic in the eco-climate system",2013,"10.1890/11-1062.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84881458617&doi=10.1890%2f11-1062.1&partnerID=40&md5=f3b2a081ea18c2ae6d60e44dff6f415c","This synthesis paper provides a summary of the major components of the physical terrestrial Arctic and the influences of their changes upon the larger eco-climate system. Foci here are snow cover, permafrost, and land hydrology. During the last century, snow cover duration has shortened in a large portion of the circum-Arctic, mainly because of its early northward retreat in spring due to warming. Winter precipitation has generally increased, resulting in an increase in maximum snow depth over large areas. This is consistent with the increase in river discharge over large Russian watersheds. Soil temperature has also increased, and the active layer has deepened in most of the permafrost regions, whereas thinning of the seasonally frozen layer has been observed in areas not underlain by permafrost. These active components are mutually interrelated, conditioned by ambient micro- to landscape-level topography and local surface and subsurface conditions, and they are closely related with vegetation and ecology, as evidenced by evolution in the late Quaternary. Further, we provide examples and arguments for discussions on the pathways through which changes in the Arctic terrestrial system can affect or propagate to remote areas beyond the Arctic, reaching to the extratropics in the larger climate system. These considerations include dynamical and thermodynamical responses and feedbacks, modification of hemisphere-scale atmospheric circulation associated with troposphere-stratosphere couplings, and moisture intrusion at a continental scale.© 2013 by the Ecological Society of America."
"55200475700;8709662700;26655797800;7004828383;","The role of eastern tethys seaway closure in the middle miocene climatic transition (ca. 14 Ma)",2013,"10.5194/cp-9-2687-2013","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84890257422&doi=10.5194%2fcp-9-2687-2013&partnerID=40&md5=05d482d0e521f64849defb28056549d3","The Middle Miocene Climatic Transition (MMCT, approximately 14 Ma) is a key period in Cenozoic cooling and cryospheric expansion. Despite being well documented in isotopic record, the causes of the MMCT are still a matter of debate. Among various hypotheses, some authors suggested that it was due the final closure of the eastern Tethys seaway and subsequent oceanic circulation reorganisation. The aim of the present study is to quantify the impact of varying Tethys seaway depths on middle Miocene ocean and climate, in order to better understand its role in the MMCT. We present four sensitivity experiments with a fully coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model. Our results indicate the presence of a warm and salty water source in the northern Indian Ocean when the eastern Tethys is deep open (4000 or 1000 m), which corresponds to the Tethyan Indian Saline Water (TISW) described on the basis of isotopic studies. This water source is absent in the experiments with shallow (250 m) and closed Tethys seaway, inducing strong changes in the latitudinal density gradient and ultimately the reinforcement of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). Moreover, when the Tethys seaway is shallow or closed, there is a westward water flow in the Gibraltar Strait that strengthens the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) compared to the experiments with deep-open Tethys seaway. Our results therefore suggest that the shoaling and final closure of the eastern Tethys seaway played a major role in the oceanic circulation reorganisation during the middle Miocene. The results presented here provide new constraints on the timing of the Tethys seaway closure and particularly indicate that, prior to 14 Ma, a deep-open Tethys seaway should have allowed the formation of TISW. Moreover, whereas the final closure of this seaway likely played a major role in the reorganisation of oceanic circulation, we suggest that it was not the main driver of the global cooling and Antarctica ice-sheet expansion during the MMCT. Here we propose that the initiation of the MMCT was caused by an atmospheric <i>p</i>CO2 drawdown and that the oceanic changes due to the Tethys seaway closure amplified the response of global climate and East Antarctic Ice Sheet. © 2013 Author(s)."
"55812101900;7004299063;","Northern Hemispheric cryosphere response to volcanic eruptions in the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project 3 last millennium simulations",2013,"10.1002/2013JD019914","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84890443322&doi=10.1002%2f2013JD019914&partnerID=40&md5=781979ad0c4216115aeef1f1a77a3596","We analyzed last millennium simulations (circa 850-1850 Common Era) from the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project 3 (PMIP3) project to determine whether current state-of-the-art models produce sudden changes and persistence of cold conditions after large volcanic eruptions as inferred from geological records and previous climate modeling. Snow cover over Baffin Island in the eastern Canadian Arctic shows large-scale expansion (as seen in proxy records) in two of the five models with snow cover information available, although it is not sustained beyond a decade. Sea ice expansion in the North Atlantic is seen in some PMIP3 models after large eruptions, although none of these models produce significant centennial-scale effects. Warm Baffin Island summer climates stunt snow expansion in some models completely, and model topography tends to miss the critical plateau elevations that could sustain snow on the island. Northern Hemisphere sea ice extent is lower in six of the eight models than in reconstructions over the past millennium. Annual average Northern Hemisphere mean climates have a range of 3 K across models, while Arctic summer land-only climates span more than 6 K. This has critical consequences on ice and snow formation and persistence in regions such as the Arctic where temperatures are near the freezing point and small temperature changes affect ice and snow feedback that could induce further climate changes. Thus, it is critical that models accurately represent absolute temperature. Key Points Warm mean climates in 3/5 models stunt snow expansion after volcanic eruptions Posteruption snow and ice expansion is not sustained to centennial timescales It is critical that models accurately represent absolute temperature ©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"6602003804;24578134500;6603902085;56243460400;24484158900;57203076600;26323296000;55312610200;57210457351;13304638000;15926344800;55936147400;","Seasonal and annual mass balances of Mera and Pokalde glaciers (Nepal Himalaya) since 2007",2013,"10.5194/tc-7-1769-2013","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84881487132&doi=10.5194%2ftc-7-1769-2013&partnerID=40&md5=83c13dd119a31a8d9ffe04079ce7d8a0","In the Everest region, Nepal, ground-based monitoring programmes were started on the debris-free Mera Glacier (27.7°N, 86.9°E; 5.1 km 2, 6420 to 4940 m a.s.l.) in 2007 and on the small Pokalde Glacier (27.9°N, 86.8°E; 0.1 km2, 5690 to 5430 m a.s.l., ∼ 25 km north of Mera Glacier) in 2009. These glaciers lie on the southern flank of the central Himalaya under the direct influence of the Indian monsoon and receive more than 80% of their annual precipitation in summer (June to September). Despite a large inter-annual variability with glacier-wide mass balances ranging from -0.67 ± 0.28 m w.e. in 2011-2012 (Equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) at ∼ 5800 m a.s.l.) to +0.46 ± 0.28 m w.e. in 2010-2011 (ELA at ∼ 5340 m a.s.l.), Mera Glacier has been shrinking at a moderate mass balance rate of -0.08 ± 0.28 m w.e. yr-1 since 2007. Ice fluxes measured at two distinct transverse cross sections at ∼ 5350 m a.s.l. and ∼ 5520 m a.s.l. confirm that the mean state of this glacier over the last one or two decades corresponds to a limited mass loss, in agreement with remotely-sensed region-wide mass balances of the Everest area. Seasonal mass balance measurements show that ablation and accumulation are concomitant in summer which in turn is the key season controlling the annual glacier-wide mass balance. Unexpectedly, ablation occurs at all elevations in winter due to wind erosion and sublimation, with remobilised snow potentially being sublimated in the atmosphere. Between 2009 and 2012, the small Pokalde Glacier lost mass more rapidly than Mera Glacier with respective mean glacier-wide mass balances of -0.72 and -0.23 ± 0.28 m w.e. yr-1. Low-elevation glaciers, such as Pokalde Glacier, have been usually preferred for in-situ observations in Nepal and more generally in the Himalayas, which may explain why compilations of ground-based mass balances are biased toward negative values compared with the regional mean under the present-day climate. © 2013 Author(s). CC Attribution 3.0 License."
"7004890124;8213161200;26648730900;6603444257;55656037100;8521348500;","Characteristic atmosphere-ocean-solid earth interactions in the Antarctic coastal and marine environment inferred from seismic and infrasound recording at Syowa Station, East Antarctica",2013,"10.1144/SP381.8","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84887311412&doi=10.1144%2fSP381.8&partnerID=40&md5=ed8b19807076b95230f04c7f2c1b774d","Several characteristic waves detected by seismographs in Antarctic stations have been recognized as originating from the physical interaction between the solid earth and the atmosphere-ocean-cryosphere system surrounding the Antarctic and may be used as a proxy for characterizing ocean wave climate. A Chaparral-type infrasound sensor was installed at Syowa Station (SYO; 39.6E, 69.0S), East Antarctica, in April 2008 during the International Polar Year (IPY2007-2008). Matching data are also available for this time period from the existing broadband seismic recorder located close by. Continuous infrasound data for 2008-2009 include background signals (microbaroms) with a broad peak in the wave period between the values of 4 and 10 s. Signals with the same period are recorded by the broadband seismograph at SYO (microseisms). This period band is identified as double-frequency microseisms/baroms (DFM). The DFM have relatively lower amplitudes during winter. We suggest that this is due to the sea-ice extent around the coast causing a decreased ocean loading effect. In contrast, the single frequency microseisms/baroms with a peak in period between 12 and 30 s are observed under storm conditions, particularly in winter. On the infrasound data, stationary signals are identified with harmonic overtones at a few Hertz to lowermost human audible band, which we suggest is due to local effects such as sea-ice cracking and vibration. Microseism measurements are a useful proxy for characterizing ocean wave climate, complementing other oceanographic and geophysical data. At SYO, continuous monitoring by both broadband seismograph and infrasound contributes to the Federation of Digital Seismographic Networks, the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty in the high southern latitudes and the Pan-Antarctic Observations System under the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research. © The Geological Society of London 2013."
"26639699000;12780166800;7005427463;14010351500;7201497360;36480097900;54788214300;34869459600;26030590300;7404170630;6508381649;7102896473;6603781066;55388362700;55894975900;","Warming and glacier recession in the Rakaia valley, Southern Alps of New Zealand, during Heinrich Stadial 1",2013,"10.1016/j.epsl.2013.09.005","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84884932630&doi=10.1016%2fj.epsl.2013.09.005&partnerID=40&md5=00120cbb536a6c0207ef886dc623b687","The termination of the last ice age featured a major reconfiguration of Earth's climate and cryosphere, yet the underlying causes of these massive changes continue to be debated. Documenting the spatial and temporal variations of atmospheric temperature during deglaciation can help discriminate among potential drivers. Here, we present a 10Be surface-exposure chronology and glaciological reconstruction of ice recession following the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in the Rakaia valley, Southern Alps of New Zealand. Innermost LGM moraines at Big Ben have an age of 17,840 ± 240 yrs, whereas ice-marginal moraines or ice-molded bedrock surfaces at distances up-valley from Big Ben of 12.5 km (Lake Coleridge), ~25 km (Castle Hill), ~28 km (Double Hill), ~43 km (Prospect Hill), and ~58 km (Reischek knob) have ages of 17,020 ± 70 yrs, 17,100 ± 110 yrs, 16,960 ± 370 yrs, 16,250 ± 340 yrs, and 15,660 ± 160 yrs, respectively. These results indicate extensive recession of the Rakaia glacier, which we attribute primarily to the effects of climatic warming. In conjunction with geomorphological maps and a glaciological reconstruction for the Rakaia valley, we use our chronology to infer timing and magnitude of past atmospheric temperature changes. Compared to an overall temperature rise of ~4.65°C between the end of the LGM and the start of the Holocene, the glacier recession between ~17,840 and ~15,660 yrs ago is attributable to a net temperature increase of ~4.0°C (from -6.25 to -2.25°C), accounting for ~86% of the overall warming. Approximately 3.75°C (~70%) of the warming occurred between ~17,840 and ~16,250 yrs ago, with a further 0.75°C (~16%) increase between ~16,250 and ~15,660 yrs ago. A sustained southward shift of the Subtropical Front (STF) south of Australia between ~17,800 and ~16,000 yrs ago coincides with the warming over the Rakaia valley, and suggests a close link between Southern Ocean frontal boundary positions and southern mid-latitude climate. Most of the deglacial warming in the Southern Alps occurred during the early part of Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1) of the North Atlantic region. Because the STF is associated with the position of the westerly wind belt, our findings support the concept that a southward shift of Earth's wind belts accompanied the early part of HS1 cooling in the North Atlantic, leading to warming and deglaciation in southern middle latitudes. © 2013 Elsevier B.V."
"55453681500;7103076532;6701827213;56735614000;7403276577;6505761963;6602150884;7006295022;7007027925;7003497547;36160145000;6603711720;56556871100;56656256800;35463194800;7003440089;7003485560;56556609600;56556696100;36025434100;7004628849;7402939353;7004989957;55949165600;6701845439;7004847089;57207498896;6602644886;6603851381;55963274900;","Where to find 1.5 million yr old ice for the IPICS ""Oldest-Ice"" ice core",2013,"10.5194/cp-9-2489-2013","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84894047680&doi=10.5194%2fcp-9-2489-2013&partnerID=40&md5=6f033ad75ba4ed85b3af7046ce455351","The recovery of a 1.5 million yr long ice core from Antarctica represents a keystone of our understanding of Quaternary climate, the progression of glaciation over this time period and the role of greenhouse gas cycles in this progression. Here we tackle the question of where such ice may still be found in the Antarctic ice sheet. We can show that such old ice is most likely to exist in the plateau area of the East Antarctic ice sheet (EAIS) without stratigraphic disturbance and should be able to be recovered after careful presite selection studies. Based on a simple ice and heat flow model and glaciological observations, we conclude that positions in the vicinity of major domes and saddle position on the East Antarctic Plateau will most likely have such old ice in store and represent the best study areas for dedicated reconnaissance studies in the near future. In contrast to previous ice core drill site selections, however, we strongly suggest significantly reduced ice thickness to avoid bottom melting. For example for the geothermal heat flux and accumulation conditions at Dome C, an ice thickness lower than but close to about 2500 m would be required to find 1.5 Myr old ice (i.e., more than 700 m less than at the current EPICA Dome C drill site). Within this constraint, the resolution of an Oldest-Ice record and the distance of such old ice to the bedrock should be maximized to avoid ice flow disturbances, for example, by finding locations with minimum geothermal heat flux. As the geothermal heat flux is largely unknown for the EAIS, this parameter has to be carefully determined beforehand. In addition, detailed bedrock topography and ice flow history has to be reconstructed for candidates of an Oldest-Ice ice coring site. Finally, we argue strongly for rapid access drilling before any full, deep ice coring activity commences to bring datable samples to the surface and to allow an age check of the oldest ice. © Author(s) 2013."
"55762520100;14061506600;25031396200;55762460400;26421213500;55762261000;7102395993;","What do we know about past changes in the water cycle of Central Asian headwaters? A review",2013,"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.02.004","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84888008516&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloplacha.2013.02.004&partnerID=40&md5=99ac3c4762bbd5c51834e21fa6b33957","We have reviewed about 100 studies on past changes in climate, snow cover, glaciers and runoff in Central Asian headwater catchments, which have been published in the past 20. years. We included studies published by Central Asian researchers in Russian language, which are usually not easily accessible to international researchers. Most studies agreed on general warming trends in Central Asia with acceleration since the 1970s, but varied with regard to seasonal changes and the magnitude of the warming. Most studies also confirmed that glaciers in the Tien Shan and the Pamir continue to retreat and to shrink, though only little is known about mass and volume changes. Only few studies investigated changes in seasonal snow cover, and they suggested a decrease in maximum snow depth and a reduction in snow cover duration. The studies on runoff trends in the high mountain areas of Central Asia indicated a complex response of catchments to changes in climate. It appears that catchments with a higher fraction of glacierized area showed mainly increasing runoff trends in the past, while river basins with less or no glacierization exhibited large variations in the observed runoff changes.We conclude that our knowledge is still incomplete in particular with regard to the magnitude and the spatio-temporal patterns of changes in the water cycle of Central Asian headwater catchments. The limitations in our knowledge are due to (1) the scarcity of reliable and appropriate data sets especially for the glacio-nival zone; (2) methodological limitations of trend analysis; (3) the heterogeneity in both spatial and temporal extent of the available analyses, hampering the synthesis to a regional picture; and (4) the insufficiently understood interactions between changes in highly-variable climate parameters, the cryosphere, and the hydrological response of individual headwater catchments.Finally, there is a need for sound attribution studies linking the observed hydrological changes in individual catchments to particular processes triggered by climatic and cryospheric changes. This research gap needs urgently to be closed as projections of future hydrological changes are of vital importance for water management in Central Asia. © 2013 ."
"29067920600;6602255562;7103271119;7202793167;55878120500;55802386000;","Decadal freshening of the antarctic bottom water exported from the weddell sea",2013,"10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00765.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84885357480&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-12-00765.1&partnerID=40&md5=a5243bc6582232d6fc33ea968f6552b2","Recent decadal changes in Southern Hemisphere climate have driven strong responses from the cryosphere. Concurrently, there has been a marked freshening of the shelf and bottom waters across a wide sector of the Southern Ocean, hypothesized to be caused by accelerated glacial melt in response to a greater flux of warm waters from the Antarctic Circumpolar Current onto the shelves of West Antarctica. However, the circumpolar pattern of changes has been incomplete: no decadal freshening in the deep layers of the Atlantic sector has been observed. In this study, the authors document a significant freshening of the Antarctic Bottom Water exported from the Weddell Sea, which is the source for the abyssal layer of the Atlantic overturning circulation, and trace its possible origin to atmospheric-forced changes in the ice shelves and sea ice on the eastern flank of the Antarctic Peninsula that include an anthropogenic component. These findings suggest that the expansive and relatively cool Weddell gyre does not insulate the bottom water formation regions in the Atlantic sector from the ongoing changes in climatic forcing over the Antarctic region. ©2013 American Meteorological Society."
"7003355879;6506363517;15060929700;6603432436;6602918386;57203004065;56461554500;6603432911;","Impact of snow initialization on sub-seasonal forecasts",2013,"10.1007/s00382-013-1782-0","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84884701306&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-013-1782-0&partnerID=40&md5=6fda097aec5df823354b9c84f8de4df7","The influence of the snowpack on wintertime atmospheric teleconnections has received renewed attention in recent years, partially for its potential impact on seasonal predictability. Many observational and model studies have indicated that the autumn Eurasian snow cover in particular, influences circulation patterns over the North Pacific and North Atlantic. We have performed a suite of coupled atmosphere-ocean simulations with the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ensemble forecast system to investigate the impact of accurate snow initialisation. Pairs of 2-month ensemble forecasts were started every 15 days from the 15th of October through the 1st of December in the years 2004-2009, with either realistic initialization of snow variables based on re-analyses, or else with ""scrambled"" snow initial conditions from an alternate autumn date and year. Initially, in the first 15 days, the presence of a thicker snowpack cools surface temperature over the continental land masses of Eurasia and North America. At a longer lead of 30-day, it causes a warming over the Arctic and the high latitudes of Eurasia due to an intensification and westward expansion of the Siberian High. It also causes a cooling over the mid-latitudes of Eurasia, and lowers sea level pressures over the Arctic. This ""warm Arctic-cold continent"" difference means that the forecasts of near-surface temperature with the more realistic snow initialization are in closer agreement with re-analyses, reducing a cold model bias over the Arctic and a warm model bias over mid-latitudes. The impact of realistic snow initialization upon the forecast skill in snow depth and near-surface temperature is estimated for various lead times. Following a modest skill improvement in the first 15 days over snow-covered land, we also find a forecast skill improvement up to the 30-day lead time over parts of the Arctic and the Northern Pacific, which can be attributed to the realistic snow initialization over the land masses. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg."
"57207008570;6507232928;20437082300;35612536300;","Semiempirical and process-based global sea level projections",2013,"10.1002/rog.20015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84884484306&doi=10.1002%2frog.20015&partnerID=40&md5=0ada2a378565cc994e74e06eae67d386","We review the two main approaches to estimating sea level rise over the coming century: physically plausible models of reduced complexity that exploit statistical relationships between sea level and climate forcing, and more complex physics-based models of the separate elements of the sea level budget. Previously, estimates of future sea level rise from semiempirical models were considerably larger than those from process-based models. However, we show that the most recent estimates of sea level rise by 2100 using both methods have converged, but largely through increased contributions and uncertainties in process-based model estimates of ice sheets mass loss. Hence, we focus in this paper on ice sheet flow as this has the largest potential to contribute to sea level rise. Progress has been made in ice dynamics, ice stream flow, grounding line migration, and integration of ice sheet models with high-resolution climate models. Calving physics remains an important and difficult modeling issue. Mountain glaciers, numbering hundreds of thousands, must be modeled by extensive statistical extrapolation from a much smaller calibration data set. Rugged topography creates problems in process-based mass balance simulations forced by regional climate models with resolutions 10-100 times larger than the glaciers. Semiempirical models balance increasing numbers of parameters with the choice of noise model for the observations to avoid overfitting the highly autocorrelated sea level data. All models face difficulty in separating out non-climate-driven sea level rise (e.g., groundwater extraction) and long-term disequilibria in the present-day cryosphere-sea level system. Key Points We review the two approaches to estimating sea level rise by 2100We give an overview of glacier, ice sheet and semiempirical modelingWe discuss limitations of state of the art ice sheet and semiempirical models ©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"7201432984;7202429440;7406814589;24400727500;6602832585;8303949400;7801366809;15833742800;","Measurements of atmospheric aerosol vertical distributions above Svalbard, Norway, using unmanned aerial systems (UAS)",2013,"10.5194/amt-6-2115-2013","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84883175866&doi=10.5194%2famt-6-2115-2013&partnerID=40&md5=ec70fbe8f3e6a6bca2994c2b9bee8790","Atmospheric aerosol vertical distributions were measured above Svalbard, Norway, in April 2011 during the Cooperative Investigation of Climate-Cryosphere Interactions campaign (CICCI). Measurements were made of the particle number concentration and the aerosol light absorption coefficient at three wavelengths. A filter sample was collected on each flight at the altitude of maximum particle number concentration. The filters were analyzed for major anions and cations. The aerosol payload was flown in a NOAA/PMEL MANTA Unmanned Aerial System (UAS). A total of 18 flights were flown during the campaign totaling 38 flight hours. The data show frequent aerosol layers aloft with high particle number concentration (1000 cm-3) and enhanced aerosol light absorption (1 Mm-1). Air mass histories of these aerosol layers were assessed using FLEXPART particle dispersion modeling. The data contribute to an assessment of sources of BC to the Arctic and potential climate impacts. © 2008 Author (s)."
"12800447800;6602762179;22979988700;15926344800;55822370800;23100992100;23019909000;35220140400;55837106700;7202232610;55362120500;57215029997;25958659800;57199117811;6507892414;6603010514;12765807300;","Reanalysing glacier mass balance measurement series",2013,"10.5194/tc-7-1227-2013","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84883080524&doi=10.5194%2ftc-7-1227-2013&partnerID=40&md5=2610e3145582eca2935870374e508c7b","Glacier-wide mass balance has been measured for more than sixty years and is widely used as an indicator of climate change and to assess the glacier contribution to runoff and sea level rise. Until recently, comprehensive uncertainty assessments have rarely been carried out and mass balance data have often been applied using rough error estimation or without consideration of errors. In this study, we propose a framework for reanalysing glacier mass balance series that includes conceptual and statistical toolsets for assessment of random and systematic errors, as well as for validation and calibration (if necessary) of the glaciological with the geodetic balance results. We demonstrate the usefulness and limitations of the proposed scheme, drawing on an analysis that comprises over 50 recording periods for a dozen glaciers, and we make recommendations to investigators and users of glacier mass balance data. Reanalysing glacier mass balance series needs to become a standard procedure for every monitoring programme to improve data quality, including reliable uncertainty estimates. © 2013 Author(s)."
"55267294800;35198542000;","Data assimilation and prognostic whole ice sheet modelling with the variationally derived, higher order, open source, and fully parallel ice sheet model VarGlaS",2013,"10.5194/tc-7-1161-2013","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84881510336&doi=10.5194%2ftc-7-1161-2013&partnerID=40&md5=bd4dae7988ba50196937cb525c30cd88","We introduce a novel, higher order, finite element ice sheet model called VarGlaS (Variational Glacier Simulator), which is built on the finite element framework FEniCS. Contrary to standard procedure in ice sheet modelling, VarGlaS formulates ice sheet motion as the minimization of an energy functional, conferring advantages such as a consistent platform for making numerical approximations, a coherent relationship between motion and heat generation, and implicit boundary treatment. VarGlaS also solves the equations of enthalpy rather than temperature, avoiding the solution of a contact problem. Rather than include a lengthy model spin-up procedure, VarGlaS possesses an automated framework for model inversion. These capabilities are brought to bear on several benchmark problems in ice sheet modelling, as well as a 500 yr simulation of the Greenland ice sheet at high resolution. VarGlaS performs well in benchmarking experiments and, given a constant climate and a 100 yr relaxation period, predicts a mass evolution of the Greenland ice sheet that matches present-day observations of mass loss. VarGlaS predicts a thinning in the interior and thickening of the margins of the ice sheet. © 2013 Author(s)."
"24401540200;16315767700;6602733434;25654884600;16315355000;7402182823;56036187600;36603185900;7006404491;","Sea ice thickness, freeboard, and snow depth products from Operation IceBridge airborne data",2013,"10.5194/tc-7-1035-2013","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84880813543&doi=10.5194%2ftc-7-1035-2013&partnerID=40&md5=46c95c35df3b4f3f3def4a006622ebc7","The study of sea ice using airborne remote sensing platforms provides unique capabilities to measure a wide variety of sea ice properties. These measurements are useful for a variety of topics including model evaluation and improvement, assessment of satellite retrievals, and incorporation into climate data records for analysis of interannual variability and long-term trends in sea ice properties. In this paper we describe methods for the retrieval of sea ice thickness, freeboard, and snow depth using data from a multi-sensor suite of instruments on NASA's Operation IceBridge airborne campaign. We assess the consistency of the results through comparison with independent data sets that demonstrate that the IceBridge products are capable of providing a reliable record of snow depth and sea ice thickness. We explore the impact of inter-campaign instrument changes and associated algorithm adaptations as well as the applicability of the adapted algorithms to the ongoing IceBridge mission. The uncertainties associated with the retrieval methods are determined and placed in the context of their impact on the retrieved sea ice thickness. Lastly, we present results for the 2009 and 2010 IceBridge campaigns, which are currently available in product form via the National Snow and Ice Data Center. © 2011 Author(s)."
"55802548000;35373652300;6603854277;","Recent progress in understanding marine-terminating Arctic outlet glacier response to climatic and oceanic forcing: Twenty years of rapid change",2013,"10.1177/0309133313483163","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84880647139&doi=10.1177%2f0309133313483163&partnerID=40&md5=2c16fcacd94714d3e57beb3ce587a18a","Until relatively recently, it was assumed that Arctic ice masses would respond to climatic/oceanic forcing over millennia, but observations made during the past two decades have radically altered this viewpoint and have demonstrated that marine-terminating outlet glaciers can undergo dramatic dynamic change at annual timescales. This paper reviews the substantial progress made in our understanding of the links between marine-terminating Arctic outlet glacier behaviour and the ocean-climate system during the past 20 years, when many ice masses have rapidly lost mass. Specifically, we assess three primary climatic/oceanic controls on outlet glacier dynamics, namely air temperature, ocean temperature and sea ice concentrations, and discuss key linkages between them. Despite recent progress, significant uncertainty remains over the response of marine-terminating outlet glaciers to these forcings, most notably: (1) the spatial variation in the relative importance of each factor; (2), the contribution of glacier-specific factors to glacier dynamics; and (3) the limitations in our ability to accurately model marine-terminating outlet glacier behaviour. Our present understanding precludes us from identifying patterns of outlet glacier response to forcing that are applicable across the Arctic and we underscore the potential danger of extrapolating rates of mass loss from a small sample of study glaciers. © The Author(s) 2013."
"23985830400;56097010700;7401961674;7003726500;","Subnivean Arctic and sub-Arctic net ecosystem exchange (NEE): Towards representing snow season processes in models of NEE using cryospheric remote sensing",2013,"10.1177/0309133313491130","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84880679106&doi=10.1177%2f0309133313491130&partnerID=40&md5=de6bc95c65350540464cd8b64f71f4ee","In the Arctic and sub-Arctic, up to half of annual net ecosystem exchange (NEE) occurs during the snow season. Subnivean soil respiration can persist at a greater rate when the overlying snowpack has a lower thermal conductivity, and the rate of photosynthetic uptake at the start and end of the snow season can be diminished by fractional snow cover. Although recent studies have indicated that uncertainty in model estimates of NEE can be reduced by representing the influence of a modeled snowpack on soil respiration, models of NEE have not represented the influence of snowpack dynamics on processes such as subnivean photosynthesis or CO2 diffusivity, and have not used remote sensing observations to characterize snow season processes. We therefore: (1) review snow season processes and their effects on NEE; (2) assess the suitability of cryospheric remote sensing approaches for models of NEE; and (3) suggest strategies for representing snow season processes in models of NEE. Strategies include: using observations of fractional snow cover in spring and fall to restrict estimates of photosynthetic uptake; combining observations of snow accumulation and soil freeze/thaw with observations of air temperature to generate more realistic estimates of soil temperature and soil respiration; and using observations of depth to estimate the influence of snow accumulation and tree wells on soil respiration. Including remote sensing observations of snow properties in models of NEE could reduce uncertainty in snow season estimates of NEE, resulting in a better understanding of the northern carbon cycle and how it is responding to climate-driven changes in the interconnected biospheric, atmospheric and cryospheric systems. © The Author(s) 2013."
"35587726000;49663651800;55584797405;35586523800;57199861261;","Mathematical model of cryospheric response to climate changes",2013,"10.1061/(ASCE)CR.1943-5495.0000053","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84879569515&doi=10.1061%2f%28ASCE%29CR.1943-5495.0000053&partnerID=40&md5=76ad77d5a9618c4631b9574855bceecc","This paper focuses on the development of simplified mathematical models of the cryosphere which may be useful in further understanding possible global climate change impacts and in further assessing future impacts captured by global circulation models (GCMs). The mathematical models developed by leveraging the dominating effects of freezing and thawing within the cryosphere to simplify the relevant heat transport equations are tractable to direct solution or numerical modeling. In this paper, the heat forcing function is assumed to be a linear transformation of temperature (assumed to be represented by proxy realizations). The output from the governing mathematical model is total ice volume of the cryosphere. The basic mathematical model provides information as a systems modeling approach that includes sufficient detail to explain ice volume given the estimation of the heat forcing function. A comparison between modeling results in the estimation of ice volume versus ice volume estimates developed from use of proxy data are shown in the demonstration problems presented. © 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers."
"7003532926;6602333928;56828803500;","Simulation and prediction of climate changes in the 19th to 21st centuries with the Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, model of the Earth's climate system",2013,"10.1134/S0001433813040105","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84881220494&doi=10.1134%2fS0001433813040105&partnerID=40&md5=dd5b26b905b73f410e565d404a9cbaef","This paper presents results from a simulation of climate changes in the 19th-21st centuries with the Institute of Numerical Mathematics Climate Model Version 4 (INMCM4) in the framework of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, phase 5 (CMIP5). Like the previous INMCM3 version, this model has a low sensitivity of 4.0 K to a quadrupling of CO2 concentration. Global warming in the model by the end of the 21st century is 1.9 K for the RCP4.5 scenario and 3.4 K for RCP8.5. The spatial distribution of temperature and precipitation changes driven by the enhanced greenhouse effect is similar to that derived from the INMCM3 model data. In the INMCM4 model, however, the heat flux to the ocean and sea-level rise caused by thermal expansion are roughly 1.5 times as large as those in the INMCM3 model under the same scenario. A decrease in sea-ice extent and a change in heat fluxes and meridional circulation in the ocean under global warming, as well as some aspects of natural climate variability in the model, are considered. © 2013 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd."
"36914858100;7004657713;55322252400;35502847300;7202972418;","A validation of cloudsat and CALIPSO's temperature, humidity, cloud detection, and cloud base height over the arctic marine cryosphere",2013,"10.1080/07055900.2013.798582","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84880204627&doi=10.1080%2f07055900.2013.798582&partnerID=40&md5=15f6a829985673d0f27cd43481c4fec9","The reliability of the data products from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts fields mapped to CloudSat profiles (ECMWF-aux) and the Cloud Geometrical Profile from combined Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) and Cloud Aerosol and Lidar Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) (GeoProf-lidar) was determined in a polar marine environment by comparing the satellite products with data from ship-based instrumentation. Simultaneous microwave radiometer profiler (MWRP) measurements were compared with CloudSat's ECMWF-aux temperature and absolute humidity profiles from the surface to 10 km. Cloud-base heights from the ceilometer and radiometer were compared with the GeoProf-lidar cloud-base heights which are derived from a combination of CloudSat and CALIPSO data. Temperatures from ECMWF-aux were generally warmer than those measured by the MWRP during all seasons (negative bias). The root mean square (RMS) differences for temperature were greater than one standard deviation of the MWRP and thus greater than the expected range of the climate. The ECMWF-aux absolute humidity profiles had relatively large RMS differences from the surface to 2 km when compared with the MWRP data during spring and summer. The correlation coefficients between both ECMWF-aux and MWRP temperature and absolute humidity were generally greater than 0.8, indicating a strong agreement between the profile lapse rates. However, negative biases indicated systematic differences in the actual values at all levels. The GeoProf-lidar cloud-base height was compared with the MWRP and ceilometer cloud-base heights. There were fifteen occurrences when both ship-based instruments indicated clear skies but the GeoProf-lidar product indicated clouds. For six of these occurrences no clouds were detectable by visual observation of the radar's reflectivity profile or from the lidar's backscatter profile; five of the occurrences were over mixed ice conditions. This is an indication that the constraints used by the GeoProf-lidar product for cloud detection need to be refined for the Arctic, specifically over mixed ice conditions. Further investigations should include comparisons of GeoProf-lidar cloud heights with the backscatter and reflectivity profiles and with optical depth over mixed ice conditions to help determine the sources of these issues."
"7005809959;7005007661;7006212411;35547807400;6603749963;8767874100;8570871900;7003666669;26643250500;56249704400;56270311300;26643054400;7202429440;57194234454;7202779585;57205638870;7005129538;55796506900;56939401900;10139397300;56920788800;36047973900;55113736500;57219113417;42662973900;57203053317;24477694300;7004214645;13403622000;7401491382;6603400519;","Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment",2013,"10.1002/jgrd.50171","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84875359259&doi=10.1002%2fjgrd.50171&partnerID=40&md5=8cc9f6b598e2dff051c409563781337f","Black carbon aerosol plays a unique and important role in Earth's climate system. Black carbon is a type of carbonaceous material with a unique combination of physical properties. This assessment provides an evaluation of black-carbon climate forcing that is comprehensive in its inclusion of all known and relevant processes and that is quantitative in providing best estimates and uncertainties of the main forcing terms: direct solar absorption; influence on liquid, mixed phase, and ice clouds; and deposition on snow and ice. These effects are calculated with climate models, but when possible, they are evaluated with both microphysical measurements and field observations. Predominant sources are combustion related, namely, fossil fuels for transportation, solid fuels for industrial and residential uses, and open burning of biomass. Total global emissions of black carbon using bottom-up inventory methods are 7500 Gg yr-1 in the year 2000 with an uncertainty range of 2000 to 29000. However, global atmospheric absorption attributable to black carbon is too low in many models and should be increased by a factor of almost 3. After this scaling, the best estimate for the industrial-era (1750 to 2005) direct radiative forcing of atmospheric black carbon is +0.71 W m-2 with 90% uncertainty bounds of (+0.08, +1.27) W m-2. Total direct forcing by all black carbon sources, without subtracting the preindustrial background, is estimated as +0.88 (+0.17, +1.48) W m-2. Direct radiative forcing alone does not capture important rapid adjustment mechanisms. A framework is described and used for quantifying climate forcings, including rapid adjustments. The best estimate of industrial-era climate forcing of black carbon through all forcing mechanisms, including clouds and cryosphere forcing, is +1.1 W m-2 with 90% uncertainty bounds of +0.17 to +2.1 W m-2. Thus, there is a very high probability that black carbon emissions, independent of co-emitted species, have a positive forcing and warm the climate. We estimate that black carbon, with a total climate forcing of +1.1 W m-2, is the second most important human emission in terms of its climate forcing in the present-day atmosphere; only carbon dioxide is estimated to have a greater forcing. Sources that emit black carbon also emit other short-lived species that may either cool or warm climate. Climate forcings from co-emitted species are estimated and used in the framework described herein. When the principal effects of short-lived co-emissions, including cooling agents such as sulfur dioxide, are included in net forcing, energy-related sources (fossil fuel and biofuel) have an industrial-era climate forcing of +0.22 (-0.50 to +1.08) W m-2 during the first year after emission. For a few of these sources, such as diesel engines and possibly residential biofuels, warming is strong enough that eliminating all short-lived emissions from these sources would reduce net climate forcing (i.e., produce cooling). When open burning emissions, which emit high levels of organic matter, are included in the total, the best estimate of net industrial-era climate forcing by all short-lived species from black-carbon-rich sources becomes slightly negative (-0.06 W m-2 with 90% uncertainty bounds of -1.45 to +1.29 W m-2). The uncertainties in net climate forcing from black-carbon-rich sources are substantial, largely due to lack of knowledge about cloud interactions with both black carbon and co-emitted organic carbon. In prioritizing potential black-carbon mitigation actions, non-science factors, such as technical feasibility, costs, policy design, and implementation feasibility play important roles. The major sources of black carbon are presently in different stages with regard to the feasibility for near-term mitigation. This assessment, by evaluating the large number and complexity of the associated physical and radiative processes in black-carbon climate forcing, sets a baseline from which to improve future climate forcing estimates. ©2013 The Authors. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres published by Wiley on behalf of the American Geophysical Union."
"6701589832;7102832130;7006452341;","Global modes of climate variability",2013,"10.1002/grl.50386","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84879125116&doi=10.1002%2fgrl.50386&partnerID=40&md5=2f2a2394b0a11225b2acfffd680c4c47","The atmosphere, hydrosphere, and cryosphere form a fully coupled climate system. This system exhibits a number of large-scale phenomena, such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, the Asian Monsoon, the North Atlantic Oscillation, and the Madden-Julian Oscillation. While these modes of variability are not exactly periodic, they are oscillatory in character, and their state is monitored using so-called climate indices. Each of these scalar indices is a combination of several climate variables. Here we use a comprehensive set of 25 climate indices for time intervals that range between 1948 and 2011 and estimate an optimal set of lags between these indices to maximize their correlation. We show that most of the index pairs drawn from this set present a significant correlation on interannual time scales. It is also shown that on average, about two thirds of the total variability in each index can be described by using only the four leading principal components of the entire set of lagged indices. Our index set's leading orthogonal modes exhibit several interannual frequencies and capture separately variability associated with the North Atlantic and the North Pacific. These modes are associated, in turn, with large-scale variations of sea surface temperatures. Key PointsMost of the climate indices are cross-correlated significantlyMost of their variability can be captured with only four principal componentsThose components are associated with global signatures in the SST ©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"15765165800;8582655100;","Cave ice - the imminent loss of untapped mid-latitude cryospheric palaeoenvironmental archives",2013,"10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.01.008","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84874392227&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2013.01.008&partnerID=40&md5=1243d92667f6f5cb23cda3363694062a","Cave hosted ice bodies have been reported to suffer significant mass loss worldwide. Although some successful achievements were reported recently to confirm the potential of stable isotope, pollen or trace element records in cave glaciers for climate and environmental reconstructions, these archives are still weakly studied. This brief paper is to be an invitation to the geoscience community to face this research need and devote more scientific attention to the complex research of cave ice deposits before accelerated melt will determine the complete loss of the unique palaeoenvironmental information stored in these deposits. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd."
"57208539037;23570627700;6603369922;55973037500;7006360695;55481278700;6603827222;7004201713;6602565572;7402778425;7403382928;7006944398;","The role of the global cryosphere in the fate of organic contaminants",2013,"10.5194/acp-13-3271-2013","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84875692249&doi=10.5194%2facp-13-3271-2013&partnerID=40&md5=d4f74c933e327c2ad21efaa33341cb6b","The cryosphere is an important component of global organic contaminant cycles. Snow is an efficient scavenger of atmospheric organic pollutants while a seasonal snowpack, sea ice, glaciers and ice caps are contaminant reservoirs on time scales ranging from days to millennia. Important physical and chemical processes occurring in the various cryospheric compartments impact contaminant cycling and fate. A variety of interactions and feedbacks also occur within the cryospheric system, most of which are susceptible to perturbations due to climate change. In this article, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the transport and processing of organic contaminants in the global cryosphere with an emphasis on the role of a changing climate. Given the complexity of contaminant interactions with the cryosphere and limitations on resources and research capacity, interdisciplinary research and extended collaborations are essential to close identified knowledge gaps and to improve our understanding of contaminant fate under a changing climate. © Author(s) 2013."
"56852849100;7006847078;6602974689;","Quantifying Northern hemisphere freshwater ice",2013,"10.1002/grl.50238","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84876924577&doi=10.1002%2fgrl.50238&partnerID=40&md5=ed6d0056b151b5cdf70b080ae05322c7","The areal extent and volume of peak freshwater (river and lake) ice are quantified across the Northern Hemisphere for the period 1957-2002. Quantification is conducted using a degree-day ice growth model and ice growth coefficients defined for 14 ice-specific hydroclimatic regions. The model is driven by ERA-40 gridded daily air temperature data, and the Global Lakes and Wetlands Database is employed to spatially define rivers and lakes. Results indicate that the total area covered by freshwater ice, at peak thickness, north of the January 0°C isotherm (excluding the Greenland ice sheet) is 1.7 × 106 km2 and the total freshwater ice volume is 1.6 × 103 km3. This area is approximately equal to that of the Greenland ice sheet and the volume to snow on land (Northern Hemisphere). Such values now permit a more complete quantification of the cryosphere (evaluations already having been completed for other components, such as snow, glaciers, and sea ice) and provide a reference data set for assessing future climate-related changes. Key Points Area and volume of peak freshwater ice is calculated for the Northern Hemisphere Volume is comparable to snow on land, and area, to the Greenland ice sheet Results permit a more complete quantification of the global cryosphere. ©2013 American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"56656256800;23470557400;6602150900;6603490156;9248880400;","A synthesis of the Antarctic surface mass balance during the last 800 yr",2013,"10.5194/tc-7-303-2013","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84874459227&doi=10.5194%2ftc-7-303-2013&partnerID=40&md5=f773fbbe50f714f6dc8f07a66205ec92","Global climate models suggest that Antarctic snowfall should increase in a warming climate and mitigate rises in the sea level. Several processes affect surface mass balance (SMB), introducing large uncertainties in past, present and future ice sheet mass balance. To provide an extended perspective on the past SMB of Antarctica, we used 67 firn/ice core records to reconstruct the temporal variability in the SMB over the past 800 yr and, in greater detail, over the last 200 yr. Our SMB reconstructions indicate that the SMB changes over most of Antarctica are statistically negligible and that the current SMB is not exceptionally high compared to the last 800 yr. High-accumulation periods have occurred in the past, specifically during the 1370s and 1610s. However, a clear increase in accumulation of more than 10% has occurred in high SMB coastal regions and over the highest part of the East Antarctic ice divide since the 1960s. To explain the differences in behaviour between the coastal/ice divide sites and the rest of Antarctica, we suggest that a higher frequency of blocking anticyclones increases the precipitation at coastal sites, leading to the advection of moist air in the highest areas, whereas blowing snow and/or erosion have significant negative impacts on the SMB at windy sites. Eight hundred years of stacked records of the SMB mimic the total solar irradiance during the 13th and 18th centuries. The link between those two variables is probably indirect and linked to a teleconnection in atmospheric circulation that forces complex feedback between the tropical Pacific and Antarctica via the generation and propagation of a large-scale atmospheric wave train. © 2013 Author(s)."
"55612124100;7404416268;36191244500;7003452640;6505603587;","Future Arctic marine access: Analysis and evaluation of observations, models, and projections of sea ice",2013,"10.5194/tc-7-321-2013","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84874462243&doi=10.5194%2ftc-7-321-2013&partnerID=40&md5=4d77e9e260e2698a6de25272f8f9bcef","There is an emerging need for regional applications of sea ice projections to provide more accuracy and greater detail to scientists, national, state and local planners, and other stakeholders. The present study offers a prototype for a comprehensive, interdisciplinary study to bridge observational data, climate model simulations, and user needs. The study's first component is an observationally based evaluation of Arctic sea ice trends during 1980-2008, with an emphasis on seasonal and regional differences relative to the overall pan-Arctic trend. Regional sea ice loss has varied, with a significantly larger decline of winter maximum (January-March) extent in the Atlantic region than in other sectors. A lead-lag regression analysis of Atlantic sea ice extent and ocean temperatures indicates that reduced sea ice extent is associated with increased Atlantic Ocean temperatures. Correlations between the two variables are greater when ocean temperatures lag rather than lead sea ice. The performance of 13 global climate models is evaluated using three metrics to compare sea ice simulations with the observed record. We rank models over the pan-Arctic domain and regional quadrants and synthesize model performance across several different studies. The best performing models project reduced ice cover across key access routes in the Arctic through 2100, with a lengthening of seasons for marine operations by 1-3 months. This assessment suggests that the Northwest and Northeast Passages hold potential for enhanced marine access to the Arctic in the future, including shipping and resource development opportunities. © 2013 Author(s)."
"55611472500;7203040996;7005128992;57211602979;8570871900;","Retention and radiative forcing of black carbon in eastern Sierra Nevada snow",2013,"10.5194/tc-7-365-2013","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84874483415&doi=10.5194%2ftc-7-365-2013&partnerID=40&md5=c2f3cce0e5f220ec37412a32e09a2f8b","When contaminated by absorbing particles, such as refractory black carbon (rBC) and continental dust, snow's albedo decreases and thus its absorption of solar radiation increases, thereby hastening snowmelt. For this reason, an understanding of rBC's affect on snow albedo, melt processes, and radiation balance is critical for water management, especially in a changing climate. Measurements of rBC in a sequence of snow pits and surface snow samples in the eastern Sierra Nevada of California during the snow accumulation and ablation seasons of 2009 show that concentrations of rBC were enhanced sevenfold in surface snow (∼25 ng g-1) compared to bulk values in the snowpack (∼3 ng g-1). Unlike major ions, which were preferentially released during the initial melt, rBC and continental dust were retained in the snow, enhancing concentrations well into late spring, until a final flush occurred during the ablation period. We estimate a combined rBC and continental dust surface radiative forcing of 20 to 40 W m-2 during April and May, with dust likely contributing a greater share of the forcing. © 2013 Author(s)."
"24333241700;36842724800;55942502100;56493740900;","A supplementary clear-sky snow and ice recognition technique for CERES level 2 products",2013,"10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00100.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84875641865&doi=10.1175%2fJTECH-D-12-00100.1&partnerID=40&md5=5cf3d3b4e82f3bee69b6e6dbce1d51d1","Identification of clear-sky snow and ice is an important step in the production of cryosphere radiation budget products, which are used in the derivation of long-term data series for climate research. In this paper, a new method of clear-sky snow/ice identification for Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is presented. The algorithm's goal is to enhance the identification of snow and ice within the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) data after application of the standard CERES scene identification scheme. The input of the algorithm uses spectral radiances from five MODIS bands and surface skin temperature available in the CERES Single Scanner Footprint (SSF) product. The algorithm produces a cryosphere rating from an aggregated test: a higher rating corresponds to a more certain identification of the clear-sky snow/ice-covered scene. Empirical analysis of regions of interest representing distinctive targets such as snow, ice, ice and water clouds, open waters, and snow-free land selected from a number of MODIS images shows that the cryosphere rating of snow/ice targets falls into 95% confidence intervals lying above the same confidence intervals of all other targets. This enables recognition of clear-sky cryosphere by using a single threshold applied to the rating, which makes this technique different from traditional branching techniques based on multiple thresholds. Limited tests show that the established threshold clearly separates the cryosphere rating values computed for the cryosphere from those computed for noncryosphere scenes, whereas individual tests applied consequently cannot reliably identify the cryosphere for complex scenes."
"8570871900;","Arctic climate sensitivity to local black carbon",2013,"10.1002/jgrd.50176","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84875744968&doi=10.1002%2fjgrd.50176&partnerID=40&md5=34bd35670a041613c684652a3663e971","Recent attention has focused on the impact of black carbon (BC) on Arctic climate. Here, idealized equilibrium climate experiments are conducted to explore the dependence of Arctic temperature change on the altitude and season of local BC forcing. BC residing in the lowest atmospheric layer produces very strong Arctic warming per unit mass and forcing [ 2.8 ± 0.5 K (Wm -2)-1] because of low cloud and sea-ice feedbacks that amplify both summer and winter warming. BC operating only within Arctic snow and sea-ice also effectively warms the surface, but forcings at 400-750mbar and 210-250mbar cause weak surface warming and cooling, respectively, despite increasing atmospheric moist static energy. This is a consequence of stable atmospheric conditions in the Arctic limiting vertical mixing, and of higher-altitude BC reducing surface insolation, increasing stability and summer low-cloud cover, and decreasing poleward energy transport. The current simulated distribution of Arctic atmospheric BC slightly cools the surface, supporting an earlier study, while local atmospheric and cryosphere-deposited BC warms the Arctic with a sensitivity of + 0.5 ± 0.4 K (Wm-2) -1. By season, April-May tropospheric BC induces the greatest mass-normalized Arctic warming [0.18 K (Gg yr) -1] because high insolation and surface albedo facilitate large specific forcing during this season. Forcing efficacy, however, increases with summer progression because of decreasing atmospheric stability, leading to a narrow range of mass-normalized response with season. Although limited by exclusion of aerosol indirect effects, changes in ocean heat transport and forcing by co-emitted species, these experiments show that Arctic climate response is sensitive to the vertical distribution and deposition efficiency of BC reaching the Arctic. Key PointsSurface climate change from Arctic black carbon depends strongly on its altitudeNear-surface BC causes strong warming because of cloud and sea-ice feedbacksCurrent Arctic atmosphere + snow BC warms the surface while atmospheric BC may not © 2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"55552038100;7006765934;","Late Pleistocene tropical Pacific temperature sensitivity to radiative greenhouse gas forcing",2013,"10.1130/G33425.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84872134017&doi=10.1130%2fG33425.1&partnerID=40&md5=a422a6dae8ba92a6b1d8bc6550d5fe88","Understanding how global temperature changes with increasing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, or climate sensitivity, is of central importance to climate change research. Climate models provide sensitivity estimates that may not fully incorporate slow, long-term feedbacks such as those involving ice sheets and vegetation. Geological studies, on the other hand, can provide estimates that integrate long- and short-term climate feedbacks to radiative forcing. Because high latitudes are thought to be most sensitive to greenhouse gas forcing owing to, for example, ice-albedo feedbacks, we focus on the tropical Pacifi c Ocean to derive a minimum value for long-term climate sensitivity. Using Mg/Ca paleothermometry from the planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber from the past 500 k.y. at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 871 in the western Pacifi c warm pool, we estimate the tropical Pacifi c climate sensitivity parameter (?) to be 0.94-1.06 °C (W m-2)-1, higher than that predicted by model simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum or by models of doubled greenhouse gas concentration forcing. This result suggests that models may not yet adequately represent the longterm feedbacks related to ocean circulation, vegetation and associated dust, or the cryosphere, and/or may underestimate the effects of tropical clouds or other short-term feedback processes."
"55243411600;9234412200;57200241494;55871224200;6603647965;6507406094;","Application of terrestrial laser scanner techniques for monitoring dynamic geomorphological processes: Snow accumulation and ice masses in mountain areas [Utilización de técnicas de láser escáner terrestre en la monitorización de procesos geomorfológicos dinámicos: El manto de nieve y heleros en áreas de montaña]",2013,"10.18172/cig.1994","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84884923775&doi=10.18172%2fcig.1994&partnerID=40&md5=444a753888a66dc48a25ddcc5d1e1cf7","This paper presents the application of a long range terrestrial laser scanner for monitoring snow accumulation and evolution of glaciers in the Pyrenees. With this study we are showing the great potential of the methodology presented for studies in mountain environments, particularly in research related to the cryosphere monitoring in relation to climate variability and the complex topography typical of mountain environments. We present a comprehensive protocol for the acquisition and processing of point clouds measured by a laser scanner (RIEGL LPM-321) for the generation of digital terrain models, in order to compare the models obtained at different times. Thus it is possible to obtain snow thickness and changes of ice thickness. As case studies, results from two small ice masses located in the massif of Monte Perdido and snow accumulation on a small basin located in the Tena Valley are presented. © Universidad de La Rioja."
"55102510300;7006501049;8709691100;7003377229;","Early snowmelt events: Detection, distribution, and significance in a major sub-arctic watershed",2013,"10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84876173993&doi=10.1088%2f1748-9326%2f8%2f1%2f014020&partnerID=40&md5=f045a129da8d47b43d60e948e281abf8","High latitude drainage basins are experiencing higher average temperatures, earlier snowmelt onset in spring, and an increase in rain on snow (ROS) events in winter, trends that climate models project into the future. Snowmelt-dominated basins are most sensitive to winter temperature increases that influence the frequency of ROS events and the timing and duration of snowmelt, resulting in changes to spring runoff. Of specific interest in this study are early melt events that occur in late winter preceding melt onset in the spring. The study focuses on satellite determination and characterization of these early melt events using the Yukon River Basin (Canada/USA) as a test domain. The timing of these events was estimated using data from passive (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - EOS (AMSR-E)) and active (SeaWinds on Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT)) microwave remote sensors, employing detection algorithms for brightness temperature (AMSR-E) and radar backscatter (QuikSCAT). The satellite detected events were validated with ground station meteorological and hydrological data, and the spatial and temporal variability of the events across the entire river basin was characterized. Possible causative factors for the detected events, including ROS, fog, and positive air temperatures, were determined by comparing the timing of the events to parameters from SnowModel and National Centers for Environmental Prediction North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) outputs, and weather station data. All melt events coincided with above freezing temperatures, while a limited number corresponded to ROS (determined from SnowModel and ground data) and a majority to fog occurrence (determined from NARR). The results underscore the significant influence that warm air intrusions have on melt in some areas and demonstrate the large temporal and spatial variability over years and regions. The study provides a method for melt detection and a baseline from which to assess future change. © 2013 IOP Publishing Ltd."
"16403546300;7101720549;","Diatom evidence for the onset of Pliocene cooling from AND-1B, McMurdo Sound, Antarctica",2013,"10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.10.014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84872050759&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2012.10.014&partnerID=40&md5=245467bee63aaa0f133628a6dceb154e","The late Pliocene, ~ 3.3-3.0. Ma, is the most recent interval of sustained global warmth in the geologic past. This window is the focus of climate reconstruction efforts by the U.S. Geological Survey's Pliocene Research, Interpretation, and Synoptic Mapping (PRISM) Data/Model Cooperative, and may provide a useful climate analog for the coming century. Reconstructions of past surface ocean conditions proximal to the Antarctic continent are essential to understanding the sensitivity of the cryosphere to this key interval in Earth's climate evolution. An exceptional marine sediment core collected from the southwestern Ross Sea (78° S), Antarctica, during ANDRILL's McMurdo Ice Shelf Project preserves evidence of dramatic fluctuations between grounded ice and productive, open ocean conditions during the late Pliocene, reflecting orbitally-paced glacial/interglacial cycling. In this near-shore record, diatom-rich sediments are recovered from interglacial intervals; two of these diatomites, from ~ 3.2. Ma and 3.03. Ma, are within the PRISM chronologic window. The diatom assemblages identified in PRISM-age late Pliocene diatom-rich sediments are distinct from those in mid-Pliocene and later Pliocene/Pleistocene intervals recovered from AND-1B, and comprise both extant taxa with well-constrained ecological preferences and a diverse extinct flora, some members of which are previously undescribed from Antarctic sediments. Both units are dominated by Chaetoceros resting spores, an indicator of high productivity and stratification that is present at much lower abundance in materials both older and younger than the PRISM-age sediments. Newly described species of the genus Fragilariopsis, which first appear in the AND-1B record at 3.2. Ma, are the most abundant extinct members of the PRISM-age assemblages. Other extant species with established environmental affinities, such as Fragilariopsis sublinearis, F. curta, Stellarima microtrias, and Thalassiothrix antarctica, are present at lower abundances. Environmental inferences drawn from extant diatom assemblages are in good agreement with those from Chaetoceros resting spores and the Fragilariopsis radiation. All three lines of evidence indicate the onset of late Pliocene cooling in the Ross Sea near-shore environment at 3.2. Ma, with intensification and possible regional persistence of summer sea ice by 3.03. Ma. An important implication of this research is the indication that the Ross Ice Shelf fluctuated dramatically on orbital timescales at a time when nearshore Antarctic conditions were only modestly warmer than present. © 2012."
"7004890124;7402839397;7403597775;","Characteristic seismic waves associated with cryosphere dynamics in eastern dronning maud land, east antarctica",2012,"10.1155/2012/389297","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84871395252&doi=10.1155%2f2012%2f389297&partnerID=40&md5=b6806dd1a89a6a20f0845cd8a4d92c0e","Several kinds of natural source signals are recorded by seismic exploration stations on the continental ice sheet in Eastern Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, during 2002 austral summer. They include not only tectonic earthquakes, but also ice-related phenomena possibly involving recent global climate change. The recorded signals are classified into (1) teleseismic events, (2) local ice quakes, and (3) unidentified events (X-phases). The teleseismic waves show the high signal-to-noise ratio in spite of the small magnitude of the event; this indicates that it is highly feasible to study not only the local shallow structure but also the deep structure of the earth by using teleseismic events. Frequency spectra of the all waveforms represent discordances along the observation seismic profile. The abrupt change of topography in the valley along the seismic profile might cause both the anomalous frequency content and travel times. Finally, an origin of the X-phases is speculated as the intraplate earthquakes or possibly large ice-quakes (glacial earthquakes) around Antarctica, involving global warming appeared in polar region. © 2012 Masaki Kanao et al."
"55237491000;55664298600;55237583600;","Public perceptions of climate and cryosphere change in typical arid inland river areas of China: Facts, impacts and selections of adaptation measures",2012,"10.1016/j.quaint.2012.04.033","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84869496223&doi=10.1016%2fj.quaint.2012.04.033&partnerID=40&md5=16081efa52cbeb3071e464d0ece9be92","As typical inland river basins in China, the ürümqi River Basin and the Aksu River Basin were selected as study areas in this paper. In the past several decades, the climate has had a tendency to change from warm-drying to warm-wetting, with a coinstantaneous response by mountain glacier meltwater of these areas. Comparing questionnaire survey data with scientific observation, this study focused on the character of public perception on climate and cryosphere changes, the changes' possible impacts on water resources, and adaptation measure choices by the public. Results presented in this study showed that: 1) Perceptions of most respondents on climate and cryosphere changes conform to objective facts, but some of them still have suspicion relating to these environmental changes; 2) Even though increasing precipitation and glacier meltwater has caused an increased water supply, due to the increasing demand of the unit area water for agriculture (industrial and living water demand may be involved), water shortage is still a big problem in sustainable development. Because of unemployment or the inconspicuous benefits of water-saving measures, the wasting of water resources may be a serious problem in these areas; 3) Most people preferred to choose the adaptation measures implemented by government and policy-making departments. Some people showed more preference for measures avoiding unfavorable natural environmental consequences. Public perceptions on the urgency of individual participation are still inadequate. Some of the measures should be communicated broadly and warmly encouraged; 4) Public choices of adaptation measures for climate and cryosphere change are impacted by demographic factors such as age, gender, region, nationality, education and occupation. The impacts of such factors are complicated. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA."
"35311691900;55901447400;55382486900;15725518800;36559764200;57203230296;","The first complete inventory of the local glaciers and ice caps on Greenland",2012,"10.5194/tc-6-1483-2012","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84870925016&doi=10.5194%2ftc-6-1483-2012&partnerID=40&md5=5826a1334dfb4b695c08c09d8bc1af4a","Glacier inventories provide essential baseline information for the determination of water resources, glacier-specific changes in area and volume, climate change impacts as well as past, potential and future contribution of glaciers to sea-level rise. Although Greenland is heavily glacierised and thus highly relevant for all of the above points, a complete inventory of its glaciers was not available so far. Here we present the results and details of a new and complete inventory that has been compiled from more than 70 Landsat scenes (mostly acquired between 1999 and 2002) using semi-automated glacier mapping techniques. A digital elevation model (DEM) was used to derive drainage divides from watershed analysis and topographic attributes for each glacier entity. To serve the needs of different user communities, we assigned to each glacier one of three connectivity levels with the ice sheet (CL0, CL1, CL2; i.e. no, weak, and strong connection) to clearly, but still flexibly, distinguish the local glaciers and ice caps (GIC) from the ice sheet and its outlet glaciers. In total, we mapped ∼ 20 300 glaciers larger than 0.05 km 2 (of which ∼ 900 are marine terminating), covering an area of 130 076 ± 4032 km2, or 89 720 ± 2781 km2 without the CL2 GIC. The latter value is about 50% higher than the mean value of more recent previous estimates. Glaciers smaller than 0.5 km2 contribute only 1.5% to the total area but more than 50% (11 000) to the total number. In contrast, the 25 largest GIC (&gt; 500 km2) contribute 28% to the total area, but only 0.1% to the total number. The mean elevation of the GIC is 1700 m in the eastern sector and around 1000 m otherwise. The median elevation increases with distance from the coast, but has only a weak dependence on mean glacier aspect. © Author(s) 2012."
"7004400048;","Climate change and its impacts in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas: An introduction",2012,"10.1108/S2040-7262(2012)0000011008","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84886633391&doi=10.1108%2fS2040-7262%282012%290000011008&partnerID=40&md5=e8ae49a79fbf8fe644e1ac643c0f7244","Mountains provide more than 40% of global goods and services. The ecosystem services arising from the Hindu Kush-Himalayas (HKH) in the form of water, biodiversity and niche products, hydroelectricity, timber, mineral resources, and recreation are enormous. The HKH region is enriched by a diversity of cultures, ethnic groups, and traditional knowledge systems. Thus, it is a paradox that, in spite of rich natural resources and cultures, poverty is rampant. Additionally, the HKH is a hotspot for climate change impacts, but the region has been identified as a data deficient during the 2007 assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Since then, some progress has been made to fill the data gap, specifically relating to biodiversity, cryosphere, and climate change. This chapter introduces the HKH region and elaborates the need for modeling in the context of dealing with climate change. Copyright © 2012 by Emerald Group Publishing Limited."
"34970967400;6602386601;7004155786;55365687400;6603604962;","Evaluating tourist perception of environmental changes as a contribution to managing natural resources in glacierized areas: A case study of the Forni Glacier (Stelvio National Park, Italian Alps)",2012,"10.1007/s00267-012-9948-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84871279164&doi=10.1007%2fs00267-012-9948-9&partnerID=40&md5=e12557656b1d7510ec080c1ace051c53","Climate change effects are noticeably evident above the timberline where glacier and permafrost processes and mass movements drive the surface evolution. In particular, the cryosphere shrinkage is deeply changing the features and characteristics of several glacierized mountain areas of the world, and these modifications can also affect the landscape perception of tourists and mountaineers. On the one hand glacier retreat is increasing the interest of tourists and visitors in areas witnessing clear climate change impacts; on the other hand cryosphere shrinkage can impact the touristic appeal of mountain territories which, diminishing their ice and snow coverage, are also losing part of their aesthetic value. Then, to promote glacierized areas in a changing climate and to prepare exhaustive and actual proposals for sustainable tourism, it is important to deepen our knowledge about landscape perception of tourists and mountaineers and their awareness of the ongoing environmental modifications. Here we present the results from a pilot study we performed in summer 2009 on a representative glacierized area of the Alps, the Forni Valley (Stelvio National Park, Lombardy, Italy), a valley shaped by Forni, the largest Italian valley glacier. During the 2009 summer season we asked tourists visiting the Forni Valley to complete a questionnaire. This study was aimed at both describing the features and characteristics of tourists and mountaineers visiting this Alpine zone in summer and evaluating their landscape perception and their ability to recognize climate change impacts and evidence. Our results suggest that the dissemination strategies in a natural protected area have to take into account not only the main landscape features but also the sites where the information will be given. In particular considering the peculiarities of the huts located in the area, such as their different accessibility and the fact that they are included or not in a mountaineering network like that of the Italian Alpine Club. Both these factors can influence the kind of visitors to the area, thus requiring different dissemination strategies. Moreover, differences in the viewpoints from where visitors could watch and understand landscape also have to be considered. Next, in a protected area where climate change effects are evident, the dissemination strategies should be developed in close cooperation with scientists who are analyzing the area and with the support of periodic interviews which could be very useful to evaluate the effectiveness of the applied dissemination methods. Last but not least, the questionnaire should be standardized and distributed in several protected areas, thus permitting useful comparisons and the identification of common solutions for sharing in a friendly way scientific knowledge about climate change and its effects on the environment and the landscape. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012."
"7004759191;57202528734;7102701564;57203275605;8582121200;6701926213;7202616544;24576528400;21233445300;15763469700;57203050681;55568519272;55738125200;7003377577;7003726500;7006735547;16064048100;7003663731;7006646563;57195255944;","Variability and change in the Canadian cryosphere",2012,"10.1007/s10584-012-0470-0","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84867676594&doi=10.1007%2fs10584-012-0470-0&partnerID=40&md5=b53a8f2f4a78afdacca15c2f88329e2a","During the International Polar Year (IPY), comprehensive observational research programs were undertaken to increase our understanding of the Canadian polar cryosphere response to a changing climate. Cryospheric components considered were snow, permafrost, sea ice, freshwater ice, glaciers and ice shelves. Enhancement of conventional observing systems and retrieval algorithms for satellite measurements facilitated development of a snapshot of current cryospheric conditions, providing a baseline against which future change can be assessed. Key findings include: 1. surface air temperatures across the Canadian Arctic exhibit a warming trend in all seasons over the past 40 years. A consistent pan-cryospheric response to these warming temperatures is evident through the analysis of multi-decadal datasets; 2. in recent years (including the IPY period) a higher rate of change was observed compared to previous decades including warming permafrost, reduction in snow cover extent and duration, reduction in summer sea ice extent, increased mass loss from glaciers, and thinning and break-up of the remaining Canadian ice shelves. These changes illustrate both a reduction in the spatial extent and mass of the cryosphere and an increase in the temporal persistence of melt related parameters. The observed changes in the cryosphere have important implications for human activity including the close ties of northerners to the land, access to northern regions for natural resource development, and the integrity of northern infrastructure. © 2012 UKCrown: Environment Canada; © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada."
"57212775500;55352558300;6508378288;6601987823;","Canadian International Polar Year (2007-2008): An introduction",2012,"10.1007/s10584-012-0583-5","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84865812041&doi=10.1007%2fs10584-012-0583-5&partnerID=40&md5=dfdd3636711fa8cb8b66923232ad4eac","Canadian contributions to International Polar Year (IPY) 2007-2008 were designed to improve the understanding of climate change impacts and adaptation and to gain insight into issues surrounding community health and well-being in Canada's arctic. Fifty-two research projects, involving scientists, northern partners and communities, focused on the arctic atmosphere and climate, cryosphere, oceans, sea ice, marine ecosystems, terrestrial ecosystems, wildlife as well as human health and community well-being. Key research findings on these topics are presented in this special issue of Climatic Change. This introductory paper presents an overview of the international and Canadian IPY programs and a summary of Canadian IPY results, including progress made in data management and capacity building. The legacy of IPY in Canada includes expanded international scientific cooperation, meaningful partnerships with northern communities, and more northern residents with research training. © 2012 © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada as represented by: Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada."
"26423912800;15846971700;7004847089;57203078745;7003440089;7007181954;56134359300;15828193000;37085583300;","Sensitivity of a Greenland ice sheet model to atmospheric forcing fields",2012,"10.5194/tc-6-999-2012","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84867444663&doi=10.5194%2ftc-6-999-2012&partnerID=40&md5=2ea4c6d3a0c574906473e1921cd92bc5","Predicting the climate for the future and how it will impact ice sheet evolution requires coupling ice sheet models with climate models. However, before we attempt to develop a realistic coupled setup, we propose, in this study, to first analyse the impact of a model simulated climate on an ice sheet. We undertake this exercise for a set of regional and global climate models. Modelled near surface air temperature and precipitation are provided as upper boundary conditions to the GRISLI (GRenoble Ice Shelf and Land Ice model) hybrid ice sheet model (ISM) in its Greenland configuration. After 20 kyrs of simulation, the resulting ice sheets highlight the differences between the climate models. While modelled ice sheet sizes are generally comparable to the observed one, there are considerable deviations among the ice sheets on regional scales. These deviations can be explained by biases in temperature and precipitation near the coast. This is especially true in the case of global models. But the deviations between the climate models are also due to the differences in the atmospheric general circulation. To account for these differences in the context of coupling ice sheet models with climate models, we conclude that appropriate downscaling methods will be needed. In some cases, systematic corrections of the climatic variables at the interface may be required to obtain realistic results for the Greenland ice sheet (GIS). ©2012 Author(s)."
"54412796600;36842807800;26654999200;6602273584;57203078745;","Simulating the growth of supraglacial lakes at the western margin of the Greenland ice sheet",2012,"10.5194/tc-6-1077-2012","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84867441705&doi=10.5194%2ftc-6-1077-2012&partnerID=40&md5=e399dbded4a56d8eface2b4c17e684cb","We present a new method of modelling the growth of supraglacial lakes at the western margin of the Greenland ice sheet, based on routing runoff estimated by a regional climate model across a digital elevation model (DEM) of the ice sheet surface. Using data acquired during the 2003 melt season, we demonstrate that the model is 19 times more likely to correctly predict the presence (or absence) of lakes than it is to make incorrect predictions, within an elevation range of 1100 to 1700 metres above sea level (m a.s.l.), when compared with MODIS satellite imagery. Of the 66% of observed lake locations which the model correctly reproduces, the simulated lake onset day is found to be correlated with that observed with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.76. Our model accurately simulates maximum cumulative lake area with only a 1.5% overestimate. However, because our model does not simulate processes leading to lake stagnation or decay, such as refreezing or drainage, at present we do not simulate absolute daily lake area. We find that the maximum potential lake-covered ice sheet area is limited by topography to 6.4%. We estimate that this corresponds to a volume of 1.49 km3, 12% of the runoff produced in 2003. This can be taken as an upper bound given uncertainty in the DEM. This study has proved a good first step towards capturing the variability of supraglacial lake evolution with a numerical model. These initial results are promising and suggest that the model is a useful tool for use in analysing the behaviour of supraglacial lakes on the Greenland ice sheet in the present day and potentially beyond. ©2012 Author(s)."
"6506989282;6603068604;","Southern exposure new paleoclimate insights from southern ocean and Antarctic margin sediments",2012,"10.5670/oceanog.2012.82","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84865825155&doi=10.5670%2foceanog.2012.82&partnerID=40&md5=80abc6b61fd5d5f33d5f8d6711fbd3f9","Much of what is known about the evolution of Antarctica's cryosphere in the geologic past is derived from ice-distal deep-sea sedimentary records. Recent advances in drilling technology and climate proxy methods have made it possible to retrieve and interpret high-quality ice-proximal sedimentary sequences from Antarctica's margins and the Southern Ocean. These records contain a wealth of information about the individual histories of the East and West Antarctic Ice Sheets and associated temperature change in the circum-Antarctic seas. Emerging studies of Antarctic drill cores provide evidence of dynamic climate variability on both short and long timescales over the past 20 million years. This geologic information is critical for testing and improving computer model simulations used to predict future environmental change in the polar regions. Identifying the mechanistic links between past Antarctic ice-volume fluctuations and oceanographic change is necessary for understanding Earth's long-term climate evolution. While recent successes highlight the value of ice-proximal records, additional scientific drilling and climate proxy development are required to improve current knowledge of Antarctica's complex paleoenvironmental history. © 2012 by The Oceanography Society. All rights reserved."
"41561435400;7102002550;6701761712;7103070859;","A marine diatom record from the Amundsen Sea - Insights into oceanographic and climatic response to the Mid-Pleistocene Transition in the West Antarctic sector of the Southern Ocean",2012,"10.1016/j.marmicro.2012.05.001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84861982076&doi=10.1016%2fj.marmicro.2012.05.001&partnerID=40&md5=633bd9a10d0d8fca1a3311a2edc8a02e","The goal of this study is to assess the changes that have occurred during the Mid-Pleistocene Transition, an important transitional period in cryosphere evolution, by examining the siliceous microfossil record of sediments collected proximal to a major ice drainage outlet for the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Core PS58/254 was collected from a sediment drift on the upper continental rise in the Amundsen Sea, directly offshore from Pine Island Bay, one of the three main discharge areas for the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS). Published data on physical properties, geochemical composition, grain size and clay mineral assemblages are complemented here by a high-resolution record (sample spacing 10. cm) of the siliceous microfossil assemblages (diatoms and silicoflagellates). Between 1200. ka and 621. ka, the assemblage is relatively diverse, with Actinocyclus ingens, Thalassiothrix antarctica and Fragilariopsis kerguelensis dominating the assemblages, but diatom abundance is variable from low to barren. Additionally, the occurrence of A. ingens, Thalassiosira elliptipora and Thalassiosira fasciculata is used to confirm and further refine the existing age model and extend it back to 1200. ka. Species composition during the last ca. 621. ka is dominated by F. kerguelensis, which consistently comprises 80-90% of the assemblage. A clear relationship between diatom abundance and glacial/interglacial variability is apparent after 621. ka, which resembles the glacial-interglacial variability previously observed in other proxy data. A significant change in both sediment composition and diatom assemblages is observed at 621. ka. This change concurs with the last abundant occurrence of A. ingens and the end of the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT, i.e. the onset of modern eccentricity/precession-paced glacial cycles around 650. ka). We suggest that during interglacial periods after 621. ka the Amundsen Sea Low pressure system shifted seasonally southwestwards towards the shelf and thereby increased the advection of relatively warm Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) onto the Amundsen Sea shelf, which is a major factor for present ice-sheet melting in this part of West Antarctica. © 2012 Elsevier B.V."
"9038110500;6602842279;37094408500;7004164175;6701724255;7006222169;35584835400;35578212300;23971272300;35781204900;7003604292;7004138277;","New constraints on European glacial freshwater releases to the North Atlantic Ocean",2012,"10.1029/2012GL052100","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84864714799&doi=10.1029%2f2012GL052100&partnerID=40&md5=44bccd6917a611fa81501649f8b6bc4b","During the late Quaternary, both external and internal forcings have driven major climatic shifts from glacial to interglacial conditions. Nonlinear climatic steps characterized the transitions leading to these extrema, with intermediate excursions particularly well expressed in the dynamics of the Northern Hemisphere cryosphere. Here we document the impact of these dynamics on the north-eastern North Atlantic Ocean, focussing on the 35-10ka interval. Sea-surface salinities have been reconstructed quantitatively based on two independent methods from core MD95-2002, recovered from the northern Bay of Biscay adjacent to the axis of the Manche paleoriver outlet and thus in connection with proximal European ice sheets and glaciers. Quantitative reconstructions deriving from dinocyst and planktonic foraminiferal analyses have been combined within a robust chronology to assess the amplitude and timing of hydrological changes in this region. Our study evidences strong pulsed freshwater discharges which may have impacted the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. © 2012. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"7403211753;7003599727;36454830900;","The evolution of pCO 2, ice volume and climate during the middle Miocene",2012,"10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84864029371&doi=10.1016%2fj.epsl.2012.06.007&partnerID=40&md5=a5828c942c5253b45f0f2990ce80cb41","The middle Miocene Climatic Optimum (17-15Ma; MCO) is a period of global warmth and relatively high CO 2 and is thought to be associated with a significant retreat of the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS). We present here a new planktic foraminiferal δ 11B record from 16.6 to 11.8Ma from two deep ocean sites currently in equilibrium with the atmosphere with respect to CO 2. These new data demonstrate that the evolution of global climate during the middle Miocene (as reflected by changes in the cyrosphere) was well correlated to variations in the concentration of atmospheric CO 2. What is more, within our sampling resolution (~1 sample per 300kyr) there is no evidence of hysteresis in the response of ice volume to CO 2 forcing during the middle Miocene, contrary to what is understood about the Antarctic Ice Sheet from ice sheet modelling studies. In agreement with previous data, we show that absolute levels of CO 2 during the MCO were relatively modest (350-400ppm) and levels either side of the MCO are similar or lower than the pre-industrial (200-260ppm). These new data imply the presence of either a very dynamic AIS at relatively low CO 2 during the middle Miocene or the advance and retreat of significant northern hemisphere ice. Recent drilling on the Antarctic margin and shore based studies indicate significant retreat and advance beyond the modern limits of the AIS did occur during the middle Miocene, but the complete loss of the AIS was unlikely. Consequently, it seems that ice volume and climate variations during the middle Miocene probably involved a more dynamic AIS than the modern but also some component of land-based ice in the northern hemisphere. © 2012 Elsevier B.V."
"55664151400;7403729580;56214653300;57192063251;7404700567;7102059239;7404588800;15052692100;15759934600;37462539100;42061519700;55229755700;55255499600;56058344000;55255174400;","Third Pole Environment (TPE)",2012,"10.1016/j.envdev.2012.04.002","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84863981318&doi=10.1016%2fj.envdev.2012.04.002&partnerID=40&md5=eaf1c75f2d700ac173ccc9a57eb33c35","The Tibetan Plateau and surrounding mountains represent one of the largest ice masses of the Earth. The region, referred to by scientists as the Third Pole, covering 5 million km 2 with an average elevation of &gt;4000m and including more than 100,000km 2 of glaciers, is the most sensitive and readily visible indicator of climate change. The area also demonstrates considerable feedbacks to global environmental changes. The unique interactions among the atmosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere on the Third Pole ensure permanent flow of Asia's major rivers, thus significantly influencing social and economic development of China, India, Nepal, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bhutan where a fifth of the world's population lives. Like Antarctica and the Arctic, a series of observations and monitoring activities in the Third Pole region have been widely implemented. Yet for a comprehensive understanding of the Third Pole, current observational resources need to be integrated and perfected, and research goals and approaches need to be updated and identified. The Third Pole Environment (TPE) program aims to attract relevant research institutions and academic talents to focus on a theme of 'water-ice-air-ecosystem-human' interactions, to reveal environmental change processes and mechanisms on the Third Pole and their influences on and responses to global changes, and thus to serve for enhancement of human adaptation to the changing environment and realization of human-nature harmony. © 2012."
"16031878300;16022771900;12808188800;6507665608;8718417000;7006131392;","Active layer temperature in two Cryosols from King George Island, Maritime Antarctica",2012,"10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.12.013","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84860318753&doi=10.1016%2fj.geomorph.2011.12.013&partnerID=40&md5=dbe79b5c5e7ae26f031ff59c1d8857d4","This study presents soil temperature and moisture regimes from March 2008 to January 2009 for two active layer monitoring (CALM-S) sites at King George Island, Maritime Antarctica. The monitoring sites were installed during the summer of 2008 and consist of thermistors (accuracy of ±. 0.2. °C), arranged vertically with probes at different depths and one soil moisture probe placed at the bottommost layer at each site (accuracy of ±. 2.5%), recording data at hourly intervals in a high capacity datalogger. The active layer thermal regime in the studied period for both soils was typical of periglacial environments, with extreme variation in surface temperature during summer resulting in frequent freeze and thaw cycles. The great majority of the soil temperature readings during the eleven month period was close to 0. °C, resulting in low values of freezing and thawing degree days. Both soils have poor thermal apparent diffusivity but values were higher for the soil from Fildes Peninsula. The different moisture regimes for the studied soils were attributed to soil texture, with the coarser soil presenting much lower water content during all seasons. Differences in water and ice contents may explain the contrasting patterns of freezing of the studied soils, being two-sided for the coarser soil and one-sided for the loamy soil. The temperature profile of the studied soils during the eleven month period indicates that the active layer reached a maximum depth of approximately 92. cm at Potter and 89. cm at Fildes. Longer data sets are needed for more conclusive analysis on active layer behaviour in this part of Antarctica. © 2011 Elsevier B.V."
"7004097357;","NovaSAR : Space-based radar for all : With its ability to acquire data at a fraction of the cost of conventional synthetic aperture RADAR sensors, NovaSAR looks set to support a wide variety of civil applications",2012,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84862576485&partnerID=40&md5=480d3a6a4ca8670debdf1ccbfaf20f49","Surrey Satellite Technology's (SSTL) low cost commercial RADAR system, NovaSAR, is capable of providing RADAR remote sensing capabilities for around 20 per cent of the cost of conventional large satellite missions, making SAR accessible to civil users around the world. Like optical remote sensing satellites, Synthetic Aperture RADAR (SAR) can be used for a wide variety of applications, including disaster relief, environmental monitoring and maritime surveillance. The big advantage of SAR over optical remote sensing is its ability to see through cloud and during the night providing 365-day capability unimpeded by the weather or light conditions. Climate change scientists can make great use of SAR data too, for instance analyzing woodland and vegetation to determine an area's potential for absorbing carbon dioxide, and keeping a healthy balance of land use. Another climate change application of interest to scientists is monitoring of the cryosphere."
"37108615300;55234828800;7101977707;7006598877;","Geologic methane seeps along boundaries of Arctic permafrost thaw and melting glaciers",2012,"10.1038/ngeo1480","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84861686107&doi=10.1038%2fngeo1480&partnerID=40&md5=2102d84efc2e011dee6f916591e71d27","Methane, a potent greenhouse gas, accumulates in subsurface hydrocarbon reservoirs, such as coal beds and natural gas deposits. In the Arctic, permafrost and glaciers form a 'cryosphere cap' that traps gas leaking from these reservoirs, restricting flow to the atmosphere. With a carbon store of over 1,200Pg, the Arctic geologic methane reservoir is large when compared with the global atmospheric methane pool of around 5Pg. As such, the Earth's climate is sensitive to the escape of even a small fraction of this methane. Here, we document the release of 14C-depleted methane to the atmosphere from abundant gas seeps concentrated along boundaries of permafrost thaw and receding glaciers in Alaska and Greenland, using aerial and ground surface survey data and in situ measurements of methane isotopes and flux. We mapped over 150,000 seeps, which we identified as bubble-induced open holes in lake ice. These seeps were characterized by anomalously high methane fluxes, and in Alaska by ancient radiocarbon ages and stable isotope values that matched those of coal bed and thermogenic methane accumulations. Younger seeps in Greenland were associated with zones of ice-sheet retreat since the Little Ice Age. Our findings imply that in a warming climate, disintegration of permafrost, glaciers and parts of the polar ice sheets could facilitate the transient expulsion of 14C-depleted methane trapped by the cryosphere cap. © 2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved."
"7003777393;55233623600;7006151108;","135 years of global ocean warming between the Challenger expedition and the Argo Programme",2012,"10.1038/nclimate1461","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84861636969&doi=10.1038%2fnclimate1461&partnerID=40&md5=b90b00e390a061ea869fce85c888423c","Changing temperature throughout the oceans is a key indicator of climate change. Since the 1960s about 90% of the excess heat added to the Earth's climate system has been stored in the oceans. The ocean's dominant role over the atmosphere, land, or cryosphere comes from its high heat capacity and ability to remove heat from the sea surface by currents and mixing. The longest interval over which instrumental records of subsurface global-scale temperature can be compared is the 135 years between the voyage of HMS Challenger (1872-1876) and the modern data set of the Argo Programme (2004-2010). Argo's unprecedented global coverage permits its comparison with any earlier measurements. This, the first global-scale comparison of Challenger and modern data, shows spatial mean warming at the surface of 0.59°C ±0.12, consistent with previous estimates of globally averaged sea surface temperature increase. Below the surface the mean warming decreases to 0.39°C ±0.18 at 366m (200fathoms) and 0.12°C ±0.07 at 914m (500fathoms). The 0.33°C ±0.14 average temperature difference from 0 to 700m is twice the value observed globally in that depth range over the past 50 years, implying a centennial timescale for the present rate of global warming. Warming in the Atlantic Ocean is stronger than in the Pacific. Systematic errors in the Challenger data mean that these temperature changes are a lower bound on the actual values. This study underlines the scientific significance of the Challenger expedition and the modern Argo Programme and indicates that globally the oceans have been warming at least since the late-nineteenth or early-twentieth century. © 2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved."
"6508261814;55232261100;55232840700;25928520400;","The morphodynamics of the mont blanc massif in a changing cryosphere: A comprehensive review",2012,"10.1111/j.1468-0459.2012.00467.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84861553428&doi=10.1111%2fj.1468-0459.2012.00467.x&partnerID=40&md5=bb3d1f76eda057e8d1c0a97b55533602","One of the most glacierized areas in the European Alps, the Mont Blanc massif, illustrates how fast changes affect the cryosphere and the related morphodynamics in high mountain environments, especially since the termination of the Little Ice Age. Contrasts between the north-west side, gentle and heavily glaciated, and the south-east side, steep and rocky, and between local faces with varying slope angle and aspect highlight the suitability of the study site for scientific investigations. Glacier shrinkage is pronounced at low elevation but weaker than in other Alpine massifs, and supraglacial debris covers have developed over most of the glaciers, often starting in the nineteenth century. Lowering of glacier surface also affects areas of the accumulation zone. While modern glaciology has been carried out in the massif for several decades, study of the permafrost has been under development for only a few years, especially in the rock walls. Many hazards are related to glacier dynamics. Outburst flood from englacial pockets, ice avalanche from warm-based and cold-based glaciers, and rock slope failure due to debuttressing are generally increasing with the current decrease or even the vanishing of glaciers. Permafrost degradation is likely involved in rockfall and rock avalanche, contributing to the chains of processes resulting from the high relief of the massif. The resulting hazards could increasingly endanger population and activities of the valleys surrounding the Mont Blanc massif. © The authors 2012. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography © 2012 Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography."
"56248713100;6603942819;56415177200;7003691238;7004136187;7006549031;7004214287;","Cyclochronology of the Eocene-Oligocene transition from the Cape Roberts Project-3 core, Victoria Land basin, Antarctica",2012,"10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.08.011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84861467249&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2011.08.011&partnerID=40&md5=af871dba6003a2e15ef6ecde7ef02cf2","About 34 million years ago, at the Eocene-Oligocene (E-O) transition, Earth's climate underwent a substantial change from relatively ice-free ""green house"" conditions to a glacial state marked by the establishment of a permanent ice sheet on Antarctica. Our understanding of the Antarctic cryospheric evolution across the E-O climate transition relies on indirect marine geochemical proxies and, hitherto, it has not been possible to reconcile the pattern of inferred ice-sheet growth from these ""far-field"" proxy records with direct physical evidence of ice sheet behaviour from the proximal Antarctic continental margin. Here we present a correlation of cyclical changes recorded in the CRP-3 drill hole sediment core from the western Ross Sea, that are related to oscillations in the volume of a growing East Antarctic Ice Sheet, with well dated lower latitude records of orbital forcing and climate change across the E-O transition. We evaluate the results in the light of the age model available for the CRP-3A succession. Our cyclostratigraphy developed on the basis of repetitive vertical facies changes and clast peak abundances within sequences matches the floating cyclochronology developed in deep-sea successions for major glacial events. The astrochronological calibration of the CRP-3 succession represents the first high-resolution correlation of direct physical evidence of orbitally controlled glaciation from the Antarctic margin to geochemical records of paleoclimate changes across the E-O climate transition. © 2011 Elsevier B.V."
"7003355879;6506363517;6603432911;6603275993;","Autumn atmospheric response to the 2007 low Arctic sea ice extent in coupled ocean-atmosphere hindcasts",2012,"10.1007/s00382-011-1169-z","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84861811444&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-011-1169-z&partnerID=40&md5=a3dd695e0e298da4ed79ce3c9d3654ea","The autumn and early winter atmospheric response to the record-low Arctic sea ice extent at the end of summer 2007 is examined in ensemble hindcasts with prescribed sea ice extent, made with the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts state-of-the-art coupled ocean-atmosphere seasonal forecast model. Robust, warm anomalies over the Pacific and Siberian sectors of the Arctic, as high as 10°C at the surface, are found in October and November. A regime change occurs by December, characterized by weaker temperatures anomalies extending through the troposphere. Geopotential anomalies extend from the surface up to the stratosphere, associated to deeper Aleutian and Icelandic Lows. While the upper-level jet is weakened and shifted southward over the continents, it is intensified over both oceanic sectors, especially over the Pacific Ocean. On the American and Eurasian continents, intensified surface Highs are associated with anomalous advection of cold (warm) polar air on their eastern (western) sides, bringing cooler temperatures along the Pacific coast of Asia and Northeastern North America. Transient eddy activity is reduced over Eurasia, intensified over the entrance and exit regions of the Pacific and Atlantic storm tracks, in broad qualitative agreement with the upper-level wind anomalies. Potential predictability calculations indicate a strong influence of sea ice upon surface temperatures over the Arctic in autumn, but also along the Pacific coast of Asia in December. When the observed sea ice extent from 2007 is prescribed throughout the autumn, a higher correlation of surface temperatures with meteorological re-analyses is found at high latitudes from October until mid-November. This further emphasises the relevance of sea ice for seasonal forecasting in the Arctic region, in the autumn. © 2011 The Author(s)."
"23009358600;56249266100;56132929700;7004580125;26436423000;7103259757;57205555576;","Sentinels for science: Potential of Sentinel-1, -2, and -3 missions for scientific observations of ocean, cryosphere, and land",2012,"10.1016/j.rse.2011.09.026","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84859420524&doi=10.1016%2fj.rse.2011.09.026&partnerID=40&md5=ecb8ce13d4ec0959ca01ec0e03e8a121","The Sentinel-1, -2, and -3 satellite missions can meet various observational needs for spatially explicit physical, biogeophysical, and biological variables of the ocean, cryosphere, and land research activities. The currently known observational requirements were extracted from documents produced by major international scientific projects and programs. The summarized observational needs were then cross-referenced with the capabilities of the planned sensors aboard of the first three Sentinels. A comparative analysis, also incorporating scientific challenges of the ESA Living Planet Programme and the Essential Climate Variables (ECVs), resulted in a preliminary scientific priority assessment of the reviewed environmental variables. Results of these activities, discussed and consolidated in March 2011 at the Sentinels for Science (SEN4SCI) scientific workshop, demonstrate the high potential of the Sentinel-1, -2, and -3 missions for systematic, long-term observations of the Earth system. © 2012 Elsevier Inc."
"57205555576;7401925341;7101812431;6602115068;7004324889;","ESA's sentinel missions in support of Earth system science",2012,"10.1016/j.rse.2011.07.023","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84859431071&doi=10.1016%2fj.rse.2011.07.023&partnerID=40&md5=5338485c4778d44ab7211626afec723c","The spatial and temporal characteristics of the new Sentinel missions, primarily designed to provide routine multidisciplinary observations for operational services, are also very suitable for addressing some of the challenges associated with advancing Earth System sciences. The Sentinels are ensuring long-term observational commitment and will operate a range of instruments with different spectral bands and spatial resolutions with global coverage and high revisit times. The complexity of Earth System models has been increasing gradually and most simulations of future climate and Earth system evolution are based on coupled models that include aspects of physics, bio/geo-chemistry, anthropogenic impacts and even recently some elements of socioeconomic factors. Sentinels will provide unique observations to describe such coupled atmosphere, oceans, land and cryosphere and the exchanges among them into Earth System models. This paper emphasizes the indispensable value of the data provided by the family of Sentinel constellations in the context of the urgent need for improved process understanding of the Earth system. © 2012 Elsevier Inc."
"49863478900;57203105752;57215029997;7007121830;","Comparison of digital and manual methods of snow particle size estimation",2012,"10.2166/nh.2012.078","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84860636249&doi=10.2166%2fnh.2012.078&partnerID=40&md5=34ba4742c7f4044af5b85097b3bd62cf","Maintaining long time series of observations of the Cryosphere is a key issue in climate research. Long observational time series involve problems due to change in methodology or observers. In order to extend time series and introduce new methods, careful comparisons must be made to ensure homogeneity in the observational data. We have compared an established method for snow grain-size observations used by the Abisko Scientific Research Station (ASRS) in northern Sweden, based on visual interpretation, with a newly developed method for Digital Snow Particle Properties (DSPP) analysis. Transition from subjective visual method into digital reproducible analysis creates less subjective and more comparable results. The ASRS method generates size classifications excluding quantitative analysis size ranges. By determining the sizes of the classified snow using the DSPP method, actual size ranges for classified snow can be established. By performing a digital analysis of the reference samples and the snow samples classified, we can compare the ASRS classification system to existing official classification systems. The results indicate underestimation of the visual particle size in comparison to the reference samples. Our results show how to quantify the historical data set, which enables us to perform quantitative analysis on the historical data set. © 2012 IWA Publishing."
"55175596800;56134359300;55399842300;7004910963;15729331500;","Multi-scale validation of a new soil freezing scheme for a land-surface model with physically-based hydrology",2012,"10.5194/tc-6-407-2012","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84859392814&doi=10.5194%2ftc-6-407-2012&partnerID=40&md5=e07bd39316325c9f86d382252f32a432","Soil freezing is a major feature of boreal regions with substantial impact on climate. The present paper describes the implementation of the thermal and hydrological effects of soil freezing in the land surface model ORCHIDEE, which includes a physical description of continental hydrology. The new soil freezing scheme is evaluated against analytical solutions and in-situ observations at a variety of scales in order to test its numerical robustness, explore its sensitivity to parameterization choices and confront its performance to field measurements at typical application scales. <br><br> Our soil freezing model exhibits a low sensitivity to the vertical discretization for spatial steps in the range of a few millimetres to a few centimetres. It is however sensitive to the temperature interval around the freezing point where phase change occurs, which should be 1 °C to 2 °C wide. Furthermore, linear and thermodynamical parameterizations of the liquid water content lead to similar results in terms of water redistribution within the soil and thermal evolution under freezing. Our approach does not allow firm discrimination of the performance of one approach over the other. <br><br> The new soil freezing scheme considerably improves the representation of runoff and river discharge in regions underlain by permafrost or subject to seasonal freezing. A thermodynamical parameterization of the liquid water content appears more appropriate for an integrated description of the hydrological processes at the scale of the vast Siberian basins. The use of a subgrid variability approach and the representation of wetlands could help capture the features of the Arctic hydrological regime with more accuracy. <br><br> The modeling of the soil thermal regime is generally improved by the representation of soil freezing processes. In particular, the dynamics of the active layer is captured with more accuracy, which is of crucial importance in the prospect of simulations involving the response of frozen carbon stocks to future warming. A realistic simulation of the snow cover and its thermal properties, as well as the representation of an organic horizon with specific thermal and hydrological characteristics, are confirmed to be a pre-requisite for a realistic modeling of the soil thermal dynamics in the Arctic. © Author(s) 2012. CC Attribution 3.0 License."
"23768096600;6601968464;6701762007;","About the impact of missing L1A data on the quality of SMOS brightness temperature Map retrieval",2012,"10.1109/JSTARS.2012.2189098","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84863515954&doi=10.1109%2fJSTARS.2012.2189098&partnerID=40&md5=68307407f3263f4938e1d1aebf19fbc7","ESA's SMOS mission, launched at November 2nd, 2009, is designed to observe two environmentally important variables, soil moisture (SM) over land, and ocean surface salinity (OS) by L-band microwave imaging radiometry. SMOS will also provide information on root-zone soil moisture, vegetation and biomass and contribute to research on the cryosphere. Knowledge of the global distribution of soil moisture and ocean salinity with adequate spatial and temporal sampling is expected to significantly improve weather, climate and extreme-event forecasting. Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity retrieval depends on different parameters in particular the brightness temperature. This paper is concerned with the reconstruction of brightness temperature maps from SMOS interferometric level 1a data. More precisely, we will study the impact of missing data on the quality of reconstruction due to two kinds of failures: correlator/receiver failure. © 2012 IEEE."
"7202391965;36849915400;","Driftwood dropstones in Middle Miocene Climate Optimum shallow marine strata (Calvert Cliffs, Maryland Coastal Plain): Erratic pebbles no certain proxy for cold climate",2012,"10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.035","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84858342139&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2012.01.035&partnerID=40&md5=406c41fd01cda216e11d8a8d038c705f","Sparse lithic erratics (pebbles to cobbles) sampled from three shallow marine strata deposited during the Middle Miocene Climate Optimum (MMCO, ca. 16-14. Ma) along the western Atlantic margin (exposed in the Calvert Cliffs, Maryland) suggest transport and deposition not from ice but from the roots of trees uprooted during floods and carried out to sea. Evidence for driftwood transport includes carbonized wood in the same strata. More than half the ca. 225 erratics were quarried in the largely metamorphic Piedmont province (including a few from the Port Deposit Gneiss, still outcropping on the lower Susquehanna River).The lowest sampled bed (Parker Creek Bone Bed) is assigned to the ca. 15.7-15.5Ma peak warmth of the MMCO, which we attribute in part to CO 2 from the coevally erupted Grande Ronde flood basalts (GRFB), the peak effusiveness episode of the Columbia River Flood Basalts (CRFB) The three sampled beds predate the ca. 13.9Ma Antarctic cryosphere expansion, which may be recorded in the Calvert Cliffs by a unique buried channel. © 2012 Elsevier B.V."
"15124009200;35504160900;25024202700;","The impact of organochlorines cycling in the cryosphere on their global distribution and fate - 1. Sea ice",2012,"10.1016/j.envpol.2011.09.039","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84855873883&doi=10.1016%2fj.envpol.2011.09.039&partnerID=40&md5=d7f7d50f40a279e05c5b9d85028cf559","Global fate and transport of γ-HCH and DDT was studied using a global multicompartment chemistry-transport model, MPI-MCTM, with and without a dynamic sea ice compartment. The MPI-MCTM is based on coupled ocean and atmosphere general circulation models. Sea ice hosts 7-9% of the burden of the surface ocean. Without cycling in sea ice the geographic distributions are shifted from land to sea. This shift of burdens exceeds the sea ice burden by a factor of ≈8 for γ-HCH and by a factor of ≈15 for DDT. As regional scale seasonal sea ice melting may double surface ocean contamination, a neglect of cycling in sea ice (in an otherwise unchanged model climate) would underestimate ocean exposure in high latitudes. Furthermore, it would lead to overestimates of the residence times in ocean by 40% and 33% and of the total environmental residence times, τ overall, of γ-HCH and DDT by 1.6% and 0.6%, respectively. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved."
"38862234300;55140695000;55143998300;55465895800;","Changes of the cryosphere and related geohazards in the high-mountain areas of tajikistan and austria: A comparison",2012,"10.1111/j.1468-0459.2011.00450.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84858822262&doi=10.1111%2fj.1468-0459.2011.00450.x&partnerID=40&md5=6ec53013cc7dec88e363e78e4193fd52","This paper quantifies recent glacier changes and possible future permafrost retreat in the Austrian Alps and the Pamir and Alai Mountains of Tajikistan (Central Asia), two mountainous areas with striking differences in climate and hypsometry, but also in economy and research history. The aim of the comparative study is to improve the understanding of regional differences as a baseline for further research and for a differentiated evaluation of possible socio-economic implications. Besides a review of the available literature, multi-temporal remote sensing of glaciers of selected areas as well as additional helicopter and field surveys were conducted. The Tajik glaciers displayed a differentiated behaviour during the investigation period 1968-2009, with a strong trend to retreat - at least since 2002. More than 100 pro- and supraglacial lakes have been forming or growing in the southwestern Pamir. Destructive outburst floods of such lakes have occurred there in the recent past. Almost all Austrian glaciers are in an advanced stage of retreat, a trend which continues at enhanced rates. Comparatively few glacial lakes exist in the direct forefields of the glaciers. Potential permafrost distribution maps for the present and the future were produced for Tajikistan and Austria by adapting an empirical model developed in Switzerland. In absolute terms, the highest loss was predicted for the Pamir. The expected relative loss in the same area is moderate compared to the rest of Tajikistan and particularly to Austria, where the model predicted the disappearance of more than 90% of the potential permafrost until the end of the twenty-first century. © 2012 The authors. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography © 2012 Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography."
"54912998900;24072495000;6603118938;7404226510;16643189900;6603082378;7006273108;","Eastern Beringia and beyond: Late Wisconsinan and Holocene landscape dynamics along the Yukon Coastal Plain, Canada",2012,"10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.12.015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84857030333&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2011.12.015&partnerID=40&md5=a3cd091908c5430d2ae184faf21bfa90","Terrestrial permafrost archives along the Yukon Coastal Plain (northwest Canada) have recorded landscape development and environmental change since the Late Wisconsinan at the interface of unglaciated Beringia (i.e. Komakuk Beach) and the northwestern limit of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (i.e. Herschel Island). The objective of this paper is to compare the late glacial and Holocene landscape development on both sides of the former ice margin based on permafrost sequences and ground ice. Analyses at these sites involved a multi-proxy approach including: sedimentology, cryostratigraphy, palaeoecology of ostracods, stable water isotopes in ground ice, hydrochemistry, and AMS radiocarbon and infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) dating. AMS and IRSL age determinations yielded full glacial ages at Komakuk Beach that is the northeastern limit of ice-free Beringia. Herschel Island to the east marks the Late Wisconsinan limit of the northwest Laurentide Ice Sheet and is composed of ice-thrust sediments containing plant detritus as young as 16.2calkaBP that might provide a maximum age on ice arrival. Late Wisconsinan ice wedges with sediment-rich fillings on Herschel Island are depleted in heavy oxygen isotopes (mean δ 18O of -29.1‰); this, together with low d-excess values, indicates colder-than-modern winter temperatures and probably reduced snow depths. Grain-size distribution and fossil ostracod assemblages indicate that deglaciation of the Herschel Island ice-thrust moraine was accompanied by alluvial, proluvial, and eolian sedimentation on the adjacent unglaciated Yukon Coastal Plain until ~11calkaBP during a period of low glacio-eustatic sea level. The late glacial-Holocene transition was marked by higher-than-modern summer temperatures leading to permafrost degradation that began no later than 11.2calkaBP and caused a regional thaw unconformity. Cryostructures and ice wedges were truncated while organic matter was incorporated and soluble ions were leached in the thaw zone. Thermokarst activity led to the formation of ice-wedge casts and deposition of thermokarst lake sediments. These were subsequently covered by rapidly accumulating peat during the early Holocene Thermal Maximum. A rising permafrost table, reduced peat accumulation, and extensive ice-wedge growth resulted from climate cooling starting in the middle Holocene until the late 20th century. The reconstruction of palaeolandscape dynamics on the Yukon Coastal Plain and the eastern Beringian edge contributes to unraveling the linkages between ice sheet, ocean, and permafrost that have existed since the Late Wisconsinan. © 2011 Elsevier B.V."
"57204308821;7006270561;6602604599;24335164200;6701456889;22979988700;7801573447;","The potential of new measurement and modelling techniques in alpine cryosphere and geomorphology research [Le potentiel des nouvelles mesures et techniques de modélisation dans la cryosphère alpine et la recherche géomorphologique] [Das Potential von neuen Mess-und Modelliermethoden in der alpinen Kryosphären-und Geomorphologie-Forschung]",2012,"10.5194/gh-67-26-2012","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84984407385&doi=10.5194%2fgh-67-26-2012&partnerID=40&md5=dca0cc7fe7712f6e3faef1eb9f3d80a2","The potential of new measurement and modelling techniques in alpine cryosphere and geomorphology research. The high-mountain cryosphere, in particular snow, permafrost and glaciers, plays a key role regarding climate change impacts on mountain ecosystems because of (i) its high climate sensitivity due to the proximity to the melting point, (ii) its major controlling function on hydrological runoff, and (iii) particularly because of the influence of seasonal snow on ground-atmosphere processes. In order to reliably assess the influence of climatic changes on the cryosphere and consequently their impacts on society, more detailed knowledge of the relevant processes that determine the interactions between the alpine cryosphere and the atmosphere on different spatial and temporal scales is required. As cryospheric changes in high mountains are strongly coupled to geomorphic processes these may result in dramatic changes in response to ongoing and future climatic evolution. Temperature dependent mechanisms (e.g. phase change of water, deformation of ice and ice/rock mixture, storage of snow/ice, permafrost degradation) will affect the physical factors controlling the transfer of sediment (e.g. glaciers, rock glaciers, debris flows), the hydrological system and the stabilityof steep slopes. Research in alpine cryosphere and geomorphology at the University of Fribourg particularly focuses onthe development of new measurement and modelling techniques to investigate and monitor mountain peri-glacial and glacial systems, including process-based modelling studies, monitoring strategies, and analyses of the impact on hydrologyand natural hazards. In this contribution, the potential of these new modelling, measurement and analysis techniques for fundamental and applied research on mountain regions in Switzerland is presented. © Author(s) 2012. This work is distributed."
"55718307400;35272289400;23006232800;55969830400;57209893627;","Changes in the near-surface soil freeze-thaw cycle on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau",2012,"10.1016/j.jag.2011.12.002","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84864507908&doi=10.1016%2fj.jag.2011.12.002&partnerID=40&md5=9e873b381aca7d62d64ad84bde13c6f7","Changes in the near-surface soil freeze-thaw cycle on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) were detected using daily soil freeze/thaw states derived from Special Sensor Microwave/Imager data from 1988 to 2007. Linear trends in freeze and thaw dates, the number of total frozen days of each pixel, and the numbers of monthly and yearly frozen days averaged over the whole QTP were analyzed. Principal component analysis was used to investigate the spatial variation in the freeze-thaw cycle. The results show that on the QTP there was a trend toward earlier onset date of soil thaw by approximately 14 days, and later onset date of soil freeze by approximately 10 days over the period 1988-2007. The number of frozen days has decreased over the QTP by 16.8 days per decade. This decrease in the number of frozen days has occurred mainly from April to September, with a more pronounced trend in warmer months. The most significant changes were in the northeastern and southwestern QTP, where discontinuous permafrost, island permafrost, and seasonally frozen ground are presented. The northwestern QTP had almost no change, where permafrost is cold and stable. The trend in the near-surface soil freeze-thaw cycle is positively related with climate warming on the QTP. Much warmer winters may account for significantly earlier thawing, later freezing, and a substantial reduction in the number of frozen days on the QTP. These changes in the near-surface soil freeze-thaw cycle can be used both as an effective indicator of the permafrost change and for mapping of permafrost stability. Changes in near-surface soil freeze-thaw cycle and consequently permafrost conditions would have dramatic influence on hydrologic processes, ecosystem, and engineering operations over the QTP. © 2011 Elsevier B.V."
"7403364008;55916925700;6603711967;39262305900;7005110573;57213743966;","The changing radiative forcing of fires: Global model estimates for past, present and future",2012,"10.5194/acp-12-10857-2012","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84869008836&doi=10.5194%2facp-12-10857-2012&partnerID=40&md5=5af2444e6cb802229b8be7edbeb65555","Fires are a global phenomenon that impact climate and biogeochemical cycles, and interact with the biosphere, atmosphere and cryosphere. These impacts occur on a range of temporal and spatial scales and are difficult to quantify globally based solely on observations. Here we assess the role of fires in the climate system using model estimates of radiative forcing (RF) from global fires in pre-industrial, present day, and future time periods. Fire emissions of trace gases and aerosols are derived from Community Land Model simulations and then used in a series of Community Atmosphere Model simulations with representative emissions from the years 1850, 2000, and 2100. Additional simulations are carried out with fire emissions from the Global Fire Emission Database for a present-day comparison. These results are compared against the results of simulations with no fire emissions to compute the contribution from fires. We consider the impacts of fire on greenhouse gas concentrations, aerosol effects (including aerosol effects on biogeochemical cycles), and land and snow surface albedo. Overall, we estimate that pre-industrial fires were responsible for a RF of g-1 W mg-2 with respect to a pre-industrial climate without fires. The largest magnitude pre-industrial forcing from fires was the indirect aerosol effect on clouds (g-1.6 W mg-2). This was balanced in part by an increase in carbon dioxide concentrations due to fires (+0.83 W mg-2). The RF of fires increases by 0.5 W mg-2 from 1850 to 2000 and 0.2 W mg-2 from 1850 to 2100 in the model representation from a combination of changes in fire activity and changes in the background environment in which fires occur, especially increases and decreases in the anthropogenic aerosol burden. Thus, fires play an important role in both the natural equilibrium climate and the climate perturbed by anthropogenic activity and need to be considered in future climate projections. © 2012 Author(s)."
"57202413846;","Enhanced temperature variability in high-altitude climate change",2012,"10.1007/s00704-012-0687-x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84870390932&doi=10.1007%2fs00704-012-0687-x&partnerID=40&md5=6ad8a2c773f481444854e543435a30e9","In the present article, monthly mean temperature at 56 stations assembled in 18 regional groups in 10 major mountain ranges of the world were investigated. The periods of the analysis covered the last 50 to 110 years. The author found that the variability of temperature in climatic time scale tends to increase with altitude in about 65 % of the regional groups. A smaller number of groups, 20 %, showed the fastest change at an intermediate altitude between the peaks (or ridges) and their foot, while the remaining small number of sites, 15 %, showed the largest trends at the foot of mountains. This tendency provides a useful base for considering and planning the climate impact evaluations. The reason for the amplification of temperature variation at high altitudes is traced back to the increasing diabatic processes in the mid- and high troposphere as a result of the cloud condensation. This situation results from the fact that the radiation balance at the earth's surface is transformed more efficiently into latent heat of evaporation rather than sensible heat, the ratio between them being 4 to 1. Variation in the surface evaporation is converted into heat upon condensation into cloud particles and ice crystals in the mid- and high troposphere. Therefore, this is the altitude where the result of the surface radiation change is effectively transferred. Further, the low temperature of the environment amplifies the effect of the energy balance variation on the surface temperature, as a result of the functional shape of Stefan-Boltzmann law. These processes altogether contribute to enhancing temperature variability at high altitudes. The altitude plays an important role in determining the temperature variability, besides other important factors such as topography, surface characteristics, cryosphere/temperature feedback and the frequency and intensity of an inversion. These processes have a profound effect not only on the ecosystem but also on glaciers and permafrost. © 2012 Springer-Verlag."
"35570389600;7003694164;","Suppression of the water ice and snow albedo feedback on planets orbiting red dwarf stars and the subsequent widening of the habitable zone",2012,"10.1089/ast.2011.0668","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84856406021&doi=10.1089%2fast.2011.0668&partnerID=40&md5=60379e6f9d260eba6fe7bd54a46faaca","M stars comprise 80% of main sequence stars, so their planetary systems provide the best chance for finding habitable planets, that is, those with surface liquid water. We have modeled the broadband albedo or reflectivity of water ice and snow for simulated planetary surfaces orbiting two observed red dwarf stars (or M stars), using spectrally resolved data of Earth's cryosphere. The gradual reduction of the albedos of snow and ice at wavelengths greater than 1 μm, combined with M stars emitting a significant fraction of their radiation at these same longer wavelengths, means that the albedos of ice and snow on planets orbiting M stars are much lower than their values on Earth. Our results imply that the ice/snow albedo climate feedback is significantly weaker for planets orbiting M stars than for planets orbiting G-type stars such as the Sun. In addition, planets with significant ice and snow cover will have significantly higher surface temperatures for a given stellar flux if the spectral variation of cryospheric albedo is considered, which in turn implies that the outer edge of the habitable zone around M stars may be 10-30% farther away from the parent star than previously thought. © Copyright 2012, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2012."
"24833591900;7202885541;","Imprint of the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age on stratigraphic and carbon isotopic patterns in marine carbonates of the Orogrande Basin, New Mexico, USA",2012,"10.1111/j.1365-3091.2011.01258.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84155165365&doi=10.1111%2fj.1365-3091.2011.01258.x&partnerID=40&md5=fb8864d202eafb89c80b5da39d23cfcb","The Permian records one of the most extreme climate transitions of the Phanerozoic, yet the climatic and environmental dynamics of this interval and their effects on neritic carbonate systems remain poorly constrained. New stratigraphic and carbon isotope records from uppermost Pennsylvanian to Lower Permian strata of the Orogrande Basin in south-central New Mexico, USA, provide fresh insights into the response of palaeotropical carbonate systems to the growth and demise of ice sheets on Gondwana. The earliest Permian acme of glaciation is recorded in the Orogrande Basin as a series of subaerial exposure surfaces marked by highly variable δ 13C values that tend toward values as low as -6‰. These stratigraphic and isotopic patterns are interpreted to reflect the retreat of the sea from the basin during glacial expansion. Younger (Lower Sakmarian to Kungurian) strata, deposited during the long decline of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age, are characterized overall by higher and more uniform δ 13C values (+2 to +5‰) and show no evidence of long-term subaerial exposure. However, these strata record two short-lived excursions toward more negative δ 13C values. These excursions occur through intervals that record shifts toward shallower and more restricted conditions in the Orogrande Basin. The timing of these shifts corresponds to two periods of glacial expansion across eastern Australia during Late Sakmarian to Early Artinskian and Kungurian time. These relationships suggest that pulses of glacial expansion in eastern Gondwana were of sufficient magnitude to have caused relative sea-level fall, and possibly environmental change, in the Orogrande Basin. The results from this study suggest that marine chemistry, depositional environments and sea-level in the Orogrande Basin were profoundly influenced by epochs of Gondwanan glaciation. These inferences help improve the understanding of how palaeotropical carbonate systems responded to the effects of cryospheric changes during the acme and waning stages of the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age. © 2011 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2011 International Association of Sedimentologists."
"56964344300;6603831128;7003481165;","Advances in on-sea-ice seismic reflection methods using an air gun: McMurdo Sound, Antarctica",2012,"10.1190/geo2011-0127.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84857475052&doi=10.1190%2fgeo2011-0127.1&partnerID=40&md5=934a7b5d44eb15c6f36d131af8c240a2","During the austral spring of 2008, 48 km of multichannel seismic reflection data were collected on a sea-ice platform east of New Harbor, Southern McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. These seismic data were collected to support the Antarctic Geological Drilling Program whose goal is to recover sedimentary rock cores from the continental margin of Antarctica and to better understand the climatic, cryospheric, and tectonic history of Antarctica. A Generator-Injector air gun, deployed through holes drilled in the sea ice, was used for a seismic source, and reflected energy was recorded on a snow streamer consisting of 60 gimbaled geophones. The Offshore New Harbor seismic system has increased the rate of data acquisition by 53% compared to previous Antarctic air-gun/snow-streamer seismic systems. In addition to conventional on-sea-ice seismic data processing, new processing steps were used to correct problems associated with the use of a Generator-Injector air gun in a sea-ice environment. Source timing errors, caused by miscommunications between the Generator-Injector air gun and air-gun controller, were corrected. Newly discovered bubble-plume static errors and bubble-plume wavelet distortions degraded seismic data quality and are attributed to bubble plumes created by the Generator-Injector air-gun blast. Our investigation shows that these bubble plumes were preserved for at least 40 hours beneath the sea ice and created isolated low-velocity zones. Using finite-element methods, we reproduced static errors and wavelet distortions by incorporating the effects of bubble plumes into the finite-element model. The results of finite-element modeling confirmed our hypothesis that bubble-plume static errors and bubble-plume wavelet distortions were caused by near-surface low-velocity features. Therefore, we incorporated new processing steps which remove bubble-plume effects and improve the quality of final seismic sections. © 2012 Society of Exploration Geophysicists."
"55991851900;6603295929;","The role of orbital forcing, carbon dioxide and regolith in 100 kyr glacial cycles",2011,"10.5194/cp-7-1415-2011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-83655203325&doi=10.5194%2fcp-7-1415-2011&partnerID=40&md5=e718e8cab74a14dcf2f1b5c314f35b47","The origin of the 100 kyr cyclicity, which dominates ice volume variations and other climate records over the past million years, remains debatable. Here, using a comprehensive Earth system model of intermediate complexity, we demonstrate that both strong 100 kyr periodicity in the ice volume variations and the timing of glacial terminations during past 800 kyr can be successfully simulated as direct, strongly nonlinear responses of the climate-cryosphere system to orbital forcing alone, if the atmospheric CO2 concentration stays below its typical interglacial value. The existence of long glacial cycles is primarily attributed to the North American ice sheet and requires the presence of a large continental area with exposed rocks. We show that the sharp, 100 kyr peak in the power spectrum of ice volume results from the long glacial cycles being synchronized with the Earth's orbital eccentricity. Although 100 kyr cyclicity can be simulated with a constant CO2 concentration, temporal variability in the CO2 concentration plays an important role in the amplification of the 100 kyr cycles. © Author(s) 2011."
"7103307348;7006279779;6603711720;7401997092;7401481138;7402121365;7006847078;6602077995;7102701564;","Ecological implications of changes in the arctic cryosphere",2011,"10.1007/s13280-011-0218-5","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84866996938&doi=10.1007%2fs13280-011-0218-5&partnerID=40&md5=dd2109332ea46ce0d42e81d2b27762fc","Snow, water, ice, and permafrost are showing evidence of substantial change in the Arctic, with large variations among different geographical areas. As a result of these changes, some habitats and their associated ecosystems are expanding, while others are undergoing rapid contraction. The warming of the Arctic cryosphere is limiting the range for cold-adapted biota, and less specialized taxa including invasive species from the south are likely to become increasingly common. Extreme climate events such as winter thawing are likely to become more frequent, and may accelerate shifts in community structure and processes. Many Arctic ecosystems are interdependent, and changes in the cryosphere are altering physical, biogeochemical, and biological linkages, as well as causing positive feedback effects on atmospheric warming. All of these climate-related effects are compounded by rapid socio-economic development in the North, creating additional challenges for northern communities and indigenous lifestyles that depend on Arctic ecosystem services. © Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 2012."
"7006279779;7401997092;7006847078;56013180300;6603119195;","Arctic cryosphere: Changes and impacts",2011,"10.1007/s13280-011-0210-0","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84892898370&doi=10.1007%2fs13280-011-0210-0&partnerID=40&md5=8ec89488afbfa48b3f354ba1ea32f037","The Arctic cryosphere is a critically important component of the earth system, affecting the earth's energy balance, sea level, greenhouse gases and atmospheric circulation, transport of heat through ocean circulation, ecology and human resource use and well-being. The Arctic cryosphere is, however, changing rapidly with multiple important consequences that will potentially affect the earth system including the human population. The drivers of changes in the Arctic's cryosphere, the recent and projected changes in the cryosphere and the consequences for future climate warming, sea level rise, ecology and human wellbeing, have been comprehensively assessed by the Arctic Council's Snow Water, Ice, and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) Project through its Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme Working Group. This article introduces the assessment and the associated papers within a special issue of the journal Ambio that extract and present some of the major findings of the SWIPA report. © Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 2012."
"7006279779;7401997092;16637291100;7006847078;6507835556;6603993184;","Feedbacks and interactions: From the arctic cryosphere to the climate system",2011,"10.1007/s13280-011-0215-8","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84875462366&doi=10.1007%2fs13280-011-0215-8&partnerID=40&md5=84b57c025c135e9b6db56481bca35e31","Changes in the Arctic's climate are a result of complex interactions between the cryosphere, atmosphere, ocean, and biosphere. More feedbacks from the cryosphere to climate warming are positive and result in further warming than are negative, resulting in a reduced rate of warming or cooling. Feedbacks operate at different spatial scales; many, such as those operating through albedo and evapotranspiration, will have significant local effects that together could result in global impacts. Some processes, such as changes in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, are likely to have very small global effects but uncertainty is high whereas others, such as subsea methane (CH4) emissions, could have large global effects. Some cryospheric processes in the Arctic have teleconnections with other regions and major changes in the cryosphere have been largely a result of large-scale processes, particularly atmospheric and oceanic circulation. With continued climate warming it is highly likely that the cryospheric components will play an increasingly important climatic role. However, the net effect of all the feedbacks is difficult to assess because of the variability in spatial and temporal scales over which they operate. Furthermore, general circulation models (GCMs) do not include all major feedbacks while those included may not be accurately parameterized. The lack of full coupling between surface dynamics and the atmosphere is a major gap in current GCMs. © Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 2012."
"56013180300;7006279779;6602077995;6603119195;6603711720;6602551610;7003756172;24721121000;7401997092;6603827222;16637291100;6603993184;7202026956;7006961728;7006847078;7102701564;7103307348;7404416268;","The changing arctic cryosphere and likely consequences: An overview",2011,"10.1007/s13280-011-0220-y","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84868005622&doi=10.1007%2fs13280-011-0220-y&partnerID=40&md5=b41f3725177478a3c6f096a9f77c4010","The Arctic cryosphere is a critically important component of the earth system, affecting the energy balance, atmospheric and ocean circulation, freshwater storage, sea level, the storage, and release of large quantities of greenhouse gases, economy, infrastructure, health, and indigenous and non-indigenous livelihoods, culture and identity. Currently, components of the Arctic cryosphere are subjected to dramatic change due to global warming. The need to document, understand, project, and respond to changes in the cryosphere and their consequences stimulated a comprehensive international assessment called ''SWIPA'': Snow, Water, Ice, Permafrost in the Arctic. Some of the extensive key SWIPA chapters have been summarized and made more widely available to a global audience with multi-disciplinary interests in this Special Report of Ambio. In this article, an overview is provided of this Special Report in the context of the more detailed and wider scope of the SWIPA Report. Accelerated changes in major components of the Arctic cryosphere are documented. Evidence of feedback mechanisms between the cryosphere and other parts of the climate system are identified as contributing factors to enhanced Arctic warming while the growing importance of Arctic land-based ice as a contributor to global sealevel rise is quantified. Cryospheric changes will result in multifaceted and cascading effects for people within and beyond the Arctic presenting both challenges and opportunities. © Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 2012."
"8558508400;49362710200;49361256300;50662416400;","Melting and shrinkage of cryosphere in Tibet and its impact on the ecological environment",2011,"10.3724/SP.J.1227.2011.00292","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84860910800&doi=10.3724%2fSP.J.1227.2011.00292&partnerID=40&md5=8e637a2f6c620a65771c4230577a6c5e","Global warming is having a profound impact on global ecological systems, and has inevitably induced changes in the cryosphere, one of the five layers of the earth. Major changes include the shrinking and reduction in the area and volume of both the mountain glaciers and the ice caps covering the North and South poles, and the melting of permafrost and thickening of the active frost layer. Swift changes in the cryosphere have inevitably induced ecological and environmental changes in its zone. While some of these changes are beneficial to mankind, such as an increase in water circulation, short term increases in water volumes and the enlargement of the cultivatable area, others are extremely hazardous, like the flooding of lowlands caused by an increased sea level elevation, debris flow caused by glaciers, glacier lake bursts, undermined building safety caused by permafrost melting, the deterioration of alpine cold meadows, and the surface aridization and desertification of land. Tibet, having a major part of the cryosphere in China, is home to the most widely spread glaciers and permafrost, which play a vital role in regulating water resources, climate, environment and the ecological safety in China and Asia. However, due to global warming, the glaciers and permafrost in Tibet have recently changed dramatically, exhibiting shrinkage and melting, which threatens long-term water resources, and the ecological and environmental safety of China. Based on existing research, this paper discusses the relationship between global warming and the melting and shrinkage of the cryosphere. The results show that the cryosphere's melting and shrinkage in Tibet are the direct result of global warming. The melting of glaciers has led to a series of disasters, such as changes in river runoff, the heightened frequency of debris flows induced by glaciers and the outbursts of glacier lakes. The melting of the permafrost also resulted in a series of ecological and environmental problems in Tibet, such as the degradation and population succession of the alpine grassland and meadows, the aridization of the land surface, and the occurrence of freeze-thaw erosion."
"7006847078;6603392312;7006326887;6603588898;7003726500;7004153277;7401469528;7103307348;6603257409;6602535404;","Arctic freshwater ice and its climatic role",2011,"10.1007/s13280-011-0214-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84868710119&doi=10.1007%2fs13280-011-0214-9&partnerID=40&md5=c36f99c43483bd2b4f82a69ec83677d8","Freshwater ice dominates the Arctic terrestrial environment and significantly impacts bio-physical and socio-economic systems. Unlike other major cryospheric components that either blanket large expanses (e.g., snow, permafrost, sea ice) or are concentrated in specific locations, lake and river ice are interwoven into the terrestrial landscape through major flow and storage networks. For instance, the headwaters of large ice-covered rivers extend well beyond the Arctic whilemany northern lakes owe their genesis to broader cryospheric changes. The effects of freshwater ice on climate mostly occur at the local/regional scale, with the degree of influence dependent on the magnitude, timing, location, and duration of ice cover, and the size of the water body. Freshwater- ice formation, growth, decay, and break-up are influenced by climatic variables that control surface heat fluxes, but these differ markedly between lakes and rivers. Despite the importance of freshwater ice, there has been a recent reduction in observational recordings. © Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 2012."
"35146805400;7004399021;6508058107;","Trends in the polar sea ice coverage under climate change scenario",2011,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84863662207&partnerID=40&md5=fb852e0a220fe05362aa98239b2c599b","The development in the satellite microwave technology during the past three decades has offered an opportunity to the scientific community to access the sea ice data over the polar regions, which was otherwise inaccessible for continuous monitoring by any other means. The present study focuses on the trends in the Sea Ice Extent (SIE) over different sectors of the Arctic and the Antarctic regions and the interannual variability in their extremes. In general, the data over the period (1979-2007) reveal marked interannual variability in the sea ice cover with an increasing and the decreasing trend over the Antarctic and the Arctic region respectively. Over the southern hemisphere, only the Bellingshausen and Amundsen Seas sector shows an exceptional decreasing trend. However, in the northern hemisphere, all the sectors show a decreasing trend, with the Kara and Barents Seas sector being the most prominent one. Although, the decreasing trend of the SIE over the Arctic could be attributed to the global warming, an intriguing question still remains as to why the other polar region shows a different behaviour."
"7101977707;16636910800;","Spatial distribution of pingos in northern Asia",2011,"10.5194/tc-5-13-2011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-82855171905&doi=10.5194%2ftc-5-13-2011&partnerID=40&md5=1acb81345756b7daf05baa0f8a4559f3","Pingos are prominent periglacial landforms in vast regions of the Arctic and Subarctic. They are indicators of modern and past conditions of permafrost, surface geology, hydrology and climate. A first version of a detailed spatial geodatabase of 6059 pingo locations in a 3.5×106 km2 region of northern Asia was assembled from topographic maps. A first order analysis was carried out with respect to permafrost, landscape characteristics, surface geology, hydrology, climate, and elevation datasets using a Geographic Information System (GIS). Pingo heights in the dataset vary between 2 and 37 m, with a mean height of 4.8 m. About 64% of the pingos occur in continuous permafrost with high ice content and thick sediments; another 19% in continuous permafrost with moderate ice content and thick sediments. The majority of these pingos are likely hydrostatic pingos, which are typical of those located in drained thermokarst lake basins of northern lowlands with continuous permafrost. About 82% of the pingos are located in the tundra bioclimatic zone. Most pingos in the dataset are located in regions with mean annual ground temperatures between -3 and -11 °C and mean annual air temperatures between -7 and -18 °C. The dataset confirms that surface geology and hydrology are key factors for pingo formation and occurrence. Based on model predictions for near-future permafrost distribution, about 2073 pingos (34%) along the southern margins of permafrost will be located in regions with thawing permafrost by 2100, which ultimately may lead to increased occurrence of pingo collapse. Based on our dataset and previously published estimates of pingo numbers from other regions, we conclude that there are more than 11 000 pingos on Earth. © Author(s) 2011."
"35520052500;57214018792;23480694200;14059675400;7004326742;35832465100;55453681500;6701746303;22133327800;43462278600;6701604201;24072984100;15059421100;56251643600;7003501766;","Simultaneous stable isotope analysis of methane and nitrous oxide on ice core samples",2011,"10.5194/amt-4-2607-2011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84866981926&doi=10.5194%2famt-4-2607-2011&partnerID=40&md5=994ba6b8fe0176fb124e8805849963dc","Methane and nitrous oxide are important greenhouse gases which show a strong increase in atmospheric mixing ratios since pre-industrial time as well as large variations during past climate changes. The understanding of their biogeochemical cycles can be improved using stable isotope analysis. However, high-precision isotope measurements on air trapped in ice cores are challenging because of the high susceptibility to contamination and fractionation. Here, we present a dry extraction system for combined CH4 and N2O stable isotope analysis from ice core air, using an ice grating device. The system allows simultaneous analysis of δD(CH4) or δ13C(CH4), together with δ 15N(N2O), δ18O(N2O) and δ15N(NO+ fragment) on a single ice core sample, using two isotope mass spectrometry systems. The optimum quantity of ice for analysis is about 600 g with typical ""Holocene"" mixing ratios for CH4 and N2O. In this case, the reproducibility (1σ ) is 2.1‰ for δD(CH4), 0.18‰ for δ13C(CH 4), 0.51‰ for δ15N(N2O), 0.69‰ for δ18O(N2O) and 1.12‰ for δ15N(NO+ fragment). For smaller amounts of ice the standard deviation increases, particularly for N2O isotopologues. For both gases, small-scale intercalibrations using air and/or ice samples have been carried out in collaboration with other institutes that are currently involved in isotope measurements of ice core air. Significant differences are shown between the calibration scales, but those offsets are consistent and can therefore be corrected for. © Author(s) 2011."
"9276067100;21734183500;6603925178;15769236000;10639570300;","Glacier changes in the Pascua-Lama region, Chilean Andes (29° S): Recent mass balance and 50 yr surface area variations",2011,"10.5194/tc-5-1029-2011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-82155179344&doi=10.5194%2ftc-5-1029-2011&partnerID=40&md5=5dae2e6dd78c959e69a3f5f0abb2f354","Since 2003, a monitoring program has been conducted on several glaciers and glacierets in the Pascua-Lama region of the Chilean Andes (29° S/70° W; 5000 m a.s.l.), permitting the study of glaciological processes on ice bodies in a subtropical, arid, high-elevation area where no measurements were previously available. In this paper we present: (1) six years of glaciological surface mass balance measurements from four ice bodies in the area, including a discussion of the nature of the studied glaciers and glacierets and characterization of the importance of winter mass balance to annual mass balance variability; and (2) changes in surface area of twenty ice bodies in the region since 1955, reconstructed from aerial photographs and satellite images, which shows that the total glaciated surface area reduced by ∼29% between 1955 and 2007, and that the rate of surface area shrinkage increased in the late 20th century. Based on these datasets we present a first interpretation of glacier changes in relation with climatic parameters at both local and regional scales. © Author(s) 2011."
"7003377229;6603462157;","The changing cryosphere: Pan-Arctic snow trends (1979-2009)",2011,"10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00081.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80755182249&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-11-00081.1&partnerID=40&md5=e18feca0cfc5b04f0af65e9e0da5f868","Arctic snow presence, absence, properties, and water amount are key components of Earth's changing climate system that incur far-reaching physical and biological ramifications. Recent dataset and modeling developments permit relatively high-resolution (10-km horizontal grid; 3-h time step) pan-Arctic snow estimates for 1979-2009. Using MicroMet and SnowModel in conjunction with land cover, topography, and 30 years of the NASA Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) atmospheric reanalysis data, a distributed snow-related dataset was created including air temperature, snow precipitation, snow-season timing and length, maximum snow water equivalent (SWE) depth, average snow density, snow sublimation, and rain-on-snow events. Regional variability is a dominant feature of the modeled snow-property trends. Both positive and negative regional trends are distributed throughout the pan-Arctic domain, featuring, for example, spatially distinct areas of increasing and decreasing SWE or snow season length. In spite of strong regional variability, the data clearly show a general snow decrease throughout the Arctic: maximum winter SWE has decreased, snow-cover onset is later, the snow-free date in spring is earlier, and snow-cover duration has decreased. The domain-averaged air temperature trend when snow was on the ground was 0.17°C decade-1 with minimum and maximum regional trends of -0.55° and 0.78°C decade-1, respectively. The trends for total number of snow days in a year averaged-2.49 days decade-1 with minimum and maximum regional trends of -17.21 and 7.19 days decade-1, respectively. The average trend for peak SWE in a snow season was -0.17 cm decade-1 with minimum and maximum regional trends of -2.50 and 5.70 cm decade-1, respectively. © 2011 American Meteorological Society."
"7005106919;36246798200;6602893143;53664234700;","An algorithm for generalizing topography to grids while preserving subscale morphologic characteristics-creating a glacier bed DEM for Jakobshavn trough as low-resolution input for dynamic ice-sheet models",2011,"10.1016/j.cageo.2011.02.021","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80054962621&doi=10.1016%2fj.cageo.2011.02.021&partnerID=40&md5=adb37b5984e00c35de0ffc178819a1c2","The objective of this paper is to derive an algorithm for preserving important subscale morphologic characteristics at grids of lower-resolution, in particular for linear features such as canyons and ridge lines. The development of such an algorithm is necessitated by applications that require reduced spatial resolution, as is common in cartographic generalization, GIS applications, and geophysical modeling. Since any algorithm that results in weighted averages, including optimum interpolation and ordinary kriging, cannot reproduce correct depths, a new algorithm is designed based on principles of mathematical morphology. The algorithm described here is applied to derive a subglacial bed of the Greenland Ice Sheet that includes the trough of Jakobshavn Isbræ as a continuous canyon at correct depth in a low-resolution (5-km) digital elevation model (DEM). Data from recent airborne radar measurements of the elevation of the subglacial bed as part of the CReSIS project are utilized. The morphologic algorithm is designed with geophysical ice-sheet modeling in mind, in the following context. Currently occurring changes in the Earth's climate and the cryosphere cause changes in sea level, and the societal relevance of these natural processes motivates estimation of maximal sea-level rise in the medium-term future. The fast-moving outlet glaciers are more sensitive to climatic change than other parts of the Greenland ice sheet. Jakobshavn Isbrae, the fastest-moving ice stream in Greenland, follows a subglacial geologic trough. Since the existence of the trough causes the acceleration of the slow-moving inland ice in the Jakobshavn region and the formation of the ice stream, correct representation of the trough in a DEM is essential to model changes in the dynamics of the ice sheet and resultant sea-level predictions, even if current ice-sheet models can typically be run only at 5-km resolution. The DEM resultant from this study helps to bridge the conceptual gap between data analysis and geophysical modeling approaches. It is available as SeaRISE Greenland bed data set dev1.2 at http://websrv.cs.umt.edu/isis/index.php/SeaRISE_Assessment. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd."
"57203275605;7003726500;","The fate of lake ice in the North American Arctic",2011,"10.5194/tc-5-869-2011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80054913411&doi=10.5194%2ftc-5-869-2011&partnerID=40&md5=68404e0e41c7271dba421639cda4f92b","Lakes comprise a large portion of the surface cover in northern North America, forming an important part of the cryosphere. The timing of lake ice phenological events (e.g. break-up/freeze-up) is a useful indicator of climate variability and change, which is of particular relevance in environmentally sensitive areas such as the North American Arctic. Further alterations to the present day ice regime could result in major ecosystem changes, such as species shifts and the disappearance of perennial ice cover. The Canadian Lake Ice Model (CLIMo) was used to simulate lake ice phenology across the North American Arctic from 1961-2100 using two climate scenarios produced by the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM). Results from the 1961-1990 time period were validated using 15 locations across the Canadian Arctic, with both in situ ice cover observations from the Canadian Ice Database as well as additional ice cover simulations using nearby weather station data. Projected changes to the ice cover using the 30-year mean data between 1961-1990 and 2041-2070 suggest a shift in break-up and freeze-up dates for most areas ranging from 10-25 days earlier (break-up) and 0-15 days later (freeze-up). The resulting ice cover durations show mainly a 10-25 day reduction for the shallower lakes (3 and 10 m) and 10-30 day reduction for the deeper lakes (30 m). More extreme reductions of up to 60 days (excluding the loss of perennial ice cover) were shown in the coastal regions compared to the interior continental areas. The mean maximum ice thickness was shown to decrease by 10-60 cm with no snow cover and 5-50 cm with snow cover on the ice. Snow ice was also shown to increase through most of the study area with the exception of the Alaskan coastal areas. © Author(s) 2011."
"6507800520;7006955607;35612685300;50461230200;","Deriving mass balance and calving variations from reanalysis data and sparse observations, Glaciar San Rafael, northern Patagonia, 1950-2005",2011,"10.5194/tc-5-791-2011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80053430727&doi=10.5194%2ftc-5-791-2011&partnerID=40&md5=cdfc97f57e0fd8c728645bb74e96056c","Mass balance variations of Glaciar San Rafael, the northernmost tidewater glacier in the Southern Hemisphere, are reconstructed over the period 1950-2005 using NCEP-NCAR reanalysis climate data together with sparse, local historical observations of air temperature, precipitation, accumulation, ablation, thinning, calving, and glacier retreat. The combined observations over the past 50 yr indicate that Glaciar San Rafael has thinned and retreated since 1959, with a total mass loss of ∼22 km 3 of ice eq. Over that period, except for a short period of cooling from 1998-2003, the climate has become progressively warmer and drier, which has resulted primarily in pervasive thinning of the glacier surface and a decrease in calving rates, with only minor acceleration in retreat of the terminus. A comparison of calving fluxes derived from the mass balance variations and from theoretical calving and sliding laws suggests that calving rates are inversely correlated with retreat rates, and that terminus geometry is more important than balance fluxes to the terminus in driving calving dynamics. For Glaciar San Rafael, regional climate warming has not yet resulted in the significant changes in glacier length seen in other calving glaciers in the region, emphasizing the complex dynamics between climate inputs, topographic constraints and glacier response in calving glacier systems. © Author(s) 2011."
"7102916561;16064676300;","Soil moisture and vegetation memories in a cold, arid climate",2011,"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.08.005","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80053452731&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloplacha.2011.08.005&partnerID=40&md5=dc46080e65e016e0695c70391e7a3ffa","Continental climate is established as a result of a complex interplay between the atmosphere and various land-surface systems such as the biosphere, soil, hydrosphere, and cryosphere. These systems function as climate memory, allowing the maintenance of interannual atmospheric anomalies. In this paper, we present new observational evidence of an interseasonal moisture memory mechanism mediated by the land surface that is manifested in the coupled cold and arid climate of Mongolia. Interannual anomalies of soil moisture and vegetation due to rainfall during a given summer are maintained through the freezing winter months to the spring, acting as an initial condition for subsequent summer land-surface and rainfall conditions. Both the soil moisture and vegetation memories were prominent over the eastern part of the Mongolian steppe zone (103-112°E and 46-50°N). That is, the cold-season climate with low evapotranspiration and strong soil freezing acts to prolong the decay time scale of autumn soil moisture anomalies to 8.2. months that is among the longest in the world. The vegetation also has a memory of the similar time scale, likely because the large rootstock of the perennial plants dominant in the Mongolian steppe may remain alive, retain belowground biomass anomalies during the winter, and have an impact on the initial vegetation growth during the spring. © 2011 Elsevier B.V."
"36440750800;55803714200;36439572500;36439131200;7801393791;36644070400;8856583300;","The Potsdam Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM-PIK) - Part 1: Model description",2011,"10.5194/tc-5-715-2011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80052838790&doi=10.5194%2ftc-5-715-2011&partnerID=40&md5=d683808b5c713acad616388c132fa65e","We present the Potsdam Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM-PIK), developed at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research to be used for simulations of large-scale ice sheet-shelf systems. It is derived from the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (Bueler and Brown, 2009). Velocities are calculated by superposition of two shallow stress balance approximations within the entire ice covered region: the shallow ice approximation (SIA) is dominant in grounded regions and accounts for shear deformation parallel to the geoid. The plug-flow type shallow shelf approximation (SSA) dominates the velocity field in ice shelf regions and serves as a basal sliding velocity in grounded regions. Ice streams can be identified diagnostically as regions with a significant contribution of membrane stresses to the local momentum balance. All lateral boundaries in PISM-PIK are free to evolve, including the grounding line and ice fronts. Ice shelf margins in particular are modeled using Neumann boundary conditions for the SSA equations, reflecting a hydrostatic stress imbalance along the vertical calving face. The ice front position is modeled using a subgrid-scale representation of calving front motion (Albrecht et al., 2011) and a physically-motivated calving law based on horizontal spreading rates. The model is tested in experiments from the Marine Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project (MISMIP). A dynamic equilibrium simulation of Antarctica under present-day conditions is presented in Martin et al. (2011). © Author(s) 2011."
"7006689276;","Climate Change Challenges",2011,"10.1007/s10712-011-9129-z","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80053211042&doi=10.1007%2fs10712-011-9129-z&partnerID=40&md5=52e8441847563e0cdb184aa0d63d1c1c","Anthropogenic climate change has emerged as one of the major challenges for mankind in the centuries to come. The strongly modified composition of the atmosphere, due to emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosol particles, leads to an enhanced greenhouse effect and also intensified backscattering of solar radiation by aerosol particles. The resulting global mean warming will have a major impact on the entire cryosphere, with global consequences via mean sea level rise and redistributed precipitation. This introductory presentation will summarize the emergence of the topic, its already observed consequences for the cryosphere, and it will also discuss issues in climate policy making when dealing with the climate change challenge. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V."
"7004828383;","Climates of the Earth and Cryosphere Evolution",2011,"10.1007/s10712-011-9140-4","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80053211686&doi=10.1007%2fs10712-011-9140-4&partnerID=40&md5=9bbbc42d1c426cec0e954e73a7f40b19","The interrelationship between the cryosphere and the climate is not always operating on Earth over a scale of billions or millions of years. Indeed, most of the time, the Earth is regulated at temperatures such that no ice sheet exists. Nevertheless, it is very fruitful to understand the conditions where and when ice sheets were triggered during the Earth's history. This paper deals with the paleoclimate and the cryosphere in the last 4.6 Ga and explains the different processes that make the climate of the first 4 billion years warm despite the weaker solar luminosity. We also describe the more recent evolution in the last 65 million years when a global decrease in atmospheric CO2 from around 4 PAL to 1 PAL was associated with a global cooling (1 PAL present atmospheric level =280ppm). It is in this context that the Quaternary occurred characterized by low atmospheric CO2 and the presence of two perennial ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica. The last million years are certainly the most documented since direct and reliable CO2 measurements are available. They are characterized by a complex climate/cryosphere dynamics leading to oscillations between long glacial periods with four ice sheets and shorter ones with only two ice sheets (interglacial). We are currently living in one of those interglacials, generally associated with a CO2 level of 280 ppm. Presently, anthropogenic activities are seriously perturbing the carbon cycle and the atmospheric CO2 content and therefore the climate. The last but not least question raised in this paper is to investigate whether the anthropogenic perturbation may lead to a melting of the ice sheets. © 2011 The Author(s)."
"7402365382;6603815605;26634247300;57218240195;56236364000;35553164800;57214817342;","A 100 yr record of ocean temperature control on the stability of Jakobshavn Isbrae, West Greenland",2011,"10.1130/G32076.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80053954167&doi=10.1130%2fG32076.1&partnerID=40&md5=a4941d90028f4eb17847f0c7cbdf9e30","An understanding of the interaction between ice sheet dynamics and forcing mechanisms, such as oceanic and atmospheric circulation, is important because of the potential contribution of these processes to constraining models that seek to predict future rates of sea-level change. Here we report new benthic foraminiferal data from Disko Bugt, West Greenland, showing a close correlation between subsurface ocean temperature changes and the ice margin position of the glacier Jakobshavn Isbrae over the past 100 yr. In particular, our faunal data show that warm ocean currents entered a bay, Disko Bugt, during the retreat phases of Jakobshavn Isbrae from A.D. 1920 to 1950 and since 1998. We also show a link between West Greenland ocean temperature and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, a key climate indicator in the North Atlantic Ocean. The close coupling between the oceans and the cryosphere identified here should be assessed in future projections of sea-level change. © 2011 The Geological Society of America."
"7103307348;6603721979;6701692182;54583216200;54584505400;53664548700;6701397688;7202616544;","Extreme ecosystems and geosystems in the Canadian High Arctic: Ward Hunt Island and vicinity",2011,"10.2980/18-3-3448","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-83155165228&doi=10.2980%2f18-3-3448&partnerID=40&md5=efc883c70fa712c7a9e703b9d38b51d9","Global circulation models predict that the strongest and most rapid effects of global warming will take place at the highest latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Consistent with this prediction, the Ward Hunt Island region at the northern terrestrial limit of Arctic Canada is experiencing the onset of major environmental changes. This article provides a synthesis of research including new observations on the diverse geosystems/ecosystems of this coastal region of northern Ellesmere Island that extends to latitude 83.11° N (Cape Aldrich). The climate is extreme, with an average annual air temperature of-17.2 °C, similar to Antarctic regions such as the McMurdo Dry Valleys. The region is geologically distinct (the Pearya Terrane) and contains steep mountainous terrain intersected by deep fiords and fluvial valleys. Numerous glaciers flow into the valleys, fiords, and bays, and thick multi-year sea ice and ice shelves occur along the coast. These extreme ice features are currently undergoing rapid attrition. The polar desert landscape contains sparse, discontinuous patches of vegetation, including dense stands of the prostrate shrub Salix arctica (Artic willow) at some sites, and 37 species of vascular plants on Ward Hunt Island. Diverse aquatic ecosystems occur throughout the area, including meromictic, epishelf, and perennially ice-covered lakes. Many of these have responded strongly to climate shifts in the past and like other geosystems/ecosystems of the region are now sentinels of ongoing global climate change."
"6602092144;6602774902;7102381140;6603791272;7005794136;8605163900;6701466744;7006542031;7004892168;8261281300;7103307348;","Environmental change in the Great Whale River region, Hudson Bay: Five decades of multidisciplinary research by Centre d'études nordiques (CEN)",2011,"10.2980/18-3-3469","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-83155168231&doi=10.2980%2f18-3-3469&partnerID=40&md5=da851683d75121067770983f72e464d2","The Great Whale River region on the eastern shore of Hudson Bay, Canada, encompasses the villages of Whapmagoostui (Cree First Nation) and Kuujjuarapik (Inuit) and surrounding areas. The principal field station of Centre d'tudes nordiques (CEN: Centre for Northern Studies) has operated at Whapmagoostui-Kuujjuarapik (W-K; 55° 15′ N, 77° 45′ w) since the 1970s, with diverse research projects on past and present environments. The climate at W-K is strongly influenced by the proximity of Hudson Bay, and the recent pronounced loss of sea ice in this sector of northern Canada has been accompanied by large increases in air temperature. Discontinuous or scattered permafrost occurs throughout the region and is degrading rapidly. The W-K region continues to experience particularly rapid isostatic uplift in response to the retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Parabolic dunes occur along the coast and are strongly influenced by the plant cover. Paleoecological studies have documented the Holocene evolution of landscapes, including lakes, wetlands, and forests. The vegetation type is coastal forest tundra, with some 400 recorded species. Studies on certain insect groups provide a baseline for assessing future ecological change. The first signs of human occupation in the W-K region have been dated at 3800 BP. The arrival of the Hudson's Bay Company in the 18 th century marked the onset of continuous occupation. Rapid social, economic, and environmental change initiated in the mid-20th century continues to this day."
"7403486349;17346995100;26433171500;","Glaciers, snow and ski tourism in Austria's changing climate",2011,"10.3189/172756411797252338","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80053527101&doi=10.3189%2f172756411797252338&partnerID=40&md5=b0bc7ec60ffd9395f0e3a3ba0c99abc7","This study illustrates the relevance of cryospheric changes for, and their impact on, ski tourism in Austria. The results of several case studies on snow reliability, snow production and mass balance in glacier ski resorts in the Ötz and Stubai valleys are summarized. Climate data from Obergurgl (1936m a.s.l.) in the Ötz valley are analyzed with respect to the amount and duration of natural snow cover and the possibility of snow production. A case study on Mittelbergferner focuses on the impacts of glacial recession on a ski resort and possible adaptation measures. From long-term glacier inventory and short-term mass-balance data, the effect of operating ski resorts on glaciers is investigated. At Obergurgl, the probability of both snow cover and snow production is >80% from December to March and decreases significantly in the months before and after this peak season. The interannual variability of snow cover and production is low during the main season and higher in other months. Year-to-year differences are larger than any long-term trend. Glacier ski resorts must adapt to shrinking glacial area and falling glacier surface. Covering the glacier with textiles reduces ablation by 60% and results in significantly less volume loss than on uncovered parts of the glacier. Neither the mass-balance comparison between groomed and ungroomed areas nor the comparison of long-term volume changes between 10 ski resort glaciers and 100 surrounding glaciers showed evidence for an impact of the operation of ski resorts on the glaciers."
"12753683300;55664298600;55660519000;","Frozen soil change and adaptation of animal husbandry: A case of the source regions of Yangtze and Yellow Rivers",2011,"10.1016/j.envsci.2011.03.012","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79958104505&doi=10.1016%2fj.envsci.2011.03.012&partnerID=40&md5=ba69fe80fbea3fc0823c526b4a8b6c14","This paper discusses the spatial and temporal change of different frozen soil types from 1980s to 2000s, and the impacts of frozen soil change on rangeland productivity and sustainable livelihood in the source regions of Yangtze and Yellow Rivers employed numerical model and GIS technology. Authors use the analytical framework of adaptation of animal husbandry according to national, regional, community and household scales, and release three key instruments of cryospheric change adaptation, including adaptive capacity of the policies, adaptive capacity of the people, and adaptive capacity of the grassland ecosystem. Analysis result shows that there is clearly a need, to develop institutional processes that support policy analysis to draw on existing information, that facilitate multidisciplinary research on topics of policy relevance, and that link the accumulation of credible cryosphere scientific evidence with policy making. Finally, Authors suggest that further support to mainstream climatic and cryospheric change concerns in adaptation policies and strategies of animal husbandry must include a focus on: (1) Formulating ecological compensation policy and mechanism for grassland ecosystem maintenance; (2) Strengthening vocational training, long-term essential-qualities-oriented education to improve indigenous people's professional skills and abilities; (3) Strengthening development of livestock replacement industries to broaden employment channels of indigenous people; (4) Strengthening the consciousness of ecosystem maintenance, improvement the social civilization level for indigenous people; (5) Continuous implementation the Ecological Protection and Restoration Program in the Three-River Source Region in national scale. © 2011."
"37041512600;57195965529;6603902085;55340071000;","Snow cover dynamics and hydrological regime of the Hunza River basin, Karakoram Range, Northern Pakistan",2011,"10.5194/hess-15-2275-2011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79960506089&doi=10.5194%2fhess-15-2275-2011&partnerID=40&md5=be3d3fe12d0bf139ad74a080645c59b0","A major proportion of flow in the Indus River is contributed by its snow- and glacier-fed river catchments situated in the Himalaya, Karakoram and Hindukush ranges. It is therefore essential to understand the cryosphere dynamics in this area for water resource management. The MODIS MOD10A2 remote-sensing database of snow cover products from March 2000 to December 2009 was selected to analyse the snow cover changes in the Hunza River basin (the snow- and glacier-fed sub-catchment of the Indus River). A database of daily flows for the Hunza River at Dainyor Bridge over a period of 40 yr and climate data (precipitation and temperature) for 10 yr from three meteorological stations within the catchment was made available to investigate the hydrological regime in the area. Analysis of remotely sensed cryosphere (snow and ice cover) data during the last decade (2000-2009) suggest a rather slight expansion of cryosphere in the area in contrast to most of the regions in the world where glaciers are melting rapidly. This increase in snow cover may be the result of an increase in winter precipitation caused by westerly circulation. The impact of global warming is not effective because a large part of the basin area lies under high altitudes where the temperature remains negative throughout most of the year. © 2011 Author(s)."
"25723623400;7003672448;20437082300;57199322424;","A full Stokes ice flow model for the vicinity of Dome Fuji, Antarctica, with induced anisotropy and fabric evolution",2011,"10.5194/tc-5-495-2011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79960245437&doi=10.5194%2ftc-5-495-2011&partnerID=40&md5=b31815a0e09e98f75e9a086839002446","A three-dimensional, thermo-mechanically coupled ice flow model with induced anisotropy has been applied to a ∼200 × 200 km domain around the Dome Fuji drill site, Antarctica. The model (""Elmer/Ice"") is based on the open-source multi-physics package Elmer (&lt;ahrefCombining double low line""http://www.csc.fi/elmer/""targetCombining double low line""-blank""&gt;http://www.csc.fi/elmer/) and solves the full Stokes equations. Flow-induced anisotropy in ice is accounted for by an implementation of the Continuum-mechanical, Anisotropic Flow model, based on an anisotropic Flow Enhancement factor (""CAFFE model""). Steady-state simulations for present-day climate conditions are conducted. The main findings are: (i) the flow regime at Dome Fuji is a complex superposition of vertical compression, horizontal extension and bed-parallel shear; (ii) for an assumed geothermal heat flux of 60 mW m-2 the basal temperature at Dome Fuji reaches the pressure melting point and the basal melting rate is ∼0.35 mm a -1; (iii) in agreement with observational data, the fabric shows a strong single maximum at Dome Fuji, and the age of the ice is decreased compared to an isotropic scenario; (iv) as a consequence of spatially variable basal melting conditions, the basal age tends to be smaller where the ice is thicker and larger where the ice is thinner. The latter result is of great relevance for the consideration of a future drill site in the area. © Author(s) 2011."
"7005883815;6701539013;","Identifying challenges and opportunities for Earth System reanalyses",2011,"10.1029/2011EO200006","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79959851430&doi=10.1029%2f2011EO200006&partnerID=40&md5=57aa3d96cbd5603fa0e0c821e4f37326","Evaluation of ReanalysesDeveloping an Integrated Earth System Analysis (IESA) Capability; Baltimore, Maryland, 1-3 November 2010; Understanding how Earth system components and their interactions are changing over time is crucial to developing national strategies for managing climate risk. Despite vast improvements in observational capabilities, observations alone are, and will continue to be, insufficient to fully determine the present state of the atmosphere, much less quantify the states of other components of the Earth system such as the ocean, land surface, cryosphere, and biosphere. Thus, a fundamental scientific challenge remains: obtaining optimal estimates of past and present climate and, more generally, of the full Earth system. This will help researchers to determine how and why changes are occurring and to assess the associated impacts."
"7006662205;6507681660;6602966780;35767349800;6603714917;56269684800;","Climatic bisection of the last interglacial warm period in the Polar North Atlantic",2011,"10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.05.012","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79960100264&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2011.05.012&partnerID=40&md5=cc4c39b7707a580290e12f1686ce531a","New multiproxy marine data of the Eemian interglacial (MIS5e) from the Norwegian Sea manifest a cold event with near-glacial surface ocean summer temperatures (3-4 °C). This mid-Eemian cooling divided the otherwise relatively warm interglacial climate and was associated with widespread expansions of winter sea-ice and polar water masses due to changes in atmospheric circulation and ocean stability. While the data also verify a late rather than early last interglacial warm peak, which is in general disharmony with northern hemisphere insolation maximum and the regional climatic progression of the early Holocene, the cold event itself was likely instrumental for delaying the last interglacial climate development in the Polar North when compared with regions farther south. Such a 'climatic decoupling' of the Polar region may bear profound implications for the employment of Eemian conditions to help evaluate the present and future state of the Arctic cryosphere during a warming interglacial. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd."
"36922505200;37361556200;37361089800;26663790700;7006000806;","Soils of cryogenic subarid steppe landscapes in the Terekhol intermontane Depression of the Sangilen Upland",2011,"10.1134/S1064229311060032","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79958705648&doi=10.1134%2fS1064229311060032&partnerID=40&md5=3346819d404423aedffd978f641a28cb","The soil cover of the Terekhol intermontane Depression in the Tyva Region is poorly studied. The data obtained in the 1950s do not reflect the real genetic diversity of soils and their specific character. According to these data, the soil cover was dominated by meadow-chernozemic soils under virgin steppe-like meadows. The investigations of 2007-2009 show that the disperse-carbonate chernozems, which are often solonetzic and weakly saline; the specific polygenetic dark soda solonchaks-solonetzes; and the postagrogenic chernozems, solonetzes, and agrozems are the main components of the soil cover of the depression at the present time. The described chernozems correspond mainly to the central image of southern Siberia chernozems. The investigated solonetzes are characterized by a number of evolution-genetic features that distinguish them from previously described solonetzes of Tyva and from all the solonetzic soils in the current interpretation. The chernozems and solonetzes have cryogenic features due to the cold extremely continental climate and relatively shallow continuous permafrost. © 2011 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd."
"14050658900;7402047005;7101658838;57214601369;11739169500;55584796842;","Hydrograph separation and precipitation source identification using stable water isotopes and conductivity: River Ganga at Himalayan foothills",2011,"10.1002/hyp.7912","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79955547584&doi=10.1002%2fhyp.7912&partnerID=40&md5=f587339365154ff7199e90ab11d7ebf1","The observed retreat of several Himalayan glaciers and snow packs is a cause of concern for the huge population in southern Asia that is dependent on the glacial-fed rivers emanating from Himalayas. There is considerable uncertainty about how cryospheric recession in the Himalayan region will respond to climate change, and how the water resource availability will be affected. As a first step towards quantifying the contribution of glacier-melt water, hydrograph separation of River Ganga at Rishikesh into its constituent components, namely (i) surface runoff, (ii) glacial ice-melt and (iii) groundwater discharge has been done in this paper. A three-component mixing model has been employed using the values of δ18O and electrical conductivity (EC) of the river water, and its constituents, to estimate the time-varying relative fraction of each component. The relative fraction of the surface runoff peaks (70-90%) during winter, due to the near-zero contribution of glacial ice-melt, essentially represents the melting of surface snow from the catchment. The contribution of glacial ice-melt to the stream discharge peaks during summer and monsoon reaches a maximum value of ∼40% with an average of 32%. The fraction of groundwater discharge varies within a narrow range (15 ± 5%) throughout the year. On the basis of the variation in the d-excess values of river water, it is also suggested that the snow-melt and ice-melt component has a significant fraction derived from winter precipitation with moisture source from mid-latitude westerlies (also known as western disturbances). © 2010 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd."
"35790739000;23110620300;","Monitoring snow cover variability in an agropastoral area in the Trans Himalayan region of Nepal using MODIS data with improved cloud removal methodology",2011,"10.1016/j.rse.2011.01.006","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79952069549&doi=10.1016%2fj.rse.2011.01.006&partnerID=40&md5=9fe79d201068c919c1465acd4a9f7ce8","Monitoring the extent and pattern of snow cover in the dry, high altitude, Trans Himalayan region (THR) is significant to understand the local and regional impact of ongoing climate change and variability. The freely available Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow cover images, with 500. m spatial and daily temporal resolution, can provide a basis for regional snow cover mapping, monitoring and hydrological modelling. However, high cloud obscuration remains the main limitation. In this study, we propose a five successive step approach - combining data from the Terra and Aqua satellites; adjacent temporal deduction; spatial filtering based on orthogonal neighbouring pixels; spatial filtering based on a zonal snowline approach; and temporal filtering based on zonal snow cycle - to remove cloud obscuration from MODIS daily snow products. This study also examines the spatial and temporal variability of snow cover in the THR of Nepal in the last decade. Since no ground stations measuring snow data are available in the region, the performance of the proposed methodology is evaluated by comparing the original MODIS snow cover data with least cloud cover against cloud-generated MODIS snow cover data, filled by clouds of another densely cloud-covered product. The analysis indicates that the proposed five-step method is efficient in cloud reduction (with average accuracy of > 91%). The results show very high interannual and intra-seasonal variability of average snow cover, maximum snow extent and snow cover duration over the last decade. The peak snow period has been delayed by about 6.7. days per year and the main agropastoral production areas of the region were found to experience a significant decline in snow cover duration during the last decade. © 2011 Elsevier Inc."
"7006875558;36955522500;25723778000;6602663060;","Present dynamics and future prognosis of a slowly surging glacier",2011,"10.5194/tc-5-299-2011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79953331455&doi=10.5194%2ftc-5-299-2011&partnerID=40&md5=0250e54260279b3022c7dcd2dd6cd75d","Glacier surges are a well-known example of an internal dynamic oscillation whose occurrence is not a direct response to the external climate forcing, but whose character (i.e. period, amplitude, mechanism) may depend on the glacier's environmental or climate setting. We examine the dynamics of a small (∼5 km2) valley glacier in Yukon, Canada, where two previous surges have been photographically documented and an unusually slow surge is currently underway. To characterize the dynamics of the present surge, and to speculate on the future of this glacier, we employ a higher-order flowband model of ice dynamics with a regularized Coulomb-friction sliding law in both diagnostic and prognostic simulations. Diagnostic (force balance) calculations capture the measured ice-surface velocity profile only when non-zero basal water pressures are prescribed over the central region of the glacier, coincident with where evidence of the surge has been identified. This leads to sliding accounting for 50-100% of the total surface motion in this region. Prognostic simulations, where the glacier geometry evolves in response to a prescribed surface mass balance, reveal a significant role played by a bedrock ridge beneath the current equilibrium line of the glacier. Ice thickening occurs above the ridge in our simulations, until the net mass balance reaches sufficiently negative values. We suggest that the bedrock ridge may contribute to the propensity for surges in this glacier by promoting the development of the reservoir area during quiescence, and may permit surges to occur under more negative balance conditions than would otherwise be possible. Collectively, these results corroborate our interpretation of the current glacier flow regime as indicative of a slow surge that has been ongoing for some time, and support a relationship between surge incidence or character and the net mass balance. Our results also highlight the importance of glacier bed topography in controlling ice dynamics, as observed in many other glacier systems. © 2011 Author(s)."
"36574232400;23569888300;55357604700;6506381879;7004402835;6507675882;55916752500;6602362776;","Mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet (2003-2008) from ICESat data - The impact of interpolation, sampling and firn density",2011,"10.5194/tc-5-173-2011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79952479280&doi=10.5194%2ftc-5-173-2011&partnerID=40&md5=2ab20dad860a308cc444bf8f0926c26f","ICESat has provided surface elevation measurements of the ice sheets since the launch in January 2003, resulting in a unique dataset for monitoring the changes of the cryosphere. Here, we present a novel method for determining the mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet, derived from ICESat altimetry data. Three different methods for deriving elevation changes from the ICESat altimetry dataset are used. This multi-method approach provides a method to assess the complexity of deriving elevation changes from this dataset. The altimetry alone can not provide an estimate of the mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet. Firn dynamics and surface densities are important factors that contribute to the mass change derived from remote-sensing altimetry. The volume change derived from ICESat data is corrected for changes in firn compaction over the observation period, vertical bedrock movement and an intercampaign elevation bias in the ICESat data. Subsequently, the corrected volume change is converted into mass change by the application of a simple surface density model, in which some of the ice dynamics are accounted for. The firn compaction and density models are driven by the HIRHAM5 regional climate model, forced by the ERA-Interim re-analysis product, at the lateral boundaries. We find annual mass loss estimates of the Greenland ice sheet in the range of 191 ± 23 Gt yr-1 to 240 ± 28 Gt yr-1 for the period October 2003 to March 2008. These results are in good agreement with several other studies of the Greenland ice sheet mass balance, based on different remote-sensing techniques. © Author(s) 2011."
"8570871900;6701455548;57201215091;7004353965;7003415852;","Radiative forcing and albedo feedback from the Northern Hemisphere cryosphere between 1979 and 2008",2011,"10.1038/ngeo1062","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79952171651&doi=10.1038%2fngeo1062&partnerID=40&md5=383e13d58f3bc5a1b444f61c48fb6402","The extent of snow cover and sea ice in the Northern Hemispherehas declined since 1979, coincident with hemispheric warming and indicative of a positive feedback of surface reflectivity on climate. This albedo feedback of snow on land has been quantified from observations at seasonal timescales, and century-scale feedback has been assessed using climate models. However, the total impact of the cryosphere on radiative forcing and albedo feedback has yet to be determined from measurements. Here we assess the influence of the Northern Hemisphere cryosphere on Earth's radiation budget at the top of the atmosphere-termed cryosphere radiative forcing-by synthesizing a variety of remote sensing and field measurements. We estimate mean Northern Hemisphere forcing at -4.6 to -2.2 W m-2, with a peak in May of -9.0±2.7 W m-2. We find that cyrospheric cooling declined by 0.45 W m -2 from 1979 to 2008, with nearly equal contributions from changes in land snow cover and sea ice. On the basis of these observations, we conclude that the albedo feedback from the Northern Hemisphere cryosphere falls between 0.3 and 1.1 W m-2 K-1, substantially larger than comparable estimates obtained from 18 climate models. © 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved."
"7005809959;36179077700;8570871900;56249704400;","Quantifying immediate radiative forcing by black carbon and organic matter with the Specific Forcing Pulse",2011,"10.5194/acp-11-1505-2011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79951626177&doi=10.5194%2facp-11-1505-2011&partnerID=40&md5=0991d80f64812acdc2e6f1162c6f78ab","Climatic effects of short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs) differ from those of long-lived greenhouse gases, because they occur rapidly after emission and because they depend upon the region of emission. The distinctive temporal and spatial nature of these impacts is not captured by measures that rely on global averages or long time integrations. Here, we propose a simple measure, the Specific Forcing Pulse (SFP), to quantify climate warming or cooling by these pollutants, where we define ""immediate"" as occurring primarily within the first year after emission. SFP is the amount of energy added to or removed from a receptor region in the Earth-atmosphere system by a chemical species, per mass of emission in a source region. We limit the application of SFP to species that remain in the atmosphere for less than one year. Metrics used in policy discussions, such as total forcing or global warming potential, are easily derived from SFP. However, SFP conveys purely physical information without incurring the policy implications of choosing a time horizon for the global warming potential. Using one model (Community Atmosphere Model, or CAM), we calculate values of SFP for black carbon (BC) and organic matter (OM) emitted from 23 source-region combinations. Global SFP for both atmosphere and cryosphere impacts is divided among receptor latitudes. SFP is usually greater for open-burning emissions than for energy-related (fossil-fuel and biofuel) emissions because of the timing of emission. Global SFP for BC varies by about 45% for energy-related emissions from different regions. This variation would be larger except for compensating effects. When emitted aerosol has larger cryosphere forcing, it often has lower atmosphere forcing because of less deep convection and a shorter atmospheric lifetime. © Author(s) 2011."
"6603022568;7202553554;7201944142;7102780088;6603371198;12040992000;","On-land ice loss and glacial isostatic adjustment at the Drake Passage: 2003-2009",2011,"10.1029/2010JB007607","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79951505310&doi=10.1029%2f2010JB007607&partnerID=40&md5=427d4f377b810c0034f2f343209a9a9d","Land glacier extent and volume at the northern and southern margins of the Drake Passage have been in a state of dramatic demise since the early 1990s. Here time-varying space gravity observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) are combined with Global Positioning System (GPS) bedrock uplift data to simultaneously solve for ice loss and for solid Earth glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) to Little Ice Age (LIA) cryospheric loading. The present-day ice loss rates are determined to be -26 ± 6 Gt/yr and -41.5 ± 9 Gt/yr in the Southern and Northern Patagonia Ice Fields (NPI+SPI) and Antarctic Peninsula (AP), respectively. These are consistent with estimates based upon thickness and flux changes. Bounds are recovered for elastic lithosphere thicknesses of 35 ≤ h ≤ 70 km and 20 ≤ h ≤ 45 km and for upper mantle viscosities of 4-8 × 1018 Pa s and 3-10 × 1019 Pa s (using a half-space approximation) for NPI+SPI and AP, respectively, using an iterative forward model strategy. Antarctic Peninsula ice models with a prolonged LIA, extending to A.D. 1930, are favored in all χ2 fits to the GPS uplift data. This result is largely decoupled from Earth structure assumptions. The GIA corrections account for roughly 20-60% of the space-determined secular gravity change. Collectively, the on-land ice losses correspond to volume increases of the oceans equivalent to 0.19 ± 0.045 mm/yr of sea level rise for the last 15 years. Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union."
"55237491000;55237583600;36610274400;56151344100;","Public perceptions of cryosphere change and the selection of adaptation measures in the Ürümqi River Basin",2011,"10.3724/SP.J.1248.2011.00149","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84870633945&doi=10.3724%2fSP.J.1248.2011.00149&partnerID=40&md5=290b9a3fead38c105719c5beb9cd0b3a","This study focuses on the characters of public perceptions on climate and cryosphere change, which are based on a questionnaire survey in the Ürümqi River Basin. In comparison with scientific observation results of climate and cryosphere change, this paper analyzes the possible impact of the change on water resources and agriculture production in the area. Perceptions of most respondents on climate and cryosphere changes confirm the main objective facts. For the selection of adaptation measures addressing the shortage of water resource, the results are as follows: most people preferred to choose the measures like ""policy change"" and ""basic facility construction"" which are mostly implemented by the government and the policy-making department; some people showed more preference to the measures of avoiding unfavorable natural environment, such as finding job in or migrating to other places. The urgency of personal participation in the adaptation measures is still inadequate. Some adaptation measures should be implemented in line with local conditions and require the organic combination of ""resource-development"" with ""water-saving""."
"7801654745;6603757377;","A new approach to resolving climate-cryosphere relations: Downscaling climate dynamics to glacier-scale mass and energy balance without statistical scale linking",2011,"10.1029/2011JD015669","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84859380851&doi=10.1029%2f2011JD015669&partnerID=40&md5=8992f4f8e9fd335d3fa0a59df7158251","We present a novel combination of methods to quantify the local mass response of mountain glaciers to large-scale circulation. Previously, such multiscale approaches bypassed the mesoscale processes of the mountain-induced atmospheric flow, by statistical transfer functions or subgrid parameterizations, and included simplified glacier mass balance (MB) models. Here we show, on the basis of Kilimanjaro (East Africa) as a test case, that a limited area atmospheric model (LAM) and a process-resolving MB model can be linked without statistical corrections at their interface. This is evident from robust energy and MB patterns at the glacier surface, regardless of whether the MB model is forced by (1) in situ meteorological measurements or (2) uncorrected output from the high-resolution LAM grid over the glacier area. The latter is achieved by multiple grid nesting in the land-atmosphere-ocean domain of the LAM. Since this setup resolves the mesoscale process space, we also show the potential to increase knowledge of how dynamical, thermodynamic, and microphysical phenomena of the mountain-induced flow affect glacier MB. All these results are encouraging for future research because they demonstrate that a dynamical system, which operates on very different space-time scales, can be quantified in a fully physical way, if dynamic meteorology and glaciology are exploited in a complementary sense. This will enhance the process understanding of forward problems (glacier response to climate forcing) and backward problems (climate signal extraction from past extents of mountain glaciers). Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union."
"55166119300;","The fostering of cross-disciplinary science as a result of the IPY: ""Connectivity""created by the Canada three oceans project",2011,"10.3402/polar.v30i0.10908","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84860149637&doi=10.3402%2fpolar.v30i0.10908&partnerID=40&md5=652c7cca3dd266833ff7676e6dc5f313","The fourth International Polar Year (IPY), which ended in March 2009, represented a ca. 50% increase in the funding of polar science, a major expansion of the observing effort across polar and subpolar seas, the deployment of a wide range of new and complex observing techniques and a gratifying new degree of international collaboration in their use. As a result, the IPY has revolutionized our polar data sets to provide our first real glimpse of the ocean-atmosphere-cryosphere operating as a complete system. Here we focus on one particular aspect of the emerging results-the ""connectivities""that may develop between individual research projects over time, developing the complexity of our understanding in real if unexpected ways as new findings emerge, ramify and mesh within projects or between them. For simplicity, we illustrate this valuable but unpredictable process by using one particular Arctic-sub-Arctic project-Canada Three Oceans-as our initial reference point and attempting to trace out a small subset of its interconnections across space, time, projects and disciplines. © 2011 R.R. Dickson."
"7006367524;8626175400;6603385761;","Gravity field, temporal variations from space techniques",2011,"10.1007/978-90-481-8702-7_96","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85053531619&doi=10.1007%2f978-90-481-8702-7_96&partnerID=40&md5=9a1d1fd5a6ec9cb3463cbbd0eb2102b6","Since 2002, the US–German GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) mission has been providing a precise survey of Earth’s time-variable gravity field, with unprecedented temporal and spatial sampling. GRACE time-variable gravity fields provide a means of measuring temporal and spatial variations of mass redistribution within the Earth system. The GRACE mission has launched a new era in studying a series of geophysical problems ranging from deep Earth structure to tracking mass redistribution on and near the surface of the Earth. GRACE has greatly improved understanding of mass redistribution in various compartments of the climate system (atmosphere, oceans, terrestrial water, and cryosphere) (Ramillien et al., 2008b; Cazenave and Chen, 2010). GRACE has fundamentally enriched a number of fields, including (but not limited to) the global water cycle and land hydrology, mass balance of polar ice sheets and mountain glaciers, ocean mass and global sea-level change, and solid Earth geophysics. While such novel data offer new possibilities for studying regional to global scale mass redistributions occurring inside and at the surface of the Earth, they complement measurements performed by in situ gravity meters (absolute and relative, including super conducting gravity meters) for detecting a variety of local phenomena such as volcano deformations, seismic activity, land subsidence, water table movement and water storage change, etc. (see examples in Budetta and Carbone, 1998; Mrlina et al., 2003; Zerbini et al., 2007; Richter et al., 2004; Anderson et al., 2005)."
"7402185944;56572330300;6603677320;7007178354;16642000500;","Cryogenic and non-cryogenic pool calcites indicating permafrost and non-permafrost periods: A case study from the Herbstlabyrinth-Advent Cave system (Germany)",2010,"10.5194/tc-4-501-2010","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78649723912&doi=10.5194%2ftc-4-501-2010&partnerID=40&md5=5e56dafded33332b9df9bf94bc2de43d","Weichselian cryogenic calcites collected in what is referred to as the R'Currency signtselhalle of the Herbstlabyrinth-Advent Cave system are structurally classified as rhombohedral crystals and spherulitic aggregates. The carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of these precipitates (δ13C Combining double low line +0.6 to -7.3‰ δ 18O Combining double low line -6.9 to -18.0‰) corresponds to those of known slowly precipitated cryogenic cave calcites under conditions of isotopic equilibrium between water and ice of Central European caves. The carbon and oxygen isotopic composition varies between different caves which is attributed to the effects of cave air ventilation before the freezing started. By petrographic and geochemical comparisons of Weichselian cryogenic calcite with recent to sub-recent precipitates as well as Weichselian non-cryogenic calcites of the same locality, a model for the precipitation of these calcites is proposed. While the recent and sub-recent pool-calcites isotopically match the composition of interglacial speleothems (stalagmites, etc.), isotope ratios of Weichselian non-cryogenic pool-calcites reflect cooler conditions. Weichselian cryogenic calcites show a trend towards low δ18O values with higher carbon isotope ratios reflecting slow freezing of the precipitating solution. In essence, the isotope geochemistry of the Weichselian calcites reflects the climate history changing from overall initial permafrost conditions to permafrost-free and subsequently to renewed permafrost conditions. Judging from the data compiled here, the last permafrost stage in the Rätselhalle is followed by a warm period (interstadial and/or Holocene). During this warmer period, the cave ice melted and cryogenic and non-cryogenic Weichselian calcite precipitates were deposited on the cave ground or on fallen blocks, respectively. © Author(s) 2010."
"6602984868;7005038255;23968878900;","Recent developments in the cryo-climatic parameters and isotopic content of precipitation in the Bolivian Andes: La Paz and the Zongo Glacier [Evolution récente des paramètres cryo-climatiques et des teneurs isotopiques des précipitations dans les Andes Boliviennes: La Paz et Glacier du Zongo]",2010,"10.1080/02626661003747366","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78649720091&doi=10.1080%2f02626661003747366&partnerID=40&md5=f3efcbe3a78bd4927b041cf9a4d739c6","Near La Paz, Bolivia, the main indicators of climatic trend are: (a) an increase in re-analysis temperatures at 500 hPa of 0.017°C year-1 between 1973 and 2004; (b) at Laica Cota meteorological station, between 1995 and 2004, a temperature rise of 0.03°C year-1 and a decrease in relative humidity of 0.6% year-1; and (c) an increase in rainfall δ18O of +0.26‰ year-1 as well as an increase in its deuterium excess of +0.1‰ year-1. One of the main consequences of this trend is a retreat of the Zongo Glacier front at 12 m year-1 between 1991 and 2004 (a decline of 2% per year of the glaciated area from 1997 to 2004, to 1.84 km2 in 2004). The simultaneous temporal data analysis shows that the variability of ENSO conditions has in-phase impacts at the infra-annual time scale on temperature, relative humidity, precipitation and glacier mass balance, and delayed consequences, over periods exceeding a year, for the isotopic ratio of Andean precipitation. © 2010 IAHS Press."
"57209494488;8613289400;","A Stream Water Availability Model of Upper Indus Basin Based on a Topologic Model and Global Climatic Datasets",2010,"10.1007/s11269-010-9666-0","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78249282570&doi=10.1007%2fs11269-010-9666-0&partnerID=40&md5=9b88b7713de9146c955f1eac5b45ad00","Integrated water resources management at river basin scales and evaluation of effects of climate change on regional water resources require quantitative estimates of space-time variability of monthly discharges within a river network. This study demonstrates that such estimates, which can be called stream water availability, for regional river basins with meager or nonexistent gauge data, can be obtained by combining continuity models of hydrological processes, flow routing, and topology of the river basin. The hydrologic processes can be adequately modeled using high quality databases of hydrologic significance. A stream water availability model is presented for Upper Indus Basin (UIB) utilizing the most up-to-date datasets for topography, temperature, precipitation, net radiation, land cover, soil type, and digital atlas. Multiple datasets have been evaluated and the ones with best accuracy and temporal coverage have been selected for the final model. Upper Indus River and its major tributaries are highly significant in regional water resources management and geopolitics. However, UIB is a poorly studied and largely ungauged river basin with an area of 265,598 km2 and extremely rugged topography. Several factors, the chief ones being the challenging terrain and the trans-boundary nature of the basin, have contributed to this knowledge gap. Hydro-climatologically it is a complex basin with a significant cryospheric component. The spatial and temporal variation of the principal climatic variables, namely precipitation, net radiation, and temperature has been thoroughly accounted for in the development of a stream water availability model based on a process model coupled with a topologic model and a linear reservoir model of river flow routing. Model calculations indicate that there are essentially two hydrologic regimes in UIB. The regime that is truly significant in contributing stream flows, originates from the UIB cryosphere containing outstanding glaciers and snowfields. The other regime, generated from wet precipitation and melt water from seasonal snow covers is insignificant due to high rates of infiltration and evaporation in the semi-desert environment prevailing at elevations below perennial snow and ice covers. In general, the modeled stream flow characteristics match with the sparse discharge measurements that are available. Flow in the Indus considerably increases at its confluence with Shyok River and further downstream where other tributaries form the north join the main stem. At or near the outlet of the basin stream flow can vary from less than 800 m3 s-1 in the winter and spring to nearly 8,000 m3 s-1 in the peak summer and can persist to over 1,500 m3 s-1 in the autumn. The importance of snow and glacial melt in Indus River discharge is apparent and any global or regional climate change affecting the equilibrium line elevation of the snow fields in the Karakoram will have a profound influence on the water availability in the Indus. Estimates are made for per capita water availability in Ladakh and Gilgit-Baltistan territories, controlled by India and Pakistan respectively. Geopolitical significance and climate change effects are discussed briefly. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V."
"7202033979;7203054240;55951225700;7005961973;8116816200;7404896041;","A new ice sheet model validated by remote senseing of the Greenland ice sheet",2010,"10.2478/v10085-010-0012-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78649498494&doi=10.2478%2fv10085-010-0012-9&partnerID=40&md5=f0f20cad019473c7ea9c16394cb2b685","Accurate prediction of future sea level rise requires models that accurately reproduce and explain the recent observed dramatic ice sheet behaviours. This study presents a new multi-phase, multiple-rheology, scalable and extensible geofluid model of the Greenland ice sheet that shows the credential of successfully reproducing the mass loss rate derived from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), and the microwave remote sensed surface melt area over the past decade. Model simulated early 21st century surface ice flow compares satisfactorily with InSAR measurements. Accurate simulation of the three metrics simultaneously cannot be explained by fortunate model tuning and give us confidence in using this modelling system for projection of the future fate of Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS). Based on this fully adaptable three dimensional, thermo-mechanically coupled prognostic ice model, we examined the flow sensitivity to granular basal sliding, and further identified that this leads to a positive feedback contributing to enhanced mass loss in a future warming climate. The rheological properties of ice depend sensitively on its temperature, thus we further verified modelĝŹs temperature solver against in situ observations. Driven by the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis atmospheric parameters, the ice model simulated GrIS mass loss rate compares favourably with that derived from the GRACE measurements, or about -147 km3/yr over the 2002-2008 period. Increase of the summer maximum melt area extent (SME) is indicative of expansion of the ablation zone. The modeled SME from year 1979 to 2006 compares well with the cross-polarized gradient ratio method (XPGR) observed melt area in terms of annual variabilities. A high correlation of 0.88 is found between the two time series. In the 30-year model simulation series, the surface melt exhibited large inter-annual and decadal variability, years 2002, 2005 and 2007 being three significant recent melt episodes."
"36058191800;55991851900;","Aeolian dust modeling over the past four glacial cycles with CLIMBER-2",2010,"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.07.009","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77958084935&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloplacha.2010.07.009&partnerID=40&md5=249cd90fac13a088944fde3bc0b85bd3","An integral aeolian dust cycle model for glacial-interglacial climate simulations with the Earth system model of intermediate complexity CLIMBER-2 is introduced, to study the role of aeolian dust for the evolution of glacial cycles. Sources, transport and deposition of dust are modeled for the first time over the past four glacial cycles using internally consistent characteristics of the atmosphere, the terrestrial vegetation coupled to the carbon cycle, and the ice sheets. The space-time variability in the dust deposition reconstructed from ice cores, and marine and terrigenous sediments is reasonably reproduced on the coarse spatial grid of the CLIMBER-2 model for time scales from seasons to hundreds of millennia. Of prime importance for reproducing the variability in dust deposition are changes in dust source areas and dust emission, while changes in dust transport and dust deposition are of secondary importance. The dependence of the dust sources on characteristics of the biosphere and the cryosphere is pertinent for obtaining the strong 100-kyr cyclicity in aeolian dust. © 2010 Elsevier B.V."
"7006367524;8116816200;","Time-variable gravity from space and present-day mass redistribution in the Earth system",2010,"10.1016/j.epsl.2010.07.035","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77957300405&doi=10.1016%2fj.epsl.2010.07.035&partnerID=40&md5=8860ae7a3d81129990f9b59cd01f4eb7","Since 2002, the US-German GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) mission has been providing a precise survey of Earth's time-variable gravity field, with unprecedented temporal and spatial sampling. GRACE time-variable gravity fields provide a means of measuring temporal and spatial variations of mass redistribution within the Earth system. The GRACE mission has launched a new era in studying a series of geophysical problems ranging from deep Earth structure to tracking mass redistribution on and near the surface of the Earth. GRACE has greatly improved understanding of mass redistribution in various compartments of the climate system (atmosphere, oceans, terrestrial water, and cryosphere). In this review, we use examples to show how GRACE has fundamentally enriched a number of fields, including (but not limited to) the global water cycle and land hydrology, mass balance of polar ice sheets and mountain glaciers, ocean mass and global sea level change, and solid Earth geophysics. © 2010 Elsevier B.V."
"23020010700;57212302930;56012593900;7003907406;35509463200;7005165467;","Physical climate response to a reduction of anthropogenic climate forcing",2010,"10.1175/2010EI325.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77956912434&doi=10.1175%2f2010EI325.1&partnerID=40&md5=62bb05604c7adddad02660ff3bf3cfa5","Recent research indicates that the warming of the climate system resulting from increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions over the next century will persist for many centuries after the cessation of these emissions, principally because of the persistence of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and their attendant radiative forcing. However, it is unknown whether the responses of other components of the climate system - including those related to Greenland and Antarctic ice cover, the Atlantic thermohaline circulation, the West African monsoon, and ecosystem and human welfare - would be reversed even if atmospheric CO2 concentrations were to recover to 1990 levels. Here, using a simple set of experiments employing a currentgeneration numerical climate model, the authors examine the response of the physical climate system to decreasing CO2 concentrations following an initial increase. Results indicate that many characteristics of the climate system, including global temperatures, precipitation, soil moisture, and sea ice, recover as CO2 concentrations decrease. However, other components of the Earth system may still exhibit nonlinear hysteresis. In these experiments, for instance, increases in stratospheric water vapor, which initially result from increased CO2 concentrations, remain present even as CO2 concentrations recover. These results suggest that identification of additional threshold behaviors in response to human-induced global climate change should focus on subcomponents of the full Earth system, including cryosphere, biosphere, and chemistry."
"7007060133;55279711500;24779656700;","Advances and applications for geodesy",2010,"10.1029/2010EO290006","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77955548523&doi=10.1029%2f2010EO290006&partnerID=40&md5=8e1cc5e3130631eeb1860109f6f8b481","2010 UNAVCO Science Workshop; Boulder, Colorado, 8-11 March 2010; Geodesy's reach has expanded rapidly in recent years as EarthScope and international data sets have grown and new disciplinary applications have emerged. To explore advances in geodesy and its applications in geoscience research and education, approximately 170 scientists (representing 11 countries: Colombia, Denmark, Ecuador, France, Japan, Lebanon, Mexico, New Zealand, Russia, Spain, and the United States), including 15 students, gathered at the 2010 UNAVCO Science Workshop in Colorado. UNAVCO is a nonprofit membership-governed consortium that facilitates geoscience research and education using geodesy. Plenary sessions integrated discovery with broad impact and viewed geodesy through three lenses: (1) pixel-by-pixel geodetic imaging where various remote sensing methodologies are revealing fine-scale changes in the near-surface environment and the geologic processes responsible for them; (2) epoch-by-epoch deformation time series measured in seconds to millennia, which are uncovering ephemeral processes associated with the earthquake cycle and glacial and groundwater flow; and (3) emerging observational powers from advancing geodetic technologies. A fourth plenary session dealt with geodesy and water, a new strategic focus on the hydrosphere, cryosphere, and changing climate. Keynotes included a historical perspective by Bernard Minster (Scripps Institution of Oceanography) on space geodesy and its applications to geophysics, and a summary talk by Susan Eriksson (UNAVCO) on the successes of Research Experience in Solid Earth Science for Students (RESESS) and its 5-year follow-on with opportunities to mentor the next generation of geoscientists through cultivation of diversity."
"7003574176;7004532767;","Solid particulate matter in the atmosphere",2010,"10.2113/gselements.6.4.215","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78650078701&doi=10.2113%2fgselements.6.4.215&partnerID=40&md5=a97e45221a1177816c9b646f864c0784","Atmospheric particulates - tiny particles in the air - represent an exciting new research area for mineralogists and geochemists. Emitted directly into or formed within the atmosphere, these particles are generated by both natural processes and human activity. Although derived mostly from sources that are spatially and temporally confined, the particles are ubiquitous globally due to atmospheric circulation. Depending on their physical and chemical properties, these small particles have local- to planetary-scale environmental impacts, influencing the radiative properties of the atmosphere and the cryosphere, the nucleation of both warm and ice clouds, and the nutrient contents of oceans and soils. Because airborne particles can affect human health and transportation, mainly aviation, they have become a focus of government attention and regulation."
"35190197700;57213737302;15055395200;","Status and evolution of the cryosphere in the Andes of Santiago (Chile, 33.5°S.)",2010,"10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.02.016","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77952953647&doi=10.1016%2fj.geomorph.2010.02.016&partnerID=40&md5=18b4d462ac3163e9a4b4d86daa8fc560","In the context of a general retreat of glaciers in the dry Andes, this study focuses on the state and recent evolution of debris-covered glaciers and permafrost-related landforms, especially rock glaciers, in the semiarid to semihumid Laguna Negra catchment, a part of the Andes of central Chile at 33.5°S, that is a key contributor of drinking water for the city of Santiago. We conducted catchment-scale geomorphological mapping, diachronic analysis of 1955 and 1996 orthophotographs and digital elevation models (DEMs), and the analysis of ground temperatures and their sensitivity to climate variation. Rock glaciers dominate spatially and in terms of water storage over glaciers (area ratio: 1.7:1; ratio of water equivalents: 1.5:1). An intense downwasting has affected both debris-covered and exposed glacier components in the Punta Negra subcatchment, a process that is associated with the growth of numerous thermokarst depressions. The altitudinal transect of ground temperature suggest that permafrost is widespread above ~ 4000. m asl, although it can also occur at lower elevations on sheltered footslopes and within rock glaciers. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the near-surface ground thermal regime at high altitudes is strongly influenced by the snow cover disappearance date, which may therefore constitute an important control on the effect of climatic warming. © 2010 Elsevier B.V."
"56147723800;7403211753;35485552700;21645949500;57203176082;35273009200;","Alkenone and boron-based Pliocene pCO2 records",2010,"10.1016/j.epsl.2010.01.037","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77249160130&doi=10.1016%2fj.epsl.2010.01.037&partnerID=40&md5=ee744a0525b6e412d917117f853e0ad7","The Pliocene period is the most recent time when the Earth was globally significantly (∼ 3 °C) warmer than today. However, the existing pCO2 data for the Pliocene are sparse and there is little agreement between the various techniques used to reconstruct palaeo-pCO2. This disagreement, coupled with the general low temporal resolution of the published records, does not allow a robust assessment of the role of declining pCO2 in the intensification of the Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (INHG) and a direct comparison to other proxy records are lacking. For the first time, we use a combination of foraminiferal (δ11B) and organic biomarker (alkenone-derived carbon isotopes) proxies to determine the concentration of atmospheric CO2 over the past 5 Ma. Both proxy records show that during the warm Pliocene pCO2 was between 330 and 400 ppm, i.e. similar to today. The decrease to values similar to pre-industrial times (275-285 ppm) occurred between 3.2 Ma and 2.8 Ma - coincident with the INHG and affirming the link between global climate, the cryosphere and pCO2. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"25959233200;56016741300;57211186179;9249719000;15064244800;15119161800;","Influence of climatic teleconnections on the temporal isotopic variability as recorded in a firn core from the coastal Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica",2010,"10.1007/s12040-010-0006-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-76449098443&doi=10.1007%2fs12040-010-0006-9&partnerID=40&md5=05b872a6eeeb7ca8a884a2d38f80d6d4","Ice and firn core studies provide one of the most valuable tools for understanding the past climate change. In order to evaluate the temporal isotopic variability recorded in ice and its rele- vance to environmental changes, stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen were studied in a firn core from coastal Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. The annual δ18O profile of the core shows a close relation to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability. The ENSO indices show significant correlation with the surface air temperatures and δ18O values of this region during the austral summer season and support an additional influence related to the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). The correlation between the combined ENSO-SAM index and the summer δ18O record seems to have been caused through an atmospheric mechanism. Snow accumulation in this region illustrates a decreasing trend with opposite relationships with δ18O data and surface air temperature prior and subsequent to the year 1997. A reorganization of the local water cycle is further indicated by the deuterium excess data showing a shift around 1997, consistent with a change in evaporation conditions. The present study thus illustrates the utility of ice-core studies in the reconstruction of past climate change and suggests possible influence of climatic teleconnec- tions on the snow accumulation rates and isotopic profiles of snow in the coastal regions of east Antarctica. © Indian Academy of Sciences."
"57212271749;35755160400;7006430366;","Holocene alpine glaciation inferred from lacustrine sediments on northeastern Baffin Island, Arctic Canada",2010,"10.1002/jqs.1286","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-74349102922&doi=10.1002%2fjqs.1286&partnerID=40&md5=b42e7413e320ff50f31af88a12214763","With accelerated melting of alpine glaciers, understanding the future state of the cryosphere is critical. Because the observational record of glacier response to climate change is short, palaeo-records of glacier change are needed. Using proglacial lake sediments, which contain continuous and datable records of past glacier activity, we investigate Holocene glacier fluctuations on northeastern Baffin Island. Basal radiocarbon ages from three lakes constrain Laurentide Ice Sheet retreat by ca. 10.5 ka. High sedimentation rates (0.03cm a -1) and continuous minerogenic sedimentation throughout the Holocene in proglacial lakes, in contrast to organic-rich sediments and low sedimentation rates (0.005cma -1) in neighbouring non-glacial lakes, suggest that glaciers may have persisted in proglacial lake catchments since regional deglaciation. The presence of varves and relatively high magnetic susceptibility from 10 to 6 ka and since 2ka in one proglacial lake suggest minimum Holocene glacier extent ca. 6-2ka. Moraine evidence and proglacial and threshold lake sediments indicate that the maximum Holocene glacier extent occurred during the Little Ice Age. The finding that glaciers likely persisted through the Holocene is surprising, given that regional proxy records reveal summer temperatures several degrees warmer than today, and may be due to shorter ablation seasons and greater accumulation-season precipitation. © 2009 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd."
"6603222311;6603977202;7006902856;35190197700;7005465231;35424448000;6603007049;6602424525;","The internal structure of rock glaciers and recently deglaciated slopes as revealed by geoelectrical tomography: insights on permafrost and recent glacial evolution in the Central and Western Alps (Italy-France)",2010,"10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.10.008","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-74649084973&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2009.10.008&partnerID=40&md5=58c74e521ff19ccf4f84e403552c1973","Ground ice of permafrost origin and sedimentary ice of glacial origin can coexist in locations where rock glaciers and glaciers interacted, as well as in glacigenic sediments abandoned by a retreating glacier and subsequently exposed again to atmospheric cooling. Some of these geomorphological settings in the Central (Foscagno rock glacier) and Western Alps (Marinet and Schiantala rock glaciers, Schiantala debris-covered glacier, Maledia glacier) were explored by means of geoelectrical tomographies. The aim was that of inferring the presence of ice and cryologically interpreting electrical stratigraphies in order to test whether or not the internal structure of these landforms can be used for the reconstruction of recent permafrost and glacier evolution. Geomorphological data assisted these reconstructions and available borehole stratigraphies were used to calibrate the resistivities. Along with the ice-debris mixture, massive ice has also been found as lenses both at the apex and the front of the studied rock glaciers. These lenses of sedimentary origin are thought to be transferred from a glacier snout to sectors of rock glacier and eventually embedded into the permafrost creep. The scarcity of frozen debris in the mid-upper part of the rock glaciers - as revealed by low resistivity values - can be due to the disruptive effect of the over-riding glacier over the permafrost. The near-surface sedimentary ice masses detected along the slopes of the studied glacial cirques are interpreted as or debris-covered terminations of the glaciers still visible upward, or as fragments of it detached by the main bodies. These ice masses are locally associated to medium-high resistive sediments, consistent with permafrost occurrence. This indicates that the non-glacial environment established during the deglaciation allowed the onset of frozen sediments formation. Overall, the results indicate that internal structure of rock glaciers and recent-deglaciated slopes can store the different climate-related episodes occurred in a specific area, such as those linked to the shifting between glacial to criotic condition and vice-versa. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved."
"7501855361;16637291100;55977336000;","A thermodynamic model for estimating sea and lake ice thickness with optical satellite data",2010,"10.1029/2009JC005857","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78650508764&doi=10.1029%2f2009JC005857&partnerID=40&md5=1e69337b6d78779b9aaf7f79d9c3e336","Sea ice is a very important indicator and an effective modulator of regional and global climate change. Current remote sensing techniques provide an unprecedented opportunity to monitor the cryosphere routinely with relatively high spatial and temporal resolutions. In this paper, we introduce a thermodynamic model to estimate sea and lake ice thickness with optical (visible, near-infrared, and infrared) satellite data. Comparisons of nighttime ice thickness retrievals to ice thickness measurements from upward looking submarine sonar show that this thermodynamic model is capable of retrieving ice thickness up to 2.8 m. The mean absolute error is 0.18 m for samples with a mean ice thickness of 1.62 m, i.e., an 11% mean absolute error. Comparisons with in situ Canadian stations and moored upward looking sonar measurements show similar results. Sensitivity studies indicate that the largest errors come from uncertainties in surface albedo and downward solar radiation flux estimates from satellite data, followed by uncertainties in snow depth and cloud fractional coverage. Due to the relatively large uncertainties in current satellite retrievals of surface albedo and surface downward shortwave radiation flux, the current model is not recommended for use with daytime data. For nighttime data, the model is capable of resolving regional and seasonal variations in ice thickness and is useful for climatological analysis. © 2010 by the American Geophysical Union."
"22836973600;7006130951;57203054070;55951225700;7403159332;56005684100;7004861251;","Detection and attribution of climate change: A regional perspective",2010,"10.1002/wcc.34","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77956313189&doi=10.1002%2fwcc.34&partnerID=40&md5=23e8e2bf7b72c14e7e6db881a72fde63","The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change fourth assessment report, published in 2007 came to a more confident assessment of the causes of global temperature change than previous reports and concluded that 'it is likely that there has been significant anthropogenic warming over the past 50 years averaged over each continent except Antarctica.' Since then, warming over Antarctica has also been attributed to human influence, and further evidence has accumulated attributing a much wider range of climate changes to human activities. Such changes are broadly consistent with theoretical understanding, and climate model simulations, of how the planet is expected to respond. This paper reviews this evidence from a regional perspective to reflect a growing interest in understanding the regional effects of climate change, which can differ markedly across the globe. We set out the methodological basis for detection and attribution and discuss the spatial scales on which it is possible to make robust attribution statements. We review the evidence showing significant human-induced changes in regional temperatures, and for the effects of external forcings on changes in the hydrological cycle, the cryosphere, circulation changes, oceanic changes, and changes in extremes. We then discuss future challenges for the science of attribution. To better assess the pace of change, and to understand more about the regional changes to which societies need to adapt, we will need to refine our understanding of the effects of external forcing and internal variability. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."
"7801375648;6602386601;","Evidence of climate change within the Adamello Glacier of Italy",2010,"10.1007/s00704-009-0186-x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77951768555&doi=10.1007%2fs00704-009-0186-x&partnerID=40&md5=d41a0c7b8ce130bbbb077370e59731ff","We analyze a daily series of rainfall, snowfall, air temperature, and snow water equivalent at fixed dates from 40 high-altitude stations on the Adamello Glacier area (Italian Alps), for the period 1965-2007. Purposes of the study are (1) to investigate significant variation in time, (2) to evaluate effect of temperature changes on cryospheric water cycle, and (3) to evaluate underlying climate patterns and the most significant variables for climate change studies. We detect the presence of a trend using linear regression, moving window average and Mann Kendall test. Linear dependence of water related variables on temperatures is assessed. We find substantially unchanged atmospheric water input along with increasing temperature and rainfall, decreasing snowfall and snow water equivalent at thaw, and shortening of snow cover extent and duration. We carry out a principal components analysis which highlights patterns of precipitation distribution resulting from local temperature and external forcing. A set of the most representative variables for climate and glacier studies is then assessed. A comparison with three nearby Southern Alpine glacierized areas in Italy and Switzerland shows substantial agreement. In spite of the relative shortness of the series, the results here are of interest and can be used as a benchmark for climate change impact assessment for the Adamello Glacier area and southern Alps. © Springer-Verlag 2009."
"7005295903;","Observed trends in Earth System behavior",2010,"10.1002/wcc.36","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79957590690&doi=10.1002%2fwcc.36&partnerID=40&md5=82db08daf454d6c0f819ad37387375e8","The behavior of the Earth System over the past two centuries has been dominated by the rapid rise of human activities as a significant geophysical force at the global scale. After the proximate and ultimate human drivers of change in the Earth System are described, the cumulative impact of these drivers on the structure and functioning of the Earth System are explored. Although the imprints of human activities are most profound on the land surface and in the atmosphere, significant effects are also discernible in the coastal seas, in the ocean, and-indirectly-in the cryosphere. The perturbations to the carbon cycle byhumanactivities,most notably the burning of fossil fuels, is the most well-known example of change in global biogeochemical cycling over the past two centuries. However, human modification of the nitrogen cycle is arguably even more pervasive, and other biogeochemical cycles, such as the phosphorus and sulfur cycles, have also been significantly altered by human activities. The changes to the planet's biodiversity over the past two centuries have been profound and continue to accelerate; the Earth is now in the midst of its sixth great extinction event. All of these human-driven changes have implications for the climate system, and in turn are affected by changes in the physical climate. The concept of the Anthropocene-the proposal that the Earth has entered a new geological epoch-is a powerful way to understand the many interacting ways in which over six billion humans have collectively become a geophysical force that rivals the great forces of Nature and are now driving accelerating changes to the behavior of the Earth System. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."
"56267975000;6603332131;7005264118;36141830600;57203337092;10340177700;24309428500;6603068604;55598214400;7101720549;35102100900;24335377400;7101659436;6504514197;8661120200;7006852946;57202526077;36142127900;9740803800;6603335509;7003481165;6603586021;16403546300;6701635696;24426486800;35410219300;8913114100;24176099300;7005630138;14920052100;55951250200;36142581900;36142479600;36141887500;","Integrated ocean drilling program expedition 318 preliminary report wilkes land glacial history cenozoic east antarctic ice sheet evolution from wilkes land margin sediments",2010,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77953968333&partnerID=40&md5=9a12d64e6a37e7127fbac0d1c01148a0","Understanding the evolution and dynamics of the Antarctic cryosphere, from its inception during the Eocene-Oligocene transition (∼34 Ma) through the significant subsequent periods of likely coupled climate and atmospheric CO2 changes, is not only of major scientific interest but also is of great importance for society. Drilling the Antarctic Wilkes Land margin was designed to provide a long-term record of the sedimentary archives along an inshore to offshore transect of Cenozoic Antarctic glaciation and its intimate relationships with global climatic and oceanographic change. The principal goals were 1. To obtain the timing and nature of the first arrival of ice at the Wilkes Land margin inferred to have occurred during the earliest Oligocene (reflecting Oligocene isotope Event 1), 2. To obtain the nature and age of the changes in the geometry of the prograda- tional wedge interpreted to correspond with large fluctuations in the extent of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet and possibly coinciding with the transition from a wet-based to a cold-based glacial regime, 3. To obtain a high-resolution record of Antarctic climate variability during the late Neogene and Quaternary, and 4. To obtain an unprecedented ultrahigh resolution (i.e., annual to decadal) Holocene record of climate variability. The Wilkes Land drilling program was developed to constrain the age, nature, and paleoenvironment of deposition of the previously only seismically inferred glacial sequences. Drilling the Wilkes Land margin has a unique advantage in that seismic Unconformity WL-U3, inferred to separate preglacial strata below from glacial strata above in the continental shelf, can be traced to the continental rise deposits, allowing sequences to be linked from shelf to rise. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 318, carried out in January-March 2010 (Wellington, New Zealand to Hobart, Australia), occupied seven sites that recovered ∼2000 m of high-quality middle Eocene-Holocene sediments at proposed Sites WLRIS-6A, WLRIS-7A, WLRIS-4A, and WLRIS-5A (Sites U1355, U1356, U1359, and U1361) on the Wilkes Land rise and Sites WLSHE-8A, WLSHE-9A, and ADEL-01B (Sites U1358, U1360, and U1357) on the Wilkes Land shelf at water depths between ∼400 and 4000 m. Together, the cores represent ∼53 m.y. of Antarctic history. Recovered cores successfully date the inferred seismic units (WL-S4-WL-S9). The cores reveal the history of the Wilkes Land Antarctic margin from an ice-free ""greenhouse Antarctica,"" to the first cooling, to the onset and erosional consequences of the first glaciation and the subsequent dynamics of the waxing and waning ice sheets, all the way to thick, unprecedented ""tree ring style"" records with seasonal resolution of the last deglaciation that began ∼10,000 y ago. The cores also reveal details of the tectonic history of the so-called Australo-Antarctic Gulf (at 53 Ma) from the onset of the second phase of rifting between Australia and Antarctica, to ever subsiding margins and deepening, all the way to the present continental and ever widening ocean/continent configuration. Tectonic and climatic change turned the initially shallow broad subtropical Antarctic Wilkes Land shelf into a deeply subsided basin with a narrow, iceinfested margin. Thick Oligocene and notably Neogene deposits, including turbidites, contourites, and larger and smaller scaled debris mass flows witness the erosional power of the waxing and waning ice sheets and deep ocean currents. The recovered clays, silts, and sands and their microfossils also reveal the transition of subtropical ecosystems and a vegetated Antarctica into sea ice-dominated ecosystems bordered by calving glaciers."
"55738125200;7004759191;8262131200;","A multi-data set analysis of variability and change in Arctic spring snow cover extent, 1967-2008",2010,"10.1029/2010JD013975","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77956206631&doi=10.1029%2f2010JD013975&partnerID=40&md5=3714ccf30d568664c9161098d077c243","A new multi-data set estimate of Arctic monthly snow cover extent (SCE) in the May-June melt period is derived from 10 data sources covering different time periods from 1967 to 2008. The data sources include visible and microwave satellite observations, objective analyses of surface snow depth observations, reconstructed snow cover from daily temperature and precipitation, and proxy information derived from thaw dates. The new estimates show a more linear reduction in spring SCE than previously characterized by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration weekly snow chart data set, with air temperature explaining 49% of the variability in Arctic SCE in May and 56% of the variability in June. The Arctic Oscillation is only significantly linked to Arctic SCE in May where it explains 25% of the variance in Eurasian sector SCE. Trend analysis of the multi-data set series (including an annually varying estimate of error) reveals that May and June SCE have decreased 14% and 46%, respectively, over the pan-Arctic region over the 1967-2008 period in response to earlier snow melt. These results are confirmed with in situ data from Canada, Alaska and Russia that show significant reductions in spring snow cover duration over the last 30 years. The spring snow cover temperature sensitivity over the pan-Arctic region during this period is estimated to be in the range -0.8 to -1.00 × 106 km2 C-1. The observed reductions in June SCE over the 1979-2008 period are found to be of the same magnitude as reductions in June sea ice extent with both series significantly correlated to air temperature changes over the Arctic region and to each other. This result underscores the close relationship between the cryosphere and surface air temperatures over the Arctic region in June when albedo feedback potential is at a maximum."
"6602973638;6603256021;","Role of glaciers in watershed hydrology: A preliminary study of a ""himalayan catchment""",2010,"10.5194/tc-4-115-2010","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-76949094382&doi=10.5194%2ftc-4-115-2010&partnerID=40&md5=d9df68a479fd19936a8457d6f652b5ed","A large number of Himalayan glacier catchments are under the influence of humid climate with snowfall in winter (November-April) and south-west monsoon in summer (June-September) dominating the regional hydrology. Such catchments are defined as ""Himalayan catchment"", where the glacier meltwater contributes to the river flow during the period of annual high flows produced by the monsoon. The winter snow dominated Alpine catchments of the Kashmir and Karakoram region and cold-arid regions of the Ladakh mountain range are the other major glaciohydrological regimes identified in the region. Factors in- fluencing the river flow variations in a ""Himalayan catchment"" were studied in a micro-scale glacier catchment in the Garhwal Himalaya, covering an area of 77.8 km2. Three hydrometric stations were established at different altitudes along the Din Gad stream and discharge was monitored during the summer ablation period from 1998 to 2004, with an exception in 2002. These data have been analysed along with winter/summer precipitation, temperature and mass balance data of the Dokriani glacier to study the role of glacier and precipitation in determining runoff variations along the stream continuum from the glacier snout to 2360ma.s.l. The study shows that the inter-annual runoff variation in a ""Himalayan catchment"" is linked with precipitation rather than mass balance changes of the glacier. This study also indicates that the warming induced an initial increase of glacier runoff and subsequent decline as suggested by the IPCC (2007) is restricted to the glacier degradation-derived component in a precipitation dominant Himalayan catchment and cannot be translated as river flow response. The preliminary assessment suggests that the ""Himalayan catchment"" could experience higher river flows and positive glacier mass balance regime together in association with strong monsoon. The important role of glaciers in this precipitation dominant system is to augment stream runoff during the years of low summer discharge. This paper intends to highlight the importance of creating credible knowledge on the Himalayan cryospheric processes to develop a more representative global view on river flow response to cryospheric changes and locally sustainable water resources management strategies."
"35346173900;6506989282;7405460259;7402764517;7405860948;7401754783;","Reorganization of Pacific Deep Waters linked to middle Miocene Antarctic cryosphere expansion: A perspective from the South China Sea",2009,"10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.10.019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70450273151&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2009.10.019&partnerID=40&md5=5090da933e7f097eb5faf7596df1e43b","Changes in intermediate and deep ocean circulation likely played a significant role in global carbon cycling and meridional heat/moisture transport during the middle Miocene climate transition (∼ 14 Ma). High-resolution middle Miocene (16-13 Ma) benthic foraminifer stable isotope records from the South China Sea reveal a reorganization of regional bottom waters, which preceded the globally recognized middle Miocene ∼ 1‰ δ18O increase (13.8 Ma) by 100,000 years. An observed reversal of the benthic foraminifera δ13C gradient between ODP Sites 1146 (2092 m) and 1148 (3294 m; 13.9-13.5 Ma) is interpreted to reflect an increase in the southward flux of low δ13C deep (&gt; 2000 m) Pacific Ocean waters (Flower and Kennett, 1993; Shevenell and Kennett, 2004). Large-scale changes in Pacific intermediate and deep ocean circulation, coupled with enhanced global carbon cycling at the end of the Monterey Carbon Isotope excursion, likely acted as internal feedbacks to the Earth's climate system. These feedbacks reduced the sensitivity of Antarctica to lower latitude-derived heat/moisture and facilitated the transition of the Earth's climate system to a new, relatively stable glacial state. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"6602490928;","A fresh perspective on the cordilleran ice sheet",2009,"10.1130/focus012009.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-69649105947&doi=10.1130%2ffocus012009.1&partnerID=40&md5=3187a5b743a10ffe6fda4df64a918a24",[No abstract available]
"6603626326;26041080800;7006808449;7004082452;","Dispersion inversion of electromagnetic pulse propagation within freezing and thawing soil waveguides",2009,"10.1029/2009GL039581","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-72149107336&doi=10.1029%2f2009GL039581&partnerID=40&md5=9c8d2128cca71daf1f59d68622195c9d","Freeze and thaw processes are important components in characterizing glacial, periglacial and frozen ground environments, and hence the response of cryospheric regions to climate change. High-frequency ground-penetrating radar is particularly well suited for monitoring the freezing and thawing processes within the shallow subsurface (i.e., < 1 m depth) due to its non-invasive nature and its sensitivity to the liquid water component in soil. The freezing of moist soil and thawing of frozen soil induce leaky and low-velocity waveguides, respectively. Within these waveguide layers, the internally reflected radar energy produces interfering multiples that appear as a package of dispersed waves. Here, we present a new method for characterizing very shallow freeze and thaw processes, in which the waveguide properties are obtained by inverting the observed dispersion curves. This new method can non-invasively monitor freezing and thawing processes in a wide range of glacial, periglacial and frozen ground studies. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union."
"7006847078;56028254300;6701664419;57202528734;","Implications of climate change for northern Canada: The physical environment",2009,"10.1579/0044-7447-38.5.266","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-68649101010&doi=10.1579%2f0044-7447-38.5.266&partnerID=40&md5=e5f316413c7007c6341f1d91a0def019","The physical environment of the Canadian North is particularly sensitive to changes in climate because of a large concentration of cryospheric elements including both seasonal and multiyear forms of freshwater and sea ice, permafrost, snow, glaciers, and small ice caps. Because the cryosphere responds directly to changes in air temperature and precipitation, it is a primary indicator of the effects of climate variability and change. This article reviews the major changes that have occurred in the recent historical record of these cryospheric components at high latitudes in Canada. Some changes have been less pronounced in the Canadian North than elsewhere, such as changes in sea-ice coverage, whereas others have been potentially more significant, such as ablation of the extensive alpine and high-Arctic small glaciers and ice caps. Projections of future changes are also reviewed for each cryospheric component. Discussion about two other physical components of the North intrinsically linked to the cryosphere is also included, specifically: i) freshwater discharge to the Arctic Ocean via major river networks that are fed primarily by various forms of snow and ice, and ii) the related rise in sea level, which is strongly influenced by ablation of the cryosphere, and coastal stability, which also depends on the thermal integrity of coastal permafrost. © Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 2009."
"7006847078;56028254300;25647448300;6701664419;7003992929;55605764433;","Implications of climate change for economic development in Northern Canada: Energy, resource, and transportation sectors",2009,"10.1579/0044-7447-38.5.272","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-68649104552&doi=10.1579%2f0044-7447-38.5.272&partnerID=40&md5=fc83e92a167e2cd4bba271acafd01fc9","Northern Canada is projected to experience major changes to its climate, which will have major implications for northern economic development. Some of these, such as mining and oil and gas development, have experienced rapid expansion in recent years and are likely to expand further, partly as the result of indirect effects of changing climate. This article reviews how a changing climate will affect several economic sectors including the hydroelectric, oil and gas, and mining industries as well as infrastructure and transportation, both marine and freshwater. Of particular importance to all sectors are projected changes in the cryosphere, which will create both problems and opportunities. Potential adaptation strategies that could be used to minimize the negative impacts created by a climate change are also reviewed. © Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 2009."
"8651765800;7006585261;7202746265;7006725866;","Hemispheric sea ice extent dynamics as observed from MSMR",2009,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77955683532&partnerID=40&md5=7e80f0a320ae6fbfaeb9c338f11f8417","The ice covered regions of the polar seas influence the global climate in several ways. Any perturbation in the polar oceanic cryosphere affects the local weather and the global climate through modulation of the radiative forcing, the bottom water formation and the mass & the momentum transfer between Atmosphere-Cryosphere- Ocean System. The cold, harsh and inhospitable conditions in the polar regions prohibit the collection of extensive in situ data with sufficient spatial and temporal variation. However, satellite remote sensing is an ideal technique for studying the areas like the polar regions with synoptic and repetitive coverage. This paper discusses the analysis of the data obtained over the polar oceanic regions during the period June 1999 - September 2001 through the use of Multi-channel Scanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR), onboard India's first oceanographic satellite Oceansat-1. The MSMR observation shows that all the sectors in the Antarctic behave differently to the melting and formation of the sea ice. Certain peculiar features like the increase in sea ice extent during the melt season of 1999 - 2000 in the Indian Ocean sector, 15 - 20% decrease in the sea ice extent in the western Pacific sector during the ice formation period for the year 2000, melting spell within the formation phase of sea ice in B & A sector in the year 2000 were observed. On the other hand the northern polar sea ice extent is seen to be more dominated by the land characteristics. The ice formation in Kara and the Barent Sea sector is dominated by the ocean currents, where as the ice covered in the Japan and the Okhotsk Sea is dominated by the land processes. The sea ice extent in the Arctic Ocean show fluctuations from July to October and remain almost steady over other months. The global sea ice cover shows a formation phase from March to June and melting phase from November to February. In other months, i.e., from July - October the global sea ice cover is dominated by the hemispheric asymmetry of the ice growth and retreat."
"56249704400;7201837768;57193132723;6604021707;26644743100;35561911800;","Distinguishing aerosol impacts on climate over the past century",2009,"10.1175/2008JCLI2573.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-61349105575&doi=10.1175%2f2008JCLI2573.1&partnerID=40&md5=636a1a5b333f9ef7bea0a86831824e08","Aerosol direct (DE), indirect (IE), and black carbon-snow albedo (BAE) effects on climate between 1890 and 1995 are compared using equilibrium aerosol-climate simulations in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies General Circulation Model coupled to a mixed layer ocean. Pairs of control (1890)-perturbation (1995) with successive aerosol effects allow isolation of each effect. The experiments are conducted both with and without concurrent changes in greenhouse gases (GHG).Anew scheme allowing dependence of snow albedo on black carbon snow concentration is introduced. The fixed GHG experiments global surface air temperature (SAT) changed by -0.2°, -1.0°, and -0.2°C from the DE, IE, and BAE. Ice and snow cover increased 1% from the IE and decreased 0.3% from the BAE. These changes were a factor of 4 larger in the Arctic. Global cloud cover increased by 0.5% from the IE. Net aerosol cooling effects are about half as large as the GHG warming, and their combined climate effects are smaller than the sum of their individual effects. Increasing GHG did not affect the IE impact on cloud cover, however they decreased aerosol effects on SAT by 20%, and on snow/ice cover by 50%; they also obscure the BAE on snow/ice cover. Arctic snow, ice, cloud, and shortwave forcing changes occur mostly during summer-fall, but SAT, sea level pressure, and longwave forcing changes occur during winter. An explanation is that aerosols impact the cryosphere during the warm season but the associated SAT effect is delayed until winter. © 2009 American Meteorological Society."
"8732076300;7007027925;14032532000;36935871600;35591242000;7004861061;","Dynamic distributed drainage implied by the flow evolution of the 1996-1998 Adventure Trench subglacial lake discharge",2009,"10.1016/j.epsl.2009.03.019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-67349182121&doi=10.1016%2fj.epsl.2009.03.019&partnerID=40&md5=36bc42ea4b77b1b8f409880450e24985","The transport of subglacial water beneath the East Antarctic Ice Sheet is an enigmatic and difficult to observe process which may affect the flow of the overlying ice and mixing of the oceans in the sub ice shelf cavities, and ultimately global climate. Periodic outbursts are a critical mechanism in this process. Recent analysis of satellite data has inferred a subglacial hydraulic discharge totaling 2 km3 traveling some 260 km along the ice-bed interface of the Adventure Subglacial Trench between 1996 and 1998 (Wingham et al., 2006. Rapid discharge connects Antarctic subglacial lakes. Nature 440, 1033-1036). Using radar echo sounding data from the Adventure Subglacial Trench region in conjunction with the previously reported satellite observations, along with some basic modeling, we calculate a mass budget and infer a flow mechanism for the 1996-1998 event. The volume released from the source lake exceeded the volume received by the destination lakes by ~ 1.1 km3. This discrepancy indicates that some water must have escaped downstream from the lowest destination lake from 1997 onward. The downstream release of water from the destination lakes continued until at least 2003, several years after the 1998 cessation of surface subsidence at the source lake. By 2003 a total of 1.5 km3 or nearly 75% of the water released by the source lake had traveled downstream from the destination lakes. The temporal evolution of discharge from the outlet can be simulated with the classic ice-walled semicircular channel model, if and only if the retreat of the source lake shoreline is taken into account. Further downstream, the ice bedrock geometry along the inferred flow path downstream includes many sections where thermal erosion of the overlying ice would not be sustainable. Along these reaches mechanical lifting of the ice roof and/or erosion of a sedimentary substrate by a broad shallow water system would be most effective means of sustaining the discharge. A distributed system is also consistent with the 3-month delay between water release at the source lake and water arrival at the destination lake. Observations of intermittent flat bright bed reflections in radar data acquired along the flow path are consistent with the presence of a broad shallow water system. Ultimately the presence of large subglacial lakes along the flow path of the 1996-1998 Adventure Subglacial Trench flow path delayed the arrival of water to points downstream by approximately 12 months. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"22836973600;55715917500;","Variability of high latitude amplification of anthropogenic warming",2009,"10.1029/2009GL037698","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-67651122761&doi=10.1029%2f2009GL037698&partnerID=40&md5=328fa1471ab427322ec6f73d4616ec8b","[1] Climate models have long predicted that the high latitude response of near-surface air temperatures should be greater than at lower latitudes as a result of snow/ice feedbacks. Here we show that a regression analysis of observed global surface temperatures and anthropogenic and natural forcings could misleadingly suggest that climate models fail to capture the observed zonal mean pattern of response to anthropogenic forcings. A better approach to detecting changes and to determine consistency of climate models and observations is to use multiple features of the response pattern derived from physically-based climate models, as has been done in optimal detection studies. We show that multi-variable fingerprints can more easily detect anthropogenic changes thereby offering the potential to more robustly quantify anthropogenic influence on aspects of the climate system such as the cryosphere and the hydrological cycle."
"9238963700;16456768000;6602833564;6603814469;7007114932;7102869538;","Phasing and amplitude of sea-level and climate change during the penultimate interglacial",2009,"10.1038/ngeo470","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-67649211158&doi=10.1038%2fngeo470&partnerID=40&md5=943f0dce849ef952cdde1bd4422af723","Earths climate has oscillated between short-lived interglacial and extended glacial periods for the past million years. Before the last interglacial, absolutely dated markers of sea level become increasingly rare; hence, our knowledge of sea-level change driven by the waxing and waning of continental ice sheets before that time is largely based on proxy records from deep-sea cores that lack direct age control. Here we present precise U-Th ages for a remarkable collection of submerged speleothems from Italy, which record three sea-level highstands during the penultimate interglacial period, Marine Isotope Stage 7, from 245,000 to 190,000 years ago. We find that sea level rose above 18 m (relative to modern sea level) several thousand years before maximum Northern Hemisphere insolation during the first and third highstands. In contrast, the second highstand, Marine Isotope Stage 7.3, is essentially synchronous with the insolation maximum, and sea level during this highstand only peaked at about 18 m, even though the concurrent insolation forcing was the strongest of the three highstands. We attribute the different phasing and amplitude of the Marine Isotope Stage 7.3 highstand to the extensive continental glaciation that preceded it. This finding highlights the significance of cryosphere response time to the climate system. © 2009 Macmillan Publishers Limited."
"27567508900;","Climate change and the cryosphere",2009,"10.3200/ENVT.51.2.05-06","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-67649523139&doi=10.3200%2fENVT.51.2.05-06&partnerID=40&md5=07728a656d1cb5b6a36359ccdcee5b1b",[No abstract available]
"7401997092;","Changing lowland permafrost in northern Sweden: Multiple drivers of past and future changes",2009,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-59149103198&partnerID=40&md5=eddb89b53c76d72d65ce255c6b92d812","Climate warming is more pronounced in the Arctic than in other parts of the world. This warming affects the terrestrial cryosphere including permafrost with consequences ranging from societal impacts to changes in hydrology and feedbacks in the climate system such as those imposed by changing greenhouse gas exchanges. Permafrost dynamics in a marginal zone for its very existence is in this context of outmost importance as it represents a very sensitive environment where changes may appear first. The main objective of this project was to understand the current status of such sensitive lowland permafrost in the Torneträsk area, sub-arctic Sweden and to explore its development over the past 1000 yrs in relation to various environmental drivers of change. Monitoring of permafrost temperatures and active layer thickness showed that permafrost was during the last three decades degrading in the Torneträsk catchment. Increasing ground temperatures and active layer thickness were correlated with increases in air temperatures and in some cases with snow depth. A manipulation experiment that simulated future scenarios of increases in winter precipitation showed that permafrost and vegetation were sensitive to changes in snow depth after only three years of treatment. Modelled ground temperatures showed two periods of lowland permafrost degradation during the last Century. Over the last 1000 yrs, the modelled ground temperatures at one site currently with permafrost indicated that permafrost existed throughout this period. However, this contradicts proxy data from the area that suggests that permafrost formation occurred during the Little Ice Age (around AD1300). This study has improved our understanding of current and past dynamics of lowland sub-arctic permafrost in northernmost Sweden. The presence or absence of permafrost in the Torneträsk catchment is determined by many factors, but air temperatures, snow depth, vegetation and soil type are the most important. A major conclusion of the study is that the strength of the relationship between snow and permafrost dynamics varies considerably and is not only determined by the snow depth. The manipulation study indicated that the structure of the vertical snow profile, for example an occurrence of a bottom ice layer, could potentially affect the thermal regime of the soil via lateral runoff of melt water. Another important conclusion was that the lowland permafrost in the Torneträsk catchment is thawing from above but also from underneath, most likely caused by slightly warmer or more freely flowing ground water around and below the frozen body. This opens the possibility for permafrost degradation at the top and bottom surfaces, thereby making it very sensitive to the projected climate change during the 21st Century."
"35779630500;7409462943;7404942217;8453334000;","Quaternary glacial chronology of the Ateaoyinake River Valley, Tianshan Mountains, China",2009,"10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.04.014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-56149108650&doi=10.1016%2fj.geomorph.2008.04.014&partnerID=40&md5=dc169a123a1fff1f8d6ef555b1f12bfc","The Ateaoyinake River originates on the southern slope of the Tumur Peak, the largest center of modern glaciation in the central Tianshan Mountains in China. Six sets of moraines and associated glacial sediments are well-preserved in the Ateaoyinake River drainage, recording a complex history of Quaternary glacial cycles and landscape evolution. Dating the landforms allow the temporal and spatial shifts of past cryosphere and climate to be determined. Dating of the tills and outwashes was undertaken with electron spin resonance (ESR) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL). Two OSL ages date outwash and till to 7.3 ±0.8 ka and 12.3 ± 1.2 ka, respectively. The ESR ages date six sets of moraines to 3.4 ka, 14-27 ka, 40-54 ka, 55-62 ka, 134.4 ± 12.6 ka and 219.7 ± 20.5 ka, 440.6 ± 41.7 ka. If these are correct ages of deposition, they suggest that glaciers advanced during the Neoglacial and during marine oxygen isotope stages (MIS) 2, 3b, 4, 6 and 12. The MIS 3b moraine was created by a glacier nearly as large as or possibly larger than those of the ""global"" Last Glacial Maximum of MIS 2. The oldest till belongs to the ""Qingshantou Glacial Stage"". Its single age is consistent with two published ESR ages (459.7 ± 46 and 471.1 ka) from the Gaowangfeng till near the headwaters of the Ürümqi River in the eastern Tianshan Mountains. These dates suggest that the central and the eastern segments of the Tianshan Mountains were high enough to be glaciated by MIS 12. The geochronology of the glacial landforms in this valley is the first step towards understanding glacial and landscape evolution in this region. Furthermore, this geochronology and previously published geochronology near the headwaters of the Ürümqi River provide a temporal framework for examining the rates of landscape evolution in the glaciated regions of the Tianshan Mountains. Crown Copyright © 2008."
"6603295929;55991851900;6602547260;7007051716;","Mechanisms and time scales of glacial inception simulated with an Earth system model of intermediate complexity",2009,"10.5194/cp-5-245-2009","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-71449094602&doi=10.5194%2fcp-5-245-2009&partnerID=40&md5=4647b96e923d096a6b54834d74ffd45f","We investigate glacial inception and glacial thresholds in the climate-cryosphere system utilising the Earth system model of intermediate complexity CLIMBER- 2, which includes modules for atmosphere, terrestrial vegetation, ocean and interactive ice sheets. The latter are described by the three-dimensional polythermal ice-sheet model SICOPOLIS. A bifurcation which represents glacial inception is analysed with two different model setups: one setup with dynamical ice-sheet model and another setup without it. The respective glacial thresholds differ in terms of maximum boreal summer insolation at 65° N (hereafter referred as Milankovitch forcing (MF)). The glacial threshold of the configuration without ice-sheet dynamics corresponds to a much lower value of MF compared to the full model. If MF attains values only slightly below the aforementioned threshold there is fast transient response. Depending on the value of MF relative to the glacial threshold, the transient response time of inland-ice volume in the model configuration with ice-sheet dynamics ranges from 10 000 to 100 000 years. Due to these long response times, a glacial threshold obtained in an equilibrium simulation is not directly applicable to the transient response of the climate-cryosphere system to time-dependent orbital forcing. It is demonstrated that in transient simulations just crossing of the glacial threshold does not imply large-scale glaciation of the Northern Hemisphere. We found that in transient simulations MF has to drop well below the glacial threshold determined in an equilibrium simulation to initiate glacial inception. Finally, we show that the asynchronous coupling between climate and inland-ice components allows one sufficient realistic simulation of glacial inception and, at the same time, a considerable reduction of computational costs."
"15769236000;35435651100;13404100700;9276067100;9743996500;7102211523;","Glacier inventory of the upper Huasco valley, Norte Chico, Chile: Glacier characteristics, glacier change and comparison with central Chile",2009,"10.3189/172756410790595787","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77249087155&doi=10.3189%2f172756410790595787&partnerID=40&md5=acb690cd325425906c570660f8685f31","Results of a new glacier inventory of the upper Huasco valley, which lies within the arid Norte Chico zone of the Chilean Andes, are presented for 2004. Despite the high altitude, the glaciation in this region is limited in extent and is not classical mountain glaciation, which poses difficulties in completing standard inventory attribute tables. Small cornice-style ridgeline features constitute a large number of the non-transient ice bodies identified, and glaciers with surface areas &lt;0.1 km2 comprise 18% of the glacierized area and 3% of the water resource stored as glacier ice within the Huasco valley. Rock glaciers are an important component of the cryosphere, comprising 12% of the total water volume stored in glacial features. Changes in glacier area over the last ∼50 years are in line with those for glaciers in central Chile despite the contrasting climate conditions. Projections of glacier area change based on glacier hypsometry and zero isotherm shifts predicted using the PRECIS regional model temperature change for IPCC scenario B2 conditions suggest that the survival of 65% of glacier area and 77% of active rock-glacier area will be threatened under forecast conditions for the end of the 21st century."
"7202616544;6602551847;6701397688;7005126685;7103307348;","High Arctic lakes as sentinel ecosystems: Cascading regime shifts in climate, ice cover, and mixing",2009,"10.4319/lo.2009.54.6_part_2.2371","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70649092574&doi=10.4319%2flo.2009.54.6_part_2.2371&partnerID=40&md5=03235392c63d85b42bd55a24d92a74cb","Climate and cryospheric observations have shown that the high Arctic has experienced several decades of rapid environmental change, with warming rates well above the global average. In this study, we address the hypothesis that this climatic warming affects deep, ice-covered lakes in the region by causing abrupt, threshold-dependent shifts rather than slow, continuous responses. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data show that lakes (one freshwater and four permanently stratified) on Ellesmere Island at the far northern coastline of Canada have experienced significant reductions in summer ice cover over the last decade. The stratified lakes were characterized by strong biogeochemical gradients, yet temperature and salinity profiles of their upper water columns (5-20 m) indicated recent mixing, consistent with loss of their perennial ice and exposure to wind. Although subject to six decades of warming at a rate of 0.5°C decade-1, these lakes were largely unaffected until a regime shift in air temperature in the 1980s and 1990s when warming crossed a critical threshold forcing the loss of ice cover. This transition from perennial to annual ice cover caused another regime shift whereby previously stable upper water columns were subjected to mixing. Far northern lakes are responding discontinuously to climate-driven change via a cascade of regime shifts and have an indicator value beyond the regional scale. © 2009, by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc."
"8524280900;7004477665;","Groundwater storage changes in arctic permafrost watersheds from GRACE and insitu measurements",2009,"10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045009","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70450250185&doi=10.1088%2f1748-9326%2f4%2f4%2f045009&partnerID=40&md5=e606e26972d8d5edd684fc33b36bac5b","The Arctic permafrost regions make up the largest area component of the cryosphere. Observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission offer to provide a greater understanding of changes in water mass within permafrost regions. We investigate a GRACE monthly time series, snow water equivalent from the special scanning microwave imager (SSM/I), vegetation water content and soil moisture from the advanced microwave scanning radiometer for the Earth observation system (AMSR-E) and insitu discharge of the Lena, Yenisei, Ob', and Mackenzie watersheds. The GRACE water equivalent mass change responded to mass loading by snow accumulation in winter and mass unloading by runoff in spring-summer. Comparison of secular trends from GRACE to runoff suggests groundwater storage increased in the Lena and Yenisei watersheds, decreased in the Mackenzie watershed, and was unchanged in the Ob' watershed. We hypothesize that the groundwater storage changes are linked to the development of closed-and open-talik in the continuous permafrost zone and the decrease of permafrost lateral extent in the discontinuous permafrost zone of the watersheds. © 2009 IOP Publishing Ltd."
"7004697990;26643530600;6601976847;7404395984;8982248900;55720539800;6603764973;","The GOES-R advanced baseline imager and the continuation of current sounder products",2008,"10.1175/2008JAMC1858.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-57749168348&doi=10.1175%2f2008JAMC1858.1&partnerID=40&md5=aed37bedd619844f31e808b2b4a5e9c9","The first of the next-generation series of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES-R) is scheduled for launch in the 2015 time frame. One of the primary instruments on GOES-R, the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI), will offer more spectral bands, higher spatial resolution, and faster imaging than does the current GOES Imager. Measurements from the ABI will be used for a wide range of qualitative and quantitative weather, land, ocean, cryosphere, environmental, and climate applications. However, the first and, likely, the second of the new series of GOES will not carry an infrared sounder dedicated to acquiring high-vertical-resolution atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles that are key to mesoscale and regional severe-weather forecasting. The ABI will provide some continuity of the current sounder products to bridge the gap until the advent of the GOES advanced infrared sounder. Both theoretical analysis and retrieval simulations show that data from the ABI can be combined with temperature and moisture information from forecast models to produce derived products that will be adequate substitutes for the legacy products from the current GOES sounders. Products generated from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) measurements also demonstrate the utility of those legacy products for nowcasting applications. However, because of very coarse vertical resolution and limited accuracy in the legacy sounding products, placing a hyperspectral-resolution infrared sounder with high temporal resolution on future GOES is an essential step toward realizing substantial improvements in mesoscale and severe-weather forecasting required by the user communities. © 2008 American Meteorological Society."
"56581318900;11239163500;","Antarctica and the Southern ocean: Paleoclimatology of the deep freeze",2008,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-69749124564&partnerID=40&md5=56011331ed155d52f1a3fc78e721926d","The present study consists of a review of the climatic evolution of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean realms since the first massive ice sheet build-up in Antarctica during the Cenozoic. It elucidates the strong link between the cryosphere, oceans and atmosphere. The above aspects are built on a wealth of proxy data from different archives and from across the globe. However, as the studies indicate, there are major limitations as well that hamper a proper understanding of the forcing mechanisms behind the long-term as well as abrupt climate changes. The most serious handicap is the lack of synchronization of records from various archives. Some critical areas such as the Southern Ocean remain grossly under sampled."
"7202240406;55664298600;55664151400;7404137146;7409462943;57075263400;57218666408;","Progress on observation of cryospheric components and climate-related studies in China",2008,"10.1007/s00376-008-0164-8","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-55349087275&doi=10.1007%2fs00376-008-0164-8&partnerID=40&md5=3a01572b5ef19b7e3dd7e56dcaa59465","Systematic studies on the cryosphere in China started in the late 1950s. Significant achievements have been made by continuous investigation of glacier inventories, frozen ground observations, paleo-climate analyses of ice cores, process studies and the modeling of cryopsheric/ atmospheric interactions. The general facts and understanding of these changes include: (1) Solid precipitation, including the number of days with frost and hail storms, shows a decreasing tendency over the past half century. (2) In most areas glaciers are retreating or have completely vanished (>80%), some glaciers are still advancing (5%-20% depending upon time period). The annual glacial melt water has been increasing since the 1980s. This increased supply of melt water to river runoff in Northwest China is about a 10%-13%. (3) The long-term variability of snow cover in western China is characterized by a large inter-annual variation superimposed on a small increasing trend. Snow cover variability in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau (QXP) is influenced by the Indian monsoon, and conversely impacts monsoon onset and strength and eventually the drought and flood events in middle-low reaches of Yangtze River. (4) Frozen ground, including permafrost, is decaying both in QXP and in Northeast China. The most significant changes occurred in the regions with thickest seasonal frozen ground (SFG), i.e., inland QXP, then northeastern and northwestern QXP. The cold season air temperature is the main factor controlling SFG change. The increase of ground surface temperatures is more significant than air temperature. (5) The sea ice coverage over the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea has deceased since the 1980s. (6) River ice duration and ice thickness is also decreasing in northern China. In 2001, the Chinese National Committee of World Climate Research Program/Climate and Cyosphere (WCRP/CliC) (CNC-CliC) was organized to strengthen research on climate and cryosphere in China. Future monitoring of the cryosphere in China will be enhanced both in spatial coverage and through the use of new techniques. Interactions between atmosphere/cryosphere/hydrosphere/ land-surface will be assessed to improve our understanding of the mechanisms of cryospheric change. © Science Press 2008."
"35546736600;57153656200;7102432271;7005339628;7006406683;57206225739;","Comparison of satellite-derived and in-situ observations of ice and snow surface temperatures over Greenland",2008,"10.1016/j.rse.2008.05.007","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-51149100338&doi=10.1016%2fj.rse.2008.05.007&partnerID=40&md5=a62a6ccd8d6b486382a6e3f8811b6c7c","The most practical way to get spatially broad and continuous measurements of the surface temperature in the data-sparse cryosphere is by satellite remote sensing. The uncertainties in satellite-derived LSTs must be understood to develop internally-consistent decade-scale land surface temperature (LST) records needed for climate studies. In this work we assess satellite-derived ""clear-sky"" LST products from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), and LSTs derived from the Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) over snow and ice on Greenland. When possible, we compare satellite-derived LSTs with in-situ air temperature observations from Greenland Climate Network (GC-Net) automatic weather stations (AWS). We find that MODIS, ASTER and ETM+ provide reliable and consistent LSTs under clear-sky conditions and relatively-flat terrain over snow and ice targets over a range of temperatures from - 40 to 0 °C. The satellite-derived LSTs agree within a relative RMS uncertainty of ~ 0.5 °C. The good agreement among the LSTs derived from the various satellite instruments is especially notable since different spectral channels and different retrieval algorithms are used to calculate LST from the raw satellite data. The AWS record in-situ data at a ""point"" while the satellite instruments record data over an area varying in size from: 57 × 57 m (ETM+), 90 × 90 m (ASTER), or to 1 × 1 km (MODIS). Surface topography and other factors contribute to variability of LST within a pixel, thus the AWS measurements may not be representative of the LST of the pixel. Without more information on the local spatial patterns of LST, the AWS LST cannot be considered valid ground truth for the satellite measurements, with RMS uncertainty ~ 2 °C. Despite the relatively large AWS-derived uncertainty, we find LST data are characterized by high accuracy but have uncertain absolute precision. © 2008 Elsevier Inc."
"7102284923;57206526682;","The carbon cycle during the Mid Pleistocene transition: The Southern Ocean decoupling hypothesis",2008,"10.5194/cp-4-311-2008","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80052046352&doi=10.5194%2fcp-4-311-2008&partnerID=40&md5=28f6dc86c3e907cb7d7b8485e1f05b6e","Various hypotheses were proposed within recent years for the interpretation of the Mid Pleistocene Transition (MPT), which occurred during past 2 000 000 years (2 Myr). We here add to already existing theories on the MPT some data and model-based aspects focusing on the dynamics of the carbon cycle. We find that the average glacial/interglacial (G/IG) amplitudes in benthic δ13C derived from sediment cores in the deep Pacific ocean increased across the MPT by ∼40%, while similar amplitudes in the global benthic δ 18O stack LR04 increased by a factor of two over the same time interval. The global carbon cycle box model BICYCLE is used for the interpretation of these observed changes in the carbon cycle. Our simulation approach is based on regression analyses of various paleo-climatic proxies with the LR04 benthic δ18O stack over the last 740 kyr, which are then used to extrapolate changing climatic boundary conditions over the whole 2 Myr time window. The observed dynamics in benthic δ13C cannot be explained if similar relations between LR04 and the individual climate variables are assumed prior and after the MPT. According to our analysis a model-based reconstruction of G/IG amplitudes in deep Pacific δ13C before the MPT is possible if we assume a different response to the applied forcings in the Southern Ocean prior and after the MPT. This behaviour is what we call the ""Southern Ocean Decoupling Hypothesis"". This decoupling might potentially be caused by a different cryosphere/ocean interaction and thus changes in the deep and bottom water formation rates in the Southern Ocean before the MPT, however an understanding from first principles remains elusive. Our hypothesis is also proposing dynamics in atmospheric pCO2 over the past 2 Myr. Simulated pCO2 is varying between 180 and 260μatm before the MPT. The consequence of our Southern Ocean Decoupling Hypothesis is that the slope in the relationship between Southern Ocean SST and atmospheric pCO2 is different before and after the MPT, something for which first indications already exist in the 800 kyr CO2 record from the EPICA Dome C ice core. We finally discuss how our findings are related to other hypotheses on the MPT. © Author(s) 2008."
"7003655470;18935978100;7202946344;","Uncertainty in atmospheric temperature analyses",2008,"10.1111/j.1600-0870.2008.00336.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-48049085650&doi=10.1111%2fj.1600-0870.2008.00336.x&partnerID=40&md5=91fbc80cc06e8b0a2f50f4445f932367","This report illustrates and quantifies the unanticipated large uncertainty and differences in tropospheric temperature analyses within current global operational forecast systems and historical re-analysis products. Results reveal that regional patterns of uncertainty in seasonally averaged and daily atmospheric upper-air temperature analyses are related to the irregular distribution of in situ and satellite observations. There is less uncertainty in analysed temperature where in situ radiosonde observations are plentiful, primarily over developed nations in the Northern Hemisphere, and more uncertainty over regions that are observed primarily by satellites with fewer in situ temperature observations, including oceanic areas, the cryosphere, and developing nations. The results suggest that operational weather forecasting and climate monitoring would benefit from an improved global observing network, including additional in situ components. There is also a need for progress in data assimilation to extract more information from the wealth of current and future satellite observations. © Journal compilation © 2008 Blackwell Munksgaard."
"7403073372;7402946380;24451282000;55474682700;","Changes in permafrost environments along the Qinghai-Tibet engineering corridor induced by anthropogenic activities and climate warming",2008,"10.1016/j.coldregions.2007.07.005","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-49949113581&doi=10.1016%2fj.coldregions.2007.07.005&partnerID=40&md5=8b08606021189a6dff8fdad11b1103c8","The sensitive permafrost environments along the Qinghai-Tibet Engineering Corridor (QTEC) from Golmud to Lhasa are controlled by periglacial processes, geography, geocryology and the local climate. During the past 50 years, permafrost has been degrading at a rapid rate due to the combined influences of steadily increasing human activities and persistent climatic warming, and extensive accelerated degradation has been observed along the QTEC. In many locations, the surface vegetation and the top soils have been completely removed, or destroyed, and have led to significantly increased water and soil erosion, with extensive and serious environmental and engineering impacts. The vegetation along the QTEC is dominated by alpine grasslands and meadows. The alpine grasslands have a better capability for recovery from the damages than the meadows. At sections where the vegetation and soils were severely damaged, it will take 20-30 years for alpine grasslands to recover their ecological structures and biodiversity similar to that of the original conditions, whereas it will take 45-60 years for the alpine meadows. The environmental management and protection along the QTEC are urgent and important for the long-term stability of engineering foundations, and for the sustainable development on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). The proper protection and management requires the development of a non-interference plan and acceleration in the enactment and enforcement of environmental protection (laws, regulations and stipulations) based on an extensive and thorough understanding and practical rehabilitation techniques for disturbed or damaged permafrost environments. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"7004128910;57192482607;6602689212;16548947600;","Critical review of mercury fates and contamination in the arctic tundra ecosystem",2008,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.06.050","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-54349102476&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2008.06.050&partnerID=40&md5=5e2647fac2fccb8444c357185e690f7d","Mercury (Hg) contamination in tundra region has raised substantial concerns, especially since the first report of atmospheric mercury depletion events (AMDEs) in the Polar Regions. During the past decade, steady progress has been made in the research of Hg cycling in the Polar Regions. This has generated a unique opportunity to survey the whole Arctic in respect to Hg issue and to find out new discoveries. However, there are still considerable knowledge gaps and debates on the fate of Hg in the Arctic and Antarctica, especially regarding the importance and significance of AMDEs vs. net Hg loadings and other processes that burden Hg in the Arctic. Some studies argued that climate warming since the last century has exerted profound effects on the limnology of High Arctic lakes, including substantial increases in autochthonous primary productivity which increased in sedimentary Hg, whereas some others pointed out the importance of the formation and postdeposition crystallographic history of the snow and ice crystals in determining the fate and concentration of mercury in the cryosphere in addition to AMDEs. Is mercury re-emitted back to the atmosphere after AMDEs? Is Hg methylation effective in the Arctic tundra? Where the sources of MeHg are? What is its fate? Is this stimulated by human made? This paper presents a critical review about the fate of Hg in the Arctic tundra, such as pathways and process of Hg delivery into the Arctic ecosystem; Hg concentrations in freshwater and marine ecosystems; Hg concentrations in terrestrial biota; trophic transfer of Hg and bioaccumulation of Hg through food chain. This critical review of mercury fates and contamination in the Arctic tundra ecosystem is assessing the impacts and potential risks of Hg contamination on the health of Arctic people and the global northern environment by highlighting and ""perspectiving"" the various mercury processes and concentrations found in the Arctic tundra. Crown Copyright © 2008."
"55718307400;7401862832;7403073372;7201797102;12765822400;35272289400;12763936900;7005844524;55882114500;7404768280;","Cryospheric change in China",2008,"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.02.001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-44149121897&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloplacha.2008.02.001&partnerID=40&md5=5b07baa4d63e5085aa94372ab3333a26","This paper provides an overview of the current status of the cryosphere in China and its changes. Up-to-date statistics of the cryosphere in China are summarized based on the latest available data. There are 46,377 glaciers in China, covering an area of 59,425 km2. The glacier ice reserve is estimated to be about 5600 km3 and the annual glacier runoff is about 61.6 × 109 m3. The continuous snow cover extent (&gt; 60 days) in China is about 3.4 × 106 km2 and the maximum water equivalent is 95.9 × 109 m3 yr- 1. The permafrost area in China is about 1.72 × 106 km2. The total ground ice reserve on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is estimated to be about 10,923 km3. Recent investigations indicated that glacier areas in China have shrunk about 2-10% over the past 45 yr. Total glacier area has receded by about 5.5%. Snow mass has increased slightly. Permafrost is clearly degrading, as indicated by shrinking areas of permafrost, increasing depth of the active layer, rising of lower limit of permafrost, and thinning of the seasonal frost depth. Some models predict that glacier area shrinkage could be as high as 26.7% in 2050, with glacier runoff increasing until its maximum in about 2030. Although snow mass shows an increasing trend in western China, in eastern China the trend is toward decreasing snow mass, with increasing interannual fluctuations. Permafrost degradation is likely to continue, with one-third to one-half of the permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau anticipated to degrade by 2100. Most of the high-temperature permafrost will disappear by then. The permafrost in northeastern China will retreat further northward. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"6603290370;8680999400;","ISPOL weather conditions in the context of long-term climate variability in the north-western Weddell Sea",2008,"10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.12.017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-43849091806&doi=10.1016%2fj.dsr2.2007.12.017&partnerID=40&md5=b28bb5bbaa0ed06fbab310e434e71ad6","At the transition from austral spring to summer of 2004/2005, the field experiment Ice Station Polarstern (ISPOL) took place in the north-western Weddell Sea to observe physical and biological atmosphere-sea ice-ocean processes. The objective of this paper is to discuss the meteorological conditions during ISPOL in the context of long-term climate variability mainly in the north-western Weddell Sea region. This is done with a comprehensive climatology focusing on the seasonal and interannual variability of atmospheric and cryospheric data from 1979 to 2005. Key meteorological elements and weather patterns derived from NCEP/DOE Reanalysis 2 results and sea-ice data from passive microwave radiometer satellite observations are analyzed in combination with ISPOL in situ measurements. The monthly mean air temperature and the mean sea-level pressure were above the long-term average. The latter showed a very much extended variability and range associated with more frequent northerly to south-easterly winds. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved."
"7003639980;","The history of early polar ice cores",2008,"10.1016/j.coldregions.2008.01.001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-40649085744&doi=10.1016%2fj.coldregions.2008.01.001&partnerID=40&md5=bb41d6cd2544d88885effa04c9fab58f","The scientific knowledge of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, and the subsequently derived Earth history, has been greatly increased during the past 50 years. Much of the new information was obtained from various studies made on a relatively small number of deep (300-400 m) and several very deep (some over 3000 m) ice cores, recovered from the inland regions of both ice sheets, by different national and international research teams. The beginning, development, and progress of deep polar ice core drillings and core studies is reviewed from the incipient pit study made by Ernst Sorge in 1930, through the trying efforts of three separate international core drilling projects mounted around 1950. The paper continues with a broad overview of the early role and achievements made by two related US Army Corps of Engineers research laboratories: the Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment (SIPRE), and the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL), from the early-1950's to the late-1980's. International partnerships of CRREL with the University of Copenhagen, Denmark (1966), and the University of Bern, Switzerland (1962), established the foundation of polar ice core science. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"6602617354;","The problem of firn-ice patches in the polish tatras as an indicator of climatic fluctuations",2008,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-60149111576&partnerID=40&md5=b3522736e5ef7865f40f3fb3a022551e","This paper attempts to determine the relationship between multi-annual variability of air temperature, precipitation and wind velocity, and changes in the front limits of the perennial firn-ice forms (glacierets) developing under different topographic conditions. Problems with the palaeoclimatic interpretation of their internal structure are also discussed. The obtained results attest to the fact that fluctuations in firn-ice patches in the Tatras are probably most connected with the weather regimes in winter seasons. Similar changes of individual forms depend on their similarity in terms of type of snow accumulation and the altitude at which they are located."
"6603227814;7004344921;","River discharge and freshwater runoff to the Barents Sea under present and future climate conditions",2008,"10.1007/s10584-007-9349-x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-39649092521&doi=10.1007%2fs10584-007-9349-x&partnerID=40&md5=bbd9decf54ced0a7c73a9a6e9111159c","River discharge forms a major freshwater input into the Arctic Ocean, and as such it has the potential to influence the oceanic circulation. As the hydrology of Arctic river basins is dominated by cryospheric processes such as snow accumulation and snowmelt, it may also be highly sensitive to a change in climate. Estimating the water balance of these river basins is therefore important, but it is complicated by the sparseness of observations and the large uncertainties related to the measurement of snowfalls. This study aims at simulating the water balance of the Barents Sea drainage basin in Northern Europe under present and future climate conditions. We used a regional climate model to drive a large-scale hydrological model of the area. Using simulated precipitation derived from a climate model led to an overestimation of the annual discharge in most river basins, but not in all. Under the B2 scenario of climate change, the model simulated a 25% increase in freshwater runoff, which is proportionally larger than the projected precipitation increase. As the snow season is 30-50 day shorter, the spring discharge peak is shifted by about 2-3 weeks, but the hydrological regime of the rivers remains dominated by snowmelt. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V."
"6506989282;7005713578;7005415069;","Middle Miocene ice sheet dynamics, deep-sea temperatures, and carbon cycling: A Southern Ocean perspective",2008,"10.1029/2007GC001736","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-67650567526&doi=10.1029%2f2007GC001736&partnerID=40&md5=45f67fabe285a91eed316669d6efb71e","Relative contributions of ice volume and temperature change to the global ∼1%0 δ18O increase at ∼14 Ma are required for understanding feedbacks involved in this major Cenozoic climate transition. A 3-ma benthic foraminifer Mg/Ca record of Southern Ocean temperatures across the middle Miocene climate transition reveals ∼2 ± 2°C cooling (14.2-13.8 Ma), indicating that ∼70% of the increase relates to ice growth. Seawater δ18O, calculated from Mg/Ca and δ18O, suggests that at ∼15 Ma Antarctica's cryosphere entered an interval of apparent eccentricity-paced expansion. Glaciations increased in intensity, revealing a central role for internal climate feedbacks. Comparison of ice volume and ocean temperature records with inferredpCO2 levels indicates that middle Miocene cryosphere expansion commenced during an interval of Southern Ocean warmth and low atmospheric pCO2. The Antarctic system appears sensitive to changes in heat/moisture supply when atmospheric pCO2 was low, suggesting the importance of internal feedbacks in this climate transition. Copyright 2008 by the American Geophysical Union."
"57213647906;","What should protected area managers do to preserve biodiversity in the face of climate change?",2008,"10.1080/14888386.2008.9712911","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-73849111628&doi=10.1080%2f14888386.2008.9712911&partnerID=40&md5=58bd29fbe784f321d01eb79f10681765","Since the 1960s the rate of change of greenhouse gas concentration, radiative forcing and climate warming has been, and will continue to be, more rapid than previously known in geological history. As a result, biomes, species distributions, hydrology and the cryosphere will undergo profound changes. It will threaten some cultural resources and change visitor activities, satisfaction and safety. Protected area management cannot contribute significantly to climate change mitigation, but it can help nature adapt to it, and help society to understand its causes and consequences. The tools for managers are: research and monitoring; awareness and engagement; leading by example; and action on the ground. The management of terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems should focus on the restoration and maintenance of ecosystems, natural processes, biodiversity and abiotic processes, forms and environments that are free of significant impacts from local or regional threats to ecological integrity, cultural resources and human health. Ideally, protected areas should be nested within ecological regions that are permeable for the movement of native species and that contain sufficient habitat for the self-perpetuation of native wildlife populations. Fast and slow migrant native species should be managed to permit orderly ecological shifts that favour the maintenance of high biodiversity. Alien species should be managed to minimize their presence. The management of marine ecosystems should focus on the conservation of biotic resources and sustainable resource use, also free from significant local and regional threats to wild populations and human health. Conversely, parks should neither be manipulated to sequester carbon or to buffer against natural disasters, nor be moved in pursuit of migrating or future ecoregions. Where natural regions guide park establishment, they should not be recast wholesale in anticipation of landscape evolution. © 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC."
"6506989282;7005713578;","Cenozoic Antarctic cryosphere evolution: Tales from deep-sea sedimentary records",2007,"10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.07.018","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-36248977643&doi=10.1016%2fj.dsr2.2007.07.018&partnerID=40&md5=552b28757e48a81006bcabae21e8dde1","Antarctica and the Southern Ocean system evolved in the Cenozoic, but the details of this complex evolution are just beginning to emerge via high-resolution investigations of globally distributed marine sedimentary sequences. Here we review the recent progress in defining the orbital-scale evolution of the Antarctic/Southern Ocean system, with particular attention paid to new high-resolution multi-proxy records generated across intervals of abrupt Antarctic ice growth in the Paleogene and early Neogene. This more detailed perspective has allowed researchers to assess the processes and feedbacks involved in the Cenozoic evolution of the Antarctic cryosphere, absent potential complication of the paleoceanographic record by a substantial Northern Hemisphere ice volume signal. In this paper, we review the new tools being used to examine these high-resolution records, assess lead-lag relationships between ice volume, temperature, and carbon cycling during intervals of abrupt Antarctic ice growth, and consider the resulting implications for the global climate system. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved."
"6701770493;7004639328;55587597700;34770529500;35767349800;","Orbitally-paced climate evolution during the middle Miocene ""Monterey"" carbon-isotope excursion",2007,"10.1016/j.epsl.2007.07.026","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34548498392&doi=10.1016%2fj.epsl.2007.07.026&partnerID=40&md5=868285157ab5a40767590bfd1e865b54","One of the most enigmatic features of Cenozoic long-term climate evolution is the long-lasting positive carbon-isotope excursion or ""Monterey Excursion"", which started during a period of global warmth after 16.9 Ma and ended at ∼ 13.5 Ma, approximately 400 kyr after major expansion of the Antarctic ice-sheet. We present high-resolution (1-9 kyr) astronomically-tuned climate proxy records in two complete sedimentary successions from the northwestern and southeastern Pacific (ODP Sites 1146 and 1237), which shed new light on the middle Miocene carbon-isotope excursion and associated climatic transition over the interval 17.1-12.7 Ma. We recognize three distinct climate phases with different imprints of orbital variations into the climatic signals (1146 and 1237 δ18O, δ13C; 1237 XRF Fe, fraction &gt; 63 μm): (1) climate optimum prior to 14.7 Ma characterized by minimum ice volume and prominent 100 and 400 kyr variability, (2) long-term cooling from 14.7 to 13.9 Ma, principally driven by obliquity and culminating with rapid cryosphere expansion and global cooling at the onset of the last and most pronounced δ13C increase, (3) ""Icehouse"" mode after 13.9 Ma with distinct 100 kyr variability and improved ventilation of the deep Pacific. The ""Monterey"" carbon-isotope excursion (16.9-13.5 Ma) consists overall of nine 400 kyr cycles, which show high coherence with the long eccentricity period. Superposed on these low-frequency oscillations are high-frequency variations (100 kyr), which closely track the amplitude modulation of the short eccentricity period. In contrast to δ13C, the δ18O signal additionally shows significant power in the 41 kyr band, and the 1.2 Myr amplitude modulation of the obliquity cycle is clearly imprinted in the 1146 δ18O signal. Our results suggest that eccentricity was a prime pacemaker of middle Miocene climate evolution through the modulation of long-term carbon budgets and that obliquity-paced changes in high-latitude seasonality favored the transition into the ""Icehouse"" climate. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"22233934200;56230567600;36894095200;","The application of electromagnetic-induction on the measurement of sea ice thickness in the Antarctic",2007,"10.1007/s11770-007-0024-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34948908658&doi=10.1007%2fs11770-007-0024-9&partnerID=40&md5=926f0a462ea5e8a4b9b3c78d7ce05bb3","As an important component of the cryosphere, sea ice is very sensitive to climate change. The study of sea ice physics needs accurate sea ice thickness. This paper presents an electromagnetic induction (EM) technique which can be used to measure the sea ice thickness distribution efficiently and its successful application in the Antarctic Neila Fjord. Based on the electrical properties of sea ice and seawater and the application of electromagnetic field theory, this technique can accurately detect the distance between the EM instrument and the ice/ water interface to measure the sea ice thickness. Analyzing the apparent conductivity data obtained by the electromagnetic induction technique and drill-hole measurements at same location allows the construction of a transform equation for the apparent conductivity and sea ice thickness. The verification of the calculated sea ice thickness using this equation indicates that the electromagnetic induction technique is able to determine reliable sea ice thickness with an average relative error of only 5.5%. The ice thickness profi les show the sea ice distribution in Neila Fjord is basically level with a thickness of 0.8-1.4 m. © the Editorial Office of Applied Geophysics 2007."
"7801573447;20436549800;7005261530;7101800802;6701456889;7004959685;","Ground surface temperature scenarios in complex high-mountain topography based on regional climate model results",2007,"10.1029/2006JF000527","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34548349090&doi=10.1029%2f2006JF000527&partnerID=40&md5=189d49c3b77881d165b64284986b6d08","Climate change can have severe impacts on the high-mountain cryosphere, such as instabilities in rock walls induced by thawing permafrost. Relating climate change scenarios produced from global climate models (GCMs) and regional climate models (RCMs) to complex high-mountain environments is a challenging task. The qualitative and quantitative impact of changes in climatic conditions on local to microscale ground surface temperature (GST) and the ground thermal regime is not readily apparent. This study assesses a possible range of changes in the GST (ΔGST) in complex mountain topography. To account for uncertainties associated with RCM output, a set of 12 different scenario climate time series (including 10 RCM-based and 2 incremental scenarios) was applied to the topography and energy balance (TEBAL) model to simulate average ΔGST for 36 different topographic situations. Variability of the simulated ΔGST is related primarily to the emission scenarios, the RCM, and the approach used to apply RCM results to the impact model. In terms of topography, significant influence on GST simulation was shown by aspect because it modifies the received amount of solar radiation at the surface. North faces showed higher sensitivity to the applied climate scenarios, while uncertainties are higher for south faces. On the basis of the results of this study, use of RCM-based scenarios is recommended for mountain permafrost impact studies, as opposed to incremental scenarios. Copyright 2007 by the American Geophysical Union."
"8894958800;6603247958;7103303747;7006689276;","The changing Earth",2007,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33847719905&partnerID=40&md5=d8460bec88929fc046aa35b22931d3d9","Some observational challenges face by ESA's Living Planet Programme, developed and operated in close cooperation with the scientific community, are discussed. The challenges related to the oceans include quantifying the interaction between variability in ocean dynamics, thermohaline circulation, sea level, and climate and understanding of physical and biochemical air/sea interaction processes. The challenges related to the cryosphere include quantifying the distribution of sea-ice mass and freshwater equivalent, assessing the sensitivity of sea ice to climate change, and understanding thermodynamics and dynamic feedbacks to the ocean and atmosphere. It is essential for the success of the science strategy that the technology and applications developments are accompanied by a systematic and concerted effort to communicate the achievements to a much wider audience, within Europe and beyond."
"7005513582;","Modelling climates of the Late Palaeozoic",2007,"10.1144/tms002.7","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-38349146460&doi=10.1144%2ftms002.7&partnerID=40&md5=087d23caa185b5c181704a2f96f92b50","Climate models are comprehensive tools for studying Earth's past, present and future climate conditions. A spectrum of climate models is described with special focus on three-dimensional coupled atmosphere, ocean, land and cryosphere models. At present, these are the most sophisticated models to look at Earth's climate. Three time periods of the Late Palaeozoic are considered: the Carboniferous, the middle Permian and the latest Permian. Modelling the climate of these periods is reviewed to illustrate how models are applied to understanding past climates. Finally, the future development of climate modelling of the Late Palaeozoic is discussed. © The Micropalaeontological Society 2007."
"14037526700;7006465242;57207900308;7004147572;6508337400;","Major middle Miocene global climate change: Evidence from East Antarctica and the Transantarctic Mountains",2007,"10.1130/0016-7606(2007)119[1449:MMMGCC]2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84874996049&doi=10.1130%2f0016-7606%282007%29119%5b1449%3aMMMGCC%5d2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=db2d9155a8ab4fade21e4d7f6618c31f","We present a glacial record from the western Olympus Range, East Antarctica, that documents a permanent shift in the thermal regime of local glaciers, from wet- to cold-based regimes, more than 13.94 m.y. ago. This glacial record provides the first terrestrial evidence linking middle Miocene global climate cooling to a permanent reorganization of the Antarctic cryosphere and to subsequent growth of the polar East Antarctic Ice Sheet. The composite stratigraphic record constructed from field mapping and analyses of 281 soil excavations shows a classic wet-based till (Circe till, including an extensive melt-out facies), overlain by a weathered colluvial deposit (Electra colluvium), and then a series of stacked tills deposited from cold-based ice (Dido drift). Chronologic control comes from 40Ar/39Ar analyses of concentrated ash-fall deposits interbedded within glacial deposits. The shift from wet-to cold-based glaciation reflects a drop in mean annual temperature of 25-30 °C and is shown to precede one or more major episodes of ice-sheet expansion across the region, the youngest of which occurred between 13.62 and 12.44 Ma. One implication is that atmospheric cooling, following a relatively warm mid-Miocene climatic optimum ca. 17 to 15 Ma, may have led to, and thus triggered, maximum ice-sheet overriding. © 2007 Geological Society of America."
"7006280684;55206018900;57209514356;57203049177;7103248807;7407104838;7103033688;7003733477;57198966831;6506416205;","The impact of natural and anthropogenic forcings on climate and hydrology since 1550",2007,"10.1007/s00382-006-0165-1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33750992164&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-006-0165-1&partnerID=40&md5=6863da74f15c36c6d62d1cf5afa138e8","A climate simulation of an ocean/atmosphere general circulation model driven with natural forcings alone (constant ""pre-industrial"" land-cover and well-mixed greenhouse gases, changing orbital, solar and volcanic forcing) has been carried out from 1492 to 2000. Another simulation driven with natural and anthropogenic forcings (changes in greenhouse gases, ozone, the direct and first indirect effect of anthropogenic sulphate aerosol and land-cover) from 1750 to 2000 has also been carried out. These simulations suggest that since 1550, in the absence of anthropogenic forcings, climate would have warmed by about 0.1 K. Simulated response is not in equilibrium with the external forcings suggesting that both climate sensitivity and the rate at which the ocean takes up heat determine the magnitude of the response to forcings since 1550. In the simulation with natural forcings climate sensitivity is similar to other simulations of HadCM3 driven with CO2 alone. Climate sensitivity increases when anthropogenic forcings are included. The natural forcing used in our experiment increases decadal-centennial time-scale and large spatial scale climate variability, relative to internal variability, as diagnosed from a control simulation. Mean conditions in the natural simulation are cooler than in our control simulation reflecting the reduction in forcing. However, over certain regions there is significant warming, relative to control, due to an increase in forest cover. Comparing the simulation driven by anthropogenic and natural forcings with the natural-only simulation suggests that anthropogenic forcings have had a significant impact on, particularly tropical, climate since the early nineteenth century. Thus the entire instrumental temperature record may be ""contaminated"" by anthropogenic influences. Both the hydrological cycle and cryosphere are also affected by anthropogenic forcings. Changes in tree-cover appear to be responsible for some of the local and hydrological changes as well as an increase in northern hemisphere spring snow cover. © British Crown Copyright 2006."
"6602583456;","Application of sediment core modelling to interpreting the glacial-interglacial record of Southern Ocean silica cycling",2007,"10.5194/cp-3-387-2007","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34547144186&doi=10.5194%2fcp-3-387-2007&partnerID=40&md5=c18c77ca159331b2e4be36b1deb2ec25","Sediments from the Southern Ocean reveal a meridional divide in biogeochemical cycling response to the glacial-interglacial cycles of the late Neogene. South of the present-day position of the Antarctic Polar Front in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, biogenic opal is generally much more abundant in sediments during interglacials compared to glacials. To the north, an anti-phased relationship is observed, with maximum opal abundance instead occurring during glacials. This antagonistic response of sedimentary properties provides an important model validation target for testing hypotheses of glacial-interglacial change against, particularly for understanding the causes of the concurrent variability in atmospheric CO2. Here, I illustrate a time-dependent modelling approach to helping understand climates of the past by means of the mechanistic simulation of marine sediment core records. I find that a close match between model-predicted and observed down-core changes in sedimentary opal content can be achieved when changes in seasonal sea-ice extent are imposed, whereas the predicted sedimentary response to iron fertilization on its own is not consistent with sedimentary observations. The results of this sediment record model-data comparison supports previous inferences that the changing cryosphere is the primary driver of the striking features exhibited by the paleoceanographic record of this region."
"57214594557;55738125200;6701682333;7007108015;55568519272;7201646636;7003726500;7202191313;7005437056;7102706269;7003663731;24468559500;6701664419;7102701564;57202528734;57195255944;56309016200;7201827928;7201527696;7402601194;","Canadian cryospheric response to an anomalous warm summer: A synthesis of the climate change action fund project "" the state of the Arctic cryosphere during the extreme warm summer of 1998""",2006,"10.3137/ao.440403","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33846668757&doi=10.3137%2fao.440403&partnerID=40&md5=bb9cf79ab26950131cc49191f1b7d5cb","As of 2003, the warmest year on record in Canada (and globally) was 1998. Extensive warming was observed over the Canadian Arctic during the summer of 1998. A collaborative, interdisciplinary project involving government, universities, and the private sector examined the effect of this unusual warmth on cryospheric conditions and documented the responses, placing them in a 30-40 year context. This paper represents a synthesis of these results. 1998 was characterized by a melt season of exceptional length, having both an unusually early start and late finish. Extremes were noted for cryospheric variables that included ground thaw penetration, snow-free season, lake-ice-free season, glacier melt, and the duration and extent of marine open water. The warm conditions contributed to the break-up of two long-term, multi-year ice plugs in the north-west Canadian Arctic Archipelago, which allowed floe ice into the Northwest Passage. Synoptic events and preconditioning were observed to play an important role in governing the response of some variables to the warming. It was also noted that response was not uniform in all regions. This study provided an opportunity to examine possible cryospheric response to future, warmer conditions. It also provided a chance to assess the capability of current cryospheric monitoring networks in the Canadian Arctic. This study has suggested the manner of cryospheric response to low frequency, high magnitude events occurring within the broader milieu of large-scale forcing."
"7004442182;57208764688;6602184938;15041638200;8225183400;","State of the ground: Climatology and changes during the past 69 years over northern Eurasia for a rarely used measure of snow cover and frozen land",2006,"10.1175/JCLI3925.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33750273488&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI3925.1&partnerID=40&md5=655bed8fb9e5e48b08b1dc8724f648ce","Significant climatic changes over northern Eurasia during the twentieth century are revealed in numerous variables including those affecting and characterizing the state of the cryosphere. In addition to commonly used in situ observations of snow cover such as snow depth and snow courses, synoptic archives in the former Soviet Union contain regular daily and semidaily reports about the state of the ground in the area surrounding the station. Information about frozen, dry, wet, ponded, and snow-covered land, and in the case of snow-covered land, about the characteristics of snow cover, is available in these reports. A new Global Synoptic Data Network (GSDN) consisting of 2100 stations within the boundaries of the former Soviet Union created jointly by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) and Russian Institute for Hydrometeorological Information (RIHMI) was used to assess the climatology of snow cover, frozen and unfrozen ground reports, and their temporal variability for the period from 1936 to 2004. Comparison with satellite measurements of snow cover extent is also presented. During the second half of the twentieth century and over many regions in northern Eurasia, an increase in unfrozen ground conditions (5 days since 1956 over the Russian Federation) was observed. The most prominent changes occurred in the spring season in Siberia and the Far East north of 55°N during April and May by 3 to 5 days, which constitute a 15%-35% change in these regions compared to long-term mean values. Since the beginning of the dataset, surface temperature changes in high latitudes have not been monotonic. As a result, linear trend analyses applied to the entire period of observations can lead to paradoxical conclusions. Specifically, changes in snow cover extent during the 1936-2004 period cannot be linked with ""warming"" (particularly with the Arctic warming) because in this particular period the Arctic warming was absent. © 2006 American Meteorological Society."
"6603699872;57196796443;","Historical Glacier and climate fluctuations at Mount Hood, Oregon",2006,"10.1657/1523-0430(2006)38[399:HGACFA]2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33748806612&doi=10.1657%2f1523-0430%282006%2938%5b399%3aHGACFA%5d2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=01192b7ce1031eaae0444e750cb0126f","Terminus fluctuations of five glaciers and the correspondence of these fluctuations to temperature and precipitation patterns were assessed at Oregon's Mount Hood over the period 1901-2001. Historical photographs, descriptions, and climate data, combined with contemporary GPS measurements and GIS analysis, revealed that each glacier experienced overall retreat, ranging from -62 m at the Newton Clark Glacier to -1102 m at the Ladd Glacier. Within this overall trend, Mount Hood's glaciers experienced two periods each of retreat and advance. Glaciers retreated between 1901 and 1946 in response to rising temperatures and declining precipitation. A mid-century cool, wet period led to glacier advances. Glaciers retreated from the late 1970s to the mid-1990s as a result of rising temperatures and generally declining precipitation. High precipitation in the late 1990s caused slight advances in 2000 and 2001. The general correspondence of Mount Hood's glacier terminus fluctuations with glaciers in Washington and Oregon suggests that regional, decadal-scale weather and climate events, driven by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, play a key role in shaping atmosphere-cryosphere interactions in Pacific Northwest mountains. Deviations from the general glacier fluctuation pattern may arise from local differences in glacier aspect, altitude, size, and steepness as well as volcanic and geothermal activity, topography, and debris cover. © 2006 Regents of the University of Colorado."
"7201477571;","The integrated Arctic Ocean Observing System (iAOOS): An AOSB-CliC observing plan for the international polar year",2006,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33646573628&partnerID=40&md5=4ad6f550c10f336ebc2dfa2c39d3430c","The debate on the climatic impact of Arctic change is currently focused on the fate of the perennial sea-ice and the climatic and social effects of its disappearance. Developments in our observing techniques mean that we are in prospect of being technically able to describe the ocean-atmosphere-cryosphere system of high northern latitudes operating as a complete system for the first time. Understanding this system and improving its predictability in models seems to be our most direct way of extending the ability of society to mitigate for or adapt to its changes, including global change. The integrated Arctic Ocean Observing System (iAOOS), described here, is a means of piecing together the available PIs, gear, ships and funding on the pan-Arctic scale that seems necessary to making the attempt, and the International Polar Year (2007-2009) provides the necessary stimulus for doing so. © 2006, by Institute of Oceanology PAS."
"7202660824;7403288995;","Surface contribution to planetary albedo variability in cryosphere regions",2005,"10.1175/JCLI3555.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-31544451828&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI3555.1&partnerID=40&md5=054a1cb22ea09e895bd754b796a90f87","Climatological planetary albedo obtained from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) D-series flux dataset is broken down into contributions from the surface and atmosphere in cryosphere regions. The atmosphere accounts for much more of climatological planetary albedo (≥75%) than the surface at all times of the year. The insignificance of the surface contribution over highly reflective cryosphere regions is attributed mostly to the damping effect of the atmosphere. The overlying atmosphere attenuates the surface's contribution to climatological planetary albedo by reducing the number of solar photons initially reaching the surface and the number of photons initially reflected by the surface that actually reach the top of the atmosphere. The ISCCP datasets were also used to determine the relative contributions of the surface and atmosphere to seasonal and interannual planetary albedo variability in cryosphere regions. Even damped by the atmosphere to the same degree as in the climatological case, the surface contribution dominates the variability in planetary albedo on seasonal and interannual time scales. The surface accounts for about 75% of the change in climatological planetary albedo from one season to another with similar zenith angle and more than 50% of its interannual variability at nearly all times of the year, especially during seasons with extensive snow and sea ice extent. The dominance of the surface in planetary albedo variability is because surface albedo variability associated with snow and ice fluctuations is significantly larger than atmospheric albedo variability due to cloud fluctuations. The large effect of snow and ice variations on planetary albedo variability suggests that if cloud fields do not change much in a future warmer climate, a retreat of snow cover or sea ice would lead to a significant increase in net incoming solar radiation, resulting in an enhancement of high-latitude climate sensitivity. © 2005 American Meteorological Society."
"6603295929;55991851900;","Multistability and hysteresis in the climate-cryosphere system under orbital forcing",2005,"10.1029/2005GL024518","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-29344455164&doi=10.1029%2f2005GL024518&partnerID=40&md5=8d3a56245ffb1bd62da7f898a1609b95","Using the Earth system model of intermediate complexity CLIMBER-2 we studied the stability diagram of the climate-cryosphere system in the phase space of Milankovitch forcing (maximum summer insolation at 65°N, abbreviated as MF). We have shown that the equilibrium response of the climate-cyrosphere system to MF reveals pronounced hysteresis behavior within the range of Earth's orbital parameters. Depending on MF, the climate-cryosphere system has either one (glacial or interglacial) or two different equilibrium states. The MF thresholds of the transitions between the two states depend on parameterizations of ice-sheet dynamics, but are rather insensitive to the choice of the orbital parameters used to obtain the same value of MF. A change of atmospheric CO2 concentration from its interglacial to the glacial value, shifts the hysteresis curve by about 15 W/m2. These results provide an important support to the conceptual models of glacial cycles based on multistability and hysteresis behavior. Copyright 2005 by the American Geophysical Union."
"6701758954;16135466100;35420629200;7201882869;7201369119;6603596186;7003645727;7004105832;7406965425;7103338475;7003815472;6602957332;56202185900;8899889100;6602235428;9248885500;17344287000;","Multispectral imaging contributions to global land ice measurements from space",2005,"10.1016/j.rse.2005.07.004","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-27144543689&doi=10.1016%2fj.rse.2005.07.004&partnerID=40&md5=29e3e58881e605130b1df4aa051e126b","Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS) is an international consortium established to acquire satellite images of the world's glaciers, analyse them for glacier extent and changes, and assess change data for causes and implications for people and the environment. Although GLIMS is making use of multiple remote-sensing systems, ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and reflection Radiometer) is optimized for many needed observations, including mapping of glacier boundaries and material facies, and tracking of surface dynamics, such as flow vector fields and supraglacial lake development. Software development by GLIMS is geared toward mapping clean-ice and debris-covered glaciers; terrain classification emphasizing snow, ice, water, and admixtures of ice with rock debris; multitemporal change analysis; visualization of images and derived data; and interpretation and archiving of derived data. A global glacier database has been designed at the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC, Boulder, Colorado); parameters are compatible with and expanded from those of the World Glacier Inventory (WGI). These technology efforts are summarized here, but will be presented in detail elsewhere. Our presentation here pertains to one broad question: How can ASTER and other satellite multispectral data be used to map, monitor, and characterize the state and dynamics of glaciers and to understand their responses to 20th and 21st century climate change? Our sampled results are not yet glaciologically or climatically representative. Our early results, while indicating complexity, are generally consistent with the glaciology community's conclusion that climate change is spurring glacier responses around the world (mainly retreat). Whether individual glaciers are advancing or retreating, the aggregate average of glacier change must be climatic in origin, as nonclimatic variations average out. We have discerned regional spatial patterns in glaciological response behavior; these patterns are best attributed to climate-change variability and to regional differences in glacier size and response times. In many cases, glacier length changes under-represent the magnitude of glacier ablation, because thinning (sometimes without immediate length changes) is also important. An expanded systematic, uniform analysis of many more glaciers is needed to isolate the glacier response components due to climatic and nonclimatic perturbations, to produce quantitative measures of regional variation in glacier changes, and to predict future regional glacier trends relevant to water resources, glaciological hazards, and global sea level. This comprehensive assessment (to be completed in stages) is expected to lend a critically needed filter to identify successful climate models that explain recent glacier changes and change patterns (and hence, are apt to describe future changes) and to eliminate unsuccessful models. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved."
"6603131145;7007181954;7005273789;7004847089;7004828383;","Investigating the mechanisms leading to the deglaciation of past continental northern hemisphere ice sheets with the CLIMBER-GREMLINS coupled model",2005,"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.01.002","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-24944468222&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloplacha.2005.01.002&partnerID=40&md5=451dbb3d39bc8b1619e3d49e5620acb4","A coupling procedure between a climate model of intermediate complexity (CLIMBER-2.3) and a 3-dimensional thermo-mechanical ice-sheet model (GREMLINS) has been elaborated. The resulting coupled model describes the evolution of atmosphere, ocean, biosphere, cryosphere and their mutual interactions. It is used to perform several simulations of the Last Deglaciation period to identify the physical mechanisms at the origin of the deglaciation process. Our baseline experiment, forced by insolation and atmospheric CO2, produces almost complete deglaciation of past northern hemisphere continental ice sheets, although ice remains over the Cordilleran region at the end of the simulation and also in Alaska and Eastern Siberia. Results clearly demonstrate that, in this study, the melting of the North American ice sheet is critically dependent on the deglaciation of Fennoscandia through processes involving switches of the thermohaline circulation from a glacial mode to a modern one and associated warming of the northern hemisphere. A set of sensitivity experiments has been carried out to test the relative importance of both forcing factors and internal processes in the deglaciation mechanism. It appears that the deglaciation is primarily driven by insolation. However, the atmospheric CO2 modulates the timing of the melting of the Fennoscandian ice sheet, and results relative to Laurentide illustrate the existence of threshold CO2 values, that can be translated in terms of critical temperature, below which the deglaciation is impeded. Finally, we show that the beginning of the deglaciation process of the Laurentide ice sheet may be influenced by the time at which the shift of the thermohaline circulation from one mode to the other occurs. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"15051423700;6603652224;7004334437;","Correlation of high-frequency acoustic backscattering with bottom sediment temperature in the Arctic Shelf",2005,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-23944508811&partnerID=40&md5=98c615044ad0e1f601a9e09ee17aeb7a","The Arctic cryosphere is one of the most sensitive indicators of climate change. Arctic permafrost encloses enormous hydrocarbon reserves as methane gas hydrates (up to 32 000 Gt). Global warming may appear as a consequence of the melting of permafrost, decomposition of gas hydrates, and the discharge of large volumes of carbon (methane) into the atmosphere, which would provoke further temperature increases and rapid permafrost melting (positive feedback). Therefore, the distribution of subaqueous permafrost in Arctic seas represents one of the most urgent issues in the investigation of the climate system. At present, investigations in this field are limited. Temperature measurements have only occasionally been performed. Modeling of subaqueous permafrost distribution has usually been based on the assumption of equality between temperatures of bottom sediments and bottom waters, which does not necessarily correspond to the reality of certain areas of the Arctic shelf. This communication presents data on acoustic backscattering (ABS) at frequencies of 50 and 200 kHz and on bottom sediment temperature (BST) distribution in the Arctic shelf. Anomalously deep ABS positions (>10 ms at 50 kHz and >5 ms at 200 kHz) have been registered in many areas). In other areas of the World Ocean, the ABS value at these frequencies is usually 3-5 ms or less. Such anomalously deep ABS was observed in shelf areas with negative BST, suggesting the existence of permafrost in these areas. Copyright © 2005 by Pleiades Publishing, Inc."
"7004092436;","Impact of cyclic freezing on precipitation of silica in Me-SiO2-H2O systems and geochemical implications for cryosoils and -sediments",2005,"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.11.003","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-14244264454&doi=10.1016%2fj.chemgeo.2004.11.003&partnerID=40&md5=01ba66806712829463cbf9b0dbff76c5","Cyclic freezing of aqueous solutions may cause a significant precipitation of amorphous silica, where about 90 mol% of the primary dissolved silicic acid can be fixed. In analogy to evaporation, H2O molecules are separated from aqueous solutions by freezing and supersaturation with respect to amorphous silica can be reached. The results show that higher proportions of silica precipitated at lower input Si(OH)4 concentration and at increasing numbers of freeze-thaw cycles. Additionally dissolved metal ions, Me, favour the formation of amorphous silica in the sequence of Na+&lt;Mg2+&lt;Ca2+&lt;K+ &lt;Li+&lt;Sr2+&lt;Ba2+. This may be mostly related to a decrease of amorphous silica solubility in the high concentrated aqueous solutions, which remained after ice formation. Co-precipitation yields Me/Si ratios of the depositions between 1 and 4. Re-dissolution of the primary amorphous precipitates is incomplete. Accordingly, such solids are suitable precursor materials for neoformation of silicates. As secondary authigenic silicates like zeolites may be formed from such precursors, it is suggested that their occurrence and exposure in cryosoils and -sediments might be used as a proxy indicator of past climate. Cyclic freezing can significantly reduce the geochemical and ecological availability of silica. On the other side, the decrease of dissolved silica induced by freezing provokes an increase of undersaturation with respect to silicates in the re-thawed soil or interstitial solutions, which stimulates the dissolution of siliceous minerals and rocks. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"7004198955;","Climatic change and its possible impacts in the alpine région [Changement climatique et impacts possibles dans la région alpine]",2005,"10.3406/rga.2005.2341","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-23044504387&doi=10.3406%2frga.2005.2341&partnerID=40&md5=813dcae2a73b5c693985872098cfee8a","This paper provides a brief overview of climatic change as observed in the 20th century in the alpine region, and the shifts in mean and extreme climates that may occur in coming decades if so-called « global warming » is of the amplitude and speed projected by numerous climate models. The impacts of climatic change may be significant on many fragile systems in the mountain environments, notably snow and ice, hydrology, vegetation, natural hazards, and of course on humans and their economic activities, and these will be briefly discussed. Finally, the overview paper is completed with some remarks concerning adaptation options in the face of climatic change, notably through the application of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change."
"8068419200;6602922582;6603131145;","Effects of a melted greenland ice sheet on climate, vegetation, and the cryosphere",2004,"10.1007/s00382-004-0463-4","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-12744263360&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-004-0463-4&partnerID=40&md5=05ecb7a135c6089598bf4ba3493ffadd","This paper investigates the possible implications for the earth-system of a melting of the Greenland ice-sheet. Such a melting is a possible result of increased high latitude temperatures due to increasing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Using an atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (AOGCM), we investigate the effects of the removal of the ice sheet on atmospheric temperatures, circulation, and precipitation. We find that locally over Greenland, there is a warming associated directly with the altitude change in winter, and the altitude and albedo change in summer. Outside of Greenland, the largest signal is a cooling over the Barents sea in winter. We attribute this cooling to a decrease in poleward heat transport in the region due to changes to the time mean circulation and eddies, and interaction with sea-ice. The simulated climate is used to force a vegetation model and an ice-sheet model. We find that the Greenland climate in the absence of an ice sheet supports the growth of trees in southern Greenland, and grass in central Greenland. We find that the ice sheet is likely to regrow following a melting of the Greenland ice sheet, the subsequent rebound of its bedrock, and a return to present day atmospheric CO2 concentrations. This regrowth is due to the high altitude bedrock in eastern Greenland which allows the growth of glaciers which develop into an ice sheet. © Springer-Verlag 2004."
"13004692700;55891718300;","Oligocene climate dynamics",2004,"10.1029/2004PA001042","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-15944412885&doi=10.1029%2f2004PA001042&partnerID=40&md5=5608d0ca7de99ffae0163e2e5bec6bbf","A planktonic and benthic foraminiferal stable isotope stratigraphy of the Oligocene equatorial Pacific (Ocean Drilling Program, Site 1218) was genenerated at 6 kyr resolution between magnetochrons C9n and C11n.2n (∼26.4-30 Ma on a newly developed astronomically calibrated timescale). Our data allow a detailed examination of Oligocene paleoceanography, the evolution of the early cryosphere, and the influence of orbital forcing on glacioeustatic sea level variations. Spectral analysis reveals power and coherency for obliquity (40 kyr period) and eccentricity (∼110, 405 kyr) orbital bands, with an additional strong imprint of the eccentricity and 1.2 Myr obliquity amplitude cycle, driving ice sheet oscillations in the Southern Hemisphere, Planktonic and benthic foraminifera δ18O are used to constrain the magnitude and timing of major fluctuations in ice volume and global sea level change. Glacial episodes, related to obliquity and eccentricity variations, occurrd at 29.16, 27.91, and 26.76 Ma, corresponding to glacioeustatic sea level fluctuations of 50-65 m. Alteration of high-latitude temperatures and Antarctic ice volume had a significant impact on the global carbon burial and equatorial productivity, as cyclic variations are also recorded in the carbon isotopoe signal of planktonic and benthic foraminifera, the water column carbon isotope gradient, and estimated percent carbonate of bulk sediment. We also investigate the implications of a close correspondence between oxygen and carbon isotope events and long-term amplitude envelope extrema in astronomical calculations during the Oligocene, and develop a new naming scheme for stable isotope events, on the basis of the 405 kyr eccentricity cycle count. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union."
"8604990800;6602909851;15120189400;12040118500;","Active-layer monitoring in the cryolithozone of west Siberia",2004,"10.1080/789610206","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-21444450232&doi=10.1080%2f789610206&partnerID=40&md5=598071776eb47f000cacf7b78fca57f3","The Earth Cryosphere Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, conducts studies in West Siberia within the framework of the Circumpolar Active-Layer Monitoring (CALM) Program. This paper summarizes results from pre-CALM active-layer monitoring that began in the early 1970s using transects and grids. Sites employing CALM protocols were added to the program in the 1990s. Results obtained at the CALM sites and previously established grids and transects facilitate estimation of the main factors involved in active-layer dynamics in different landscapes of the tundra and taiga bioclimatic zones under climate fluctuations. We conclude that: (1) climatic trends are not evident in the tundra zone but are weakly discernible in the taiga zone; (2) active-layer fluctuations appear to follow climatic trends; (3) different landscapes respond in different ways to climate changes; and (4) atmospheric precipitation plays an important role in annual fluctuation of active-layer thickness. © 2004 by V. H. Winston & Son, Inc. All rights reserved."
"35420629200;6506991567;56202185900;57202491759;6602957332;7201882869;6701926213;7401889926;7004741593;7004959685;7003645727;57203230296;35546736600;6701758954;6701725445;6603536523;17344287000;","Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS): Remote sensing and GIS investigations of the Earth's Cryosphere",2004,"10.1080/10106040408542307","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-12944251803&doi=10.1080%2f10106040408542307&partnerID=40&md5=1f665062a2aa2ebe6f124fdb5d68380c","Concerns over greenhouse-gas forcing and global temperatures have initiated research into understanding climate forcing and associated Earth-system responses. A significant component is the Earth's cryosphere, as glacier-related, feedback mechanisms govern atmospheric, hydrospheric and lithospheric response. Predicting the human and natural dimensions of climate-induced environmental change requires global, regional and local information about ice-mass distribution, volumes, and fluctuations. The Global Land-Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS) project is specifically designed to produce and augment baseline information to facilitate glacier-change studies. This requires addressing numerous issues, including the generation of topographic information, anisotropic-reflectance correction of satellite imagery, data fusion and spatial analysis, and GIS-based modeling. Field and satellite investigations indicate that many small glaciers and glaciers in temperate regions are downwasting and retreating, although detailed mapping and assessment are still required to ascertain regional and global patterns of ice-mass variations. Such remote sensing/GIS studies, coupled with field investigations, are vital for producing baseline information on glacier changes, and improving our understanding of the complex linkages between atmospheric, lithospheric, and glaciological processes."
"7004147572;","Heinrich events: Massive late Pleistocene detritus layers of the North Atlantic and their global climate imprint",2004,"10.1029/2003RG000128","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-2542475237&doi=10.1029%2f2003RG000128&partnerID=40&md5=1e581478b95617ff86ef2ff44a572aa2","Millennial climate oscillations of the glacial interval are interrupted by extreme events, the so-called Heinrich events of the North Atlantic. Their near-global footprint is a testament to coherent interactions among Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and cryosphere on millennial timescales. Heinrich detritus appears to have been derived from the region around Hudson Strait. It was deposited over approximately 500 ± 250 years. Several mechanisms have been proposed for the origin of the layers: binge-purge cycle of the Laurentide ice sheet, jökulhlaup activity from a Hudson Bay lake, and an ice shelf buildup/collapse fed by Hudson Strait. To determine the origin of the Heinrich events, I recommend (1) further studies of the timing and duration of the events, (2) further sedimentology study near the Hudson Strait, and (3) greater spatial and temporal resolution studies of the layers as well as their precursory intervals. Studies of previous glacial intervals may also provide important constraints. Copyright 2004 by the Amrican Geophysical Union."
"7003537421;","Holocene climate variability as reflected by mid-European lake-level fluctuations and its probable impact on prehistoric human settlements",2004,"10.1016/S1040-6182(03)00080-6","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0942291480&doi=10.1016%2fS1040-6182%2803%2900080-6&partnerID=40&md5=c4189dc0c49cfe1bb624240716c2f5d6","A data set of 180 radiocarbon, tree-ring and archaeological dates obtained from sediment sequences of 26 lakes in the Jura mountains, the northern French Pre-Alps and the Swiss Plateau was used to construct a Holocene mid-European lake-level record. The dates do not indicate a random distribution over the Holocene, but form clusters suggesting an alternation of lower and higher, climatically driven lake-level phases. They provide evidence of a rather unstable Holocene climate punctuated by 15 phases of higher lake-level: 11 250-11 050, 10 300-10 000, 9550-9150, 8300-8050, 7550-7250, 6350-5900, 5650-5200, 4850-4800, 4150-3950, 3500-3100, 2750-2350, 1800-1700, 1300-1100, 750-650 cal. BP and after 1394 AD. A comparison of this mid-European lake-level record with the GISP2-Polar Circulation Index (PCI) record, the North Atlantic ice-rafting debris (IRD) events and the 14C record suggests teleconnections in a complex cryosphere-ocean-atmosphere system. Correlations between the GISP2-PCI, the mid-European lake-level, the North Atlantic IRD, and the residual 14C records, suggest that changes in the solar activity played a major role in Holocene climate oscillations over the North Atlantic area. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved."
[No author id available],"CryoSat Science Report",2003,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0842312395&partnerID=40&md5=b58f1774f42743d3e14b41ae7788f116","The impact of cryosphere on the Earth's climate and the benefits of specific altimetric observations are discussed. It is found that cryosphere is the largest source of sea-level fluctuations and it contains ∼90% of the Earth's freshwater. The important features of the calibration and validation problem for CryoSat are studied. The echo timing, echo datation and satellite altitude are also elaborated."
"7202840464;","Mountain cryospheric studies and the WCRP climate and cryosphere (CliC) project",2003,"10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00253-1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0242494951&doi=10.1016%2fS0022-1694%2803%2900253-1&partnerID=40&md5=74d71b1637b5c5edda9917189dd97793","A new element of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) has been inaugurated addressing the role of the cryosphere in climate. A Science and Co-ordination Plan has been issued for the Climate and Cryosphere (CliC) project. Topics of concern for high mountain hydrology are; ice caps and glaciers, seasonal snow cover, freshwater ice, and seasonally frozen ground and permafrost. The principal scientific questions relating to the cryosphere in mountain regions are reviewed. CliC wil also examine the role of cryospheric components as indicators of climate variability and change building on ongoing programs of glacier and permaforst monitoring. The impacts of global change on elements of the cryosphere in mountains are expected to have significant social and economic ramifications. Examples of needs and initiatives in these areas are also presented. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"7006961728;57196563876;6603577600;7102964430;57206547313;6701899848;6602616152;7404416268;","SEARCH workshop on large-scale atmosphere-cryosphere observations",2003,"10.1175/BAMS-84-8-1077","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0041911255&doi=10.1175%2fBAMS-84-8-1077&partnerID=40&md5=7c6df50b26b578ce3c7c0b750cee544e","An objective of the SEARCH workshop was an assessment of the desirability and viability of an Arctic system reanalysis, which would merge historical atmospheric, oceanic, terrestrial, and sea ice data with models of the evolving Arctic system. Understanding of the Arctic can improve change detection due to the roles of vegetation type, sea ice and other feedbacks in providing a multiyear memory of the climate system. Future activities in SEARCH will further develop this concept from the perspectives of biological, oceanographic, human, and paleoenvironmental investigators, and strengthen international coordination through the Cryosphere and Climate Project (CLIC) and a joint SEARCH-CLIVAR working group."
"7102253099;","Aqua: An earth-observing satellite mission to examine water and other climate variables",2003,"10.1109/TGRS.2002.808319","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-36548999735&doi=10.1109%2fTGRS.2002.808319&partnerID=40&md5=b70c5d9ccf6f1fa96546ddb8ac7a6647","Aqua is a major satellite mission of the Earth Observing System (EOS), an international program centered at the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The Aqua satellite carries six distinct earth-observing instruments to measure numerous aspects of earth's atmosphere, land, oceans, biosphere, and cryosphere, with a concentration on water in the earth system. Launched on May 4, 2002, the satellite is in a sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 705 km, with a track that takes it north across the equator at 1:30 P.M. and south across the equator at 1:30 A.M. All of its earth-observing instruments are operating, and all have the ability to obtain global measurements within two days. The Aqua data will be archived and available to the research community through four Distributed Active Archive Centers (DAACs)."
"7005251120;57218987417;35508431200;","Improved simulations of snow extent in the second phase of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP-2)",2003,"10.1029/2002jd003030","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0942278156&doi=10.1029%2f2002jd003030&partnerID=40&md5=d9025d1855c271b21a6303082326b59c","Simulations of snow-covered area (SCA) over Northern Hemisphere lands by a suite of general circulation models (GCMs) are evaluated. Results from GCM experiments submitted by an international array of research groups participating in the second phase of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP-2) are compared to a data set derived primarily from visible band satellite imagery provided by the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. At continental to hemispheric scales we find improvements over AMIP-1 models, including the elimination of temporal and spatial biases in simulations of the seasonal cycle of SCA, as well as improved simulations of the magnitude of interannual variability. At regional spatial scales, while no consistent model biases are identified over North America, regions over Eurasia are identified where models consistently either underestimate or overestimate SCA at the southern boundary of the seasonal snowpack. The region of greatest model bias is eastern Asia. While SCA biases are associated with temperature and precipitation biases, over only one region do we find a relationship between the magnitudes of SCA biases and the magnitudes of temperature and/or precipitation biases."
"7201438267;7004083431;6603790177;7202826061;7005414845;7005611633;7102860121;7202355443;6506945302;7006484732;7103084042;57193771284;57205663797;55732071400;7102305164;57147463800;7202553554;7407180099;6602946476;13409343200;","Instrument of Grace: GPS augments gravity measurements",2003,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0037330444&partnerID=40&md5=8c826ae56d4e2966add74ddf8cc99542","Using GPS timing to calibrate a microwave ranging system, the GRACE twins will improve knowledge of the Earth's geoid height from the current meter level to the centimeter level. In doing so, the system determines the 200-kilometer separation between the two orbiting satellites to the width of a human blood cell. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission uses high-precision GPS measurements, micron-level inter-satellite links, precision accelerometers, and accurate star cameras to produce gravity field maps of the Earth that are orders of magnitude more precise than current state-of-the-art. GRACE will also measure temporal variations in the Earth's gravity field over a 5-year period. If the mission meets all of its goals, the knowledge of the gravitational field will be improved by a factor of well over 100, and changes in the field will be determined on a monthly basis. The improvement in the static (time-independent) gravity field will effectively eliminate the uncertainty in the height of the equipotential reference surface (referred to as the ""geoid""), which is the largest error source for existing ocean altimetry missions such as TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1. Beyond the static field, the time-varying gravity measurements have a huge potential to constrain mass motions in the ocean, cryosphere, and hydrosphere that are important to understanding the Earth's climate. Ultimately, the powerful combination of altimetry data over the ocean and ice sheets (for example from ICESat) and the time-varying gravity information from GRACE will have enormous impact on our understanding of climate change on Earth. This article describes the design and on-orbit performance of the twin satellites' Instrument Processing Unit (IPU) that integrates most of the critical science functions required to perform the gravity science and atmospheric radio occulation tasks. The GPS ground data processing system is one of the key technologies enabling the micron-level inter-satellite link. We'll discuss the requirements and design of the IPU subsystems - GPS, 24/32 GHz-crosslink transceiver, star camera, accelerometer, and ultra-stable oscillator - along with the approach to ground testing, and results with data collected in Earth orbit during the first few months of the mission. Data validation includes GPS residuals, orbit overlaps, the K/Kaband ranging, and satellite laser ranging."
"6603230981;7006749626;6603285333;","CryoSat science report",2003,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0038339989&partnerID=40&md5=868453868e478b7fe001991903426d01","In 1998, Cryostat was endorsed as the first Opportunity Mission. Subsequently in 1999, the recommendation was approved by the Earth Observation Program Board meeting, which triggered two competitive feasibility and concept (Phase-A) studies. After the selection and consolidation of a single technical design concept, the mission was the subject of a second scientific peer review in 2000 that reconfirmed the feasibility and the importance of the scientific objectives of this mission. The concept and technical design for the space segment was consolidated during the last 2 years. The consolidation process did not compromise the original scientific arguments outlined in the proposal from 1999."
"56033135100;","Palaeoclimate studies at the millennium the role of the coupled system",2002,"10.1016/S0074-6142(02)80175-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77956739971&doi=10.1016%2fS0074-6142%2802%2980175-9&partnerID=40&md5=3cf1565305e78b3491608aa392617464","The study of past climates represents an important test of our understanding of the processes of climate change, and as a test of the climate models used to predict future climate change. In this chapter, we will review the current state of knowledge of this subject, and discuss the exciting opportunities in the next decade. In particular, the past decade of research has shown us that a clear understanding of climate change requires models which include the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere and biosphere. Such models have now been developed and need to be thoroughly tested against the geological record. The results will help us evaluate our confidence in the future climate predictions, and will allow us to address fundamental questions about earth history. The next decade of research promises to be an exciting and important time for palaeoclimate studies. © 2002 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved."
"7005126685;","Ellesmere Island ice shelves and ice islands",2002,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-32644458828&partnerID=40&md5=32a1da73bca79ba530f3bc384075b2ed","Within fjords along the northwest coast of Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, are several types of ice shelves. Three types have been recognized: sea ice, such as the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf; glacier, such as the Milne Ice Shelf; and composite, such as the Alfred Ernest Ice Shelf. Ice plugs, such as the Nansen Ice Plug, which are composed of multiyear landfast sea ice, and ice shelves are the source of ice islands, such as Hobson's Choice ice island, that drift around the Arctic Ocean. Satellite images are used to characterize the types of ice shelves, ice plugs, and ice islands. Because of winter darkness and persistent summer cloud cover, satellite synthetic aperture radar is the preferred source of image data to identify the changes in, map the areal extent of, and establish a baseline for ice shelves. Ellesmere Island ice shelves have existed since the middle Holocene Epoch and were more extensive in the past. The warming interval during the 20th century has caused a marked reduction in their areal extent. Ice islands are another element of the cryosphere that can be monitored by the use of satellite imagery and can serve as an indicator of climatic amelioration."
"7402295321;7004259223;","Trends and fluctuations in the dates of ice break-up of lakes and rivers in Northern Europe: The effect of the North Atlantic Oscillation",2002,"10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00161-0","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036844395&doi=10.1016%2fS0022-1694%2802%2900161-0&partnerID=40&md5=cb5607178b5fc68e3401ac78b452d84c","The existence of an ice cover has important effects on the streamflow conditions as well as on the heat transfer between water bodies and the overlying atmosphere. This paper investigates the effects of climate variability on the termination of the ice season in the Baltic region. In particular, trends and fluctuations observed in the cryophenological records from this region are analyzed in detail, searching for possible connections with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The NAO seems to affect mostly the late-winter temperature (January-March) with a significant impact also on the mid-spring (April-May) period, when the air temperature is strongly correlated to the ice dates. A regional analysis shows the existence in the series of winter temperature (JFM) of the same fluctuations as the winter NAO. The same components can be found in the cryophenological records and (partly) in the series of spring temperature. Nevertheless, both ice phenology and spring temperature show the existence of a very well defined trend that is not detectable in the series of winter NAO at time scales of a century or longer. This leads to the conclusion that winter NAO has still a weak, though significant, effect on the regime of spring temperature in the Baltic region and explains the most significant fluctuating components embedded in the cryophenological records. However it is argued that other climatic forcings, related to CO2-induced regional and global warming, acting at the end of the ice season, are able to induce pronounced trends in the regime of spring temperature and have an important impact on the cryosphere leading to the earlier occurrence of ice break-up observed in the last several decades. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved."
"7202840464;","The Role of Snow and Ice in the Global Climate System: A Review",2002,"10.1080/789610195","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0042267859&doi=10.1080%2f789610195&partnerID=40&md5=42b1dde47f8b994a2d97947bf77d1903","Global snow and ice cover (the “cryosphere”) plays a major role in global climate and hydrology through a range of complex interactions and feedbacks, the best known of which is the ice-albedo feedback. Snow and ice cover undergo marked seasonal and long-term changes in extent and thickness. In the Proterozoic era, for example, a long-lived “snowball” Earth has been proposed, while in the Pleistocene epoch, glacial and interglacial intervals alternated in a quasi-periodic manner, but with a smaller spatial extent. The perennial elements of the cryosphere—the major ice sheets and permafrost—play a role in present-day regional and local climate and hydrology, but the large seasonal variations in snow cover and sea ice are of importance on continental to hemispheric scales. The characteristics of these variations, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, and evidence for recent trends in snow and ice extent are discussed. The relative roles of natural variability in the climate-system forcing of such trends, versus possible anthropogenic influences, cannot yet be confidently separated. However, continued careful monitoring and assessment of the likely causes and their possible consequences of such changes is clearly a vital task for scientists studying climate-cryosphere processes. The World Climate Research Programme has recently established a new project focusing on Climate and the Cryosphere (CliC) that seeks to understand the role of the cryosphere in the climate system. © 2002 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC."
"6701394069;6603239704;35570587400;7405420217;","Continental heat gain in the global climate system",2002,"10.1029/2001GL014310","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0037092251&doi=10.1029%2f2001GL014310&partnerID=40&md5=8c5e7de91c791d0ea0952a96308ddf9d","Recent estimates have shown the heat gained by the ocean, atmosphere, and cryosphere as 18.2 · 1022 J, 6.6 · 1021 J, and 8.1 · 1021 J, respectively over the past half-century. However, the heat gain of the lithosphere via a heat flux across the solid surface of the continents (29% of the Earth's surface) has not been addressed. Here we calculate that component of Earth's changing energy budget, using ground-surface temperature reconstructions for the continents. In the last half-century there was an average flux of 39.1 mW m-2 across the land surface into the subsurface, leading to 9.1 · 1021 J absorbed by the ground. The heat inputs during the last half-century into all the major components of the climate system - atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, lithosphere-reinforce the conclusion that the warming during the interval has been global. Copyright 2002 by the American Geophysical Union."
"7005561589;","The recent trend and variance increase of the annular mode",2002,"10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0088:trtavi>2.0.co;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036464981&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0442%282002%29015%3c0088%3atrtavi%3e2.0.co%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=5ec6d7e5e62873994478f4877d06e71c","This study examines whether both the trend and the increase in variance of the Northern Hemisphere winter annular mode during the past 30 years arise from atmospheric internal variability. To address this question, a synthetic time series is generated that has the same intraseasonal stochastic properties as the annular mode. By generating a distribution of linear trend values for the synthetic time series, and through a chi-square statistical analysis, it is shown that this trend and variance increase are well in excess of the level expected from internal variability of the atmosphere. This implies that both the trend and the variance increase of the annular mode are due either to coupling with the hydrosphere and/or cryosphere or to driving external to the climate system. This behavior contrasts that of the first 60 years of the twentieth century, for which it is shown that all of the interannual variability of the annular mode can be explained by atmospheric internal variability."
"7005187398;7004321206;","Technological concepts for modelling, monitoring and mapping the terrestrial cryosphere on continental to global scale",2002,"10.1080/002919502760056503","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036064658&doi=10.1080%2f002919502760056503&partnerID=40&md5=129b829cf0f3def44c5636986eb23140","This paper focuses on modelling, monitoring and mapping concepts on a continental to global scale, using geo-referenced data from the errestrial cryosphere as an example. The discussion takes a technological approach, showing how geographical information technology (GIT) and computer science can be used by scientists to improve the analysing capabilities of Earth observations from these often remote polar and mountainous areas. Huge amounts of geo-referenced measurements with relevance to the terrestrial cryosphere are presently available to the scientific community and the general public. This is a mixture of in situ and remote-sensing measurements, derived products and model results. The amount of data will probably increase exponentially in the future, particularly remote-sensing data. Making global analysis, including all available cryospheric variables, will require a common technological platform with the required data structures and analysing capabilities. A system of networked databases is one solution to the problem. The technology is available, but implementation of such a system will require a greater emphasis on GIT and data integration in the design of observation and analysis systems for the terrestrial cryosphere. Such an integrated approach will probably increase the capabilities of detecting climatic change, e.g. by applying advanced time-space statistical analysis. Results of climate models could also be integrated on a common platform along with geospatial measurements and different derived products."
"7005578774;8225183400;55195558400;","The need for a systems approach to climate observations",2002,"10.1175/bams-83-11-1593","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036872425&doi=10.1175%2fbams-83-11-1593&partnerID=40&md5=5e1bd2bcc37792f11398c61963622b85","There is compelling evidence that the climate is changing, for whatever reason. We discuss the degree, nature, and cause of the climate variations and whether there is in fact a change, but the only way to resolve the issue is with solid information. This requires improved global observations of the state variables and the variables causing change (the forcings), the means to process these and understand them, and the ability to set them in a coherent physical (as welt as chemical and biological) framework with models for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. Meanwhile, the information that helps settle these arguments and reduces uncertainties is also extremely valuable for many other purposes, including a myriad of practical applications for business, industry, government, and the general public. The following is a list of strategic requirements necessary for a comprehensive climate observing system: • Climate observations from both space-based and in sim platforms are taken in ways that address climate needs and adhere to the 10 principles outlined by the NRC. The international framework for sharing data is vital. • A global telecommunications and satellite ground systems network and satellite data telemetry capacity to enable data and products from all observing platforms to be disseminated. • A climate observations analysis and tracking capability that produces global and regional analyses of various products for the atmosphere, oceans, land surface and hydrology, and the cryosphere. • Four-dimensional data assimilation and reanalysis capabilities that process the multivariate data in a physically consistent framework to enable production of the analyses, not just for the atmosphere, but also for the oceans, land surface, and cryosphere. • Global climate models that encompass all parts of the climate system and that are utilized in data assimilation and in making ensemble predictions originating from the initial observed state. • A climate observation oversight and observing system monitoring capability that tracks the performance of the observations, the gathering of the data, and the processing systems. This must also include the resources and influence to fix problems and the capability to communicate climate requirements when observational systems are being discussed and established, such as for weather purposes or in establishing requirements for instruments on satellites. Although much has been learned about climate from past and present observing systems, we do not have an adequate climate observing system at present. Instead, we make do with an eclectic mix of observations mostly taken for other purposes. Nor are they adequately synthesized. Hence, in addition to making new observations, there is a strong rationale for building the system, and incorporating the management principles described here."
"7004405882;6701689394;","Global-scale environmental transport of persistent organic pollutants",2001,"10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00004-2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034793004&doi=10.1016%2fS0045-6535%2801%2900004-2&partnerID=40&md5=6307a816eb925daae1f755af16e025bd","In order to realistically simulate both chemistry and transport of atmospheric organic pollutants, it is indispensable that the applied models explicitly include coupling between different components of the global environment such as atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere and soil system. A model with such properties is presented. The atmospheric part of the model is based on the equations in a general contravariant form which permits easy changes of the coordinate system by redefining the metric tensor of a specifically employed coordinate system. Considering a need to include explicitly the terrain effects, the terrain following spherical coordinate system is chosen from among many possible coordinate systems. This particular system is a combination of the Gal-Chen coordinates, commonly employed in mesoscale meteorological models, and the spherical coordinates, typical for global atmospheric models. In addition to atmospheric transport, the model also simulates the exchange between air and different types of underlying surfaces such as water, soil, snow, and ice. This approach permits a realistic representation of absorption and delayed re-emission of pollutants from the surface to the atmosphere and, consequently, allows to capture hysteresis-like effects of the exchange between the atmosphere and the other components of the system. In this model, the most comprehensive numerical representation of the exchange is that for soil. In particular, the model includes a realistic soil module which simulates both diffusion and convection of a tracer driven by evaporation from the soil, precipitation, and gravity. The model is applied to a long-term simulation of the transport of pesticides (hexachlorocyclohexanes in particular). Emission fluxes from the soil are rigorously computed on the basis of the realistic data of the agricultural application. All four modelled systems, i.e. atmosphere, soil, hydrosphere and cryosphere, are driven by objectively analysed meteorological data supplemented, when necessary, by climatological information. Therefore, the verification against the observed data is possible. The comparison of the model results and the observations taken at remote stations in the Arctic indicates that the presented global modelling system is able to capture both trends and short-term components in the observed time series of the concentrations, and therefore, provides a useful tool for the evaluation of the sourcereceptor relationships. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved."
"56055414300;6504353994;","Evidence and cause of climate cycles in polar motion",2001,"10.1007/s001900000138","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035091563&doi=10.1007%2fs001900000138&partnerID=40&md5=6a5eb4c9977fd1a3087b3ac8e9d76785","The long-term variation of polar motion contains a number of periods similar to climate cycles. Two possible causes for these long-term variations are mass redistributions produced by variations of atmospheric and oceanic circulation, and mass exchanges between the cryosphere and hydrosphere. Inner-core wobble, which can be inferred from the observed motion of the geomagnetic pole, is another phenomenon with periods similar to climate cycles. Only observations relating to mass redistributions caused by atmosphere dynamics and inner-core wobble are available for sufficiently long periods of time to investigate their influence on climate cycles in polar motion. Both processes contribute to climate cycles in polar motion, but they cannot completely explain these cycles. Possible sources of climate cycles are discussed."
"57190915526;6507045074;6506908555;57193818436;57193816969;57193817462;24366859900;36841059700;57193814187;","A new pollen record of the last 2.8 Ma from the Co Ngoin, Central Tibetan Plateau",2001,"10.1007/bf02911999","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035726709&doi=10.1007%2fbf02911999&partnerID=40&md5=5da79ce7ebb05a80271b1b207d324351","A new pollen record from the lake of Co Ngoin in the central Tibetan Plateau provides information on the vegetation and climate changes during the last 2.8 Ma. Seven major significant changes in pollen associations indicate the processes of vegetation change and possible tectonic uplifts. The seven changes in vegetation succession include a temperate montane conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest, cold temperate montane dark conifer forest, alpine shrub-meadow and alpine desert, montane dark coniferous forest and alpine shrub meadow, montane dark coniferous forest and alpine shrub meadow, montane dark coniferous forest and alpine meadow, and alpine desert and meadow. The pollen record provides the evidence of at least five times tectonic uplifts occurring at about 2.58 Ma, 1.87 Ma, 1.17 Ma, 0.83 Ma, and 0.3 Ma ago, respectively. Before 0.8 Ma, this region maintained the altitude below 4000 m a.s.l. Larger amplitude of uplift occurring at about 0.8 Ma ago enforced the plateau rising into cryosphere, shaping the basic topographic pattern of modern plateau. The major successions in vegetation of this area were largely controlled by stepwise uplift of the Tibetan Plateau."
"6603721225;7003591250;","Elevated marine terraces from Eleuthera (Bahamas) and Bermuda: Sedimentological, petrographic and geochronological evidence for important deglaciation events during the middle Pleistocene",2000,"10.1016/S0921-8181(99)00068-5","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034057981&doi=10.1016%2fS0921-8181%2899%2900068-5&partnerID=40&md5=fd3e25e85a427025ba1177144cef7146","Sedimentological, petrographic and geochronological (uranium series and amino acid racemization dating) study of middle Pleistocene deposits from the archipelagos of Bermuda and The Bahamas revealed the occurrence of marine terraces of possible stage 11 age at + 2, + 7 and over 20 m above mean sea level. Considering the tectonic stability of the investigated regions, these elevated deposits likely correspond to three discrete, higher than present sea levels during this time period, which is regarded by many as the warmest interglacial of the late Quaternary. It follows that warmer than present climatic conditions might profoundly modify water distribution between the cryosphere and the oceans. The punctuated nature of our stratigraphy further suggests that future deglaciation might not be a smooth process, but could be marked by rapid ice-sheet breakdown leading to abrupt, meter-scale sea-level rises. Given the long period of warm climate and stable sea level of the past few thousands of years and CO2 loading of the atmosphere, the probability of a rapid eustatic rise must be seriously considered. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V."
"7403073372;7401862683;7406073897;","Chinese geocryology at the turn of the twentieth century",2000,"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1530(200001/03)11:1<23::AID-PPP336>3.0.CO;2-7","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034024550&doi=10.1002%2f%28SICI%291099-1530%28200001%2f03%2911%3a1%3c23%3a%3aAID-PPP336%3e3.0.CO%3b2-7&partnerID=40&md5=8a244426a9d93e680c25ad8cfddb2bae","During the past four decades, progress in geocryology in China has gone from zero to an advanced stage. Currently, the interactions between the cryosphere and climate are of great concern. Studies on the water resources of cold regions, and cold regions engineering under a warming climate, are critically important to sustainable development of China's regional economy and its ecosystems. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd."
"55916149100;55991851900;7003823107;7007051716;7004372110;6602547260;7004683223;","CLIMBER-2: A climate system model of intermediate complexity. Part I: Model description and performance for present climate",2000,"10.1007/PL00007919","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033957109&doi=10.1007%2fPL00007919&partnerID=40&md5=3bbc6967c56a5b8867d31332550794fe","A 2.5-dimensional climate system model of intermediate complexity CLIMBER-2 and its performance for present climate conditions are presented. The model consists of modules describing atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, land surface processes, terrestrial vegetation cover, and global carbon cycle. The modules interact through the fluxes of momentum, energy, water and carbon. The model has a coarse spatial resolution, nevertheless capturing the major features of the Earth's geography. The model describes temporal variability of the system on seasonal and longer time scales. Due to the fact that the model does not employ flux adjustments and has a fast turnaround time, it can be used to study climates significantly different from the present one and to perform long-term (multimillennia) simulations. The comparison of the model results with present climate data show that the model successfully describes the seasonal variability of a large set of characteristics of the climate system, including radiative balance, temperature, precipitation, ocean circulation and cryosphere."
"26643081200;7201620951;7004221658;57205555576;","The soil moisture and ocean salinity mission - SMOS",2000,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033665110&partnerID=40&md5=10e57da02490bf87342e398a360cbe75","Following the scientific advice of the Earth Science Advisory Committee late May 1999, the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity Mission (SMOS) was selected for implementation as the second Earth Explorer Opportunity mission. SMOS has broad and ambitious scientific objectives based on innovative and proved concepts. It will exploit an L-band 2-D interferometer to observe and monitor two crucial variables of the Earth climate system: Soil moisture over land and ocean salinity over oceans. Significant advances in the research fields of the cryosphere are also expected. It is the scope of this article to outline the mission objectives and the derived scientific and mission requirements of the SMOS mission planned for launch in 2005."
"6701428730;6603555144;6701331858;7003979342;","The role of ocean dynamics for low-frequency fluctuations of the NAO in a coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM",2000,"10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<2536:TROODF>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034233175&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0442%282000%29013%3c2536%3aTROODF%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=c2b4c41adb5450b4315d50cb76850f9d","Variability at all timescales, including low-frequency variability, is found in the North Atlantic sector in a 300-yr control integration of the coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model (CGCM) ECHAM4/OPYC3. The atmospheric variability is dominated by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Only rather weak spectral peaks are superimposed on the 'white noise' power spectrum of sea level pressure and on the essentially 'red noise' spectrum of SST in highly active regions. Replacing the full ocean model with a 50-m fixed-depth mixed layer ocean (MLO) and coupling it to the atmosphere yields qualitatively and quantitatively very similar power spectra of the NAO index. Net surface heat fluxes, describing the coupling between the ocean and the atmosphere for the long-term variations (> 10 yr) of the NAO are much weaker in the MLO model, but show general agreement in both simulations regarding spatial distributions. This spatial agreement with respect to NAO variability occurs even though the associated SST anomaly pattern in the CGCM is shifted northward by about 10°relative to its position in the run without the dynamical ocean. This fact is mainly attributed to advection in the full ocean model. There is evidence for the existence of ocean-cryosphere-atmosphere coupling in the CGCM. From the fact that we found only weak spectral peaks it appears that the role of a fully coupled ocean with respect to long-term NAO variability is limited to a shift in SST variability and to moderate increase of the atmosphere's long-term variability over most part of the domain. In view of the subordinate relevance of ocean-atmosphere coupling for the NAO it is suggested that the CGCM presented in this study mainly follows the stochastic climate model concept, that is, the ocean integrates over the chaotic forcing imposed by the atmosphere, leaving the NAO rather unpredictable on decadal and longer timescales.Variability at all timescales, including low-frequency variability, is found in the North Atlantic sector in a 300-yr control integration of the coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model (CGCM) ECHAM4/OPYC3. The atmospheric variability is dominated by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Only rather weak spectral peaks are superimposed on the 'white noise' power spectrum of sea level pressure and on the essentially 'red noise' spectrum of SST in highly active regions. Replacing the full ocean model with a 50-m fixed-depth mixed layer ocean (MLO) and coupling it to the atmosphere yields qualitatively and quantitatively very similar power spectra of the NAO index. Net surface heat fluxes, describing the coupling between the ocean and the atmosphere for the long-term variations (> 10 yr) of the NAO are much weaker in the MLO model, but show general agreement in both simulations regarding spatial distributions. This spatial agreement with respect to NAO variability occurs even though the associated SST anomaly pattern in the CGCM is shifted northward by about 10° relative to its position in the run without the dynamical ocean. This fact is mainly attributed to advection in the full ocean model. There is evidence for the existence of ocean-cryosphere-atmosphere coupling in the CGCM. From the fact that we found only weak spectral peaks it appears that the role of a fully coupled ocean with respect to long-term NAO variability is limited to a shift in SST variability and to a moderate increase of the atmosphere's long-term variability over most part of the domain. In view of the subordinate relevance of ocean-atmosphere coupling for the NAO it is suggested that the CGCM presented in this study mainly follows the stochastic climate model concept, that is, the ocean integrates over the chaotic forcing imposed by the atmosphere, leaving the NAO rather unpredictable on decadal and longer timescales."
"7006247122;6603922281;","The science and research elements of the Living Planet Programme",1999,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033386486&partnerID=40&md5=b25c71934e4c6620bfef15d373ad6531","The previous introductory article (Bonnet et.al.) outlines the strategy underlying the Agency's Living Planet Programme. Here and in the following four articles the science and research elements of this programme are described. This part of the programme reflects the need to respond to increasing public concern about the Earth, its environment and mankind's impact upon it. (Fig. 2) Global threats such as climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, tropospheric pollution and more recent regional events such as the very intense El Nino, the fires in S.E. Asia and the floods in Middle Europe, have left the public more concerned than ever about the need both to monitor and understand what is going on in the Earth's environment. All aspects of the Earth system are involved i.e. atmosphere, land, cryosphere and oceans, as well as the coupling between these various compartments. However, there are many aspects of the Earth System (Fig. 3) that are still not understood. There thus remains a need for a world wide scientific research effort to improve our understanding of fundamental processes, in which Europe must take its part. Regional as well as global processes, short as well as long-term issues, are involved and in most cases all these spatial and temporal scales are strongly interrelated. To address these issues the provision of data and their integration into appropriate models of the Earth System are of paramount importance. Here Earth Observation from space has a crucial role to play as it can provide the globally coherent datasets which are an essential complement to ground, balloon and aircraft-based measurements of geophysical systems. European programmes at national or Europe-wide level, such as Meteosat, Spot, Topex/Poseidon, ERS-1 and ERS-2, have established Europe in a world-ranking position in Earth Observation, both in scientific and industrial capability. Envisat will provide new capabilities to monitor atmospheric composition and chemistry as well as providing continuity and improvement upon the ocean, coastal zone and land cover monitoring capabilities of the ERS satellites. This means that future Earth Observation programmes in Europe can build on a strong European heritage."
"35432508100;6701752551;7202586575;6601979796;7006650174;7202760908;14219076000;6507290735;56051829400;7801579267;6505704190;36857503000;36469080400;","Documentary evidence on climate in sixteenth-century Europe",1999,"10.1023/A:1005540707792","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0345412073&doi=10.1023%2fA%3a1005540707792&partnerID=40&md5=ba0d13b92fe3fa20039cc6ba417c6cd4","The known documentary climatic evidence from six European countries - Switzerland, Germany, the Czech Republic, ancient Hungary, Italy and Spain - is presented and classified in this article and then further analyzed in subsequent papers included in this volume. The sixteenth century witnessed an increase in the number and variety of sources in Switzerland, Germany and the Czech Republic as well as in the western and northern parts of ancient Hungary (present Slovakia). In northern Italy, the relevant sources are more abundant and widespread than in central Europe, but they have hardly been explored. Town chronicles written by members of the literate elite comprise the basic type of evidence in central Europe (including northern Italy and Hungary). This kind of source reports exceptional climatic events (e.g. anomalies and natural disasters) along with their impact on the environment and on society. Documentary data are the only evidence known to exist for reconstructing time series of natural disasters prior to the twentieth century. In order to document the extreme character of an event, chroniclers frequently referred to features in the cryosphere, biosphere or hydrosphere that were known to be more accurate yardsticks of temperature and precipitation patterns than subjective impressions. When records of such events are compiled with the description of some of the known effects, the results can be transformed into a severity index. Whereas chroniclers usually focused upon extreme events, long, continuous and seemingly homogeneous series of different kinds of proxy data are drawn from administrative records. Most of them are connected to the timing of certain kinds of agricultural work (hay-making, beginning of grain harvest or vintage) or to the amount and quality of agricultural production (per hectare yield of vineyards, sugar content of wine, etc.). In most cases the timing of these works was found to be directly related to temperature patterns over the preceding months and weeks. All the Iberian peninsula towns, which had an institutionalized municipal authority, have preserved documents generated from the late Middle Ages. These records frequently contain references to floods and meteorological anomalies such as droughts and long wet spells. They also include mention of the system of rogations, those religious rites performed in a standardized way within the Spanish world with a view to putting an end to an alleged meteorological stress. The data for Switzerland, Hungary and Spain as well as much of the data for Germany are stored in the EURO-CLIMHIST database set up at the Institute of History at the University of Bern. At present, EURO-CLIMHIST comprises some 600,000 data for the period from AD 750 to the beginning of the period of instrumental networks. About 120,000 records for Germany are currently stored in a data bank called HISKLID located at the Department of Geography of the University of Wurzburg. The database for the Czech Republic includes records for the time-span AD 975-1900 and is housed with the Department of Geography of Masaryk University in Brno. Data on Italy were collected with different purposes and are stored in two data banks, the CNR-ICTIMA (climatic data and natural disasters) and the SGA (extreme events)."
"7401433183;7410065107;7005848708;","Rock magnetic and grain size evidence for intensified Asian atmospheric circulation since 800,000 years B.P. related to Tibetan uplift",1999,"10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00259-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033555191&doi=10.1016%2fS0012-821X%2898%2900259-3&partnerID=40&md5=458311ba290d555c99d2c625661391f8","Paleomagnetic, rock magnetic, and grain size studies of a thick loess sequence in the West Qin Ling (mountain range) show that loess deposition there began about 800 ka. The data reveal a progressively increasing coarse grain size fraction upwards into the Holocene. The averages of these coarse size fractions are higher than in the central Loess Plateau, which was apparently farther from the source area, and slightly lower than those of the western Loess Plateau and the eastern Tibetan Plateau, which were therefore closer to the source area. The coarsening and source area location suggest (1) that Asian air circulation may have changed and intensified at about 800 ka resulting in dust deposition in West Qin Ling; (2) that dust-carrying winds were driven not only by the Asian winter monsoon, but included also the westerlies and a winter monsoon caused by the Tibetan Plateau High, and (3) that intensification of all these air circulation systems continues to the present. Increased elevation of the Tibetan Plateau so that it reached into the cryosphere by about 800 ka and a subsequent persistent uplift of the plateau may have been the mechanisms to trigger a change and intensify the air circulation system. Moreover, this circulation shift and intensification, simultaneous with a shift in Milankovitch periodicity, may have contributed to large global climate changes such as the 15% increase in global ice volume at ca. 800 ka."
"7003756172;55738125200;57195993081;7003726500;57195992785;7005630332;57195255944;","CRYSYS - Use of the Cryospheric System to Monitor Global Change in Canada: Overview and Progress",1999,"10.1080/07038992.1999.10855258","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0000091914&doi=10.1080%2f07038992.1999.10855258&partnerID=40&md5=c280a0ce4c55824ae9e599f2fa410477","The cryosphere (snow, sea ice, freshwater ice, glaciers, ice caps and frozen ground), something to which all Canadians can relate, serves as an important indicator of climate change and variability. CRYSYS - “Use of the Cryospheric System to Monitor Global Change in Canada” - is a Canadian government and university contribution to NASA's Earth Observing System which utilizes remote sensing, modelling, field studies and data integration to provide improved capabilities to monitor the state of the cryosphere, and greater understanding of processes and variability. This paper provides an overview of the CRYSYS scientific strategy, highlights key results, summarizes some of the product development and discusses how the team's work is contributing to education and policy. © 1999, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved."
"6602343128;7005713578;7003582934;","Biotic response to late Quaternary rapid climate switches in Santa Barbara Basin: Ecological and evolutionary implications",1999,"10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0063:BRTLQR>2.3.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84874969403&doi=10.1130%2f0091-7613%281999%29027%3c0063%3aBRTLQR%3e2.3.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=57cc5325a293b70cef5447e0330f2174","Benthic foraminiferal assemblages from Santa Barbara Basin exhibit major faunal and ecological switches associated with late Quaternary millennial- to decadal-scale global climate oscillations. Repeated turnovers of entire faunas occurred rapidly (<40-400yr) without extinction or speciation in conjunction with Dansgaard-Oeschger shifts in thermohaline circulation, ventilation, and climate, confirming evolutionary model predictions of Roy et al. Consistent faunal successions of dysoxic taxa during successive interstadials reflect the extreme sensitivity and adaptation of the benthic ecosystem to the rapid environmental changes that marked the late Quaternary and possibly other transitional intervals in the history of the Earth's ocean-atmosphere-cryosphere system. These data support the hypothesis that broad segments of the biosphere are well adapted to rapid climate change."
"57069855800;57201772099;7006408696;","Self-sustained temperature oscillations on daisyworld",1999,"10.3402/tellusb.v51i4.16488","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033386803&doi=10.3402%2ftellusb.v51i4.16488&partnerID=40&md5=31dc0c275fcbdc6f8a5032a027e2ff84","The daisyworld model of Watson and Lovelock demonstrated that a simple biological feedback system involving coupling between black and white daisies and their physical environment can stabilize planetary temperature over a wide range of solar luminosity. Here, we show that the addition of a differential equation for temperature to the original daisyworld model leads to periodic oscillations in temperature about a homeostatic mean. These oscillations, in which the model alternates between dominance by either black or white daisies, arise from the internal dynamics of the system rather than from external forcing. An important criterion for the oscillations to occur is that solar luminosity be within the range in which both daisy species are viable. A second important criterion is that the ratio of the timescales for daisy population turnover and climate system thermal response be bounded. While internally driven oscillations are well known in predator-prey biological models and in coupled ocean energy balance-cryosphere models, the present study shows that such oscillations also can arise in a model of the biosphere coupled to its physical environment. The potential significance of this result to planet Earth and the science of geophysiology is discussed."
"6602404019;","Physical principles of climate mathematical modelling",1998,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-29344445241&partnerID=40&md5=16860016547dbdd1f5e9dd264e5c9f66","Climate is a composite system consisting of five major interactive adjoint components: the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the oceanosphere, the cryosphere, the lithosphere and the biosphere. In the paper the nature, state and variability of the climate system are described briefly. Of particular importance in open systems such as components of the climatic system is feedback. Feedback mechanisms act as internal controls of the system and result from a special adjustment among two or more subsystems. The meteorological, oceanic and glacial records show considerable variability on all time scales. Starting from chosen elements of the observed main state of the atmosphere (air temperature, atmospheric circulation, precipitation and evaporation) interannual and interdecadal variability in the climate system is briefly described. Such natural phenomena as quasibiennial oscillations (QBO) in the stratosphere, the El Niño - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the tropics and regional teleconnections such as the North Atlantic Oscillation are examples of such variability. The climate of the earth has undergone large changes in the past, is changing now and will change in the future. External factors (solar radiation, absorbing gases in the atmosphere, ice cover) and the thermodynamic quantities that characterize the climate (temperature, density, velocity, moisture content, salinity) are all interrelated through a set of physical laws expressed by various equations based on the general principles of conservation of mass, momentum and energy. The set of coupled partial differential equations can be solved subject to knowledge of the solar radiation input and other specified boundary and initial conditions that define the instantaneous state of a climate system. Mathematical models provide a new way to not only understand the climate's behaviour, but also to explore the possibility of future climate developments being predicted."
"8906055900;6701738452;","On the representation of the Southern Ocean water masses in an ocean climate model",1998,"10.1029/98JC02413","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-16744368781&doi=10.1029%2f98JC02413&partnerID=40&md5=62acac5e086cb526e76e316e33522960","In global ocean general circulation models used for climate studies, the simulated global deep ocean temperature and salinity generally appear to be lower than that observed. This may be due to an insufficient representation of the cryosphere in such models because the deep ocean thermohaline properties are strongly determined by high-latitude surface conditions. In this study, it is our aim to arrive at an improved simulation of polar water mass characteristics and distribution in the framework of an ocean climate model. As a step toward identifying the critical factors influencing the high-latitude water masses, in particular those of the Southern Ocean, we have proceeded a series of sensitivity experiments with a global sea ice-ocean model. Forcing Southern Ocean sea ice with daily instead of monthly fluctuating wind enhances brine release due to new-ice formation, which leads to a more pronounced core of Lower Circumpolar Deep Water (LCDW) in the Antarctic oceanic regime. Wider Antarctic shelf topography improves the distribution and thickness of sea ice, simultaneously providing a brine reservoir on the shelf, which is a crucial ingredient in the formation process of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). As a consequence, the salinity on the Antarctic shelf is increased with depth as observed. Intense southeasterly katabatic winds play a significant role in increasing the salinity, mainly off east Antarctica. It is suggested that modeled Southern Ocean water mass properties are highly sensitive to the large scale and regional forcing of Antarctic sea ice as well as the model representation of the shelf topography, the width of which is crucial to reproducing the first-order features of near-boundary convection. Copyright 1998 by the American Geophysical Union."
"57203199846;","Modes of variability as simulated by a global climate model",1998,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0345593712&partnerID=40&md5=40d6829d7e5370adfa7f8b8855c3a953","Climate variability is generated by a complex interplay of different components: the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the biosphere, the lithosphere and additionally by astronomical forcing. Each of the constituents is characterized by its own relevant physical processes and its individual range of time and space scales. Fig.1.1 illustrates schematically the variance spectrum of global surface temperatures as a function of period. It shows that climate variability on short time scales is dominated by atmospheric processes. Towards longer periods, the ocean, the cryosphere and the geosphere become more and more important. Apart from an overall red background the spectrum also exhibits pronounced variability peaks at different periods. External astronomical processes govern e.g the diurnal cycle, the annual cycle and the quaternary ice volume cycles. On the other hand there are internal resonances of the climate system, such as the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation or the El Nino-Southern Oscillation phenomenon. The focus of this thesis will be the investigation of internal climate oscillations, which are distinct from the background and which result primarily from atmosphere-ocean interactions. This thesis investigates climate variability on interannual to interdecadal time scales. On these time scales there is no significant feedback from the atmosphere-ocean system back to the much slower climate components. Thus, within the context of this thesis variations on centennial and longer time scales are treated as external forcing."
"7006837150;56243541900;6701806337;","Simulation of sea ice transport through Fram Strait: Natural variability and sensitivity to forcing",1998,"10.1029/97jc02472","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031776287&doi=10.1029%2f97jc02472&partnerID=40&md5=81ce7405710f4efcc26ee241d3236148","The interannual variability of the sea ice transport through Fram Strait is simulated with a dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice model. Forcing with daily varying wind fields for the 7-year period 1986-1992 causes a high variability of sea ice drift on timescales from days to years. Annual means of simulated ice transport through Fram Strait differ up to a factor of 2. Additional sensitivity studies investigate the response of sea ice transports to variations of the prescribed atmospheric and oceanic forcing. Wind speed, ocean current speed, air temperature, and precipitation rate are systematically varied over a wide range. The model predicts an almost linear relation of ice transport with wind speed and ocean current, a strong, nonlinear relation with air temperature, and a rather small sensitivity to changes in precipitation. The results show that the interannual variability of wind forcing causes considerable variations of sea ice export through Fram Strait. The fluxes of freshwater and negative latent heat associated with the sea ice transport can significantly affect the ocean circulation in the Greenland Sea and in the North Atlantic. This shows how variations of the ocean circulation are coupled to the variability of the atmosphere by the mechanism of sea ice advection. To adequately represent these important interactions in the coupled system atmosphere-cryosphere-ocean, both the dynamics and the thermodynamics of sea ice must be included in climate models."
"55916149100;55991851900;7003823107;7007051716;7004372110;6602547260;7004683223;","CLIMBER-2: a climate system model of intermediate complexity. Part I: model description and performance for present climate",1998,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031840697&partnerID=40&md5=04085a79070fb7d401d2a45fa18a7682","A 2.5-dimensional climate system model of intermediate complexity CLIMBER-2 and its performance for present climate conditions are presented. The model consists of modules describing atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, land surface processes, terrestrial vegetation cover, and global carbon cycle. The modules interact (on-line) through the fluxes of momentum, energy, water and carbon. The model has a coarse spatial resolution, allowing nevertheless to capture the major features of the Earth's geography. The model describes temporal variability of the system on seasonal and longer time scales. Due to the fact that the model does not employ any type of flux adjustment and has fast turnaround time, it can be used for study of climates significantly different from the present one and allows to perform long-term (multimillennia) simulations. The constraints for coupling the atmosphere and ocean without flux adjustment are discussed. The results of a model validation against present climate data show that the model successfully describes the seasonal variability of a large set of characteristics of the climate system, including radiative balance, temperature, precipitation, ocean circulation and cryosphere."
"6603295929;6602515302;","Simulations of the Northern Hemisphere through the last glacial-interglacial cycle with a vertically integrated and a three-dimensional thermomechanical ice-sheet model coupled to a climate model",1998,"10.3189/1998aog27-1-169-176","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032423535&doi=10.3189%2f1998aog27-1-169-176&partnerID=40&md5=b875cc48aea428670a1b4df5533a091d","We present simulations of the Northern Hemisphere land ice through the last glacial-interglacial cycle with a vertically integrated ice-sheet model and a three-dimensional thermomechanical ice-sheet model. Both models are coupled asynchronously to the zonally averaged Louvain-la-Neuve climate model, which includes simplified treatments of the atmosphere, ocean and sea ice. The two-dimensional vertically integrated ice-sheet model, which contains no thermomechanical coupling, was developed in spherical coordinates (Marsiat, 1994). The three-dimensional thermomechanical ice-sheet model was developed using the two-dimensional vertically integrated model as source. We compare results of the vertically integrated with those of the thermomechanical ice-sheet model. In the thermomechanical model the deformation properties of ice depend on the temperature within the ice and the enhancement factor; the latter is introduced to model, in a simplified approach, the different flow properties of Pleistocene and Holocene ice due to varying dust content. The computations with the thermomechanical model show that the growth and decay of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets can be modelled with a common enhancement factor for all ice sheets. It is shown that there are model set-ups for the thermomechanical model yielding temporal developments of the total ice volume comparable to those of the vertically integrated model. Furthermore, we demonstrate that for the coupled climate/cryosphere system the total ice volume depends considerably on the enhancement factor."
"23055198200;6508325895;","Depositional facies of late Pleistocene Heinrich events in the Labrador Sea",1998,"10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0103:DFOLPH>2.3.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031981299&doi=10.1130%2f0091-7613%281998%29026%3c0103%3aDFOLPH%3e2.3.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=6f79ab783d32f736d608d9a11b7f3047","Late Pleistocene Heinrich ice-rafting events produced layers rich in ice-rafted debris in major parts of the North Atlantic north of 40°N. A high detrital carbonate content points to the Hudson Strait outlet of the Laurentide ice sheet as a dominant source of the icebergs, Heinrich events were coupled with short-term climate fluctuations during the last and penultimate glaciations and provide evidence for cryosphere-hydrosphere-atmosphere interaction in Pleistocene climate change. An unsolved problem with Heinrich layers has been their high concentration of fine-grained detrital carbonate (>80% of the total detrital carbonate), which cannot have been delivered by icebergs alone. We propose combinations of different processes that deposited four sedimentologically different types of Heinrich layers: ice rafting alone for the coarser, sand- to gravel-sized fractions and the fine fractions in distal regions (type IV Heinrich layers), whereas nepheloid flows deposited the bulk of the fine sediment in regions proximal to the Hudson Strait (type I Heinrich layers). On the Labrador slope, turbidity currents spilling over from canyons were also involved in transporting the fine-grained carbonate-rich material, causing an alternation of mudturbidites and thin laminae of ice-rafted debris in type II Heinrich layers. On the levees of the Northwest Atlantic Mid-Ocean Channel, the thickness relationship is reversed: mud-turbidites deposited by occasional spillover of currents from the channel are thin and alternate with thicker laminae of ice-rafted debris (type III Heinrich layers)."
"37043715000;7202972418;","On the use of multi-year ice ERS-1 σo as a proxy indicator of melt period sea ice albedo",1998,"10.1080/014311698214523","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032552475&doi=10.1080%2f014311698214523&partnerID=40&md5=cb4752cbff72f3e6b43782e33fbed083","Sea ice albedo is a critical factor determining the overall energy balance of the ocean-sea ice-atmosphere interface (hereafter referred to as the marine cryosphere) and the seasonal processes of sea ice growth and decay. Small changes in sea ice albedo can affect regional and global climate through the existence of positive feedback loops such as those proposed by Budyko (Tellus, 21, 611-619, 1969). The sensitivity of Arctic regions to various climate change scenarios is largely due to the possibility of positive feedback effects between sea ice and surface albedo. Despite its importance, sea ice albedo has typically been parametrized in models as a simple function of temperature, latitude and ice type. Strong interannual variations in Arctic weather conditions necessitate improved parametrizations of surface albedo. Estimating surface albedo using remote sensing is a promising approach. In this paper we reveal strong relationships between ERS-1 sigma and albedo over multi-year ice. sigma is the average scattering coefficient which expresses the intensity of backscattered microwave energy per unit area received at the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) antenna. The relationship between sigma and albedo is especially strong during the early phases of the melt period. We test general linear models linking observed surface albedo to ERS-1 sigma for two transitional periods: winter to melt conditions; and melt conditions only. We find that change in ERS-1 scattering (Delta sigma) vs albedo during the melt period produces the optimal empirical model. This model is then used to map sea ice albedo over multi-temporal ERS-1 imagery acquired over the Canadian Arctic Archipelago during the spring of 1995. Classes of multi-year ice albedo are formed based on the confidence limits of the general linear model and are mapped according to the magnitude of Delta sigma in difference images generated from ERS-1 data. First-year ice and rubble ice are segmented from multi-year ice based on their Delta sigma. Firstyear ice albedo is calculated as a linear offset of multi-year ice albedo to account for the contrasting snow distribution over the two ice types. Thematic albedo images indicate that spatial variability in ice types and their respective snow covers is the dominant influence on albedo. © 1998 Taylor & Francis Ltd."
"7005211216;7006686129;7003951515;7003831999;6602855493;6603804687;6701786452;57117575300;7103294028;","The pursuit of isotopic and molecular fire tracers in the polar atmosphere and cryosphere",1998,"10.1017/s0033822200018269","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032453661&doi=10.1017%2fs0033822200018269&partnerID=40&md5=f5b48a49c42f6aa84bcd28278d009d38","We present an overview of recent multidisciplinary, multi-institutional efforts to identify and date major sources of combustion aerosol in the current and paleoatmospheres. The work was stimulated, in part, by an atmospheric particle 'sample of opportunity' collected at Summit, Greenland in August 1994, that bore the 14C imprint of biomass burning. During the summer field seasons of 1995 and 1996, we collected air filter, surface snow and snowpit samples to investigate chemical and isotopic evidence of combustion particles that had been transported from distant fires. Among the chemical tracers employed for source identification are organic acids, potassium and ammonium ions, and elemental and organic components of carbonaceous particles. Ion chromatography, performed by members of the Climate Change Research Center (University of New Hampshire), has been especially valuable in indicating periods at Summit that were likely to have been affected by the long range transport of biomass burning aerosol. Univariate and multivariate patterns of the ion concentrations in the snow and ice pinpointed surface and snowpit samples for the direct analysis of particulate (soot) carbon and carbon isotopes. The research at NIST is focusing on graphitic and polycyclic aromatic carbon, which serve as almost certain indicators of fire, and measurements of carbon isotopes, especially 14C, to distinguish fossil and biomass combustion sources. Complementing the chemical and isotopic record, are direct 'visual' (satellite imagery) records and less direct backtrajectory records, to indicate geographic source regions and transport paths. In this paper we illustrate the unique way in which the synthesis of the chemical, isotopic, satellite and trajectory data enhances our ability to develop the recent history of the formation and transport of soot deposited in the polar snow and ice."
"7007011098;","Swiss national research programme 31 (NRP 31): ""climate changes and natural disasters""",1997,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031429419&partnerID=40&md5=93e97683581cd7e05a94f623924d46af","The objective of the NRP 31 is the detailed study of the mechanisms and consequences of future climate changes in the Swiss environment, and the resulting interactions between climate, the water cycle, natural hazards, ecosystems and society. This programme should help improve our understanding of the response of the environment to abrupt short-term limatic events and to long-term climate changes, and provide answers to economic and political decision making. The emphasis of research will be on processes acting on the regional scale, especially in the Swiss Alps. Consequences of climate changes on the cryosphere and the hydrosphere are exposed, according to the announced evolution of the parameters temperature and precipitation. NRP 31 is an attempt to bring together specific projects in especially sensitive geographical test-zones, as representative as possible of Swiss conditions."
"7004992402;","The response of areal snow cover to climate change in a snowmelt-runoff model",1997,"10.1017/s0260305500014099","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031400277&doi=10.1017%2fs0260305500014099&partnerID=40&md5=03118245e4132ea2b3a84eee05ca5f12","The cryosphere is represented in some hydrological models by the areal extent of snow cover, a variable that has been operationally available in recent years through remote sensing. In particular, the snowmelt-runoff model (SRM) requires the remotely sensed snow-cover extent as a major input variable. The SRM is well-suited for simulating the hydrological response of a basin to hypothetical climate change because it is a non-calibrated model. In order to run the SRM in a climate-change mode, the response of the areal snow cover to a change in climate is critical, and must be calculated as a function of elevation, precipitation, temperature, and snow-water equivalent. For the snowmelt-runoff season, the effect of climate change on conditions in the winter months has a major influence. In a warmer climate, winter may experience more rain vs snow events, and more periods of winter snowmelt that reduce the snow water equivalent present in the basin at the beginning of spring snowmelt. As a result, the spring snowmelt runoff under conditions of climate warming will be affected not only by different temperatures and precipitation, but also by a different snow cover with a changed depletion rate. A new radiation-based version of the SRM is under development that will also take changes in cloudiness and humidity into account, making climate-change studies of the cryosphere even more physically based."
"7202855403;7005713578;","Antarctic continental weathering changes during Eocene-Oligocene cryosphere expansion: Clay mineral and oxygen isotope evidence",1997,"10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0587:ACWCDE>2.3.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031435291&doi=10.1130%2f0091-7613%281997%29025%3c0587%3aACWCDE%3e2.3.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=52af6ccf864ff69bf09baa6f5655b1d8","We have analyzed clay minerals and oxygen isotopes over the Eocene-Oligocene climate transition (33.8-32.5 Ma) in Ocean Drilling Program Site 689, Maud Rise, Antarctica. Distinct changes in clay mineral assemblages suggest major instability in the East Antarctic climate for 0.7 m.y. during this time of general expansion of the Antarctic cryosphere and cooling of the Southern Ocean. Increased illite abundance reflects enhanced physical weathering associated with cryospheric development. Nevertheless, continued dominance of smectite indicates that chemical weathering continued to prevail during the early Oligocene. Weathering was much more intense than in modern deglaciated areas. The clay mineral data support evidence from marine sediments suggesting that continental and marine climatic conditions during the early Oligocene were intermediate between relative Eocene warmth and intense Neogene cold. The clay mineral variations during the transition reflect major changes in continental precipitation and related continental ice accumulation."
"7004992402;","The response of areal snow cover to climate change in a snowmelt-runoff model",1997,"10.3189/s0260305500014099","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-4143131409&doi=10.3189%2fs0260305500014099&partnerID=40&md5=5a28979fc29619c03085c28fcf63f4b3","The cryosphere is represented in some hydrological models by the areal extent of snow cover, a variable that has been operationally available in recent years through remote sensing. In particular, the snowmelt-runoff model (SRM) requires the remotely sensed snow-cover extent as a major input variable. The SRM is well-suited for simulating the hydrological response of a basin to hypothetical climate change because it is a non-calibrated model. In order to run the SRM in a climate-change mode, the response of the areal snow cover to a change in climate is critical, and must be calculated as a function of elevation, precipitation, temperature, and snow-water equivalent. For the snowmelt-runoff season, the effect of climate change on conditions in the winter months has a major influence. In a warmer climate, winter may experience more rain vs snow events, and more periods of winter snowmelt that reduce the snow water equivalent present in the basin at the beginning of spring snowmelt. As a result, the spring snowmelt runoff under conditions of climate warming will be affected not only by different temperatures and precipitation, but also by a different snow cover with a changed depletion rate. A new radiation-based version of the SRM is under development that will also take V changes in cloudiness and humidity into account, making climate-change studies of the cryosphere even more physically based."
"7102846730;6602915435;","Asynchronously coupling the cryosphere and atmosphere in an energy-balance climate model",1997,"10.3189/s0260305500013963","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031402910&doi=10.3189%2fs0260305500013963&partnerID=40&md5=3a7e997d0faa4536e6a0e99f80587c6a","A major component of the climate system on the 10000-100000 year time-scales is continental ice sheets, yet many of the mechanisms involved in the land -sea-ice processes that affect the ice sheets are poorly understood. In order to examine these processes in more detail, we have developed a coupled energy balance climate-thermodynamic sea-ice-continental-ice-sheet model (CCSLI model). This model includes a hydrologic cycle, a detailed surface energy and mass balance, a thermodynamic sea-ice model, and a zonally averaged dynamic ice-flow model with bedrock depression. Because of the variety of space and time-scales inherent in such a model, we have asynchronously coupled the land-ice model to the other components of the model. In this paper the asynchronous coupling is described and sensitivity studies are presented that determine the values of the asynchronous coupling parameters. Model simulations using these values allow the model to run nearly ten times faster with minimal changes in the final state of the ice sheet."
"7202840464;","Cryospheric data for model validations: Requirements and status",1997,"10.3189/s0260305500014300","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031400214&doi=10.3189%2fs0260305500014300&partnerID=40&md5=6e0fcca56d2818103d45dd655a49cfaa","The general status of cryospheric datasets required in climate model studies is reviewed. Datasets are necessary as boundary conditions, and for validation purposes. The former application is decreasing as cryospheric variables are increasingly being derived prognostically. By contrast, the scope of cryospheric parameters that can be validated is expanding. Cryospheric datasets suitable for validation studies are reported and areas where data are lacking are identified."
"7004198955;7005922731;57203215073;","Climatic change at high elevation sites: An overview",1997,"10.1023/a:1005380714349","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-8544234983&doi=10.1023%2fa%3a1005380714349&partnerID=40&md5=2a7ae240b402ccbc3c627848a121576c","This paper provides an overview of climatic changes that have been observed during the past century at certain high-elevation sites, and changes in a more distant past documented by a variety of climate-sensitive environmental indicators, such as tree-rings and alpine glaciers, that serve as a measure of the natural variability of climate in mountains over longer time scales. Detailed studies such as those found in this special issue of Climatic Change, as well as those noted in this review, for the mountain regions of the world, advance our understanding in a variety of ways. They are not only helpful to characterize present and past climatological features in the mountainous zones, but they also provide useful information to the climate modeling community. Because of the expected refinements in the physical parameterizations of climate models in coming years, and the probable increase in the spatial resolution of GCMs, the use of appropriate data from high elevation sites will become of increasing importance for model initialization, verification, and intercomparison purposes. The necessity of accurate projections of climate change is paramount to assessing the likely impacts of climate change on mountain biodiversity, hydrology and cryosphere, and on the numerous economic activities which take place in these regions."
"6506654912;","On the relation between annual maximum extent of ice cover in the Baltic Sea and sea level pressure as well as air temperature field",1996,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030437893&partnerID=40&md5=8c8c78d3ee49b4755345c0b35e4ebc39","The annual sea ice cover in the Baltic Sea is a component of the cryosphere which is sensitive to climatic changes. The annual maximum extent of ice cover in the Baltic Sea 1720-1996 (Seinä and Palosuo, 1993) is a suitable time series to estimate the intensity of the ice winter in this sea. The time series shows a significant negative trend. By calculating the correlation coefficient fields between ice time series and air temperature field as well as sea level pressure field, the areas and the periods of maximum correlation could be found. As far as the temperature field is concerned there are significant correlation coefficients in the area around the Baltic Sea from November to April, while the sea level pressure field in the Northern Norwegian Sea and the Western Mediterranean Sea shows significant coefficients from December to March. An exponential regression model containing the mean temperature from November to March of the 10° gridpoint area (55-65° N, 20-30° E) as predictor explains 86 % of the variance. An estimate of the future development of the annual maximum extent of ice cover in the Baltic Sea can be obtained with the help of temperature time series of same area and period computed by the coupled General Circulation Model ECHAM4/T42 OPYC3 (Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg). As to 1S92a scenario (IPCC1) a drastic decrease in the mean extent of ice cover would follow in the next 100 years."
"55407402700;6603952079;","Climatic impact of anthropogenic aerosol",1996,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030134440&partnerID=40&md5=5f83307f2f602085445c4625d2a626e8","The Second World Conference on Climate held in 1990 reported that the reasons for the global warming that has occurred in the course of the past century are still unclear. This suggests the need to analyze the effects of various climate-influencing factors. The effect of natural and man-made aerosols on climate is now considered to be important, especially since the warming caused by the greenhouse effect may be compensated by cooling enhanced by the presence of manmade sulfate aerosol in the atmosphere."
"55931432500;7003726500;","Evaluation of three supervised classifiers in mapping “Depth to late-summer frozen ground,” central yukon territory",1996,"10.1080/07038992.1996.10874650","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030157232&doi=10.1080%2f07038992.1996.10874650&partnerID=40&md5=8d97b25ad198c2f028d932a9a5ab2618","With increased concern about the nature of global climate change, a program has been established to develop techniques for monitoring changes in cryosphere parameters using remotely sensed data as a primary data source. This research program, known as CRYSYS (CRYospheric SYStem), is focussing on monitoring surface snow and ice conditions in order to monitor climate-driven processes that influence the cryosphere. One component of the cryosphere that is of particular interest is permafrost. The primary objective of this research was to evaluate three supervised classification schemes (maximum likelihood, evidential reasoning, and a neural network) in the prediction and mapping of depth to late-summer frozen ground (DTFG) in the widespread discontinuous permafrost zone of the boreal forest of central Yukon. Source imagery used in the classifications was composed of TM- and DEM-derived data known to be correlated with DTFG. Results of a two-class DTFG experiment indicate that all tested classifiers are suitable for generating two-class correlative DTFG data products in the Mayo region. The neural network classifier was found to be most successful, producing a two-class DTFG image with a 93% agreement rate between predicted and field-measured DTFG classes. Land cover and equivalent latitude were consistently found to be especially useful sources for use in the classifications. When three DTFG classes were used, agreement rates greatly decreased for all classifiers, supporting field observations that suggest that only two DTFG classes exist in the study area. © 1996 Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing/Journal canadien de télédétection."
"56974016900;6701797820;","Laboratory exploration of Pleistocene climate change, orbital forcing, and ocean-atmosphere interactions",1996,"10.5408/1089-9995-44.3.300","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0000546062&doi=10.5408%2f1089-9995-44.3.300&partnerID=40&md5=7c4da05d3b934c521c918c047b2ac590","Although the orbital theory of Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycles is now widely accepted by earth scientists, not all aspects of Pleistocene climate are fully explained by the theory. To help students discover and examine the hypothesized relationships between orbitally induced insolation forcing and Pleistocene climate cycles, we have developed a computer-based laboratory exercise that allows students to visually explore correlations between high-resolution climate data and potential orbital-forcing factors. Students initially examine several climate-proxy records (marine oxygen isotopes, loess, and ice cores) to evaluate how different components of the ocean-atmosphere-climate system varied over the past one million years. Next, students graphically compare the climate-proxy records with insolation curves for different latitudes and seasons to determine if insolation changes at a particular season and latitude can be considered a consistent forcing factor. Although the Milankovitch theory of paleoclimates considers northern-hemisphere summer-time insolation the principal forcing factor of Pleistocene climate change, students observe that not all aspects of the climate records can be explained by simple insolation forcing. We use this opportunity to emphasize the fact that complex interactions between the oceans, atmosphere, biosphere, and cryosphere are critically important for maintaining Earth's climate."
"6603318870;7005712332;6603906450;6603790719;7005993771;6602183174;","Possible role of atmosphere-biosphere interactions in triggering the last glaciation",1996,"10.1029/96GL03004","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030291333&doi=10.1029%2f96GL03004&partnerID=40&md5=00f116804cb07c96e433113f4c1a2ae6","We coupled a global biome model iteratively with an atmospheric general circulation model to study the possible role of vegetation in the climate system, at the time of glacial inception 115,000 years ago. Orbital forcing alone was not sufficient to initiate glaciation when other components of the climate system were kept as present (atmospheric composition, oceans, biosphere and cryosphere). Summers were however cold enough to induce major vegetation shifts in high northern latitudes. Southward migration of the boreal forest/tundra limit helped to create favourable conditions for continental ice-sheet growth, with increasing snow depth and duration in Labrador, Arctic Canada and northern/western Fennoscandia. These results support a role for biogeophysical feedback in initiating glaciations. Copyright 1996 by the American Geophysical Union."
"7005196173;","The role of Antarctic sea ice in global climate change",1996,"10.1177/030913339602000401","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030423463&doi=10.1177%2f030913339602000401&partnerID=40&md5=64cbef9c6b76530789193d15d8cebf12","Taking a distinct interdisciplinary focus, a critical view is presented of the current state of research concerning Antarctic sea-ice/atmosphere/ocean interaction and its effect on climate on the interannual timescale, with particular regard to anthropogenic global warming. Sea-ice formation, morphology, thickness, extent, seasonality and distribution are introduced as vital factors in climatic feedbacks. Sea-ice / atmosphere interaction is next discussed, emphasizing its meteorological and topographical influences and the effects of and on polar cyclonic activity. This leads on to the central theme of sea ice in global climate change, which contains critiques of sea-ice climatic feedbacks, current findings on the representation of these feedbacks in global climatic models, and to what extent they are corroborated by observational evidence. Sea-ice/ocean interaction is particularly important. This is discussed with special reference to polynyas and leads, and the use of suitably coupled sea-ice/ocean models. A brief review of several possible climatic forcing factors is presented, which most highly rates a postulated ENSO-Antarctic sea-ice link. Sea-ice/atmosphere/ocean models need to be validated by adequate observations, both from satellites and ground based. In particular, models developed in the Arctic, where the observational network allows more reasonable validation, can be applied to the Antarctic in suitably modified form so as to account for unique features of the Antarctic cryosphere. Benefits in climatic modelling will be gained by treating Antarctic sea ice as a fully coupled component of global climate."
"7005713578;7004762788;","Stability or instability of Antarctic ice sheets during warm climates of the Pliocene?",1995,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028873611&partnerID=40&md5=a2913212a1918ae71347978d54d9f17d","During the Pliocene between ~5 and 3 Ma, polar ice sheets were restricted to Antarctica, and climate was at times significantly warmer than now. Oxygen isotopic data indicate that average sea-surface temperatures in the Southern Ocean could not have increased by more than ~3°C during the warmest Pliocene intervals. A small rise in Southern Ocean temperatures may have caused limited melting of the ice sheets and associated marine transgression, but maximum sea level rise was likely less than 25m above the present level. Recently discovered evidence from the Antarctic dry valleys indicate relative stabilty of the Antarctic climate-cryosphere system since middle Miocene time (~14 Ma). -from Authors"
"7202840464;","Observing systems and data sets related to the cryosphere in canada: A contribution to planning for the global climate observing system",1995,"10.1080/07055900.1995.9649553","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-21344441269&doi=10.1080%2f07055900.1995.9649553&partnerID=40&md5=ae699303e498ea9f28bc08e7aa2b45f7","The current status and history of observing systems for snow cover, sea and freshwater ice, glaciers, ice caps, ground ice and permafrost in Canada are reviewed as part of a contribution to the WMO’s Global Climate Observing System program. The data requirements that have been identified by previous discussion groups for different research, change detection and monitoring purposes are summarized. Problem areas in data collection and processing, as well as gaps in the observing/data systems, are illustrated and the status of cryospheric data archives relating to Canada, and data distribution, are discussed. The present status is considered to be unsatisfactory in a number of respects for the different cryospheric variables important for global change research. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC."
"7006993483;8615568900;","Variability in the earth climate system: Decadal and longer timescales",1995,"10.1029/95RG00105","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-16444377443&doi=10.1029%2f95RG00105&partnerID=40&md5=d3c5654d6b7b1311d59407575f3519ee","Global change—the cumulative impact of anthropogenic changes to water, energy, and biogeochemical cycles—is one of the defining issues for the geophysical and life sciences in the 1990s and beyond. The increasing emphasis on understanding the potential future climatic consequences of anthropogenic interference in the global carbon and trace gas cycles has driven an increased effort to understand the behavior of the climate system on decadal‐to‐centennial and longer timescales. The issues related to the long‐term behavior of the climate system are both of fundamental scientific interest and of importance to society, as a reading of the Climate Convention [United Nations, 1992] will immediately reveal. Variability on long timescales is challenging and exciting because much of the climate system's low frequency behavior and many long‐term changes arise from the coupling of the atmosphere to the ocean, biogeochemical cycles, and the cryosphere, as well as from internal dynamics [Pielke and Zeng, 1994]. Variability on decadal and longer timescales must be studied in an interdisciplinary fashion and challenges existing models and data sets, which have typically been developed or collected to address more limited problems. Copyright 1995 by the American Geophysical Union."
"7003509260;","Climate changes predicted by climate models for the increase of greenhouse gases",1995,"10.1016/0149-1970(95)00038-L","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0346701370&doi=10.1016%2f0149-1970%2895%2900038-L&partnerID=40&md5=8f0cc2a3be766a51151ddda1cf3b9cef","Climate models have been used to predict climate changes caused by the increase of greenhouse gases. Models predict physical states of the upper part of the earth including the atmosphere, the ocean, the land surface and the cryosphere with the use of physical laws. When atmospheric concentration of C02 is doubled, globally averaged surface temperature is predicted to increase 1.5 to 4.5°C. Temperature increase is most dominant in winter of high latitudes due mainly to sea ice-albedo and snow-albedo feedbacks. Geographically, it is dominant over continents in high latitudes. Hydrological cycle is activated. Precipitation as well as evaporation increases, in globally averaged sense, by 3 to 15%. Precipitation is divided into two types, i.e., precipitation from cumuli-form clouds and that from strati-form clouds. The former (latter) type increases (decreases) in globally averaged sense. Therefore precipitating area decreases while precipitation amount increases. In summer, many models predict decrease in soil moisture in mid-latitudes. When atmospheric C02 concentration increases at the compound rate of 1% per year, globally averaged surface temperature increase is about 60% of the equilibrium value, i.e., 0.9∼2.7°C. Remaining 40% is left for potential increase in future. The increase in the southern hemisphere is less than that in the northern hemisphere. Delay in the temperature increase is noted especially over the Antarctic Ocean and north-eastern part of the North Atlantic due mainly to deep oceanic circulations in those area. © 1995."
"6701485719;7005713578;","The middle Miocene climatic transition: East Antarctic ice sheet development, deep ocean circulation and global carbon cycling",1994,"10.1016/0031-0182(94)90251-8","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028259761&doi=10.1016%2f0031-0182%2894%2990251-8&partnerID=40&md5=823b494fe0f9aef0e7e4c89eb9b7b8c2","The middle Miocene represents a major change in state in Cenozoic climatic evolution, following the climax of Neogene warmth in the late early Miocene at ∼16 Ma. The early stage of this climatic transition from ∼16 to 14.8 Ma was marked by major short term variations in global climates, East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) volume, sea level, and deep ocean circulation. In the later stage from ∼14.8 to 12.9 Ma, climatic developments included major growth of the EAIS and associated Antarctic cooling, a distinct increase in the meridional temperature gradient, large fluctuations in sea level followed by a global sea level fall, and important changes in deep water circulation, including increased production of Southern Component Water. East Antarctic ice sheet growth and polar cooling also had large effects on global carbon cycling and on the terrestrial biosphere, including aridification of mid-latitude continental regions. Increased stability of the EAIS after 14.8 Ma represents a crucial step in the establishment of late Neogene global climate systems. What controlled these changes in polar climates and the East Antarctic ice sheet? Deep ocean circulation changes probably played a major role in the evolution and variation in polar climates, as they have throughout the Cenozoic. Oxygen and carbon isotopic evidence for warm, saline deep water production in the eastern Tethyan/northern Indian Ocean indicates that meridional heat transport to the Antarctic inhibited Cenozoic polar cooling and EAIS growth during the early middle Miocene from ∼16 to ∼14.8 Ma. Inferred competition between warm low-latitude sources (derived from the eastern Tethyan-northern Indian Ocean) and a cold high-latitude source (Southern Component Water) from ∼16 to 14.8 Ma may have been associated with instability in the Antarctic climate and cryosphere. Reduction of warm, saline deep water flow to the Southern Ocean at ∼14.8 Ma may have decreased meridional heat transport to the Antarctic, cooling the region and leading to increased production of Southern Component Water. These middle Miocene climatic and cryospheric changes in the Antarctic had profound effects on marine and terrestrial climates. As the meridional surface temperature gradient increased, boundaries between climatic zones strengthened, leading to increased aridification of mid-latitude continental regions in Australia, Africa and North and South America, enhancing the development of grasslands and stimulating the evolution of grazing mammals. © 1994."
"7409175969;","Sea surface temperature history of the low latitude western Pacific during the last 5.3 million years",1994,"10.1016/0031-0182(94)90244-5","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028254936&doi=10.1016%2f0031-0182%2894%2990244-5&partnerID=40&md5=107f3bafa3bea9f4acf996199fffa780","The late Neogene was a time of cryosphere development in the northern hemisphere. The present study was carried out to estimate the sea surface temperature (SST) change during this period based on the quantitative planktonic foraminiferal data of 8 DSDP sites in the western Pacific. Target factor analysis has been applied to the conventional transfer function approach to overcome the no-analog conditions caused by evolutionary faunal changes. By applying this technique through a combination of time-slice and time-series studies, the SST history of the last 5.3 Ma has been reconstructed for the low latitude western Pacific. Although the present data set is close to the statistical limits of factor analysis, the clear presence of sensible variations in individual SST time-series suggests the feasibility and reliability of this method in paleoceanographic studies. The estimated SST curves display the general trend of the temperature fluctuations and reveal three major cool periods in the late Neogene, i.e. the early Pliocene (4.7-3.5 Ma), the late Pliocene (3.1-2.7 Ma), and the latest Pliocene to early Pleistocene (2.2-1.0 Ma). Cool events are reflected in the increase of seasonality and meridional SST gradient in the subtropical area. The latest Pliocene to early Pleistocene cooling is most important in the late Neogene climatic evolution. It differs from the previous cool events in its irreversible, steplike change in SST, which established the glacial climate characteristic of the late Pleistocene. The winter and summer SST decreased by 3.3-5.4°C and 1.0-2.1°C in the subtropics, by 0.9°C and 0.6°C in the equatorial region, and showed little or no cooling in the tropics. Moreover, this cooling event occurred as a gradual SST decrease during 2.2-1.0 Ma at the warmer subtropical sites, while that at cooler subtropical site was an abrupt SST drop at 2.2 Ma. In contrast, equatorial and tropical western Pacific experienced only minor SST change in the entire late Neogene. In general, subtropics was much more sensitive to climatic forcing than tropics and the cooling events were most extensive in the cooler subtropics. The early Pliocene cool periods can be correlated to the Antarctic ice volume fluctuation, and the latest Pliocene-early Pleistocene cooling reflects the climatic evolution during the cryosphere development of the northern hemisphere. © 1994."
"7004462010;","Water cycle and feedbacks in global climate change",1993,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027795468&partnerID=40&md5=7733f111ea41ffe1ae6cd4c6a1009782","The importance of such climate-forming factors as sea surface temperature anomalies, cloud-radiation interaction, and volcanic eruptions is discussed. The necessity to further investigate the internal dynamics of the interactive atmosphere-hydrosphere-cryosphere-lithosphere-biosphere climate system and anthropogenic impact on the system is emphasized. -Author"
"7005578774;","Climate system modeling",1993,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85040954710&partnerID=40&md5=676265630bb995c42a82333861b51da4","A thorough text covering all aspects of climate dynamics and the issues involved in the predication of climate change. The primary concepts involved are explained, and the mathematical, physical, chemical and biological basis for the component models are discussed. The book aims to go beyond climate models to include all aspects of the climate system: the atmosphere; ocean; cryosphere; biosphere and terrestrial ecosystems, land surface processes, hydrosphere; and the interactions between these components. The 23 individually authored chapters are organised into six parts. -S.J.Stone"
"56055414300;","Earth rotation and global change",1993,"10.1016/0273-1177(93)90229-5","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027865885&doi=10.1016%2f0273-1177%2893%2990229-5&partnerID=40&md5=6a432c6606c852e03fea19266d0b22f1","Investigations of global change require information from different fields of geo-sciences. Since global change is accompanied by mass redistribution in the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, and the cryosphere influences on the Earth's rotation can be expected. Studies of relations between climate change and Earth rotation proved a statistical correlation between the variation of different climate parameters and the length of day. But, a physical proof failed. This fact induced us to use the results of theoretical climate models for estimating possible influences on Earth rotation. Therefore, we studied the excitation of polar motion and the Antarctic ice sheet. A further subject, discussed in the paper, is the influence of climate change on the parameters of the seasonal variations of polar motion. © 1993."
"7004462010;","Earth observation system (EOS): ecological priorities and observation planning: 1 - priorities",1993,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027488152&partnerID=40&md5=5c50fd26e649f01ddb4fc7f11e6bcef3","The paper describes the scientific priorities which form the basis for the development of the American global ecological monitoring system (EOS). Key value is placed on studies of energy and water cycles and the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur together with the implementation of an ecosystem approach to observation planning. Global monitoring of bioproductivity on land and in the Pacific Ocean (the dynamics of forests, phytoplankton, etc.) is amongst the primary problems. Polar regions require particular attention (essentially in the context of the effect of the dynamics of the cryosphere on the climate). Corresponding requirements on the observational data are discussed in detail. -Author"
"7004189939;","Glacial start and global warming: what to watch",1993,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027833091&partnerID=40&md5=e36bc371285af332eeef54be13ad1b48","The relative cooling of high northern latitudes opposed by warming of low latitudes and the relative cooling of the middle northern latitudes opposed by a relative warming in spring, show qualitative parallels with current insolation trends at the top of the atmosphere. It is speculated that the current warming of low latitude oceans accompanied by the cooling of northern North Atlantic may represent a pattern favoring increased snow accumulation and glacier growth in northeastern Canada and Scandinavia. It is important to monitor separately and in detail the cryospheric as well as other weather related and oceanic variables in the Arctic and in the sectors surrounding the the North Atlantic. The developments in that zone will show whether the cryosphere will eventually retreat, giving way to the model predicted superinterglacial, or whether it will grow, marking the onset of the CO2 assisted glacial. -from Author"
"7004651859;57203774954;7202840464;35596591300;56926849400;","The North Atlantic Oscillation signature in deuterium and deuterium excess signals in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 Ice Core, 1840–1970",1993,"10.1029/93GL03305","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027838216&doi=10.1029%2f93GL03305&partnerID=40&md5=837bd0b600f80d7189964fd192a9ae7f","The Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) core can enhance our understanding of the relationship between parameters measured in the ice in central Greenland and variability in the ocean, atmosphere, and cryosphere of the North Atlantic Ocean and adjacent land masses. Seasonal (summer, winter) to annual responses of δD and deuterium excess isotopic signals in the GISP2 core to the seesaw in winter temperatures between West Greenland and northern Europe from A.D. 1840 to 1970 are investigated. This seesaw represents extreme modes of the North Atlantic Oscillation, which also influences sea surface temperatures (SSTs), atmospheric pressures, geostrophic wind strength, and sea ice extents beyond the winter season. Temperature excursions inferred from the δD record during seesaw/extreme NAO mode years move in the same direction as the West Greenland side of the seesaw. Symmetry with the West Greenland side of the seesaw suggests a possible mechanism for damping in the ice core record of the lowest decadal temperatures experienced in Europe from A.D. 1500 to 1700. Seasonal and annual deuterium excess excursions during seesaw years show negative correlation with δD. This suggests an isotopic response to a SST/ land temperature seesaw. The isotopic record from GISP2 may therefore give information on both ice sheet and sea surface temperature variability. Cross‐plots of δD and d show a tendency for data to be grouped according to the prevailing mode of the seesaw, but do not provide unambiguous identification of individual seesaw years. A combination of ice core and tree ring data sets may allow more confident identification of GA and GB (extreme NAO mode) years prior to 1840. Copyright 1993 by the American Geophysical Union."
"7005630332;","REMOTE SENSING OF ATMOSPHERE‐CRYOSPHERE INTERACTIONS IN THE POLAR BASIN",1992,"10.1111/j.1541-0064.1992.tb01145.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84979417872&doi=10.1111%2fj.1541-0064.1992.tb01145.x&partnerID=40&md5=af1db4a0a0691088a0d63c675e1d8a66","The Royal Society of Canada coordinates the International Geosphere‐Biosphere Program (Global Change) in Canada. Currently, a research agenda that will extend beyond the next decade is being developed. It includes the use of remote sensing and geographical information systems in support of Global Change research, and the study of issues related to change and variability in the Canadian Arctic. This paper reviews the use of remotely sensed data to study the nature of atmosphere‐cryosphere interactions in the Polar Basin and how they contribute to an understanding of climate change and variability. A conceptual framework for aspects of atmosphere‐cryosphere interaction is presented through a discussion of feedback scenarios. The role of remote sensing in understanding these scenarios is explored through an examination of the several studies over the past 15 years. Finally, the remote sensing capabilities for crysophere monitoring proposed for the satellite systems of the mid‐1990s will be discussed. Copyright © 1992, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved"
"7005344214;","The Arctic Ocean record: key to global change (initial science plan)",1992,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027043868&partnerID=40&md5=1023e263fb917d4077c7b9a4a6b85683","The profound influence of the Arctic Ocean on the global environment, the rapid fluctuations of the Arctic ice cover and its consequences for global change, and the unresolved tectonic problems of the northern hemisphere have resulted in a growing pressure towards attempting to drill the deep-sea floors of the ice-covered Arctic Ocean. Prioritized program objectives and applications are: complete palaeoenvironmental record; palaeoceanography; structure of major Arctic features and margins; nature and age of Arctic basement; former productivity levels; former extent and composition of sea ice and icebergs; palaeo- windflux. Program applications are: prediction of climates and faunal adaptation; past and future climate; hydrocarbon potential; palaeogeography; biosphere and climate interaction; atmosphere and ice feedbacks; atmosphere feedback. The final product is to provide data to global models that will now have realistic inputs from the Arctic for predicting ocean-atmosphere-cryosphere systems and interactions and to determine the structural fabric and geologic evolution of the northern high latitude regions. -from Authors"
"6603884368;21645949500;","Sedimentological evidence for the formation of an East Antarctic ice sheet in Eocene/Oligocene time",1992,"10.1016/0031-0182(92)90185-8","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026460868&doi=10.1016%2f0031-0182%2892%2990185-8&partnerID=40&md5=0e7635f4e4f53157676ae4f89a52183b","Middle Eocene to late Oligocene sediments recovered at Ocean Drilling Program Sites 689 and 690 on Maud Rise in the southernmost Atlantic Ocean and at Sites 738 and 744 on Kerguellen Plateau in the southernmost Indian Ocean were analysed in order to study the depositional environment and the palaeoclimate. Special emphasis was placed on the reconstruction of the formation of a cryosphere on the Antarctic continent. The investigations include quantifications of carbonate and opal contents, grain size analyses and studies of clay mineral assemblages. The sedimentary sequence at all sites under investigation is highly pelagic, with nannofossil oozes and chalks dominant. The first indication of probable glacierization at sea level is in the form of isolated gravel and terrigenous sand grains, which indicate ice-rafting from middle Eocene time at c. 45.5 Ma. This is supported by enhanced concentrations of detrital chlorite and reworked kaolinite. Probably, some glaciers reached the sea, while most of the continent remained under the influence of a humid and warm to temperate climate. The growth of the inland ice resulted in enhanced physical weathering and in increased contents of detrital chlorite and kaolinite from about 40 Ma. A strengthening of the glacial conditions and the onset of continental East Antarctic glaciation is recorded in early Oligocene sediments with an age of 36 Ma. All major sediment parameters document this event. The clay mineralogy changed between c. 36.3 Ma and c. 35.5 Ma from smectite-dominated assemblages to illite- and chlorite-dominated assemblages, the latter being indicative of physical weathering under cooler climates. Large quantities of ice-rafted gravel and sand accumulated on the Kerguelen Plateau between 36.0 Ma and 35.8 Ma. At the same time, an increase in opal content occurred as well as a decrease in carbonate. The sediment parameters imply that the East Antarctic continent was more or less totally buried beneath the ice during Oligocene time. The ice sheet, however, probably did not have a polar but a temperate character, as indicated by the occurrence of Nothofagus and relatively warm surface water temperatures prohibiting the long-distance transport of debris by icebergs. © 1992."
"55216875500;7102768003;6603603140;7005429681;","A model of sea level rise caused by ocean thermal expansion",1991,"10.1175/1520-0442(1991)004<0438:AMOSLR>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0001405060&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0442%281991%29004%3c0438%3aAMOSLR%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=212326f3f9e85a96fdc8cb7533dd87c4","Warming of the atmosphere as a result of an increased concentration of greenhouse gases is expected to lead to a significant rise is global sea level. We present estimates of the component of this sea level rise caused by thermal expansion of the ocean. These estimates are based on the idea that the upper layers of the main gyres of the ocean are ventilated by the subduction of water at higher latitudes and its subsequent equatorward and downward flow into the main thermocline along surfaces of constant ""density"". In this mechanism, heat enters the ocean by an advection process rather than by vertical diffusion, as in previous estimates of the component of sea level rise that is caused by thermal expansion. After the heat initially enters the subtropical gyres by subduction, it is then redistributed to preserve gradients of the depth-integrated pressure field, by an adjustment involving low vertical-mode baroclinic waves. Estimates of historical sea level rise based on this simple ventilation scheme, when combined with estimates of nonpolar glacial melt, are about equal to the observed sea level rise. For a global mean 3.0°C (1.5°C, 4.5°C) temperature rise by 2050 (and with the spatial distribution predicted by three climate models), we estimate the component of sea level rise that is caused by thermal expansion to be about 0.2 to 0.3 m (0.1 m, 0.4 m) by 2050. Low-mode internal Rossby and Kelvin waves appear to be quite efficient at distributing the sea level rise evenly over the earth without major distortions to the thermocline. A delayed warming, as suggested by transient coupled ocean-atmosphere models, can be simulated by using a smaller temperature rise, say 1.5°C rather than 3.0°C, by 2050. Changes in sea level arising from variations in the wind field could be estimated, but so far our calculations are based on the assumption that the wind stress field does not change from its present value. We estimate the maximum rate of sea level rise caused by changes in deep water formation is 0.1 meter per century. Contributions from the cryosphere reported in the literature range from near zero to about 0.35 m. When added to the thermal expansion components, our total sea level rise scenario for 2050 for a temperature rise of 3.0°C (1.5°C to 4.5°C) is about 0.35 m (0.15 and 0.70 m). © 2018 American Meteorological Society."
"7003843230;","Recent quaternary climatic change and man in the Sahara",1991,"10.1016/0899-5362(91)90063-5","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026274043&doi=10.1016%2f0899-5362%2891%2990063-5&partnerID=40&md5=a8c3ff54e3478495ff9448dc736c498c","The study of recent continental sediments (lake deposits, palaeosols, aeolian formations) in the hyperarid areas of the Sahara shows climatic phases in good correlation with those indicated by oceanic isotopes, lacustrine extensions corresponding to reductions of the cryosphere and marine transgressions. The alternate degenerations and regenerations of the environments-through migration or isolation-have controlled the physical and cultural evolution of the prehistoric population in the areas with the most severe variations, as the centers of the vast Saharan basins, unmitigated by oceanic proximity or by altitude. © 1991."
"6508302632;","Potential role of oceanic mixed layer dynamics on the model climate sensitivity",1991,"10.1016/0924-7963(91)90030-X","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026006761&doi=10.1016%2f0924-7963%2891%2990030-X&partnerID=40&md5=20044d805ca82a2731eba59264dd0897","A seasonal resolution, multi-box energy balance model has been developed to simulate the climate changes arising as a result of natural or anthropogenous influences. The model divides the global climatic system into 12 interactive domains according to the real geographical structure. The domains are separated by a surface (ocean-, land- or cryosphere-type) and an atmospheric block. The ocean-type surface block is based on a one dimensional Hoffert-type ocean submodel, but the depth of the oceanic mixed layer can vary in connection with the surface processes. The climatic variables of the domains are the surfaces and air temperatures and-in the case of the oceanic type surfaces-the mixed layer depth. The calculations show that the dynamics of the mixed layer can be attributed to the essential deviation, with respect to the constant mixed layer depth in the basic climate experiments. The equilibrium climate sensitivity has been analyzed in two cases. The modelled warming for a doubling in CO2 is 2.2° C for a constant mixed layer depth and 1.3° C for a variable mixed layer thickness. The global temperature response to a 1% change in the solar constant is a change in temperature of 1.5° C for a ""frozen"" mixed layer depth and 0.9° C for a dynamically mixed layer. These experiments reveal that the mixed layer dynamics can play an enhanced role in the behaviour of the modelled climate system. © 1991."
"7202840464;","Cryospheric products from the DMSP-SSM/I: status and research applications",1991,"10.1016/0921-8181(91)90098-H","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-44949275939&doi=10.1016%2f0921-8181%2891%2990098-H&partnerID=40&md5=604b0fca30808037caf8d34fd436234c","The DMSP Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) was launched on 19 June 1987. This first operational passive microwave radiometer operates at four wavelengths (0.35-1.55 cm) with vertical and horizontal polarization for three of the channels. The orbit provides global coverage except for a small polar gap and 12 hour repeat coverage in high latitudes. A Cryospheric Data Management System (CDMS) for snow and ice products developed by the NASA Ocean Data System (NODS) and the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) for NASA Polar Oceans Program extracts polar SSM/I data and makes them available in suitable formats for scientific users. The design of the CDMS at NSIDC has evolved since the initial planning in 1984 to one relying on CD-ROM technology for data distribution. The SSM/I data, and the earlier 7-year SMMR data (re-binned to the SSM/I grid), are available as brightness temperatures averaged daily for each channel/polarization in a polar stereographic 25 km grid for both polar regions and as gridded 3-day average total sea ice concentrations and multiyear ice fractions based on the NASA Team algorithm. The availability of a passive microwave record of sea ice parameters since 1978 in a directly comparable format greatly facilitates their research use. The polar regions are of considerable importance in studies of global climate change in view of snow and ice/albedo feedback processes that contribute to the high latitude amplification of such changes. Related climate-cryosphere research includes studies to validate the algorithm employed to prepare the ice products, on ice/climate processes, and on temporal trends in sea ice. © 1991."
"7005630332;7406826545;7005311892;","An examination of atmospheric mechanisms that may be responsible for the annual reversal of the beaufort sea ice field",1991,"10.1002/joc.3370110804","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026291241&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.3370110804&partnerID=40&md5=7aff50fa3ffa51222f9330e7523a5dc5","The late‐summer reversal of the Beaufort Sea Gyre and the overlying sea ice cover is an intriguing phenomenon that may reveal some insight into atmosphere‐cryosphere interactions through a detailed diagnostic analysis. In this study we examine the atmospheric processes that may give rise to this reversal and maintain it through a case by case study of selected days during the late‐August‐early‐September reversal in 1980. We inspect the fields of total vertical motion and the contributions by advective, diabatic, and frictional mechanisms, as well as the isentropic potential vorticity, in order to identify the forcing functions. This episode is an example of the classic cold low with a central cold pool, the surface and 500‐mbar fields aligned vertically, yet indications in the ageostrophic field of significant potential for baroclinic development, and a depression that remains anchored in the region for a significant period (27 days). The episode occurs during a transition period from the summer regime with sluggish upper air anticyclonic circulation to the vigorous winter regime of a cyclonic vortex extending up through the stratosphere with concomitant increase of potential vorticity available for surface development. This transition, which appears to occur during a period that typically experiences rapid upper atmosphere cooling, may be the trigger for the creation of the low. The surface heat flux appears to be a significant factor in the maintenance of the low although there are two factors at work. The first is the anomalous heat flow from the ocean along the ice‐ocean boundary and from open water in the diverging ice pack, but this primarily appears to result in a regional modulation of the synoptic‐scale effect. At the synoptic scale, there is significant heat flux associated with the very cold core of the depression and the associated pattern of the lower atmospheric heating moves with the wandering migration of the system within the region. In addition, there is an important dynamic contribution to development owing to the ageostrophic advection and convergence of cold air out of the core. The long duration of this feature within the Canada Basin must be traced to a complex interplay of heat flow processes related to the nature of the surface as well as the formation of the cold core of the depression, dynamic properties of mid‐tropospheric air flow, and the increase of upper air potential vorticity. Copyright © 1991 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd"
"7101685611;7003585273;57209514356;7006389826;35468030800;","Filtering of milankovitch cycles by earth's geography",1991,"10.1016/0033-5894(91)90064-C","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026095087&doi=10.1016%2f0033-5894%2891%2990064-C&partnerID=40&md5=ff035c4c7250344fcc568d0f7f91b1d8","Earth's land-sea distribution modifies the temperature response to orbitally induced perturbations of the seasonal insolation. We examine this modification in the frequency domain by generating 800,000-yr time series of maximum summer temperature in selected regions with a linear, two-dimensional, seasonal energy balance climate model. Previous studies have demonstrated that this model has a sensitivity comparable to general circulation models for the seasonal temperature response to orbital forcing on land. Although the observed response in the geologic record is sometimes significantly different than modeled here (differences attributable to model limitations and feedbacks involving the ocean-atmosphere-cryosphere system), there are several results of significance: (1) in mid-latitude land areas the orbital signal is translated linearly into a large (>10°C) seasonal temperature response; (2) although the modeled seasonal response to orbital forcing on Antarctica is 6°C, the annual mean temperature effect (<2°C) is only about one-fifth that inferred from the Vostok ice core, and primarily restricted to periods near 41,000 yr; (3) equatorial regions have the richest spectrum of temperature response, with a 3000-yr phase shift in the precession response, plus some power near periods of 10,000-12,000 yr, 41,000 yr, 100,000 yr, and 400,000 yr. Peaks at 10,000-12,000 yr and 100,000 and 400,000 yr result from the twice-yearly passage of the sun across the equator. The complex model response in equatorial regions has some resemblance to geologic time series from this region. The amplification of model response over equatorial land masses at the 100,000-yr period may explain some of the observed large variance in this band in geologic records, especially in pre-Pleistocene records from times of little or no global ice volume. © 1991."
"7006518289;","Development of global coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models",1990,"10.1007/BF00195851","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0345080677&doi=10.1007%2fBF00195851&partnerID=40&md5=2bee16ccbfb55154dd29df3abbc7cea5","It has long been believed that a climate model capable of realistically simulating many features of global climate, variability, and climate change must interactively represent the major components of the dynamically coupled climate system, particularly the atmosphere, ocean, and cryosphere. This effort traditionally has been constrained by computing power, our understanding of the observed system, and climate modeling capability. With the advent of supercomputers, improved understanding of global climate processes, and computationally efficient general circulation climate models, we have witnessed a rapid increase in the simulation of global climate by coupling together various representations of atmosphere, ocean, and sea ice. Beginning in the late 1960s and continuing through the early 1980s, general circulation models (GCMs) of the atmosphere, ocean, and sea ice were coupled and run asynchronously to produce credible simulations of the global climate. Systematic errors in these component models later led some modeling groups to use flux correction or flux adjustment, whereby either one or several of the variables at the air-sea interface are adjusted to bring the simulations in closer agreement with observations. Further advances in computing power and climate modeling techniques in the past few years have allowed global coupled ocean-atmosphere GCMs to be run synchronously (i.e., atmosphere and ocean communicate at least once each model day). Computing constraints, combined with the need for multidecadal climate integrations, still only allow relatively coarse-grid ocean GCMs to be coupled to correspondingly coarse-grid atmospheric models (on the order of 500 km × 500 km). However, results from this current generation of global, coupled GCMs have revealed interesting characteristics associated with ocean dynamics and global climate in experiments with gradual increases of carbon dioxide. Another somewhat surprising aspect of the global-coupled GCM simulations is the appearance of some features associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Along with concurrent efforts with other types of limited-domain, dynamical coupled models, this has led to the realization that inherent unstable coupled modes exist in the climate system that are the unique product of the interactive coupling of the atmosphere and the ocean. All of these efforts are leading to the next generation of coupled ocean-atmosphere GCMs. These models will run on even faster and larger-memory computers and will have higher-resolution atmosphere and ocean components, more accurate sea-ice formulations, improved cloud-radiation schemes, and increasingly realistic land-surface processes. © 1990 Springer-Verlag."
"56249266100;","Snow and land ice in the climate system: research problems and possibilities of remote sensing",1990,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025632102&partnerID=40&md5=797da2364f7bcb864e4131cb457d5c76","The significance of the main parameters of the land cryosphere - the ice sheets, the seasonal snow cover, and the glaciers - for the global climate system is discussed. For the interpretation of the climate data from the past and as basis for climate modelling, improved information on the main cryospheric parameters is needed. Due to the areal extent and temporal variability of snow and ice remote sensing methods are the only efficient means for monitoring tasks. -from Author"
"7103010852;","Earthwatch: the climate from space",1990,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84970787301&partnerID=40&md5=c700c77ef188e5c0899b9f7d8976625f","The author first summarises the climate system, covering basic principles: the atmosphere, clouds, the oceans, land, the cryosphere and modelling. The next section covers ozone holes, the greenhouse effect and El Nino. The techniques of space observation are covered next, including orbits, remote sensing of the surface, remote soundings of the atmosphere (nadir and limb sounding). Infrared limb sounding radiometers, microwave radiometers, visible and IR imagers for the polar platform and radar altimetry are discussed in detail. Finally, space observations of ozone, sea surface temperature, polar ice, ocean surface, land surface and clouds are presented. There are 19 colour plates of satellite observations included. -J.F.Austin"
"56249266100;","Snow and land ice in the climate system. Research problems and possibilities of remote sensing",1990,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025228343&partnerID=40&md5=16d1291fc8124cb81223901aaa34aea3","The significance of the main parameters of the land cryosphere - the ice sheets, seasonal snow cover, and glaciers - for the global climate system is discussed. For the interpretation of climate data from the past and as a basis for climate modelling, improved information on the main cryospheric parameters is needed. Due to the areal extent and temporal variability of snow and ice, remote sensing methods are the only efficient means for monitoring these tasks. The physical basis for remote sensing of snow and ice is reviewed and the possibilities of present and future satellite sensors are discussed. Examples are presented for studies of snow and ice based on satellite data in the optical and microwave parts of the spectrum."
"7004427298;","Mechanisms of climatic change: a review",1990,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025587557&partnerID=40&md5=03452bc961900295e8076a959b236f2b","Two main classes of mechanisms are recognized: factors external to the Earth-atmosphere system (such as solar variability and orbital variations, or Milankovitch forcing); and internal factors such as plate tectonics, changes in the cryosphere, ocean-atmosphere interactions, and alterations in the composition of the atmosphere. The trace gases and aerosols present in the atmosphere play a crucial role in determining the radiation balance of the Earth-atmosphere system. The potential anthropogenic impact on climate lies in the contribution of industrial processes to the levels of carbon dioxide and other ""greenhouse' gases in the atmosphere, and has led to the current concern about the ""greeenhouse effect' and future climatic changes which may result from predicted global warming. -from Author"
"7004239652;","Monitoring large-scale cryosphere/atmosphere interactions",1989,"10.1016/0273-1177(89)90166-X","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-38249026592&doi=10.1016%2f0273-1177%2889%2990166-X&partnerID=40&md5=4bdf23ed7af0cd4c9f3fefde34b9f1ba","Routine large-scale monitoring of the cryosphere is performed almost exclusively through satellite observations. Monthly and seasonal estimates of Arctic and Antarctic sea-ice area derived from the weekly Navy/NOAA satellite-based operational analyses are used to monitor large scale climate fluctuations. Weekly and monthly estimates of Northern Hemisphere snow cover area are produced in real-time by NOAA/NESDIS. This paper describes some of the principal modes of sea-ice variability and summarizes some recent investigations which suggest cryosphere-atmosphere-ocean interactions. Interannual variability of sea-ice area is discussed in terms of large-scale atmospheric fluctuations, including possible relationships to the extremes in the phase of the Southern Oscillation (SO). Snow cover and sea-ice operational estimates are currently produced through subjective analysis of satellite imagery. This paper outlines some of the requirements for objective analyses of the cryosphere based on the physical constraints imposed by the cryosphere-atmosphere-ocean climate system. © 1989."
"55664272500;","On the role of high latitude ice, snow, and vegetation feedbacks in the climatic response to external forcing changes",1988,"10.1007/BF00140569","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34250025439&doi=10.1007%2fBF00140569&partnerID=40&md5=29f936010a4b8f8d9c7516a6cd581c3f","A seasonal energy balance climate model containing a detailed treatment of surface and planetary albedo, and in which seasonally varying land snow and sea ice amounts are simulated in terms of a number of explicit physical processes, is used to investigate the role of high latitude ice, snow, and vegetation feedback processes. Feedback processes are quantified by computing changes in radiative forcing and feedback factors associated with individual processes. Global sea ice albedo feedback is 5-8 times stronger than global land snowcover albedo feedback for a 2% solar constant increase or decrease, with Southern Hemisphere cryosphere feedback being 2-5 times stronger than Northern Hemisphere cryosphere feedback. In the absence of changes in ice extent, changes in ice thickness in response to an increase in solar constant are associated with an increase in summer surface melting which is exactly balanced by increased basal winter freezing, and a reduction in the upward ocean-air flux in summer which is exactly balanced by an increased flux in winter, with no change in the annual mean ocean-air flux. Changes in the mean annual ocean-air heat flux require changes in mean annual ice extent, and are constrained to equal the change in meridional oceanic heat flux convergence in equilibrium. Feedback between ice extent and the meridional oceanic heat flux obtained by scaling the oceanic heat diffusion coefficient by the ice-free fraction regulates the feedback between ice extent and mean annual air-sea heat fluxes in polar regions, and has a modest effect on model-simulated high latitude temperature change. Accounting for the partial masking effect of vegetation on snow-covered land reduces the Northern Hemisphere mean temperature response to a 2% solar constant decrease or increase by 20% and 10%, respectively, even though the radiative forcing change caused by land snowcover changes is about 3 times larger in the absence of vegetational masking. Two parameterizations of the tundra fraction are tested: one based on mean annual land air temperature, and the other based on July land air temperature. The enhancement of the mean Northern Hemisphere temperature response to solar constant changes when the forest-tundra ecotone is allowed to shift with climate is only 1/3 to 1/2 that obtained by Otterman et al. (1984) when the mean annual parameterization is used here, and only 1/4 to 1/3 as large using the July parameterization. The parameterized temperature dependence of ice and snow albedo is found to enhance the global mean temperature response to a 2% solar constant increase by only 0.04 °C, in sharp contrast to the results of Washington and Meehl (1986) obtained with a mean annual model. However, there are significant differences in the method used here and in Washington and Meehl to estimate the importance of this feedback process. When their approach is used in a mean annual version of the present model, closer agreement to their results is obtained. © 1988 Kluwer Academic Publishers."
"7004201998;7005533663;","Climatology from space: data sets for climate monitoring and climate modelling.",1987,"10.1007/978-94-009-3881-6_20","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0023496012&doi=10.1007%2f978-94-009-3881-6_20&partnerID=40&md5=12dd34985c4de48866136f0c9197ca52","The study of climatology from space is discussed with reference to two climate system components: the biosphere and the cryosphere. The NOAA global vegetation index is discussed along with the potential role of the cryosphere in monitoring climate change. The data are discussed in the context of global climate modelling. -Authors"
"7101740594;","One hypothesis in glaciation cycles of the earth: (II) A cause of appearance of oscillatory climate in the pleistocene",1987,"10.2151/jmsj1965.65.4_649","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85047800164&doi=10.2151%2fjmsj1965.65.4_649&partnerID=40&md5=c0267967186fed95006635216839d39e","With use of a simple climate model, we discuss analytically the cause of appearance of oscillatory climate state on the earth. Introducing a geographical parameter into the climate model, we investigate a relationship between emergence of oscillatory climate and continental drift. Our results can explain mathematically the observed fact, which gives records during last million years, that it grew colder with a gradual increase of amplitude of climatic oscillations, and can indicate that oscillatory climate had appeared on the earth when the geographical condition had allowed it to exist. Our tentative calculations reveal that the oscillatory climate might have emerged on the earth, when a clear cryosphere had been established on the earth owing to drift of such lands as the Antarctica or Greenland from warm low-latitudes to ice-possible high-latitude regions, and when the past earth's glacial productive capacity could have come to exceed about 70% or so of the present capacity. © 1987, Meteorological Society of Japan."
"7006393951;","Global-scale climate changes and their causes.",1987,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0023470336&partnerID=40&md5=e4a4e01cf3ab210486a73104a7ca8e68","Man's activities in industry and agriculture result in substantial changes of the natural environment. They can bring about global climatic changes which on their part can influence the agricultural and industrial production. At present, a wide range of factors and components is known which are system parameters and as such play a major part in the interaction processes between atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, cryosphere and lithosphere for modelling climatic changes. However, a full parameterization of these complicated processes is not possible at present, so that the model formation is directed at stochastic predictions of climatic changes. The interaction processes known so far are comprehensively presented and evaluated in their components atmosphere, ocean and biosphere. Moreover, possible catastrophic climatic changes in case of a nuclear war are discussed. -Author"
"7007026915;","Satellite-derived attributes of cloud vortex systems and their application to climate studies",1987,"10.1016/0034-4257(87)90062-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0023383715&doi=10.1016%2f0034-4257%2887%2990062-9&partnerID=40&md5=b2842b5df79b17f4ed2d2425e4f121c7","Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) visible and infrared mosaics are analyzed in conjunction with synoptic meteorological observations of sea level pressure (SLP) and upper-air height to derive composite patterns of cyclonic cloud vortices for the Northern Hemisphere. The patterns reveal variations in the structure and implied dynamics of cyclonic systems at different stages of development that include 1) increasing vertical symmetry of the lower-level and upper-air circulations and 2) decreasing lower-tropospheric thicknesses and temperature advection, associated with increasing age of the vortex. Cloud vortices are more intense in winter than in summer and typically reach maximum intensity in the short-lived prespiral signature stage. There are major structural differences among frontal wave, polar air, and ""instant occlusion"" cyclogenesis types. Cyclones in the dissipation stage may reintensify (deepen), as denoted by the appearance in the imagery of an asymmetric cloud band or a tightened spiral vortex. The satellite-derived statistics on cloud vortex intensity, which are seasonal- and latitude- as well as type-dependent, are applied to a preliminary examination of the synoptic manifestations of seasonal climate variability. An apparently close relationship is found, for two winter and spring seasons, between Northern Hemisphere cyclonic activity and variations in cryosphere variables, particularly the extent of Arctic sea ice. The results may indicate that increased snow and ice extent accompany a southward displacement of cyclonic activity and/or a predominance of deeper systems. However, there is also a strong regional dependence to the ice-synoptics feedback. This study demonstrates the utility of high resolution meteorological satellite imagery for studies of climate variations (climate dynamics). © 1987."
"6506549862;","A distant look at the cryosphere",1985,"10.1016/0273-1177(85)90330-8","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0022202386&doi=10.1016%2f0273-1177%2885%2990330-8&partnerID=40&md5=d51dbbc8be4e49ff69f170c1dc8a2417","Ninety nine per cent of all the fresh water on the surface of the Earth is in the form of ice. Observations from space have revealed more about the ice than about most other parts of the environment because at the dawn of the satellite era, less was known about it. The cryosphere includes all forms of naturally occurring ice but here we review what space science has done for knowledge of glaciers and ice sheets. Whereas in global terms the cryosphere exists as a response to climate, over large areas it controls climate. While imaging spacecraft systems have proved easiest to interpret, microwave sensors with poor spatial resolution are able to distinguish transient and stable surface features that are invisible to the eye. Imaging radars quite effectively describe sea ice, but precision altimetry is the only practicable method for monitoring changes in the total mass of ice on land. © 1985."
"6701427386;","The climate of ten thousand years ago: a numerical simulation.",1985,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0022192929&partnerID=40&md5=e562e70c12ec00ef8762ec73599963ee","A thermodynamic model that includes the annual cycle, an ocean mixed layer and a variable cryosphere is applied to simulate the climate of 10 000 years ago. It is shown that in lower latitudes the insolation anomalies due to the orbital variations were the main factor that produced the departures from the present climate. However, besides the insolation anomalies, the permanent ice sheets also affected the climate of 10 kyr BP in middle and high latitudes. -from Author"
"6701703475;","What is climate?",1985,"10.1016/0273-1177(85)90292-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-46549099780&doi=10.1016%2f0273-1177%2885%2990292-3&partnerID=40&md5=ec3c759eec0fda3cef19bfdf1086ca09","The present meaning of the word climate evolved simultaneously with the formulation of research priorities which are regarded as necessary to explore the causes and, consequences of observed environmental changes. Climate can be understood in its widest sense as the totallity of influences to which the biosphere is exposed. Of primary interest are changes of these environmental conditions which are caused by the variability of the climate system. This expression is used in the sense of a physical system in which energy conversions take place, and which is forced, e.g. by the solar input, geologic events and man's activity. The climate system is composed of five major subsystems: atmosphere, hydrosphere, land surfaces, cryosphere and biosphere. These subsystems interact in a complex non-linear manner in different time scales. Major climate determining processes are outlined and the research priorities are discussed, which are regarded essential to investigate them and their interactions. © 1985."
"6603212990;7006269477;","Complex interaction of cosmic and geological events that affect the variation of Earth climate through the geologic history ( Milankovitch).",1984,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021623424&partnerID=40&md5=99bb247f5136e57e7666138a0617fb32","In order to understand the climate of any geological age it is necessary to identify a set of causes that shape the climate as a complex phenomenon. The authors try to identify the specific role of orbital forcing, geodynamic phenomena and complex interaction of hydrosphere, cryosphere, atmosphere and biosphere through geological history. This complex interaction can explain why there were no glaciations between Late Paleozoic and Neogene. Essentially, Milankovitch's hypothesis provides ground for interpretation of all data, particularly those related to orbital forcing. -Authors"
"6506202087;","The cryosphere.",1984,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021580268&partnerID=40&md5=aa1ae0d451d74a9ac0b25043c3a486a7","From the viewpoint of climate and human activities, the significance of the five elements of the terrestrial cryosphere may be characterized as follows: seasonal snow cover responds rapidly to atmospheric dynamics on time scales of days and longer; sea ice plays a complex role in the climate system on time scales of seasons and longer; the ice sheets of Antarctica and Greenland are quasipermanent topographic features and, because of their high albedo, act as elevated cooling surfaces for the atmospheric heat balance; mountain glaciers are a small part of the cryosphere in volume and surface area; and permafrost is a manifestation of past and present climate, changing significantly on time scales of centuries and longer.-from Author"
"7202840464;7005533663;7004942632;","Climate sensitivity and the marginal cryosphere.",1984,"10.1029/gm029p0221","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021552465&doi=10.1029%2fgm029p0221&partnerID=40&md5=79b4745211a6c898ad5533efb620127a","There is a significant dearth of information on high-latitude cloudiness and the surface properties of the seasonal cryosphere, and on the degree of association between them. Following a survey of available data, some new observational material is presented on cloud conditions in the vicinity of snow cover and sea ice margins, using both 3-D Nephanalysis data and DMSP imagery. -from Authors"
"7004942632;7005533663;7202840464;","Albedo-climate feedback: the importance of cloud and cryosphere variability.",1984,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021538827&partnerID=40&md5=11467c55c8167ac0a927a9f6e0001e76","One of the pre-eminent processes in theories of climate change is the ice-albedo feedback effect. The complexity of albedo parameterizations in energy balance climate models has increased with time. Earlier parameterizations have been replaced by empirical formulations heavily dependent on satellite data. Here, we question the interpretation of these satellite data.-from Authors"
"7201365003;57216095539;","The World Climate Research Programme.",1984,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021600168&partnerID=40&md5=78e3dfc88d2f91735ee13a6d58daf680","The objectives of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) are to determine to what extent climate can be predicted, and the extent of man's influence on climate. The programme is primarily concerned with changes which occur on timescales from several weeks to several decades. The WCRP is concerned with the whole climate system, the main components of which are the atmosphere, the oceans, the cryosphere and the land, and with interactions and feedbacks which occur between these components.-from Authors"
"7202840464;7202984972;7202668232;10439033100;","Sea-ice and snow-cover data availability, needs and problems.",1984,"10.3189/1984aog5-1-9-15","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021543934&doi=10.3189%2f1984aog5-1-9-15&partnerID=40&md5=fcf64cdf1f48ead921d975465ff042f9","The present paper describes some of the sea-ice and snow-cover data sets available, concentrating on those that are considered suitable for large-scale cryosphere/climate studies. Discussions of problems in data collection, analysis and archiving are also presented with reference to such applications. -from Authors"
"57203346076;57216029570;","New perspectives in climate modelling. Conference papers.",1984,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85040844506&partnerID=40&md5=d1663ab7be1af267152a0200c94f106d","The early papers survey climate variability as it appears from glaciological data, deep sea sediment data, and historical records. Papers on global climate models refer to the effect of both internal and external mechanisms and emphasise the need for a better understanding of the interaction between oceans, atmosphere and cryosphere. The third part describes climatic phenomena based on general circulation models and discusses the potential usefulness of these models to predict local changes in climate over several years and to assess the sensitivity of the climate system to various external forcings. The 20 papers are abstracted separately.-after Publisher"
"55664272500;7401904068;","Sensitivity of internally-generated climate oscillations to ocean model formulation.",1984,"10.1007/978-94-017-4841-4_12","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021548875&doi=10.1007%2f978-94-017-4841-4_12&partnerID=40&md5=e017d482741eea2923acf9e634c18360","The simulation of climate on Pleistocene time scales requires coupling subsystems with response time scales which vary over several orders of magnitude. Most models of the coupled atmosphere-ocean-cryosphere (AOC) system have treated the global ocean as a single isothermal reservoir, resulting in a relatively slow surface temperature response time scale. We use a series of 1-D box ocean models and a box-advection diffusion ocean model to demonstrate that the ocean temperature does not respond with a single time scale.-from Authors"
"7006295022;","Some aspects of the cryosphere and its role in climatic change.",1984,"10.1029/gm029p0207","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021535030&doi=10.1029%2fgm029p0207&partnerID=40&md5=9f6f91d8215235fcf7e7eacddb588a13","The ice cover of the earth plays a direct and important role in climate and climatic change. Sea ice responds rapidly and sensitively, and is important because of effects on albedo, heat exchange between ocean and atmosphere, and oceanic mixing. Glaciers interact on a longer time scale, but some mechanisms for significant changes on a human time scale do exist. -from Author"
"7007075233;","Modelling the cryospheric response.",1983,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0020924130&partnerID=40&md5=963e6de8d01373120d7a80a022f7cf29","We discuss how the cryosphere (ice-sheets, ice shelves and sea ice) may react to a climatic warming. Concerning the reaction of the Antarctic Ice Sheet to a changing mass balance, more specific model experiments are considered, while the possibility of ice-sheet surging is treated in a more schematic way. Concludes with a discussion on how changes in cryospheric conditions may in their turn affect the large-scale climate system.-after Author"
"6603919394;7007056874;","Remote sensing of weather and climate.",1983,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0020947229&partnerID=40&md5=6d657ef215f65e427d5c8973e7c7e847","A brief introduction to remote sensing of the Earth's weather and climate is followed by a discussion of remote sensing of atmospheric constituents. Briefly discusses monitoring climate scale variability in the ocean from space. Remote sensing of climatic aspects of the cryosphere (snow and ice), the hydrosphere, and the biosphere, is discussed.-M.Alam"
"7003708866;","Climatology—the future",1983,"10.1080/00207238308710029","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0020646777&doi=10.1080%2f00207238308710029&partnerID=40&md5=185b490542976840f74eacc4d7b8ddad","Predictions of future development in a science are beset by uncertainties* The recently inaugurated World Climate Program and national climate programs have established priorities for monitoring of climate and for estimating impacts of climatic change and variability. Interdisciplinary team work will yield a new chemical climatology, a climatology of remotely sensed parameters, and applications of climatology to agriculture, architecture, energy problems, and land use. Efforts will continue to develop a consistent theory of the climate system of atmosphere, hydrosphere, and cryosphere and to apply it to predictions, including effects brought about by human activity. © 1983, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved."
"56240516300;","Latent heat of melting and its importance for glaciation cycles",1982,"10.1007/BF02423390","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0020335952&doi=10.1007%2fBF02423390&partnerID=40&md5=a3b3d9ed75b446dd27823e1640d99a22","A dynamical energy balance model is developed including both latent heat and sensible heat exchanges. It is applied to reconstructing the history of the changes of the icesheet mass and the ocean surface temperature over an ice age. The zero-dimensional model is extended to include three-dimensional information of the icesheets by assuming a specific geometric shape of the icesheets. The ice-albedo feedback can then be calculated and, at the same time, the cryosphere interaction is introduced into the climate model. The advancing of the glaciers and the cooling of the oceans in a glacial period can be accounted for by the differential equations of the dynamic system if an external perturbation in the form of any energy deficit of 0.13% of the insolation is imposed. The earth orbital changes generate a heat deficit of this magnitude due to the change of the eccentricity and have the same periodicity of 100 000 years as the major glacial cycles. Therefore they could well be the origin of the Pleistocene ice ages. © 1982 D. Reidel Publishing Company."
"7003993432;7201632924;57213931565;","Climate change and an ice-free Arctic ocean.",1982,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0020432647&partnerID=40&md5=fb958c42ee6368998a83b7e9e968175c","Develops a scenario in which threshold responses would dominate climate changes in a world of high CO2. Hypothesizes that in the course of a CO2-induced global warming the central Arctic sea ice might melt over a period of only a few decades, long before major effects are felt in the Antarctic. The resulting asymmetric cryosphere, would result in a radical change of global climate, rapidly shifting climate zones 200km or more to the north.-from Editor"
"7004079572;7402714466;6604075289;7004832016;7102268722;","Livermore statistical dynamic climate model.",1981,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0019647761&partnerID=40&md5=e2fe19d2fbd3eb302bcb99c7119c8767","A statistical dynamic climate model representing the atmosphere-surface-ocean-cryosphere system in a two-dimensional (latitude and vertical) domain is described. The model is comparable to general circulation models in its consideration of physical proceses, yet by not considering synoptic behavior is less demanding of computer resources and more amenable to experimentation and analysis of many climatic issues.-from STAR, 20(17), 1982"
"7004079572;7402714466;6504820020;7004832016;7102268722;","Livermore statistical dynamic climate model.",1981,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84932426748&partnerID=40&md5=032c0b4b43a1608b9fa2ac4ac957ca7b","The Livermore Statistical Dynamic Climate Model represents the atmosphere-surface-ocean-cryosphere system in a two-dimensional (latitude and vertical) domain. The atmospheric energy, momentum, and water vapor valances are considered in nine layers extending into the stratosphere. Energy and water balances for the surface land and ocean determine temperature, surface snow cover, sea ice, albedo, and surface moisture.-from US Govt Reports Announcements, 10, 1982"
"7401741052;","Climate models and CO2-induced climatic changes",1980,"10.1007/BF00137207","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0019227319&doi=10.1007%2fBF00137207&partnerID=40&md5=f6ab5f5405652163ab3082ad80eb74c8","This article is a review of the modeling of potential CO2 effects on climate, intended for an interdisciplinary audience of 'mathematically oriented' scientists and engineers. The carbon dioxide (CO2) content of the atmosphere has shown a systematic increase each year since regular measurements began in 1958. A major source of CO2 is the combustion of fossil fuels. A number of studies of the sensitivity of climate to increases in the CO2 content of the atmosphere have been published. This report is an assimilation of the results of some of these studies. The climate sensitivity problem is introduced through a discussion of the various atmospheric feedbacks and the ice albedo feedback. The most recent estimates of the various feedbacks are used to estimate upper and lower bounds of the globally averaged temperature increase that would accompany a doubling of atmospheric CO2 content. The results of a CO2 doubling experiment using a simple general circulation model are reviewed, and the possible response of the cryosphere is discussed. © 1980 D. Reidel Publishing Company."
[No author id available],"Carbon dioxide effects research and assessment program. Workshop on environmental and societal consequences of a possible CO2 induced climate change.",1980,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85040296347&partnerID=40&md5=bb8ebdd7a4bb239edd32564fb76510bc","The conferees were divided into five panels dealing with the ocean and the cryosphere: the less managed biosphere; the managed biosphere (chiefly agricultural, forest, and grazing lands); the ways society and its institutions might respond to climate changes; and issues involving the economic and geopolitical consequences of CO2 build-up. Also 28 papers or discussion drafts dealing with a wide variety of topics were contributed to the conference. -from US Govt Reports Announcements, 7, 1982"
"6603937636;","CHARM. Proceedings of an ESA Workshop on Climatology, Hydrology, Atmospheric Research & Meteorology from Space. Co-sponsored by the Commission of the European Communities, Ajaccio, Corsica, 12-16 November, 1979, ed",1980,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85040210977&partnerID=40&md5=2ba1a1df3d521a6672d00a5049bc17eb","Contains 24 papers presented at an ESA workshop, whose objectives were: to formulate the need for, and the methods of, obtaining geophysical measurements from space of importance for an increased understanding of the Earth, its atmosphere and oceans; to order the proposed projects in a priority list; to combine the measurements in a single multi-purpose mission; and to investigate if identical or very similar measurements are contemplated by other space agencies. The papers are divided according to the six sessions: climate and climate modelling; radiation balance and radiation processes; the earth's hydrosphere and cryosphere; atmospheric structure and composition; meteorological research; and new space techniques. These have been abstracted separately.- L.F.Musk"
"7003291632;","Monitoring potential agents of climatic change",1980,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0019226936&partnerID=40&md5=34f773fa6e0a8aa8cce25abc2c3c4361","This article begins with a short account of efforts to monitor the world's environment in general as organized under the Global Environmental Monitoring System under the UN Environment Program (UNEP). It goes on to discuss the development of monitoring the atmosphere and the world's climate. It describes the establishment by the World Meteorological Organization, acting in cooperation with UNEP, of a global network of stations for monitoring atmospheric pollution at the background level. Special activities for monitoring long-range transmission of air pollutants undertaken in Europe and North America are also described. The need for additional monitoring in the atmosphere, oceans and cryosphere is discussed, with special emphasis on increased monitoring of atmospheric carbon dioxide and carbon cycle. Refs."
"57203346076;","Spectrum of climatic variations and their causal mechanisms",1979,"10.1007/BF01449756","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0041462747&doi=10.1007%2fBF01449756&partnerID=40&md5=84dc445d4c1c038fb144cdb960ce57b7","This paper surveys the history of the Earth's climate and deals with facts, techniques, and causes. A review of climatic history since the origin of the Earth demonstrates the changes and variability of our climate along different scales. These variations can probably be fully understood only when taking into account both external forcing and non-linear interactions between the components of the climatic system: atmosphere, oceans, cryosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. At least, as far as boundary conditions and forcing are concerned for the 108 to 109 yr time scale, atmospheric composition, solar evolution, and tectonism have to be considered, while variations of the Earth's orbital elements, and subsequently of the insolation, best explain the glacial-interglacial occurrences during the Quaternary Period. For shorter time scales, volcanic dust, solar activity, sea surface temperatures, and atmosphere-ocean autovariations have to be taken into account. Furthermore, the man-made effects have now to be considered: atmospheric loading of dust and air pollution particles, changes in surface albedo, and mainly the increasing rise of atmospheric CO2 and other trace gases adding to a greenhouse effect. This man-made warming effect of future CO2 increase will probably emerge as a clearly recognizable trend against the background of natural climatic fluctuations by the end of this century. This carbon dioxide induced super-interglacial will be superimposed on the expected natural long-term cooling trend of the ice age chronology. © 1979 D. Reidel Publishing Co."
[No author id available],"ICEX: ice and climate experiment. Report of science and applications working group.",1979,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85040298353&partnerID=40&md5=0d9d4567b93f430de883a9552d895217","The Ice and Climate Experiment (ICEX), a proposed program of coordinated investigations of the ice and snow masses of the Earth (the 'cryosphere') is described. These investigations are to be carried out with the help of satellite, aircraft, and surface based observations. A high-inclination satellite system with a set of remote-sensing instruments specially tailored to the task of observing the important features of snow, sea ice, and the ice sheets of Greenland and the Antarctic is to be used to record the near-simultaneous observations of multiple geophysical parameters by complementary sensors.-from STAR, 18(17), 1980"
"6603224694;7202840464;","Empirical and theoretical evidence concerning the response of the earth's ice and snow cover to a global temperature increase",1979,"10.1016/0160-4120(79)90021-7","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0018586093&doi=10.1016%2f0160-4120%2879%2990021-7&partnerID=40&md5=7d89ec4d92c2204b748dbc47bc9e7ad5","As a guide to the possible effects of a CO2-induced warming on the cryosphere, we review the effects of three warm periods in the past, and out theoretical understanding of fluctuations in mountain glaciers, the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, ground ice, sea ice and seasonal snow cover. Between 1890 and 1940 A.D. the glaciated area in Switzerland was reduced by over 25%. In the Hypsithermal, at about 6000 BP, ground ice in Eurasia retreated northward by several hundred kilometres. In the interglacial Stage 5e, at about 120 000 BP, global sea-level rose by over 6 m. Fluctuations of mountain glaciers depend on mesoscale ""weather"" and on their mechanical response to it. Any melting of the Greenland ice sheet is likely to be slow in human terms. The West Antarctic ice sheet (its base below sea-level) is susceptible to an ungrounding, and such an event may have been the cause of the sea-level rise above. The East Antarctic ice sheet is susceptible to mechanical ""surges"", which might be triggered by a warming at its margin. Both an ungrounding and a surge might occupy less than 100 yr, and are potetially the most important ice changes in human terms. Modelling studies suggest that a 5°C warming would remove the Arctic pack ice in summer, and this may be the most significant effect for further climatic change. © 1980."
"7003851161;","The nature of climate and climatic variations",1976,"10.1016/0033-5894(76)90020-X","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0012315949&doi=10.1016%2f0033-5894%2876%2990020-X&partnerID=40&md5=6f1f6c5c167b2866114af9df0b7a3d06","The climate system consists of the atmosphere, the oceans, the cryosphere (land ice, snow, sea ice), the lithosphere, and the biomass. The behavior of the individual components of the system is governed by processes occurring over a broad range of time and space scales. The components are coupled by physical, biological, and chemical processes, and the coupled system seems capable of undergoing fluctuations on all time scales. In addition to these ""internal"" climatic processes, external processes (such as variability in the solar irradiance or human activities) must also be considered. Space and time scales of climatic variability are reviewed, with emphasis on the Holocene. Regional patterns of climatic variability may be associated with changes in the amplitude and longitudinal position of the long waves in the westerlies of midlatitudes, and with changes in the intensity and latitude of meridional circulation features such as the Hadley cell. Possible examples of this are mentioned. The variance spectrum of climatic time series is described and certain implications for climate modeling are suggested. © 1976."
"24540195400;","An overview of climatic variability and its causal mechanisms",1976,"10.1016/0033-5894(76)90021-1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0001874410&doi=10.1016%2f0033-5894%2876%2990021-1&partnerID=40&md5=212599ccbb4077dcb21db62a8bb6fcce","A variance spectrum of climatic variability is presented that spans all time scales of variability from about one hour (10-4 years) to the age of the Earth (4 × 109 years). An interpretive overview of the spectrum is offered in which a distinction is made between sources of variability that arise through stochastic mechanisms internal to the climatic system (atmosphere-ocean-cryosphere) and those that arise through forcing of the system from the outside. All identifiable mechanisms, both internal and external, are briefly defined and clarified as to their essential nature. It is concluded that most features of the spectrum of climatic variability can be given tentatively reasonable interpretations, whereas some features (in particular the quasi-biennial oscillation and the neoglacial cycle of the Holocene) remain fundamentally unexplained. The overall spectrum suggests the existence of a modest degree of deterministic forms of climatic change, but sufficient nonsystematic variability to place significant constraints both on the extent to which climate can be predicted, and on the extent to which significant events in the paleoclimatic record can ever manage to be assigned specific causes. © 1976."
"7402909456;","Dynamics of the ocean-cryosphere system: Barbados data",1972,"10.1016/0033-5894(72)90060-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-49649143310&doi=10.1016%2f0033-5894%2872%2990060-9&partnerID=40&md5=8f447467922782668875e6521c56c6ae","Renewed development of the Laurentide and Scandinavian ice sheets would have large effects on global climate. By one model, growth of a new ice sheet would be slow and would begin with systematic and easily measurable changes in remote regions of Northeastern Canada. By another model, growth of a new ice sheet would begin rapidly with the development of thin ice cover over a large area. Clearly, immediate global impact would be much greater with the second model than with the first. Because sea level fluctuations are the reciprocal of change in ice volume, interaction between Pleistocene coral reefs and sea level events provides an estimate of the dynamics of the ocean-cryosphere system. The data suggest rapid growth of continental sheets. © 1972."