Author(s) ID,Title,Year,DOI,Link,Abstract
"7005578774;","Changes in precipitation with climate change",2011,"10.3354/cr00953","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79952999384&doi=10.3354%2fcr00953&partnerID=40&md5=c86a180456a05e73961a7d915b4ed2bf","There is a direct influence of global warming on precipitation. Increased heating leads to greater evaporation and thus surface drying, thereby increasing the intensity and duration of drought. However, the water holding capacity of air increases by about 7% per 1°C warming, which leads to increased water vapor in the atmosphere. Hence, storms, whether individual thunderstorms, extratropical rain or snow storms, or tropical cyclones, supplied with increased moisture, produce more intense precipitation events. Such events are observed to be widely occurring, even where total precipitation is decreasing: 'it never rains but it pours!' This increases the risk of flooding. The atmospheric and surface energy budget plays a critical role in the hydrological cycle, and also in the slower rate of change that occurs in total precipitation than total column water vapor. With modest changes in winds, patterns of precipitation do not change much, but result in dry areas becoming drier (generally throughout the subtropics) and wet areas becoming wetter, especially in the mid-to high latitudes: the 'rich get richer and the poor get poorer'. This pattern is simulated by climate models and is projected to continue into the future. Because, with warming, more precipitation occurs as rain instead of snow and snow melts earlier, there is increased runoff and risk of flooding in early spring, but increased risk of drought in summer, especially over continental areas. However, with more precipitation per unit of upward motion in the atmosphere, i.e. 'more bang for the buck', atmospheric circulation weakens, causing monsoons to falter. In the tropics and subtropics, precipitation patterns are dominated by shifts as sea surface temperatures change, with El Niño a good example. The volcanic eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 led to an unprecedented drop in land precipitation and runoff, and to widespread drought, as precipitation shifted from land to oceans and evaporation faltered, providing lessons for possible geoengineering. Most models simulate precipitation that occurs prematurely and too often, and with insufficient intensity, resulting in recycling that is too large and a lifetime of moisture in the atmosphere that is too short, which affects runoff and soil moisture. © Inter-Research 2011."
"7004412006;","Evidence for intensification of the global water cycle: Review and synthesis",2006,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.003","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-32144459297&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2005.07.003&partnerID=40&md5=ca585ae04e222e45e692e6601c51f835","One of the more important questions in hydrology is: if the climate warms in the future, will there be an intensification of the water cycle and, if so, the nature of that intensification? There is considerable interest in this question because an intensification of the water cycle may lead to changes in water-resource availability, an increase in the frequency and intensity of tropical storms, floods, and droughts, and an amplification of warming through the water vapor feedback. Empirical evidence for ongoing intensification of the water cycle would provide additional support for the theoretical framework that links intensification with warming. This paper briefly reviews the current state of science regarding historical trends in hydrologic variables, including precipitation, runoff, tropospheric water vapor, soil moisture, glacier mass balance, evaporation, evapotranspiration, and growing season length. Data are often incomplete in spatial and temporal domains and regional analyses are variable and sometimes contradictory; however, the weight of evidence indicates an ongoing intensification of the water cycle. In contrast to these trends, the empirical evidence to date does not consistently support an increase in the frequency or intensity of tropical storms and floods. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved."
"7004652754;7202266599;","Riverine flood plains: Present state and future trends",2002,"10.1017/S037689290200022X","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036763113&doi=10.1017%2fS037689290200022X&partnerID=40&md5=3d669a622e429b0e98fcfa1328dd0367","Natural flood plains are among the most biologically productive and diverse ecosystems on earth. Globally, riverine flood plains cover > 2 × 106km2, however, they are among the most threatened ecosystems. Floodplain degradation is closely linked to the rapid decline in freshwater biodiversity; the main reasons for the latter being habitat alteration, flow and flood control, species invasion and pollution. In Europe and North America, up to 90% of flood plains are already 'cultivated' and therefore functionally extinct. In the developing world, the remaining natural flood plains are disappearing at an accelerating rate, primarily as a result of changing hydrology. Up to the 2025 time horizon, the future increase of human population will lead to further degradation of riparian areas, intensification of the hydrological cycle, increase in the discharge of pollutants, and further proliferation of species invasions. In the near future, the most threatened flood plains will be those in south-east Asia, Sahelian Africa and North America. There is an urgent need to preserve existing, intact flood plain rivers as strategic global resources and to begin to restore hydrologic dynamics, sediment transport and riparian vegetation to those rivers that retain some level of ecological integrity. Otherwise, dramatic extinctions of aquatic and riparian species and of ecosystem services are faced within the next few decades."
"6701532726;","Geochemistry of oceanic anoxic events",2010,"10.1029/2009GC002788","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77949372072&doi=10.1029%2f2009GC002788&partnerID=40&md5=f6f861af5d8283b0faa278fd955577ca","Oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) record profound changes in the climatic and paleoceanographic state of the planet and represent major disturbances in the global carbon cycle. OAEs that manifestly caused major chemical change in the Mesozoic Ocean include those of the early Toarcian (Posidonienschiefer event, T-OAE, ∼183 Ma), early Aptian (Selli event, OAE 1a, ∼120 Ma), early Albian (Paquier event, OAE 1b, ∼111 Ma), and Cenomanian-Turonian (Bonarelli event, C/T OAE, OAE 2, ∼93 Ma). Currently available data suggest that the major forcing function behind OAEs was an abrupt rise in temperature, induced by rapid influx of CO2 into the atmosphere from volcanogenic and/or methanogenic sources. Global warming was accompanied by an accelerated hydrological cycle, increased continental weathering, enhanced nutrient discharge to oceans and lakes, intensified upwelling, and an increase in organic productivity. An increase in continental weathering is typically recorded by transient increases in the seawater values of 87Sr/86Sr and 187Os/188Os ratios acting against, in the case of the Cenomanian-Turonian and early Aptian OAEs, a longer-term trend to less radiogenic values. This latter trend indicates that hydrothermally and volcanically sourced nutrients may also have stimulated local increases in organic productivity. Increased flux of organic matter favored intense oxygen demand in the water column, as well as increased rates of marine and lacustrine carbon burial. Particularly in those restricted oceans and seaways where density stratification was favored by paleogeography and significant fluvial input, conditions could readily evolve from poorly oxygenated to anoxic and ultimately euxinic (i.e., sulfidic), this latter state being geochemically the most significant. The progressive evolution in redox conditions through phases of denitrification/ anammox, through to sulfate reduction accompanied by water column precipitation of pyrite framboids, resulted in fractionation of many isotope systems (e.g., N, S, Fe, Mo, and U) and mobilization and incorporation of certain trace elements into carbonates (Mn), sulfides, and organic matter. Sequestration of CO2 in organic-rich black shales and by reaction with silicate rocks exposed on continents would ultimately restore climatic equilibrium but at the expense of massive chemical change in the oceans and over time scales of tens to hundreds of thousands of years. Copyright 2010 by the American Geophysical Union."
"7102953444;","Global dimming and brightening: A review",2009,"10.1029/2008JD011470","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77954336394&doi=10.1029%2f2008JD011470&partnerID=40&md5=d0d4d2c96e6a3c8e57a72c6045e1cf2e","There is increasing evidence that the amount of solar radiation incident at the Earth's surface is not stable over the years but undergoes significant decadal variations. Here I review the evidence for these changes, their magnitude, their possible causes, their representation in climate models, and their potential implications for climate change. The various studies analyzing long-term records of surface radiation measurements suggest a widespread decrease in surface solar radiation between the 1950s and 1980s (""global dimming""), with a partial recovery more recently at many locations (""brightening""). There are also some indications for an ""early brightening"" in the first part of the 20th century. These variations are in line with independent long-term observations of sunshine duration, diurnal temperature range, pan evaporation, and, more recently, satellite-derived estimates, which add credibility to the existence of these changes and their larger-scale significance. Current climate models, in general, tend to simulate these decadal variations to a much lesser degree. The origins of these variations are internal to the Earth's atmosphere and not externally forced by the Sun. Variations are not only found under cloudy but also under cloud-free atmospheres, indicative of an anthropogenic contribution through changes in aerosol emissions governed by economic developments and air pollution regulations. The relative importance of aerosols, clouds, and aerosol-cloud interactions may differ depending on region and pollution level. Highlighted are further potential implications of dimming and brightening for climate change, which may affect global warming, the components and intensity of the hydrological cycle, the carbon cycle, and the cryosphere among other climate elements. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union."
"7404310503;55630395300;7005573738;7103272759;7006543659;7003475447;7005395607;","Water in a changing world",2001,"10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[1027:WIACW]2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034903562&doi=10.1890%2f1051-0761%282001%29011%5b1027%3aWIACW%5d2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=6224e49c8a556bf615c002923010ec2b","Renewable fresh water comprises a tiny fraction of the global water pool but is the foundation for life in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. The benefits to humans of renewable fresh water include water for drinking, irrigation, and industrial uses, for production of fish and waterfowl, and for such instream uses as recreation, transportation, and waste disposal. In the coming century, climate change and a growing imbalance among freshwater supply, consumption, and population will alter the water cycle dramatically. Many regions of the world are already limited by the amount and quality of available water. In the next 30 yr alone, accessible runoff is unlikely to increase more than 10%, but the earth's population is projected to rise by approximately one-third. Unless the efficiency of water use rises, this imbalance will reduce freshwater ecosystem services, increase the number of aquatic species facing extinction, and further fragment wetlands, rivers, deltas, and estuaries. Based on the scientific evidence currently available, we conclude that: (1) over half of accessible freshwater runoff globally is already appropriated for human use; (2) more than 1 × 109 people currently lack access to clean drinking water and almost 3 × 109 people lack basic sanitation services; (3) because the human population will grow faster than increases in the amount of accessible fresh water, per capita availability of fresh water will decrease in the coming century; (4) climate change will cause a general intensification of the earth's hydrological cycle in the next 100 yr, with generally increased precipitation, evapotranspiration, and occurrence of storms, and significant changes in biogeochemical processes influencing water quality; (5) at least 90% of total water discharge from U.S. rivers is strongly affected by channel fragmentation from dams, reservoirs, interbasin diversions, and irrigation; and (6) globally, 20% of freshwater fish species are threatened or extinct, and freshwater species make up 47% of all animals federally endangered in the United States. The growing demands on freshwater resources create an urgent need to link research with improved Water management. Better monitoring, assessment, and forecasting of water resources will help to allocate water more efficiently among competing needs. Currently in the United States, at least six federal departments and 20 agencies share responsibilities for various aspects of the hydrologic cycle. Coordination by a single panel with members drawn from each department, or by a central agency, would acknowledge the diverse pressures on freshwater systems and could lead to the development of a well-coordinated national plan."
"7003859790;7004988230;7101674021;","Chemical weathering, atmospheric CO2, and climate",2000,"10.1146/annurev.earth.28.1.611","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033794713&doi=10.1146%2fannurev.earth.28.1.611&partnerID=40&md5=7d106c15742096c8d247c80c40688eea","There has been considerable controversy concerning the role of chemical weathering in the regulation of the atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and thus the strength of the greenhouse effect and global climate. Arguments center on the sensitivity of chemical weathering to climatic factors, especially temperature. Laboratory studies reveal a strong dependence of mineral dissolution on temperature, but the expression of this dependence in the field is often obscured by other environmental factors that co-vary with temperature. In the field, the clearest correlation is between chemical erosion rates and runoff, indicating an important dependence on the intensity of the hydrological cycle. Numerical models and interpretation of the geologic record reveal that chemical weathering has played a substantial role in both maintaining climatic stability over the eons as well as driving climatic swings in response to tectonic and paleogeographic factors."
"7003979342;7102403008;7003931528;7005219614;7004920873;","Transient climate change simulations with a coupled atmosphere-ocean GCM including the tropospheric sulfur cycle",1999,"10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<3004:TCCSWA>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033208511&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0442%281999%29012%3c3004%3aTCCSWA%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=6821bf02074d390777540340176da151","The time-dependent climate response to changing concentration of greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosols is studied using a coupled general circulation model of the atmosphere and the ocean (ECHAM4/OPYC3). The concentration of the well-mixed greenhouse gases like CO2, CH4, N2O, and CFCs are prescribed for the past (1860-1990) and projected into the future according to International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenario IS92a. In addition, the space-time distribution of tropospheric ozone is prescribed, and the tropospheric sulfur cycle is calculated within the coupled model using sulfur emissions of the past and projected into the future (IS92a). The radiative impact of the aerosols is considered via both the direct and the indirect (i.e., through cloud albedo) effect. It is shown that the simulated trend in sulfate deposition since the end of the last century is broadly consistent with ice core measurements, and the calculated radiative forcings from preindustrial to present time are within the uncertainty range estimated by IPCC. Three climate perturbation experiments are performed, applying different forcing mechanisms, and the results are compared with those obtained from a 300-yr unforced control experiment. As in previous experiments, the climate response is similar, but weaker, if aerosol effects are included in addition to greenhouse gases. One notable difference to previous experiments is that the strength of the Indian summer monsoon is not fundamentally affected by the inclusion of aerosol effects. Although the monsoon is damped compared to a greenhouse gas only experiment, it is still more vigorous than in the control experiment. This different behavior, compared to previous studies, is the result of the different land-sea distribution of aerosol forcing. Somewhat unexpected, the intensity of the global hydrological cycle becomes weaker in a warmer climate if both direct and indirect aerosol effects are included in addition to the greenhouse gases. This can be related to anomalous net radiative cooling of the earth's surface through aerosols, which is balanced by reduced turbulent transfer of both sensible and latent heat from the surface to the atmosphere.The time-dependent climate response to changing concentrations of greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosols is studied using a coupled general circulation model of the atmosphere and the ocean (ECHAM4/OPYC3). The concentrations of the well-mixed greenhouse gases like CO2, CH4, N2O, and CFCs are prescribed for the past (1860-1990) and projected into the future according to International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenario IS92a. In addition, the space-time distribution of tropospheric ozone is prescribed, and the tropospheric sulfur cycle is calculated within the coupled model using sulfur emissions of the past and projected into the future (IS92a). The radiative impact of the aerosols is considered via both the direct and the indirect (i.e., through cloud albedo) effect. It is shown that the simulated trend in sulfate deposition since the end of the last century is broadly consistent with ice core measurements, and the calculated radiative forcings from preindustrial to present time are within the uncertainty range estimated by IPCC. Three climate perturbation experiments are performed, applying different forcing mechanisms, and the results are compared with those obtained from a 300-yr unforced control experiment. As in previous experiments, the climate response is similar, but weaker, if aerosol effects are included in addition to greenhouse gases. One notable difference to previous experiments is that the strength of the Indian summer monsoon is not fundamentally affected by the inclusion of aerosol effects. Although the monsoon is damped compared to a greenhouse gas only experiment, it is still more vigorous than in the control experiment. This different behavior, compared to previous studies, is the result of the different land-sea distribution of aerosol forcing. Somewhat unexpected, the intensity of the global hydrological cycle becomes weaker in a warmer climate if both direct and indirect aerosol effects are included in addition to the greenhouse gases. This can be related to anomalous net radiative cooling of the earth's surface through aerosols, which is balanced by reduced turbulent transfer of both sensible and latent heat from the surface to the atmosphere."
"7003531755;7006558339;7006354215;","Thermodynamic and dynamic mechanisms for large-scale changes in the hydrological cycle in response to global warming",2010,"10.1175/2010JCLI3655.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77958109927&doi=10.1175%2f2010JCLI3655.1&partnerID=40&md5=570efae7af935b219636b2830f89e923","The mechanisms of changes in the large-scale hydrological cycle projected by 15 models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 and used for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fourth Assessment Report are analyzed by computing differences between 2046 and 2065 and 1961 and 2000. The contributions to changes in precipitation minus evaporation, P-E, caused thermodynamically by changes in specific humidity, dynamically by changes in circulation, and by changes in moisture transports by transient eddies are evaluated. The thermodynamic and dynamic contributions are further separated into advective and divergent components. The nonthermodynamic contributions are then related to changes in the mean and transient circulation. The projected change in P-E involves an intensification of the existing pattern of P-E with wet areas [the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and mid-to high latitudes] getting wetter and arid and semiarid regions of the subtropics getting drier. In addition, the subtropical dry zones expand poleward. The accentuation of the twentieth-century pattern of P-E is in part explained by increases in specific humidity via both advection and divergence terms. Weakening of the tropical divergent circulation partially opposes the thermodynamic contribution by creating a tendency to decreased P-E in the ITCZ and to increased P-E in the descending branches of the Walker and Hadley cells. The changing mean circulation also causes decreased P-E on the poleward flanks of the subtropics because the descending branch of the Hadley Cell expands and the midlatitude meridional circulation cell shifts poleward. Subtropical drying and poleward moistening are also contributed to by an increase in poleward moisture transport by transient eddies. The thermodynamic contribution to changing P-E, arising from increased specific humidity, is almost entirely accounted for by atmospheric warming under fixed relative humidity. © 2010 American Meteorological Society."
"6603681451;6602131433;57195605679;7102780160;","Evidence for global runoff increase related to climate warming",2004,"10.1016/j.advwatres.2004.02.020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-2442662868&doi=10.1016%2fj.advwatres.2004.02.020&partnerID=40&md5=9151fb7b2fb72d1b9f79e01b4c0b4c69","Ongoing global climatic change initiated by the anthropogenic release of carbon dioxide is a matter of intense debate. We focus both on the impact of these climatic changes on the global hydrological cycle and on the amplitude of the increase of global and continental runoff over the last century, in relation to measured temperature increases. In this contribution, we propose an original statistical wavelet-based method for the reconstruction of the monthly discharges of worldwide largest rivers. This method provides a data-based approximation of the evolution of the annual continental and global runoffs over the last century. A consistent correlation is highlighted between global annual temperature and runoff, suggesting a 4% global runoff increase by 1 °C global temperature rise. However, this global trend should be qualified at the regional scale where both increasing and decreasing trends are identified. North America runoffs appear to be the most sensitive to the recent climatic changes. Finally, this contribution provides the first experimental data-based evidence demonstrating the link between the global warming and the intensification of the global hydrological cycle. This corresponds to more intense evaporation over oceans coupled to continental precipitation increase or continental evaporation decrease. This process finally leads to an increase of the global continental runoff. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved."
"17434022100;57189053613;55829111000;15124698700;56324505100;","More extreme precipitation in the worldâ €™ s dry and wet regions",2016,"10.1038/nclimate2941","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84964940679&doi=10.1038%2fnclimate2941&partnerID=40&md5=87f90ae4057060260a6fc2ad9f96b45e","Intensification of the hydrological cycle is expected to accompany a warming climate. It has been suggested that changes in the spatial distribution of precipitation will amplify differences between dry and wet regions, but this has been disputed for changes over land. Furthermore, precipitation changes may differ not only between regions but also between different aspects of precipitation, such as totals and extremes. Here we investigate changes in these two aspects in the world's dry and wet regions using observations and global climate models. Despite uncertainties in total precipitation changes, extreme daily precipitation averaged over both dry and wet regimes shows robust increases in both observations and climate models over the past six decades. Climate projections for the rest of the century show continued intensification of daily precipitation extremes. Increases in total and extreme precipitation in dry regions are linearly related to the model-specific global temperature change, so that the spread in projected global warming partly explains the spread in precipitation intensification in these regions by the late twenty-first century. This intensification has implications for the risk of flooding as the climate warms, particularly for the world's dry regions. © 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved."
"7401559815;7409322518;","Observational relationships between aerosol and Asian monsoon rainfall, and circulation",2006,"10.1029/2006GL027546","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34248517044&doi=10.1029%2f2006GL027546&partnerID=40&md5=d20a90f5ac1a968a2cfd8b157b69f4d3","Preliminary observational evidences are presented showing that the Indian subcontinent and surrounding regions are subject to heavy loading of absorbing aerosols, i.e., dust and black carbon, which possess spatial and temporal variability that are closely linked to those of the Asian monsoon water cycle. Consistent with the Elevated Heat Pump hypothesis, we find that increased loading of absorbing aerosols over the Ihdo-Gangetic Plain in the premonsoon season is associated with a) increased heating of the upper troposphere, with the formation of a warm-core upper level anticyclone over the Tibetan Plateau in April-May, b) an advance of the monsoon rainy season in northern India in May, and c) subsequent increased rainfall over the Indian subcontinent, and decreased rainfall over East Asia in June-July. Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union."
"7005578774;","Atmospheric moisture recycling: Role of advection and local evaporation",1999,"10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<1368:amrroa>2.0.co;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032824373&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0442%281999%29012%3c1368%3aamrroa%3e2.0.co%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=fa35a9216f6acd447eb87b283f01c850","An approximate formulation of how much moisture that precipitates out comes from local evaporation versus horizontal transport, referred to as ""recycling,"" has allowed new estimates of recycling to be mapped globally as a function of length scale. The recycling is formulated in terms of the ""intensity of the hydrological cycle"" I, which is alternatively referred to as a ""precipitation efficiency"" as it denotes the fraction of moisture flowing through a region that is precipitated out, and a ""moistening efficiency,"" M, which is defined as the fraction of moisture evaporated from a region to that flowing through. While datasets of the pertinent quantities have improved, they still contain uncertainties. Results show that often the intensity is not greatest at times of greatest precipitation because moisture transport into the region is also a maximum, especially in the monsoonal regions. The annual cycle variations of I are fairly small over North America and Europe while large seasonal variations in M occur in most places. Seasonal mean maps of precipitation, evaporation (E), and atmospheric moisture transport are presented and discussed along with the seasonal and annual means of derived precipitation and moisture efficiencies and the recycling fraction. The recycling results depend greatly on the scale of the domain under consideration and global maps of the recycling for seasonal and annual means are produced for 500- and 1000-km scales that therefore allow the heterogeneity of the fields across river basins to be captured. Global annual mean recycling for 500-km scales is 9.6%, consisting of 8.9% over land and 9.9% over the oceans. Even for 1000-km scales, less than 20% of the annual precipitation typically comes from evaporation within that domain. Over the Amazon, strong advection of moisture dominates the supply of atmospheric moisture over much of the river basin but local evaporation is much more prominent over the southern parts, and, for the annual cycle as a whole, about 34% of the moisture is recycled. Over the Mississippi Basin, the recycling is about 21%. The smaller number mostly reflects the smaller domain size. Relatively high annual values of recycling (>20%) occur in the subtropical highs, where E is high and the advective moisture flux is small, and in convergence zones where, again, the advective moisture flux is small. Low annual values occur over the southern oceans, the North Pacific, and the eastern equatorial Pacific, where the moisture flux is at a maximum."
"7003467276;57214962929;6507815511;12774376600;57206526682;6602752798;6602178158;6506286471;7408519438;7004307308;55885662200;54416382700;54416512600;","EC-Earth V2.2: Description and validation of a new seamless earth system prediction model",2012,"10.1007/s00382-011-1228-5","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84867016346&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-011-1228-5&partnerID=40&md5=687749a1cea98add83743d9103aa35f6","EC-Earth, a new Earth system model based on the operational seasonal forecast system of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), is presented. The performance of version 2. 2 (V2. 2) of the model is compared to observations, reanalysis data and other coupled atmosphere-ocean-sea ice models. The large-scale physical characteristics of the atmosphere, ocean and sea ice are well simulated. When compared to other coupled models with similar complexity, the model performs well in simulating tropospheric fields and dynamic variables, and performs less in simulating surface temperature and fluxes. The surface temperatures are too cold, with the exception of the Southern Ocean region and parts of the Northern Hemisphere extratropics. The main patterns of interannual climate variability are well represented. Experiments with enhanced CO2 concentrations show well-known responses of Arctic amplification, land-sea contrasts, tropospheric warming and stratospheric cooling. The global climate sensitivity of the current version of EC-Earth is slightly less than 1 K/(W m-2). An intensification of the hydrological cycle is found and strong regional changes in precipitation, affecting monsoon characteristics. The results show that a coupled model based on an operational seasonal prediction system can be used for climate studies, supporting emerging seamless prediction strategies. © 2011 Springer-Verlag."
"7402270607;7102486629;","The influence of land surface properties on Sahel climate. Part I: desertification",1993,"10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006<2232:tiolsp>2.0.co;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027795694&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0442%281993%29006%3c2232%3atiolsp%3e2.0.co%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=9a6bd4c8f14c3d2cad1b0861e2135362","This is a general circulation model sensitivity study of the physical mechanisms of the effects of desertification on the Sahel drought. In the desertification experiment, the moisture flux convergence and rainfall were reduced in the test area and increased to the immediate south of this area. The simulated anomaly dipole pattern was similar to the observed African drought patterns in which the axis of the maximum rainfall shifts to the south. The circulation changes in the desertification experiment were consistent with those observed with those observed during sub-Saharan dry years. The tropical easterly jet was weaker and the African easterly jet was stronger than normal. Further, in agreement with the observations, the easterly wave disturbances were reduced in intensity but not in number. Descending motion dominated the desertification area. The surface energy budget and hydrological cycles were also changed substantially in the anomaly experiment -from Authors"
"7005368793;6603317418;7005250052;","Expected climate change impacts on soil erosion rates: A review",2004,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0742319939&partnerID=40&md5=96d44aac2b2ed0c7706dceedd8ec776c","Global warming is expected to lead to a more vigorous hydrological cycle, including more total rainfall and more frequent high intensity rainfall events. Rainfall amounts and intensities increased on average in the United States during the 20th century, and according to climate change models they are expected to continue to increase during the 21st century. These rainfall changes, along with expected changes in temperature, solar radiation, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations, will have significant impacts on soil erosion rates. The processes involved in the impact of climate change on soil erosion by water are complex, involving changes in rainfall amounts and intensities, number of days of precipitation, ratio of rain to snow, plant biomass production, plant residue decomposition rates, soil microbial activity, evapotranspiration rates, and shifts in land use necessary to accommodate a new climatic regime. This paper reviews several recent studies conducted by the authors that address the potential effects of climate change on soil erosion rates. The results show cause for concern. Rainfall erosivity levels may be on the rise across much of the United States. Where rainfall amounts increase, erosion and runoff will increase at an even greater rate: the ratio of erosion increase to annual rainfall increase is on the order of 1.7. Even in cases where annual rainfall would decrease, system feedbacks related to decreased biomass production could lead to greater susceptibility of the soil to erode. Results also show how farmers' response to climate change can potentially exacerbate, or ameliorate, the changes in erosion rates expected."
"7005578774;6602098362;51461682800;","Atmospheric moisture transports from ocean to land and global energy flows in reanalyses",2011,"10.1175/2011JCLI4171.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80052631692&doi=10.1175%2f2011JCLI4171.1&partnerID=40&md5=525168cb5bc51086a245c42563045bda","An assessment is made of the global energy and hydrological cycles from eight current atmospheric reanalyses and their depiction of changes over time. A brief evaluation of the water and energy cycles in the latest version of theNCARclimate model referred to as CCSM4 is also given. The focus is on the mean ocean, land, and global precipitation P; the corresponding evaporation E; their difference corresponding to the surface freshwater flux E-P; and the vertically integrated atmospheric moisture transports. Using the modelbased P and E, the time- and area-average E-P for the oceans, P-E for land, and the moisture transport from ocean to land should all be identical but are not close in most reanalyses, and often differ significantly from observational estimates of the surface return flow based on net river discharge into the oceans. Their differences reveal outstanding issues with atmospheric models and their biases, which are manifested as analysis increments in the reanalyses. The NCAR CCSM4, along with most reanalysis models, the exception being MERRA, has too-intense water cycling (P and E) over the ocean although ocean-to-land transports are very close to observed. Precipitation from reanalyses that assimilate moisture from satellite observations exhibits large changes identified with the changes in the observing system, as new and improved temperature and water vapor channels are assimilated and, while P improves after about 2002, E-P does not. Discrepancies among hydrological cycle components arise from analysis increments that can add or subtract moisture. The large-scale moisture budget divergences are more stable in time and similar across reanalyses than modelbased estimates of E-P. Results are consistent with the view that recycling of moisture is too large in most models and the lifetime of moisture is too short. For the energy cycle, most reanalyses have spurious imbalances of ~10 W m-2 within the atmosphere, and ~5-10 W m-2 in net fluxes into the surface and to space. Major improvements are needed in model treatment and assimilation of moisture, and surface fluxes from reanalyses should only be used with great caution. © 2011 American Meteorological Society."
"35784285600;","The potential impacts of global climate change on tropical montane cloud forests",2001,"10.1016/S0012-8252(01)00056-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035167462&doi=10.1016%2fS0012-8252%2801%2900056-3&partnerID=40&md5=23b5240f19592f47bc9bb14c482a6f13","Nearly every aspect of the cloud forest is affected by regular cloud immersion, from the hydrological cycle to the species of plants and animals within the forest. Since the altitude band of cloud formation on tropical mountains is limited, the tropical montane cloud forest occurs in fragmented strips and has been likened to island archipelagoes. This isolation and uniqueness promotes explosive speciation, exceptionally high endemism, and a great sensitivity to climate. Global climate change threatens all ecosystems through temperature and rainfall changes, with a typical estimate for altitude shifts in the climatic optimum for mountain ecotones of hundreds of meters by the time of CO2 doubling. This alone suggests complete replacement of many of the narrow altitude range cloud forests by lower altitude ecosystems, as well as the expulsion of peak residing cloud forests into extinction. However, the cloud forest will also be affected by other climate changes, in particular changes in cloud formation. A number of global climate models suggest a reduction in low level cloudiness with the coming climate changes, and one site in particular, Monteverde, Costa Rica, appears to already be experiencing a reduction in cloud immersion. The coming climate changes appear very likely to upset the current dynamic equilibrium of the cloud forest. Results will include biodiversity loss, altitude shifts in species' ranges and subsequent community reshuffling, and possibly forest death. Difficulties for cloud forest species to survive in climate-induced migrations include no remaining location with a suitable climate, no pristine location to colonize, migration rates or establishment rates that cannot keep up with climate change rates and new species interactions. We review previous cloud forest species redistributions in the paleo-record in light of the coming changes. The characteristic epiphytes of the cloud forest play an important role in the light, hydrological and nutrient cycles of the cloud forest and are especially sensitive to atmospheric climate change, especially humidity, as the epiphytes can occupy incredibly small eco-niches from the canopy to crooks to trunks. Even slight shifts in climate can cause wilting or death to the epiphyte community. Similarly, recent cloud forest animal redistributions, notably frog and lizard disappearances, may be driven by climate changes. Death of animals or epiphytes may have cascading effects on the cloud forest web of life. Aside from changes in temperature, precipitation, and cloudness, other climate changes may include increasing dry seasons, droughts, hurricanes and intense rain storms, all of which might increase damage to the cloud forest. Because cloud forest species occupy such small areas and tight ecological niches, they are not likely to colonize damaged regions. Fire, drought and plant invasions (especially non-native plants) are likely to increase the effects of any climate change damage in the cloud forest. As has frequently been suggested in the literature, all of the above factors combine to make the cloud forest a likely site for observing climate change effects in the near future. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved."
"7003707266;","The effect of climate change on hydrological regimes in Europe: A continental perspective",1999,"10.1016/S0959-3780(98)00015-6","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033119508&doi=10.1016%2fS0959-3780%2898%2900015-6&partnerID=40&md5=cdefcc8bedab1dcfc895e6fa1579907d","This paper outlines the effects of climate change by the 2050s on hydrological regimes at the continental scale in Europe, at a spatial resolution of 0.5 x 0.5°. Hydrological regimes are simulated using a macro-scale hydrological model, operating at a daily time step, and four climate change scenarios are used. There are differences between the four scenarios, but each indicates a general reduction in annual runoff in southern Europe (south of around 50°N), and an increase in the north. In maritime areas there is little difference in the timing of flows, but the range through the year tends to increase with lower flows during summer. The most significant changes in flow regime, however, occur where snowfall becomes less important due to higher temperatures, and therefore both winter runoff increases and spring flow decreases: these changes occur across a large part of eastern Europe. In western maritime Europe low flows reduce, but further east minimum flows will increase as flows during the present low flow season - winter - rise. 'Drought' was indexed as the maximum total deficit volume below the flow exceeded 95% of the time: this was found to increase in intensity across most of western Europe, but decrease in the east and north. The study attempted to quantify several sources of uncertainty, and showed that the effects of model uncertainty on the estimated change in runoff were generally small compared to the differences between scenarios and the assumed change in global temperature by 2050."
"36934610300;7005231450;7005578774;6603901951;","Simulation of global land surface conditions from 1948 to 2004. Part I: Forcing data and evaluations",2006,"10.1175/JHM540.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33750954695&doi=10.1175%2fJHM540.1&partnerID=40&md5=f28272396982aee9eebb014f6e9f64ca","Because of a lack of observations, historical simulations of land surface conditions using land surface models are needed for studying variability and changes in the continental water cycle and for providing initial conditions for seasonal climate predictions. Atmospheric forcing datasets are also needed for land surface model development. The quality of atmospheric forcing data greatly affects the ability of land surface models to realistically simulate land surface conditions. Here a carefully constructed global forcing dataset for 1948-2004 with 3-hourly and T62 (∼1.875°) resolution is described, and historical simulations using the latest version of the Community Land Model version 3.0 (CLM3) are evaluated using available observations of streamflow, continental freshwater discharge, surface runoff, and soil moisture. The forcing dataset was derived by combining observation-based analyses of monthly precipitation and surface air temperature with intramonthly variations from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction- National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR) reanalysis, which is shown to have spurious trends and biases in surface temperature and precipitation. Surface downward solar radiation from the reanalysis was first adjusted for variations and trends using monthly station records of cloud cover anomaly and then for mean biases using satellite observations during recent decades. Surface specific humidity from the reanalysis was adjusted using the adjusted surface air temperature and reanalysis relative humidity. Surface wind speed and air pressure were interpolated directly from the 6-hourly reanalysis data. Sensitivity experiments show that the precipitation adjustment (to the reanalysis data) leads to the largest improvement, while the temperature and radiation adjustments have only small effects. When forced by this data set, the CLM3 reproduces many aspects of the long-term mean, annual cycle, interannual and decadal variations, and trends of streamflow for many large rivers (e.g., the Orinoco, Changjiang, Mississippi, etc.), although substantial biases exist. The simulated long-term-mean freshwater discharge into the global and individual oceans is comparable to 921 river-based observational estimates. Observed soil moisture variations over Illinois and parts of Eurasia are generally simulated well, with the dominant influence coming from precipitation. The results suggest that the CLM3 simulations are useful for climate change analysis. It is also shown that unrealistically low intensity and high frequency of precipitation, as in most model-simulated precipitation or observed time-averaged fields, result in too much evaporation and too little runoff, which leads to lower than observed river flows. This problem can be reduced by adjusting the precipitation rates using observed-precipitation frequency maps. © 2006 American Meteorological Society."
"7102636633;35495958000;","Global trends and variability in soil moisture and drought characteristics, 1950-2000, from observation-driven simulations of the terrestrial hydrologic cycle",2008,"10.1175/2007JCLI1822.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-40849116653&doi=10.1175%2f2007JCLI1822.1&partnerID=40&md5=6338e09b1f37636bfb58143ec0886f1b","Global and regional trends in drought for 1950-2000 are analyzed using a soil moisture-based drought index over global terrestrial areas, excluding Greenland and Antarctica. The soil moisture fields are derived from a simulation of the terrestrial hydrologic cycle driven by a hybrid reanalysis-observation forcing dataset. Drought is described in terms of various statistics that summarize drought duration, intensity, and severity. There is an overall small wetting trend in global soil moisture, forced by increasing precipitation, which is weighted by positive soil moisture trends over the Western Hemisphere and especially in North America. Regional variation is nevertheless apparent, and significant drying over West Africa, as driven by decreasing Sahel precipitation, stands out. Elsewhere, Europe appears to have not experienced significant changes in soil moisture, a trait shared by Southeast and southern Asia. Trends in drought duration, intensity, and severity are predominantly decreasing, but statistically significant changes are limited in areal extent, of the order of 1.0%-7.0% globally, depending on the variable and drought threshold, and are generally less than 10% of continental areas. Concurrent changes in drought spatial extent are evident, with a global decreasing trend of between -0.021% and -0.035% yr-1. Regionally, drought spatial extent over Africa has increased and is dominated by large increases over West Africa. Northern and East Asia show positive trends, and central Asia and the Tibetan Plateau show decreasing trends. In South Asia all trends are insignificant. Drought extent over Australia has decreased. Over the Americas, trends are uniformly negative and mostly significant. Within the long-term trends there are considerable interannual and decadal variations in soil moisture and drought characteristics for most regions, which impact the robustness of the trends. Analysis of detrended and smoothed soil moisture time series reveals that the leading modes of variability are associated with sea surface temperatures, primarily in the equatorial Pacific and secondarily in the North Atlantic. Despite the overall wetting trend there is a switch since the 1970s to a drying trend, globally and in many regions, especially in high northern latitudes. This is shown to be caused, in part, by concurrent increasing temperatures. Although drought is driven primarily by variability in precipitation, projected continuation of temperature increases during the twenty-first century indicate the potential for enhanced drought occurrence. © 2008 American Meteorological Society."
"55907628100;24177152600;36984121900;7102636633;57206534330;7003499456;","Global assessment of trends in wetting and drying over land",2014,"10.1038/NGEO2247","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84923534698&doi=10.1038%2fNGEO2247&partnerID=40&md5=2882aeb8d908966015a12db9722a69bc","Changesinthe hydrological conditions of the land surface have substantial impacts on society1,2. Yet assessments of observed continental dryness trends yield contradicting results3-7. The concept that dry regions dry out further, whereas wet regions become wetter as the climate warms has been proposed as a simplified summary of expected8-10 as well as observed10-14 changes over land, although this concept is mostly based on oceanic data8,10. Here we present an analysis of more than 300 combinations of various hydrological data sets of historical land dryness changes covering the period from 1948 to 2005. Each combination of data sets is benchmarked against an empirical relationship between evaporation, precipitation and aridity. Those combinations that perform well are used for trend analysis. We find that over about three-quarters of the global land area, robust dryness changes cannot be detected. Only 10.8% of the global land area shows a robust 'dry gets drier, wet gets wetter' pattern, compared to 9.5% of global land area with the opposite pattern, that is, dry gets wetter, and wet gets drier. We conclude that aridity changes over land, where the potential for direct socio-economic consequences is highest, have not followed a simple intensification of existing patterns."
"55805082800;35932420900;26649925100;","Strong increase in convective precipitation in response to higher temperatures",2013,"10.1038/ngeo1731","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84874591425&doi=10.1038%2fngeo1731&partnerID=40&md5=961826afb295e2619fdc4ee9504d0b8a","Precipitation changes can affect society more directly than variations in most other meteorological observables1-3, but precipitation is difficult to characterize because of fluctuations on nearly all temporal and spatial scales. In addition, the intensity of extreme precipitation rises markedly at higher temperature4-9, faster than the rate of increase in the atmosphere's water-holding capacity1,4, termed the Clausius-Clapeyron rate. Invigoration of convective precipitation (such as thunderstorms) has been favoured over a rise in stratiform precipitation (such as large-scale frontal precipitation) as a cause for this increase 4,10, but the relative contributions of these two types of precipitation have been difficult to disentangle. Here we combine large data sets from radar measurements and rain gauges over Germany with corresponding synoptic observations and temperature records, and separate convective and stratiform precipitation events by cloud observations. We find that for stratiform precipitation, extremes increase with temperature at approximately the Clausius-Clapeyron rate, without characteristic scales. In contrast, convective precipitation exhibits characteristic spatial and temporal scales, and its intensity in response to warming exceeds the Clausius-Clapeyron rate. We conclude that convective precipitation responds much more sensitively to temperature increases than stratiform precipitation, and increasingly dominates events of extreme precipitation. Copyright © 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited."
"7005634455;","Snowfall in high southern latitudes",1988,"10.1029/RG026i001p00149","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0024189595&doi=10.1029%2fRG026i001p00149&partnerID=40&md5=1e2f3a9f0d9a323fb98682ad74b1e439","Precipitation over Antarctica is an important climatic variable whose study has been limited by the frequent inability to discriminate between actual snow precipitation and drifting snow. Recent advances in point precipitation measurements promise to circumvent this problem. In addition, indirect estimates based upon the atmospheric water balance equation provide seasonal precipitation amounts for areas larger than 1×106 km². For broad‐scale studies in the continental interior net snow accumulation closely approximates precipitation. Annual precipitation is relatively high over the marginal ice slopes in relation to amounts in the interior. This meridional distribution is due to the orographic lifting of moist air by the ice sheet. Zonal precipitation variations are related to the quasi‐stationary cyclones in the circumpolar low‐pressure trough. Most precipitation falls in winter, when the average moisture content of the air is low. The intensity of cyclonic activity is the key factor governing the amount of precipitation and its variations. Precipitation generation in coastal regions is strongly influenced by the fact that poleward moving, moist maritime air masses are deflected by the steep marginal ice slopes to blow parallel to the terrain contours. Direct orographic lifting with accompanying adiabatic cooling is the dominant precipitation formation mechanism inland of the 1‐km elevation contour; intrusions of moist air far into the continent are accompanied by southerly winds through a deep tropospheric layer. Above 3000 m elevation where terrain slopes are gentle, radiative cooling is the primary mechanism by which saturation is maintained within moist air, and thus by which precipitation is formed. Most precipitation at these elevations falls from clear skies. This phenomenon does not differ from precipitation originating in clouds but is a direct result of the low moisture content of the air, and hence ice layers are optically too thin to be visible as clouds. Copyright 1988 by the American Geophysical Union."
"7005892719;38662425800;24438491200;56212083500;15753684800;55999844600;16680076600;7003345902;","Impact of water withdrawals from groundwater and surface water on continental water storage variations",2012,"10.1016/j.jog.2011.05.001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84863845244&doi=10.1016%2fj.jog.2011.05.001&partnerID=40&md5=051463e5a7965829715124b09774b640","Humans have strongly impacted the global water cycle, not only water flows but also water storage. We have performed a first global-scale analysis of the impact of water withdrawals on water storage variations, using the global water resources and use model WaterGAP. This required estimation of fractions of total water withdrawals from groundwater, considering five water use sectors. According to our assessment, the source of 35% of the water withdrawn worldwide (4300km 3/year during 1998-2002) is groundwater. Groundwater contributes 42%, 36% and 27% of water used for irrigation, households and manufacturing, respectively, while we assume that only surface water is used for livestock and for cooling of thermal power plants. Consumptive water use was 1400km 3/year during 1998-2002. It is the sum of the net abstraction of 250km 3/year of groundwater (taking into account evapotranspiration and return flows of withdrawn surface water and groundwater) and the net abstraction of 1150km 3/year of surface water. Computed net abstractions indicate, for the first time at the global scale, where and when human water withdrawals decrease or increase groundwater or surface water storage. In regions with extensive surface water irrigation, such as Southern China, net abstractions from groundwater are negative, i.e. groundwater is recharged by irrigation. The opposite is true for areas dominated by groundwater irrigation, such as in the High Plains aquifer of the central USA, where net abstraction of surface water is negative because return flow of withdrawn groundwater recharges the surface water compartments. In intensively irrigated areas, the amplitude of seasonal total water storage variations is generally increased due to human water use; however, in some areas, it is decreased. For the High Plains aquifer and the whole Mississippi basin, modeled groundwater and total water storage variations were compared with estimates of groundwater storage variations based on groundwater table observations, and with estimates of total water storage variations from the GRACE satellites mission. Due to the difficulty in estimating area-averaged seasonal groundwater storage variations from point observations of groundwater levels, it is uncertain whether WaterGAP underestimates actual variations or not. We conclude that WaterGAP possibly overestimates water withdrawals in the High Plains aquifer where impact of human water use on water storage is readily discernible based on WaterGAP calculations and groundwater observations. No final conclusion can be drawn regarding the possibility of monitoring water withdrawals in the High Plains aquifer using GRACE. For the less intensively irrigated Mississippi basin, observed and modeled seasonal groundwater storage reveals a discernible impact of water withdrawals in the basin, but this is not the case for total water storage such that water withdrawals at the scale of the whole Mississippi basin cannot be monitored by GRACE. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd."
"55718307400;57204659055;8719489000;57203398578;36065477000;56504563100;36013258000;12765822400;8719488800;7202089880;7404210446;55962812400;7102122207;7101814846;7406294260;55724709400;7701313284;7101688905;57202203200;35272289400;34882333700;18042552900;7102700868;55216817200;","Watershed allied telemetry experimental research",2009,"10.1029/2008JD011590","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-72049118429&doi=10.1029%2f2008JD011590&partnerID=40&md5=8ce26c6ecc7364833ed41a9edce81671","The Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research (WATER) is a simultaneous airborne, satellite-borne, and ground-based remote sensing experiment aiming to improve the observability, understanding, and redictability of hydrological and related ecological processes at a catchment scale. WATER consists of the cold region, forest, and arid region hydrological experiments as well as a hydrometeorology experiment and took place in the Heihe River Basin, a typical inland river basin in the northwest of China. The field campaigns have been completed, with an intensive observation period lasting from 7 March to 12 April, from 15 May to 22 July, and from 23 August to 5 September 2008: in total, 120 days. Twenty-five airborne missions were flown. Airborne sensors including microwave radiometers at L, K, and Ka bands, imaging spectrometer, thermal imager, CCD, and lidar were used. Various satellite data were collected. Ground measurements were carried out at four scales, that is, key experimental area, foci experimental area, experiment site, and elementary sampling plot, using ground-based remote sensing instruments, densified network of automatic meteorological stations, flux towers, and hydrological stations. On the basis of these measurements, the remote sensing retrieval models and algorithms of water cycle variables are to be developed or improved, and a catchment-scale land/hydrological data assimilation system is being developed. This paper reviews the background, scientific objectives, experiment design, filed campaign implementation, and current status of WATER. The analysis of the data will continue over the next 2 years, and limited revisits to the field are anticipated. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union."
"57194933853;35511604900;7005123759;7003520085;6603415541;7003959711;6603940595;7003870916;7201903057;6603565405;","A global 9-yr biophysical land surface dataset from NOAA AVHRR data",2000,"10.1175/1525-7541(2000)001<0183:AGYBLS>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034165438&doi=10.1175%2f1525-7541%282000%29001%3c0183%3aAGYBLS%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=203ccc158830d6a09090aaeeae9ca3ad","Global, monthly, 1° by 1° biophysical land surface datasets for 1982-90 were derived from data collected by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on board the NOAA-7, -9, and -11 satellites. The AVHRR data are adjusted for sensor degradation, volcanic aerosol effects, cloud contamination, short-term atmospheric effects (e.g., water vapor and aerosol effects ≤2 months), solar zenith angle variations, and missing data. Interannual variation in the data is more realistic as a result. The following biophysical parameters are estimated: fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by vegetation, vegetation cover fraction, leaf area index, and fraction of green leaves. Biophysical retrieval algorithms are tested and updated with data from intensive remote sensing experiments. The multiyear vegetation datasets are consistent spatially and temporally and are useful for studying spatial, seasonal, and interannual variability in the biosphere related to the hydrological cycle, the energy balance, and biogeochemical cycles. The biophysical data are distributed via the Internet by the Goddard Distributed Active Archive Center as a precursor to the International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Initiative II. Release of more extensive, higher-resolution datasets (0.25° by 0.25°) over longer time periods (1982-97/98) is planned for ISLSCP Initiative II."
"6602685664;57203083513;6701923195;7004643258;","Have streamflow droughts in Europe become more severe or frequent?",2001,"10.1002/joc.619","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035868538&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.619&partnerID=40&md5=ab84d3a06fc35982fd0dfd6fd8c9620e","Changes in the magnitude and frequency of droughts will have extensive impacts on water management, agriculture and aquatic ecosystems. With the projected global temperature increase, scientists generally agree that the global hydrological cycle will intensify and suggest that extremes will become or have already become more common. In this study, a pan-European dataset of more than 600 daily streamflow records from the European Water Archive (EWA) was analysed to detect spatial and temporal changes in streamflow droughts. Four different time periods were analysed: 1962-1990, 1962-1995, 1930-1995 and 1911-1995. The focus was on hydrological droughts derived by applying the threshold level approach, which defines droughts as periods during which the streamflow is below a certain threshold. The Annual Maximum Series (AMS) of drought severity and the frequency of droughts in Partial Duration Series (PDS) were studied. Despite several reports on recent droughts in Europe, the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and a resampling test for trend detection showed that it is not possible to conclude that drought conditions in general have become more severe or frequent. The period analysed and the selection of stations strongly influenced the regional pattern. For most stations, no significant changes were detected. However, distinct regional differences were found. Within the period 1962-1990 examples of increasing drought deficit volumes were found in Spain, the eastern part of Eastern Europe and in large parts of the UK, whereas decreasing drought deficit volumes occurred in large parts of Central Europe and in the western part of Eastern Europe. Trends in drought deficit volumes or durations could, to a large extent, be explained through changes in precipitation or artificial influences in the catchment. Changes in the number of drought events per year were determined by the combined effect of climate and catchment characteristics such as storage capacity. The importance of the time period chosen for trend analysis is illustrated using two very long time series. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society."
"55817344400;56544791900;26649925100;36177721100;6602972127;6603749140;","Impact of a statistical bias correction on the projected hydrological changes obtained from three GCMs and two hydrology models",2011,"10.1175/2011JHM1336.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80052007263&doi=10.1175%2f2011JHM1336.1&partnerID=40&md5=ab3d69f6c667b7436625c05228eb2283","Future climate model scenarios depend crucially on the models' adequate representation of the hydrological cycle. Within the EU integrated project Water and Global Change (WATCH), special care is taken to use state-of-the-art climate model output for impacts assessments with a suite of hydrological models. This coupling is expected to lead to a better assessment of changes in the hydrological cycle. However, given the systematic errors of climate models, their output is often not directly applicable as input for hydrological models. Thus, the methodology of a statistical bias correction has been developed for correcting climate model output to produce long-term time series with a statistical intensity distribution close to that of the observations. As observations, global reanalyzed daily data of precipitation and temperature were used that were obtained in the WATCH project. Daily time series from three GCMs(GCMs) ECHAM5/Max Planck Institute Ocean Model (MPI-OM), Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques Coupled GCM, version 3 (CNRM-CM3), and the atmospheric component of the L'Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace Coupled Model, version 4 (IPSL CM4) coupled model (called LMDZ-4)-were bias corrected. After the validation of the bias-corrected data, the original and the bias corrected GCM data were used to force two global hydrologymodels (GHMs): 1) the hydrological model of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-HM) consisting of the simplified land surface (SL) scheme and the hydrological discharge (HD)model, and 2) the dynamic global vegetation model called LPJmL. The impact of the bias correction on the projected simulated hydrological changes is analyzed, and the simulation results of the two GHMs are compared. Here, the projected changes in 2071-2100 are considered relative to 1961-90. It is shown for both GHMs that the usage of bias-corrected GCM data leads to an improved simulation of river runoff for most catchments. But it is also found that the bias correction has an impact on the climate change signal for specific locations and months, thereby identifying another level of uncertainty in the modeling chain from the GCM to the simulated changes calculated by the GHMs. This uncertainty may be of the same order of magnitude as uncertainty related to the choice of the GCM or GHM. Note that this uncertainty is primarily attached to the GCM and only becomes obvious by applying the statistical bias correction methodology. © 2011 American Meteorological Society."
"7003663632;7005853435;","A simple framework for relating variations in runoff to variations in climatic conditions and catchment properties",2011,"10.1029/2010WR009826","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79959460583&doi=10.1029%2f2010WR009826&partnerID=40&md5=c8e2e1c76394eb2a82704c3fd24fc1ea","We use the Budyko framework to calculate catchment-scale evapotranspiration (E) and runoff (Q) as a function of two climatic factors, precipitation (P) and evaporative demand (Eo = 0.75 times the pan evaporation rate), and a third parameter that encodes the catchment properties (n) and modifies how P is partitioned between E and Q. This simple theory accurately predicted the long-term evapotranspiration (E) and runoff (Q) for the Murray-Darling Basin (MDB) in southeast Australia. We extend the theory by developing a simple and novel analytical expression for the effects on E and Q of small perturbations in P, Eo, and n. The theory predicts that a 10% change in P, with all else constant, would result in a 26% change in Q in the MDB. Future climate scenarios (2070-2099) derived using Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change AR4 climate model output highlight the diversity of projections for P (30%) with a correspondingly large range in projections for Q (80%) in the MDB. We conclude with a qualitative description about the impact of changes in catchment properties on water availability and focus on the interaction between vegetation change, increasing atmospheric [CO2], and fire frequency. We conclude that the modern version of the Budyko framework is a useful tool for making simple and transparent estimates of changes in water availability. © 2011 by the American Geophysical Union."
"7102636633;35495958000;","Characteristics of global and regional drought, 1950-2000: Analysis of soil moisture data from off-line simulation of the terrestrial hydrologic cycle",2007,"10.1029/2006JD008288","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-35748937655&doi=10.1029%2f2006JD008288&partnerID=40&md5=abf52e0f60cddb62c2c3a8a565e9eaa3","Drought occurrence is analyzed over global land areas for 1950-2000 using soil moisture data from a simulation of the terrestrial water cycle with the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) land surface model, which is forced by an observation based meteorological data set. A monthly drought index based on percentile soil moisture values relative to the 50-year climatology is analyzed in terms of duration, intensity and severity at global and regional scales. Short-term droughts (<= 6 months) are prevalent in the Tropics and midlatitudes, where inter-annual climate variability is highest. Medium term droughts (7-12 months) are more frequent in mid- to high-latitudes. Long term (12+ months) droughts are generally restricted to sub-Saharan Africa and higher northern latitudes. The Sahel region stands out for having experienced long-term and severe drought conditions. Severe regional drought events are systematically identified in terms of spatial coverage, based on different thresholds of duration and intensity. For example, in northern Europe, 1996 and 1975 were the years of most extensive 3- and 12-month duration drought, respectively. In northern Asia, severe drought events are characterized by persistent soil moisture anomalies over the wintertime. The drought index identifies several well-known events, including the 1988 US, 1982/83 Australian, 1983/4 Sahel and 1965/66 Indian droughts which are generally ranked as the severest and most spatially extensive in the record. Comparison with the PDSI shows general agreement at global scales and for these major events but they diverge considerably in cooler regions and seasons, and especially in latter years when the PDSI shows a larger drying trend. Copyright 2007 by the American Geophysical Union."
"57211811048;7006107059;6603764342;8603242500;7402330357;7404164186;13404181900;41461290000;7003482642;","Oceanic and terrestrial sources of continental precipitation",2012,"10.1029/2012RG000389","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84869168526&doi=10.1029%2f2012RG000389&partnerID=40&md5=152d4cd86d7a764e3c35a5ae151acedf","The most important sources of atmospheric moisture at the global scale are herein identified, both oceanic and terrestrial, and a characterization is made of how continental regions are influenced by water from different moisture source regions. The methods used to establish source-sink relationships of atmospheric water vapor are reviewed, and the advantages and caveats associated with each technique are discussed. The methods described include analytical and box models, numerical water vapor tracers, and physical water vapor tracers (isotopes). In particular, consideration is given to the wide range of recently developed Lagrangian techniques suitable both for evaluating the origin of water that falls during extreme precipitation events and for establishing climatologies of moisture source-sink relationships. As far as oceanic sources are concerned, the important role of the subtropical northern Atlantic Ocean provides moisture for precipitation to the largest continental area, extending from Mexico to parts of Eurasia, and even to the South American continent during the Northern Hemisphere winter. In contrast, the influence of the southern Indian Ocean and North Pacific Ocean sources extends only over smaller continental areas. The South Pacific and the Indian Ocean represent the principal source of moisture for both Australia and Indonesia. Some landmasses only receive moisture from the evaporation that occurs in the same hemisphere (e.g., northern Europe and eastern North America), while others receive moisture from both hemispheres with large seasonal variations (e.g., northern South America). The monsoonal regimes in India, tropical Africa, and North America are provided with moisture from a large number of regions, highlighting the complexities of the global patterns of precipitation. Some very important contributions are also seen from relatively small areas of ocean, such as the Mediterranean Basin (important for Europe and North Africa) and the Red Sea, which provides water for a large area between the Gulf of Guinea and Indochina (summer) and between the African Great Lakes and Asia (winter). The geographical regions of Eurasia, North and South America, and Africa, and also the internationally important basins of the Mississippi, Amazon, Congo, and Yangtze Rivers, are also considered, as is the importance of terrestrial sources in monsoonal regimes. The role of atmospheric rivers, and particularly their relationship with extreme events, is discussed. Droughts can be caused by the reduced supply of water vapor from oceanic moisture source regions. Some of the implications of climate change for the hydrological cycle are also reviewed, including changes in water vapor concentrations, precipitation, soil moisture, and aridity. It is important to achieve a combined diagnosis of moisture sources using all available information, including stable water isotope measurements. A summary is given of the major research questions that remain unanswered, including (1) the lack of a full understanding of how moisture sources influence precipitation isotopes; (2) the stationarity of moisture sources over long periods; (3) the way in which possible changes in intensity (where evaporation exceeds precipitation to a greater of lesser degree), and the locations of the sources, (could) affect the distribution of continental precipitation in a changing climate; and (4) the role played by the main modes of climate variability, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation or the El Nio-Southern Oscillation, in the variability of the moisture source regions, as well as a full evaluation of the moisture transported by low-level jets and atmospheric rivers. © 2012. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"7004148913;7203025443;7005256846;56216597200;6603052650;57212618281;7006797161;7004073097;","Current state of knowledge regarding the world's wetlands and their future under global climate change: A synthesis",2013,"10.1007/s00027-012-0278-z","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84871937258&doi=10.1007%2fs00027-012-0278-z&partnerID=40&md5=69dd4b6a1088843927c7847111d36ba6","Wetlands cover at least 6 % of the Earth's surface. They play a key role in hydrological and biogeochemical cycles, harbour a large part of the world's biodiversity, and provide multiple services to humankind. However, pressure in the form of land reclamation, intense resource exploitation, changes in hydrology, and pollution threaten wetlands on all continents. Depending on the region, 30-90 % of the world's wetlands have already been destroyed or strongly modified in many countries with no sign of abatement. Climate change scenarios predict additional stresses on wetlands, mainly because of changes in hydrology, temperature increases, and a rise in sea level. Yet, intact wetlands play a key role as buffers in the hydrological cycle and as sinks for organic carbon, counteracting the effects of the increase in atmospheric CO2. Eight chapters comprising this volume of Aquatic Sciences analyze the current ecological situation and the use of the wetlands in major regions of the world in the context of global climate change. This final chapter provides a synthesis of the findings and recommendations for the sustainable use and protection of these important ecosystems. © 2012 Springer Basel."
"6504527213;36963236600;7403882139;","Climatic change on the Tibetan Plateau: Potential evapotranspiration trends from 1961-2000",2006,"10.1007/s10584-006-9080-z","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33746206446&doi=10.1007%2fs10584-006-9080-z&partnerID=40&md5=d3a3d25ae09175b4b53c61564f74b7a0","Time series (1961-2000) of Penman-Monteith potential evapotranspiration estimates for 101 stations on the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas are analyzed in this paper. For the Tibetan Plateau as a whole potential evapotranspiration (PET) has decreased in all seasons. The average annual evapotranspiration rate decreased by 13.1 mm/decade or 2.0% of the annual total. Superimposed on this general decline are fluctuations ranging from app. 600 to 700 mm with above average rates in the 1970s and 1980s. On a regional basis, spatial trend distributions remain stable throughout the year with similar seasonal variations. Decreasing PET rates are more pronounced in winter and spring (80% of all stations) as compared to summer and autumn (58% of all stations). Maximum negative (positive) annual rates were recorded at two stations in the southern Qaidam Basin with -79.5 mm/decade (84.8 mm/decade) even though in general negative rates tend to be noticeably higher than positive rates. Changes in wind speed and to a lesser degree relative humidity were found to be the most important meteorological variables affecting PET trends on the Tibetan Plateau while changes in sunshine duration played an insignificant role. Stable daytime temperatures on the Tibetan Plateau have limited the importance of temperature trends for changes of PET rates. Negative evapotranspiration trends are therefore thought to be linked to a general decrease in intensity of the regional monsoon circulation rather than to reductions in sunshine duration. Reduced PET rates appear to be in contrast to a predicted increased hydrological cycle under global warming scenarios. © Springer 2006."
"57209078379;7402504552;6603645136;6602484498;","Very high-resolution regional climate simulations over Scandinavia-present climate",1998,"10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<3204:VHRRCS>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032446160&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0442%281998%29011%3c3204%3aVHRRCS%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=60b79e7cb64f99e0b8ef17dcdd326be0","The hydrological cycle on a regional scale is poorly represented with a present-day coarse resolution general circulation model (GCM). With a dynamical downscaling technique, in which a regional higher-resolution climate model (RCM) is nested into the GCM, this starts to become feasible. Here the authors go one step further with a double nesting approach, applying an RCM at 19-km horizontal resolution nested into an RCM at 57-km resolution over an area covering the Scandinavian Peninsula. A 9-yr-long time-slice simulation is performed with the driving boundary conditions taken from a fully coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM experiment, the recently completed ECHAM4/OPYC3 control simulation performed by the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg. With increasing resolution, local effects playing a significant role in the hydrological budget become better and better resolved and are more realistically simulated. It is found in particular that in mountainous regions the high-resolution simulation shows improvements in the simulation of hydrologically relevant fields such as runoff and snow cover. Also, the distribution of precipitation on different intensity classes is most realistically simulated in the high-resolution simulation. It does, however, inherit certain large-scale systematic errors from the driving GCM. In many cases these errors increase with increasing resolution. Model verification of near-surface temperature and precipitation is made using a new gridded climatology based on a high-density station network for the Scandinavian countries compiled for the present study. The simulated runoff is compared with observed data from Sweden extracted from a Swedish climatological atlas. These runoff data indicate that the precipitation analyses are underestimating the true precipitation by as much as 96% on an annual basis in the most mountainous region of Sweden. This fact as well as estimates of the underestimation in other areas of Scandinavia make the high-resolution RCM simulations appear more realistic.The hydrological cycle on a regional scale is poorly represented with a present-day coarse resolution general circulation model (GCM). With a dynamical downscaling technique, in which a regional higher-resolution climate model (RCM) is nested into the GCM, this starts to become feasible. Here the authors go one step further with a double nesting approach, applying an RCM at 19-km horizontal resolution nested into an RCM at 57-km resolution over an area covering the Scandinavian Peninsula. A 9-yr-long time-slice simulation is performed with the driving boundary conditions taken from a fully coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM experiment, the recently completed ECHAM4/OPYC3 control simulation performed by the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg. With increasing resolution, local effects playing a significant role in the hydrological budget become better and better resolved and are more realistically simulated. It is found in particular that in mountainous regions the high-resolution simulation shows improvements in the simulation of hydrologically relevant fields such as runoff and snow cover. Also, the distribution of precipitation on different intensity classes is most realistically simulated in the high-resolution simulation. It does, however, inherit certain large-scale systematic errors from the driving GCM. In many cases these errors increase with increasing resolution. Model verification of near-surface temperature and precipitation is made using a new gridded climatology based on a high-density station network for the Scandinavian countries compiled for the present study. The simulated runoff is compared with observed data from Sweden extracted from a Swedish climatological atlas. These runoff data indicate that the precipitation analyses are underestimating the true precipitation by as much as 96% on an annual basis in the most mountainous region of Sweden. This fact as well as estimates of the underestimation in other areas of Scandinavia make the high-resolution RCM simulations appear more realistic."
"35232873900;7201425334;54983317400;55640427900;57205138055;57196254681;","Increase in the range between wet and dry season precipitation",2013,"10.1038/ngeo1744","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84875774745&doi=10.1038%2fngeo1744&partnerID=40&md5=81121f208e127d539f484d9ea1fda3c6","Global temperatures have risen over the past few decades. The water vapour content of the atmosphere has increased as a result, strengthening the global hydrological cycle. This, in turn, has led to wet regions getting wetter, and dry regions drier. Climate model simulations suggest that a similar intensification of existing patterns may also apply to the seasonal cycle of rainfall. Here, we analyse regional and global trends in seasonal precipitation extremes over the past three decades, using a number of global and land-alone observational data sets. We show that globally the annual range of precipitation has increased, largely because wet seasons have become wetter. Although the magnitude of the shift is uncertain, largely owing to limitations inherent in the data sets used, the sign of the tendency is robust. On a regional scale, the tendency for wet seasons to get wetter occurs over climatologically rainier regions. Similarly, the tendency for dry season to get drier is seen in drier regions. Even if the total amount of annual rainfall does not change significantly, the enhancement in the seasonal precipitation cycle could have marked consequences for the frequency of droughts and floods. © 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved."
"24823447900;6603834456;7005456523;","The influence of land-use changes on soil hydraulic properties: Implications for runoff generation",2006,"10.1016/j.foreco.2005.10.070","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-31444454923&doi=10.1016%2fj.foreco.2005.10.070&partnerID=40&md5=4dbc26eb4e370d031a3f54cb16428047","Many modern landscapes in the humid tropics appear as a mosaic of primary forest, agricultural land and abandoned areas at various stages of regrowth. Whereas the hydrological functioning of primary forest and agricultural ecosystems is known to some degree, the impact of secondary forests on the hydrological cycle has yet to receive the same attention; this is particularly true for the effects of forest regrowth on soil hydrology. We investigated the effects of land-use and land-cover types representative of largely deforested areas of the Amazon basin on soil hydrological flowpaths by quantifying infiltrability and field-saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) at two depths (12.5 and 20 cm) under primary forest, recently cleared secondary forest (prepasture), teak (Tectona grandis), pasture and secondary forests originating from a former banana-cacao plantation (banana) and from pasture (capoeira). We further inferred potential changes in the hydrological flowpath regime by comparing our results with prevailing rainfall intensities. Infiltrability varied (α = 0.05) among the cover types according to: {forest} > {banana, capoeira, teak} > {pasture}, with prepasture overlapping with forest, banana and capoeira. Although the infiltrability of pasture is lower by an order of magnitude in comparison to the other cover types, this decrease does not affect flowpath patterns as infiltrability still exceeds even the highest short-term, such as 5 min, rainfall intensities. Ksat at the 12.5 cm depth varies as follows: {forest, banana, capoeira} > {teak} > {pasture}, with prepasture being undistinguishable from the first group. Under teak and pasture, Ksat is lower than prevailing rainfall intensities, which implies the possible generation of a perched water table at a shallow depth and hence the generation of saturation overland flow. The impact of 13 years of cattle grazing prior to planting teak is still measurable even after 10 years of growth. At the 20 cm depth, the differences in Ksat among the land uses are minor compared to prevailing rainfall intensities, i.e., the vertical flow of water is impeded regardless of land use. We conclude that there is a considerable memory effect; hence, any assessment of the hydrological functioning of secondary forests, quasi-natural or man-made, must take into account the kind, intensity and duration of land use prior to regrowth. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"16679271700;6701606453;7202899330;55476786400;8605057200;7202962414;6603768446;","Rainfall retrieval over the ocean with spaceborne W-band radar",2009,"10.1029/2008JD009973","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-66949112174&doi=10.1029%2f2008JD009973&partnerID=40&md5=ace3929b426ba374bd7086905ad7c4df","A method for retrieving precipitation over the ocean using spaceborne W-band (94 GHz) radar is introduced and applied to the CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar. The method is most applicable to stratiform-type precipitation. Measurements of radar backscatter from the ocean surface are combined with information about surface wind speed and sea surface temperature to derive the path-integrated attenuation through precipitating cloud systems. The scattering and extinction characteristics of raindrops are modeled using a combination of Mie theory (for raindrops) and the discrete dipole approximation (for ice crystals and melting snow), and a model of the melting layer is implemented to represent the transition between ice and liquid water. Backward Monte Carlo modeling is used to model multiple scattering from precipitating hydrometeors between the radar and ocean surface, which is shown to be significant for precipitation rates exceeding 3-5 mm h-1, particularly when precipitating ice is present. An uncertainty analysis is presented and the algorithm is applied to near-global CloudSat observations and compared with other near-global precipitation sources. In the tropics, CloudSat tends to underestimate the heaviest precipitation. It is found that in the middle latitudes, however, CloudSat observes precipitation more often and with greater resulting accumulation than other spacebome sensors. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union."
"49161177000;7402564441;7501463086;57202964315;6603634302;","Holocene East Asian monsoonal precipitation pattern revealed by grain-size distribution of core sediments of Daihai Lake in Inner Mongolia of north-central China",2005,"10.1016/j.epsl.2005.02.022","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-18344373481&doi=10.1016%2fj.epsl.2005.02.022&partnerID=40&md5=11298eee1aa2ad8d1616ca1ee462ba82","Two sediment cores recovered in the central part of Daihai Lake in north-central China were analysed at 2- to 4-cm intervals for grain-size distribution. Grain-size distributions of the lake sediments are inferred to be a proxy for past changes in East Asian monsoon precipitation, such that greater silt-size percentage and higher median grain size reflect increased monsoonal precipitation rates. The grain-size record of Daihai Lake sediments spanning the last ca 10,000 yr indicates that the monsoonal precipitation in the lake region can be divided into three stages: The Early, Middle and Late Holocene. During the Early Holocene before ca 7900 cal yr BP, the median grain size (Md) and the silt-fraction content were relatively low and constant, suggesting relatively low precipitation over the lake region. The Middle Holocene between ca 7900 and 3100 cal yr BP was marked by intensified and highly variable monsoonal precipitation, as indicated by high and variable Md values and silt contents of the lake sediments. During this period, average precipitation rate gradually increased from ca 7900 to 6900 cal yr BP, displayed intense oscillations between ca 6900 and 4400 cal yr BP, and exhibited a decreasing trend while fluctuating from ca 4400 to 3100 cal yr BP. Although generally high during the Middle Holocene, both the Md and the silt content assumed distinctly low values at the short intervals of ca 6500-6400, 6000-5900, 5700-5600, 4400-4200 cal yr BP, implying that monsoonal precipitation might have been significantly reduced during these intervals. During the Late Holocene since ca 3100 cal yr BP, grain-size values suggest that precipitation decreased. However, during the Late Holocene, relatively higher Md values and silt contents occurring between ca 1700 to 1000 cal yr BP may denote an intensification of hydrological cycles in the lake area. Changes in the East Asian monsoonal precipitation were not only directly linked with the changing seasonality of solar insolation resulting from progressive changes in the Earth's orbital parameters, but also may have been closely related to variations in the temperature and size of the Western Pacific Warm Pool, in the intensity of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation, and in the path and strength of the North Equatorial Current in the western Pacific. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"23995473100;6603710604;7003798680;","Precipitation in the hindu-kush karakoram himalaya: Observations and future scenarios",2013,"10.1029/2012JD018697","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84877947303&doi=10.1029%2f2012JD018697&partnerID=40&md5=61793e6a71efd5648442efb95653b597","We study the properties of precipitation in the Hindu-Kush Karakoram Himalaya (HKKH) region using currently available data sets. We consider satellite rainfall estimates (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission), reanalyses (ERA-Interim), gridded in situ rain gauge data (Asian Precipitation Highly Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation of Water Resources, Climate Research Unit, and Global Precipitation Climatology Centre), and a merged satellite and rain gauge climatology (Global Precipitation Climatology Project). The data are compared with simulation results from the global climate model EC-Earth. All data sets, despite having different resolutions, coherently reproduce the mean annual cycle of precipitation in the western and eastern stretches of the HKKH. While for the Himalaya only a strong summer precipitation signal is present, associated with the monsoon, the data indicate that the Hindu-Kush Karakoram, which is exposed to midlatitude ""western weather patterns"", receives water inputs in winter. Time series of seasonal precipitation confirm that the various data sets provide a consistent measurement of interannual variability for the HKKH. The longest observational data sets indicate a statistically significant decreasing trend in Himalaya during summer. None of the data sets gives statistically significant precipitation trends in Hindu-Kush Karakoram during winter. Precipitation data from EC-Earth are in good agreement with the climatology of the observations (rainfall distribution and seasonality). The evolution of precipitation under two different future scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) reveals an increasing trend over the Himalaya during summer, associated with an increase in wet extremes and daily intensity and a decrease in the number of rainy days. Unlike the observations, the model shows an increasing precipitation trend also in the period 1950-2009, possibly as a result of the poor representation of aerosols in this type of GCMs. Key Points Precipitation Hydrological cycle Himalaya EC-Earth. © 2012 American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"7403077486;25647334300;","A study of aerosol impacts on clouds and precipitation development in a large winter cyclone",2014,"10.1175/JAS-D-13-0305.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907074512&doi=10.1175%2fJAS-D-13-0305.1&partnerID=40&md5=2bf1cda8714ae56bf332a175086d7261","Aerosols influence cloud and precipitation development in complex ways due to myriad feedbacks at a variety of scales from individual clouds through entire storm systems. This paper describes the implementation, testing, and results of a newly modified bulk microphysical parameterization with explicit cloud droplet nucleation and ice activation by aerosols. Idealized tests and a high-resolution, convection-permitting, continental-scale, 72-h simulation with five sensitivity experiments showed that increased aerosol number concentration results in more numerous cloud droplets of overall smaller size and delays precipitation development. Furthermore, the smaller droplet sizes cause the expected increased cloud albedo effect and more subtle longwave radiation effects. Although increased aerosols generally hindered the warm-rain processes, regions of mixed-phase clouds were impacted in slightly unexpected ways with more precipitation falling north of a synoptic-scale warm front. Aerosol impacts to regions of light precipitation, less than approximately 2.5 mm h-1, were far greater than impacts to regions with higher precipitation rates. Comparisons of model forecasts with five different aerosol states versus surface precipitation measurements revealed that even a large-scale storm system with nearly a thousand observing locations did not indicate which experiment produced a more correct final forecast, indicating a need for far longer-duration simulations due to the magnitude of both model forecast error and observational uncertainty. Last, since aerosols affect cloud and precipitation phase and amount, there are resulting implications to a variety of end-user applications such as surface sensible weather and aircrafticing. © 2014 American Meteorological Society."
"7003929642;7007033191;8847173900;35095314700;56885159000;7404331975;57203472467;7004381336;55919321100;7101815608;7005126171;7201705406;","The impacts of climate change on ecosystem structure and function",2013,"10.1890/120282","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84887172878&doi=10.1890%2f120282&partnerID=40&md5=2d3a07236d8f2f41097f744ca7a17af8","Recent climate-change research largely confirms the impacts on US ecosystems identified in the 2009 National Climate Assessment and provides greater mechanistic understanding and geographic specificity for those impacts. Pervasive climate-change impacts on ecosystems are those that affect productivity of ecosystems or their ability to process chemical elements. Loss of sea ice, rapid warming, and higher organic inputs affect marine and lake productivity, while combined impacts of wildfire and insect outbreaks decrease forest productivity, mostly in the arid and semi-arid West. Forests in wetter regions are more productive owing to warming. Shifts in species ranges are so extensive that by 2100 they may alter biome composition across 5-20% of US land area. Accelerated losses of nutrients from terrestrial ecosystems to receiving waters are caused by both winter warming and intensification of the hydrologic cycle. Ecosystem feedbacks, especially those associated with release of carbon dioxide and methane release from wetlands and thawing permafrost soils, magnify the rate of climate change. © The Ecological Society of America."
"7102403008;6602484498;6701689939;","Will greenhouse gas-induced warming over the next 50 years lead to higher frequency and greater intensity of hurricanes?",1996,"10.3402/tellusa.v48i1.11632","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0029656568&doi=10.3402%2ftellusa.v48i1.11632&partnerID=40&md5=6d600edf99f8e09235e3a4fea3d45e47","The use of a high resolution atmospheric model at T106 resolution, for studying the influence of greenhouse warming on tropical storm climatology, is investigated. The same method for identifying the storms has been used as in a previous study by Bengtsson et al. The sea surface temperature anomalies have been taken from a previous transient climate change experiment, obtained with a low resolution ocean-atmosphere coupled model. The global distribution of the storms, at the time when the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere had doubled, agrees in geographical position and seasonal variability with that of the present climate, but the number of storms is significantly reduced, particularly at the Southern Hemisphere. The main reason to this, appear to be connected to changes in the large scale circulation, such as a weaker Hadley circulation and stronger upper air westerlies. The low level vorticity in the hurricane genesis regions is generally reduced compared to the present climate, while the vertical tropospheric wind shear is somewhat increased. Most tropical storm regions indicate reduced surface windspeeds and a slightly weaker hydrological cycle."
"7006592026;14325218600;12042092500;13805883800;8042105100;36742846000;55260531200;","Higher hydroclimatic intensity with global warming",2011,"10.1175/2011JCLI3979.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80755175224&doi=10.1175%2f2011JCLI3979.1&partnerID=40&md5=a07861624839c667134e2e3fa6db3f0c","Because of their dependence on water, natural and human systems are highly sensitive to changes in the hydrologic cycle. The authors introduce a new measure of hydroclimatic intensity (HY-INT), which integrates metrics of precipitation intensity and dry spell length, viewing the response of these two metrics to global warming as deeply interconnected. Using a suite of global and regional climate model experiments, it is found that increasing HY-INT is a consistent and ubiquitous signature of twenty-first-century, greenhouse gas- induced global warming. Depending on the region, the increase in HY-INT is due to an increase in precipitation intensity, dry spell length, or both. Late twentieth-century observations also exhibit dominant positive HY-INT trends, providing a hydroclimatic signature of late twentieth-century warming. The authors find that increasing HY-INT is physically consistent with the response of both precipitation intensity and dry spell length to global warming. Precipitation intensity increases because of increased atmospheric water holding capacity. However, increases in mean precipitation are tied to increases in surface evaporation rates, which are lower than for atmospheric moisture. This leads to a reduction in the number of wet days and an increase in dry spell length. This analysis identifies increasing hydroclimatic intensity as a robust integrated response to global warming, implying increasing risks for systems that are sensitive to wet and dry extremes and providing a potential target for detection and attribution of hydroclimatic changes. © 2011 American Meteorological Society."
"6603731332;8766115300;","Variability of throughfall volume and solute inputs in wooded ecosystems",2006,"10.1177/0309133306071145","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33947356115&doi=10.1177%2f0309133306071145&partnerID=40&md5=bec5791eae8ffa10d03d671d206ec848","Throughfall is a critical component of the hydrological and biogeochemical cycles of wooded ecosystems with a characteristically large degree of temporal and spatial variability. The highly variable nature of throughfall is of importance to scientists and natural resource managers concerned with the effects of water and solute inputs to the subcanopy, including understory vegetation, soil moisture, soil solution chemistry, and the fate of atmospheric dryfall. The purpose of this study is to critically review and evaluate the present state of knowledge pertaining to the temporal and spatial variability of throughfall volume and solute inputs in wooded ecosystems. The authors are optimistic that this review will facilitate the advancement of science by exposing gaps in our current understanding and mitigating the duplication of unwarranted research efforts. Several key areas where current knowledge is weak are: (1) the effect of meteorological conditions on the variability of throughfall volume; a data gap exists concerning the effects of precipitation type (eg, rain, snow, snow-to-rain, rain-to-snow), incident rain drop size, intensity, duration, wind speed and direction, and wind run on the throughfall variability; (2) the effect of meteorological conditions on the variability of throughfall solute inputs; (3) the role of canopy structure on precipitation partitioning into throughfall and stemflow and the variability of throughfall volume and solute inputs; (4) effects of epiphytes on the spatial variation of throughfall volume and solute inputs; (5) the physics and fluid dynamics of water flow over vegetative surfaces and its impact on throughfall yield and chemical enrichment; and (6) intraspecific variation of throughfall water and solute inputs. Future research projects undertaken with the specific aim of addressing the deficiencies identified will improve our understanding of interactions among the biosphere-atmosphere-lithosphere and promote better stewardship of forest and water resources. © 2006 SAGE Publications."
"6701358470;7004887621;","The hydrologic cycle of the La Plata basin in South America",2002,"10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0630:THCOTL>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036960487&doi=10.1175%2f1525-7541%282002%29003%3c0630%3aTHCOTL%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=548c562bcf9b23459514ae91b0636178","The main components of the hydrologic cycle of the La Plata basin in southeastern South America are investigated using a combination of observations, satellite products, and National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) global reanalyses. La Plata basin is second only to the Amazon basin in South America in river discharge and size and plays a critical role in the economies of the region. It is a primary factor in energy production, water resources, transportation, agriculture, and livestock. Of particular interest was the evaluation of the annual cycle of the hydrologic cycle components. The La Plata annual-mean river discharge is about 21 000 m3 s-1, and the amplitude of its mean annual cycle is small: it is slightly larger during late summer, but continues with large volumes even during winter. The reason for this is that different precipitation regimes over different locations contribute to the total river discharge. One regime is found toward the northern boundary, where precipitation peaks during summer in association with the southernmost extension of the monsoon system. A second one is found over the central part of the basin, where precipitation peaks at different times in the seasonal cycle. Further analysis of the main tributaries of La Plata (Paraná, Uruguay, and Paraguay) reveals that each has a well-defined annual cycle but with different phases that can be traced primarily to each basin's physiography and precipitation regime. Interannual and interdecadal variability of the basin's precipitation is amplified in the variability of streamflow by a factor of 2, implying a high sensitivity of the hydrologic system to climate changes like those observed in the last few decades. This becomes more important when considering the large variability of streamflow: for example, the historical maxima of river discharge during the year following the onset of El Nino can triple the typical mean river discharge. A crucial component of the atmospheric water cycle, the low-level jet east of the Andes, supplies moisture from tropical South America to La Plata basin throughout the year. In lower latitudes, the jet has the greatest intensity during summer, but south of about 15°S there is a phase shift and the largest moisture fluxes are found during winter and spring. This is an uncommon feature not observed in other regions like the Great Plains of the United States, where the low-level jet develops only during the warm season."
"7202264582;7006371623;","Potential impacts of global warming on the frequency and magnitude of heavy precipitation",1995,"10.1007/BF00613411","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028981337&doi=10.1007%2fBF00613411&partnerID=40&md5=3cd413b0de874d8bd6acabec6a6b2d2e","It is now widely recognised that the most significant impacts of global warming are likely to be experienced through changes in the frequency of extreme events, including flooding. This paper reviews physical and empirical arguments which suggest that global warming may result in a more intense hydrological cycle, with an associated increase in the frequency and/or magnitude of heavy precipitation. Results derived from enhanced-greenhouse experiments using global climate models (GCMs) are shown to be consistent with these physical and empirical arguments. Detailed analysis of output from three GCMs indicates the possibility of substantial increases in the frequency and magnitude of extreme daily precipitation, with amplification of the effect as the return period increases. Moreover, return period analyses for locations in Australia, Europe, India, China and the USA indicate that the results are global in scope. Subsequent discussion of the limitations of GCMs for this sort of analysis highlights the need for caution when interpreting the precipitation results presented here. However, the consistency between physically-based expectations, empirical observations, and GCM results is considered sufficient for the GCM results to be taken seriously, at least in a qualitative sense, especially considering that the alternative seems to be reliance by planners on the fundamentally flawed concept of a stationary climate. © 1995 Kluwer Academic Publishers."
"56581482200;55802732200;7006417494;7403288995;","Increasing precipitation volatility in twenty-first-century California",2018,"10.1038/s41558-018-0140-y","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85045841306&doi=10.1038%2fs41558-018-0140-y&partnerID=40&md5=1850a6069d4a97460af4a6f1097ace54","Mediterranean climate regimes are particularly susceptible to rapid shifts between drought and flood - of which, California's rapid transition from record multi-year dryness between 2012 and 2016 to extreme wetness during the 2016-2017 winter provides a dramatic example. Projected future changes in such dry-to-wet events, however, remain inadequately quantified, which we investigate here using the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble of climate model simulations. Anthropogenic forcing is found to yield large twenty-first-century increases in the frequency of wet extremes, including a more than threefold increase in sub-seasonal events comparable to California's 'Great Flood of 1862'. Smaller but statistically robust increases in dry extremes are also apparent. As a consequence, a 25% to 100% increase in extreme dry-to-wet precipitation events is projected, despite only modest changes in mean precipitation. Such hydrological cycle intensification would seriously challenge California's existing water storage, conveyance and flood control infrastructure. © 2018 The Author(s)."
"8747205100;55707271400;56691729700;6701820813;17345184600;7003333258;8985856500;7101676100;7006762240;6602635049;57206534330;7402534046;","Assimilation exceeds respiration sensitivity to drought: A FLUXNET synthesis",2010,"10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01991.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77949487721&doi=10.1111%2fj.1365-2486.2009.01991.x&partnerID=40&md5=7773a44937e7b33e70d64a92d2b22bc6","The intensification of the hydrological cycle, with an observed and modeled increase in drought incidence and severity, underscores the need to quantify drought effects on carbon cycling and the terrestrial sink. FLUXNET, a global network of eddy covariance towers, provides dense data streams of meteorological data, and through flux partitioning and gap filling algorithms, estimates of net ecosystem productivity (FNEP), gross ecosystem productivity (P), and ecosystem respiration (R). We analyzed the functional relationship of these three carbon fluxes relative to evaporative fraction (EF), an index of drought and site water status, using monthly data records from 238 micrometeorological tower sites distributed globally across 11 biomes. The analysis was based on relative anomalies of both EF and carbon fluxes and focused on drought episodes by biome and climatic season. Globally P was ≈ 50% more sensitive to a drought event than R. Network-wide drought-induced decreases in carbon flux averaged -16.6 and -9.3 gCm-2 month-1 for P and R, i.e., drought events induced a net decline in the terrestrial sink. However, in evergreen forests and wetlands drought was coincident with an increase in P or R during parts of the growing season. The most robust relationships between carbon flux and EF occurred during climatic spring for FNEP and in climatic summer for P and R. Upscaling flux sensitivities to a global map showed that spatial patterns for all three carbon fluxes were linked to the distribution of croplands. Agricultural areas exhibited the highest sensitivity whereas the tropical region had minimal sensitivity to drought. Combining gridded flux sensitivities with their uncertainties and the spatial grid of FLUXNET revealed that a more robust quantification of carbon flux response to drought requires additional towers in all biomes of Africa and Asia as well as in the cropland, shrubland, savannah, and wetland biomes globally. © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd."
"50760899600;8284622100;7404181575;12766817600;","Trend of estimated actual evapotranspiration over China during 1960-2002",2007,"10.1029/2006JD008010","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34548068936&doi=10.1029%2f2006JD008010&partnerID=40&md5=53acc6e4b896a2e77af02e09c9469b64","In this study, the water balance methodology introduced by Thornthwaite and Mather (1955) is modified to estimate monthly actual evapotranspiration for 686 stations over China during 1960-2002. The modification is done by replacing the Thornthwaite potential evapotranspiration estimation with the Penman-Monteith method. Temporal trend and spatial distribution of the estimated annual actual evapotranspiration during the past 43 years are analyzed. The results show that (1) the actual evapotranspiration had a decreasing trend in most areas past of 100°E, and there was an increasing trend in the west and the north parts of northeast China; (2) the spatial distribution of the trend for the actual evapotranspiration is similar to that of the potential evapotranspiration in south China, while the trends are opposite in north China; (3) for most parts of China, the change in precipitation played a key role for the change of estimated actual evapotranspiration, while in southeast China, the change of potential evapotranspiration appeared to be the major factor, and (4) in general, the hydrological cycle was intensified in western China, whereas it was weakened from the Yellow River basin northward. Copyright 2007 by the American Geophysical Union."
"57204744052;12786571000;55822963484;55323559100;6507398267;7102780160;40661368100;7402365467;7101775250;","Intensification of the Amazon hydrological cycle over the last two decades",2013,"10.1002/grl.50377","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84879095589&doi=10.1002%2fgrl.50377&partnerID=40&md5=fa2cd3df4e39cce1bc20b04fc2e091d2","The Amazon basin hosts half the planet's remaining moist tropical forests, but they may be threatened in a warming world. Nevertheless, climate model predictions vary from rapid drying to modest wetting. Here we report that the catchment of the world's largest river is experiencing a substantial wetting trend since approximately 1990. This intensification of the hydrological cycle is concentrated overwhelmingly in the wet season driving progressively greater differences in Amazon peak and minimum flows. The onset of the trend coincides with the onset of an upward trend in tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SST). This positive longer-term correlation contrasts with the short-term, negative response of basin-wide precipitation to positive anomalies in tropical North Atlantic SST, which are driven by temporary shifts in the intertropical convergence zone position. We propose that the Amazon precipitation changes since 1990 are instead related to increasing atmospheric water vapor import from the warming tropical Atlantic. Key PointsIntensification of Amazon Hydrological Cycle since 1990Revealed by both river discharge and precipitation recordsIn parallel onset of tropical Atlantic warming offering explanation ©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"35096299800;7004807312;57203200427;7004299063;7006705919;36600036800;26632078600;8397494800;7101672097;7102805852;35975039100;37037519900;7407104838;7005955015;8068419200;57207008570;6506373162;7404732357;57205638870;55544607500;55893823700;9249627300;7408519438;55317177900;","Climate model response from the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP)",2013,"10.1002/jgrd.50646","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84884139342&doi=10.1002%2fjgrd.50646&partnerID=40&md5=5916e3198b0edecedd528e3f04b57b14","Solar geoengineering - deliberate reduction in the amount of solar radiation retained by the Earth - has been proposed as a means of counteracting some of the climatic effects of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. We present results from Experiment G1 of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project, in which 12 climate models have simulated the climate response to an abrupt quadrupling of CO<inf>2</inf> from preindustrial concentrations brought into radiative balance via a globally uniform reduction in insolation. Models show this reduction largely offsets global mean surface temperature increases due to quadrupled CO<inf>2</inf> concentrations and prevents 97% of the Arctic sea ice loss that would otherwise occur under high CO<inf>2</inf> levels but, compared to the preindustrial climate, leaves the tropics cooler (-0.3 K) and the poles warmer (+0.8 K). Annual mean precipitation minus evaporation anomalies for G1 are less than 0.2 mm day-1 in magnitude over 92% of the globe, but some tropical regions receive less precipitation, in part due to increased moist static stability and suppression of convection. Global average net primary productivity increases by 120% in G1 over simulated preindustrial levels, primarily from CO<inf>2</inf> fertilization, but also in part due to reduced plant heat stress compared to a high CO<inf>2</inf> world with no geoengineering. All models show that uniform solar geoengineering in G1 cannot simultaneously return regional and global temperature and hydrologic cycle intensity to preindustrial levels. Key Points Temperature reduction from uniform geoengineering is not uniform Geoengineering cannot offset both temperature and hydrology changes NPP increases mostly due to CO2 fertilization ©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"7102856607;55680480300;57202754759;7202416024;10144109100;7201706787;7004442182;7004371983;7004412006;7101753369;57189939159;7103363111;7005496937;55541588900;7006616050;57208455536;7801404240;24741027400;6701455309;7003455444;6602479200;6602591643;15769828300;7003886966;6506993241;35495958000;7102095492;7404801211;55333061800;55969830400;","Analysis of the Arctic system for freshwater cycle intensification: Observations and expectations",2010,"10.1175/2010JCLI3421.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77955638468&doi=10.1175%2f2010JCLI3421.1&partnerID=40&md5=8e83caa17f7ddd494d31203a2b957758","Hydrologic cycle intensification is an expected manifestation of a warming climate. Although positive trends in several global average quantities have been reported, no previous studies have documented broad intensification across elements of the Arctic freshwater cycle (FWC). In this study, the authors examine the character and quantitative significance of changes in annual precipitation, evapotranspiration, and river discharge across the terrestrial pan-Arctic over the past several decades from observations and a suite of coupled general circulation models (GCMs). Trends in freshwater flux and storage derived from observations across the Arctic Ocean and surrounding seas are also described. With few exceptions, precipitation, evapotranspiration, and river discharge fluxes from observations and the GCMs exhibit positive trends. Significant positive trends above the 90% confidence level, however, are not present for all of the observations. Greater confidence in the GCM trends arises through lower interannual variability relative to trend magnitude. Put another way, intrinsic variability in the observations tends to limit confidence in trend robustness. Ocean fluxes are less certain, primarily because of the lack of long-term observations. Where available, salinity and volume flux data suggest some decrease in saltwater inflow to the Barents Sea (i.e., a decrease in freshwater outflow) in recent decades. A decline in freshwater storage across the central Arctic Ocean and suggestions that large-scale circulation plays a dominant role in freshwater trends raise questions as to whether Arctic Ocean freshwater flows are intensifying. Although oceanic fluxes of freshwater are highly variable and consistent trends are difficult to verify, the other components of the Arctic FWC do show consistent positive trends over recent decades. The broad-scale increases provide evidence that the Arctic FWCis experiencing intensification. Efforts that aim to develop an adequate observation system are needed to reduce uncertainties and to detect and document ongoing changes in all system components for further evidence of Arctic FWC intensification. © 2010 American Meteorological Society."
"6603647965;9234412200;","Hydrological response to different time scales of climatological drought: An evaluation of the Standardized Precipitation Index in a mountainous Mediterranean basin",2005,"10.5194/hess-9-523-2005","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33646176212&doi=10.5194%2fhess-9-523-2005&partnerID=40&md5=3175d2cb1b05cdcc925f734a73734a96","At present, the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is the most widely used drought index to provide good estimations about the intensity, magnitude and spatial extent of droughts. The main advantage of the SPI in comparison with other indices is the fact that the SPI enables both determination of drought conditions at different time scales and monitoring of different drought types. It is widely accepted that SPI time scales affect different sub-systems in the hydrological cycle due to the fact that the response of the different water usable sources to precipitation shortages can be very different. The long time scales of SPI are related to hydrological droughts (river flows and reservoir storages). Nevertheless, few analyses empirically verify these statements or the usefulness of the SPI time scales to monitor drought. In this paper, the SPI at different time scales is compared with surface hydrological variables in a big closed basin located in the central Spanish Pyrenees. We provide evidence about the way in which the longer (>12 months) SPI time scales may not be useful for drought quantification in this area. In general, the surface flows respond to short SPI time scales whereas the reservoir storages respond to longer time scales (7-10 months). Nevertheless, important seasonal differences can be identified in the SPI-usable water sources relationships. This suggests that it is necessary to test the drought indices and time scales in relation to their usefulness for monitoring different drought types under different environmental conditions and water demand situations. © 2005 Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License."
"56109341600;7006797602;","""Amount effect"" of water isotopes and quantitative analysis of post-condensation processes",2008,"10.1002/hyp.6637","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-38549173804&doi=10.1002%2fhyp.6637&partnerID=40&md5=276185144d731cecbd40390a0b14b4b7","A numerical model is proposed that describes the interaction between raindrops and water vapour near the planetary boundary layer to explain the ""amount effect"". This model relates the intensity to the isotopic composition of precipitation. The model resolves raindrop sizes, and explicitly includes: (1) the isotopic equilibration time of raindrops that is drop-size dependent; (2) raindrop transit times through the atmosphere; and (3) the evolution of the isotopic composition of vapour at various rain rates. At high rain rate, the precipitation through a layer is less equilibrated with the vapour because the isotopic equilibration time is long compared to the fast transit time, and there is a preponderance of large drops, which take longer to equilibrate. The δ1O of vapour in the lower atmosphere becomes lower as a result of the interaction with these raindrops of low δ18O, and the degree of depletion of 18O is higher when precipitation rates are high. The model reproduces time-series observations of isotopic composition of precipitation in Japan, and a vapour replenishment rate is inferred by either advection or evaporation of about 5% of the precipitation rate. The results could be the basis for a new parameterization of the isotopic equilibration for different precipitation types and rates in General Circulation Models (GCMs). When the model is applied to a GCM, this parameterization is important for places where precipitation occurs at cold temperatures (&lt; 15°C). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd."
"55722586400;55678879300;6602744181;7006261583;","Simulation of climate change over Europe using a nested regional-climate model. II: Comparison of driving and regional model responses to a doubling of carbon dioxide",1997,"10.1256/smsqj.53801","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0038050433&doi=10.1256%2fsmsqj.53801&partnerID=40&md5=ca01a61b29466786842688931f2cecf6","Results are assessed from a 10-year simulation of the equilibrium response to doubled carbon dioxide (CO2) over Europe made with a nested high-resolution regional-climate model (RCM). The simulated changes are compared against those produced by the driving global general-circulation model (GCM). The domain-averaged increases in temperature and moisture content are similar in both models. Because of a stronger hydrological cycle the increases in precipitation and evaporation are larger in the RCM than in the GCM, whereas the reductions in lower and middle tropospheric relative humidity and cloud cover are smaller. The frequency of intense precipitation events increases substantially in both models; however, the fractional changes are significantly smaller in the RCM. The proportion of precipitation associated with convection also increases in both models; however, much of the increase in intense events is explained simply by increased atmospheric moisture concentrations, especially in the RCM. The time-averaged precipitation changes in the RCM contain a substantial mesoscale component on scales not resolved by the GCM. Attempts are made to reconstruct this component from the changes in the large-scale atmospheric circulation using empirical relationships calibrated from the 1 × CO2 integration. These are largely unsuccessful, indicating that simple downscaling schemes to generate high-resolution scenarios of climate change from coarse-grid GCM data may be of only limited applicability. Further statistical calculations suggest that longer integrations (∼30 years) are needed to reduce the sampling uncertainty associated with the simulated mesoscale component to an acceptable level. The large-scale patterns of change of surface temperature and precipitation reveal significant regional contrasts which are influenced both by changes in atmospheric circulation and regional physical feedbacks. The RCM changes are similar to those of the driving GCM except in summer. The differences in the summer changes are traced to differences between the 1 × CO2 integrations, in which the influence of the lateral boundary forcing on the RCM simulation is found to be anomalously weak. It is argued that any development of significant divergence between the RCM and GCM solutions on scales resolved by the latter may imply the need to refine or replace the one-way nesting technique currently used in many regional modelling experiments."
"7102988713;55941331900;","Abrupt increase in seasonal extreme precipitation at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary",2007,"10.1130/G23261A.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33947328023&doi=10.1130%2fG23261A.1&partnerID=40&md5=b04ac1809b2cdf0c9b37cb34d976d804","A prominent increase in atmospheric CO2 at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary, ca. 55 Ma, led to the warmest Earth of the Cenozoic for ∼100 k.y. High-resolution studies of continental flood-plain sediment records across this boundary can provide crucial information on how the hydrological cycle responds to rapidly changing CO2. Here we show from continental records across the Paleocene-Eocene boundary in the Spanish Pyrenees, a subtropical paleosetting, that during the early, most intense phase of CO2 rise, normal, semiarid coastal plains with few river channels of 10-200 m width were abruptly replaced by a vast conglomeratic braid plain, covering at least 500 km2 and most likely more than 2000 km2. This braid plain is interpreted as the proximal parts of a megafan. Carbonate nodules in the megafan deposits attest to seasonally dry periods and together with megafan development imply a dramatic increase in seasonal rain and an increased intra-annual humidity gradient. The megafan formed over a few thousand years to ∼10 k.y. directly after the Paleocene-Eocene boundary. Only repeated severe floods and rainstorms could have contributed the water energy required to transport the enormous amounts of large boulders and gravel of the megafan during this short time span. The findings represent evidence for considerable changes in regional hydrological cycles following greenhouse gas emissions. © 2007 Geological Society of America."
"7404285341;22947166500;35604860600;8385016100;12793276700;8385016400;57075093400;6602145031;55723526300;","A penultimate glacial monsoon record from Hulu Cave and two-phase glacial terminations",2006,"10.1130/G22289.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33645235330&doi=10.1130%2fG22289.1&partnerID=40&md5=ce69c50b5eeb312e1866d93322c387c5","Oxygen isotope records of three stalagmites from Hulu Cave, China, extend the previous high-resolution absolute-dated Hulu Asian Monsoon record from the last to the penultimate glacial and deglacial periods. The penultimate glacial monsoon broadly follows orbitally induced insollation variations and is punctuated by at least 16 millennial-scale events. We confirm a Weak Monsoon Interval between 135.5 ± 1.0 and 129.0 ± 1.0 ka, prior to the abrupt increase in monsoon intensity at Asian Monsoon Termination II. Based on correlations with both marine ice-rafted debris and atmospheric CH4 records, we demonstrate that most of marine Termination II, the full rise in Antarctic temperature and atmospheric CO2, and much of the rise in CH4 occurred within the Weak Monsoon Interval, when the high northern latitudes were probably cold. From these relationships and similar relationships observed for Termination I, we identify a two-phase glacial termination process that was probably driven by orbital forcing in both hemispheres, affecting the atmospheric hydrological cycle, and combined with ice sheet dynamics. © 2006 Geological Society of America."
"57218357462;7003748648;6701847229;57213211484;","Heavy precipitation processes in a warmer climate",1998,"10.1029/98GL51099","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032075897&doi=10.1029%2f98GL51099&partnerID=40&md5=6f4339304d4ddfd5fdb72963c91df955","Climate simulations have suggested that a greenhouse-gas induced global warming would also lead to a moistening of the atmosphere and an intensification of the mean hydrological cycle. Here we study possible attendant effects upon the frequency of heavy precipitation events. For this purpose simulations with a regional climate model are conducted, driven by observed and modified lateral boundary conditions and sea-surface temperature distributions. The modification correspond to a uniform 2K temperature increase and an attendant 15% increase of the specific humidity (unchanged relative humidity). This strategy allows to isolate the effects of an increased atmospheric moisture content from changes in the atmospheric circulation. The numerical experiments, carried out over Europe and for the fall season, indicate a substantial shift towards more frequent events of strong precipitation. The magnitude of the response increases with the intensity of the event and reaches several 10s of percent for events exceeding 30 mm per day. These results appear to apply to all precipitation events dominated by sea-to-land moisture transport.Climate simulations have suggested that a greenhouse-gas induced global warming would also lead to a moistening of the atmosphere and an intensification of the mean hydrological cycle. Here we study possible attendant effects upon the frequency of heavy precipitation events. For this purpose simulations with a regional climate model are conducted, driven by observed and modified lateral boundary conditions and sea-surface temperature distributions. The modifications correspond to a uniform 2 K temperature increase and an attendant 15% increase of the specific humidity (unchanged relative humidity). This strategy allows to isolate the effects of an increased atmospheric moisture content from changes in the atmospheric circulation. The numerical experiments, carried out over Europe and for the fall season, indicate a substantial shift towards more frequent events of strong precipitation. The magnitude of the response increases with the intensity of the event and reaches several 10 s of percent for events exceeding 30 mm per day. These results appear to apply to all precipitation events dominated by sea-to-land moisture transport."
"55746365900;8603242500;35210053600;7004299063;36192225800;35508431200;","Evidence of enhanced precipitation due to irrigation over the Great Plains of the United States",2010,"10.1029/2010JD013892","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77955872438&doi=10.1029%2f2010JD013892&partnerID=40&md5=7f57e3bb04cee94d4b051aa0dc8998cb","At the end of World War II, there was a rapid increase in irrigation over the Ogallala Aquifer in the Great Plains of the United States via groundwater withdrawal, and we hypothesize that this disruption of the local hydrological cycle has enhanced the regional precipitation. We examined station and gridded precipitation observations for the warm season months over and downwind of the Ogallala over the 20th century. Increases in precipitation of 15-30% were detected during July from the easternmost part of the aquifer to as far downwind as Indiana. The timing (1940s, July) and spatial pattern of the precipitation increase are consistent with the history of Ogallala irrigation and mechanisms by which increases in evapotranspiration can affect convection. Additionally, we conducted a vapor tracking analysis and found that evapotranspiration over the Ogallala Aquifer contributes to downwind precipitation and that the contribution is greater when the evapotranspiration is higher. This makes it hydrologically possible that the irrigation development was associated with the observed precipitation increases. Finally, there is no clear evidence that atmospheric circulation changes or modes of internal climate variability increased the July precipitation. Further analysis of the influence of Ogallala irrigation on precipitation will include the controlled analysis of climate model simulations that explicitly include irrigation. Copyright 2010 by the American Geophysical Union."
"36061813500;55862150000;7004593505;36459918800;6603549082;23011510400;12645309900;23466744600;6603816055;12646465800;8839237600;54403159200;","El Niño-La Niña cycle and recent trends in continental evaporation",2014,"10.1038/nclimate2068","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84896809814&doi=10.1038%2fnclimate2068&partnerID=40&md5=84035252f014849b8e61a88523e9e0d9","The hydrological cycle is expected to intensify in response to global warming. Yet, little unequivocal evidence of such an acceleration has been found on a global scale. This holds in particular for terrestrial evaporation, the crucial return flow of water from land to atmosphere. Here we use satellite observations to reveal that continental evaporation has increased in northern latitudes, at rates consistent with expectations derived from temperature trends. However, at the global scale, the dynamics of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) have dominated the multi-decadal variability. During El Niño, limitations in terrestrial moisture supply result in vegetation water stress and reduced evaporation in eastern and central Australia, southern Africa and eastern South America. The opposite situation occurs during La Niña. Our results suggest that recent multi-year declines in global average continental evaporation reflect transitions to El Niño conditions, and are not the consequence of a persistent reorganization of the terrestrial water cycle. Future changes in continental evaporation will be determined by the response of ENSO to changes in global radiative forcing, which still remains highly uncertain. © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited."
"6701599465;6602184922;","Interannual variability of summertime convective cloudiness and precipitation in the central Andes derived from ISCCP-B3 data",2004,"10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3334:IVOSCC>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-5444265920&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0442%282004%29017%3c3334%3aIVOSCC%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=052a9c23e29b9311363ad7144bb035b7","The interannual variability of austral summer [December-January-February-March (DJFM)] convective activity and precipitation in the central Andes (15°-30°S) is investigated between 1983 and 1999 based on in situ rain gauge measurements, International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) reduced radiance satellite data (the B3 dataset), and National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR) reanalysis data. Twice-daily ISCCP-B3 calibrated infrared data, corrected for limb-darkening effects and representing equivalent blackbody temperatures Tb emitted by clouds are used to derive seasonal composites of fractional cold cloud coverage F*. Comparison of in situ rain gauge measurements with F* show a good correlation when a temperature threshold Tb = 240 K is used to derive F″. A rotated empirical orthogonal function (REOF) applied to the seasonal estimates of F* yielded three spatially separated modes of convective activity in the south, northwest, and northeast of the central Andes. Results indicate that precipitation variability in the central Andes shows less spatial coherence than previously thought, with many years showing an antiphasing of wet/dry conditions between the northern and southern part of the study area. Regression analyses confirm the crucial role of both intensity and location of upper-air circulation anomalies with easterly wind anomalies favoring wet conditions, and westerly winds producing dry conditions. Two different forcing mechanisms are identified as main causes of upper-air zonal wind anomalies in the northern and southern part of the central Andes, respectively. Easterly wind anomalies during wet summers in the northern part are in geostrophic balance with reduced meridional baroclinicity due to low-latitude (mid-latitude) cooling (warming), consistent with earlier studies. Farther to the south, easterly wind anomalies during wet summers are the result of an upper-air anticyclonic anomaly centered over southeastern South America, leading to a relaxation of the upper-air westerly winds and episodic easterly transport of humid air toward the subtropical Andes. This pattern is similar to one of the leading modes of intraseasonal variability, related to extratropical Rossby wave dispersion and modulation of the position of the Bolivian high. Correlation analysis of F* with near-surface specific humidity reveals that humidity variations in the lowlands to the east are not relevant on interannual time scales for the more humid northern part of the Altiplano. In the southern Altiplano, however, there is a significant correlation between convective activity and precipitation at high elevation and the low-level humidity content to the southeast of the Andes. © 2004 American Meteorological Society."
"13205714100;7202803069;8106351700;55551610200;7003707266;","Uncertainty in the estimation of potential evapotranspiration under climate change",2009,"10.1029/2009GL040267","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-72149122371&doi=10.1029%2f2009GL040267&partnerID=40&md5=b66b1921630343f1109215e5f6308df0","21st century climate change is projected to result in an intensification of the global hydrological cycle, but there is substantial uncertainty in how this will impact freshwater availability. A relatively overlooked aspect of this uncertainty pertains to how different methods of estimating potential evapotranspiration (PET) respond to changing climate. Here we investigate the global response of six different PET methods to a 2°C rise in global mean temperature. All methods suggest an increase in PET associated with a warming climate. However, differences in PET climate change signal of over 100% are found between methods. Analysis of a precipitation/PET aridity index and regional water surplus indicates that for certain regions and GCMs, choice of PET method can actually determine the direction of projections of future water resources. As such, method dependence of the PET climate change signal is an important source of uncertainty in projections of future freshwater availability. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union."
"7402501507;7102084129;7409322518;7402295755;56224155200;23992492600;","Midweek increase in U.S. summer rain and storm heights suggests air pollution invigorates rainstorms",2008,"10.1029/2007JD008623","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-41649092520&doi=10.1029%2f2007JD008623&partnerID=40&md5=cc9b1516ad8a256543a157f14ecefdda","Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite estimates of summertime rainfall over the southeast U.S. are found on average to be significantly higher during the middle of the work week than on weekends, attributable to a midweek intensification of afternoon storms and an increase in area with detectable rain. TRMM radar data show a significant midweek increase in the echo-top heights reached by afternoon storms. Weekly variations in model-reanalysis wind patterns over the region are consistent with changes in convection implied by the satellite data. Weekly variations in rain gauge averages are also consistent with the satellite estimates, though possibly smaller in amplitude. A midweek decrease of rainfall over the nearby Atlantic is also seen. EPA measurements of surface particulate concentrations show a midweek peak over much of the U.S. These observations are consistent with the theory that anthropogenic air pollution suppresses cloud-drop coalescence and early rainout during the growth of thunderstorms over land, allowing more water to be carried above the 0°C isotherm, where freezing yields additional latent heat, invigorating the storms and producing large ice hydrometeors. The enhanced convection induces regional convergence, uplifting and an overall increase of rainfall. Compensating downward air motion suppresses convection over the adjacent ocean areas. Pre-TRMM-era data suggest that the weekly cycle only became strong enough to be detectable beginning in the 1980's. Rain-gauge data also suggest that a weekly cycle may have been detectable in the 1940's, but with peak rainfall on Sunday or Monday, possibly explained by the difference in composition of aerosol pollution at that time. This ""weekend effect"" may thus offer climate researchers an opportunity to study the regional climate-scale impact of aerosols on storm development and monsoon-like circulation. Copyright 2008 by the American Geophysical Union."
"7004954379;15839673600;35495189300;7005432256;","Water isotopes in precipitation: Data/model comparison for present-day and past climates",2000,"10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00069-4","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033985537&doi=10.1016%2fS0277-3791%2899%2900069-4&partnerID=40&md5=dc1d20210fcd24829070d94174f6c55d","Variations of HDO and H2 18O concentrations are observed in precipitation both on a geographical and on a temporal basis. These variations, resulting from successive isotopic fractionation processes at each phase change of water during its atmospheric cycle, are well documented through the IAEA/WMO network. Isotope concentrations are, in middle and high latitudes, linearly related to the annual mean temperature at the precipitation site. Paleoclimatologists have used this relationship to infer paleotemperatures from isotope paleodata extractable from ice cores, deep groundwater and other such sources. For this application to be valid, however, the spatial relationship must also hold in time at a given location as the location undergoes a series of climatic changes. Progress in water isotope modeling aimed at examining and evaluating this assumption has been recently reviewed (Jouzel et al., 1997) with a focus on polar regions and, more specifically, on Greenland. We extend this review in comparing the results of two different isotopic AGCMs (NASA/GISS and ECHAM) and in examining, with a more global perspective, the validity of the above assumption, i.e. the equivalence of the spatial and temporal isotope-temperature relationships. These results confirm the dominating role of local temperature changes on the palco isotope signal in most regions. However, the exact calibration of this valuable paleothermometer is biased by, for example, the seasonality of precipitation and other factors. We forced the two models by the climatic boundary conditions of the mild-holocene at 6 kyr BP which only slightly differs from today's climate. The isotope response on this weak forcing is quite heterogeneous. The only robust common response is the intensification of the hydrological cycle in low latitudes and, therefore, isotopically more depleted precipitation in the tropics and subtropics. We also examine recent progress made in modeling: the relationship between the conditions prevailing in moisture source regions for precipitation and the deuterium excess of that precipitation."
"36720934300;15026371500;55544443300;","Anthropogenic sulfate aerosol and the southward shift of tropical precipitation in the late 20th century",2013,"10.1002/grl.50502","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84879911980&doi=10.1002%2fgrl.50502&partnerID=40&md5=86d46fe5aa9f15a1ce3b270e2105a1b0","In this paper, we demonstrate a global scale southward shift of the tropical rain belt during the latter half of the 20th century in observations and global climate models (GCMs). In rain gauge data, the southward shift maximizes in the 1980s and is associated with signals in Africa, Asia, and South America. A southward shift exists at a similar time in nearly all CMIP3 and CMIP5 historical simulations, and occurs on both land and ocean, although in most models the shifts are significantly less than in observations. Utilizing a theoretical framework based on atmospheric energetics, we perform an attribution of the zonal mean southward shift of precipitation across a large suite of CMIP3 and CMIP5 GCMs. Our results suggest that anthropogenic aerosol cooling of the Northern Hemisphere is the primary cause of the consistent southward shift across GCMs, although other processes affecting the atmospheric energy budget also contribute to the model-to-model spread. © 2013 American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"7801479418;7007031850;","An aggregate drought index: Assessing drought severity based on fluctuations in the hydrologic cycle and surface water storage",2004,"10.1029/2003WR002610","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-6344285762&doi=10.1029%2f2003WR002610&partnerID=40&md5=841e05a7ea4eb6b871a74ba672e438db","An aggregate drought index (ADI) has been developed, and evaluated within three diverse climate divisions in California. The ADI comprehensively considers all physical forms of drought (meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural) through selection of variables that are related to each drought type. Water stored in large surface water reservoirs was also included. Hydroclimatic monthly data for each climate division underwent correlation-based principal component analysis (PCA), and the first principal component was deseasonalized to arrive at a single ADI value for each month. ADI time series were compared against the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) to describe two important droughts in California, the 1976-1977 and 1987-1992 events, from a hydroclimatological perspective. The ADI methodology provides a clear, objective approach for describing the intensity of drought and can be readily adapted to characterize drought on an operational basis."
"7003490747;7102027993;","Saline groundwater in Israel: its bearing on the water crisis in the country",1994,"10.1016/0022-1694(94)90087-6","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028666173&doi=10.1016%2f0022-1694%2894%2990087-6&partnerID=40&md5=45a39b4a95404c9384170ae82ea71c41","One of the major causes for the deterioration of water quality bearing heavily on the water crisis in Israel is the ongoing contamination of its water resources by saline water bodies. The present paper reviews the geochemical processes forming saline water, lists and explains certain chemical and isotopic parameters which enable understanding these processes and describes the saline groundwater bodies and various salinization phenomena occurring in the country's various aquifers. Deterioration of groundwater in Israel is caused by numerous natural processes such as encroachment of sea water, migration of connate, highly pressurized brines penetrating into fresh groundwater, by subsurface dissolution of soluble salts originating in surrounding country rocks and by water-rock interaction. In addition to sea water, two saline water bodies were identified as the main factors causing salinization of fresh groundwater: (a) Ca-chloride brines encountered in the Jordan-Dead Sea Rift Valley, in various parts of the Negev and of the Coastal Plain, and (b) Na-chloride saline water identified in the subsurface of the Negev and in the southern part of the Coastal Plain. Intensive exploitation of groundwater in Israel has disturbed the natural equilibrium which prevailed between fresh and saline water. The newly established groundwater flow regimes have facilitated the migration of saline water bodies, their participation in the active hydrological cycle and the progressive contamination of fresh groundwater. These processes which were not anticipated by planners and water resources managers emphasize that large-scale groundwater exploitation was undertaken without giving sufficient consideration to the occurrence and subsurface migration of saline water and brines. © 1994."
"6602879417;7004167838;7004415966;6506544018;","Changing structure of European precipitation: Longer wet periods leading to more abundant rainfalls",2010,"10.1029/2010GL042468","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77949816696&doi=10.1029%2f2010GL042468&partnerID=40&md5=b8708f85660811d16cd3bcb0849937f6","Analysis of the duration of wet spells (consequent days with significant precipitation) in Europe and associated precipitation is performed over the period 1950-2008 using daily rain gauge data. During the last 60 years wet periods have become longer over most of Europe by about 15-20%. The lengthening of wet periods was not caused by an increase of the total number of wet days. Becoming longer, wet periods in Europe are now characterized by more abundant precipitation. Heavy precipitation events during the last two decades have become much more frequently associated with longer wet spells and intensified in comparison with 1950s and 1960s. The changes in the distribution of temporal characteristics of precipitation towards longer events and higher intensities should have a significant impact on the terrestrial hydrologic cycle including subsurface hydrodynamics, surface runoff and European flooding. Copyright © 2010 by the American Geophysical Union."
"10038877300;7101756619;","Biotic pump of atmospheric moisture as driver of the hydrological cycle on land",2007,"10.5194/hess-11-1013-2007","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33947645772&doi=10.5194%2fhess-11-1013-2007&partnerID=40&md5=08f18a486e900a74bce661fbec116068","In this paper the basic geophysical and ecological principles are jointly analyzed that allow the landmasses of Earth to remain moistened sufficiently for terrestrial life to be possible. 1. Under gravity, land inevitably loses water to the ocean. To keep land moistened, the gravitational water runoff must be continuously compensated by the atmospheric ocean-to-land moisture transport. Using data for five terrestrial transects of the International Geosphere Biosphere Program we show that the mean distance to which air fluxes can transport moisture over non-forested areas, does not exceed several hundred kilometers; precipitation decreases exponentially with distance from the ocean. 2. In contrast, precipitation over extensive natural forests does not depend on the distance from the ocean along several thousand kilometers, as illustrated for the Amazon and Yenisey river basins and Equatorial Africa. This points to the existence of an active biotic pump transporting atmospheric moisture inland from the ocean. 3. Physical principles of the biotic moisture pump are investigated based on the previously unstudied properties of atmospheric water vapor, which can be either in or out of aerostatic equilibrium depending on the lapse rate of air temperature. A novel physical principle is formulated according to which the low-level air moves from areas with weak evaporation to areas with more intensive evaporation. Due to the high leaf area index, natural forests maintain high evaporation fluxes, which support the ascending air motion over the forest and ""suck in"" moist air from the ocean, which is the essence of the biotic pump of atmospheric moisture. In the result, the gravitational runoff water losses from the optimally moistened forest soil can be fully compensated by the biotically enhanced precipitation at any distance from the ocean. 4. It is discussed how a continent-scale biotic water pump mechanism could be produced by natural selection acting on individual trees. 5. Replacement of the natural forest cover by a low leaf index vegetation leads to an up to tenfold reduction in the mean continental precipitation and runoff, in contrast to the previously available estimates made without accounting for the biotic moisture pump. The analyzed body of evidence testifies that the long-term stability of an intense terrestrial water cycle is unachievable without the recovery of natural, self-sustaining forests on continent-wide areas."
"7201554889;7102636633;7006047666;57203404677;35495958000;7006616050;","Detection of intensification in global- and continental-scale hydrological cycles: Temporal scale of evaluation",2003,"10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0535:DOIIGA>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0141788055&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0442%282003%29016%3c0535%3aDOIIGA%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=07353e781edc14260462186f5428504c","Diagnostic studies of offline, global-scale Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model simulations of terrestrial water budgets and simulations of the climate of the twenty-first century using the parallel climate model (PCM) are used to estimate the time required to detect plausible changes in precipitation (P), evaporation (E), and discharge (Q) if the global water cycle intensifies in response to global warming. Given the annual variability in these continental hydrological cycle components, several decades to perhaps more than a century of observations are needed to detect water cycle changes on the order of magnitude predicted by many global climate model studies simulating global warming scenarios. Global increases in precipitation, evaporation, and runoff of 0.6, 0.4, and 0.2 mm yr-1 require approximately 30-45, 25-35, and 50-60 yr, respectively, to detect with high confidence. These conservative detection time estimates are based on statistical error criteria (α = 0.05; β = 0.10) that are associated with high statistical confidence, 1 - α (accept hypothesis of intensification when true, i.e., intensification is occurring), and high statistical power, 1 - β (reject hypothesis of intensification when false, i.e., intensification is not occurring). If one is willing to accept a higher degree of risk in making a statistical error, the detection time estimates can be reduced substantially. Owing in part to greater variability, detection time of changes in continental P, E, and Q are longer than those for the globe. Similar calculations performed for three Global Energy and Water Experiment (GEWEX) basins reveal that minimum detection time for some of these basins may be longer than that for the corresponding continent as a whole, thereby calling into question the appropriateness of using continental-scale basins alone for rapid detection of changes in continental water cycles. A case is made for implementing networks of small-scale indicator basins, which collectively mimic the variability in continental P, E, and Q, to detect acceleration in the global water cycle."
"7004442182;57208764688;8225183400;","Changes in intense precipitation over the Central United States",2012,"10.1175/JHM-D-11-039.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84858328333&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-11-039.1&partnerID=40&md5=e20813b6b955c77c46e74db9ca231d8c","In examining intense precipitation over the central United States, the authors consider only days with precipitation when the daily total is above 12.7 mm and focus only on these days and multiday events constructed from such consecutive precipitation days. Analyses show that over the central United States, a statistically significant redistribution in the spectra of intense precipitation days/events during the past decades has occurred. Moderately heavy precipitation events (within a 12.7-25.4 mm day -1 range) became less frequent compared to days and events with precipitation totals above 25.4 mm. During the past 31 yr (compared to the 1948-78 period), significant increases occurred in the frequency of ""very heavy"" (the daily rain events above 76.2 mm) and extreme precipitation events (defined as daily and multiday rain events with totals above 154.9 mm or 6 in.), with up to 40% increases in the frequency of days and multiday extreme rain events. Tropical cyclones associated with extreme precipitation do not significantly contribute to the changes reported in this study. With time, the internal precipitation structure (e.g., mean and maximum hourly precipitation rates within each preselected range of daily or multiday event totals) did not noticeably change. Several possible causes of observed changes in intense precipitation over the central United States are discussed and/or tested. © 2012 American Meteorological Society."
"8640643400;6602469265;7004049712;7003358189;35183284200;6602626416;7004547629;","Variations in tropical convection as an amplifier of global climate change at the millennial scale",2005,"10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.002","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-20544470386&doi=10.1016%2fj.epsl.2005.04.002&partnerID=40&md5=2137be9c106cbf967f50335bba23fb5f","The global expression of millennial-scale climatic change during the glacial period and the persistence of this signal in Holocene records point to atmospheric teleconnections as the mechanism propagating rapid climate variations. We suggest rearrangements in the tropical convection system globally affected the concentration and location of atmospheric water vapour and modulated terrestrial and marine emissions of CH4 and N2O, providing a tropical mechanism of amplifying and perpetuating millennial-scale climate changes. A multi-proxy reconstruction reflecting various aspects of the intensity of the Arabian Sea Summer Monsoon shows strong millennial-scale variability over the past 90 kyr in which low intensity is associated with a southern shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and an eastward shift in the equatorial convergence zone. The monsoon reconstruction, which is based on new data from a Somali margin sediment core, is supported by previously reported tropical paleoclimatic records and suggests that global scale millennial climatic variability is in part driven by modulations in the tropical hydrological cycle and tropical emissions of the greenhouse gases CH4 and N2O. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"35614604100;6603885301;","Increasing winter baseflow and mean annual streamflow from possible permafrost thawing in the Northwest Territories, Canada",2009,"10.1029/2008GL035822","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-62749108465&doi=10.1029%2f2008GL035822&partnerID=40&md5=2e938ab06ff694f055958b09ae015637","Increasing surface air temperatures from anthropogenic forcing are melting permafrost at high latitudes and intensifying the hydrological cycle. Long-term streamflow records (≥30 yrs) from 23 stream gauges in the Canadian Northwest Territories (NWT) indicate a general significant upward trend in winter baseflow of 0.5-271.6 %/yr and the beginning of significant increasing mean annual flow (seen at 39% of studied gauge records), as assessed by the Kendall-τ test. The NWT exports an average discharge of ≥308.6 km3/yr to the Beaufort Sea, of which ≥ 120.9 km3/yr is baseflow. We propose that the increases in winter baseflow and mean annual streamflow in the NWT were caused predominately by climate wanning via permafrost thawing that enhances infiltration and deeper flowpaths and hydrological cycle intensification. To provide hydroclimatic context, we present evidence of a statistically significant positive link between the Northern annular mode and annual NWT streamflow at the interannual-to-decadal timescales. © 2009 by the American Geophysical Union."
"56227972700;7404634109;7003292889;6506537419;","Objectively determined 10-day African rainfall estimates created for famine early warning systems",1997,"10.1080/014311697217800","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031182531&doi=10.1080%2f014311697217800&partnerID=40&md5=a44d6359ee2c76ece343aacdcc626d3d","A method of estimation of accumulated precipitation which incorporates numerical model analyses, satellite and surface data has been developed for the African continent. An estimate for accumulated convective cloud precipitation is computed from cold cloud top temperature duration with a bias removal made from the use of rain-gauge data. Orographic precipitation from relatively warm cloud sources is estimated using a combination of surface and satellite data, orography, and numerical model analyses of relative humidity and wind. The results of a comparison of these precipitation estimates with independent rainfall data show this method produces skilful analyses of estimated accumulated precipitation for the Sahel region of Africa. © 1997 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC."
"55657476800;23389213500;7005483371;54936080800;7101697496;","Land-use change affects water recycling in Brazil's last agricultural frontier",2016,"10.1111/gcb.13298","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85028268184&doi=10.1111%2fgcb.13298&partnerID=40&md5=01d1a2a12c714dbe73ab4227504ab243","Historically, conservation-oriented research and policy in Brazil have focused on Amazon deforestation, but a majority of Brazil's deforestation and agricultural expansion has occurred in the neighboring Cerrado biome, a biodiversity hotspot comprised of dry forests, woodland savannas, and grasslands. Resilience of rainfed agriculture in both biomes likely depends on water recycling in undisturbed Cerrado vegetation; yet little is known about how changes in land-use and land-cover affect regional climate feedbacks in the Cerrado. We used remote sensing techniques to map land-use change across the Cerrado from 2003 to 2013. During this period, cropland agriculture more than doubled in area from 1.2 to 2.5 million ha, with 74% of new croplands sourced from previously intact Cerrado vegetation. We find that these changes have decreased the amount of water recycled to the atmosphere via evapotranspiration (ET) each year. In 2013 alone, cropland areas recycled 14 km(3) less (-3%) water than if the land cover had been native Cerrado vegetation. ET from single-cropping systems (e.g., soybeans) is less than from natural vegetation in all years, except in the months of January and February, the height of the growing season. In double-cropping systems (e.g., soybeans followed by corn), ET is similar to or greater than natural vegetation throughout a majority of the wet season (December-May). As intensification and extensification of agricultural production continue in the region, the impacts on the water cycle and opportunities for mitigation warrant consideration. For example, if an environmental goal is to minimize impacts on the water cycle, double cropping (intensification) might be emphasized over extensification to maintain a landscape that behaves more akin to the natural system. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd."
"7102953444;6602722825;7003748648;","Combined surface solar brightening and increasing greenhouse effect support recent intensification of the global land-based hydrological cycle",2008,"10.1029/2008GL034842","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-57049111048&doi=10.1029%2f2008GL034842&partnerID=40&md5=cdeda35dd60bc8b844bb7b7ad1c78dac","The surface net radiation (surface radiation balance) is the key driver behind the global hydrological cycle. Here we present a first-order trend estimate for the 15-year period 1986-2000, which suggests that surface net radiation over land has rapidly increased by about 2 Wm-2 per decade, after several decades with no evidence for an increase. This recent increase is caused by increases in both downward solar radiation (due to a more transparent atmosphere) and downward thermal radiation (due to enhanced concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse-gases). The positive trend in surface net radiation is consistent with the observed increase in land precipitation (3.5 mmy-1 per decade between 1986 and 2000) and the associated intensification of the land-based hydrological cycle. The concurrent changes in surface net radiation and hydrological cycle were particularly pronounced in the recovery phase following the Mount Pinatubo volcanic emption, but remain evident even when discarding the Pinatubo-affected years. Copyright 2008 by the American Geophysical Union."
"36061813500;7004593505;12645309900;6603549082;7006563002;","Global canopy interception from satellite observations",2010,"10.1029/2009JD013530","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77956306179&doi=10.1029%2f2009JD013530&partnerID=40&md5=7b3a789245d20a3d51918068f451f50d","A new methodology for estimating forest rainfall interception from multisatellite observations is presented. The Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH) precipitation product is used as driving data and is applied to Gash's analytical model to derive daily interception rates at global scale. Results compare well with field observations of rainfall interception (R = 0.86, n = 42). Global estimates are presented and spatial differences in the distribution of interception over different ecosystems analyzed. According to our findings, interception loss is responsible for the evaporation of approximately 13% of the total incoming rainfall over broadleaf evergreen forests, 19% in broadleaf deciduous forests, and 22% in needleleaf forests. The product is sensitive to the volume of rainfall, rain intensity, and forest cover. In combination with separate estimates of transpiration it offers the potential to study the impact of climate change and deforestation on the dynamics of the global hydrological cycle. Copyright 2010 by the American Geophysical Union."
"7401958053;55499659200;9279316500;8632797000;14719803100;36057416500;57129084500;57169126600;","Drought and flood monitoring for a large karst plateau in Southwest China using extended GRACE data",2014,"10.1016/j.rse.2014.08.006","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84909590606&doi=10.1016%2fj.rse.2014.08.006&partnerID=40&md5=3ef49b806b8cfcdae6bc371cf1ea5f3e","Droughts and floods alternately occur over a large karst plateau (Yun-Gui Plateau) in Southwest China. Here we show that both the frequency and severity of droughts and floods over the plateau are intensified during the recent decade from three-decade total water storage anomalies (TWSA) generated by Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite data and artificial neural network (ANN) models. The developed ANN models performed well in hindcasting TWSA for the plateau and its three sub-regions (i.e., the upper Mekong River, Pearl River, and Wujiang River basins), showing coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.91, 0.83, 0.76, and 0.57, respectively. The intensified climate extremes are indicative of large changes in the hydrological cycle and brought great challenges in water resource management there. The TWSA of the plateau remained fairly stable during the 1980s, and featured an increasing trend at a rate of 5.9±0.5mm/a in the 1990s interspersed extreme flooding in 1991 and during the second half of the 1990s. Since 2000, the TWSA fluctuated drastically, featuring severe spring droughts from 2003 to 2006, the most extreme spring drought on record in 2010, and severe flooding in 2008. The TWSA of the upper Mekong has decreased by ~100mm (~15km3) compared with that at the end of the 1990s. In addition to hindcasting TWSA, the developed approach could be effective in generating future TWSA and potentially bridge the gap between the current GRACE satellites and the GRACE Follow-On Mission expected to launch in 2017. © 2014 Elsevier Inc."
"55893823700;6602098362;7102976560;7402332362;7201488063;36600036800;53878006900;7005955015;57203200427;57205638870;8397494800;7101672097;7407104838;7102805852;35975039100;37037519900;57207008570;26632078600;35096299800;7006705919;55544607500;55317177900;6506373162;7404732357;7004299063;7408519438;9249627300;","The hydrological impact of geoengineering in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP)",2013,"10.1002/jgrd.50868","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84887200503&doi=10.1002%2fjgrd.50868&partnerID=40&md5=27200b3203ef76262439eb32c77bd2f4","The hydrological impact of enhancing Earth's albedo by solar radiation management is investigated using simulations from 12 Earth System models contributing to the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP). We contrast an idealized experiment, G1, where the global mean radiative forcing is kept at preindustrial conditions by reducing insolation while the CO 2 concentration is quadrupled to a 4×CO2 experiment. The reduction of evapotranspiration over land with instantaneously increasing CO2 concentrations in both experiments largely contributes to an initial reduction in evaporation. A warming surface associated with the transient adjustment in 4×CO2 generates an increase of global precipitation by around 6.9% with large zonal and regional changes in both directions, including a precipitation increase of 10% over Asia and a reduction of 7% for the North American summer monsoon. Reduced global evaporation persists in G1 with temperatures close to preindustrial conditions. Global precipitation is reduced by around 4.5%, and significant reductions occur over monsoonal land regions: East Asia (6%), South Africa (5%), North America (7%), and South America (6%). The general precipitation performance in models is discussed in comparison to observations. In contrast to the 4×CO2 experiment, where the frequency of months with heavy precipitation intensity is increased by over 50% in comparison to the control, a reduction of up to 20% is simulated in G1. These changes in precipitation in both total amount and frequency of extremes point to a considerable weakening of the hydrological cycle in a geoengineered world. Key Points Geoengineering leads to a weakening of the hydrologic cycle Evapotranspiration changes important for initial reduction of precipitation Considerable reduction of monsoonal precipitation over land with SRM ©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"7003643525;14424673600;6701383746;7005591362;6701680901;25958194800;6701664419;7006359209;6602229667;7003736022;21740112500;","Freshwater and its role in the Arctic Marine System: Sources, disposition, storage, export, and physical and biogeochemical consequences in the Arctic and global oceans",2016,"10.1002/2015JG003140","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84962775949&doi=10.1002%2f2015JG003140&partnerID=40&md5=07d5809fbb5c241d671ef7a048899391","The Arctic Ocean is a fundamental node in the global hydrological cycle and the ocean's thermohaline circulation. We here assess the system's key functions and processes: (1) the delivery of fresh and low-salinity waters to the Arctic Ocean by river inflow, net precipitation, distillation during the freeze/thaw cycle, and Pacific Ocean inflows; (2) the disposition (e.g., sources, pathways, and storage) of freshwater components within the Arctic Ocean; and (3) the release and export of freshwater components into the bordering convective domains of the North Atlantic. We then examine physical, chemical, or biological processes which are influenced or constrained by the local quantities and geochemical qualities of freshwater; these include stratification and vertical mixing, ocean heat flux, nutrient supply, primary production, ocean acidification, and biogeochemical cycling. Internal to the Arctic the joint effects of sea ice decline and hydrological cycle intensification have strengthened coupling between the ocean and the atmosphere (e.g., wind and ice drift stresses, solar radiation, and heat and moisture exchange), the bordering drainage basins (e.g., river discharge, sediment transport, and erosion), and terrestrial ecosystems (e.g., Arctic greening, dissolved and particulate carbon loading, and altered phenology of biotic components). External to the Arctic freshwater export acts as both a constraint to and a necessary ingredient for deep convection in the bordering subarctic gyres and thus affects the global thermohaline circulation. Geochemical fingerprints attained within the Arctic Ocean are likewise exported into the neighboring subarctic systems and beyond. Finally, we discuss observed and modeled functions and changes in this system on seasonal, annual, and decadal time scales and discuss mechanisms that link the marine system to atmospheric, terrestrial, and cryospheric systems. © 2015. The Authors."
"7403119519;23007591800;22836973600;","Anthropogenic impact on Earth's hydrological cycle",2013,"10.1038/nclimate1932","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84883397689&doi=10.1038%2fnclimate1932&partnerID=40&md5=209e089c3634b582a5a4430519574877","The global hydrological cycle is a key component of Earth's climate system. A significant amount of the energy the Earth receives from the Sun is redistributed around the world by the hydrological cycle in the form of latent heat flux. Changes in the hydrological cycle have a direct impact on droughts, floods, water resources and ecosystem services. Observed land precipitation and global river discharges do not show an increasing trend as might be expected in a warming world. Here we show that this apparent discrepancy can be resolved when the effects of tropospheric aerosols are considered. Analysing state-of-the-art climate model simulations, we find for the first time that there was a detectable weakening of the hydrological cycle between the 1950s and the 1980s, attributable to increased anthropogenic aerosols, after which the hydrological cycle recovered as a result of increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. The net result of these two counter-acting effects is an insignificant trend in the global hydrological cycle, but the individual influence of each is substantial. Reductions in air pollution have already shown an intensification in the past two decades and a further rapid increase in precipitation could be expected if the current trend continues. © 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved."
"7404342840;6603820383;6602950870;7403143411;8596043800;","Carbon dioxide exchange in a semidesert grassland through drought-induced vegetation change",2010,"10.1029/2010JG001348","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77957597958&doi=10.1029%2f2010JG001348&partnerID=40&md5=c2f50e82e2409cb6943efd5cc119d4e7","Global warming may intensify the hydrological cycle and lead to increased drought severity and duration, which could alter plant community structure and subsequent ecosystem water and carbon dioxide cycling. We report on the net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide (NEE) of a semidesert grassland through a severe drought which drove succession from native bunchgrasses to forbs and to eventual dominance by an exotic bunchgrass. We monitored NEE and energy fluxes using eddy covariance coupled with meteorological and soil moisture variables for 6 years at a grassland site in southeastern Arizona, USA. Seasonal NEE typically showed a springtime carbon uptake after winter-spring periods of average rainfall followed by much stronger sink activity during the summer rainy season. The two severe drought years (2004 and 2005) resulted in a net release of carbon dioxide (25 g C m-2) and widespread mortality of native perennial bunchgrasses. Above average summer rains in 2006 alleviated drought conditions, resulting in a large flush of broad-leaved forbs and negative total NEE (-55 g C m-2 year-1). Starting in 2007 and continuing through 2009, the ecosystem became increasingly dominated by the exotic grass, Eragrostis lehmanniana, and was a net carbon sink (-47 to -98 g C m-2 year-1) but with distinct annual patterns in NEE. Rainfall mediated by soils was the key driver to water and carbon fluxes. Seasonal respiration and photosynthesis were strongly dependent on precipitation, but photosynthesis was more sensitive to rainfall variation. Respiration normalized by evapotranspiration showed no interannual variation, while normalized gross ecosystem production (i.e., water use efficiency) was low during drought years and then increased as the rains returned and the E. lehmanniana invasion progressed. Thus, when dry summer conditions returned in 2009, the potential for ecosystem carbon accumulation was increased and the ecosystem remained a net sink unlike similar dry years when native grasses dominated ecosystem structure. Copyright 2010 by the American Geophysical Union."
"55992927000;6701504447;57204258731;6603078103;55968152000;7006702961;6701682265;6603950837;8393428600;6701563376;6504766416;6701747681;34168013200;26039349600;6603424433;","Spatio-temporal variability of hydrological regimes around the boundaries between Sahelian and Sudanian areas of West Africa: A synthesis",2009,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.12.012","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-69549113912&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2008.12.012&partnerID=40&md5=3601259ae8e74081aacd45fa819151c1","Abundant information is available on West African drought and its hydrological and environmental impacts. Land-use and climatic changes have greatly modified the conditions of Sudanian and Sahelian hydrology, impacting the regime and discharge of the main rivers. Human pressure on the environment (significant increase in crops and disappearance of natural bushes and landscapes, for example) has led to severe soil crusting and desertification throughout Sahelian regions. Despite recent increases in rainfall, the drought has not ended, resulting in two different hydrological evolutions. In the Sudanian areas, stream flows have been reduced, sometimes as much as twice the rainfall reduction rate. In the Sahelian regions, runoff coefficients have increased to such a degree that discharges are increasing, in spite of the reduced rainfall. The main goal of this paper is to synthesize the recent advances in the Sahelian and Sudano-Sahelian West African hydrology. The other objectives are two fold: First, to discuss the ""Sahelian Paradox"" (the increase in runoff in most of the Sahel during the drought, at least during the 1968-1995 period, as described in the 1980s) and paradox of groundwater highlighted in the square degree of Niamey (the rise in water table levels in some endorheic areas during the same drought, evidenced in the 1990s), and second, to attempt to define the application of their respective geographical areas. The land-use changes act as a general factor of hydrological evolution of soils and basins, while some spatial factors explain the great variability in the response to environmental evolution, such as endorheism, geological context, latitudinal climate gradient, and local hydrodynamic behaviour of environment. This paper is literature-based, and incorporates current research advances in the field, as well as a prospective focused on resources and socio-economic impacts. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"6507475320;7003886966;6701328042;35609878300;7004252266;6603840115;","The effects of deforestation on the hydrological cycle in Amazonia: A review on scale and resolution",2007,"10.1002/joc.1475","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34247863653&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.1475&partnerID=40&md5=54e7225a206fa98e90fd1a0cd9fa5441","This paper reviews the effects of deforestation on the hydrological cycle in Amazonia according to recent modeling and observational studies performed within different spatial scales and resolutions. The predictions that follow from future scenarios of a complete deforestation in the region point to a restrained water cycle, while the simulated effects of small, disturbed areas show a contrasting tendency. Differences between coarsely spatially averaged observations and finely sampled data sets have also been encountered. These contrasts are only partially explained by the different spatial resolutions among models and observations, since they seem to be further associated with the weakening of precipitation recycling under scenarios of extensive deforestation and with the potential intensification of convection over areas of land-surface heterogeneity. Therefore, intrinsic and interrelated scale and heterogeneity dependencies on the impact of deforestation in Amazonia on the hydrological cycle are revealed and the acknowledgement of the relevance of these dependencies sets a few challenges for the future. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society."
"7006957668;6701684534;7004114883;7401742385;","Global precipitation measurement",2008,"10.1007/978-3-540-77655-0_6","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84875082595&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-540-77655-0_6&partnerID=40&md5=7583c06f489b38b70b27c76c831b5a80","Observations of the space-time variability of precipitation around the globe are imperative for understanding how climate change affects the global energy and water cycle (GWEC) in terms of changes in regional precipitation characteristics (type, frequency, intensity), as well as extreme hydrologic events, such as floods and droughts. The GWEC is driven by a host of complex processes and interactions, many of which are not yet well understood. Precipitation, which converts atmospheric water vapor into rain and snow, is a central element of the GWEC. Precipitation regulates the global energy and radiation balance through coupling to clouds and water vapor (the primary greenhouse gas) and shapes global winds and atmospheric transport through latent heat release. Surface precipitation directly affects soil moisture and land hydrology and is also the primary source of freshwater in a world that is facing an emerging freshwater crisis. Accurate and timely knowledge of global precipitation is essential for understanding the multi-scale interaction of the weather, climate and ecological systems and for improving our ability to manage freshwater resources and predicting high-impact weather events including hurricanes, floods, droughts and landslides. In terms of measurements of precipitation, it is critical that data be collected at local scales over a global domain to capture the spatial and temporal diversity of falling rain and snow in meso-scale, synoptic-scale and planetary-scale events. However, given the limited weather station networks on land and the impracticality of making extensive rainfall measurements over oceans, a comprehensive description of the space and time variability of global precipitation can only be achieved from the vantage point of space. The spatial and temporal scales required to resolve the impact of precipitation for different hydrometeorological processes are illustrated in Fig. 1. This figure shows that surface water can vary on the order of minutes and meters; measurements at these scales are relevant for landslide and flooding conditions. Short-term (≲1 day) weather related events include for example, flood warnings, urban drainage and hydropower optimization. Seasonal to inter-annual (∼1 day to several decade) hydrological scale events include management of irrigation and water supply reservoirs, land use decisions and culvert operations. Oceanic processes near coastlines have fine resolution requirements, while open ocean processes can span decades or hundreds of years and thousands of kilometers. On the climate scale for long-term planning over 50 years to centuries, hydrologists must anticipate minor and major dam needs and assess environmental impacts of water resources. As can be expected, satellite observations cannot measure to all the spatial and temporal scales required for hydrometeorological applications. Nevertheless, satellites can provide certain types of data at high spatial and temporal scales. The first images of clouds in relationship to meteorological processes were provided by the Television and Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS-1), which was launched in April 1960. These early investigations noted the importance of satellite observation of clouds since precipitation is inherently linked with clouds (Kidder 1981) although properly resolving the spatio-temporal precipitation from space would prove to be a challenging task. Currently, observations of cloud tops using visible and infrared sensors from geostationary orbits such as the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) spacecraft are done with near continuous (fine temporal) scans at footprint resolutions of 18 km. Kidd (2001) summarizes other geostationary satellites and reviews various approaches inferring precipitation from visible and infrared sensors. Measurements of rainfall rate inferred from cloud top data do not probe into the cloud nor provide information on the vertical structure and microphysics of clouds. Active radars at Ku, Ka and W band (~14, 35 and 95 GHz, respectively), for example, can measure profiles of precipitating hydrometeor characteristics (e.g., size) within clouds. Passive precipitation radiometers (~1089 GHz) can measure the integrated cloud water and ice paths and are used to estimate rain rate (Barrett and Beaumont 1994; Petty and Krajewski 1996; Smith et al. 1998). Passive radiometers in the 1990s and 2000s typically had horizontal surface footprints of 550 km, while radar footprints were on the order of 110 km. While there are a few active and several passive precipitation sensors in orbit, none are currently in geostationary orbit and thus the temporal resolution is limited to the number of overpasses per day. Wideband multifrequency passive radiometers can provide microphysical information about both liquid and frozen hydrometeors in clouds. Passive microwave sounders with multiple channels centered around oxygen and water vapor absorption lines provide verticallyresolved information on the temperature and water vapor profiles of clear air atmospheres and the sounder channels are also sensitive to hydrometeors for retrievals of cloud properties (Chen and Staelin 2003; Kidder et al. 2000; Spencer 1993). Current active microwave satellite radars (at Ku and W-band) provide fine-scale vertical profile structure information about atmospheric clouds (Meneghini et al. 2000; Stephens et al. 2002). Combined radar-radiometer systems, such as the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) (Kummerow et al. 2000; Simpson et al. 1988) are particularly important for studying and understanding the microphysical processes of precipitating clouds and for accurate estimates of rainfall rate. Since TRMM is a single satellite in a non-Sunsynchronous 35o orbit, it cannot provide fine temporal resolution alone. A generation of blended, 3-hourly rainfall products has emerged to exploit the temporal resolution of geosynchronous techniques, the improved accuracy of passive microwave techniques and the direct rainfall measurement from active microwave sensors (See Ebert et al. 2007, for a review of these multi-sensor techniques and past intercomparison activities). The next stage in the evolution of precipitation observations from space is the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Mission, which is designed to unify a constellation of research and operational satellites to provide integrated, uniformlycalibrated precipitation measurements at every location around the globe every 24 h. This Chapter begins with a brief history and background of microwave precipitation sensors, with a discussion of the sensitivity of both passive and active instruments, to trace the evolution of satellitebased rainfall techniques from an era of inference to an era of physical measurement. Next, the highly successful Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission will be described, followed by the goals and plans for the GPM Mission and the status of precipitation retrieval algorithm development. The Chapter concludes with a summary of the need for space-based precipitation measurement, current technological capabilities, near-term algorithm advancements and anticipated new sciences and societal benefits in the GPM era."
"8632797000;6602948135;7405938832;7401526171;7005052907;","Evaluation of PERSIANN-CCS rainfall measurement using the NAME event rain gauge network",2007,"10.1175/JHM574.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34447631519&doi=10.1175%2fJHM574.1&partnerID=40&md5=888a152e4885499bd064f48e0907c490","Robust validation of the space-time structure of remotely sensed precipitation estimates is critical to improving their quality and confident application in water cycle-related research. In this work, the performance of the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks-Cloud Classification System (PERSIANN-CCS) precipitation product is evaluated against warm season precipitation observations from the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) Event Rain Gauge Network (NERN) in the complex terrain region of northwestern Mexico. Analyses of hourly and daily precipitation estimates show that the PERSIANN-CCS captures well active and break periods in the early and mature phases of the monsoon season. While the PERSIANN-CCS generally captures the spatial distribution and timing of diurnal convective rainfall, elevation-dependent biases exist, which are characterized by an underestimate in the occurrence of light precipitation at high elevations and an overestimate in the occurrence of precipitation at low elevations. The elevation-dependent biases contribute to a 1-2-h phase shift of the diurnal cycle of precipitation at various elevation bands. For reasons yet to be determined, the PERSIANN-CCS significantly underestimated a few active periods of precipitation during the late or ""senescent"" phase of the monsoon. Despite these shortcomings, the continuous domain and relatively high spatial resolution of PERSIANN-CCS quantitative precipitation estimates (QPEs) provide useful characterization of precipitation space-time structures in the North American monsoon region of northwestern Mexico, which should prove useful for hydrological applications. © 2007 American Meteorological Society."
"7101658117;57218598936;7004461962;55837993200;7102446182;6603175750;6603445264;7202970215;55993750800;7003912723;23492749600;7101619974;6701603958;7003406400;","Assimilation and modeling of the atmospheric hydrological cycle in the ECMWF forecasting system",2005,"10.1175/BAMS-86-3-387","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-20244378820&doi=10.1175%2fBAMS-86-3-387&partnerID=40&md5=18ec4dbc042ae886430c20fa2a03f60a","Several new types of satellite instrument will provide improved measurements of Earth's hydrological cycle and the humidity of the atmosphere. In an effort to make the best possible use of these data, the modeling and assimilation of humidity, clouds, and precipitation are currently the subjects of a comprehensive research program at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Impacts on weather prediction and climate reanalysis can be expected. The preparations for cloud and rain assimilation within ECMWF's four-dimensional variational data assimilation system include the development of linearized moist physics, the development of fast radiative transfer codes for cloudy and precipitating conditions, and a reformulation of the humidity analysis scheme. Results of model validat ions against in situ moisture data are presented, indicating generally good agreement - often to within the absolute calibration accuracy of the measurements. Evidence is also presented of shortcomings in ECMWF's humidity analysis, from the operational data assimilation and forecasting system in 2002, and from the recently completed ERA-40 reanalysis project. Examples are shown of biases in the data and in the model that lead to biased humidity analyses. Although these biases are relatively small, they contribute to an overprediction of tropical precipitation and to an overly intense Hadley circulation at the start of the forecast, with rapid adjustments taking place during the first 6-12 h. It is shown that with an improved humidity analysis this long-standing ""spindown"" problem can be reduced. © 2005 American Meteorological Society."
"7102643810;7102965584;7005461477;6602192728;6701809488;7407016988;7103107223;8315270100;7402079126;","Mesoscale and radar observations of the Fort Collins flash flood of 28 July 1997",1999,"10.1175/1520-0477(1999)080<0191:MAROOT>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0000455551&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0477%281999%29080%3c0191%3aMAROOT%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=e4d3110c4817925637860404f4f2e50f","On the evening of 28 July 1997 the city of Fort Collins, Colorado, experienced a devastating flash flood that caused five fatalities and over 200 million dollars in damage. Maximum accumulations of rainfall in the western part of the city exceeded 10 in. in a 6-h period. This study presents a multiscale meteorological overview of the event utilizing a wide variety of instrument platforms and data including rain gauge, CSU-CHILL multiparameter radar, Next Generation Radar, National Lightning Detection Network, surface and Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System observations, satellite observations, and synoptic analyses. Many of the meteorological features associated with the Fort Collins flash flood typify those of similar events in the western United States. Prominent features in the Fort Collins case included the presence of a 500-hPa ridge axis over northeastern Colorado; a weak shortwave trough on the western side of the ridge; postfrontal easterly upslope flow at low levels; weak to moderate southwesterly flow aloft; a deep, moist warm layer in the sounding; and the occurrence of a quasi-stationary rainfall system. In contrast to previous events such as the Rapid City or Big Thompson floods, the thermodynamic environment of the Fort Collins storm exhibited only modest instability, consistent with low lightning flash rates and an absence of hail and other severe storm signatures. Radar, rain gauge, and lightning observations provided a detailed view of the cloud and precipitation morphology. Polarimetric radar observations suggest that a coupling between warm-rain collision coalescence processes and ice processes played an important role in the rainfall production. Dual-Doppler radar and mesoscale wind analyses revealed that the low-level flow field associated with a bow echo located 60 km to the southeast of Fort Collins may have been responsible for a brief easterly acceleration in the low-level winds during the last 1.5 h of the event. The enhanced flow interacted with both topography and the convection located over Fort Collins, resulting in a quasi-stationary convective system and the heaviest rainfall of the evening."
"6603860837;7408612236;7003553324;","Foundations for statistical-physical precipitation retrieval from passive microwave satellite measurements. Part II: emission-source and generalized weighting-function properties of a time-dependent cloud-radiation model",1993,"10.1175/1520-0450(1993)032<0017:FFSPRF>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027505189&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0450%281993%29032%3c0017%3aFFSPRF%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=6583e10bc7d39100b4a0e96ae56c1935","We first develop the theory needed to interpret the vertically distributed radiative sources and the emission-absorption-scattering processes responsible for the behavior of frequency-dependent top-to-atmosphere brightness temperatures TB's. This involves two distinct types of vertical weighting functions for the TB's: an ""emission-source weighting function' describing the origin of emitted radiation that eventually reaches a satellite radiometer, and ""generalized weighting function' describing emitted-scattered radiation undergoing no further interactions prior to interception by the radiometer. The weighting-function framework is used for an analysis of land-based precipitation processes within a hail-storm simulation originally described in Part I. The individual roles of cloud drops, rain drops, graupel particles, ice crystals, and snow aggregates - as well as absorbing gases, the earth's surface, and cosmic background - on generating and modulating the frequency-dependent TB's are examined in detail. Finally, a summary of the various components of a hybrid statistical-physical rainfall algorithm used to produce liquid-ice profile information, as well as surface rain rates, is given. The algorithm employs the cloud model to provide a consistent and objectively generated source of detailed microphysical information as the underpinnings to an inversion-based perturbative retrieval scheme. -from Authors"
"6603420709;","A self-calibrating real-time GOES rainfall algorithm for short-term rainfall estimates",2002,"10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0112:ASCRTG>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036012193&doi=10.1175%2f1525-7541%282002%29003%3c0112%3aASCRTG%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=971ba9ef34374200580c77e93820c578","Estimates of precipitation from satellite data can provide timely information about rainfall in regions for which data from rain gauge networks are sparse or unavailable entirely and for which radar data are unavailable or are compromised by range effects and beam blockage. Two basic kinds of satellite-based estimates are available. Infrared data from geostationary satellite platforms such as the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) can be used to infer cloud-top conditions on a continuous basis, but the relationship between cloud-top conditions and the rate of rainfall below can vary significantly. Microwave radiances are related more directly to precipitation rates, but microwave instruments are limited to polar-orbiting platforms, resulting in intermittent availability of estimates. A number of authors have made efforts to combine the strengths of both by using the microwave-based estimates to adjust the GOES-based estimates, mainly for long-term precipitation estimates at coarse spatial resolution. The self-calibrating multivariate precipitation retrieval (SCaMPR) technique represents an approach for doing the same for the timescales and short time periods. This algorithm first selects an optimal predictor for separating raining from nonraining pixels, calibrates it to raining and nonraining areas from a Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) algorithm, and then selects an optimal rain-rate predictor and calibrates it to the SSM/I rain rate for the raining pixels via linear regression. The performance of SCaMPR compared favorably with the autoestimator (AE) technique and GOES multispectral rainfall algorithm (GMSRA) when compared with rain gauge data for three cases. The linear correlations between the estimates and rain gauge observations were similar, but SCaMPR exhibited significantly less bias than did AE and GMSRA."
"23986733700;55250170900;6507882912;26643531800;35386886900;35386272200;23970308800;","Multilevel and multiscale drought reanalysis over France with the Safran-Isba-Modcou hydrometeorological suite",2010,"10.5194/hess-14-459-2010","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77949384514&doi=10.5194%2fhess-14-459-2010&partnerID=40&md5=3b7fbdcf68656c3e548decd570ac1318","Physically-based droughts can be defined as a water deficit in at least one component of the land surface hydrological cycle. The reliance of different activity domains (water supply, irrigation, hydropower, etc.) on specific components of this cycle requires drought monitoring to be based on indices related to meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological droughts. This paper describes a high-resolution retrospective analysis of such droughts in France over the last fifty years, based on the Safran-Isba-Modcou (SIM) hydrometeorological suite. The high-resolution 1958-2008 Safran atmospheric reanalysis was used to force the Isba land surface scheme and the hydrogeological model Modcou. Meteorological droughts are characterized with the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) at time scales varying from 1 to 24 months. Similar standardizing methods were applied to soil moisture and streamflow for identifying multiscale agricultural droughts - through the Standardized Soil Wetness Index (SSWI) - and multiscale hydrological droughts, through the Standardized Flow Index (SFI). Based on a common threshold level for all indices, drought event statistics over the 50-yr period - number of events, duration, severity and magnitude - have been derived locally in order to highlight regional differences at multiple time scales and at multiple levels of the hydrological cycle (precipitation, soil moisture, streamflow). Results show a substantial variety of temporal drought patterns over the country that are highly dependent on both the variable and time scale considered. Independent spatio-temporal drought events have then been identified and described by combining local characteristics with the evolution of area under drought. Summary statistics have finally been used to compare past severe drought events, from multi-year precipitation deficits (1989-1990) to short hot and dry periods (2003). Results show that the ranking of drought events depends highly on both the time scale and the variable considered. This multilevel and multiscale drought climatology will serve as a basis for assessing the impacts of climate change on droughts in France."
"7003821079;","Modeling backscatter properties of snowfall at millimeter wavelengths",2007,"10.1175/JAS3904.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34250020228&doi=10.1175%2fJAS3904.1&partnerID=40&md5=8ac78eae7f0e43ff2d3d7253da506ad9","Ground-based vertically pointing and airborne/spaceborne nadir-pointing millimeter-wavelength radars are being increasingly used worldwide. Though such radars are primarily designed for cloud remote sensing, they can also be used for precipitation measurements including snowfall estimates. In this study, modeling of snowfall radar properties is performed for the common frequencies of millimeter-wavelength radars such as those used by the U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (Ka and W bands) and the CloudSat mission (W band). Realistic snowflake models including aggregates and single dendrite crystals were used. The model input included appropriate mass-size and terminal fall velocity-size relations and snowflake orientation and shape assumptions. It was shown that unlike in the Rayleigh scattering regime, which is often applicable for longer radar wavelengths, the spherical model does not generally satisfactorily describe scattering of larger snowflakes at millimeter wavelengths. This is especially true when, due to aerodynamic forcing, these snowflakes are oriented primarily with their major dimensions in the horizontal plane and the zenith/nadir radar pointing geometry is used. As a result of modeling using the experimental snowflake size distributions, radar reflectivity-liquid equivalent snowfall rates (Ze-S) relations are suggested for ""dry"" snowfalls that consist of mostly unrimed snowflakes containing negligible amounts of liquid water. Owing to uncertainties in the model assumptions, these relations, which are derived for the common Ka- and W-band radar frequencies, have significant variability in their coefficients that can exceed a factor of 2 or so. Modeling snowfall attenuation suggests that the attenuation effects in ""dry"" snowfall can be neglected at the Ka band for most practical cases, while at the W band attenuation may need to be accounted for in heavier snowfalls observed at longer ranges. © 2007 American Meteorological Society."
"8673949200;6603574267;","Evaluation of remote-sensing-based rainfall products through predictive capability in hydrological runoff modelling",2010,"10.1002/hyp.7529","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77951659770&doi=10.1002%2fhyp.7529&partnerID=40&md5=aae8d4a078c56f78a045d2e6bf8ac9d2","The emergence of regional and global satellite-based rainfall products with high spatial and temporal resolution has opened up new large-scale hydrological applications in data-sparse or ungauged catchments. Particularly, distributed hydrological models can benefit from the good spatial coverage and distributed nature of satellite-based rainfall estimates (SRFE). In this study, five SRFEs with temporal resolution of 24 h and spatial resolution between 8 and 27 km have been evaluated through their predictive capability in a distributed hydrological model of the Senegal River basin in West Africa. The main advantage of this evaluation methodology is the integration of the rainfall model input in time and space when evaluated at the sub-catchment scale. An initial data analysis revealed significant biases in the SRFE products and large variations in rainfall amounts between SRFEs, although the spatial patterns were similar. The results showed that the Climate Prediction Center/Famine Early Warning System (CPC-FEWS) and cold cloud duration (CCD) products, which are partly based on rain gauge data and produced specifically for the African continent, performed better in the modelling context than the global SRFEs, Climate Prediction Center MORPHing technique (CMORPH), Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN). The best performing SRFE, CPC-FEWS, produced good results with values of R2NS between 0·84 and 0·87 after bias correction and model recalibration. This was comparable to model simulations based on traditional rain gauge data. The study highlights the need for input specific calibration of hydrological models, since major differences were observed in model performances even when all SRFEs were scaled to the same mean rainfall amounts. This is mainly attributed to differences in temporal dynamics between products. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd."
"7003541903;34971331800;7003376335;35495958000;","Observational evidence of an intensifying hydrological cycle in northern Canada",2009,"10.1029/2009GL038852","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70349237055&doi=10.1029%2f2009GL038852&partnerID=40&md5=708c68590ae4c5b3e8c4e5bcfd6cb746","Trends and variability in the 1964-2007 annual streamflow for 45 rivers spanning 5.2 × 106 km2 of northern Canada are investigated. Discharge averages 1153 km3 yr-1 with a standard deviation of 71.4 km3 yr-1 and coefficient of variation (CVQ) of 6.2% over the 44-year period. A trend analysis reveals a recent (1989-2007) 15.5% increase in the annual flows owing to much-above average values recorded over the past decade. Trends in CVQ computed from 11-year moving windows of annual streamflows exhibit spatially coherent signals with increasing variability across most of northern Canada, excluding some rivers with outlets to the Labrador Sea and eastern James Bay. For the period of interest, 46% and 30% of the available gauged area and river discharge, respectively, experienced detectable increases in variability. This provides observational evidence of an intensifying hydrological cycle in northern Canada, consistent with other regions of the pan-Arctic domain. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union."
"7007091246;7102127179;7004542776;","Discrepancy between gauges and satellite estimates of rainfall in equatorial Africa",2000,"10.1175/1520-0450-39.5.666","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033917095&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0450-39.5.666&partnerID=40&md5=9790c9a4c760f4a6703d4cf809825fc9","The Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) satellite estimates have approximately twice the magnitude of estimates produced from the rain gauges used by the GPCP in central equatorial Africa. Different possible explanations are identified and investigated. The first is that there may not be enough GPCP rain gauges in the area to provide accurate estimates of rainfall for comparisons with satellite estimates. A comparison of the time-averaged GPCP rain gauge estimate with a long-term (over 40 yr) climatology indicates that the GPCP gauge estimates are similar to long-term rainfall averages, suggesting that the GPCP rain gauge analysis is not underestimating rainfall. Two other possible explanations related to the physical properties of the air masses in this region are studied. Evidence from the literature and from estimates of the effective radii of cloud droplets suggests that there may be an abundance of aerosols in central Africa, resulting in an abundance of cloud condensation nuclei, small drops, and inefficient rain processes. The second explanation is that convective clouds forming under dry conditions generally have cloud bases considerably higher than those of clouds forming in moist environments. This leads to an increase in the evaporation rate of the falling rain, resulting in less precipitation reaching the ground. Analysis of the moisture distributions from both the National Centers for Environmental Prediction numerical weather prediction model reanalysis data and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Water Vapor Project global moisture dataset reveals that the lower troposphere in this region of Africa is relatively dry, which suggests that cloud bases are high."
"6508036274;56206294200;57203624872;","Impacts of extreme precipitation and seasonal changes in precipitation on plants",2014,"10.5194/bg-11-3083-2014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84902504617&doi=10.5194%2fbg-11-3083-2014&partnerID=40&md5=e8fa04df9fdfebfa75b7be573ce2f4dd","The global hydrological cycle is predicted to become more intense in future climates, with both larger precipitation events and longer times between events in some regions. Redistribution of precipitation may occur both within and across seasons, and the resulting wide fluctuations in soil water content (SWC) may dramatically affect plants. Though these responses remain poorly understood, recent research in this emerging field suggests the effects of redistributed precipitation may differ from predictions based on previous drought studies. We review available studies on both extreme precipitation (redistribution within seasons) and seasonal changes in precipitation (redistribution across seasons) on grasslands and forests. Extreme precipitation differentially affected above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP), depending on whether extreme precipitation led to increased or decreased SWC, which differed based on the current precipitation and aridity index of the site. Specifically, studies to date reported that extreme precipitation decreased ANPP in mesic sites, but, conversely, increased ANPP in xeric sites, suggesting that plant-available water is a key factor driving responses to extreme precipitation. Similarly, the effects of seasonal changes in precipitation on ANPP, phenology, and leaf and fruit development varied with the effect on SWC. Reductions in spring or summer generally had negative effects on plants, associated with reduced SWC, while subsequent reductions in autumn or winter had little effect on SWC or plants. Similarly, increased summer precipitation had a more dramatic impact on plants than winter increases in precipitation. The patterns of response suggest xeric biomes may respond positively to extreme precipitation, while comparatively mesic biomes may be more likely to be negatively affected. Moreover, seasonal changes in precipitation during warm or dry seasons may have larger effects than changes during cool or wet seasons. Accordingly, responses to redistributed precipitation will involve a complex interplay between plant-available water, plant functional type and resultant influences on plant phenology, growth and water relations. These results highlight the need for experiments across a range of soil types and plant functional types, critical for predicting future vegetation responses to future climates. © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License."
"57208193133;6504512777;55609112700;6602479200;7005496937;","Rising minimum daily flows in northern Eurasian rivers: A growing influence of groundwater in the high-latitude hydrologic cycle",2007,"10.1029/2006JG000327","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-39849090799&doi=10.1029%2f2006JG000327&partnerID=40&md5=95c689de05c166fdee431f150b3ba215","A first analysis of new daily discharge data for 111 northern rivers from 1936-1999 and 1958-1989 fmds an overall pattern of increasing minimum daily flows (or ""low flows"") throughout Russia. These increases are generally more abundant than are increases in mean flow and appear to drive much of the overall rise in mean flow observed here and in previous studies. Minimum flow decreases have also occurred but are less abundant. The minimum flow increases are found in summer as well as winter and in nonpermafrost as well as permafrost terrain. No robust spatial contrasts are found between the European Russia, Ob', Yenisey, and Lena/eastern Siberia sectors. A subset of 12 unusually long discharge records from 1935-2002, concentrated in south central Russia, suggests that recent minimum flow increases since ∼1985 are largely unprecedented in the instrumental record, at least for this small group of stations. If minimum flows are presumed sensitive to groundwater and unsaturated zone inputs to river discharge, then the data suggest a broad-scale mobilization of such water sources in the late 20th century. We speculate that reduced intensity of seasonal ground freezing, together with precipitation increases, might drive much of the well documented but poorly understood increases in river discharge to the Arctic Ocean. Copyright 2007 by the American Geophysical Union."
"36551761100;55664151400;57203012951;56655885600;55235064100;7401672948;55420901900;55901447400;57070561200;26026749200;57207482495;37462539100;55350271300;56972687700;","Lake volume and groundwater storage variations in Tibetan Plateau's endorheic basin",2017,"10.1002/2017GL073773","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85020118011&doi=10.1002%2f2017GL073773&partnerID=40&md5=f8559c08c92fd18d64e8e7c2c2ccb24d","The Tibetan Plateau (TP), the highest and largest plateau in the world, with complex and competing cryospheric-hydrologic-geodynamic processes, is particularly sensitive to anthropogenic warming. The quantitative water mass budget in the TP is poorly known. Here we examine annual changes in lake area, level, and volume during 1970s–2015. We find that a complex pattern of lake volume changes during 1970s–2015: a slight decrease of −2.78 Gt yr−1 during 1970s–1995, followed by a rapid increase of 12.53 Gt yr−1 during 1996–2010, and then a recent deceleration (1.46 Gt yr−1) during 2011–2015. We then estimated the recent water mass budget for the Inner TP, 2003–2009, including changes in terrestrial water storage, lake volume, glacier mass, snow water equivalent (SWE), soil moisture, and permafrost. The dominant components of water mass budget, namely, changes in lake volume (7.72 ± 0.63 Gt yr−1) and groundwater storage (5.01 ± 1.59 Gt yr−1), increased at similar rates. We find that increased net precipitation contributes the majority of water supply (74%) for the lake volume increase, followed by glacier mass loss (13%), and ground ice melt due to permafrost degradation (12%). Other term such as SWE (1%) makes a relatively small contribution. These results suggest that the hydrologic cycle in the TP has intensified remarkably during recent decades. ©2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"7102421547;55391966100;55932459400;14520933300;55195834300;35302919500;6603748992;7404331975;7004529467;8947893100;","Characterizing differences in precipitation regimes of extreme wet and dry years: Implications for climate change experiments",2015,"10.1111/gcb.12888","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84931009620&doi=10.1111%2fgcb.12888&partnerID=40&md5=83c8999849c24fdb340ad2de08a3bd89","Climate change is intensifying the hydrologic cycle and is expected to increase the frequency of extreme wet and dry years. Beyond precipitation amount, extreme wet and dry years may differ in other ways, such as the number of precipitation events, event size, and the time between events. We assessed 1614 long-term (100 year) precipitation records from around the world to identify key attributes of precipitation regimes, besides amount, that distinguish statistically extreme wet from extreme dry years. In general, in regions where mean annual precipitation (MAP) exceeded 1000 mm, precipitation amounts in extreme wet and dry years differed from average years by ~40% and 30%, respectively. The magnitude of these deviations increased to >60% for dry years and to >150% for wet years in arid regions (MAP<500 mm). Extreme wet years were primarily distinguished from average and extreme dry years by the presence of multiple extreme (large) daily precipitation events (events >99th percentile of all events); these occurred twice as often in extreme wet years compared to average years. In contrast, these large precipitation events were rare in extreme dry years. Less important for distinguishing extreme wet from dry years were mean event size and frequency, or the number of dry days between events. However, extreme dry years were distinguished from average years by an increase in the number of dry days between events. These precipitation regime attributes consistently differed between extreme wet and dry years across 12 major terrestrial ecoregions from around the world, from deserts to the tropics. Thus, we recommend that climate change experiments and model simulations incorporate these differences in key precipitation regime attributes, as well as amount into treatments. This will allow experiments to more realistically simulate extreme precipitation years and more accurately assess the ecological consequences. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd."
"6602526899;6603684190;18634128100;7003985870;","Application of the SWAT model on the Medjerda river basin (Tunisia)",2005,"10.1016/j.pce.2005.07.004","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-27144550831&doi=10.1016%2fj.pce.2005.07.004&partnerID=40&md5=795818b2b08ee4b6cdeb77ea875f6094","The Medjerda river basin (Northern Tunisia) is experiencing an intensification of agriculture and the irrigated area is increasing rapidly. The SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model, a soil, water, sediment, and nutrient transformation and fate simulator for agricultural watersheds, was applied to this catchment to study the potential impact of land management scenarios. The model was able to represent the hydrological cycle even though some discrepancies were observed, probably due to a lack of sufficient rainfall data, and due to the lack of representation of reservoirs. It was predicted that converting all agricultural land to irrigated crop introduced significant changes on nitrate concentration in surface water. However, the concentration was still below the limit of potability. It was also predicted that drastic reduction in the load of ammonium and phosphorus could be achieved by collecting and treating wastewater from major urban areas. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved."
"7102953444;57202413846;7003630824;7102084129;","On the consistency of trends in radiation and temperature records and implications for the global hydrological cycle",2004,"10.1029/2003GL019188","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-4143149678&doi=10.1029%2f2003GL019188&partnerID=40&md5=e159826023132c5adb2294e405b5255b","Several studies indicate that incident shortwave radiation at land surfaces has significantly decreased between 1960 and 1990. Despite this, land temperature has increased by 0.4°C over the same period. From a surface energy balance perspective, this counterintuitive behaviour can be resolved either 1) through an increase in the downward longwave radiation which outweighs the decreased insolation or 2) through a decrease of surface evaporation and associated reduced evaporative surface cooling. It is suggested that 1) may not be large enough, so that the available energy for evaporation may rather have decreased than increased over the period considered. This is in line with an analysis of observed surface net radiation records. The inferred decrease of evaporation would further imply that the observed intensification of the hydrological cycle over extratropical land has been more likely due to increased moisture advection from the oceans than due to increased local moisture release through evaporation. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union."
"40661368100;7102780160;55927220900;56018987400;6603410150;15520801700;6603681451;7103103748;55214194400;6507104477;","Contrasting regional discharge evolutions in the Amazon basin (1974-2004)",2009,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.03.004","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-69549098312&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2009.03.004&partnerID=40&md5=3505e818e479f04f9589ab39a517cc6e","Former hydrological studies in the Amazon Basin generally describe annual discharge variability on the main stem. However, the downstream Amazon River only represents the mean state of the Amazonian hydrological system. This study therefore uses a new data set including daily discharge in 18 sub-basins to analyze the variability of regional extremes in the Amazon basin, after recalling the diversity of the hydrological annual cycles within the Amazon basin. Several statistical tests are applied in order to detect trends and breaks in the time series. We show that during the 1974-2004 period, the stability of the mean discharge on the main stem in Óbidos is explained by opposite regional features that principally involve Andean rivers: a decrease in the low stage runoff, particularly important in the southern regions, and an increase in the high stage runoff in the northwestern region. Both features are observed from the beginning of the nineties. These features are also observed in smaller meridian sub-basins in Peru and Bolivia. Moreover we show that the changes in discharge extremes are related to the regional pluriannual rainfall variability and the associated atmospheric circulation as well as to tropical large-scale climatic indicators. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"7006309591;14021385900;6602106059;","Late Miocene ""washhouse"" climate in Europe",2008,"10.1016/j.epsl.2008.09.011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-54249126061&doi=10.1016%2fj.epsl.2008.09.011&partnerID=40&md5=7381035c2ad1fed2b904d7ace274537d","We present two eight-million year long proxy records of precipitation for Southwest and Central Europe, covering the middle to late Miocene (5.3-13 Ma) at a temporal resolution of about 60 kyr and 150 kyr, respectively. The estimates of precipitation are based on the ecophysiological structure of herpetological assemblages (amphibians and reptiles). From 13.0 Ma until about 9 Ma, both records show a similar trend, evolving from a long dry period (13-11 Ma) into a ""washhouse climate"" (10.2-9.8 Ma), characterized by global warm conditions and several times more precipitation than present. The transition from washhouse to a dryer climate between 9.7 and 9.5 Ma and the concomitant cooling episode appear to have triggered a severe biotic event known as the Vallesian crisis, which included the extinction of hominoids in Western Europe. A second washhouse period (9.0-8.5 Ma), coeval with a global warm episode, was unprecedentedly intense in Southwest Europe, but less pronounced in Central Europe. From 8 Ma onward, a divergence in the two precipitation records is observed, with Southwest Europe staying wetter and Central Europe becoming dryer than present. Both precipitation records are combined into a common run-off curve as a measure of the relative intensity of the hydrological cycle for moderate latitudes of continental Europe. The run-off curve shows a remarkable positive correlation with Atlantic deep-water temperatures from Ceará Rise by Lear et al. (2003), which are significantly higher (up to + 3 °C) during the two washhouse periods and show no other positive excursion of comparable magnitude. We discuss potential links and the role of the coeval temporary restriction of the Central American Seaway on ocean and atmosphere circulation. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"57211811048;7003482642;56662710300;36343527200;","Atmospheric rivers: A mini-review",2014,"10.3389/feart.2014.00002","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85014123064&doi=10.3389%2ffeart.2014.00002&partnerID=40&md5=7ae60717fc30e800206abac72cf25254","Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are narrow regions responsible for the majority of the poleward water vapor transport across the midlatitudes. They are characterized by high water vapor content and strong low level winds, and form a part of the broader warm conveyor belt of extratropical cyclones. Although the meridional water vapor transport within ARs is critical for water resources, ARs can also cause disastrous floods especially when encountering mountainous terrain. They were labeled as atmospheric rivers in the 1990s, and have since become a well-studied feature of the midlatitude climate. We briefly review the conceptual model, the methods used to identify them, their main climatological characteristics, their impacts, the predictive ability of numerical weather prediction models, their relationship with large-scale ocean-atmosphere dynamics, possible changes under future climates, and some future challenges. © 2014. Gimeno, Nieto, Vazquez and Lavers."
"7004102113;","Some comments on passive microwave measurement of rain.",1986,"10.1175/1520-0477(1986)067<1226:SCOPMM>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0022851766&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0477%281986%29067%3c1226%3aSCOPMM%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=d2eea139af79c4f4cbd7a358ef2179c7","It is argued that because microwave radiation interacts much more strongly with hydrometeors than with cloud particles, microwave measurements from space offer a significant chance of making global precipitation estimates. Over oceans passive microwave measurements are essentially attenuation measurements that can be very closely related to the rain rate independently of the details of the drop-size distribution. Over land, scattering of microwave radiation by the hydrometeors, especially in the ice phase, can be used to estimate rainfall. In scattering, the details of the drop-size distribution are very important and it is therefore more difficult to achieve a high degree of accuracy. The SSM/I (Special Sensor Microwave Imager), a passive microwave imaging sensor that will be launched soon, will have dual-polarized channels at 85.5 GHz that will be very sensitive to scattering by frozen hydrometeors. Other sensors being considered for the future space missions would extend our ability to estimate rain rates from space. The ideal spaceborne precipitation-measurement system would use the complementary strengths of passive microwave, radar, and visible/infrared measurements. -Author"
"36057416500;7103371788;36059124200;","Remote sensing temporal and spatial patterns of evapotranspiration and the responses to water management in a large irrigation district of North China",2012,"10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.05.011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84862167088&doi=10.1016%2fj.agrformet.2012.05.011&partnerID=40&md5=537748d7cf6cb86afbc37052c80c8fc3","To deal with water resources crisis caused by climate change and intensified human activities, the Hetao Irrigation District of Inner Mongolia in North China has been experiencing rehabilitation for water-saving since 1999. This has significantly changed its regional hydrological cycle and thus water use patterns over different land use types. In this paper, Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) model fed with MODIS data was applied in Hetao area from 2000 to 2010 to examine the spatial and temporal patterns of evapotranspiration (ET). The SEBAL estimated ET agreed well with that from other methods in the study area. The results indicate that inter-annual variability in ET over agricultural land, water body, woodland and irrigated grassland are primarily explained by the variation of reference ET. So it is with the seasonal variability in agricultural land ET on monthly basis. However, the inter-annual variations of ET over sandy land, Gobi desert and mountain areas are mainly controlled by precipitation. Over the study period, a reduction in river water diversion for irrigation has not reduced the agricultural land ET, indicating no significant impact on agricultural production. But ET over the non-irrigated grassland tends to decrease, which was likely caused by declining groundwater table in recent years. © 2012 Elsevier B.V."
"56470498300;7007127326;13204608400;","Changing frequency and intensity of rainfall extremes over India from 1951 to 2003",2009,"10.1175/2009JCLI2896.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70350022187&doi=10.1175%2f2009JCLI2896.1&partnerID=40&md5=49f3e232063c5733622ec38d962c3cd2","Using a 1951-2003 gridded daily rainfall dataset for India, the authors assess trends in the intensity and frequency of exceedance of thresholds derived from the 90th and the 99th percentile of daily rainfall. A nonparametric method is used to test for monotonic trends at each location. A field significance test is also applied at the national level to assess whether the individual trends identified could occur by chance in an analysis of the large number of time series analyzed. Statistically significant increasing trends in extremes of rainfall are identified over many parts of India, consistent with the indications from climate change models and the hypothesis that the hydrological cycle will intensify as the planet warms. Specifically, for the exceedance of the 99th percentile of daily rainfall, all locations where a significant increasing trend in frequency of exceedance is identified also exhibit a significant trend in rainfall intensity. However, extreme precipitation frequency over many parts of India also appears to exhibit a decreasing trend, especially for the exceedance of the 90th percentile of daily rainfall. Predominantly increasing trends in the intensity of extreme rainfall are observed for both exceedance thresholds. © 2009 American Meteorological Society."
"7005413744;55054014300;11440958300;7601491332;36097570900;6602922582;","Importance of background climate in determining impact of land-cover change on regional climate",2011,"10.1038/nclimate1294","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84861665437&doi=10.1038%2fnclimate1294&partnerID=40&md5=0054a47fb7178dbbff2ed804aaaeab47","Humans have modified the Earth's climate through emissions of greenhouse gases and through land-use and land-cover change (LULCC). Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere warm the mid-latitudes more than the tropics, in part owing to a reduced snow-albedo feedback as snow cover decreases. Higher concentration of carbon dioxide also increases precipitation in many regions, as a result of an intensification of the hydrological cycle. The biophysical effects of LULCC since pre-industrial times have probably cooled temperate and boreal regions and warmed some tropical regions. Here we use a climate model to show that how snow and rainfall change under increased greenhouse gases dominates how LULCC affects regional temperature. Increased greenhouse-gas-driven changes in snow and rainfall affect the snow-albedo feedback and the supply of water, which in turn limits evaporation. These changes largely control the net impact of LULCC on regional climate. Our results show that capturing whether future biophysical changes due to LULCC warm or cool a specific region therefore requires an accurate simulation of changes in snow cover and rainfall geographically coincident with regions of LULCC. This is a challenge to current climate models, but also provides potential for further improving detection and attribution methods. © 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved."
"7004563994;57206288680;36913666100;7005539244;","Water balance and nutrient inputs in bulk precipitation in tropical montane cloud forest in Panama",1997,"10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03151-4","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031172270&doi=10.1016%2fS0022-1694%2896%2903151-4&partnerID=40&md5=61065f955e5b0d4fe2463716eec2ae8b","The hydrological balance and nutrient inputs in water were measured in a lower montane rain forest (1200 m) in Panama. Rainfall and throughfall were measured daily between July 1988 and July 1989 using a standard rain gauge and 50 longitudinal PVC collectors, respectively. Stemflow was measured daily between November 1990 and December 1991 in nine trees varying from 16 to 54 cm diameter at breast height (dbh), using tygon collars. Rainfall and throughfall water samples were collected every 15 days between January and October 1989 for chemical analyses (pH, conductivity, NO3/-, NO2/-, NH4/+, PO4/3-, SO4/2- , Ca2+, Cl-, Mg2+, K+, Mn, Fe and Si). Bulk precipitation was 3510 mm. Interception was 37.2%, net precipitation was 62.8%, of which, throughfall was 62.4% and stemflow was 0.4%. The probability distribution of through fall as a proportion of bulk precipitation, showed that 82% of the total variability is lower than a bulk precipitation value of 1.0 and that there are higher values in this mountain forest than in a lowland rain forest in Brazil were this value was also calculated, suggesting that the canopy of this montane forest is more heterogeneous. In only 6 of 140 of the rain events, was net precipitation higher than bulk precipitation, suggesting that direct inputs of cloud water by fog interception, is not an important water source for this forest. Interception at Fortuna is the highest value yet reported for a tropical montane rain forest; it maybe attributed to a very tall canopy (20-30 m) and abundant epiphyte load. Nutrient inputs in water varied from 0.70 kg ha-1 per year of PO4-P to 34.5 kg ha-1 per year of Cl. Leaching varied from 1.45 kg ha-1 per year for PO4-P to 49.71 kg ha-1 per year of K. Net absorption by the canopy was measured for S (-7.0 kg ha-1 per year SO4-S) while for N the total annual input was about the same as the annual throughfall. Annual fluxes of calcium, sodium and potassium in bulk precipitation in the Fortuna forest were in the upper range of values reported for other tropical montane sites, perhaps owing to the proximity to the Caribbean Sea. Nutrient inputs of N, P and K in throughfall are consistent with inputs of throughfall relative to other nutrient pathways in tropical and temperate forests.The hydrological balance and nutrient inputs in water were measured in a lower montane rain forest (1200 m) in Panama. Rainfall and throughfall were measured daily between July 1988 and July 1989 using a standard rain gauge and 50 longitudinal PVC collectors, respectively. Stemflow was measured daily between November 1990 and December 1991 in nine trees varying from 16 to 54 cm diameter at breast height, using tygon collars. In only 6 of 140 of the rain events, net precipitation was higher than bulk precipitation, suggesting that direct inputs of cloud water by fog interception is not an important water source for this forest."
"7102886537;7006550762;57213162592;","Joint investigations of the middle Pliocene climate II: GISS GCM Northern Hemisphere results",1994,"10.1016/0921-8181(94)90016-7","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028163285&doi=10.1016%2f0921-8181%2894%2990016-7&partnerID=40&md5=a7f27c3443424537cb5e8dd4e24ea407","Marine microfaunal data and terrestrial pollen records indicate that the middle Pliocene (ca. 3 Ma) climate is the most recent period in geologic history with global temperatures nearly as warm as those predicted for the coming century. We used the GISS GCM to examine the Pliocene climate by specifying sea surface temperatures and vegetation distributions derived from U.S.G.S. data sets. The simulation resulted in 1.4°C warming, annually averaged over the Northern Hemisphere. Warming was greatest at high latitudes; consequently, the equator to pole temperature gradient decreased by 11.5°C. Surface air temperature increases were greatest in winter, as decreased snow and sea ice triggered a positive albedo feedback effect. At low latitudes, temperatures were mostly unchanged except for an anomalous 3°C cooling over eastern Africa. This anomaly is supported by palynological data and, in the simulation, was a response to the weakening of the Hadley circulation, which used subtropical clouds and evapotranspiration rates to increase. Evaporation and precipitation rates decreased over the oceans and the appearance of negative P-E anomalies might implications for the Pliocene thermohaline circulation. The hydrological cycle intensified over the continents, where annual evaporation, rainfall, and soil moisture all increased. However, simulated summer drought conditions are not corroborated by terrestrial records, pointing to deficiencies in either the model, the boundary conditions, or the terrestrial data interpretations. The Pliocene SST pattern implicates increased ocean heat flux as a component force behind the middle Pliocene warmth, since levels of CO2, large enough to cause the extreme high latitude temperatures, would generate more tropical warming than is indicated by floral and faunal records. Surface energy fluxes, calculated by the GCM, indicate that an increased meridional ocean heat flux of 32% could reproduce the data-derived SST distribution, despite weakened atmospheric transports. The decreased wind stress valuessuggest that any increase of ocean heat transports would probably have resulted from a strentthening of the thermohaline circulation. © 1994."
"53981717900;18038788200;57204258731;","Recent trends in the regime of extreme rainfall in the Central Sahel",2014,"10.1002/joc.3984","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84914097009&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.3984&partnerID=40&md5=b9a69507fe16cf2812556a743f320a34","Ongoing global warming raises the hypothesis of an intensification of the hydrological cycle, extreme rainfall events becoming more frequent. However, the strong time-space variability of extreme rainfall makes it difficult to detect meaningful trends in the regime of their occurrence for recent years. Using an integrated regional approach, it is shown that over the last 10 years, the Sahelian rainfall regime is characterized by a lasting deficit of the number of rainy days, while at the same time the extreme rainfall occurrence is on the rise. As a consequence, the proportion of annual rainfall associated with extreme rainfall has increased from 17% in 1970-1990 to 19% in 1991-2000 and to 21% in 2001-2010. This tends to support the idea that a more extreme climate has been observed over 2001-2010: this climate is drier in the sense of a persisting deficit of rainfall occurrence compared to 1950-1969, while at the same time there is an increased probability of extreme daily rainfall. © 2014 The Authors. International Journal of Climatology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the Royal Meteorological Society."
"55957596200;8072265400;","Evaluating evapotranspiration and water-use efficiency of terrestrial ecosystems in the conterminous United States using MODIS and AmeriFlux data",2010,"10.1016/j.rse.2010.04.001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77954819099&doi=10.1016%2fj.rse.2010.04.001&partnerID=40&md5=d740fc2dd7f87c9ff468936e4c91a708","In this study, we used the remotely-sensed data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS), meteorological and eddy flux data and an artificial neural networks (ANNs) technique to develop a daily evapotranspiration (ET) product for the period of 2004-2005 for the conterminous U.S. We then estimated and analyzed the regional water-use efficiency (WUE) based on the developed ET and MODIS gross primary production (GPP) for the region. We first trained the ANNs to predict evapotranspiration fraction (EF) based on the data at 28 AmeriFlux sites between 2003 and 2005. Five remotely-sensed variables including land surface temperature (LST), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference water index (NDWI), leaf area index (LAI) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and ground-measured air temperature and wind velocity were used. The daily ET was calculated by multiplying net radiation flux derived from remote sensing products with EF. We then evaluated the model performance by comparing modeled ET with the data at 24 AmeriFlux sites in 2006. We found that the ANNs predicted daily ET well (R2=0.52-0.86). The ANNs were applied to predict the spatial and temporal distributions of daily ET for the conterminous U.S. in 2004 and 2005. The ecosystem WUE for the conterminous U.S. from 2004 to 2005 was calculated using MODIS GPP products (MOD17) and the estimated ET. We found that all ecosystems' WUE-drought relationships showed a two-stage pattern. Specifically, WUE increased when the intensity of drought was moderate; WUE tended to decrease under severe drought. These findings are consistent with the observations that WUE does not monotonously increase in response to water stress. Our study suggests a new water-use efficiency mechanism should be considered in ecosystem modeling. In addition, this study provides a high spatial and temporal resolution ET dataset, an important product for climate change and hydrological cycling studies for the MODIS era. © 2010 Elsevier Inc."
"7004941120;6602077574;55574223422;55829111000;55974229900;6508003871;55465376400;6701899848;9272538400;7101692211;7101936669;22636199100;","State of the climate in 2009",2010,"10.1175/BAMS-91-7-StateoftheClimate","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77955590864&doi=10.1175%2fBAMS-91-7-StateoftheClimate&partnerID=40&md5=dd45ec13f0f80545cde20815a413db77","The year was characterized by a transition from a waning La Niña to a strengthening El Niño, which first developed in June. By December, SSTs were more than 2.0°C above average over large parts of the central and eastern equatorial Pacific. Eastward surface current anomalies, associated with the El Niño, were strong across the equatorial Pacific, reaching values similar to the 2002 El Niño during November and December 2009. The transition from La Niña to El Niño strongly influenced anomalies in many climate conditions, ranging from reduced Atlantic basin hurricane activity to large scale surface and tropospheric warmth. Global average surface and lower-troposphere temperatures during the last three decades have been progressively warmer than all earlier decades, and the 2000s (2000-09) was the warmest decade in the instrumental record. This warming has been particularly apparent in the mid- and high-latitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere and includes decadal records in New Zealand, Australia, Canada, Europe, and the Arctic. The stratosphere continued a long cooling trend, except in the Arctic. Atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations continued to rise, with CO2 increasing at a rate above the 1978 to 2008 average. The global ocean CO 2 uptake flux for 2008, the most recent year for which analyzed data are available, is estimated to have been 1.23 Pg C yr-1, which is 0.25 Pg C yr-1 smaller than the long-term average and the lowest estimated ocean uptake in the last 27 years. At the same time, the total global ocean inventory of anthropogenic carbon stored in the ocean interior as of 2008 suggests an uptake and storage of anthropogenic CO2 at rates of 2.0 and 2.3 ±0.6 Pg C yr-1 for the decades of the 1990s and 2000s, respectively. Total-column ozone concentrations are still well below pre-1980 levels but have seen a recent reduction in the rate of decline while upper-stratospheric ozone showed continued signs of ongoing slow recovery in 2009. Ozone-depleting gas concentrations continued to decline although some halogens such as hydrochlorofluorocarbons are increasing globally. The 2009 Antarctic ozone hole was comparable in size to recent previous ozone holes, while still much larger than those observed before 1990. Due to large interannual variability, it is unclear yet whether the ozone hole has begun a slow recovery process. Global integrals of upper-ocean heat content for the last several years have reached values consistently higher than for all prior times in the record, demonstrating the dominant role of the oceans in the planet's energy budget. Aside from the El Niño development in the tropical Pacific and warming in the tropical Indian Ocean, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) transitioned to a positive phase during the fall/winter 2009. Ocean heat fluxes contributed to SST anomalies in some regions (e.g., in the North Atlantic and tropical Indian Oceans) while dampening existing SST anomalies in other regions (e.g., the tropical and extratropical Pacific). The downward trend in global chlorophyll observed since 1999 continued through 2009, with current chlorophyll stocks in the central stratified oceans now approaching record lows since 1997. Extreme warmth was experienced across large areas of South America, southern Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. Australia had its second warmest year on record. India experienced its warmest year on record; Alaska had its second warmest July on record, behind 2004; and New Zealand had its warmest August since records began 155 years ago. Severe cold snaps were reported in the UK, China, and the Russian Federation. Drought affected large parts of southern North America, the Caribbean, South America, and Asia. China suffered its worst drought in five decades. India had a record dry June associated with the reduced monsoon. Heavy rainfall and floods impacted Canada, the United States, the Amazonia and southern South America, many countries along the east and west coasts of Africa, and the UK. The U.S. experienced its wettest October in 115 years and Turkey received its heaviest rainfall over a 48-hr period in 80 years. Sea level variations during 2009 were strongly affected by the transition from La Niña to El Niño conditions, especially in the tropical Indo-Pacific. Globally, variations about the long-term trend also appear to have been influenced by ENSO, with a slight reduction in global mean sea level during the 2007/08 La Niña event and a return to the long-term trend, and perhaps slightly higher values, during the latter part of 2009 and the current El Niño event. Unusually low Florida Current transports were observed in May and June and were linked to high sea level and coastal flooding along the east coast of the United States in the summer. Sea level significantly decreased along the Siberian coast through a combination of wind, ocean circulation, and steric effects. Cloud and moisture increased in the tropical Pacific. The surface of the western equatorial Pacific freshened considerably from 2008 to 2009, at least partially owing to anomalous eastward advection of fresh surface water along the equator during this latest El Niño. Outside the more variable tropics, the surface salinity anomalies associated with evaporation and precipitation areas persisted, consistent with an enhanced hydrological cycle. Global tropical cyclone (TC) activity was the lowest since 2005, with six of the seven main hurricane basins (the exception is the Eastern North Pacific) experiencing near-normal or somewhat below-normal TC activity. Despite the relatively mild year for overall hurricane activity, several storms were particularly noteworthy: Typhoon Morakot was the deadliest typhoon on record to hit Taiwan; Cyclone Hamish was the most intense cyclone off Queensland since 1918; and the state of Hawaii experienced its first TC since 1992. The summer minimum ice extent in the Arctic was the third-lowest recorded since 1979. The 2008/09 boreal snow cover season marked a continuation of relatively shorter snow seasons, due primarily to an early disappearance of snow cover in spring. Preliminary data indicate a high probability that 2009 will be the 19th consecutive year that glaciers have lost mass. Below normal precipitation led the 34 widest marine terminating glaciers in Greenland to lose 101 km 2 ice area in 2009, within an annual loss rate of 106 km2 over the past decade. Observations show a general increase in permafrost temperatures during the last several decades in Alaska, northwest Canada, Siberia, and Northern Europe. Changes in the timing of tundra green-up and senescence are also occurring, with earlier green-up in the High Arctic and a shift to a longer green season in fall in the Low Arctic. The Antarctic Peninsula continues to warm at a rate five times larger than the global mean warming. Associated with the regional warming, there was significant ice loss along the Antarctic Peninsula in the last decade. Antarctic sea ice extent was near normal to modestly above normal for the majority of 2009, with marked regional contrasts within the record. The 2008/09 Antarctic-wide austral summer snowmelt was the lowest in the 30-year history. This 20th annual State of the Climate report highlights the climate conditions that characterized 2009, including notable extreme events. In total, 37 Essential Climate Variables are reported to more completely characterize the State of the Climate in 2009."
"7202671706;36458535100;","Eocene monsoons",2012,"10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.09.014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84855346918&doi=10.1016%2fj.jseaes.2011.09.014&partnerID=40&md5=98cd837eac4687c50f6c5e8e1acc2f87","A prominent example of climate-tectonic coupling is the Asian monsoon and the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. Here we review some of what is known about the history of the monsoon, within a global context and present results from fully coupled Eocene simulations in which Tibetan Plateau height is varied. Peak elevations were doubled from 2000. m to 4000. m whereas mean elevations increased from 750 to 1500. m. The fully coupled Eocene simulations show that introducing a higher Tibetan Plateau into Asian topography intensifies rainfall over southwest Asia, but induces drying over and behind the Plateau. This atmospheric response is controlled by increases in heating over the Plateau region which drives increases in moisture convergence inducing shifts in lower level atmospheric moisture flux. With Eocene boundary conditions aspects of the canonical response from prior work remain the same: cooling over the uplifted region, a large stationary wave response emanating from the plateau and extending into North America, and a large increase in precipitation in summer in the regions with strongest relief, with a rain shadow behind it. But some important local responses are different from similar studies with modern boundary conditions, such as a warming behind the uplifted mountains, and southward advection of warm, moist air from Paratethys onto the Plateau. These results demonstrate that simulations with fully interactive ocean-atmosphere coupled models with a realistic history of paleogeographic boundary conditions will increase the realism of the resulting climatic simulations and increase the body of available proxy evidence for comparison. More generally we find that a global monsoon distribution of precipitation exists in the Eocene regardless of Tibetan Plateau height. Changing Plateau height has minor global impacts, which include a slight drying of midlatitude and cooling of the North Pacific. The results are robust to changes in climate model resolution and atmospheric pCO 2 changes. In general the impacts of the increase in height of the Plateau are minor and it is unlikely that major patterns in early Cenozoic climate change can be explained by the physical climatic impacts of its uplift. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd."
"7101728297;7202153399;7003979342;","Enhanced resolution modelling study on anthropogenic climate change: Changes in extremes of the hydrological cycle",2002,"10.1002/joc.757","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0037098207&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.757&partnerID=40&md5=58c83a1b2f3ece39ac27445c27616192","Changes in variability and extremes of the hydrological cycle are studied in two 30 year simulations using a general circulation model at high horizontal resolution. The simulations represent the present-day climate and a period in which the radiative forcing corresponds to a doubling of the present-day concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases. In most regions and seasons the probability density function of daily precipitation experiences a stretching associated with a higher probability of heavy precipitation events in the warmer climate. Whereas extremely long wet spells show only moderate changes, the extremely long dry spells are extended at middle latitudes over most land areas. At high latitudes the changes in annual maximum river runoff are mainly controlled by changes in snow budget. Eight out of 14 selected major rivers show a statistically significant change in 10 year return values of the annual maximum discharge. In two cases a significant decrease is found and in six cases there is a significant increase. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society."
"56256746300;7201431940;7003898609;7402458919;","Global surface layer salinity change detected by Argo and its implication for hydrological cycle intensification",2009,"10.1007/s10872-009-0049-1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-72449149724&doi=10.1007%2fs10872-009-0049-1&partnerID=40&md5=03de6bdf1109923f6520e962e233d35e","We investigated changes in the global distribution of surface-layer salinity by comparing 2003-2007 Argo-float data with annual mean climatological surface-layer salinity data for 1960-1989 from the World Ocean Database 2005. The two datasets showed similar patterns, with low values in subpolar and tropical regions and higher values in the subtropics. The recent Argo data indicate that the contrast between low and high salinity has intensified in all areas except the subpolar North Atlantic. The intensified contrast of the surface layer salinity was maintaining for 2003-2007. Using a simple method, we attempted to estimate evaporation and precipitation changes on the basis of surface-layer salinity changes. The results show a high probability that the global hydrological cycle has increased in the past 30 years. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V."
"34872901500;8727088500;15519522700;35187557400;7202206591;57203102599;56204128800;36145054000;","Soil water dynamics and deep soil recharge in a record wet year in the southern Loess Plateau of China",2010,"10.1016/j.agwat.2010.01.001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77953132209&doi=10.1016%2fj.agwat.2010.01.001&partnerID=40&md5=27c37041abd47b42485e906dd8203472","Terrestrial water cycles are influenced by hydrologic and textural properties of the deep loess layer in the Loess Plateau. Analyses of soil water profile distributions are needed to understand the regional water cycle processes and to guide agricultural production and sustainability. The objective of this study was to quantify the extent of deep soil water recharge and soil water profile dynamics during 1987-2003, especially in a record wet year of 2003, in common cropping systems in a semiarid-subhumid region of the southern Loess Plateau. The Chinese Ecological Research Network (CERN) site and a long-term rotation experiment site in a flat tableland were selected for this study. Soil moisture profiles were measured by a neutron probe to a depth of 6 m in 2003. The precipitation of 954 mm at the Changwu County Meteorological Station in 2003 was 63.4% higher than the long-term average (584 mm), and was a record high since 1957. Although cropping systems affected deep soil water recharge, the persistent dry soil layer formed between 2- and 3-m depths in croplands, resulting from many years of intensive cropping, was fully replenished in all cropping systems in 2003. Further frequency analysis indicated that the desiccated layer between 2- and 3-m depths would be fully recharged at least once in about 10 years for all existing cropping systems excluding continuous alfalfa. This finding should alleviate concerns about the formation of a permanent deep-soil desiccation layer as well as its potential impact on the long-term sustainability of the existing intensive cropping systems in the region. © 2010 Elsevier B.V."
"7006874359;7005071296;26536184000;7202257926;36064404800;7005461477;","A new dual-polarization radar rainfall algorithm: Application in Colorado precipitation events",2011,"10.1175/2010JTECHA1488.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79955039221&doi=10.1175%2f2010JTECHA1488.1&partnerID=40&md5=9f6e1a6e9eab77f1b91644ddbfdceacf","The efficacy of dual-polarization radar for quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) has been demonstrated in a number of previous studies. Specifically, rainfall retrievals using combinations of reflectivity (Zh), differential reflectivity (Zdr), and specific differential phase (Kdp) have advantages over traditional Z-R methods because more information about the drop size distribution (DSD) and hydrometeor type are available. In addition, dual-polarization-based rain-rate estimators can better account for the presence of ice in the sampling volume. An important issue in dual-polarization rainfall estimation is determining which method to employ for a given set of polarimetric observables. For example, under what circumstances does differential phase information provide superior rain estimates relative to methods using reflectivity and differential reflectivity? At Colorado State University (CSU), an optimization algorithm has been developed and used for a number of years to estimate rainfall based on thresholds of Zh, Zdr, and Kdp. Although the algorithm has demonstrated robust performance in both tropical and midlatitude environments, results have shown that the retrieval is sensitive to the selection of the fixed thresholds. In this study, a new rainfall algorithm is developed using hydrometeor identification (HID) to guide the choice of the particular rainfall estimation algorithm. A separate HID algorithm has been developed primarily to guide the rainfall application with the hydrometeor classes, namely, all rain, mixed precipitation, and all ice. Both the data collected from the S-band Colorado State University-University of Chicago-Illinois State Water Survey (CSU-CHILL) radar and a network of rain gauges are used to evaluate the performance of the new algorithm in mixed rain and hail in Colorado. The evaluation is also performed using an algorithm similar to the one developed for the Joint Polarization Experiment (JPOLE). Results show that the new CSU HID-based algorithm provides good performance for the Colorado case studies presented here. © 2011 American Meteorological Society."
"6701923195;6602685664;34168011000;","Space-time modelling of catchment scale drought characteristics",2009,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.06.032","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-69549101995&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2009.06.032&partnerID=40&md5=1c10179b506bdeef64dd64fbcc4a6e63","Drought may affect all components of the water cycle and covers commonly a large part of the catchment area. This paper examines drought propagation at the catchment scale using spatially aggregated drought characteristics and illustrates the importance of catchment processes in modifying the drought signal in both time and space. Analysis is conducted using monthly time series covering the period 1961-1997 for the Pang catchment, UK. The time series include observed rainfall and groundwater recharge, head and discharge simulated by physically-based soil water and groundwater models. Drought events derived separately for each unit area and variable are combined to yield catchment scale drought characteristics. The study reveals relatively large differences in the spatial and temporal characteristics of drought for the different variables. Meteorological droughts cover frequently the whole catchment; and they are more numerous and last for a short time (1-2 months). In comparison, droughts in recharge and hydraulic head cover typically a smaller area and last longer (4-5 months). Hydraulic head and groundwater discharge exhibit similar drought characteristics, which can be expected in a groundwater fed catchment. Deficit volume is considered a robust measure of the severity of a drought event over the catchment area for all variables; whereas, duration is less sensitive, particular for rainfall. Spatial variability in drought characteristics for groundwater recharge, head and discharge are primarily controlled by catchment properties. It is recommended not to use drought area separately as a measure of drought severity at the catchment scale, rather it should be used in combination with other drought characteristics like duration and deficit volume. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"6603504366;7202803069;6701656335;7005206687;","Rainfall estimation from a combination of TRMM precipitation radar and GOES multispectral imagery through the use of an artificial neural network",2000,"10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<2115:refaco>2.0.co;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034465949&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0450%282001%29040%3c2115%3arefaco%3e2.0.co%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=80cf0a3fd0d7661966fd79029748796d","This paper describes the development of a satellite precipitation algorithm designed to generate rainfall estimates at high spatial and temporal resolutions using a combination of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) data and multispectral Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) imagery. Coincident PR measurements were matched with four-band GOES image data to form the training dataset for a neural network. Statistical information derived from multiple GOES pixels was matched with each precipitation measurement to incorporate information on cloud texture and rates of change into the estimation process. The neural network was trained for a region of Brazil and used to produce half-hourly precipitation estimates for the periods 8-31 January and 10-25 February 1999 at a spatial resolution of 0.12 degrees. These products were validated using PR and gauge data. Instantaneous precipitation estimates demonstrated correlations of ∼0.47 with independent validation data, exceeding those of an optimized GOES Precipitation Index method locally calibrated using PR data. A combination of PR and GOES data thus may be used to generate precipitation estimates at high spatial and temporal resolutions with extensive spatial and temporal coverage, independent of any surface instrumentation."
"7003531755;7006558339;55247218000;","Does global warming cause intensified interannual hydroclimate variability?",2012,"10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00363.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84862060952&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-11-00363.1&partnerID=40&md5=e3999ed5a062564eaaf33e69972efcc2","The idea that global warming leads to more droughts and floods has become commonplace without clear indication of what is meant by this statement. Here, the authors examine one aspect of this problem and assess whether interannual variability of precipitation P minus evaporation E becomes stronger in the twenty-first century compared to the twentieth century, as deduced from an ensemble of models participating in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 3. It is shown that indeed interannual variability of P - E does increase almost everywhere across the planet, with a few notable exceptions such as southwestern North America and some subtropical regions. The variability increases most at the equator and the high latitudes and least in the subtropics. Although most interannual P - E variability arises from internal atmosphere variability, the primary potentially predictable component is related to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). ENSOdriven interannual P - E variability clearly increases in amplitude in the tropical Pacific, but elsewhere the changes are more complex. This is not surprising in that ENSO-driven P - E anomalies are primarily caused by circulation anomalies combining with the climatological humidity field. As climate warms and the specific humidity increases, this term leads to an intensification of ENSO-driven P - E variability. However, ENSOdriven circulation anomalies also change, in some regions amplifying but in others opposing and even overwhelming the impact of rising specific humidity. Consequently, there is sound scientific basis for anticipating a general increase in interannual P - E variability, but the predictable component will depend in a more complex way on both thermodynamic responses to global warming and on how tropically forced circulation anomalies alter. © 2012 American Meteorological Society."
"6602769337;","Mountain and subpolar glaciers show an increase in sensitivity to climate warming and intensification of the water cycle",2003,"10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00254-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0242713114&doi=10.1016%2fS0022-1694%2803%2900254-3&partnerID=40&md5=45d0f7c908930a29d81d3345a9126581","The time-series of all available records of seasonal and annual glacier mass balances, equilibrium line altitude, accumulation area ratio and change in surface area of about 300 glaciers have been compiled, digitized, quality checked and analyzed over the period of almost four decades (1961-1998). These time-series show significant changes towards loss in glacier area and volume in global scale with accelerated rate, especially since the end of 1980's. The remarkable feature in this change is the increase of both winter and summer balances, which implies that glaciers are intensifying the water cycle in time of global warming. The sensitivity of glacier mass balance in regard to temperature and precipitation has also increased which resulted in an increase of glacier contribution to sea level rise from 0.15 mm/yr in 1961-1976 (10% of total sea-level rise) to 0.41 mm/yr in 1988-1998 (27% of total sea-level rise). Glacier contribution to the ocean has the potential to grow due to increasing snow accumulation and involving into the water cycle larger areas of individual glaciers around the Antarctic ice sheet. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"55386235300;","Deriving snow cloud characteristics from CloudSat observations",2009,"10.1029/2007JD009766","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-66949144739&doi=10.1029%2f2007JD009766&partnerID=40&md5=d3a8dc4abc028fa64d49b28c2b53667b","There has been so far no global estimate of snowfall. CloudSat has, for the first time, provided an opportunity for us to conduct such an estimate. The present study seizes this opportunity and attempts to investigate the global snowfall characteristics using its cloud radar observations. The retrieval methodology developed in this study includes two parts: first, determining whether a radar echo corresponds to snowfall (instead of rainfall), and second, converting radar reflectivity to snowfall rate. The first part is a snow-rain threshold based on multiyear land station and shipboard present weather reports, and the second part is based on backscatter computations of nonspherical ice particles and in situ measured particle size distributions. Using the above retrieval method, global CloudSat data over 1 year were analyzed. The results show the following. (1) In the Southern Hemisphere, there is an almost zonally orientated high snowfall zone centered around 600S, where both snowfall frequency and rate are high. In the Northern Hemisphere, however, heavy/frequent snowfall areas are mostly locked to geographical locations. (2) Zonally and annually averaged snowfall rate has its maximum value around 2 mm d-1, which is about one third of the zonally averaged rainfall values found in the tropics, signifying the importance of snowfall in hydrological cycle. (3) Vertical profiles of snowfall rate have the greatest variability in thelowest levels. While near-surface snowfall rate generally increases with cloud top height, there seems to be two prevailing groups of clouds with very different growth rate of snowfall as cloud top height increases. (4) The characteristics of the vertical distribution of snowfall rate are quite similar for over-ocean and over-land snow clouds, except that over-land snow clouds seem to be somewhat shallower than those over ocean. Copyright 2008 by the American Geophysical Union."
"57203348817;7402523567;7003396927;6602003404;6508080697;7403326970;7102309161;","Orographic precipitation and air mass transformation: An Alpine example",2003,"10.1256/qj.01.212","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0037250287&doi=10.1256%2fqj.01.212&partnerID=40&md5=604bfb6539e926f7564781820f56bb72","A case of orographic precipitation in the Alps on 20 September 1999 was studied using several models, along with rain-gauge and radar data. The objective of the study is to describe the orographic transformation of an air mass, including multi-scale aspects. Several new and some conventional diagnostic quantities are estimated, including drying ratio, precipitation efficiency, buoyancy work, condensed-water residence time, parcel changes in heat, moisture and altitude, and dominant space- and time-scales. For the case considered, the drying ratio was about 35%. Precipitation efficiency values are ambiguous due to repeated ascent and descent over small-scale terrain. The sign of buoyancy work changed during the event, indicating a shift from stratiform orographic to weak convective clouds. Cloud-water residence times are different for the two mesoscale models (400 compared to 1000 s) due to different cloud-physical formulations. The two mesoscale models agree that the dominant spatial-scale of lifting and precipitation is about 10 km: smaller than the scale of the main Alpine massif. Trajectory analysis of air crossing the Alps casts doubt on the classic model of föhn. Few parcels exhibit classic pattern of moist ascent followed by dry descent. Parcels that gain latent heat descend only briefly, before rising into the middle troposphere. Parcels that descend along the lee slope, originate in the middle troposphere and gain little, or even lose, latent heat during the transit. As parcels seek their proper buoyancy level downstream, a surprising scrambling of the air mass occurs. Radar data confirm the model prediction that the rainfall field is tightly controlled by local terrain on scales as small as 10 km, rather than the full 100 km cross-Alpine scale. A curious pulsing of the precipitation is seen, indicating either drifting moisture anomalies or weak convection."
"55072707400;7201793812;37070603900;7202501354;7402873051;","Drought and deforestation: Has land cover change influenced recent precipitation extremes in the Amazon?",2014,"10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00369.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84892473208&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-12-00369.1&partnerID=40&md5=a2ca4712252ead83e46a98882fcf1b82","Expansion of agricultural lands and inherent variability of climate can influence the water cycle in the Amazon basin, impacting numerous ecosystem services. However, these two influences do not work independently of each other. With two once-in-a-century-level droughts occurring in the Amazon in the past decade, it is vital to understand the feedbacks that contribute to altering the water cycle. The biogeophysical impacts of land cover change within the Amazon basin were examined under drought and pluvial conditions to investigate how land cover and drought jointly may have enhanced or diminished recent precipitation extremes by altering patterns and intensity. Using theWeather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model coupled to the Noah land surface model, a series of April-September simulations representing drought, normal, and pluvial years were completed to assess how land cover change impacts precipitation and how these impacts change under varied rainfall regimes. Evaporative sources of water vapor that precipitate across the region were developed with a quasi-isentropic back-trajectory algorithm to delineate the extent and variability that terrestrial evaporation contributes to regional precipitation.Adecrease in dry season latent heat flux and other impacts of deforestation on surface conditions were increased by drought conditions. Coupled with increases in dry season moisture recycling over the Amazon basin by ;7% during drought years, land cover change is capable of reducing precipitation and increasing the amplitude of droughts in the region. © 2014 American Meteorological Society."
"7102569944;","Quantitative precipitation forecasting in the UK",2000,"10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00354-1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034694880&doi=10.1016%2fS0022-1694%2800%2900354-1&partnerID=40&md5=6ef8242f922f38842b917bbd000abec5","The goal of realistic precipitation forecasts has been a major driver of improvements to Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP). Increased computer power has enabled dramatic improvements in resolution, data assimilation and cloud physics amongst others. However, the impact of precipitation on all aspects of life is such that the results still fall short of what is required. In this paper I outline some of the main requirements for precipitation forecasts in the UK, identify the critical areas where NWP products fall short, and illustrate techniques being developed to address them. For very short lead times, high spatial and temporal resolution is required, especially for prediction of flash floods. To meet this need, the Met. Office's Nimrod system generates nowcasts by integrating radar, satellite and rain gauge data with NWP products. At lead times of a day or so, requirements range from very light precipitation, especially in freezing conditions, to widespread frontal rain and thunderstorms. The mesoscale version of the Met. Office's Unified NWP Model provides skilful forecasts of frontal precipitation structure and orographic influence at this range. However, an enhanced diagnosis technique provides additional information on convective storm probability. In the medium range, the focus is on risk reduction, via early warnings of adverse weather. Deterministic NWP forecasts are not reliable enough and a probabilistic approach is required. This is being addressed through processing of products from the ECMWF Ensemble Prediction System. Work is underway to interface these products to an automated warnings generator within the Met. Office's Horace forecaster support system. Together, these developments are meeting many of the demands for precipitation forecasts that are currently unachievable with NWP models. Crown Copyright © 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.The main requirements for precipitation forecasts in the UK are enumerated. The requirements have been classified according to lead times, namely the very short lead times, lead times of a day or so, and medium range lead times. The critical areas where numerical weather prediction (NWP) products fall short and the various techniques being developed to address these areas are also discussed."
"7202540770;6507833963;6603235311;36663972300;55066863200;","The seasonality of phosphorus transfers from land to water: Implications for trophic impacts and policy evaluation",2012,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.12.070","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84865185526&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2011.12.070&partnerID=40&md5=09a70201de438be68c5f29defe5dfa51","The Nitrates Directive regulations are a Programme of Measures under the EU Water Framework Directive to protect waters from agricultural transfers of nitrogen and phosphorus. Soil phosphorus management to an agronomic optimum and closed winter periods for organic and inorganic fertiliser amendments are among a suite of policy measures to curtail diffuse pollution at catchment scale. In this investigation, two intensive grassland and two arable catchments (7-12km 2) in the Republic of Ireland were studied to link a high resolution spatial survey (≤2ha) of soil P availability with P delivery in receiving rivers; monitored on a sub-hourly basis over one year. Data indicated that source risk, as defined by soil P availability and organic P loading, was less important than mobilisation and hydrological transfer potential which increased delivery due to runoff flashiness as described by a hydrological metric during the winter. Overall, however, annual TP loads were low to moderate (0.175 to 0.785kgha -1yr -1). The data also highlighted, without exception, the influences of summer background P loading and subsequent ecologically significant P concentrations from persistent point sources. This may have implications for expected ecological status and recovery in these catchments, which appeared more at risk in catchments with little buffering in terms of summer base flow dilution. Wetter winters and drier summers under climate change scenarios would likely increase stream P concentrations both during storms and during baseflows and would be particularly magnified in those catchments with flashy runoff and suppressed baseflow. These seasonal insights into source-to-delivery functions and risk (re)assessment were only possible with high resolution (spatial and temporal) data collection and will be important in influencing expectations of policies that are evaluated at larger scales but with coarser resolution sampling. © 2012 Elsevier B.V."
"35232873900;35209660400;22959137500;56160432800;","Mechanisms for global warming impacts on precipitation frequency and intensity",2012,"10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00239.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84862067261&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-11-00239.1&partnerID=40&md5=e46e9d680270fcde4f27429bc727d340","Global warming mechanisms that cause changes in frequency and intensity of precipitation in the tropics are examined in climate model simulations. Under global warming, tropical precipitation tends to be more frequent and intense for heavy precipitation but becomes less frequent and weaker for light precipitation. Changes in precipitation frequency and intensity are both controlled by thermodynamic and dynamic components. The thermodynamic component is induced by changes in atmospheric water vapor, while the dynamic component is associated with changes in vertical motion.A set of equations is derived to estimate both thermodynamic and dynamic contributions to changes in frequency and intensity of precipitation, especially for heavy precipitation. In the thermodynamic contribution, increased water vapor reduces the magnitude of the required vertical motion to generate the same strength of precipitation, so precipitation frequency increases. Increased water vapor also intensifies precipitation due to the enhancement of water vapor availability in the atmosphere. In the dynamic contribution, the more stable atmosphere tends to reduce the frequency and intensity of precipitation, except for the heaviest precipitation. The dynamic component strengthens the heaviest precipitation in most climate model simulations, possibly due to a positive convective feedback. © 2012 American Meteorological Society."
"24178522800;6701659989;55250170900;26643531800;","Projected changes in components of the hydrological cycle in French river basins during the 21st century",2009,"10.1029/2008WR007437","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70349765689&doi=10.1029%2f2008WR007437&partnerID=40&md5=6857016d1bf238c6a467b5bbde8834b9","The main objective of this paper is to study the impacts of climate change on the hydrological cycle of the main French river basins, including the different uncertainties at stake. In particular, the relative importance of modeling uncertainty versus that of downscaling uncertainty is investigated. An ensemble of climate scenarios are statistically downscaled in order to force a hydrometeorological model over France. Then, the main changes in different variables of the hydrological cycle are studied. Despite large uncertainties linked to climate models, some robust signals already appear in the middle of the 21st century. In particular, a decrease in mean discharges in summer and fall, a decrease in soil moisture, and a decrease in snow cover, especially pronounced at the low and intermediate altitudes, are simulated. The low flows become more frequent but generally weak, and uncertain changes in the intensity of high flows are simulated. To evaluate downscaling uncertainties and assess the robustness of the results obtained with the statistical downscaling method, two other downscaling approaches are used. The first one is a dynamical downscaling methodology based on a variable resolution atmospheric model, with a quantile-quantile bias correction of the model variables. The second approach is based on the so-called anomaly method, that simply consists of perturbing present climate observations by the climatological change simulated by global climate models. After hydrological modeling, some discrepancies exist among the results from the different downscaling methods. However they remain limited and to a large extent smaller than climate model uncertainties, which raises important methodological considerations. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union."
"56032511300;7103271625;7101752236;7006306835;","The dependence of aerosol effect on clouds and precipitation on cloud-system organization, shear and stability",2008,"10.1029/2007JD009224","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-56249120292&doi=10.1029%2f2007JD009224&partnerID=40&md5=1719a31d2d87ddc2d2e2cdf796f9a17c","Precipitation suppression due to an increase of aerosol number concentration in stratiform cloud is well-known. It is not certain whether the suppression applies for deep convection. Recent,studies have suggested increasing precipitation from deep convection with increasing aerosols under some, but not all, conditions. Increasing precipitation with increasing aerosols can result from strong interactions in deep convection between dynamics and microphysics. High cloud liquid, due to delayed autoconversion, provides more evaporation, leading to more active downdrafts, convergence fields, condensation, collection of cloud liquid by precipitable hydrometeors, and precipitation. Evaporation of cloud liquid is a primary determinant of the intensity of the interactions. It is partly controlled by wind shear modulating the entrainment of dry air into clouds and transport of cloud liquid into unsaturated areas. Downdraft-induced convergence, crucial to the interaction, is weak for shallow clouds, generally associated with low convective available potential energy (CAPE), Aerosol effects on cloud and precipitation can vary with CAPE and wind shear. Pairs of idealized numerical experiments for high and low aerosol cases were run for five different environmental conditions to investigate the dependence of aerosol effect on stability and wind shear. In the environment of high CAPE and strong wind shear, cumulonimbus- and cumulus-type clouds were dominant. Transport of cloud liquid to unsaturated areas was larger at high aerosol, leading to stronger downdrafts. Because of the large vertical extent of those clouds, strong downdrafts and convergence developed for strong interactions between dynamics and microphysics. These led to larger precipitation at high aerosol. Detrainment of cloud liquid and associated evaporation were less with lower CAPE and wind shear, where dynamically weaker clouds dominated. Transport of cloud liquid to unsaturated areas was not as active as in the enviromnent of high CAPE and strong shear. Also, evaporatively driven differences in downdrafts at their level of initial descent were not magnified in clouds with shallow depth as much as in deep convective clouds as they accelerated to the surface over shorter distances. Hence the interaction between dynamics and microphysics was reduced, leading to precipitation suppression at high aerosol. These results demonstrate that increasing aerosol can either decrease or increase precipitation for an imposed large-scale environment supporting cloud development. The implications for larger-scale aspects of the hydrological cycle will require further study with larger-domain models and cumulus parameterizations with advanced microphysics. Copyright 2008 by the American Geophysical Union."
"25634045300;6506246184;","Drought analysis under climate change using copula",2013,"10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000532","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84881350413&doi=10.1061%2f%28ASCE%29HE.1943-5584.0000532&partnerID=40&md5=af7edc6944da9ac34b623ba663e9c9fb","The joint behavior of drought characteristics under climate change is evaluated using the copula method, which has recently attained popularity in the analysis of complex hydrologic systems with correlated variables. Trivariate copulas are applied, in this study, to analyze the major drought variables, including duration, severity, and intensity, in Oregon's Upper Klamath River Basin. Among the variables, results show that duration severity exhibits the strongest correlation, whereas duration intensity exhibits the least correlation. The impact of climate change on future droughts is evaluated using five general circulation models (GCMs) under one emission scenario. Despite more intense extreme events that are expected to occur in most parts of the globe in the future, the results of this study show that the Upper Klamath River Basin in the Pacific Northwest will experience less intense droughts affected by climate change. Compared with historical events, an overall decrease in drought duration and severity is estimated for this study area in the time period of 2020-2090 with maximum drought duration shown to decline from 8 to 5 months. Among the five GCMs employed in this study, GFDL-CM2.1 and CSIRO-MK3.0 are identified as the wettest and driest projections, respectively. High uncertainty associated with GCM products is demonstrated in the analysis of return period by means of bivariate copulas. However, all projections result in larger return periods (i.e., less frequent droughts) compared with historical droughts during the reference period. © 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers."
"16022341000;7101677292;16023380900;7402086159;6602479434;26647180400;23110266900;","A remote sensing solution for estimating runoff and recharge in arid environments",2009,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.04.002","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-67049117859&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2009.04.002&partnerID=40&md5=edf89572eef834a86aaf97bb6a34e217","Efforts to understand and to quantify precipitation and its partitioning into runoff evapo-transpiration, and recharge are often hampered by the absence or paucity of appropriate monitoring systems. We applied methodologies for rainfall-runoff and groundwater recharge computations that heavily rely on observations extracted from a wide-range of global remote sensing data sets (TRMM, SSM/I, Landsat TM, AVHRR, AMSR-E, and ASTER) using the arid Sinai Peninsula (SP; area: 61,000 km2) and the Eastern Desert (ED; area: 220,000 km2) of Egypt as our test sites. A two-fold exercise was conducted. Spatiotemporal remote sensing data (TRMM, AVHRR and AMSR-E) were extracted from global data sets over the test sites using RESDEM, the Remote Sensing Data Extraction Model, and were then used to identify and to verify precipitation events throughout the past 10 years (1998-2007). This was accomplished by using an automated cloud detection technique to identify clouds and to monitor their propagation prior to and throughout the identified precipitation events, and by examining changes in soil moisture (extracted from AMSR-E data) following the identification of clouds. For the investigated period, 246 of 327 events were verified in the SP, and 179 of 304 in the ED. A catchment-based, continuous, semi-distributed hydrologic model (Soil Water and Assessment Tool model; SWAT) was calibrated against observed runoff values from Wadi Girafi Watershed (area: 3350 km2) and then used to provide a continuous simulation (1998-2007) of the overland flow, channel flow, transmission losses, evaporation on bare soils and evapo-transpiration, and groundwater recharge for the major (area: 2014-22,030 km2) watersheds in the SP (Watir, El-Arish, Dahab, and Awag) and the ED (Qena, Hammamat, Asyuti, Tarfa, El-Quffa, El-Batur, Kharit, Hodein, and Allaqi) covering 48% and 51% of the total areas of the SP and the ED, respectively. For the investigated watersheds in the SP, the average annual precipitation, average annual runoff, and average annual recharge through transmission losses were found to be: 2955 × 106m3, 508 × 106m3 (17.1% total precipitation (TP)), and 463 × 106m3 (15.7% TP), respectively, whereas in the ED these values are: 807 × 106m3, 77.8 × 106m3 (9.6% TP), and 171 × 106m3 (21.2% TP), respectively. Results demonstrate the enhanced opportunities for groundwater development in the SP (compared to the ED) and highlight the potential for similar applications in arid areas elsewhere. The adopted remote sensing-based, regionalization approach is not a substitute for traditional methodologies that rely on extensive field datasets from rain gauge and stream flow networks, yet could provide first-order estimates for rainfall, runoff, and recharge over large sectors of the arid world lacking adequate coverage with spatial and temporal precipitation and field data. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"7003541903;57203083513;7404935762;7006689358;6603256509;7003376335;","Detection of runoff timing changes in pluvial, nival, and glacial rivers of western Canada",2009,"10.1029/2008WR006975","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-65449166934&doi=10.1029%2f2008WR006975&partnerID=40&md5=39a74e8d05807a508fde50fe31c0ccef","Changes in air temperature, precipitation, and, in some cases, glacial runoff affect the timing of river flow in watersheds of western Canada. We present a method to detect streamflow phase shifts in pluvial, nival, and glacial rivers. The Kendall-Theil robust lines yield monotonic trends in normalized sequent 5-day means of runoff in nine river basins of western Canada over the period 1960-2006. In comparison to trends in the timing of the date of annual peak flow and the center of volume, two other less robust metrics often used to infer streamflow timing changes, our approach reveals more detailed structure on the nature of these changes. For instance, our trend analyses reveal extension of the warm hydrological season in nival and glacial rivers of western Canada. This feature is marked by an earlier onset of the spring melt, decreases in summer streamflow, and a delay in the onset of enhanced autumn flows. Our method provides information on streamflow timing changes throughout the entire hydrological year, enhancing results from previous methods to assess climate change impacts on the hydrological cycle. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union."
"57202527939;7202162685;","Retrieval of precipitation from satellite microwave measurement using both emission and scattering",1992,"10.1029/92jd00289","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027089028&doi=10.1029%2f92jd00289&partnerID=40&md5=5762dcd59bd39be14d54d771d0eef2d7","An algorithm for retrieving precipitation from Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) satellite microwave data is presented for rainfall occurring over both ocean and land. This algorithm is basically derived from the results of a microwave radiative transfer model of plane-parallel rain clouds and combines the emission and scattering regimes. Validation of the algorithm is made using surface radar and rain gauge data. -from Authors"
"15072991400;7006275882;6603907728;55991851900;6602555256;56240334500;","The nature of millennial-scale climate variability during the past two glacial periods",2010,"10.1038/ngeo740","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-76449111445&doi=10.1038%2fngeo740&partnerID=40&md5=fbf4276101c6455a33c429e6a408299e","During the last glacial period, iceberg discharges into the North Atlantic disrupted the meridional overturning circulation, leading to cooling in the Northern Hemisphere and warming in Antarctica1,2. This asymmetric response can be explained by a bipolar see-saw mechanism3,5, whereby changes in the strength of the meridional overturning circulation lead to changes in the interhemispheric heat transport. It is unclear, however, to what extent the response of the overturning circulation is a function of freshwater flux and boundary climate conditions4. Here we use foraminiferal isotope and pollen records from the Portuguese margin to reconstruct surface- and deep-water hydrography and atmospheric changes during the last and penultimate glacial periods. When we compare our records with temperature reconstructions from Antarctica6, we find that the bipolar see-saw was a characteristic feature of both glacial periods. However, the comparison also underlines the dependence of the bipolar see-saw on background climate and magnitude of iceberg discharge. It also suggests that an intensified hydrological cycle may lead to a weaker overturning circulation with a smaller disruption threshold and extended North Atlantic stadial durations. © 2010 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved."
"55474342800;7003663939;","Evaluation of the Second Global Soil Wetness Project soil moisture simulations: 1. Intermodel comparison",2006,"10.1029/2006JD007233","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34547525511&doi=10.1029%2f2006JD007233&partnerID=40&md5=65a1bcb28085925fcc7987ac6753fbb9","Driven with the meteorological data sets based on the reanalyses and gridded observational data archived by the International Satellite Land-Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Initiative II, eleven different land surface models generated global soil moisture data sets for the 10-year period (1986-1995) for the Second Global Soil Wetness Project (GSWP-2). We evaluate these model simulations against in situ observations over grasslands and agricultural regions in the former Soviet Union, United States (Illinois), China, and Mongolia from the Global Soil Moisture Data Bank in terms of their ability to estimate the actual column plant-available soil moisture in the top 1-m soil layer, to simulate the phasing of the annual cycle, and to represent observed interannual variability. Results from these 11 land surface models show that they reproduce reasonably well the observed interannual variability and phasing of the annual cycle. Statistical analysis also shows that the median root mean square of errors among these models ranges from 4 to 8 cm of soil moisture. Similar to what has been found in soil moisture simulations for GSWP-1, the absolute values of soil moisture are poorly simulated by most models. However, the models do a good job of reproducing the soil moisture anomalies. This suggests that the global soil wetness data set produced by GSWP-2 can be used for analyzing climate variability and initializing GCMs by using transform strategies. This also has relevance to subseasonal to seasonal forecasts since soil moisture anomalies may potentially have impact on precipitation. Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union."
"7403119519;55511747699;22836973600;","Human influence on increasing Arctic river discharges",2005,"10.1029/2004GL021570","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-16344389402&doi=10.1029%2f2004GL021570&partnerID=40&md5=e5b7c5310b680f93914d8f6b8a6e8e87","Climate models predict an intensification of hydrological cycle as anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere increase. As part of the process, high latitude precipitation and consequently river runoffs are expected to increase. Some observations have indicated that such a process may have started already during the late half of the 20th century. Arctic river flow changes simulated in HadCM3 with all historical external factors agree with river monitoring data reported by Peterson et al. [2002]. Model simulated total river discharges into the Arctic Ocean have increased by an annual rate of 8.73 km3 since the 1960s. Increasing high latitude precipitation is contributing a substantial part to the upward trend, which is likely to be the early stage of intensifying global hydrological cycle caused by anthropogenic factors, as we do not see the trend in the same model forced with natural factors alone."
"7201443624;7409788341;24479033900;36343527200;55547767500;13402835300;","Physically Consistent Responses of the Global Atmospheric Hydrological Cycle in Models and Observations",2014,"10.1007/s10712-012-9213-z","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84897395138&doi=10.1007%2fs10712-012-9213-z&partnerID=40&md5=e269503d07b4e357afe6a467c74d497d","Robust and physically understandable responses of the global atmospheric water cycle to a warming climate are presented. By considering interannual responses to changes in surface temperature (T), observations and AMIP5 simulations agree on an increase in column integrated water vapor at the rate 7 %/K (in line with the Clausius-Clapeyron equation) and of precipitation at the rate 2-3 %/K (in line with energetic constraints). Using simple and complex climate models, we demonstrate that radiative forcing by greenhouse gases is currently suppressing global precipitation (P) at ~-0.15 %/decade. Along with natural variability, this can explain why observed trends in global P over the period 1988-2008 are close to zero. Regional responses in the global water cycle are strongly constrained by changes in moisture fluxes. Model simulations show an increased moisture flux into the tropical wet region at 900 hPa and an enhanced outflow (of smaller magnitude) at around 600 hPa with warming. Moisture transport explains an increase in P in the wet tropical regions and small or negative changes in the dry regions of the subtropics in CMIP5 simulations of a warming climate. For AMIP5 simulations and satellite observations, the heaviest 5-day rainfall totals increase in intensity at ~15 %/K over the ocean with reductions at all percentiles over land. The climate change response in CMIP5 simulations shows consistent increases in P over ocean and land for the highest intensities, close to the Clausius-Clapeyron scaling of 7 %/K, while P declines for the lowest percentiles, indicating that interannual variability over land may not be a good proxy for climate change. The local changes in precipitation and its extremes are highly dependent upon small shifts in the large-scale atmospheric circulation and regional feedbacks. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht."
"6505906590;8303142200;7102767303;","Challenges of satellite rainfall estimation over mountainous and arid parts of east africa",2011,"10.1080/01431161.2010.499381","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-82055185083&doi=10.1080%2f01431161.2010.499381&partnerID=40&md5=c99b9b94079a57876d9d6366ea17283c","Different satellite rainfall products are used in different applications over different parts of the world. These products are particularly important over many parts of Africa, where they are used to augment the very sparse rain-gauge network. However, the quality of the different satellite products varies from one product to another and from one climatic region to another. The climate over eastern Africa varies from wet coastal and mountainous regions to dry arid regions. Significant variations could be observed within short distances. The different climates will pose different challenges to satellite rainfall retrieval over this region. This study explores the effect of mountainous and arid climates on four different satellite rainfall-estimation (RFE) algorithms. The mountainous climate is located over the Ethiopian highlands, while the arid region covers parts of Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somalia. One infrared-only product, African rainfall climatology (ARC), one passive-microwave-only product (the Climate Prediction Center morphing technique, CMORPH) and two products (the RFE algorithm and the tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM-3B42)), which combine both infrared and passive-microwave estimates, are used for this investigation. All the products exhibit moderate underestimation of rainfall over the highlands of Ethiopia, while the overestimation over the dry region is found to be very high. The underestimation over the mountainous region is ascribed to the warm orographic rain process, while the overestimation over the dry region may be because of sub-cloud evaporation. Local calibration of satellite algorithms and merging of satellite estimates with all locally available rain-gauge observations are some of the approaches that could be employed to alleviate these problems. © 2011 Taylor & Francis."
"56097584100;7005379712;11439688500;7007107032;6603438107;55553483300;7005391844;","Mode and tempo of the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum in an expanded section from the Venetian pre-Alps",2007,"10.1130/B25994.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33947418085&doi=10.1130%2fB25994.1&partnerID=40&md5=caa7d7409368c42cba5664755771cdcd","The central part of the Piave River valley in the Venetian pre-Alps of NE Italy exposes an expanded and continuous marine sediment succession that encompasses the Paleocene series and the Paleocene to Eocene transition. The Paleocene through lowermost Eocene succession is &gt;100 m thick and was deposited at middle to lower bathyal depths in a hemipelagic, near-continental setting in the central western Tethys. In the Forada section, the Paleocene succession of limestone-marl couplets is sharply interrupted by an ∼3.30-m-thick unit of clays and marls (clay marl unit). The very base of this unit represents the biostratigraphic Paleocene-Eocene boundary, and the entire unit coincides with the main carbon isotope excursion of the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum event. Concentrations of hematite and biogenic carbonate, δ13C measurements, and abundance of radiolarians, all oscillate in a cyclical fashion and are interpreted to represent precession cycles. The main excursion interval spans five complete cycles, that is, 105 ± 10 k.y. The overlying carbon isotope recovery interval, which is composed of six distinct limestone-marl couplets, is interpreted to represent six precessional cycles with a duration of 126 ± 12 k.y. The entire carbon isotope excursion interval in Forada has a total duration of ∼231 ± 22 k.y., which is 5%-10% longer than previous estimates derived from open ocean sites (210-220 k.y.). Geochemical proxies for redox conditions indicate oxygenated conditions before, during, and after the carbon isotope excursion event. The Forada section exhibits a nonstepped sharp decrease in δ13C (-2.35‰) at the base of the clay marl unit. The hemipelagic, near-continental depositional setting of Forada and the sharply elevated sedimentation rates throughout the clay marl unit argue for continuous rather than interrupted deposition and show that the initial nonstepped carbon isotope shift was not caused by a hiatus. A single sample at the base of the unit lacks biogenic carbonate. Preservation of carbonate thereafter improves progressively up-section in the clay marl unit, which is consistent with a prodigiously abrupt and rapid acidification of the oceans followed by a slower, successive deepening of the carbonate compensation depth. Increased sedimentation rates through the clay marl unit (approximately the main interval of the carbon isotope excursion) are consistent with an intensified hydrological cycle driven by supergreenhouse conditions and enhanced weathering and transport of terrigenous material to this near-continental, hendpelagic environment in the central western Tethys. The sharp transition in lithology from the clay marl unit to the overlying limestonemarl couplets in the recovery interval and the coincident shift toward heavier δ 13C values suggest that the silicate pump and continental weathering, the cause of the enhanced terrigenous flux to Forada, stopped abruptly. This implies that the source of the light CO2 ceased to be added to the ocean-atmosphere system at the top of the clay marl unit. © 2006 Geological Society of America."
"7006242180;56702490400;35614096800;6602614105;6506644040;","Evaporation from a tropical rain forest, Luquillo Experimental Forest, eastern Puerto Rico",2000,"10.1029/2000WR900074","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033865259&doi=10.1029%2f2000WR900074&partnerID=40&md5=11ce73656f0cec162e94d1cd3fedf256","Evaporation losses from a watertight 6.34 ha rain forest catchment under wet maritime tropical conditions in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico, were determined using complementary hydrological and micrometeorological techniques during 1996 and 1997. At 6.6 mm d-1 for 1996 and 6.0 mm d-1 for 1997, the average evapotranspiration (ET) of the forest is exceptionally high. Rainfall interception (E(i)), as evaluated from weekly throughfall measurements and an average stemflow fraction of 2.3%, accounted for much (62-74%) of the ET at 4.9 mm d-1 in 1996 and 3.7 mm d-1 in 1997. Average transpiration rates (E(t)) according to a combination of the temperature fluctuation method and the Penman-Monteith equation were modest at 2.2 mm d-1 and 2.4 mm d-1 in 1996 and 1997, respectively. Both estimates compared reasonably well with the water-budget-based estimates (ET-E(i)) of 1.7 mm d-1 and 2.2 mm d-1. Inferred rates of wet canopy evaporation were roughly 4 to 5 times those predicted by the Penman-Monteith equation, with nighttime rates very similar to daytime rates, suggesting radiant energy is not the dominant controlling factor. A combination of advected energy from the nearby Atlantic Ocean, low aerodynamic resistance, plus frequent low-intensity rain is thought to be the most likely explanation of the observed discrepancy between measured and estimated E(i)."
"56347437600;35588989900;57203109105;23986994300;6507949098;23485811800;55377391800;26424787500;36460381400;35231735800;20433343200;7006068291;7004988230;7201810208;35502075000;6701579207;7003835248;7005098370;6505882448;35578779700;55515911800;57214630214;57202966775;24429372800;56590097000;","Expanding the role of reactive transport models in critical zone processes",2017,"10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.09.001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85011798287&doi=10.1016%2fj.earscirev.2016.09.001&partnerID=40&md5=0f46585e07206e6f0e2c02c2b4f0bca6","Models test our understanding of processes and can reach beyond the spatial and temporal scales of measurements. Multi-component Reactive Transport Models (RTMs), initially developed more than three decades ago, have been used extensively to explore the interactions of geothermal, hydrologic, geochemical, and geobiological processes in subsurface systems. Driven by extensive data sets now available from intensive measurement efforts, there is a pressing need to couple RTMs with other community models to explore non-linear interactions among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. Here we briefly review the history of RTM development, summarize the current state of RTM approaches, and identify new research directions, opportunities, and infrastructure needs to broaden the use of RTMs. In particular, we envision the expanded use of RTMs in advancing process understanding in the Critical Zone, the veneer of the Earth that extends from the top of vegetation to the bottom of groundwater. We argue that, although parsimonious models are essential at larger scales, process-based models offer tools to explore the highly nonlinear coupling that characterizes natural systems. We present seven testable hypotheses that emphasize the unique capabilities of process-based RTMs for (1) elucidating chemical weathering and its physical and biogeochemical drivers; (2) understanding the interactions among roots, micro-organisms, carbon, water, and minerals in the rhizosphere; (3) assessing the effects of heterogeneity across spatial and temporal scales; and (4) integrating the vast quantity of novel data, including “omics” data (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics), elemental concentration and speciation data, and isotope data into our understanding of complex earth surface systems. With strong support from data-driven sciences, we are now in an exciting era where integration of RTM framework into other community models will facilitate process understanding across disciplines and across scales. © 2016 Elsevier B.V."
"7005574002;57205980737;7101742180;","Vegetation impact on mean annual evapotranspiration at a global catchment scale",2010,"10.1029/2009WR008233","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77956530786&doi=10.1029%2f2009WR008233&partnerID=40&md5=4c0a582194f2531afea9760f5b1a7419","Research into the role of catchment vegetation within the hydrologic cycle has a long history in the hydrologic literature. Relationships between vegetation type and catchment evapotranspiration and runoff were primarily assessed through paired catchment studies during the 20th century. Results from over 200 paired catchment studies from around the world have been reported in the literature. Two constraints on utilizing the results from paired catchment studies in the wider domain have been that the catchment areas studied are generally (1) small (&lt;10 km2) and (2) from a narrow range of climate types. The majority of reported paired catchment studies are located in the USA (∼47%) and Australia (∼27%) and experience mainly temperate (Kppen C) and cold (Kppen D) climate types. In this paper we assess the impact of vegetation type on mean annual evapotranspiration through a large, spatially, and climatically diverse data set of 699 catchments from around the world. These catchments are a subset of 861 unregulated catchments considered for the analysis. Spatially averaged precipitation and temperature data, in conjunction with runoff and land cover information, are analyzed to draw broad conclusions about the vegetation impact on mean annual evapotranspiration. In this analysis any vegetation impact signal is assessed through differences in long-term catchment average actual evapotranspiration, defined as precipitation minus runoff, between catchments grouped by vegetation type. This methodology differs from paired catchment studies where vegetation impact is assessed through streamflow responses to a controlled, within catchment, land cover change. The importance of taking the climate type experienced by the catchments into account when assessing the vegetation impact on evapotranspiration is demonstrated. Tropical and temperate forested catchments are found to have statistically significant higher median evapotranspiration, by about 170 mm and 130 mm, respectively, than non-forested catchments. Unexpectedly, cold forested catchments exhibit significantly lower median evapotranspiration, by about 90 mm, than non-forested catchments. No significant difference was found between median evapotranspiration of temperate evergreen and deciduous forested catchments though sample sizes were small. Temperate evergreen needleleaf forested catchments were found to have significantly higher median evapotranspiration than evergreen broadleaf forested catchments though sample sizes were small. The significant temperate forest versus non-forest difference in median evapotranspiration was found to persist for catchments with areas &lt;1,000 km2, but not for catchments with areas 1,000 km 2, which is consistent with the suggestion that the vegetation impact on evapotranspiration diminishes as catchment area increases. In summary, the results presented here are consistent with those drawn from reviews of paired catchment results. However, this paper demonstrates the value of a diverse hydroclimatic data set when assessing the vegetation impact on evapotranspiration as the magnitude of impact is observed to vary across climate types. Copyright 2010 by the American Geophysical Union."
"30967646900;7202145115;","Changes in the distribution of rain frequency and intensity in response to global warming",2014,"10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00183.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84909642998&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-14-00183.1&partnerID=40&md5=8c004a1f4de33e2ed61a54f6ce988c9c","Changes in the frequency and intensity of rainfall are an important potential impact of climate change. Two modes of change, a shift and an increase, are applied to simulations of global warming with models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The response to CO2 doubling in the multimodel mean of CMIP5 daily rainfall is characterized by an increase of 1%K-1 at all rain rates and a shift to higher rain rates of 3.3% K-1. In addition to these increase and shift modes of change, some models also show a substantial increase in rainfall at the highest rain rates called the extreme mode of response to warming. In some models, this extreme mode can be shown to be associated with increases in grid-scale condensation or gridpoint storms. © 2014 American Meteorological Society."
"8068419200;6602583456;56033135100;24759294500;","""Sunshade World"": A fully coupled GCM evaluation of the climatic impacts of geoengineering",2008,"10.1029/2008GL033674","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-50849105774&doi=10.1029%2f2008GL033674&partnerID=40&md5=4182ce7f1aa86e54db96f51eb75cb410","Sunshade geoengineering - the installation of reflective mirrors between the Earth and the Sun to reduce incoming solar radiation, has been proposed as a mitigative measure to counteract anthropogenic global warming. Although the popular conception is that geoengineering can re-establish a 'natural' pre-industrial climate, such a scheme would itself inevitably lead to climate change, due to the different temporal and spatial forcing of increased CO<inf>2</inf> compared to reduced solar radiation. We investigate the magnitude and nature of this climate change for the first time within a fully coupled General Circulation Model. We find significant cooling of the tropics, warming of high latitudes and related sea ice reduction, a reduction in intensity of the hydrological cycle, reduced ENSO variability, and an increase in Atlantic overtuming. However, the changes are small relative to those associated with an unmitigated rise in CO<inf>2</inf> emissions. Other problems such as ocean acidification remain unsolved by sunshade geoengineering. Copyright 2008 by the American Geophysical Union."
"8380111100;55716700200;7202496599;7501760109;","Intensity of hydrological cycles in warmer climates",2003,"10.1175/2779.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0042890456&doi=10.1175%2f2779.1&partnerID=40&md5=d811fa00e2b6a5738798a965221dcabc","The fact that the surface and tropospheric temperatures increase with increasing CO2 has been well documented by numerical model simulations; however, less agreement is found for the changes in the intensity of precipitation and the hydrological cycle. Here, it is demonstrated that while both the radiative heating by increasing CO2 and the resulting higher sea surface temperatures contribute to warm the atmosphere, they act against each other in changing the hydrological cycle. As a consequence, in a warmer climate forced by increasing CO2 the intensity of the hydrological cycle can be either more or less intense depending upon the degree of surface warming."
"7102953444;57202413846;7003630824;7003979342;6603247427;24322005900;","The disposition of radiative energy in the global climate system: GCM-calculated versus observational estimates",1998,"10.1007/s003820050260","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032433727&doi=10.1007%2fs003820050260&partnerID=40&md5=f1f598b39e9d78eb4c60b210cb347257","A comprehensive dataset of direct observations is used to assess the representation of surface and atmospheric radiation budgets in general circulation models (GCMs). Based on combined measurements of surface and collocated top-of-the-atmosphere fluxes at more than 700 sites, a lack of absorption of solar radiation within the atmosphere is identified in the ECHAM3 GCM, indicating that the shortwave atmospheric absorption calculated in the current generation of GCMs, typically between 60 and 70 Wm-2, is too low by 10-20 Wm-2. The surface and atmospheric radiation budgets of a new version of the Max-Planck Institute GCM, the ECHAM4, differ considerably from other GCMs in both short- and longwave ranges. The amount of solar radiation absorbed in the atmosphere (90 Wm-2) is substantially larger than typically found in current GCMs, resulting in a lower absorption at the surface (147 Wm-2). It is shown that this revised disposition of solar energy within the climate system generally reduces the biases compared to the observational estimates of surface and atmospheric absorption. The enhanced shortwave absorption in the ECHAM4 atmosphere is due to an increase in both simulated clear-sky and cloud absorption compared to ECHAM3. The increased absorption in the cloud-free atmosphere is related to an enhanced absorption of water vapor, and is supported in stand-alone comparisons of the radiation scheme with synchronous observations. The increased cloud absorption, on the other hand, is shown to be predominantly spurious due to the coarse spectral resolution of the ECHAM4 radiation code, thus providing no physical explanation for the 'anomalous cloud absorption' phenomenon. Quantitatively, however, an additional increase of atmospheric absorption due to clouds as in ECHAM4 is, at least at low latitudes, not in conflict with the observational estimates, though this does not rule out the possibility that other effects, such as highly absorbing aerosols, could equally contribute to close the gap between models and observations. At higher latitudes, however, the increased cloud absorption is not supported by the observational dataset. Overall, this study points out that not only the clouds, but also the cloud-free atmosphere might be responsible for the discrepancies between observational and simulated estimates of shortwave atmospheric absorption. The smaller absorption of solar radiation at the surface in ECHAM4 is compensated by an increased downward longwave flux (344 Wm-2), which is larger than in other GCMs. The enhanced downward longwave flux is supported by surface measurements and by a stand-alone validation of the radiation scheme for clear-sky conditions. The enhanced flux also ensures that a sufficient amount of energy is available at the surface to maintain a realistic intensity of the global hydrological cycle. In contrast, a one-handed revision of only the shortwave radiation budget to account for the increased shortwave absorption in GCM atmospheres may induce a global hydrological cycle that is too weak."
"26644701600;6602887222;7404029779;6507612700;57197451381;57200884451;8650145400;","The role of horizontal resolution in simulating drivers of the global hydrological cycle",2014,"10.1007/s00382-013-1924-4","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84897576658&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-013-1924-4&partnerID=40&md5=91a5fd35a972c0c1731dd0f9c1e24e89","The role of atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) horizontal resolution in representing the global energy budget and hydrological cycle is assessed, with the aim of improving the understanding of model uncertainties in simulating the hydrological cycle. We use two AGCMs from the UK Met Office Hadley Centre: HadGEM1-A at resolutions ranging from 270 to 60 km, and HadGEM3-A ranging from 135 to 25 km. The models exhibit a stable hydrological cycle, although too intense compared to reanalyses and observations. This over-intensity is explained by excess surface shortwave radiation, a common error in general circulation models (GCMs). This result is insensitive to resolution. However, as resolution is increased, precipitation decreases over the ocean and increases over the land. This is associated with an increase in atmospheric moisture transport from ocean to land, which changes the partitioning of moisture fluxes that contribute to precipitation over land from less local to more non-local moisture sources. The results start to converge at 60-km resolution, which underlines the excessive reliance of the mean hydrological cycle on physical parametrization (local unresolved processes) versus model dynamics (large-scale resolved processes) in coarser HadGEM1 and HadGEM3 GCMs. This finding may be valid for other GCMs, showing the necessity to analyze other chains of GCMs that may become available in the future with such a range of horizontal resolutions. Our finding supports the hypothesis that heterogeneity in model parametrization is one of the underlying causes of model disagreement in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) exercises. © 2013 The Author(s)."
"7003537421;8049973600;50161085000;7004460803;18134287300;6603436920;7003400697;6602277273;6603343994;","Holocene hydrological changes in south-western Mediterranean as recorded by lake-level fluctuations at Lago Preola, a coastal lake in southern Sicily, Italy",2011,"10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.05.018","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80051872473&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2011.05.018&partnerID=40&md5=ae225855ed5c2b88da322e32645e3a08","This paper presents a high-resolution lake-level record for the Holocene at Lago Preola (Sicily, southern Italy) based on a specific sedimentological approach, with a chronology derived from AMS radiocarbon dates. It gives evidence of three major successive palaeohydrological periods, with (1) a pronounced dryness during the early Holocene until ca 10300 cal BP, (2) a highstand from ca 10300 to 4500 cal BP, and (3) a marked lowstand from 4500 cal BP to present. Large amplitude lake-level fluctuations characterise two transition phases at ca 10300-9000 and 6400-4500 cal BP. Period 2 was interrupted between 8300 and 7000 cal BP by a dry phase that was punctuated to ca 7300 cal BP by the deposition of a tephra from neighbouring Pantelleria Island. Comparisons of the Preola record with other palaeohydrological records along north-south and west-east transects in the Mediterranean show contrasting patterns of hydrological changes: north (south) of around 40°N latitude, the records highlight a mid-Holocene period characterised by lake-level minima (maxima). Humid mid-Holocene conditions over the Mediterranean south of 40°N were probably linked to a strong weakening of the Hadley cell circulation and of monsoon winds. We suggest that the maximum of humidity in the Mediterranean during the mid-Holocene was characterised by humid winters to the north of 40°N and humid summers to the south. On a multi-centennial scale, the high-resolution palaeohydrological reconstructions in the central Mediterranean area reveal a strong climate reversal around 4500-4000 cal BP, with contrasting changes in the hydrological cycle. In addition to seasonal and inter-hemispherical changes related to orbital forcing, this major oscillation might be related to non-linear responses of the climatic system to the gradual decrease in summer insolation at northern latitudes. Another major climate oscillation around 7500-7000 cal BP may have resulted from the combined effects of (1) a strong rate of change in insolation, and (2) variations in solar activity. Finally, comparisons of the Preola lake-level record with Sicilian pollen records suggest a strong influence of moisture availability on vegetation development in Sicily. Very dry early Holocene conditions probably prevented the expansion of coastal evergreen forests, while decreasing moisture availability since the onset of the late Holocene may have exacerbated effects of intensive land-use. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd."
"7202271749;12042092500;6603688113;7006784145;","A neural network approach to real-time rainfall estimation for Africa using satellite data",2003,"10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<1119:ANNATR>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0842334546&doi=10.1175%2f1525-7541%282003%29004%3c1119%3aANNATR%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=d03f32fcd75fa9856336079bbf2a9a71","Operational, real-time rainfall estimation on a daily timescale is potentially of great benefit for hydrological forecasting in African river basins. Sparseness of ground-based observations often means that only methodologies based predominantly on satellite data are feasible. An approach is presented here in which Cold Cloud Duration (CCD) imagery derived from Meteosat thermal infrared imagery is used in conjunction with numerical weather model analysis data as the input to an artificial neural network. Novel features of this approach are the use of principal component analysis to reduce the data requirements for the weather model analyses and the use of a pruning technique to identify redundant input data. The methodology has been tested using 4 yr of daily rain gauge data from Zambia in central Africa. Calibration and validation were carried out using pixel area rainfall estimates derived from daily rain gauge data. When compared with a standard CCD approach using the same dataset, the neural network shows a small but consistent improvement over the standard method. The improvement is greatest for higher rainfalls, which is important for hydological applications."
"7102084129;35302065900;15069732800;15069126500;35461763400;6701316460;","The Chisholm firestorm: Observed microstructure, precipitation and lightning activity of a pyro-cumulonimbus",2007,"10.5194/acp-7-645-2007","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33847007643&doi=10.5194%2facp-7-645-2007&partnerID=40&md5=3ca265edad0ad38d33079ad672b5f577","A fire storm that occurred on 28 May 2001 and devastated the town of Chisholm, ∼150km north of Edmonton, Alberta, induced a violent fire-invigorated cumulonimbus cloud. This pyro-cumulonimbus (pyro-Cb) had overshooting tops of 2.5-3 km above the tropopause, and injected massive amounts of smoke into the lower stratosphere. Fortunately, this event occurred under good coverage of radar, rain gauge, lightning and satellite measurements, which allowed in-depth documentation of the event, and gave us an opportunity to study the cloud top morphology and microstructure, precipitation and cloud electrification of the pyro-Cb. The combination of heat and smoke created a cloud with extremely small drops, which ascended rapidly in violent updrafts. There appeared to be little freezing up to the homogeneous freezing isotherm level of -38°C. A cloud with such small and short-lived highly supercooled drops is incapable of producing precipitation except for few large graupel and hail, which produced the observed radar echoes and charged the cloud with positive lightning. The small cloud drops froze homogeneously to equally small ice particles, for which there is no mechanism to aggregate into precipitation particles, and which hence remain in the anvil. The lack of significant precipitation implies that only a small fraction of the smoke is scavenged, so that most of it is exhausted through the anvil to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Comparisons with other cases suggest that a pyro-Cb does not have to be as violent as the Chisholm case for precipitation to be strongly suppressed. However, this level of convective vigor is necessary to create the overshooting updraft that injects the smoke into the lower stratosphere."
"6701552501;7103116704;7402390191;","Global changes of the water cycle intensity",2005,"10.1175/JCLI3357.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-20544433704&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI3357.1&partnerID=40&md5=6fa5d986c8041f13adf0518bdd727ba6","In this study, numerical simulations of the twentieth-century climate are evaluated, focusing on the changes in the intensity of the global water cycle. A new model diagnostic of atmospheric water vapor cycling rate is developed and employed that relies on constituent tracers predicted at the model time step. This diagnostic is compared to a simplified traditional calculation of cycling rate, based on monthly averages of precipitation and total water content. The mean sensitivity of both diagnostics to variations in climate forcing is comparable. However, the new diagnostic produces systematically larger values with more variability. Climate simulations were performed using SSTs of the early (1902-21) and late (1979-98) twentieth century along with the appropriate CO2 forcing. In general, the increase of global precipitation with the increases in SST that occurred between the early and late twentieth century is small. However, an increase of atmospheric temperature leads to a systematic increase in total precipitable water. As a result, the residence time of water in the atmosphere increased, indicating a reduction of the global cycling rate. This result was explored further using a number of 50-yr climate simulations from different models forced with observed SST. The anomalies and trends in the cycling rate and hydrologic variables of different GCMs are remarkably similar. The global annual anomalies of precipitation show a significant upward trend related to the upward trend of surface temperature, during the latter half of the twentieth century. While this implies an increase in the simulated hydrologic cycle intensity, a concomitant increase of total precipitable water again leads to a decrease in the calculated global cycling rate. An analysis of the land /sea differences shows that the simulated precipitation over land has a decreasing trend, while the oceanic precipitation has an upward trend consistent with previous studies and the available observations. The decreasing continental trend in precipitation is located primarily over tropical land regions, with some other regions, such as North America, experiencing an increasing trend. Precipitation trends are diagnosed further using the water tracers to delineate the precipitation that occurs because of continental evaporation, as opposed to oceanic evaporation.These model diagnostics show that over global land areas, the recycling of continental moisture is decreasing in time. However, the recycling changes are not spatially uniform so that some regions, most notably over the United States, experience continental recycling of water that increases in time. © 2005 American Meteorological Society."
"7005126171;","Life in dry soils: Effects of drought on soil microbial communities and processes",2018,"10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062614","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85060343690&doi=10.1146%2fannurev-ecolsys-110617-062614&partnerID=40&md5=cc1f99f8f628d5441bf5703621e27cf6","Throughout Earth's history, drought has been a common crisis in terrestrial ecosystems; in human societies, it can cause famine, one of the Four Horsemen of the apocalypse. As the global hydrological cycle intensifies with global warming, deeper droughts and rewetting will alter, and possibly transform, ecosystems. Soil communities, however, seem more tolerant than plants or animals are to water stress-the main effects, in fact, on soil processes appear to be limited diffusion and the limited supply of resources to soil organisms. Thus, the rains that end a drought not only release soil microbes from stress but also create a resource pulse that fuels soil microbial activity. It remains unclear whether the effects of drought on soil processes result from drying or rewetting. It is also unclear whether the flush of activity on rewetting is driven by microbial growth or by the physical/chemical processes that mobilize organic matter. In this review, I discuss how soil water, and the lack of it, regulates microbial life and biogeochemical processes. I first focus on organismal-level responses and then consider how these influence whole-soil organic matter dynamics. A final focus is on how to incorporate these effects into Earth System models that can effectively capture dry-wet cycling. © 2018 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved."
"54382826700;50461565700;6507258380;6602387361;7003495982;6602806615;","Evaluation of WRF parameterizations for climate studies over southern Spain using a multistep regionalization",2011,"10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00073.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80755130493&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-11-00073.1&partnerID=40&md5=fc86afc344e06a0155976d13878d6cc1","This paper evaluates the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) sensitivity to eight different combinations of cumulus, microphysics, and planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterization schemes over a topographically complex region in southern Spain (Andalusia) for the period 1990-99. The WRF configuration consisted of a 10-km-resolution domain nested in a coarser domain driven by 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data, with spectral nudging above the PBL employed over the latter domain. The model outputs have been compared at different time scales with an observational dataset that comprises 438 rain gauges and 152 temperature stations with records of both daily maximum and minimum temperatures. To reduce the ""representation error,"" the validation with observations has been performed using a multistep regionalization that distinguishes five precipitation regions and four temperature regions. The analysis proves that both cumulus and PBL schemes have a crucial impact on the description of precipitation in Andalusia, whereas no noticeable differences between microphysics options were appreciated. Temperature is described similarly by all the configurations, except for the PBL choice affecting minimum values. WRF provides a definite improvement over ERA-40 in the climate description in terms of frequency, spatial distribution, and intensity of extreme events. It also captures more accurately the annual cycle and reduces the biases and the RMSE for monthly precipitation, whereas only a minor enhancement of these features was obtained for monthly-mean maximum and minimum temperatures. The results indicate that WRF is able to correctly reproduce Andalusian climate and produces useful added-value information for climate studies. © 2011 American Meteorological Society."
"7405367162;7403282069;7004160106;7103246957;","Recent trends of the tropical hydrological cycle inferred,fromglobal precipitation climatology project and international satellite cloud climatology project data",2011,"10.1029/2010JD015197","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80053529787&doi=10.1029%2f2010JD015197&partnerID=40&md5=8f2d2febd2db64bde472ffe5871801e6","Scores of modeling studies have shown that increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere impact the global hydrologic cycle; however, disagreements on regional scales are large, and thus the simulated trends of such impacts, even for regions as large as the tropics, remain uncertain. The present investigation attempts to examine such trends in the observations using satellite data products comprising Global Precipitation Climatology Project precipitation and International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project cloud and radiation. Specifically, evolving trends of the tropical hydrological cycle over the last 20-30 years were identified and analyzed. The results show (1) intensification of tropical precipitation in the rising regions of the Walker and Hadley circulations and weakening over the sinking regions of the associated overturning circulation; (2) poleward shift of the subtropical dry zones (up to 2° decade-1 in June-July-August (JJA) in the Northern Hemisphere and 0.3-0.7° decade-1 in June-July-August and September-October-November in the Southern Hemisphere) consistent with an overall broadening of the Hadley circulation; and (3) significant poleward migration (0.9-1.7° decade-1) of cloud boundaries of Hadley cell and plausible narrowing of the high cloudiness in the Intertropical Convergence Zone region in some seasons. These results support findings of some of the previous studies that showed strengthening of the tropical hydrological cycle and expansion of the Hadley cell that are potentially related to the recent global warming trends. Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union."
"7201466345;6603006014;35600014900;56385663500;55482078600;23568361900;7006916015;6603663053;7102417921;55030491400;6602751866;6603384026;8332752700;6603585835;7006863273;7003836546;7103357056;57213802759;8332753300;57207649597;7004654334;16518865400;","Climatic feedbacks and desertification: The Mediterranean model",2005,"10.1175/JCLI-3283.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-20144387691&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-3283.1&partnerID=40&md5=dcf676c79b6dd1b8c40b6a0c4648fd79","Mesometeorological information obtained in several research projects in southern Europe has been used to analyze perceived changes in the western Mediterranean summer storm regime. A procedure was developed to disaggregate daily precipitation data into three main components: frontal precipitation, summer storms, and Mediterranean cyclogenesis. Working hypotheses were derived on the likely processes involved. The results indicate that the precipitation regime in this Mediterranean region is very sensitive to variations in surface airmass temperature and moisture. Land-use perturbations that accumulated over historical time and greatly accelerated in the last 30 yr may have induced changes from an open, monsoon-type regime with frequent summer storms over the mountains inland to one dominated by closed vertical recirculations where feedback mechanisms favor the loss of storms over the coastal mountains and additional heating of the sea surface temperature during summer. This, in turn, favors Mediterranean cyclogenesis and torrential rains in autumn-winter. Because these intense rains and floods can occur anywhere in the basin, perturbations to the hydrological cycle in any part of the basin can propagate to the whole basin and adjacent regions. Furthermore, present levels of air pollutants can produce greenhouse heating, amplifying the perturbations and pushing the system over critical threshold levels. The questions raised are relevant for the new European Union (EU) water policies in southern Europe and for other regions dominated by monsoon-type weather systems. © 2005 American Meteorological Society."
"7003531755;7006417494;34771961800;35364699800;55878140600;7201784177;7004613089;7003961970;7201498373;","Dynamical and thermodynamical causes of large-scale changes in the hydrological cycle over North America in response to global warming",2014,"10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00153.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907813194&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-14-00153.1&partnerID=40&md5=4251ce73315661bf10361a45f7ee1f98","The mechanisms of model-projected atmospheric moisture budget change across North America are examined in simulations conducted with 22 models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. Modern-day model budgets are validated against the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Interim Re-Analysis. In the winter half year transient eddies converge moisture across the continent while the mean flow wets the west from central California northward and dries the southwest. In the summer half year there is widespreadmean flowmoisture divergence across thewest and convergence over theGreat Plains that is offset by transient eddy divergence. In the winter half year the models project drying for the southwest and wetting to the north. Changes in the mean flowmoisture convergence are largely responsible across the west but intensified transient eddymoisture convergence wets the northeast. In the summer half year widespread declines in precipitationminus evaporation (P2 E) are supported bymean flow moisture divergence across the west and transient eddy divergence in the Great Plains. The changes in mean flow convergence are related to increases in specific humidity but also depend on changes in the mean flow including increased low-level divergence in the U.S. Southwest and a zonally varying wave that wets theNorthAmerican west and east coasts inwinter and dries the U.S. Southwest. Increased transient eddy fluxes occur even as low-level eddy activity weakens and arise from strengthened humidity gradients. A full explanation of North American hydroclimate changes will require explanation ofmean and transient circulation changes and the coupling between themoisture and circulation fields. © 2014 American Meteorological Society."
"7004468723;26635870100;10339477400;23987220000;7102636633;","Anthropogenic influence on multidecadal changes in reconstructed global evapotranspiration",2013,"10.1038/nclimate1632","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84871828979&doi=10.1038%2fnclimate1632&partnerID=40&md5=48064a61a1bc217ab9770921dc122b8f","Global warming is expected to intensify the global hydrological cycle, with an increase of both evapotranspiration (EVT) and precipitation. Yet, the magnitude and spatial distribution of this global and annual mean response remains highly uncertain. Better constraining land EVT in twenty-first-century climate scenarios is critical for predicting changes in surface climate, including heatwaves and droughts, evaluating impacts on ecosystems and water resources, and designing adaptation policies. Continental scale EVT changes may already be underway, but have never been attributed to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols. Here we provide global gridded estimates of annual EVT and demonstrate that the latitudinal and decadal differentiation of recent EVT variations cannot be understood without invoking the anthropogenic radiative forcings. In the mid-latitudes, the emerging picture of enhanced EVT confirms the end of the dimming decades and highlights the possible threat posed by increasing drought frequency to managing water resources and achieving food security in a changing climate. © 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved."
"11439688500;8561855000;7007107032;56267975000;6603438107;56097584100;56096947200;7005379712;8255159200;7006324239;","An early Eocene carbon cycle perturbation at ∼52.5 Ma in the Southern Alps: Chronology and biotic response",2009,"10.1029/2008PA001649","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70349499190&doi=10.1029%2f2008PA001649&partnerID=40&md5=164acee480dbe3a87611aadb1b52be09","At least two transient events of extreme global warming occurred superimposed on the long-term latest Paleocene and early Eocene warming trend in the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) (or ETMl ∼55.5 Ma) and the Elmo (or ETM2 ∼53.6 Ma). Other than warmth, the best known PETM is characterized by (1) significant injection of 13C-depleted carbon into the ocean-atmosphere system, (2) deep-sea carbonate dissolution, (3) strong biotic responses, and (4) perturbations of the hydrological cycle. Documentation of the other documented and suspected ""hyperthermals"" is, as yet, insufficient to assess whether they are similar in nature to the PETM. Here we present and discuss biomagnetostratigraphic data and geochemical records across two lower Eocene successions deposited on a continental margin of the western Tethys: the Farra and Possagno sections in the Venetian pre-Alps. We recognize four negative carbon isotope excursions within chron C24. Three of these shifts correlate to known or suspected hyperthermals: the PETM, the Eocene thermal maximum 2 (∼53.6 Ma), and the informally named ""X event"" (∼52.5 Ma). The fourth excursion lies within a reverse subchron and occurred between the latter two. In the Farra section, the X event is marked by a ∼0.6%o negative carbon isotope excursion and carbonate dissolution. Furthermore, the event exhibits responses among calcareous nannofossils, planktic foraminifera, and dinoflagellates that are similar to, though less intense than, those observed across the PETM. Sedimentological and quantitative micropaleontological data from the Farra section also suggest increased weathering and runoff as well as sea surface eutrophication during this event. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union."
"6602544698;55915206300;","Utilizing spaceborne radars to retrieve dry Snowfall",2009,"10.1175/2009JAMC2193.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77952537951&doi=10.1175%2f2009JAMC2193.1&partnerID=40&md5=fd0a91693f9b433468a174612b61c900","A dataset consisting of one year of CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) near-surface radar reflectivity Z associated with dry snowfall is examined in this study. The CPR observations are converted to snowfall rates S using derived Ze-S relationships, which were created from backscatter cross sections of various nonspherical and spherical ice particle models. The CPR reflectivity histograms show that the dominant mode of global near-surface dry snowfall has extremely light reflectivity values (~3-4 dBZe), and an estimated 94% of all CPR dry snowfall observations are less than 10 dBZe. The average conditional global snowfall rate is calculated to be about 0.28 mm h-1, but is regionally highly variable as well as strongly sensitive to the ice particle model chosen. Further, ground clutter contamination is found in regions of complex terrain even when a vertical reflectivity continuity threshold is utilized. The potential of future multifrequency spaceborne radars is evaluated using proxy 35-13.6-GHz reflectivities and sensor specifications of the proposed Global Precipitation Measurement dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR). It is estimated that because of its higher detectability threshold, only about 7%-1% of the near-surface radar reflectivity values and about 17%-4% of the total accumulation associated with global dry snowfall would be detected by a DPR-like instrument, but these results are very sensitive to the chosen ice particle model. These potential detection shortcomings can be partially mitigated by using snowfall-rate distributions derived by the CPR or other similar high-frequency active sensors. © 2009 American Meteorological Society."
"7003543851;","The sensitivity of the tropical hydrological cycle to ENSO",2000,"10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<0538:TSOTTH>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034143861&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0442%282000%29013%3c0538%3aTSOTTH%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=ad15aac7aa78f5eaad70a999587eccf5","Satellite observations of temperature, water vapor, precipitation and longwave radiation are used to characterize the variation of the tropical hydrologic and energy budgets associated with the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). As the tropical oceans warm during an El Nino event, the precipitation intensity, water vapor mass, and temperature of the tropical atmosphere are observed to increase, reflecting a more vigorous hydrologic cycle. The enhanced latent heat release and resultant atmospheric warming lead to an increase in the emission of longwave radiation. Atmospheric global climate models, forced with observed sea surface temperatures (SSTs). accurately reproduce the observed tropospheric temperature, water vapor, and outgoing longwave radiation changes. However, the predicted variations in tropical-mean precipitation rate and surface longwave radiation are substantially smaller than observed. The comparison suggests that either (i) the sensitivity of the tropical hydrological cycle to ENSO-driven changes in SST is substantially underpredicted in existing climate models or (ii) that current satellite observations are inadequate to accurately monitor ENSO-related changes in the tropical-mean precipitation. Either conclusion has important implications for current efforts to monitor and predict changes in the intensity of the hydrological cycle.Satellite observations of temperature, water vapor, precipitation and longwave radiation are used to characterize the variation of the tropical hydrologic and energy budgets associated with the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). As the tropical oceans warm during an El Nino event, the precipitation intensity, water vapor mass, and temperature of the tropical atmosphere are observed to increase, reflecting a more vigorous hydrologic cycle. The enhanced latent heat release and resultant atmospheric warming lead to an increase in the emission of longwave radiation. Atmospheric global climate models, forced with observed sea surface temperatures (SSTs), accurately reproduce the observed tropospheric temperature, water vapor, and outgoing longwave radiation changes. However, the predicted variations in tropical-mean precipitation rate and surface longwave radiation are substantially smaller than observed. The comparison suggests that either (i) the sensitivity of the tropical hydrological cycle to ENSO-driven changes in SST is substantially underpredicted in existing climate models or (ii) that current satellite observations are inadequate to accurately monitor ENSO-related changes in the tropical-mean precipitation. Either conclusion has important implications for current efforts to monitor and predict changes in the intensity of the hydrological cycle."
"35739529800;7003961970;7003531755;7405609604;7006248174;","Changes in storm tracks and energy transports in a warmer climate simulated by the GFDL CM2.1 model",2011,"10.1007/s00382-010-0776-4","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79959783379&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-010-0776-4&partnerID=40&md5=8d219c67aabe0bbcbf413244de3088dc","Storm tracks play a major role in regulating the precipitation and hydrological cycle in midlatitudes. The changes in the location and amplitude of the storm tracks in response to global warming will have significant impacts on the poleward transport of heat, momentum and moisture and on the hydrological cycle. Recent studies have indicated a poleward shift of the storm tracks and the midlatitude precipitation zone in the warming world that will lead to subtropical drying and higher latitude moistening. This study agrees with this key feature for not only the annual mean but also different seasons and for the zonal mean as well as horizontal structures based on the analysis of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) CM2. 1 model simulations. Further analyses show that the meridional sensible and latent heat fluxes associated with the storm tracks shift poleward and intensify in both boreal summer and winter in the late twenty-first century (years 2081-2100) relative to the latter half of the twentieth century (years 1961-2000). The maximum dry Eady growth rate is examined to determine the effect of global warming on the time mean state and associated available potential energy for transient growth. The trend in maximum Eady growth rate is generally consistent with the poleward shift and intensification of the storm tracks in the middle latitudes of both hemispheres in both seasons. However, in the lower troposphere in northern winter, increased meridional eddy transfer within the storm tracks is more associated with increased eddy velocity, stronger correlation between eddy velocity and eddy moist static energy, and longer eddy length scale. The changing characteristics of baroclinic instability are, therefore, needed to explain the storm track response as climate warms. Diagnosis of the latitude-by-latitude energy budget for the current and future climate demonstrates how the coupling between radiative and surface heat fluxes and eddy heat and moisture transport influences the midlatitude storm track response to global warming. Through radiative forcing by increased atmospheric carbon dioxide and water vapor, more energy is gained within the tropics and subtropics, while in the middle and high latitudes energy is reduced through increased outgoing terrestrial radiation in the Northern Hemisphere and increased ocean heat uptake in the Southern Hemisphere. This enhanced energy imbalance in the future climate requires larger atmospheric energy transports in the midlatitudes which are partially accomplished by intensified storm tracks. Finally a sequence of cause and effect for the storm track response in the warming world is proposed that combines energy budget constraints with baroclinic instability theory. © 2010 Springer-Verlag."
"7102084129;6604054664;7102190308;","Classification of rain regimes by the three-dimensional properties of reflectivity fields",1995,"10.1175/1520-0450(1995)034<0198:CORRBT>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028808370&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0450%281995%29034%3c0198%3aCORRBT%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=75b99fe9a5d165f9337b484924bb1b4d","An automated scheme to characterize precipitation echoes within small windows in the radar field is presented and applied to previously subjectively classified tropical rain cloud systems near Darwin, Australia. The classification parameters are: 1) Eg, effective efficiency, as determined by cloud-top and cloud-base water vapor saturation mixing ratios; 2) BBF, brightband fraction, as determined by the fraction of the radar echo area in which the maximal reflectivity occurs within ± 1.5 km of the 0°C isotherm level; and 3) ∇, Z, radial reflectivity gradients (dB km-1). These classification criteria were applied to tropical rain cloud systems near Darwin, Australia, and to winter convective rain cloud systems in Israel. Both sets of measurements were made with nearly identical networks of C-band radars and rain gauge networks. -from Authors"
"7005524881;6602688130;9532959800;55651618900;57198636738;7005849273;35498837200;","Response of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation and ventilation to increasing carbon dioxide in CCSM3",2006,"10.1175/JCLI3757.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33745087448&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI3757.1&partnerID=40&md5=5b96329cccb499637b8a29b8396cb34f","The response of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation to idealized climate forcing of 1% per year compound increase in CO2 is examined in three configurations of the Community Climate System Model version 3 that differ in their component model resolutions. The strength of the Atlantic overturning circulation declines at a rate of 22%-26% of the corresponding control experiment maximum overturning per century in response to the increase in CO2. The mean meridional overturning and its variability on decadal time scales in the control experiments, the rate of decrease in the transient forcing experiments, and the rate of recovery in periods of CO2 stabilization all increase with increasing component model resolution. By examining the changes in ocean surface forcing with increasing CO2 in the framework of the water-mass transformation function, we show that the decline in the overturning is driven by decreasing density of the subpolar North Atlantic due to increasing surface heat fluxes. While there is an intensification of the hydrologic cycle in response to increasing CO2, the net effect of changes in surface freshwater fluxes on those density classes that are involved in deep-water formation is to increase their density; that is, changes in surface freshwater fluxes act to maintain a stronger overturning circulation. The differences in the control experiment overturning strength and the response to increasing CO2 are well predicted by the corresponding differences in the water-mass transformation rate. Reduction of meridional heat transport and enhancement of meridional salt transport from mid- to high latitudes with increasing CO2 also act to strengthen the overturning circulation. Analysis of the trends in an ideal age tracer provides a direct measure of changes in ocean ventilation time scale in response to increasing CO2. In the subpolar North Atlantic south of the Greenland-Scotland ridge system, there is a significant increase in subsurface ages as open-ocean deep convection is diminished and ventilation switches to a predominance of overflow waters. In middle and low latitudes there is a decrease in age within and just below the thermocline in response to a decrease in the upwelling of old deep waters. However, when considering ventilation within isopycnal layers, age increases for layers in and below the thermocline due to the deepening of isopycnals in response to global warming. © 2006 American Meteorological Society."
"7006506458;7006397633;","Multifractals, cloud radiances and rain",2006,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.02.042","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33748084733&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2005.02.042&partnerID=40&md5=8691a0a2acf3f4932f72090fb9355469","The extreme variability of rainfall over huge ranges of space-time scales makes direct rain gauge measurements of areal rainfall impossible; assumptions about the rainfall scaling-whether trivial (homogeneous), or multifractal (heterogeneous)-are required even for interpolation. The alternative is to use rain surrogates such as radar reflectivities or those based on visible-infra red radiances. In this paper, we argue that cloud radiances should be studied to obtain basic information about the range and type of scaling in the atmosphere. Since, rain and clouds are strongly non-linearly coupled-and since the scaling of the fields, the scale invariance of the generators/exponents is a symmetry principle-a break in the scaling in one of the fields would cause a break in the other. Using 909 images from three satellites and six sensors (visible and infra red) collectively spanning the range of scales 5000-1 km, we demonstrate that power law scaling is respected to within an error of ±0.3-0.5%; that an upper bound on the deviations from the theoretical universal multifractal scaling is 1-2% per octave in scale. We also show that the outer scale of the cascade is very close to 20,000 km, the largest great circle distance on the earth. Allowing for (one-parameter) subpower law (logarithmic) scaling corrections we show that universal multifractal cascades starting at this scale explain the isotropic moments (order ≤1.6) to within an error of ±0.8%. We argue that the scaling of these isotropic statistics shows that the diversity of cloud morphologies reflects differences in anisotropies which are effectively washed out by the isotropic statistical methods used. We compare and contrast existing multifractal models showing which can be used as realistic cloud and rain models. We go on to use continuous in scale, anisotropic, space-time multifractal rain and cloud simulations (including radiative transfer) to show how diverse cloud, rain and radiance morphologies can be compatible with the observed isotropic scaling statistics. Finally, we argue that these will be necessary for solving measurement problems including the use of rain gauge, radar and visible/infra red surrogate fields. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"7006575272;6602948135;7202119915;","The diurnal cycle of clouds and precipitation along the Sierra Madre Occidental observed during NAME-2004: Implications for warm season precipitation estimation in complex terrain",2008,"10.1175/2008JHM939.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-53649108150&doi=10.1175%2f2008JHM939.1&partnerID=40&md5=9c742464ee5ca597bce9ef04ad16ac92","This study examines the spatial and temporal variability in the diurnal cycle of clouds and precipitation tied to topography within the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) tier-I domain during the 2004 NAME enhanced observing period (EOP, July-August), with a focus on the implications for high-resolution precipitation estimation within the core of the monsoon. Ground-based precipitation retrievals from the NAME Event Rain Gauge Network (NERN) and Colorado State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research (CSU-NCAR) version 2 radar composites over the southern NAME tier-I domain are compared with satellite rainfall estimates from the NOAA Climate Prediction Center Morphing technique (CMORPH) and Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information Using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN) operational and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 research satellite estimates along the western slopes of the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO). The rainfall estimates are examined alongside hourly images of high-resolution Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) 11-μm brightness temperatures. An abrupt shallow to deep convective transition is found over the SMO, with the development of shallow convective systems just before noon on average over the SMO high peaks, with deep convection not developing until after 1500 local time on the SMO western slopes. This transition is shown to be contemporaneous with a relative underestimation (overestimation) of precipitation during the period of shallow (deep) convection from both IR and microwave precipitation algorithms due to changes in the depth and vigor of shallow clouds and mixed-phase cloud depths. This characteristic life cycle in cloud structure and microphysics has important implications for ice-scattering microwave and infrared precipitation estimates, and thus hydrological applications using high-resolution precipitation data, as well as the study of the dynamics of convective systems in complex terrain. © 2008 American Meteorological Society."
"7003379342;7004904829;","Ecohydrology-a challenging multidisciplinary research perspective",2002,"10.1080/02626660209492985","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036791266&doi=10.1080%2f02626660209492985&partnerID=40&md5=5cff77e1aeba7e0214fcca5d7fe5c047","Ecohydrology is the science that studies the mutual interaction between the hydrological cycle and ecosystems. Such an interaction is especially intense in water-controlled ecosystems, where water may be a limiting factor, not only because of its scarcity, but also because of its intermittent and unpredictable appearance. Soil moisture is the key variable modulating the complex dynamics of the climate-soil-vegetation system and controlling the spatial and temporal patterns of vegetation. In this note the authors' perspective to the field is discussed and some open questions are outlined. © 2002 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC."
"6602920994;9234953200;","Implications of bioretention basin spatial arrangements on stormwater recharge and groundwater mounding",2009,"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.10.017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-64649088375&doi=10.1016%2fj.ecoleng.2008.10.017&partnerID=40&md5=ef9f517dd371a461b83f40a1ed29a999","Stormwater bioretention basin recharge has the potential to raise the watertable and adversely impact subsurface infrastructure, undermining the benefits of naturalizing the urban water cycle. This research examined how groundwater mounding responded to three spatial arrangements of bioretention basins, from separated units to clustered units to single units, and changes in hydraulic conductivity, storm intensity, and antecedent recharge, for 28 sub-watersheds in an 8-ha Syracuse, New York, sewershed with 43% impervious cover. Bioretention basin volumetric capacities were designed for a 24-h duration 2-yr return interval rainfall event. MODFLOW simulations with hydraulic conductivity at 1 cm h-1 predicted an increase in median groundwater mounding from 0.28 m to 0.72 m when separation distances were reduced from equally distributed to single units. In sag points, however mounding exceeded 1 m. By setting hydraulic conductivity to 0.01 cm h-1, a worst case scenario, median mounding was greater than 1 m for all spatial designs, in all locations. Groundwater mound overlap was identified for spatial arrangements where intersecting streets created superposition, and greater mounding was observed at corner-situated bioretention basins. After 30 years of recharge, the steady state watertable had risen by 1.1 m, and subsequent storm event mounding could interfere with subsurface infrastructure in approximately 20% of the watershed, localized in the floodplain. This study recommends an expanded investigation of long-term watertable adjustment, possibly followed by removal of some floodplain infrastructure or designs to enhance watertable tolerance. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"7006478371;7006695389;","Downscaling precipitation using regional climate models and circulation patterns toward hydrology",2011,"10.1029/2010WR009689","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79954503761&doi=10.1029%2f2010WR009689&partnerID=40&md5=91b9b9f78b5b168d40cf0519d7a8e62e","The aim of this paper is to define a method for determining reasonable estimates of rainfall modeled by global circulation models (GCMs) coupled with regional climate models (RCMs). The paper describes and uses two new procedures designed to give confidence in the interpretation of such rainfall estimates. The first of these procedures is the use of circulation patterns (CPs) to define quantile-quantile (Q-Q) transforms between observed and RCM-estimated rainfall (the CPs were derived from sea level pressure (SLP) fields obtained from reanalysis of historical daily weather in a previous study). The Q-Q transforms are derived using two downscaling techniques during a 20 year calibration period and were validated during a 10 year period of observations. The second novel procedure is the use of a double Q-Q transform to estimate the rainfall patterns and amounts from GCM-RCM predictions of SLP and rainfall fields during a future period. This procedure is essential because we find that the CP-dependent rainfall frequency distributions on each block are unexpectedly different from the corresponding historical distributions. The daily rainfall fields compared are recorded on a 25 km grid over the Rhine basin in Germany; the observed daily data are averaged over the grid blocks, and the RCM values have been estimated over the same grid. Annual extremes, recorded on each block during the validation period, of (1) maximum daily rainfall and (2) the lowest 5% of filtered rainfall were calculated to determine the ability of RCMs to capture rainfall characteristics which are important for hydrological applications. The conclusions are that (1) RCM outputs used here are good at capturing the patterns and rankings of CP-dependent rainfall; (2) CP-dependent downscaling, coupled with the double Q-Q transform, gives good estimates of the rainfall during the validation period; (3) because the RCMs offer future CP-dependent rainfall distributions that are different from the observed distributions, it is judged that these predictions, once modified by the double Q-Q transforms, are hydrologically reasonable; and (4) the climate in the Rhine basin in the future, as modeled by the RCMs, is likely to be wetter than in the past. The results suggest that such future projections may be used with cautious confidence. Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union."
"7801557308;6602768336;57196232532;55996712100;55996856600;6701644918;6506169489;6602090438;","The abiotic urban environment: Impact of urban growing conditions on urban vegetation",2005,"10.1007/3-540-27684-X_12","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84892039610&doi=10.1007%2f3-540-27684-X_12&partnerID=40&md5=0d007731738cb1153527eaf41e386354","'Planting of trees in towns should not be given in senseless and untrained hands, because one has to fight against unfavorable soil-, air-and other conditions. From noticing them the safe and prospering development of expensive establishments highly depends' (translated from Fintelmann 1877). Depending on the geographic situation and the urban structure, the environmental conditions in urbanized areas are more or less harsh and they differ from natural growing conditions. The impact of the urban environment on urban vegetation is neither constant in intensity nor periodical. There are numerous constraints that are crucial for the survival and vitality of urban vegetation. This chapter focuses on basic abiotic growing conditions in urbanized areas, on artificial deviations from the natural undisturbed habitat quality in forests that contribute to stresses and threats for urban vegetation. This includes both the qualitative and quantitative impact of different site factors and the time-scale as well: specifics of urban climate, air pollution, constraints and peculiarities of urban hydrological cycles, urban soil conditions in general and in particular unfavorable physical soil properties, unbalanced nutrient supply, soil pollution and fire problems. Possible remedies and precautions to improve growing conditions for urban trees are implicated. In short, the interactions between human activities and the urban environment are discussed to help minimize abiotic stresses that reduce the vigor and vitality especially of trees, and that increase their susceptibility to biotic stresses. Vice versa the impact of urban vegetation on urban ecology is summarized. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005."
"6701519241;54392542400;55934587900;35615593500;","Super-Clausius-Clapeyron scaling of extreme hourly convective precipitation and its relation to large-scale atmospheric conditions",2017,"10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0808.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85022331052&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-16-0808.1&partnerID=40&md5=1fae02bf910749aca6aa95450bcea57d","Present-day precipitation-temperature scaling relations indicate that hourly precipitation extremes may have a response to warming exceeding the Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) relation; for the Netherlands the dependency on surface dewpoint temperature follows 2 times the CC relation (2CC). The authors' hypothesis- as supported by a simple physical argument presented here-is that this 2CC behavior arises from the physics of convective clouds. To further investigate this, the large-scale atmospheric conditions accompanying summertime afternoon precipitation events are analyzed using surface observations combined with a regional reanalysis. Events are precipitation measurements clustered in time and space. The hourly peak intensities of these events again reveal a 2CC scaling with the surface dewpoint temperature. The temperature excess of moist updrafts initialized at the surface and the maximumcloud depth are clear functions of surface dewpoint, confirming the key role of surface humidity on convective activity. Almost no differences in relative humidity and the dry temperature lapse rate were found across the dewpoint temperature range, supporting the theory that 2CC scaling is mainly due to the response of convection to increases in near-surface humidity, while other atmospheric conditions remain similar. Additionally, hourly precipitation extremes are on average accompanied by substantial large-scale upward motions and therefore large-scale moisture convergence, which appears to accelerate with surface dewpoint. Consequently, most hourly extremes occur in precipitation events with considerable spatial extent. Importantly, this event size appears to increase rapidly at the highest dewpoint temperature range, suggesting potentially strong impacts of climatic warming. © 2017 American Meteorological Society."
"55844779600;6603460877;57194609577;55621893800;57206127717;","Palaeotethys seawater temperature rise and an intensified hydrological cycle following the end-Permian mass extinction",2014,"10.1016/j.gr.2013.07.019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84903172078&doi=10.1016%2fj.gr.2013.07.019&partnerID=40&md5=a9ecd41aa8c318ba6ec116cb6b987fc7","The end-Permian mass extinction has been associated with severe global warming. Main stage volcanism of the Siberian Traps occurred at or near the extinction interval and has been proposed as a likely greenhouse catalyst. In this study, a high-resolution δ18O record is established using diagenetically resistant apatite of conodonts and low-Mg calcite of brachiopods from stratigraphically well-constrained Permian-Triassic (P-Tr) boundary successions in northwestern Iran. A new evaluation is made for previously published conodont δ18O values from South China and revised palaeotemperatures are presented together with new data from Wuchiapingian to Griesbachian sections in Iran. δ18O data from P-Tr sections in Iran document tropical sea surface temperatures (SST) of 27-33°C during the Changhsingian with a negative shift in δ18O starting at the extinction horizon, translating into a warming of SSTs to over 35°C. The results are consistent with re-calculated SSTs of the South Chinese sections. Warming was associated with an enhanced hydrological cycle involving increased tropical precipitation and monsoonal activity in the Tethys Sea. Global warming, intensification of the hydrological cycle and associated processes, vertical water column stratification, eutrophication and subsequent local anoxia may all have facilitated an extinction event. © 2013 International Association for Gondwana Research."
"7202373373;6603438052;7006246653;14830874500;","A review of the impact of climate change on future nitrate concentrations in groundwater of the UK",2011,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.016","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79958862607&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2011.04.016&partnerID=40&md5=6079e9bd630fde878ddde545949f8e58","This paper reviews the potential impacts of climate change on nitrate concentrations in groundwater of the UK using a Source-Pathway-Receptor framework. Changes in temperature, precipitation quantity and distribution, and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations will affect the agricultural nitrate source term through changes in both soil processes and agricultural productivity. Non-agricultural source terms, such as urban areas and atmospheric deposition, are also expected to be affected. The implications for the rate of nitrate leaching to groundwater as a result of these changes are not yet fully understood but predictions suggest that leaching rate may increase under future climate scenarios. Climate change will affect the hydrological cycle with changes to recharge, groundwater levels and resources and flow processes. These changes will impact on concentrations of nitrate in abstracted water and other receptors, such as surface water and groundwater-fed wetlands. The implications for nitrate leaching to groundwater as a result of climate changes are not yet well enough understood to be able to make useful predictions without more site-specific data. The few studies which address the whole cycle show likely changes in nitrate leaching ranging from limited increases to a possible doubling of aquifer concentrations by 2100. These changes may be masked by nitrate reductions from improved agricultural practices, but a range of adaption measures need to be identified. Future impact may also be driven by economic responses to climate change. © 2011 British Geological Survey."
"36988140900;7202772927;7403577184;7006874359;7006957668;7401701196;6701653010;7404340979;6701845806;6701684534;7005461477;7102643810;","WRF simulations of the 20-22 January 2007 snow events over eastern Canada: Comparison with in situ and satellite observations",2010,"10.1175/2010JAMC2282.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78149376149&doi=10.1175%2f2010JAMC2282.1&partnerID=40&md5=4e0d5677fccebca8779a4e7b89f01776","One of the grand challenges of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is to improve coldseason precipitation measurements in mid- and high latitudes through the use of high-frequency passive microwave radiometry. For this purpose, the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) with the Goddard microphysics scheme is coupled with a Satellite Data Simulation Unit (WRF-SDSU) to facilitate snowfall retrieval algorithms over land by providing a virtual cloud library and corresponding microwave brightness temperature measurements consistent with the GPM Microwave Imager (GMI). When this study was initiated, there were no prior published results using WRF at cloud-resolving resolution (1 km or finer) for high-latitude snow events. This study tested the Goddard cloud microphysics scheme in WRF for two different snowstorm events (a lake-effect event and a synoptic event between 20 and 22 January 2007) that took place over the Canadian CloudSat/Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) Validation Project (C3VP) site in Ontario, Canada. The 24-h-accumulated snowfall predicted by WRF with the Goddard microphysics was comparable to that observed by the ground-based radar for both events. The model correctly predicted the onset and termination of both snow events at the Centre for Atmospheric Research Experiments site. The WRF simulations captured the basic cloud patterns as seen by the ground-based radar and satellite [i.e., CloudSat and Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit B (AMSU-B)] observations, including the snowband featured in the lake event. The results reveal that WRF was able to capture the cloud macrostructure reasonably well. Sensitivity tests utilizing both the ""2ICE"" (ice and snow) and ""3ICE"" (ice, snow, and graupel) options in the Goddard microphysical scheme were also conducted. The domain- and time-averaged cloud species profiles from the WRFsimulations with both microphysical options show identical results (due to weak vertical velocities and therefore the absence of large precipitating liquid or high-density ice particles like graupel). Both microphysics options produced an appreciable amount of liquid water, and the model cloud liquid water profiles compared well to the in situ C3VP aircraft measurements when only grid points in the vicinity of the flight paths were considered. However, statistical comparisons between observed and simulated radar echoes show that the model tended to have a high bias of several reflectivity decibels (dBZ), which shows that additional research is needed to improve the current cloud microphysics scheme for the extremely cold environment in high latitudes, despite the fact that the simulated ice/liquid water contents may have been reasonable for both events. Future aircraft observations are also needed to verify the existence of graupel in high-latitude continental snow events. © 2010 American Meteorological Society."
"57203348817;8287337100;36740296400;","Orographic precipitation and Oregon's climate transition",2005,"10.1175/JAS-3376.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-13244299317&doi=10.1175%2fJAS-3376.1&partnerID=40&md5=d8ec011b2f08b9a0b1024a0deb187683","Oregon's sharp east-west climate transition was investigated using a linear model of orographic precipitation and four datasets: (a) interpolated annual rain gauge data, (b) satellite-derived precipitation proxies (vegetation and brightness temperature), (c) streamflow data for a small catchment, and (d) stable isotope analysis of water samples from streams. The success of the linear model against these datasets suggests that the main elements of the model (i.e., airflow dynamics, cloud time delays, condensed water advection, and leeside evaporation) are behaving reasonably, although the high Oregon terrain may push the linear theory beyond its range of applicability. A key parameter in the linear model is the cloud delay time (τ), encapsulating the action of orographic cloud processes. Each dataset was examined to see if it can constrain the τ values. The statewide precipitation patterns from rain gauge and satellite constrain the τ values only within a broad range from about 500 to 5000 s. A focus on the sharp gradient on the lee slopes of the Cascades suggests that τ values in the range of 1800-2400 s are preferred. The study of the small Alsea watershed constrains τ little, as it receives a mixture of upslope and spillover precipitation. Stable isotope ratios in stream water indicate an atmospheric drying ratio of about 43%, requiring an average cloud physics delay time greater than τ = 600 s. © 2005 American Meteorological Society."
"7003813395;7006432374;6602995749;7003633453;","The application of throughfall measurements for atmospheric deposition monitoring",1996,"10.1016/1352-2310(96)00030-1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030251177&doi=10.1016%2f1352-2310%2896%2900030-1&partnerID=40&md5=340058986102967a7444b40b5842b8c8","An overview of the technical requirements of throughfall, stemflow and precipitation measurements used for monitoring atmospheric deposition to forests is presented. A mechanistic basis is presented to link throughfall fluxes to atmospheric deposition. For homogeneous forest stands with a closed canopy, the overall uncertainty in annual mean soil loads can be as low as 10-15% if state-of-the-art measurement and analytical techniques are used in combination with a sufficiently large number of replicate samplers. The uncertainty in atmospheric deposition estimates, however, is estimated much larger, i.e. up to 30% for sulphur and 40% for nitrogen and base cations. This is mainly attributed to (i) uncertainties associated with the estimation of canopy exchange, and (ii) dry deposition to the forest floor and understorey vegetation which is usually not addressed in throughfall studies. Additional research on canopy exchange in relation to tree species, ecological setting and pollution climate is recommended, especially for nitrogen compounds and base cations, and may serve as a basis for improvement of current canopy budget models."
"7401521551;37100534500;55508378200;57208612442;57213642308;","Characterization of dissolved organic matter under contrasting hydrologic regimes in a subtropical watershed using PARAFAC model",2012,"10.1007/s10533-011-9617-8","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84860176643&doi=10.1007%2fs10533-011-9617-8&partnerID=40&md5=9564fbb989a9795629e92cc9070b4b9d","Dissolved organic matter (DOM) was characterized during five basin-scale investigations (either after storms or in droughts) in Jiulong River, China that is affected by the Asian Monsoon, tropical storms and anthropogenic activities. Dissolved organic carbon concentration, DOM absorption and fluorescence (excitation-emission matrix spectra, EEMs) were measured. Parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) of EEMs identified three humic-like and two protein-like fluorescent components. DOM concentration was highest at two polluted stations in droughts while lowest in pristine headwaters (station N1). DOM concentration increased most evidently after storms in May, 2009, indicating effective flushing of DOM from land to the river close to the onset of flood season. The protein-like fraction in PARAFAC results decreased after storms in May and June, 2009, highlighting changes in DOM composition and thus its environmental role. Dam constructions likely increased the residence time of DOM in river, making the inflow of DOM during storms have more implications for the riverine (in comparison with estuarine) biogeochemical processes. The effect of storm in August, 2008 after intense DOM flushing during several preceding storms, was not evident. A severe dinoflagellate algal bloom occurred during the extreme drought in the lower watershed, which increased DOM concentration and the protein-like fraction at impacted stations. Different DOM compositions during and after algal bloom were discriminated using the two protein-like components. This study demonstrates the importance of hydrologic regimes and anthropogenic activities on freshwater DOM and its environmental role, which has implications for a number of other rivers that share similar characteristics. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V."
"35223791000;57203148324;7004079891;57202916232;56004180700;55587597700;7007056353;","Orbital- and millennial-scale changes in the hydrologic cycle and vegetation in the western African Sahel: Insights from individual plant wax δD and δ13C",2010,"10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.06.039","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77957336577&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2010.06.039&partnerID=40&md5=264e18644008d7c4ef41ce802746b5db","To reconstruct variability of the West African monsoon and associated vegetation changes on precessional and millennial time scales, we analyzed a marine sediment core from the continental slope off Senegal spanning the past 44,000 years (44ka). We used the stable hydrogen isotopic composition (δD) of individual terrestrial plant wax n-alkanes as a proxy for past rainfall variability. The abundance and stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) of the same compounds were analyzed to assess changes in vegetation composition (C3/C4 plants) and density. The δD record reveals two wet periods that coincide with local maximum summer insolation from 38 to 28ka and 15 to 4ka and that are separated by a less wet period during minimum summer insolation. Our data indicate that rainfall intensity during the rainy season throughout both wet humid periods was similar, whereas the length of the rainy season was presumably shorter during the last glacial than during the Holocene. Additional dry intervals are identified that coincide with North Atlantic Heinrich stadials and the Younger Dryas interval, indicating that the West African monsoon over tropical northwest Africa is linked to both insolation forcing and high-latitude climate variability. The δ13C record indicates that vegetation of the western Sahel was consistently dominated by C4 plants during the past 44ka, whereas C3-type vegetation increased during the Holocene. Moreover, we observe a gradual ending of the Holocene humid period together with unchanging ratio of C3 to C4 plants, indicating that an abrupt aridification due to vegetation feedbacks is not a general characteristic of this time interval. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd."
"16678944000;6603144464;6602131433;7005137442;6701458441;6506263064;6701355643;7004828383;","The snowball Earth aftermath: Exploring the limits of continental weathering processes",2009,"10.1016/j.epsl.2008.11.010","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-58149280219&doi=10.1016%2fj.epsl.2008.11.010&partnerID=40&md5=e1e81b667e1dd38fb675a79c8924f2cc","Carbonates capping Neoproterozoic glacial deposits contain peculiar sedimentological features and geochemical anomalies ascribed to extraordinary environmental conditions in the snowball Earth aftermath. It is commonly assumed that post-snowball climate dominated by CO2 partial pressures several hundred times greater than modern levels, would be characterized by extreme temperatures, a vigorous hydrological cycle, and associated high continental weathering rates. However, the climate in the aftermath of a global glaciation has never been rigorously modelled. Here, we use a hierarchy of numerical models, from an atmospheric general circulation model to a mechanistic model describing continental weathering processes, to explore characteristics of the Earth system during the supergreenhouse climate following a snowball glaciation. These models suggest that the hydrological cycle intensifies only moderately in response to the elevated greenhouse. Indeed, constraints imposed by the surface energy budget sharply limit global mean evaporation once the temperature has warmed sufficiently that the evaporation approaches the total absorbed solar radiation. Even at 400 times the present day pressure of atmospheric CO2, continental runoff is only 1.2 times the modern runoff. Under these conditions and accounting for the grinding of the continental surface by the ice sheet during the snowball event, the simulated maximum discharge of dissolved elements from continental weathering into the ocean is approximately 10 times greater than the modern flux. Consequently, it takes millions of years for the silicate weathering cycle to reduce post-snowball CO2 levels to background Neoproterozoic levels. Regarding the origin of the cap dolostones, we show that continental weathering alone does not supply enough cations during the snowball melting phase to account for their observed volume. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"12801073500;35509639400;22949118500;55992927000;37034146100;6603667217;26039349600;7003540690;","What controls the isotopic composition of the African monsoon precipitation? Insights from event-based precipitation collected during the 2006 AMMA field campaign",2008,"10.1029/2008GL035920","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-61349139411&doi=10.1029%2f2008GL035920&partnerID=40&md5=9da243d7293fb4f147c03fa5edb1d479","The stable isotopic composition of the tropical precipitation constitutes a useful tool for paleoclimate reconstructions and to better constrain the water cycle. To better understand what controls the isotopic composition of tropical precipitation, we analyze the δ18 and deuteriumexcess of the precipitation of individual events collected in the Niamey area (Niger) during the monsoon season, as part of the 2006 AMMA field campaign. During the monsoon onset, the abrupt increase of convective activity over the Sahel is associated with an abrupt change in the isotopic composition. Before the onset, when convective activity is scarce, the rain composition records the intensity and the organization of individual convective systems. After the onset, on the contrary, it records a regional-scale intraseasonal variability over the Sahel, by integrating convective activity both spatially and temporally over the previous days. Copyright 2008 by the American Geophysical Union."
"55754838300;7401738967;7102736555;6603023144;57215109423;48461329100;57192691577;57192627557;56472123400;","Water-energy nexus for urban water systems: A comparative review on energy intensity and environmental impacts in relation to global water risks",2017,"10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.08.002","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85026902386&doi=10.1016%2fj.apenergy.2017.08.002&partnerID=40&md5=eead8d2fe9f4f8a31da6a25b8b73ab79","The importance of the interdependence between water and energy, also known as the water-energy nexus, is well recognized. The water-energy nexus is typically characterized in resource use efficiency terms such as energy intensity. This study aims to explore the quantitative results of the nexus in terms of energy intensity and environmental impacts (mainly greenhouse gas emissions) on existing water systems within urban water cycles. We also characterized the influence of water risks on the water-energy nexus, including baseline water stress (a water quantity indicator) and return flow ratio (a water quality indicator). For the 20 regions and 4 countries surveyed (including regions with low to extremely high water risks that are geographically located in Africa, Australia, Asia, Europe, and North America), their energy intensities were positively related to the water risks. Regions with higher water risks were observed to have relatively higher energy and GHG intensities associated with their water supply systems. This mainly reflected the major influence of source water accessibility on the nexus, particularly for regions requiring energy-intensive imported or groundwater supplies, or desalination. Regions that use tertiary treatment (for water reclamation or environmental protection) for their wastewater treatment systems also had relatively higher energy and GHG emission intensities, but the intensities seemed to be independent from the water risks. On-site energy recovery (e.g., biogas or waste heat) in the wastewater treatment systems offered a great opportunity for reducing overall energy demand and its associated environmental impacts. Future policy making for the water and energy sectors should carefully consider the water-energy nexus at the regional or local level to achieve maximum environmental and economic benefits. The results from this study can provide a better understanding of the water-energy nexus and informative recommendations for future policy directions for the effective management of water and energy. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd"
"16313476100;56921194900;36982280200;7801386846;7404016992;7202155374;15623656400;25626386900;6701581547;56996271000;8747205100;57201951903;7004639719;7003650034;55399842300;35119974800;7401513851;36788174700;57214263501;8042408300;56140299500;16319235100;24778585500;35572014900;7403373333;16836656500;23470199800;7006643685;24466769400;7401797991;25651961100;23012982500;56691729700;55240308800;7101791974;16641272900;7004390586;55068709500;55823446500;35194888600;36731938300;","Disentangling climatic and anthropogenic controls on global terrestrial evapotranspiration trends",2015,"10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094008","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84945208742&doi=10.1088%2f1748-9326%2f10%2f9%2f094008&partnerID=40&md5=6c7f8ee5e85d6472b6d0a3b673770702","We examined natural and anthropogenic controls on terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) changes from 1982 to 2010 using multiple estimates from remote sensing-based datasets and process-oriented land surface models. A significant increasing trend of ET in each hemisphere was consistently revealed by observationally-constrained data and multi-model ensembles that considered historic natural and anthropogenic drivers. The climate impacts were simulated to determine the spatiotemporal variations in ET. Globally, rising CO2 ranked second in these models after the predominant climatic influences, and yielded decreasing trends in canopy transpiration and ET, especially for tropical forests and high-latitude shrub land. Increasing nitrogen deposition slightly amplified global ET via enhanced plant growth. Land-use-induced ET responses, albeit with substantial uncertainties across the factorial analysis, were minor globally, but pronounced locally, particularly over regions with intensive land-cover changes. Our study highlights the importance of employing multi-stream ET and ET-component estimates to quantify the strengthening anthropogenic fingerprint in the global hydrologic cycle. © 2015 IOP Publishing Ltd."
"25959170100;6701382831;7404181575;7801450266;55883636600;","Temporal rainfall variability in the Lake Victoria Basin in East Africa during the twentieth century",2009,"10.1007/s00704-008-0093-6","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-69049110969&doi=10.1007%2fs00704-008-0093-6&partnerID=40&md5=b47a1e77a207eb4a7812d2d22de59ecb","Water resources systems are designed and operated on assumption of stationary hydrology. Existence of trends and other changes in the data invalidates this assumption, and detection of the changes in hydrological time series should help us revise the approaches used in assessing, designing and operating our systems. In addition, trend and step change studies help us understand the impact of man's activities (e.g. urbanisation, deforestation, dam construction, agricultural activities, etc.) on the hydrological cycle. Trends and step changes in the seasonal and annual total rainfall for 20 stations in the Lake Victoria basin were analysed. The seasonal rainfall for any station in a given year was defined in two ways: (1) fixed time period where the rainy seasons were taken as occurring from March-May (long rains) and from October-December (short rains); and (2) variable periods where the rainy seasons were taken as the three consecutive months with maximum total rainfall covering the period of January-June (long rains) and July-December (short rains), to take into account the fact that the onset of rainy seasons within the basin varies from year to year and from one station to the next. For each station, sub datasets were derived covering different periods (all available data at the station, 1941-1980, 1961-1990, 1971-end of each station's time series). The trends were analysed using the Mann-Kendall method, while the step changes were analysed using the Worsley Likelihood method. The results show that positive trends predominate, with most stations showing trend being located in the northern part of the basin, though this pattern is not conclusive. In all, 17% of the cases have trends, of which 67% are positive. The 1960s represent a significant upward jump in the basin rainfall. Seasonal rainfall analysis shows that the short rains tend to have more trends than the long rains. The impact of the varying month of onset of the rainy season is that the results from analyzing the fixed-period and variable-period time series are rarely the same, meaning the two series have different characteristics. It may be argued that the variable-period time series are more reliable as a basis for analysing trends and step changes, since these time series reflect more closely the actual variability in rainy seasons from one year to the next. The fixed-period analysis would, on the other hand, find more practical use in planning. © Springer-Verlag 2009."
"7102866124;7005247310;13409069900;","Diurnal march of the convection observed during TRMM-WETAMC/LBA",2002,"10.1029/2001JD000338","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-36448933508&doi=10.1029%2f2001JD000338&partnerID=40&md5=7796d058625380bcbbedc97cd9da305d","Radiosonde, satellite data, Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere (TOGA) radar 2 km constant altitude plan position indicator (CAPPI), and rainfall collected from the TRMMWet Season Atmospheric Mesoscale Campaign (WETAMC)/Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere (LBA) Experiment in Amazonia have been used to investigate the diurnal cycle of the tropical convection. Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES 8) images were used to describe the diurnal modulation of the total/high/convective cloud fraction and the diurnal evolution of the size spectrum and initiation/dissipation of the convective systems. Radar 2 km CAPPI were used to describe the diurnal cycle of the rain fraction for different thresholds and the diurnal evolution of the size spectrum and initiation/ dissipation of the rain cells. An average over the four rain gauge networks was applied to describe the average hourly rainfall. The upper air network data set was used to compute the thermodynamic variables: equivalent potential temperature (Θe), convective available potential energy (CAPE), thickness of positive buoyancy, instability, and convective inhibition. High and convective cloud area fractions reach their maximum some hours after the maximum rainfall detected by rain gauge and radar 2 km CAPPI. The minimum cloud cover occurs only a few hours before the maximum precipitation and the maximum cloud cover occurs during the night. The maximum rainfall takes place at the time of the maximum initiation of the convective systems observed by satellite and rain cells. At the time of maximum precipitation the majority of the convective systems and rain cells are small sized and present the maximum increasing area fraction rate. The diurnal evolution of Θe also presents a very clear diurnal variation, with maximum occurring in the early afternoon. The CAPE is well related to Θe. When Θe is high CAPE is high; the atmosphere is unstable and has a deep layer of positive buoyancy and small convective inhibition. These results suggest the following mechanism controlling the diurnal of convection: In the morning, cloud cover decreases as the solar flux reaching the surface increases and consequently increases Θe. In the early afternoon, convection rapidly develops, high and convective cloud fractions increase rapidly, and the maximum precipitation and initiation is observed. After convection is developed the atmosphere profile is modified, reaching a nearly saturated state; the water vapor flux decreases in the boundary layer which becomes very stable, thereby inhibiting surface fluxes and consequently extinguishing the convection. Copyright 2002 by the American Geophysical Union."
"36634859600;6701853567;6602098362;26643043700;","""El Niño Like"" hydroclimate responses to last millennium volcanic eruptions",2016,"10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0239.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84964869690&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-15-0239.1&partnerID=40&md5=cfc9f6a294fda148097a2cf2023e2323","The hydroclimate response to volcanic eruptions depends both on volcanically induced changes to the hydrologic cycle and on teleconnections with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), complicating the interpretation of offsets between proxy reconstructions and model output. Here, these effects are separated, using the Community Earth System Model Last Millennium Ensemble (CESM-LME), by examination of ensemble realizations with distinct posteruption ENSO responses. Hydroclimate anomalies in monsoon Asia and the western United States resemble the El Niño teleconnection pattern after ""Tropical"" and ""Northern"" eruptions, even when ENSO-neutral conditions are present. This pattern results from Northern Hemisphere (NH) surface cooling, which shifts the intertropical convergence zone equatorward, intensifies the NH subtropical jet, and suppresses the Southeast Asian monsoon. El Niño events following an eruption can then intensify the ENSO-neutral hydroclimate signature, and El Niño probability is enhanced two boreal winters following all eruption types. Additionally, the eruption-year ENSO response to eruptions is hemispherically dependent: The winter following a Northern eruption tends toward El Niño, while Southern volcanoes enhance the probability of La Niña events and Tropical eruptions have a very slight cooling effect. Overall, eruption-year hydroclimate anomalies in CESM disagree with the proxy record in both Southeast Asia and North America, suggesting that model monsoon representation cannot be solely responsible. Possible explanations include issues with the model ENSO response, the spatial or temporal structure of volcanic aerosol distribution, or data uncertainties. © 2016 American Meteorological Society."
"57205842560;7003351429;7003334425;55802221900;17341189400;7403401100;7006577245;6603818654;55947099700;6701599239;56495287900;6701422868;6603943978;7004607037;56326601200;6603343882;8369986900;6505637161;56212055700;24340667100;56472428200;6603186492;16549113200;6602336571;56780023600;6603934961;7202230087;37040446400;14035386400;56614090000;35569803200;6506845522;55192470800;56383707900;6603321633;6508141319;36465214000;7202141884;6701410555;26665602100;56271306100;55879760100;55871322800;55573048600;16242453900;6603698240;8262277400;7202746634;15751436600;23019619200;8657166100;8084443000;7005659847;55915387400;23478660100;24722292100;35621058500;26027623800;55340010500;7004747859;8615886200;7102340840;56992997100;","Overview of the Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment/Aerosol Direct Radiative Forcing on the Mediterranean Climate (ChArMEx/ADRIMED) summer 2013 campaign",2016,"10.5194/acp-16-455-2016","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84955478730&doi=10.5194%2facp-16-455-2016&partnerID=40&md5=e3492a0fd3206c6dac0c947d1ebcc859","The Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment (ChArMEx; http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr) is a collaborative research program federating international activities to investigate Mediterranean regional chemistry-climate interactions. A special observing period (SOP-1a) including intensive airborne measurements was performed in the framework of the Aerosol Direct Radiative Impact on the regional climate in the MEDiterranean region (ADRIMED) project during the Mediterranean dry season over the western and central Mediterranean basins, with a focus on aerosol-radiation measurements and their modeling. The SOP-1a took place from 11 June to 5 July 2013. Airborne measurements were made by both the ATR-42 and F-20 French research aircraft operated from Sardinia (Italy) and instrumented for in situ and remote-sensing measurements, respectively, and by sounding and drifting balloons, launched in Minorca. The experimental setup also involved several ground-based measurement sites on islands including two ground-based reference stations in Corsica and Lampedusa and secondary monitoring sites in Minorca and Sicily. Additional measurements including lidar profiling were also performed on alert during aircraft operations at EARLINET/ACTRIS stations at Granada and Barcelona in Spain, and in southern Italy. Remote-sensing aerosol products from satellites (MSG/SEVIRI, MODIS) and from the AERONET/PHOTONS network were also used. Dedicated meso-scale and regional modeling experiments were performed in relation to this observational effort. We provide here an overview of the different surface and aircraft observations deployed during the ChArMEx/ADRIMED period and of associated modeling studies together with an analysis of the synoptic conditions that determined the aerosol emission and transport. Meteorological conditions observed during this campaign (moderate temperatures and southern flows) were not favorable to producing high levels of atmospheric pollutants or intense biomass burning events in the region. However, numerous mineral dust plumes were observed during the campaign, with the main sources located in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, leading to aerosol optical depth (AOD) values ranging between 0.2 and 0.6 (at 440 nm) over the western and central Mediterranean basins. One important point of this experiment concerns the direct observations of aerosol extinction onboard the ATR-42, using the CAPS system, showing local maxima reaching up to 150 M m-1 within the dust plume. Non-negligible aerosol extinction (about 50 M m-1) has also been observed within the marine boundary layer (MBL). By combining the ATR-42 extinction coefficient observations with absorption and scattering measurements, we performed a complete optical closure revealing excellent agreement with estimated optical properties. This additional information on extinction properties has allowed calculation of the dust single scattering albedo (SSA) with a high level of confidence over the western Mediterranean. Our results show a moderate variability from 0.90 to 1.00 (at 530 nm) for all flights studied compared to that reported in the literature on this optical parameter. Our results underline also a relatively low difference in SSA with values derived near dust sources. In parallel, active remote-sensing observations from the surface and onboard the F-20 aircraft suggest a complex vertical structure of particles and distinct aerosol layers with sea spray and pollution located within the MBL, and mineral dust and/or aged North American smoke particles located above (up to 6-7 km in altitude). Aircraft and balloon-borne observations allow one to investigate the vertical structure of the aerosol size distribution showing particles characterized by a large size (&gt; 10 μm in diameter) within dust plumes. In most of cases, a coarse mode characterized by an effective diameter ranging between 5 and 10 μm, has been detected above the MBL. In terms of shortwave (SW) direct forcing, in situ surface and aircraft observations have been merged and used as inputs in 1-D radiative transfer codes for calculating the aerosol direct radiative forcing (DRF). Results show significant surface SW instantaneous forcing (up to -90 W m-2 at noon). Aircraft observations provide also original estimates of the vertical structure of SW and LW radiative heating revealing significant instantaneous values of about 5° K per day in the solar spectrum (for a solar angle of 30°) within the dust layer. Associated 3-D modeling studies from regional climate (RCM) and chemistry transport (CTM) models indicate a relatively good agreement for simulated AOD compared with observations from the AERONET/PHOTONS network and satellite data, especially for long-range dust transport. Calculations of the 3-D SW (clear-sky) surface DRF indicate an average of about -10 to -20 W m-2 (for the whole period) over the Mediterranean Sea together with maxima (-50 W m-2) over northern Africa. The top of the atmosphere (TOA) DRF is shown to be highly variable within the domain, due to moderate absorbing properties of dust and changes in the surface albedo. Indeed, 3-D simulations indicate negative forcing over the Mediterranean Sea and Europe and positive forcing over northern Africa. Finally, a multi-year simulation, performed for the 2003 to 2009 period and including an ocean-atmosphere (O-A) coupling, underlines the impact of the aerosol direct radiative forcing on the sea surface temperature, O-A fluxes and the hydrological cycle over the Mediterranean. © Author(s) 2016."
"55932459400;7801493719;14018321600;7202846292;7102421547;","Contrasting above- and belowground sensitivity of three Great Plains grasslands to altered rainfall regimes",2015,"10.1111/gcb.12673","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84917676707&doi=10.1111%2fgcb.12673&partnerID=40&md5=f3ebc8d5adc4e4b74b8c6322249c0fa3","Intensification of the global hydrological cycle with atmospheric warming is expected to increase interannual variation in precipitation amount and the frequency of extreme precipitation events. Although studies in grasslands have shown sensitivity of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) to both precipitation amount and event size, we lack equivalent knowledge for responses of belowground net primary productivity (BNPP) and NPP. We conducted a 2-year experiment in three US Great Plains grasslands - the C4-dominated shortgrass prairie (SGP; low ANPP) and tallgrass prairie (TGP; high ANPP), and the C3-dominated northern mixed grass prairie (NMP; intermediate ANPP) - to test three predictions: (i) both ANPP and BNPP responses to increased precipitation amount would vary inversely with mean annual precipitation (MAP) and site productivity; (ii) increased numbers of extreme rainfall events during high-rainfall years would affect high and low MAP sites differently; and (iii) responses belowground would mirror those aboveground. We increased growing season precipitation by as much as 50% by augmenting natural rainfall via (i) many (11-13) small or (ii) fewer (3-5) large watering events, with the latter coinciding with naturally occurring large storms. Both ANPP and BNPP increased with water addition in the two C4 grasslands, with greater ANPP sensitivity in TGP, but greater BNPP and NPP sensitivity in SGP. ANPP and BNPP did not respond to any rainfall manipulations in the C3-dominated NMP. Consistent with previous studies, fewer larger (extreme) rainfall events increased ANPP relative to many small events in SGP, but event size had no effect in TGP. Neither system responded consistently above- and belowground to event size; consequently, total NPP was insensitive to event size. The diversity of responses observed in these three grassland types underscores the challenge of predicting responses relevant to C cycling to forecast changes in precipitation regimes even within relatively homogeneous biomes such as grasslands. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd."
"56117176800;56409084200;56798902000;56323407300;56306210800;7401934994;","Modeling surface water-groundwater interaction in arid and semi-arid regions with intensive agriculture",2015,"10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.10.011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84910068490&doi=10.1016%2fj.envsoft.2014.10.011&partnerID=40&md5=96f9f3f07f5ce7b03ebaaa1885c5312d","In semi-arid and arid areas with intensive agriculture, surface water-groundwater (SW-GW) interaction and agricultural water use are two critical and closely interrelated hydrological processes. However, the impact of agricultural water use on the hydrologic cycle has been rarely explored by integrated SW-GW modeling, especially in large basins. This study coupled the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), which is able to simulate highly engineered flow systems, with the Coupled Ground-Water and Surface-Water Flow Model (GSFLOW). The new model was applied to study the hydrologic cycle of the Zhangye Basin, northwest China, a typical arid to semi-arid area with significant irrigation. After the successful calibration, the model produced a holistic view of the hydrological cycle impact by the agricultural water use, and generated insights into the spatial and temporal patterns of the SW-GW interaction in the study area. Different water resources management scenarios were also evaluated via the modeling. The results showed that if the irrigation demand continuous to increase, the current management strategy would lead to acceleration of the groundwater depletion, and therefore introduce ecological problems to this basin. Overall, this study demonstrated the applicability of the new model and its value to the water resources management in arid and semi-arid areas. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd."
"55624487819;57211219633;55185398900;56010514800;44861328200;","Spatial-temporal changes of precipitation structure across the Pearl River basin, China",2012,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.03.037","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84860332919&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2012.03.037&partnerID=40&md5=241d96cce1ba0dfe73b0732ba78ee6d5","Using daily precipitation data covering 1960-2005 from 42 stations across the Pearl River basin, precipitation indices, defined by annual total precipitation amount, annual total rainy days, annual precipitation intensity and annual mean rainy days, are analyzed using the modified Mann-Kendall trend test method. Results indicate that: (1) decreasing precipitation is found mainly in the middle and upper Pearl River basin. However, a decreasing number of rainy days is detected almost over the entire basin. Thus, the Pearl River basin is characterized by increasing precipitation intensity, particularly in the middle and the eastern parts of the basin; (2) the occurrence and fractional contribution of wet periods (WPs) with longer durations are decreasing in recent decades and WPs with shorter durations, e.g., 2-5. days are tending to be predominant in recent decades with increasing total precipitation amount. Frequencies of shorter WPs with increased total precipitation amount can be expected, which can easily trigger occurrence of floods and droughts; (3) heavy precipitation is easy to occur in WPs with shorter durations which may further corroborate the intensified precipitation process in the Pearl River basin, particularly in the lower part. Reduction of water supply from the upper Pearl River basin due to decreased precipitation and higher risk of floods and droughts in the lower basin will increase uncertainty of water supply in the lower basin and hence pose new challenges for water supply and water resources management under the influence of climate change and human activities, such as increasing water demand as a result of booming socio-economy and fast population growth. © 2012 Elsevier B.V."
"26639062900;7406215388;7404187535;7006029393;40461229800;35731251200;7004091067;7005773698;","Detection of Asian dust in California orographic precipitation",2011,"10.1029/2010JD015351","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80052327641&doi=10.1029%2f2010JD015351&partnerID=40&md5=30c182df413f81539db1f131fa388c05","Aerosols impact the microphysical properties of clouds by serving as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice nuclei (IN). By modifying cloud properties, aerosols have the potential to alter the location and intensity of precipitation, but determining the magnitude and reproducibility of aerosol-induced changes to precipitation remains a significant challenge to experimentalists and modelers. During the CalWater Early Start campaign (22 February to 11 March 2009), a uniquely comprehensive set of atmospheric chemistry, precipitation, and meteorological measurements were made during two extratropical cyclones. These two storms showed enhanced integrated water vapor concentrations and horizontal water vapor transports due to atmospheric river conditions and, together, produced 23% of the annual precipitation and 38% of the maximum snowpack at California's Central Sierra Snow Lab (CSSL). Precipitation measurements of insoluble residues showed very different chemistry occurring during the two storms with the first one showing mostly organic species from biomass burning, whereas the second storm showed a transition from biomass burning organics to the dominance of Asian dust. As shown herein, the dust was transported across the Pacific during the second storm and became incorporated into the colder high-altitude precipitating orographic clouds over the Sierra Nevada. The second storm produced 1.4 times as much precipitation and increased the snowpack by 1.6 times at CSSL relative to the first storm. As described in previous measurement and modeling studies, dust can effectively serve as ice nuclei, leading to increased riming rates and enhanced precipitation efficiency, which ultimately can contribute to differences in precipitation. Future modeling studies will help deconvolute the meteorological, microphysical, and aerosol factors leading to these differences and will use CalWater's meteorological and aerosol observations to constrain the model-based interpretations. The ultimate goal of such combined efforts is to use the results to improve aerosol-cloud impacts on precipitation in regional climate models. Copyright © 2011 by the American Geophysical Union. Copyright © 2011 by the American Geophysical Union."
"7403968239;7406250414;7404373922;","Tropical water vapor and cloud feedbacks in climate models: A further assessment using coupled simulations",2009,"10.1175/2008JCLI2267.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-64049117621&doi=10.1175%2f2008JCLI2267.1&partnerID=40&md5=22bf19468287087f68e66e7304082faa","By comparing the response of clouds and water vapor to ENSO forcing in nature with that in Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) simulations by some leading climate models, an earlier evaluation of tropical cloud and water vapor feedbacks has revealed the following two common biases in the models: 1) an underestimate of the strength of the negative cloud albedo feedback and 2) an overestimate of the positive feedback from the greenhouse effect of water vapor. Extending the same analysis to the fully coupled simulations of these models as well as other Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) coupled models, it is found that these two biases persist. Relative to the earlier estimates from AMIP simulations, the overestimate of the positive feedback from water vapor is alleviated somewhat for most of the coupled simulations. Improvements in the simulation of the cloud albedo feedback are only found in the models whose AMIP runs suggest either a positive or nearly positive cloud albedo feedback. The strength of the negative cloud albedo feedback in all other models is found to be substantially weaker than that estimated from the corresponding AMIP simulations. Consequently, although additional models are found to have a cloud albedo feedback in their AMIP simulations that is as strong as in the observations, all coupled simulations analyzed in this study have a weaker negative feedback from the cloud albedo and therefore a weaker negative feedback from the net surface heating than that indicated in observations. The weakening in the cloud albedo feedback is apparently linked to a reduced response of deep convection over the equatorial Pacific, which is in turn linked to the excessive cold tongue in the mean climate of these models. The results highlight that the feedbacks of water vapor and clouds-the cloud albedo feedback in particular - may depend on the mean intensity of the hydrological cycle. Whether the intermodel variations in the feedback from cloud albedo (water vapor) in the ENSO variability are correlated with the intermodel variations of the feedback from cloud albedo (water vapor) in global warming has also been examined. While a weak positive correlation between the intermodel variations in the feedback of water vapor during ENSO and the intermodel variations in the water vapor feedback during global warming was found, there is no significant correlation found between the intermodel variations in the cloud albedo feedback during ENSO and the intermodel variations in the cloud albedo feedback during global warming. The results suggest that the two common biases revealed in the simulated ENSO variability may not necessarily be carried over to the simulated global warming. These biases, however, highlight the continuing difficulty that models have in simulating accurately the feedbacks of water vapor and clouds on a time scale of the observations available. © 2009 American Meteorological Society."
"8599676000;55421602700;6602833151;7003622305;","Climatic cycles during a Neoproterozoic ""snowball"" glacial epoch",2007,"10.1130/G23400A.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34147138936&doi=10.1130%2fG23400A.1&partnerID=40&md5=8da58e7919e4c595ba01024d028203a3","The profound glaciations of the Neoproterozoic Cryogenian period (ca. 850-544 Ma) represent an extreme climatic mode when, it is claimed, Earth was fully or almost completely covered with ice for millions of years. We show that the geochemistry and mineralogy of fine- grained Neoproterozoic sedimentary rocks in Oman are best explained by climatic oscillations that drove variations in the intensity of chemical weathering on contemporary land surfaces. The cold climate modes of the Cryogenian were therefore cyclical, punctuated with well-defined warm-humid interglacial periods. The hydrological cycle and the routing of sediment were active throughout the glacial epoch, which requires substantial open ocean water. This reconstruction represents a significantly different target for numerical climate models at this critical time in the evolution of Earth's biosphere. © 2007 Geological Society of America."
"7006614696;7004114883;","Combined radar and radiometer analysis of precipitation profiles for a parametric retrieval algorithm",2005,"10.1175/JTECH1751.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-27544439510&doi=10.1175%2fJTECH1751.1&partnerID=40&md5=23d3c9836a165f3ee99b63e39d50e0ef","A methodology to analyze precipitation profiles using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) and precipitation radar (PR) is proposed. Rainfall profiles are retrieved from PR measurements, defined as the best-fit solution selected from precalculated profiles by cloud-resolving models (CRMs), under explicitly defined assumptions of drop size distribution (DSD) and ice hydrometeor models. The PR path-integrated attenuation (PIA), where available, is further used to adjust DSD in a manner that is similar to the PR operational algorithm. Combined with the TMI-retrieved nonraining geophysical parameters, the three-dimensional structure of the geophysical parameters is obtained across the satellite-observed domains. Microwave brightness temperatures are then computed for a comparison with TMI observations to examine if the radar-retrieved rainfall is consistent in the radiometric measurement space. The inconsistency in microwave brightness temperatures is reduced by iterating the retrieval procedure with updated assumptions of the DSD and ice-density models. The proposed methodology is expected to refine the a priori rain profile database and error models for use by parametric passive microwave algorithms, aimed at the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, as well as a future TRMM algorithms. © 2005 American Meteorological Society."
"34770572800;7102762686;8600723300;7103060756;","Upper atmosphere tidal oscillations due to latent heat release in the tropical troposphere",1997,"10.1007/s00585-997-1165-0","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0642343465&doi=10.1007%2fs00585-997-1165-0&partnerID=40&md5=053b77798b9de058286bf000a15114d7","Latent heat release associated with tropical deep convective activity is investigated as a source for migrating (sun-synchronous) diurnal and semidiurnal tidal oscillations in the 80-150-km height region. Satellite-based cloud brightness temperature measurements made between 1988 and 1994 and averaged into 3-h bins are used to determine the annual- and longitude-average local-time distribution of rainfall rate, and hence latent heating, between ±40° latitude. Regional average rainfall rates are shown to be in good agreement with climatological values derived from surface rain gauge data. A global linearized wave model is used to estimate the corresponding atmospheric perturbations in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere (80-150 km) resulting from upward-propagating tidal components excited by the latent heating. The annual-average migrating diurnal and semidiurnal components achieve velocity and temperature amplitudes of order 10-20 m s-1 and 5-10 K, respectively, which represent substantial contributions to the dynamics of the region. The latent heat forcing also shifts the phase (local solar time of maximum) of the semidiurnal surface pressure oscillation from 0912 to 0936 h, much closer to the observed value of 0944 h."
"55624487819;44861328200;57211219633;55191416000;","Spatio-temporal relations between temperature and precipitation regimes: Implications for temperature-induced changes in the hydrological cycle",2013,"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.08.012","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84884179002&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloplacha.2013.08.012&partnerID=40&md5=2ff9bb2ceb1b15602f60bd97f3b81bfe","Changes in the precipitation regime as a result of temperature changes are important for water resources management and management of water-related natural hazards. In this study, daily temperature and precipitation datasets from 590 stations from across China are analyzed to investigate possible relations between precipitation and temperature regimes in both space and time. The K-means method is applied to group 590 stations into 4 homogenous sub-regions and then trends are detected by the modified Mann-Kendall test. The field significance test and false discovery rate approaches are used to determine spatial correlations. Results show that: (1) significant increases in temperature extremes are detected across China. However, the magnitude of increase in the minimum temperature is larger than that in the maximum temperature. The warming in China is reflected mainly by the remarkable increase in the minimum temperature; (2) precipitation changes are extremely uneven in both space and time. Generally, a wetting tendency is detected in western China, and a drying tendency in northeastern China annually and in summer. In winter, however, a wetting tendency is observed; and (3) different regional responses of precipitation extremes to increasing temperature can be identified across China. Under the influence of increasing temperature, precipitation is intensifying in southeastern China and winter is having a wetting tendency. The responses of changes in weak precipitation extremes to climate warming are comparatively complicated and diverse. Even then it can be confirmed that increasing temperature tends to trigger the intensification of precipitation. Temporal and spatial changes of water vapor divergence can well aid in the interpretation of seasonal and spatial alterations of precipitation regimes. Temperature changes can influence precipitation changes by altering thermo-dynamic properties of air mass and hence the moisture transportation.© 2013 Elsevier B.V."
"6602729528;8846887600;","Do models and observations disagree on the rainfall response to global warming?",2009,"10.1175/2008JCLI2472.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-67650539052&doi=10.1175%2f2008JCLI2472.1&partnerID=40&md5=519b9c8d3932b3ad51c71d6f3ba1254e","Recently analyzed satellite-derived global precipitation datasets from 1987 to 2006 indicate an increase in global-mean precipitation of 1.1%-1.4% decade-1. This trend corresponds to a hydrological sensitivity (HS) of 7% K-1 of global warming, which is close to the Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) rate expected from the increase in saturation water vapor pressure with temperature. Analysis of two available global ocean evaporation datasets confirms this observed intensification of the atmospheric water cycle. The observed hydrological sensitivity over the past 20-yr period is higher by a factor of 5 than the average HS of 1.4% K-1 simulated in state-of-the-art coupled atmosphere-ocean climate models for the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. However, the analysis shows that the interdecadal variability in HS in the models is high - in particular in the twentieth-century runs, which are forced by both increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) and tropospheric aerosol concentrations. About 12% of the 20-yr time intervals of eight twentieth-century climate simulations from the third phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) have an HS magnitude greater than the CC rate of 6.5% K-1. The analysis further indicates different HS characteristics for GHG and tropospheric aerosol forcing agents. Aerosol-forced HS is a factor of 2 greater, on average, and the interdecadal variability is significantly larger, with about 23% of the 20-yr sensitivities being above the CC rate. By thermodynamically constraining global precipitation changes, it is shown that such changes are linearly related to the difference in the radiative imbalance at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) and the surface (i.e., the atmospheric radiative energy imbalance). The strength of this relationship is controlled by the modified Bowen ratio (here, global sensible heat flux change divided by latent heat flux change). Hydrological sensitivity to aerosols is greater than the sensitivity to GHG because the former have a stronger effect on the shortwave transmissivity of the atmosphere, and thus produce a larger change in the atmospheric radiative energy imbalance. It is found that the observed global precipitation increase of 13 mm yr-1 decade-1 from 1987 to 2006 would require a trend of the atmospheric radiative imbalance (difference between the TOA and the surface) of 0.7 W m-2 decade-1. The recovery from the El Chichón and Mount Pinatubo volcanic aerosol injections in 1982 and 1991, the satellite-observed reductions in cloudiness during the phase of increasing ENSO events in the 1990s, and presumably the observed reduction of anthropogenic aerosol concentrations could have caused such a radiative imbalance trend over the past 20 years. Observational evidence, however, is currently inconclusive, and it will require more detailed investigations and longer satellite time series to answer this question. © 2009 American Meteorological Society."
"7401822381;37058739000;","Large-scale variations of global groundwater from satellite gravimetry and hydrological models, 2002-2012",2013,"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.02.008","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84875763510&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloplacha.2013.02.008&partnerID=40&md5=d922c1dcbea0219a96152583a287e0d9","Groundwater storage is an important parameter in water resource management, land-surface processes and hydrological cycle. However, the traditional instruments are very difficult to monitor global groundwater storage variations due to high cost and strong labor intensity. In this paper, the global total terrestrial water storage (TWS) is derived from approximately 10years of monthly geopotential coefficients from GRACE observations (2002 August-2012 April), and the groundwater storage is then obtained by subtracting the surface water, soil moisture, snow, ice and canopy water from the hydrological models GLDAS (Global Land Data Assimilation System) and WGHM (WaterGAP Global Hydrology Model). The seasonal, secular and acceleration variations of global groundwater storage are investigated from about 10years of monthly groundwater time series. Annual and semiannual amplitudes of GRACE-WGHM and GRACE-GLDAS are almost similar, while WGHM groundwater results are much smaller. The larger annual amplitude of groundwater variations can be up to 80mm, e.g., in Amazon and Zambezi Basins, and the smaller annual amplitude of groundwater variations is less than 10mm, e.g., in Northern Africa with larger deserts. The annual and semi-annual phases agree remarkably well for three independent results. In the most parts of the world, the groundwater reaches the maximum in September-October each year and the minimum in March-April. The mean trend and acceleration of global groundwater storage variations are 1.86mm/y and -0.28mm/y2 from GRACE-GLDAS, and 1.20mm/y and -0.18mm/y2 from GRACE-WGHM, respectively, while the WGHM model underestimates the trend and acceleration. Meanwhile the GRACE-GLDAS is generally closer to in-situ observations in Illinois and satellite altimetry. Therefore, the GRACE-GLDAS provides the relatively reliable data set of global groundwater storage, which enables to detect large-scale variations of global groundwater storage. © 2013 Elsevier B.V."
"55899884100;7401436524;7402989545;","Seasonal variation of the diurnal cycle of rainfall in southern contiguous China",2008,"10.1175/2008JCLI2188.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-60749102941&doi=10.1175%2f2008JCLI2188.1&partnerID=40&md5=08873494d7e7cef1047f0a391609d19e","Hourly station rain gauge data are employed to study the seasonal variation of the diurnal cycle of rainfall in southern contiguous China. The results show a robust seasonal variation of the rainfall diurnal cycle, which is dependent both on region and duration. Difference in the diurnal cycle of rainfall is found in the following two neighboring regions: southwestern China (region A) and southeastern contiguous China (region B). The diurnal cycle of annual mean precipitation in region A tends to reach the maximum in either midnight or early morning, while precipitation in region B has a late-afternoon peak. In contrast with the weak seasonal variation of the diurnal phases of precipitation in region A, the rainfall peak in region B shifts sharply from late afternoon in warm seasons to early morning in cold seasons. Rainfall events in south China are classified into short. (1-3 h) and long-duration (more than 6 h) events. Short-duration precipitation in both regions reaches the maximum in late afternoon in warm seasons and peaks in either midnight or early morning in cold seasons, but the late-afternoon peak in region B exists during February-October, while that in region A only exists during May-September. More distinct differences between regions A and B are found in the long-duration rainfall events. The long-duration events in region A show dominant midnight or early morning peaks in all seasons. But in region B, the late-afternoon peak exists during July-September. Possible reasons for the difference in the diurnal cycle of rainfall between the two regions are discussed. The different cloud radiative forcing over regions A and B might contribute to this difference. © 2008 American Meteorological Society."
"7004412956;55768583400;35615593500;6701519241;7003393143;56072144700;","Regional climate model data used within the SWURVE project projected changes in seasonal patterns and estimation of PET",2007,"10.5194/hess-11-1069-2007","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34248206791&doi=10.5194%2fhess-11-1069-2007&partnerID=40&md5=cd26b569c4e39c63c0f90075f36b4371","Climate data for studies within the SWURVE (Sustainable Water: Uncertainty, Risk and Vulnerability in Europe) project, assessing the risk posed by future climatic change to various hydrological and hydraulic systems were obtained from the regional climate model HadRM3H, developed at the Hadley Centre of the UK Met Office. This paper gives some background to HadRM3H; it also presents anomaly maps of the projected future changes in European temperature, rainfall and potential evapotranspiration (PET. estimated using a variant of the Penman formula). The future simulations of temperature and rainfall, following the SRES A2 emissions scenario, suggest that most of Europe will experience warming in all seasons, with heavier precipitation in winter in much of western Europe (except for central and northern parts of the Scandinavian mountains) and drier summers in most parts of western and central Europe (except for the north-west and the eastern part of the Baltic Sea). Particularly large temperature anomalies (> 6°C) are projected for north-east Europe in winter and for southern Europe, Asia Minor and parts of Russia in summer. The projected PET displayed very large increases in summer for a region extending from southern France to Russia. The unrealistically large values could be the result of an enhanced hydrological cycle in HadRM3H. affecting several of the input parameters to the PET calculation. To avoid problems with hydrological modelling schemes, PET was re-calculated, using empirical relationships derived from observational values of temperature and PET."
"35424175300;55214239600;","Changes in components of the hydrological cycle in the Yellow River basin during the second half of the 20th century",2004,"10.1002/hyp.5534","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-4143074836&doi=10.1002%2fhyp.5534&partnerID=40&md5=4040ded2a21bf9af3a526f7c7d3e089c","The Yellow River basin of China, located in the semi-humid, semi-arid and arid climatic zones, is now confronted with serious problems of water deficit. With regard to intensified human activities and climatic change, knowledge about changes in the regional hydrological cycle should be seen as a key requirement in searching for an adaptation strategy in water resource use. This paper attempts to detect trends associated with hydrological cycle components in the region. The hydrological cycle components are derived from monthly precipitation and runoff date, based on the schemes proposed herein. Two methods, including linear regression and Mann-Kendall, have been applied to the detection of trends in the hydrological cycle components. For the Lanzhou station, only surface runoff showed a decreasing trend. As for Huayuankou station, the results have shown that natural runoff, surface runoff and groundwater runoff all have significant decreasing trends, whereas the decreasing trend of the other components is not significant. Impacts of human activities, climatic change and annual runoff coefficient change on the hydrological cycle components are also discussed. The study suggests that increasing water resources development and utilization is the most important factor in causing the frequent drying-up in the main course of the Yellow River. Moreover, the similarities of the trends in precipitation and natural runoff suggest a linkage between climatic change and hydrological cycle change. © 2004 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd."
"7402543304;55418157600;","Indian aerosols: Present status",2002,"10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00247-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036882539&doi=10.1016%2fS0045-6535%2802%2900247-3&partnerID=40&md5=8908bc85b5879b6f6b7b9680911018c9","This article presents the status of aerosols in India based on the research activities undertaken during last few decades in this region. Programs, like International Geophysical Year (IGY), Monsoon Experiment (MONEX), Indian Middle Atmospheric Program (IMAP) and recently conducted Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX), have thrown new lights on the role of aerosols in global change. INDOEX has proved that the effects of aerosols are no longer confined to the local levels but extend at regional as well as global scales due to occurrence of long range transportation of aerosols from source regions along with wind trajectories. The loading of aerosols in the atmosphere is on rising due to energy intensive activities for developmental processes and other anthropogenic activities. One of the significant observation of INDOEX is the presence of high concentrations of carbonaceous aerosols in the near persistent winter time haze layer over tropical Indian Ocean which have probably been emitted from the burning of fossil-fuels and biofuels in the source region. These have significant bearing on the radiative forcing in the region and, therefore, have potential to alter monsoon and hydrological cycles. In general, the SPM concentrations have been found to be on higher sides in ambient atmosphere in many Indian cities but the NOx concentrations have been found to be on lower side. Even in the haze layer over Indian Ocean and surrounding areas, the NOx concentrations have been reported to be low which is not conducive of O3 formation in the haze/smog layer. The acid rain problem does not seem to exist at the moment in India because of the presence of neutralizing soil dust in the atmosphere. But the high particulate concentrations in most of the cities' atmosphere in India are of concern as it can cause deteriorated health conditions. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved."
"57190441280;6508093019;14050683600;7003883032;57188681690;6602369002;7004379793;7004144124;56206774600;","Mekong River flow and hydrological extremes under climate change",2016,"10.5194/hess-20-3027-2016","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84980016035&doi=10.5194%2fhess-20-3027-2016&partnerID=40&md5=0fa247994601507c1b9681569a70a4f9","Climate change poses critical threats to waterrelated safety and sustainability in the Mekong River basin. Hydrological impact signals from earlier Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3)-based assessments, however, are highly uncertain and largely ignore hydrological extremes. This paper provides one of the first hydrological impact assessments using the CMIP5 climate projections. Furthermore, we model and analyse changes in river flow regimes and hydrological extremes (i.e. high-flow and low-flow conditions). In general, the Mekong's hydrological cycle intensifies under future climate change. The scenario's ensemble mean shows increases in both seasonal and annual river discharges (annual change between +5 and +16 %, depending on location). Despite the overall increasing trend, the individual scenarios show differences in the magnitude of discharge changes and, to a lesser extent, contrasting directional changes. The scenario's ensemble, however, shows reduced uncertainties in climate projection and hydrological impacts compared to earlier CMIP3-based assessments. We further found that extremely high-flow events increase in both magnitude and frequency. Extremely low flows, on the other hand, are projected to occur less often under climate change. Higher low flows can help reducing dry season water shortage and controlling salinization in the downstream Mekong Delta. However, higher and more frequent peak discharges will exacerbate flood risks in the basin. Climatechange-induced hydrological changes will have important implications for safety, economic development, and ecosystem dynamics and thus require special attention in climate change adaptation and water management. © 2016 Author(s)."
"55781387300;6701807657;57212628645;6603360120;7401787575;7003878062;","Modelling of green roof hydrological performance for urban drainage applications",2014,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.030","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84919399715&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2014.10.030&partnerID=40&md5=25ed3b29976353af927da47836f096f7","Green roofs are being widely implemented for stormwater management and their impact on the urban hydrological cycle can be evaluated by incorporating them into urban drainage models. This paper presents a model of green roof long term and single event hydrological performance. The model includes surface and subsurface storage components representing the overall retention capacity of the green roof which is continuously re-established by evapotranspiration. The runoff from the model is described through a non-linear reservoir approach. The model was calibrated and validated using measurement data from 3 different extensive sedum roofs in Denmark. These data consist of high-resolution measurements of runoff, precipitation and atmospheric variables in the period 2010-2012. The hydrological response of green roofs was quantified based on statistical analysis of the results of a 22-year (1989-2010) continuous simulation with Danish climate data. The results show that during single events, the 10. min runoff intensities were reduced by 10-36% for 5-10. years return period and 40-78% for 0.1-1. year return period; the runoff volumes were reduced by 2-5% for 5-10. years return period and 18-28% for 0.1-1. year return period. Annual runoff volumes were estimated to be 43-68% of the total precipitation. The peak time delay was found to greatly vary from 0 to more than 40. min depending on the type of event, and a general decrease in the time delay was observed for increasing rainfall intensities. Furthermore, the model was used to evaluate the variation of the average annual runoff from green roofs as a function of the total available storage and vegetation type. The results show that even a few millimeters of storage can reduce the mean annual runoff by up to 20% when compared to a traditional roof and that the mean annual runoff is not linearly related to the storage. Green roofs have therefore the potential to be important parts of future urban stormwater management plans. © 2014 Elsevier B.V."
"24391075700;54421272700;7004638808;54420662500;54419888600;22959132000;7102423377;55510102000;7004440252;","Manganese-rich brown layers in Arctic Ocean sediments: Composition, formation mechanisms, and diagenetic overprint",2011,"10.1016/j.gca.2011.09.046","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80355131562&doi=10.1016%2fj.gca.2011.09.046&partnerID=40&md5=1c5aa88ffadb01d7789bf10963099eb3","We present inorganic geochemical analyses of pore waters and sediments of two Late Quaternary sediment cores from the western Arctic Ocean (southern Mendeleev Ridge, RV Polarstern Expedition ARK-XXIII/3), focussing on the composition and origin of distinct, brown-colored, Mn-rich sediment layers. Carbonate enrichments occur in association with these layers as peaks in Ca/Al, Mg/Al, Sr/Al and Sr/Mg, suggesting enhanced input of both ice-rafted and biogenic carbonate. For the first time, we show that the Mn-rich layers layers are also consistently enriched in the scavenged trace metals Co, Cu, Mo and Ni. Distinct bioturbation patterns, specifically well-defined brown burrows into the underlying sediments, suggest these metal enrichments formed close to the sediment-water interface. The geochemical signature of these metal- and carbonate-rich layers most probably documents formation under warmer climate conditions with an intensified continental hydrological cycle and only seasonal sea ice cover. Both rivers and sea ice delivered trace metals to the Arctic Ocean, while enhanced seasonal productivity exported reactive organic matter to the sea floor. The coeval deposition of organic matter, Mn (oxyhydr)oxides and trace metals triggered intense diagenetic Mn cycling at the sediment-water interface. These processes resulted in the formation of Mn and trace metal enrichments, and the degradation of labile organic matter. With the onset of cooler conditions, reduced riverine runoff and/or a solid sea ice cover terminated the input of riverine trace metal and fresh organic matter, resulting in deposition of grayish-yellowish, metal-poor sediments. Oxygen depletion of Arctic bottom waters under these cooler conditions is not supported by our data, and did not cause the sedimentary Mn distribution. While the original composition and texture of the brown layers resulted from specific climatic conditions and corresponding diagenetic processes, pore water data show that diagenetic Mn redistribution is still affecting the organic-poor deeper sediments. Given persistent steady state conditions, purely authigenic Mn-rich brown layers may form, while others may be partly or completely dissolved. The degree of diagenetic Mn redistribution largely depends on the depositional environment, the Mn and organic matter availability, and apparently affected the Co/Mo ratios of Mn-rich layers. Thus, brown Arctic layers are not necessarily synchronous features, and should not be correlated across the Arctic Ocean without additional age control. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd."
"35609878300;","Long-term trends and cycles in the hydrometeorology of the Amazon basin since the late 1920s",2009,"10.1002/hyp.7396","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70549108183&doi=10.1002%2fhyp.7396&partnerID=40&md5=f2ce183a41669c8e06d129dbec54af95","Rainfall and river indices for both the northern and southern Amazon were used to identify and explore long-term climate variability on the region. From a statistical analysis of the hydrometeorological series, it is concluded that no systematic unidirectional long-term trends towards drier or wetter conditions have been identified since the 1920s. The rainfall and river series showing variability at inter-annual scales linked to El Niño Southern Oscillation was detected in rainfall in the northern Amazon. It has a low-frequency variability with a peak at -30 years identified in both rainfall and river series in the Amazon. The presence of cycles rather than a trend is characteristic of rainfall in the Amazon. These cycles are real indicators of decadal and multi-decadal variations in hydrology for both sides of the basin. Sea-level pressure (SLP) gradients between tropics and sub topics were explored in order to explain variability in the hydrometeorology of the basin. Sea surface temperature (SST) gradients inside the tropical Atlantic and between the tropical Atlantic and the sub-tropical Atlantic have been assessed in the context of changes in rainfall in the Amazon, as compared to northern Argentina. Trends in SSTs in the subtropical Atlantic are linked to changes in rainfall and circulation in northern Argentina, and they seem to be related to multi-decadal variations of rainfall in the Amazon. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."
"8612025400;6602328480;26643191000;7403617904;7006598877;57190859704;25031757000;23669148000;23972932400;","Tracing anthropogenically driven groundwater discharge into a coastal lagoon from southern Brazil",2008,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.02.010","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-41949102795&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2008.02.010&partnerID=40&md5=9d49dd782bf9ff6497f7a5721aeb9f21","We investigated the distribution of naturally occurring geochemical tracers (222Rn, 223Ra, 224Ra, 226Ra, CH4, δ18O, and δ2H) in the water column and adjacent groundwater of Mangueira Lagoon as proxies of groundwater discharge. Mangueira Lagoon is a large (90 km long), shallow (∼4-5 m deep), fresh, and non-tidal coastal lagoon in southern Brazil surrounded by extensively irrigated rice plantations and numerous irrigation canals. We hypothesized that the annual, intense irrigation for rice agriculture creates extreme conditions that seasonally change groundwater discharge patterns in the adjacent lagoon. We further supposed that dredging of irrigation canals alters groundwater fluxes. While the activities of 222Rn in shallow groundwater were 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than in surface water, CH4 and radium isotopes were only ∼1 order of magnitude higher. Therefore, 222Rn appears to be the preferred groundwater tracer in this system. Radon concentrations and conductivities were dramatically higher near the pump house of rice irrigation canals, consistent with a groundwater source. Modeling of radon inventories accounting for total inputs (groundwater advection, diffusion from sediments, and decay of 226Ra) and losses (atmospheric evasion, horizontal mixing and decay) indicated that groundwater advection rates in the irrigation canals (∼25 cm/d) are over 2 orders of magnitude higher than along the shoreline (∼0.1 cm/d). Nearly 75% of the total area of the canals is found in the southern half of the lagoon, where groundwater inputs seem to be higher as also indicated by methane and stable isotope trends. In spite of the relatively small area of the canals, we estimate that they contribute nearly 70% of the total (∼57,000 m3/d) groundwater input into the entire Mangueira Lagoon. We suggest that the dredging of these canals cut through aquitards which previously restricted upward advection from the underlying permeable strata. The irrigation channels may therefore represent an important but previously overlooked source of nutrients and other dissolved chemicals derived from agricultural practices into the lagoon. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"8639618600;6602334730;55665852300;49161225600;7004547629;6701828573;","Seasonal Amazonian rainfall variation in the Miocene climate optimum",2005,"10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.12.024","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-18844409169&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2004.12.024&partnerID=40&md5=7ae49a9e3e731daef43590b48acfe2cc","Modern and fossil freshwater bivalves from north-eastern Peru are investigated to reconstruct seasonal rainfall patterns in Miocene Amazonia. Oxygen isotope variation in incremental growth bands of fossil bivalves reflects past hydrological conditions in the Miocene Climate Optimum (MCO), when the world was warmer than today. A calibration experiment was conducted on a modern bivalve. Modern river dwelling Triplodon corrugatus shows large amplitudinal changes in δ18O, which mirror the seasonal variation in rainfall as a result of the annual migration cycle of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Growth incremental oxygen isotope records of Miocene Amazonian Diplodon aff. longulus bivalves show strikingly similar patterns. This suggests that the seasonal migration of the ITCZ and the intensity of the hydrological cycle in the MCO were comparable to today. The implications are that humid climate conditions sufficient to sustain a rainforest ecosystem already existed ∼16 Ma ago. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"6602962994;7101677832;55841088700;57214514515;13806152600;7201443806;11939657300;56230679900;6506194430;45560910000;6603133851;6505742223;7005649268;55841813800;7004941120;6506349298;45561058000;6508391853;6602077574;39361136600;11241332500;7004737151;7401943680;6603689369;7402206480;7202060229;7006287865;6507612700;26648162300;57204297539;6602402405;6701816656;6508389989;7006460576;8856898200;55841490800;6701552501;57153656200;7006188068;6701801931;7005634455;55738125200;57203275605;9274531600;15041638200;9842647800;7102578937;57196994199;7003648299;55096581900;55841504900;8721557100;11939423600;7202907367;55841105100;57191594611;38361011400;55841580900;7101929812;7007034953;55399842300;16933919600;55665464100;7003796684;35767428100;47860961300;57203230447;56096586900;6603549082;55841795000;10938806300;7004759191;55974229900;7004499037;6508385415;7006563002;13403281000;14013071900;12646465800;8706636800;7003726500;10044631200;35777594300;7102699989;55841844100;7101671456;15759921300;7003597952;55841884500;6506647236;7006203287;7006319021;47861050200;6701739873;7004286363;6508003871;7003799326;7202970886;35075986300;7005587298;13609746100;56994104400;47861026300;7004475719;57070417000;6603689866;36892264300;7006574986;6701592812;7103308166;6603993619;7006703154;6602708369;24075885100;8961371600;6602516156;55392764700;55495155800;7401720543;6603928917;35105008900;36600153300;6603631763;16174796300;7006113978;15750571400;7005110878;6507587039;7403717185;16426058200;55420362100;55841247500;7404211378;36059213900;7101995675;6603531554;35519868200;47861241500;7005917443;55841774500;7005126685;35355850000;7004848917;7405716588;55272324200;55539188979;41561392600;45561229300;57219113417;6602311043;55841451000;19639788500;21739669000;7202066251;12792311100;16637291100;6602999988;55841402600;6603932593;47861240700;8713774400;55729249200;36015299300;8906055900;7801652633;6701573532;6602095846;7004741554;7003384176;23994284000;6603685334;6602623905;7103033047;7006350707;55716700200;6602509764;6602661960;7006119444;55895105500;55996942600;55682775100;6602073516;55541588900;6602582424;57189943184;6603422030;6603042456;7202221033;35558885400;36071856600;12240469400;57192562033;19639175400;6507130681;7004364155;6602193619;23978267300;12797539500;55457399900;6701562635;8870038800;8242283600;7401581423;24802640400;55841057400;7006747377;7005314575;35609878300;7003975505;55583151200;45561507900;6701626212;9846180800;47861102800;36975921700;6602871885;7003528814;7202026956;6603662158;15521239600;7005367608;23994079400;6603707656;6603786703;24322005900;6603667298;55917306500;34868499700;6701764472;7404247296;7005816283;35508764000;55841179800;7202400272;55841695100;55841946000;9842427400;55798653600;14625228300;6506591904;27067942000;55335220500;7801368088;55841327700;7006961728;55841370400;36459918800;8107991700;8100172600;13408504900;7004176604;55841221600;6603545358;6603355867;55841938900;7004353965;8970508600;56981062700;6603762280;7005006917;7005453641;25650541600;7006499360;36925376400;23568665500;10939479600;6506403914;55841815400;7004202450;55841800800;24734304300;55841051400;6602101632;19640487800;55841406000;47861405100;55426220700;7004662136;55841286200;6701899848;55841656400;35508431200;55999844600;7004477665;55927220900;57205479513;7004466957;55841474100;22836070500;6701581258;55908305800;15058058100;45561735900;7003916945;7006461633;6602171170;7006972207;36348820100;15319530000;7004334437;57204337270;55643443500;7004467879;7103076532;56236490600;7102701564;6603463506;7202706097;56783148100;55841763700;55841097900;7006001635;7006033615;7101619974;55515916100;6603688117;6603912685;57203012247;55628584415;57202528734;55728684000;8979043100;55455998600;6602844274;6602775903;55680480300;57206225739;6602579458;23983397400;49362147600;6507043230;24328913000;7406455112;55841357400;55709000400;7005573482;36060454900;6701603958;6602601219;15319527800;56315423900;9272538400;7003736022;37082067400;7102330037;6602484429;6603764342;36703572200;7003415852;7004326742;9045036800;56253852700;7401760715;7005863976;7101692211;6603344816;57196612094;7006274990;7404416268;23502460300;57203540849;7407797613;7410338331;57070565000;56264081100;57207726694;35376447600;6602836034;57203721616;55901810200;6603585313;7202395795;22636199100;21740112500;8967845400;12141117700;7403531523;7102095492;6603685655;22836772900;45561933900;35794721100;55841381700;55841664400;7404164186;55709034700;55807701500;57075263400;36015721000;55841211400;35585284200;14025113000;","State of the climate in 2012",2013,"10.1175/2013BAMSStateoftheClimate.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84883271925&doi=10.1175%2f2013BAMSStateoftheClimate.1&partnerID=40&md5=45d011f75002fb2e26250700020410bf","For the first time in several years, the El Nino-Southern Oscillation did not dominate regional climate conditions around the globe. A weak La Niña dissipated to ENSO-neutral conditions by spring, and while El Nino appeared to be emerging during summer, this phase never fully developed as sea surface temperatures in the eastern equatorial Pacific uncharacteristically returned to neutral conditions. Nevertheless, other large-scale climate patterns and extreme weather events impacted various regions during the year. A negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation from mid-January to early February contributed to frigid conditions in parts of northern Africa, eastern Europe, and western Asia. A lack of rain during the 2012 wet season led to the worst drought in at least the past three decades for northeastern Brazil. Central North America also experienced one of its most severe droughts on record. The Caribbean observed a very wet dry season and it was the Sahel's wettest rainy season in 50 years. Overall, the 2012 average temperature across global land and ocean surfaces ranked among the 10 warmest years on record. The global land surface temperature alone was also among the 10 warmest on record. In the upper atmosphere, the average stratospheric temperature was record or near-record cold, depending on the dataset. After a 30-year warming trend from 1970 to 1999 for global sea surface temperatures, the period 2000-12 had little further trend. This may be linked to the prevalence of La Niña-like conditions during the 21st century. Heat content in the upper 700 m of the ocean remained near record high levels in 2012. Net increases from 2011 to 2012 were observed at 700-m to 2000-m depth and even in the abyssal ocean below. Following sharp decreases in global sea level in the first half of 2011 that were linked to the effects of La Niña, sea levels rebounded to reach records highs in 2012. The increased hydrological cycle seen in recent years continued, with more evaporation in drier locations and more precipitation in rainy areas. In a pattern that has held since 2004, salty areas of the ocean surfaces and subsurfaces were anomalously salty on average, while fresher areas were anomalously fresh. Global tropical cyclone activity during 2012 was near average, with a total of 84 storms compared with the 1981-2010 average of 89. Similar to 2010 and 2011, the North Atlantic was the only hurricane basin that experienced above-normal activity. In this basin, Sandy brought devastation to Cuba and parts of the eastern North American seaboard. All other basins experienced either near- or below-normal tropical cyclone activity. Only three tropical cyclones reached Category 5 intensity-all in the Western North Pacific basin. Of these, Super Typhoon Bopha became the only storm in the historical record to produce winds greater than 130 kt south of 7°N. It was also the costliest storm to affect the Philippines and killed more than 1000 residents. Minimum Arctic sea ice extent in September and Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent in June both reached new record lows. June snow cover extent is now declining at a faster rate (-17.6% per decade) than September sea ice extent (-13.0% per decade). Permafrost temperatures reached record high values in northernmost Alaska. A new melt extent record occurred on 11-12 July on the Greenland ice sheet; 97% of the ice sheet showed some form of melt, four times greater than the average melt for this time of year. The climate in Antarctica was relatively stable overall. The largest maximum sea ice extent since records begain in 1978 was observed in September 2012. In the stratosphere, warm air led to the second smallest ozone hole in the past two decades. Even so, the springtime ozone layer above Antarctica likely will not return to its early 1980s state until about 2060. Following a slight decline associated with the global financial crisis, global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production reached a record 9.5 ± 0.5 Pg C in 2011 and a new record of 9.7 ± 0.5 Pg C is estimated for 2012. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations increased by 2.1 ppm in 2012, to 392.6 ppm. In spring 2012, for the first time, the atmospheric CO2 concentration exceeded 400 ppm at 7 of the 13 Arctic observation sites. Globally, other greenhouse gases including methane and nitrous oxide also continued to rise in concentration and the combined effect now represents a 32% increase in radiative forcing over a 1990 baseline. Concentrations of most ozone depleting substances continued to fall."
"36192225800;35210053600;7004299063;","Large-scale water cycle perturbation due to irrigation pumping in the US High Plains: A synthesis of observed streamflow changes",2010,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.06.045","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77955581903&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2010.06.045&partnerID=40&md5=1dbe110bbc87aab7f0e9f760bf4da83d","We explore the influence of long-term, large-scale irrigational pumping on spatial and seasonal patterns of streamflow regimes in the High Plains aquifer using extensive observational data to elucidate the effects of regional-scale human alterations on the hydrological cycle. Streamflow, groundwater and precipitation time series spanning all or part of the period of intensive irrigation development (1940-1980) in the region were analyzed for trend and step changes using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and the parametric Student's t-test, respectively. Based on several indicators to evaluate the streamflow-groundwater connection degree over the High Plains aquifer, we found a systematic decrease in the hydraulic connection between groundwater and streamflow from the Northern High Plains to Southern High Plains. Trends and step changes are consistent with this regional pattern. Decreasing trends in annual and dry-season (mean July-August) streamflow and increasing trends in the number of low-flow days are prevalent in the Northern High Plains with a gradual decrease in trend detection towards the south. Additionally, field significance of trends was assessed by the Regional Kendall's S test over the period of most intensive irrigation development (1940-1980). The step-change results imply that the observed decreases in streamflow are likely attributable to the significant declines in groundwater levels and unlikely related to changes in precipitation because the majority of precipitation data over the region did not reveal any significant changes. Thus, it is very likely that extensive irrigational pumping have caused streamflow depletion, more severely, in the Northern High Plains, and to a lesser extent in the Southern High Plains over the period of study. © 2010 Elsevier B.V."
"12801073500;35509639400;22949118500;9233141100;6603581315;55708686800;","Understanding the Sahelian water budget through the isotopic composition of water vapor and precipitation",2010,"10.1029/2010JD014690","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78650962151&doi=10.1029%2f2010JD014690&partnerID=40&md5=b75a05b7583d022d01ea7807bd234baf","The goal of this paper is to investigate the added value of water isotopic measurements to estimate the relative influence of large-scale dynamics, convection, and land surface recycling on the Sahelian water budget. To this aim, we use isotope data in the lower tropospheric water vapor measured by the SCIAMACHY and TES satellite instruments and in situ precipitation data from the Global Network for Isotopes in Precipitation and collected during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis field campaign, together with water-tagging experiments with the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique general circulation model (LMDZ) fitted with isotopes. We show that some isotopic biases in LMDZ reveal the misrepresentation of dehydrating processes that would be undetected without isotopic measurements. In dry regions, the vapor isotopic composition is primarily controlled by the intensity of the air dehydration. In addition, it may also keep some memory of dehydration pathways that is erased in the humidity distribution, namely the relative contribution of dehydration in the tropical upper troposphere versus midlatitudes. In wet regions, vapor and rain isotope compositions are primarily controlled by changes in convection, through rain reevaporation and through the progressive depletion of the vapor by convective mixing along air mass trajectories. Gradients in vapor isotope composition along air mass trajectories may help estimate continental recycling intensity, provided that we could quantify the effect of convection on the isotopic composition of water vapor. Copyright 2010 by the American Geophysical Union."
"35584010200;7006432091;7408612236;7004102113;7003926380;","Physical characterization of tropical oceanic convection observed in KWAJEX",2005,"10.1175/JAM2206.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-11344269899&doi=10.1175%2fJAM2206.1&partnerID=40&md5=160692e3c89f1e49877b77de3aa9faa0","The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Kwajalein Experiment (KWAJEX) was designed to obtain an empirical physical characterization of precipitating convective clouds over the tropical ocean. Coordinated datasets were collected by three aircraft, one ship, five upper-air sounding sites, and a variety of continuously recording remote and in situ surface-based sensors, including scanning Doppler radars, profilers, disdrometers, and rain gauges. This paper describes the physical characterization of the Kwajalein cloud population that has emerged from analyses of datasets that were obtained during KWAJEX and combined with long-term TRMM ground validation site observations encompassing three rainy seasons. The spatial and temporal dimensions of the precipitation entities exhibit a lognormal probability distribution, as has been observed over other parts of the tropical ocean. The diurnal cycle of the convection is also generally similar to that seen over other tropical oceans. The largest precipitating cloud elements-those with rain areas exceeding 14000 km2-have the most pronounced diurnal cycle, with a maximum frequency of occurrence before dawn; the smallest rain areas are most frequent in the afternoon. The large systems exhibited stratiform rain areas juxtaposed with convective regions. Frequency distributions of dual-Doppler radar data showed narrow versus broad spectra of divergence in the stratiform and convective regions, respectively, as expected because strong up- and downdrafts are absent in the stratiform regions. The dual-Doppler profiles consistently showed low-level convergence and upper-level divergence in convective regions and midlevel convergence sandwiched between lower- and upper-level divergence in stratiform regions. However, the magnitudes of divergence are sensitive to assumptions made in classifying the radar echoes as convective or stratiform. This sensitivity implies that heating profiles derived from satellite radar data will be sensitive to the details of the scheme used to separate convective and stratiform rain areas. Comparison of airborne passive microwave data with ground-based radar data indicates that the pattern of scattering of 85-GHz radiance by ice particles in the upper portions of KWAJEX precipitating clouds is poorly correlated with the precipitation pattern at lower levels while the emission channels (10 and 19 GHz) have brightness temperature patterns that closely correspond to the lower-level precipitation structure. In situ ice particle imagery obtained by aircraft at upper levels (∼11 km) shows that the concentrations of ice particles of all densities are greater in the upper portions of active convective rain regions and lower in the upper portions of stratiform regions, probably because the active updrafts convey the particles to upper levels, whereas in the stratiform regions sedimentation removes the larger ice particles over time. Low-level aircraft flying in the rain layer show similar total drop concentrations in and out of convective cells, but they also show a sudden jump in the concentration of larger raindrops at the boundaries of the cells, indicating a discontinuity in growth processes such as coalescence at the cell boundary. © 2005 American Meteorological Society."
"7102866124;57201177267;7202530955;7005206400;23096443800;13408938100;7402115506;54781196300;25924706200;7004114883;7410009029;7004436916;14019431100;57208083053;14037044200;6602176524;7102643810;35228711600;7006263526;6603778635;8612873400;12240204600;7006790175;6602420251;8691681600;6701858531;7404350742;10144282600;8612873300;6701653010;","The CHUVA project: How does convection vary across Brazil?",2014,"10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00084.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84899637722&doi=10.1175%2fBAMS-D-13-00084.1&partnerID=40&md5=675d3f80c19af3b40bf693e9bc6d43c7","CHUVA reveals very diverse cloud processes in tropical continental regions and contributes to improving satellite precipitation estimation, nowcasting, cloud-resolving models, and the understanding of cloud electrification. The acronym for CHUVA is Cloud Processes of the Main Precipitation Systems in Brazil: A Contribution to Cloud-Resolving Modeling and to the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM). The CHUVA field campaigns, in addition to their focus on the microphysical properties of tropical clouds, have an important role in improving existing algorithms for precipitation retrieval for the GPM mission. CHUVA's principal motivation is the description and understanding of the cloud processes of the various precipitation regimes of Brazil. CHUVA consists of six field campaigns, five of which have already taken place. The sixth will be carried out in 2014 in Manaus as part of the GoAmazon initiative. The CHUVA website is the primary access to the CHUVA information and data. For each campaign, a specific web page was developed. These web pages contain a wide variety of information, including the daily weather report, instrument strategy, instrument locations, quick looks of the main events, data reports, cloud pictures, and the Severe Storm Observation System CHUVA."
"7402270607;36769415200;7202163945;6603439625;57210784145;","The impact of land surface processes on simulations of the U.S. hydrological cycle: A case study of the 1993 flood usingthe SSiB land surface model in the NCEP Eta regional model",2001,"10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<2833:TIOLSP>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035657359&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0493%282001%29129%3c2833%3aTIOLSP%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=bc6f9fb1385e3d312f98bf1ad78e7d81","This paper describes a methodology for coupling the Simplified Simple Biosphere Model (SSiB) to the regional Eta Model of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), and presents the application of the coupled system in regional simulation studies. The coupled Eta-SSiB model is used to study the impact of land surface processes and land surface initialization on the regional water and energy cycle in an extreme climate event, by comparing the results from the Eta-SSiB with those from the Eta-bucket model. Simulations from both models spanned 3 months via a succession of 48-hr simulations over June, July, and August 1993, a summer of heavy flooding in the United States. The monthly and seasonal means from the simulations in both model runs are compared. The Eta-SSiB model produces more realistic monthly mean precipitation over the United States and the flood areas. The improvements are mainly manifested in the intensity of the heavy rainfall and its spatial distribution. The results demonstrate that even with a short-term simulation, a more realistic representation of land surface processes and land surface initialization improves the monthly and seasonal means of the simulated regional precipitation for the summer of 1993. In addition to precipitation, the simulations of surface air temperature are also evaluated and they show that the Eta-SSiB model produces reasonable results over most of the United States, with the exception of a cold bias at night in the mountainous western region of the United States. To understand the mechanisms of land surface-atmosphere interactions and the causes for the differences in the Eta-SSiB and the Eta-bucket simulations, the water cycle in the atmosphere-land system and the energy balance at the land surface are analyzed. The changes in (a) spatial distribution and diurnal cycle of surface latent and sensible heat, and (b) low-level moisture flux convergence (MFC) in response to these changes in surface heating are the primary factors for the improvement in the precipitation simulation. That is, the different surface models of SSiB and bucket, and their different soil moisture initializations, produce different energy partitioning in the surface heat fluxes of the Eta Model. The changes in both the daily mean and the diurnal variation at the land surface lead to different boundary layer evolutions and atmospheric stability conditions. In response to these differences, the Eta-SSiB model and the Eta-bucket model produce different low-level MFC in the heavy rainfall area. Strong and persistent MFC was one of the major forces that produced the heavy rainfall in the summer of 1993. In the above experiments, the Eta-SSiB model used the global reanalysis of the NCEP-NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research) 40-year Reanalysis Project (NNRP) for its initial soil moisture, whereas the Eta-bucket model used a tuned annual-mean fixed field of initial soil moisture as employed in the then-operational Eta Model. Because of this important initialization difference, a further set of simulations was performed in which the Eta-bucket was initialized with the NNRP reanalysis soil moisture employed in the Eta-SSiB. Results show that with similarly derived initial soil moisture states, the differences between the Eta-SSiB and the Eta-bucket are reduced but still evident, suggesting that improved representation of vegetation in the SSiB is at least partially responsible for the overall improvements in the simulations. Given that the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis is used for initial conditions and lateral and lower boundary conditions in these experiments, this study shows that a coupled atmosphere-biosphere regional model imbedded in a global reanalysis has the potential to provide a more realistic simulation of precipitation in extreme climate events."
"7006263720;","A high resolution AMIP integration using the Hadley Centre model HadAM2b",1999,"10.1007/s003820050265","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033046341&doi=10.1007%2fs003820050265&partnerID=40&md5=98273fe004d2b37c45c9b9cbc1784396","A high resolution (0.833°latitude by 1.25°longitude) AMIP (Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project) integration is compared with a control integration at standard resolution (2.5°by 3.75°). Both integrations use HadAM2b, a recent version of the Hadley Centre atmospheric general circulation model. ECMWF reanalysis data for the AMIP period (1979-1988), together with other climatologies, are used to evaluate the results. An additional integration at standard resolution using the high resolution shorter time step is used to help distinguish between changes due to model resolution and those which are due to time step dependencies in the physical parametrizations. Enhanced resolution increases the vertical motion, intensifies the hydrological cycle, reduces slightly the model's cold bias in the troposphere, shifts the westerly jets poleward and tends to increase the eddy kinetic energy and variability of the model. The high resolution simulation has less mid-latitude cloud, so altering the radiation balance. There is no evidence to suggest that increasing resolution has an impact on the model's response to SST forcing."
"7404700567;7402248742;7401795483;55664151400;7404013996;7403134439;7006145109;","On measuring and remote sensing surface energy partitioning over the Tibetan Plateau-from GAME/Tibet to CAMP/Tibet",2003,"10.1016/S1474-7065(03)00008-1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0037249006&doi=10.1016%2fS1474-7065%2803%2900008-1&partnerID=40&md5=42478f7c01758e9bd99195ccb168955b","The energy and water cycle over the Tibetan Plateau play an important role in the Asian monsoon system, which in turn is a major component of both the energy and water cycles of the global climate system. The intensive observation period and long-term observation of the GEWEX (global energy and water cycle experiment) Asian monsoon experiment on the Tibetan Plateau (GAME/Tibet) and CEOP (coordinated enhanced observing period) Asia-Australia monsoon project (CAMP) on the Tibetan Plateau (CAMP/Tibet) have been done successfully in the past five years. A large amount of data has been collected, which is the best data set so far for the study of energy and water cycle over the Tibetan Plateau. The field experiments of GAME/Tibet and CAMP/Tibet are introduced and some results on the local surface energy partitioning (imbalance, diurnal variation, inter-monthly variation and inter-yearly variation etc.) are presented by using the field observational data in this study. The study on the regional surface energy partitioning is of paramount importance over heterogeneous landscape of the Tibetan Plateau and it is also one of the main scientific objectives of GAME/Tibet and CAMP/Tibet. Therefore, the regional distributions of surface variables (surface reflectance and surface temperature), vegetation variables (NDVI, MSAVI, vegetation coverage and LAI) and surface heat fluxes (net radiation flux, soil heat flux, sensible and latent heat flux) are also derived by combining NOAA-14 AVHRR data with field observations in this study. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved."
"56038150300;6701606453;12645767500;16679271700;","A comparison of precipitation occurrence from the NCEP stage IV QPE product and the cloudsat cloud profiling radar",2014,"10.1175/JHM-D-13-048.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84894050270&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-13-048.1&partnerID=40&md5=e08643c0ea5c8a9123f15e44619dccfd","Because of its extensive quality control procedures and uniform space-time grid, the NCEP Stage IV merged Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) radar and surface rain gauge dataset is often considered to be the best long-term gridded dataset of precipitation observations covering the contiguous United States. Stage IV accumulations are employed in a variety of applications, and while the WSR-88D systems are well suited for observing heavy rain events that are likely to affect flooding, limitations in surface radar and gauge measurements can result in missed precipitation, especially near topography and in the western United States. This paper compares hourly Stage IV observations of precipitation occurrence to collocated observations from the 94-GHz CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar, which provides excellent sensitivity to light and frozen precipitation. Statistics from 4 yr of comparisons show that the CloudSat observes precipitation considerably more frequently than the Stage IV dataset, especially in northern states where frozen precipitation is prevalent in the cold season. The skill of Stage IV for precipitation detection is found to decline rapidly when the near-surface air temperature falls below 0°C. As a result, agreement between Stage IV and CloudSat tends to be best in the southeast, where radar coverage is good and moderate-to-heavy liquid precipitation dominates. Stage IV and CloudSat precipitation detection characteristics are documented for each of the individual river forecast centers that contribute to the Stage IVdataset to provide guidance regarding potential sampling biases thatmay impact hydrologic applications. © 2014 American Meteorological Society."
"57211811048;7003482642;13404181900;55670014500;6603764342;","Influence of the intensification of the major oceanic moisture sources on continental precipitation",2013,"10.1002/grl.50338","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84876907911&doi=10.1002%2fgrl.50338&partnerID=40&md5=9615d2a23cab17a11f7875fee698b52f","In this study, we address two key issues in the hydrological cycle that have remained elusive: 1) to what extent can we expect climate change to affect the transport of moisture? and, in particular, 2) how will the changes in the sources' intensity (that is, more evaporation) affect the distribution of continental precipitation? This was achieved using a multimodel ensemble that allowed delimiting those oceanic areas where climate change will likely lead to an increase in evaporation (E) minus precipitation (P). Finally, a sophisticated Lagrangian model was used to identify which continental regions will be affected by changes in precipitation (E - P < 0) originating in each oceanic moisture source. We find that in boreal winter, wide sectors of Europe, Asia, Middle East, South America, and southern Africa are affected, but North America emerges as the most affected continental region. In austral winter, the largest changes are confined to northern and Central America. Key Points the role of the intensification of the moisture sources identification of continental areas more affected ©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"7006575272;7003926380;7004114883;","An examination of version-5 rainfall estimates from the TRMM Microwave Imager, precipitation radar, and rain gauges on global, regional, and storm scales",2004,"10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<1016:AEOVRE>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-4043149884&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0450%282004%29043%3c1016%3aAEOVRE%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=b2e63df8f3fd1e8b77a3d34241abf8d9","An evaluation of the version-5 precipitation radar (PR; algorithm 2A25) and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI; algorithm 2A12) rainfall products is performed across the Tropics in two ways: 1) by comparing long-term TRMM rainfall products with Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) global rain gauge analyses and 2) by comparing the rainfall estimates from the PR and TMI on a rainfall feature-by-feature basis within the narrow swath of the PR using a 1-yr database of classified precipitation features (PFs). The former is done to evaluate the overall biases of the TMI and PR relative to ""ground truth"" to examine regional differences in the estimates; the latter allows a direct comparison of the estimates with the same sampling area, also identifying relative biases as a function of storm type. This study finds that the TMI overestimates rainfall in most of the deep Tropics and midlatitude warm seasons over land with respect to both the GPCC gauge analysis and the PR (which agrees well with the GPCC gauges in the deep Tropics globally), in agreement with past results. The PR is generally higher than the TMI in midlatitude cold seasons over land areas with gauges. The analysis by feature type reveals that the TMI overestimates relative to the PR are due to overestimates in mesoscale convective systems and in most features with 85-GHz polarization-corrected temperature of less than 250 K (i.e., with a significant optical depth of precipitation ice). The PR tended to be higher in PFs without an ice-scattering, signature of less than 250 K. Normalized for a subset of features with a large rain volume (exceeding 104 mm h-1 km2) independent of the PF classification, features with TMI &gt; PR in the Tropics tended to have a higher fraction of stratiform rainfall, higher IR cloud tops, more intense radar profiles and 85-GHz ice-scattering signatures, and larger rain areas, whereas the converse is generally true for features with PR &gt; TMI. Subtropical-area PF bias characteristics tended not to have such a clear relationship (especially over the ocean), a result that is hypothesized to be due to the influence of more variable storm environments and the presence of frontal rain. Melting-layer effects in stratiform rain and a bias in the ice-scattering-rain relationship were linked to the TMI producing more rainfall than the PR. However, noting the distinct characteristic biases Tropics-wide by feature type, this study reveals that accounting for regime-dependent biases caused by the differing horizontal and vertical morphologies of precipitating systems may lead to a reduction in systematic relative biases in a microwave precipitation algorithm. © 2004 American Meteorological Society."
"16230028100;6602908667;","Improvements in detection of light precipitation with the Global Precipitation Measurement dual-frequency precipitation radar (GPM DPR)",2016,"10.1175/JTECH-D-15-0097.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84964958512&doi=10.1175%2fJTECH-D-15-0097.1&partnerID=40&md5=5bd3e6285ab2ad6a9d7476736f2f06f4","This paper demonstrates the impact of the enhancement in detectability by the dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) on board the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core observatory. By setting two minimum detectable reflectivities-12 and 18 dBZ-artificially to 6 months of GPM DPR measurements, the precipitation occurrence and volume increase by ~21.1% and ~1.9%, respectively, between 40°S and 40°N. GPM DPR is found to be able to detect light precipitation, which mainly consists of two distinct types. One type is shallow precipitation, which is most significant for convective precipitation over eastern parts of subtropical oceans, where deep convection is typically suppressed. The other type is probably associated with lower parts of anvil clouds associated with organized precipitation systems. While these echoes have lower reflectivities than the official value of the minimum detectable reflectivity, they are found to mostly consist of true precipitation signals, suggesting that the official value may be too conservative for some sort of meteorological analyses. These results are expected to further the understanding of both global energy and water budgets and the diabatic heating distribution. © 2016 American Meteorological Society."
"6602488967;","Precipitation: Theory, measurement and distribution",2006,"10.1017/CBO9780511535772","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84927076351&doi=10.1017%2fCBO9780511535772&partnerID=40&md5=543d9658a90593dea1fc438b069ee5d8","Precipitation plays a significant role in the climate system, and this book, originally published in 2006, was the first to provide a comprehensive examination of the processes involved in the generation of clouds, rain, snow and hail; how precipitation is measured; how its distribution has changed over time; and how we still need to make improvements to the way precipitation is measured. It traces our attempts to understand what clouds are, from ancient Greeks to the present day. It also discusses developments in the measurement of precipitation, from rain gauges to satellite techniques, and how these measurements have enabled researchers to estimate global trends, totals, variability and extremes of precipitation. This will be a valuable and fascinating reference for academic researchers in the fields of environmental science and climatology. It will also be of great interest to professionals in water resource and flood management. © I. Strangeways 2007."
"7102421547;14520933300;56083112000;56411659400;7402535701;7004232425;7102793004;57192085088;55391966100;6602883636;6603748992;8555206200;57192080695;7004529467;57192091964;8754354600;8947893100;","Pushing precipitation to the extremes in distributed experiments: recommendations for simulating wet and dry years",2017,"10.1111/gcb.13504","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84996636630&doi=10.1111%2fgcb.13504&partnerID=40&md5=bf479f66a92b7caab2fc58baf67f9fea","Intensification of the global hydrological cycle, ranging from larger individual precipitation events to more extreme multiyear droughts, has the potential to cause widespread alterations in ecosystem structure and function. With evidence that the incidence of extreme precipitation years (defined statistically from historical precipitation records) is increasing, there is a clear need to identify ecosystems that are most vulnerable to these changes and understand why some ecosystems are more sensitive to extremes than others. To date, opportunistic studies of naturally occurring extreme precipitation years, combined with results from a relatively small number of experiments, have provided limited mechanistic understanding of differences in ecosystem sensitivity, suggesting that new approaches are needed. Coordinated distributed experiments (CDEs) arrayed across multiple ecosystem types and focused on water can enhance our understanding of differential ecosystem sensitivity to precipitation extremes, but there are many design challenges to overcome (e.g., cost, comparability, standardization). Here, we evaluate contemporary experimental approaches for manipulating precipitation under field conditions to inform the design of ‘Drought-Net’, a relatively low-cost CDE that simulates extreme precipitation years. A common method for imposing both dry and wet years is to alter each ambient precipitation event. We endorse this approach for imposing extreme precipitation years because it simultaneously alters other precipitation characteristics (i.e., event size) consistent with natural precipitation patterns. However, we do not advocate applying identical treatment levels at all sites – a common approach to standardization in CDEs. This is because precipitation variability varies >fivefold globally resulting in a wide range of ecosystem-specific thresholds for defining extreme precipitation years. For CDEs focused on precipitation extremes, treatments should be based on each site's past climatic characteristics. This approach, though not often used by ecologists, allows ecological responses to be directly compared across disparate ecosystems and climates, facilitating process-level understanding of ecosystem sensitivity to precipitation extremes. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd"
"7004011998;8632797000;36069144100;8747183100;36605450500;7005523706;","Hydrologic evaluation of rainfall estimates from radar, satellite, gauge, and combinations on Ft. Cobb basin, Oklahoma",2011,"10.1175/2011JHM1287.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79960276322&doi=10.1175%2f2011JHM1287.1&partnerID=40&md5=fe6a99a707f8fca11efda74d51d5543e","This study evaluates rainfall estimates from the Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD), operational rain gauges, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA), and Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks Cloud Classification System (PERSIANN-CCS) in the context as inputs to a calibrated, distributed hydrologic model. A high-density Micronet of rain gauges on the 342-km 2 Ft. Cobb basin in Oklahoma was used as reference rainfall to calibrate the National Weather Service's (NWS) Hydrology Laboratory Research Distributed Hydrologic Model (HL-RDHM) at 4-km/l-h and 0.25°/3-h resolutions. The unadjusted radar product was the overall worst product, while the stage IV radar product with hourly rain gauge adjustment had the best hydrologic skill with a Micronet relative efficiency score of -0.5, only slightly worse than the reference simulation forced by Micronet rainfall. Simulations from TRMM-3B42RT were better than PERSIANNCCS- RT (a real-time version of PERSIANN-CSS) and equivalent to those from the operational rain gauge network. The high degree of hydrologic skill with TRMM-3B42RT forcing was only achievable when the model was calibrated atTRMM's 0.25°/3-h resolution, thus highlighting the importance of considering rainfall product resolution during model calibration. © 2011 American Meteorological Society."
"8511991900;7404865816;55713905400;7202772927;55718206700;","Simulations of cumulus clouds using a spectral microphysics cloud-resolving model",2007,"10.1029/2006JD007688","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34547953604&doi=10.1029%2f2006JD007688&partnerID=40&md5=f402f9e8def6172bca18590a5ee578c8","We have investigated the effects of aerosols on the development of cumulus clouds using a two-dimensional spectral-bin cloud-resolving model. A convective cloud event occurring on 24 August 2000 in Houston, Texas, was simulated and the model results were compared with available radar and rain gauge measurements. Simulations assuming different aerosol chemical compositions were conducted to examine the impacts on cumulus development. The cloud microphysical and macrophysical properties changed considerably with the aerosol chemical properties. With varying the aerosol composition from only (NH<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf>, (NH<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf> with soluble organics, to (NH<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf> with slightly soluble organics, the number of activated aerosols in cloud decreased accordingly, leading to a decrease in the cloud droplet number concentration and an increase in the droplet size. Increasing activated aerosols resulted in the increase of ice crystal formation by homogeneous freezing, more extensive riming, lower supersaturation (S<inf>w</inf> and S<inf>ice</inf>), less efficient growth of graupel, and more melting precipitation. Ice microphysical processes were more sensitive to the changes of aerosol chemical properties than the warm rain processes. The changes in macrophysical properties were more evident: The increase of activated aerosols resulted in longer cell lifetime, larger cell size, stronger secondary convective cell, and more accumulated precipitation. The simulation with the aerosol composition of (NH<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf> with slightly soluble organics and an activation scheme of a reformulation of the Köhler theory to include the effect of slightly soluble organics and soluble HNO<inf>3</inf> agreed well with the observations. The simulation captured the major convective cell observed from the field measurements. The predicted convective cell intensity, cell size, cell lifetime, and accumulated rain were in agreement with the observations. Copyright 2007 by the American Geophysical Union."
"6602612204;7202218898;35592744300;7202921033;6602982852;","Evidence for increased latent heat transport during the Cretaceous (Albian) greenhouse warming",2004,"10.1130/G20828.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-11044228013&doi=10.1130%2fG20828.1&partnerID=40&md5=0a632067090f1ec4315cc1ba4d4ff92e","Quantitative estimates of increased heat transfer by atmospheric H 2O vapor during the Albian greenhouse warming suggest that the intensified hydrologic cycle played a greater role in warming high latitudes than at present and thus represents a viable alternative to oceanic heat transport. Sphaerosiderite δ18O values in paleosols of the North American Cretaceous Western Interior Basin are a proxy for meteoric δ18O values, and mass-balance modeling results suggest that Albian precipitation rates exceeded modern rates at both mid and high latitudes. Comparison of modeled Albian and modern precipitation minus evaporation values suggests amplification of the Albian moisture deficit in the tropics and moisture surplus in the mid to high latitudes. The tropical moisture deficit represents an average heat loss of ∼75 W/m2 at 10°N paleolatitude (at present, 21 W/m2). The increased precipitation at higher latitudes implies an average heat gain of ∼83 W/m2 at 45°N (at present, 23 W/m2) and of 19 W/m2 at 75°N (at present, 4 W/m2). These estimates of increased poleward heat transfer by H2O vapor during the Albian may help to explain the reduced equator-to-pole temperature gradients. © 2004 Geological Society of America."
"6701653010;56597519200;7102024878;57203859138;7006253794;","Measurements of drop size distribution in the southwestern Amazon basin",2002,"10.1029/2001JD000355","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-36448950903&doi=10.1029%2f2001JD000355&partnerID=40&md5=ccffd6f828eab26525161ad8151c689a","Simultaneous observations of an optical and an impact type disdrometer and their application in radar rainfall estimation are evaluated. The disdrometers and two collocated rain gauges were operated in the southwest Amazon region of Brazil in 1999 as part of a NASA Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) field campaign and the hydrometeorological component of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment (LBA). During the experiment, we observed large drops with diameters greater than 5 mm. These large drops were not adequately detected by the impact disdrometer and resulted in differences in drop size distribution and integral rain parameters derived from the two sensors. Considering coincident observations, we calculated that the impact disdrometer recorded about 11% lower rainfall accumulations than the optical disdrometer. In addition, radar rainfall algorithms, which we derived from the impact and optical disdrometer measurements, showed instrument dependency. Out of four radar rainfall algorithms that we considered, rain rate derived from specific differential phase has the least dependency, while the rain rate derived from reflectivity at horizontal polarization and differential reflectivity combined exhibited the largest. We also observed the characteristics of rainfall and drop size distribution in two distinct wind regimes present during the TRMM-LBA field campaign. Rain was heavier in the easterly regime, with more large drops being present. Copyright 2002 by the American Geophysical Union."
"7102953444;57202413846;7004109472;","GCM-simulated surface energy fluxes in climate change experiments",1997,"10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<3093:GSSEFI>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031393859&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0442%281997%29010%3c3093%3aGSSEFI%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=eee4872904029a0a30a3be4c1b3b128f","The changes in the surface energy fluxes calculated with a general circulation model under increased levels of carbon dioxide concentration are analyzed and related to the simulation of these fluxes under present-day conditions. It is shown that the errors in the simulated fluxes under present climate are often of similar or larger magnitude than the simulated changes of these quantities. A similar relationship may be found in climate change experiments of many GCMs. Although this does not imply that the projected changes of the fluxes are wrong, more accurate absolute values would improve confidence in GCM-simulated climate change scenarios. The global mean increase in the downward component of the longwave radiation, which is the direct greenhouse forcing at the surface, is on the order of 10 W m-2 at the time of double carbon dioxide in a transient coupled atmosphere-ocean scenario experiment. This is an amount similar to the underestimation of this quantity in the present-day simulations compared to surface observations. Thus, it is only with doubled carbon dioxide concentration that the simulated greenhouse forcing at the surface reaches the values observed at present. The simulated shortwave radiation budget at the surface is less affected by the increased levels of carbon dioxide than the longwave budget on the globel scale. Regionally and seasonally, the changes in the incoming shortwave radiation at the surface can exceed 20 W m-2, mainly due to changes in cloud amounts. The projected changes, however, are generally of smaller magnitude than the systematic control run at the majority of 720 observation sites. The positive feedback between excessive radiation and surface processes leading to excessive summer dryness and temperatures over continental surfaces in the control run is enhanced in the doubled carbon dioxide experiment, resulting in a massive increase in the projected surface temperature. In the high-resolution T106 time-slice scenario experiment performed in this study the global mean latent heat flux and associated intensity of the hydrological cycle is slightly decreased rather than increased with doubled carbon dioxide. A reduction in surface wind speed in the T106 scenario is suggested as a major factor for the revers of sign. The improved representation of the orography with T106 resolution allows a better estimate of the projected changes of surface energy fluxes in mountain areas, as demonstrated for the European Alps."
"7005922032;6602697681;57197265708;","Life cycles of moist baroclinic eddies",1992,"10.1175/1520-0469(1992)049<0306:LCOMBE>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026489357&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0469%281992%29049%3c0306%3aLCOMBE%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=3cebe90126a9849c6d9c62eb436f184d","Initial states corresponded to climatological winter and summer zonal average states. For most experiments the perturbation had a fundamental zonal wavenumber 7. The wave's vertical motion produced midtropospheric supersaturation whose heating further amplified the vertical motion. Consequently, the largest effects of condensation were associated with vertical transports. Compared to corresponding dry experiments, intensified vertical motions increased the maximum kinetic energy attained by the wave, but they also depleted the eddy available potential energy more rapidly, thus inducing a faster evolution of the life cycle. The hydrological cycle induced by the wave was largely confined to the lower troposphere, but the strongest effects of condensation on eddy dynamics occurred in the upper troposphere, so the condensational heating altered only weakly the intensity of the wave-induced moisture cycle. -from Authors"
"36497581000;56035883000;7003431332;7003427413;","Contrasting roles of interception and transpiration in the hydrological cycle &ndash; Part 2: Moisture recycling",2014,"10.5194/esd-5-471-2014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84908030738&doi=10.5194%2fesd-5-471-2014&partnerID=40&md5=ebee1a4a173cf4b4d8d32679d6f08c24","The contribution of land evaporation to local and remote precipitation (i.e. moisture recycling) is of significant importance to sustain water resources and ecosystems. But how important are different evaporation components in sustaining precipitation This is the first paper to present moisture recycling metrics for partitioned evaporation. In the companion paper Wang-Erlandsson et al. (2014) (hereafter Part 1), evaporation was partitioned into vegetation interception, floor interception, soil moisture evaporation and open-water evaporation (constituting the direct, purely physical fluxes, largely dominated by interception), and transpiration (delayed, biophysical flux). Here, we track these components forward as well as backward in time. We also include age tracers to study the atmospheric residence times of these evaporation components. We present a new image of the global hydrological cycle that includes quantification of partitioned evaporation and moisture recycling as well as the atmospheric residence times of all fluxes. We demonstrate that evaporated interception is more likely to return as precipitation on land than transpired water. On average, direct evaporation (essentially interception) is found to have an atmospheric residence time of 8 days, while transpiration typically resides for 9 days in the atmosphere. The process scale over which evaporation recycles is more local for interception compared to transpiration; thus interception generally precipitates closer to its evaporative source than transpiration, which is particularly pronounced outside the tropics. We conclude that interception mainly works as an intensifier of the local hydrological cycle during wet spells and wet seasons. On the other hand, transpiration remains active during dry spells and dry seasons and is transported over much larger distances downwind, where it can act as a significant source of moisture. Thus, as various land-use types can differ considerably in their partitioning between interception and transpiration, our results stress that land-use changes (e.g. forest-to-cropland conversion) do not only affect the magnitude of moisture recycling, but could also influence the moisture recycling patterns and lead to a redistribution of water resources. As such, this research highlights that land-use changes can have complex effects on the atmospheric branch of the hydrological cycle. © Author(s) 2014."
"7006689358;","Floods in future climates: A review",2012,"10.1111/j.1753-318X.2012.01150.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84869029114&doi=10.1111%2fj.1753-318X.2012.01150.x&partnerID=40&md5=b4255ac917f342ac16b0088feda6891e","At the global scale, the warming of the atmosphere will increase the capacity of the atmosphere to hold and accelerate the redistribution of water in the atmosphere. This suggests that flood-generating processes linked to the atmosphere are likely to increase. However, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projections of future floods involve extremely complex issues that defy simple generalisations. Warming will alter other aspects of the water cycle increasing evaporation, changing precipitation patterns and intensity, and also affecting the processes involved in surface storage of water, including snowpack generation, snowmelt, river ice break-up, and glacial melt. Many of these are active in flood generation, and changes may cause floods to decrease as well as increase. However, these processes take place not at the global scale but at relatively local scale, making generalisations about flooding in future climates difficult and uncertain. At the global scale, the role of land use is generally unresolved, but at a watershed scale, land-use effects can be as important as changes in the meteorological processes. This review shows that while meteorologically driven flooding is expected to increase in a changed climate, making a precise pronouncement regarding all floods is unwise, as many types of floods will respond differently to changing climate and that because floods are watershed scale events, these local effects will remain important. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and The Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management (CIWEM)."
"55723087300;6603460877;56047655300;7403431449;15052076900;","Carbon and conodont apatite oxygen isotope records of Guadalupian-Lopingian boundary sections: Climatic or sea-level signal?",2011,"10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.08.016","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-81555204379&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2011.08.016&partnerID=40&md5=c8fbb17d0580fb0b9793d782dfdc26ef","The Guadalupian-Lopingian (G-L) boundary (260.4Ma) is one of the major extinction events in Earth history that coincides with the Emeishan Large Igneous Province and palaeoclimatic changes. Carbon isotopes of whole rock samples were studied in order to document changes in the global carbon cycle. In contrast to earlier studies, we observe no major negative excursion in δ13C in the middle Capitanian. A positive δ13C excursion is observed in the latest Capitanian with a 1.5% increase registered in the J. xuanhanensis Zone to C. postbitteri hongshuiensis Subzone, followed by a decrease of 1% within the C. postbitteri postbitteri Subzone and a 2% decrease in the C. dukouensis to C. asymmetrica Zone. Oxygen isotopes of conodonts from two G-L boundary sections were measured in order to reconstruct conodont habitat and potential changes in water temperature. Oxygen isotope ratios of gondolellid conodonts are higher in comparison to oxygen isotope ratios measured on hindeodid conodonts suggesting that gondollelids lived in cooler and thus deeper waters compared with hindeodids. The oxygen isotope record reconstructed from gondollelid conodonts suggests warming of water temperatures of about 4°C in the late Capitanian (J. postserrata to J. granti Zone), cooling of about 6 to 8°C across the G-L boundary and in the earliest Wuchiapingian, and again significant warming in the Wuchiapingian (C. dukouensis to C. liangshanensis Zone). The temperature increase can be correlated with the main phase of Emeishan volcanism suggesting that climatic warming may have resulted in an intensified hydrological cycle, fertilisation of the oceans and enhanced primary productivity, the latter documented in the positive late Capitanian carbon isotope excursion. However, changes in sea-level seem to parallel reconstructed water temperatures suggesting that changes in water depth in combination with superimposed climatic changes may be responsible for the observed temperature changes. This study documents that oxygen isotope studies on Permian conodonts should be performed on mono-generic conodont samples and that oxygen isotopes not only provide valuable palaeoclimatic information but also may help to constrain the life habitat of conodonts. © 2011 Elsevier B.V."
"21734205100;57210200760;6602348198;7004533232;13805883800;","Influence of climate model biases and daily-scale temperature and precipitation events on hydrological impacts assessment: A case study of the United States",2010,"10.1029/2009JD012965","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77955376519&doi=10.1029%2f2009JD012965&partnerID=40&md5=be2fc92cd4297d75d406a52fb864367b","The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fourth Assessment Report concludes that climate change is now unequivocal, and associated increases in evaporation and atmospheric water content could intensify the hydrological cycle. However, the biases and coarse spatial resolution of global climate models limit their usefulness in hydrological impact assessment. In order to reduce these limitations, we use a high-resolution regional climate model (RegCM3) to drive a hydrological model (variable infiltration capacity) for the full contiguous United States. The simulations cover 1961-1990 in the historic period and 2071-2100 in the future (A2) period. A quantile-based bias correction technique is applied to the times series of RegCM3-simulated precipitation and temperature. Our results show that biases in the RegCM3 fields not only affect the magnitude of hydrometeorological variables in the baseline hydrological simulation, but they also affect the response of hydrological variables to projected future anthropogenic increases in greenhouse forcing. Further, we find that changes in the intensity and occurrence of severe wet and hot events are critical in determining the sign of hydrologic change. These results have important implications for the assessment of potential future hydrologic changes, as well as for developing approaches for quantitative impacts assessment. Copyright 2010 by the American Geophysical Union."
"57154887200;57034458200;55985660100;","A modeling study of Typhoon Nari (2001) at landfall. Part I: Topographic effects",2008,"10.1175/2008JAS2453.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-56849095412&doi=10.1175%2f2008JAS2453.1&partnerID=40&md5=3ea84cfc920388d0310d894dada9e60c","Although there have been many observational and modeling studies of tropical cyclones, understanding of their intensity and structural changes after landfall is rather limited. In this study, several 84-h cloud-resolving simulations of Typhoon Nari (2001), a typhoon that produced torrential rainfall of more than 1400 mm over Taiwan, are carried out using a quadruply nested-grid mesoscale model whose finest grid size was 2 km. It is shown that the model reproduces reasonably well Nari's kinematic and precipitation features as well as structural changes, as verified against radar and rain gauge observations. These include the storm track, the contraction and sizes of the eye and eyewall, the spiral rainbands, the rapid pressure (∼1.67 hPa h-1) during landfall, and the nearly constant intensity after landfall. In addition, the model captures the horizontal rainfall distribution and some local rainfall maxima associated with Taiwan's orography. A series of sensitivity experiments are performed in which Taiwan's topography is reduced to examine the topographic effects on Nari's track, intensity, rainfall distribution, and amount. Results show that the impact of island terrain on Nari's intensity is nearly linear, with stronger storm intensity but less rainfall in lower-terrain runs. In contrast, changing the terrain heights produces nonlinear tracks with circular shapes and variable movements associated with different degrees of blocking effects. Parameter and diagnostic analyses reveal that the nonlinear track dependence on terrain heights results from the complex interactions between the environmental steering flow, Nari's intensity, and Taiwan's topography, whereas the terrain-induced damping effects balance the intensifying effects of latent heat release associated with the torrential rainfall in maintaining the near-constant storm intensity after landfall. © 2008 American Meteorological Society."
"56108229100;7003269462;7103400827;7004602212;7004028173;8520597000;7007160870;7102125732;7005256846;7401740951;6602628508;7003724825;36901885500;7103057693;7101668091;6603899872;","When trends intersect: The challenge of protecting freshwater ecosystems under multiple land use and hydrological intensification scenarios",2015,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.127","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84938987840&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2015.03.127&partnerID=40&md5=0b3baf4a4fac7f862116b14692cfd053","Intensification of the use of natural resources is a world-wide trend driven by the increasing demand for water, food, fibre, minerals and energy. These demands are the result of a rising world population, increasing wealth and greater global focus on economic growth. Land use intensification, together with climate change, is also driving intensification of the global hydrological cycle. Both processes will have major socio-economic and ecological implications for global water availability. In this paper we focus on the implications of land use intensification for the conservation and management of freshwater ecosystems using Australia as an example. We consider this in the light of intensification of the hydrologic cycle due to climate change, and associated hydrological scenarios that include the occurrence of more intense hydrological events (extreme storms, larger floods and longer droughts). We highlight the importance of managing water quality, the value of providing environmental flows within a watershed framework and the critical role that innovative science and adaptive management must play in developing proactive and robust responses to intensification. We also suggest research priorities to support improved systemic governance, including adaptation planning and management to maximise freshwater biodiversity outcomes while supporting the socio-economic objectives driving land use intensification. Further research priorities include: i) determining the relative contributions of surface water and groundwater in supporting freshwater ecosystems; ii) identifying and protecting freshwater biodiversity hotspots and refugia; iii) improving our capacity to model hydro-ecological relationships and predict ecological outcomes from land use intensification and climate change; iv) developing an understanding of long term ecosystem behaviour; and v) exploring systemic approaches to enhancing governance systems, including planning and management systems affecting freshwater outcomes. A major policy challenge will be the integration of land and water management, which increasingly are being considered within different policy frameworks. © Published by Elsevier B.V."
"8651675100;8626175400;55927220900;","Changes in terrestrial water storage versus rainfall and discharges in the Amazon basin",2013,"10.1002/joc.3647","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84880360281&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.3647&partnerID=40&md5=7793ca5283209b6feef2aba175deef92","This study examines how the interannual variability of rainfall impacts the land water storage in the Amazon basin during the 2003-2010 time span at monthly time-scale using respectively, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite observations. Monthly estimates of GRACE-based terrestrial water storage (TWS) are compared to (1) TRMM rainfall, (2) in situ discharges at the outlet of the major sub-basins of the Amazon over 2003-2010 to characterize the redistribution of precipitation on land water. The time-variations of land water storage derived from GRACE are consistent with those of rainfall and discharges at basin and sub-basin scales even at interannual time-scales (correlation generally greater than 0.7). The study of the relationship between these two quantities reveals large differences in terms of rainfall amount, water storage, time delays, resulting of the water transport among the sub-basins of the Amazon. The analysis of GRACE data has enabled identification of the signature of the recent extreme climatic events (droughts of 2005 and 2010, flood of 2009) on the land water storage, in terms of spatial patterns and intensity. These results are in good agreement with what was observed on independent datasets (water levels and discharges, vegetation activity, forest fires, and drought index), highlighting the interest of gravimetry from space missions for the characterization of the interannual variability of the TWS. GRACE data offer the unique opportunity to monitor the hydrological cycle in ungauged basins where reliable observations of rainfall and discharges are missing. © 2013 Royal Meteorological Society."
"7006585013;37014317900;7404859457;55891718300;7404498930;7404348898;44561196100;36885939400;49964012400;36806609400;7201447287;49962886900;","Sea-level and salinity fluctuations during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum in Arctic Spitsbergen",2011,"10.1016/j.epsl.2010.12.043","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79951809537&doi=10.1016%2fj.epsl.2010.12.043&partnerID=40&md5=8a577079c103e9da7845942e79ed6734","Palaeoenvironmental manifestations of the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM; ~56Ma) are relatively well documented in low- to mid-latitude settings and at high southern latitudes, but no documented high northern latitude sites record the entire hyperthermal event. We present high-resolution multi-proxy records from a PETM succession on Spitsbergen in the high Arctic (palaeolatitude ~75°N). By comparing our results with those from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site 302-4A, we document regional palaeoenvironmental variations in the expression of the PETM, with evidence for major differences in basin-margin vegetation and water column oxygen depletion. Sedimentological, palynological and geochemical data demonstrate a pre-PETM sea level rise in Spitsbergen before the -4‰ δ13CTOC excursion, which culminated in maximum flooding during the peak of the event. The appearance of the dinoflagellate cyst Apectodinium before the onset of the carbon isotope excursion (CIE) corroborates that environmental change in the Arctic had begun prior to the CIE. Sedimentological and palynological evidence indicate that elevated terrestrial runoff resulted in water column stratification, providing further evidence for an intensification of the hydrological cycle during the PETM. © 2010 Elsevier B.V."
"55944537900;7005742190;","Rainfall distribution in the Andes of southern Ecuador derived from blending weather radar data and meteorological field observations",2011,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.10.018","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78650772403&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2010.10.018&partnerID=40&md5=45fab3fa6f9e824ac68a3dbf564ec705","The Andes of Ecuador show an extreme heterogeneity of spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation. The existing operational network of the national weather service is not capable of reproducing these complex patterns. By using a cost-efficient rain radar and a network of high-resolution rain gauges, the real complexity of the rainfall distribution and the meteorological processes of rainfall formation can be assessed. A blending method encompassing geostatistical tools allows to derive a comprehensive rainfall climatology for the study area. Precipitation is predominantly of the advective type, associated with humid air masses from the Amazon basin transported by the tropical easterlies. The typical form is light to heavy drizzle with long duration but lower rain rates.However, in contrast to former knowledge there is no single mechanism of rain formation for any given place. Several processes interact like small and large-scale convective cloud systems, local and regional valley/mountain breeze systems and terrain-lines of preferred moisture transport interact on various time scale. This leads to complex patterns of rainfall in space and time. Several types of characteristic weather situations are revealed by the study. They are characterized by specific combinations of local and regional atmospheric processes and interactions with the topographical configuration. They are modified by mesoscale and continental circulation patterns as the annual shift of pressure cells, the east Andean low-level Jet and katabatic flows. © 2010 Elsevier B.V."
"15623255900;6701464520;6602372116;56090385300;6603313185;56267987600;","Fertilization of the northwestern Tethys (Vocontian basin, SE France) during the Valanginian carbon isotope perturbation: Evidence from calcareous nannofossils and trace element data",2007,"10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.07.010","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33845591996&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2006.07.010&partnerID=40&md5=428eb46e171b78d8858925bea92e6cdd","A high resolution calcareous nannofossil study associated with a geochemical analysis (major, trace elements, and carbon and oxygen isotope stratigraphies) was carried out in the Angles section (hemipelagic setting of the Vocontian basin, SE France) during the Valanginian positive carbon isotope excursion. The behaviour of calcareous nannofossil taxa in relation to fertility conditions was studied to elaborate new nutrient indices in this environment: a high nutrient index based on Biscutum spp., Discorhabdus rotatorius, Zeugrhabdotus fissus, (high fertility indicators) and Watznaueria barnesae (low fertility indicator); and a medium nutrient index based on Lithraphidites carniolensis (medium fertility indicator) and W. barnesae (low fertility indicator). These two indices show a major fertilization from the Stephanophorus ammonite Zone to the Trinodosum ammonite Zone, with a maximum during the positive carbon isotope excursion. Since high values of the nutrient indices are in phase with high values of chemical elements related to terrigenous material and low values of the coccolith total abundance, it is proposed that pulses of detrital inputs into the basin triggered the nutrification which, in turn, caused a biocalcification crisis of the calcareous nannofossils. Nutrification is also responsible for the reef demise in the surrounded platforms, as indicated by the increased Sr/Ca seawater ratio at that time. The intensification of the Paranà-Etendeka volcanic activity, triggering CO2 excess in the atmosphere, is probably responsible for an acceleration of the hydrological cycle, the increased weathering, and the subsequent higher terrigenous and nutrient transfer from continents to the Vocontian basin. In such a scenario, nutrification is a dominant factor controlling neritic and hemipelagic biocalcification. However, one cannot exclude that the global increase of atmospheric CO2 could generate chemical changes of the sea-surface waters, acting with the nutrification, to modify the biocalcification of the carbonate producers. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"35975039100;35096299800;24458137900;53878006900;","An overview of the Earth system science of solar geoengineering",2016,"10.1002/wcc.423","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84978414643&doi=10.1002%2fwcc.423&partnerID=40&md5=185f73ea17b580b02e72f77e68133c54","Solar geoengineering has been proposed as a means to cool the Earth by increasing the reflection of sunlight back to space, for example, by injecting reflective aerosol particles (or their precursors) into the lower stratosphere. Such proposed techniques would not be able to substitute for mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as a response to the risks of climate change, as they would only mask some of the effects of global warming. They might, however, eventually be applied as a complementary approach to reduce climate risks. Thus, the Earth system consequences of solar geoengineering are central to understanding its potentials and risks. Here we review the state-of-the-art knowledge about stratospheric sulfate aerosol injection and an idealized proxy for this, ‘sunshade geoengineering,’ in which the intensity of incoming sunlight is directly reduced in models. Studies are consistent in suggesting that sunshade geoengineering and stratospheric aerosol injection would generally offset the climate effects of elevated GHG concentrations. However, it is clear that a solar geoengineered climate would be novel in some respects, one example being a notably reduced hydrological cycle intensity. Moreover, we provide an overview of nonclimatic aspects of the response to stratospheric aerosol injection, for example, its effect on ozone, and the uncertainties around its consequences. We also consider the issues raised by the partial control over the climate that solar geoengineering would allow. Finally, this overview highlights some key research gaps in need of being resolved to provide sound basis for guidance of future decisions around solar geoengineering. WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:815–833. doi: 10.1002/wcc.423. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. © 2016 The Authors. WIREs Climate Change published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc."
"7403119519;55511747699;7006766881;25030776200;","Temporary acceleration of the hydrological cycle in response to a CO 2 rampdown",2010,"10.1029/2010GL043730","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77954408514&doi=10.1029%2f2010GL043730&partnerID=40&md5=1de07d2214cf638fe3765114ac5a431b","Current studies of the impact of climate change mitigation options tend to scale patterns of precipitation change linearly with surface temperature. Using climate model simulations, we show a nonlinear hydrological response to transient global warming and a substantial side effect of climate mitigation. In an idealised representation of mitigation action, where we reverse the trend of global warming, the precipitation response shows significant hysteresis behaviour due to heat previously accumulated in the ocean. Stabilising or reducing CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere is found temporarily to strengthen the global hydrological cycle, while reducing rainfall over some tropical and subtropical regions. The drying trend under global warming over The Amazon, Australia and western Africa may intensify for decades after CO 2 reductions. The inertia due to accumulated heat in the ocean implies a commitment to hydrological cycle changes long after stabilisation or reduction of atmospheric CO2concentration. Copyright 2010 by the American Geophysical Union."
"36105786800;7401526171;7005052907;24081550100;6507229952;57189710110;","Bias adjustment of satellite precipitation estimation using ground-based measurement: A case study evaluation over the southwestern United States",2009,"10.1175/2009JHM1099.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77952589110&doi=10.1175%2f2009JHM1099.1&partnerID=40&md5=d8c748c7a519bf9d719a8991c46cf7b4","Reliable precipitation measurement is a crucial component in hydrologic studies. Although satellite-based observation is able to provide spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation, the measurements tend to show systematic bias. This paper introduces a grid-based precipitation merging procedure in which satellite estimates from the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks-Cloud Classification System (PERSIANN-CCS) are adjusted based on the Climate Prediction Center (CPC) daily rain gauge analysis. To remove the bias, the hourly CCS estimates were spatially and temporally accumulated to the daily 1°×1° scale, the resolution of CPC rain gauge analysis. The daily CCS bias was then downscaled to the hourly temporal scale to correct hourly CCS estimates. The bias corrected CCS estimates are called the adjusted CCS (CCSA) product. With the adjustment from the gauge measurement, CCSA data have been generated to provide more reliable high temporal/spatial-resolution precipitation estimates. In the case study, the CCSA precipitation estimates from the proposed approach are compared against ground-based measurements in high-density gauge networks located in the southwestern United States. © 2009 American Meteorological Society."
"9732423300;6602174580;","Water table is a relevant source for water uptake by a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand: Evidences from continuous evapotranspiration and water table monitoring",2008,"10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.04.009","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-49949104022&doi=10.1016%2fj.agrformet.2008.04.009&partnerID=40&md5=cd25f622da36ec14bb204756c9590bb1","The objective of this study was to quantify the main terms of the water cycle in a Scots pine stand (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing on a sandy soil and to estimate the contribution of the shallow water table (0.80 m deep in spring) to the forest water use. Continuous monitoring was organized in 2005 to measure climate, throughfall, soil moisture, tree transpiration and water table variations at a half-hourly basis. Leaf area index seasonal dynamic was measured and roots were counted down to the bottom of the soil profile. Forest floor evapotranspiration was modelled with Granier et al. [Granier, A., Bréda, N., Biron, P., Villette, S., 1999. A lumped water balance model to evaluate duration and intensity of drought constraints in forest stands. Ecol. Model. 116, 269-283]. From May to November, pine transpiration never exceeded 1.85 mm d-1 and reached a total of 176.4 mm, which corresponded to 25% of potential evapotranspiration, whereas the understorey evapotranspiration was 130 mm (i.e. 18-20% of the stand water use). The maximum soil water reserve measured over the soil rooted zone was 250 mm, in which 145 mm was extractable water. A 3.5-week period with no rain was observed in June, which induced a regulation of pine transpiration when the soil extractable water reached 0.25 of its maximum value. We applied the water table fluctuation (WTF) method [White, W., 1932. A method for estimating groundwater supplies based on discharge by plants and evaporation from soil. US Geol. Survey Water Supply Paper 659-A. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC] to estimate the water table daily loss of water. A relationship was established with potential evapotranspiration and the actual transpiration fluxes of the stand. Yet, it was not possible to extract from the WTF results the part that was effectively contributing to actual transpiration. We applied then the WTF methodology on longer time intervals, with a focus on periods with no rains. From May to November, the contribution of the water table to forest transpiration reached 61%. During the drought period in June, the water table contributed to 98.5% of the water uptake by vegetation, through its contribution to the capillary rise above the water table. The presence of a groundwater table with a floor down to 180-200 cm allowed this stand to rely upon water that otherwise would have drained deeper. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"36497581000;36873346600;","The residence time of water in the atmosphere revisited",2017,"10.5194/hess-21-779-2017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85012085346&doi=10.5194%2fhess-21-779-2017&partnerID=40&md5=ed633bff16d3aa56847c86a98a0878d7","This paper revisits the knowledge on the residence time of water in the atmosphere. Based on state-of-the-art data of the hydrological cycle we derive a global average residence time of 8.9 ± 0.4 days (uncertainty given as 1 standard deviation). We use two different atmospheric moisture tracking models (WAM-2layers and 3D-T) to obtain atmospheric residence time characteristics in time and space. The tracking models estimate the global average residence time to be around 8.5 days based on ERA-Interim data. We conclude that the statement of a recent study that the global average residence time of water in the atmosphere is 4-5 days, is not correct. We derive spatial maps of residence time, attributed to evaporation and precipitation, and age of atmospheric water, showing that there are different ways of looking at temporal characteristics of atmospheric water. Longer evaporation residence times often indicate larger distances towards areas of high precipitation. From our analysis we find that the residence time over the ocean is about 2 days less than over land. It can be seen that in winter, the age of atmospheric moisture tends to be much lower than in summer. In the Northern Hemisphere, due to the contrast in ocean-to-land temperature and associated evaporation rates, the age of atmospheric moisture increases following atmospheric moisture flow inland in winter, and decreases in summer. Looking at the probability density functions of atmospheric residence time for precipitation and evaporation, we find long-tailed distributions with the median around 5 days. Overall, our research confirms the 8&ndash;10-day traditional estimate for the global mean residence time of atmospheric water, and our research contributes to a more complete view of the characteristics of the turnover of water in the atmosphere in time and space. © Author(s) 2017."
"26767712900;23082420800;7006354215;7003543851;7003922138;6701853567;6603875926;","The response of the Walker circulation to Last Glacial Maximum forcing: Implications for detection in proxies",2011,"10.1029/2010PA002083","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80052238288&doi=10.1029%2f2010PA002083&partnerID=40&md5=bb8eb42f006eaac4506f0740076548b6","The response of the Walker circulation to Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) forcing is analyzed using an ensemble of six coordinated coupled climate model experiments. The tropical atmospheric overturning circulation strengthens in all models in a manner that is dictated by the response of the hydrological cycle to tropical cooling. This response arises from the same mechanism that has been found to explain the weakening of the tropical circulation in response to anthropogenic global warming but with opposite sign. Analysis of the model differences shows that the ascending branch of the Walker circulation strengthens via this mechanism but vertical motion also weakens over areas of the Maritime Continent exposed due to lower sea level. Each model exhibits a different balance between these two mechanisms, and the result is a Pacific Walker circulation response that is not robust. Further, even those models that simulate a stronger Walker circulation during the LGM do not simulate clear patterns of surface cooling, such as La Nia-like cooling or enhanced equatorial cooling, as proposed by previous studies. In contrast, the changes in the Walker circulation have a robust and distinctive signature on the tilt of the equatorial thermocline, as expected from zonal momentum balance. The changes in the Walker circulation also have a clear signature on the spatial pattern of the precipitation changes. A reduction of the east-west salinity contrast in the Indian Ocean is related to the precipitation changes resulting from a weakening of the Indian Walker circulation. These results indicate that proxies of thermocline depth and sea surface salinity can be used to detect actual LGM changes in the Pacific and Indian Walker circulations, respectively, and help to constrain the sensitivity of the Walker circulation to tropical cooling. Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union."
"57153656200;24066456500;7202547195;7101860638;22935158900;17346560500;55738125200;57204297539;8523958300;7004477665;7404416268;7006961728;7407797613;6701689411;7202026956;22836772900;6508340903;57204947821;56559574900;57208033560;","Key indicators of Arctic climate change: 1971-2017",2019,"10.1088/1748-9326/aafc1b","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063958781&doi=10.1088%2f1748-9326%2faafc1b&partnerID=40&md5=0531376f1851d8bd7c6f30d7110122b9","Key observational indicators of climate change in the Arctic, most spanning a 47 year period (1971-2017) demonstrate fundamental changes among nine key elements of the Arctic system. We find that, coherent with increasing air temperature, there is an intensification of the hydrological cycle, evident from increases in humidity, precipitation, river discharge, glacier equilibrium line altitude and land ice wastage. Downward trends continue in sea ice thickness (and extent) and spring snow cover extent and duration, while near-surface permafrost continues to warm. Several of the climate indicators exhibit a significant statistical correlation with air temperature or precipitation, reinforcing the notion that increasing air temperatures and precipitation are drivers of major changes in various components of the Arctic system. To progress beyond a presentation of the Arctic physical climate changes, we find a correspondence between air temperature and biophysical indicators such as tundra biomass and identify numerous biophysical disruptions with cascading effects throughout the trophic levels. These include: increased delivery of organic matter and nutrients to Arctic near-coastal zones; condensed flowering and pollination plant species periods; timing mismatch between plant flowering and pollinators; increased plant vulnerability to insect disturbance; increased shrub biomass; increased ignition of wildfires; increased growing season CO2 uptake, with counterbalancing increases in shoulder season and winter CO2 emissions; increased carbon cycling, regulated by local hydrology and permafrost thaw; conversion between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; and shifting animal distribution and demographics. The Arctic biophysical system is now clearly trending away from its 20th Century state and into an unprecedented state, with implications not only within but beyond the Arctic. The indicator time series of this study are freely downloadable at AMAP.no. © 2019 2018 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd."
"35272482700;7202259586;7003697159;35271403600;7003498424;15760581700;9232408700;","Common tree growth anomalies over the northeastern Tibetan Plateau during the last six centuries: Implications for regional moisture change",2008,"10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01603.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-48849103113&doi=10.1111%2fj.1365-2486.2008.01603.x&partnerID=40&md5=9cf59813aa2c5023de2d3523cd93b158","The world's hydrological cycle is believed to intensify with global warming, yet current climate models have only a limited ability to assess moisture responses at regional scales. Tree-ring records are a valuable source of information for understanding long-term, regional-scale moisture changes, particularly for large regions such as the Tibetan Plateau (TP), where the observational data are short and sparse. Here, we present a new ring-width chronology developed from Qilian Juniper (Sabina przewalskii) wood at two sites on the northeastern TP. This chronology, combined with others from the same region, demonstrates that tree growth anomalies are linked to regional late spring to early summer moisture availability. Although late monsoon season precipitation in the study area decreased during recent decades, tree growth continued to increase due to persistent moisture availability in the early monsoon season. Comparison with global sea surface temperatures (SSTs) indicates that early (late) monsoon season precipitation is closely related to tropical Pacific (Indian Ocean) SSTs, suggesting a possible seasonal shift in the dominant moisture source area for monsoonal precipitation over the northeastern TP. It is further shown that there is a very high degree of coherency regarding low-frequency tree growth anomalies over the northeastern TP during the last six centuries. The most prominent drought epoch occurred during ca. 1450-1500, which may have been caused by a significant decrease in the thermal gradient between the Eurasian continent and the tropical oceans. A persistent tree growth increase since the 1880s is coincident with global warming, suggesting an intensified early monsoon season moisture regime in the study area. © Journal compilation © 2008 Blackwell Publishing."
"57201410408;15137624600;7007021905;","Quantitative precipitation forecasting of wintertime storms in the Sierra Nevada: Sensitivity to the microphysical parameterization and horizontal resolution",2005,"10.1175/MWR3004.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-27544454120&doi=10.1175%2fMWR3004.1&partnerID=40&md5=6e50e0412a6882128733e9fdb32fc48b","The skill of a mesoscale model in predicting orographic precipitation during high-impact precipitation events in the Sierra Nevada, and the sensitivity of that skill to the choice of the microphysical parameterization and horizontal resolution, are examined. The fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU-NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) and four bulk microphysical parameterization schemes examined are the Dudhia ice scheme, and the Schultz, GSFC, and Reisner2 mixed-phase schemes. The verification dataset consists of ground precipitation measurements from a selected number of wintertime heavy precipitation events documented during the Sierra Cooperative Pilot Project in the 1980s. At high horizontal resolutions, the predicted spatial precipitation patterns on the upwind Sierra Nevada slopes were found to have filamentary structure, with precipitation amounts over the transverse upwind ridges exceeding severalfold those over the nearby deep river valleys. The verification results show that all four tested bulk microphysical schemes in MM5 produce overprediction of precipitation on both the windward and lee slopes of the Sierra Nevada. The examined accuracy measures indicate that the Reisner2 scheme displays the best overall performance on both sides of the mountain range. The examined statistical skill scores on the other hand reveal that, regardless of the microphysical scheme used, the skill of the MM5 model in predicting the observed spatial distribution of the Sierra Nevada orographic precipitation is fairly low, that this skill is not improved by increasing the horizontal resolution of the model simulations, and that on average the quantitative precipitation forecasting (OPF) skill is better on the windward than on the lee side. Furthermore, a significance test shows that differences in skill scores obtained with the four microphysical schemes are not statistically significant. © 2005 American Meteorological Society."
"8287337100;57203348817;","Evaluation of an orographic precipitation model",2005,"10.1175/JHM-404.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-13244300467&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-404.1&partnerID=40&md5=f9fa309f2b7ebf7eb4c40cc0026ccfc8","The question of whether rain gauge data from complex terrain are suitable to test physical models of orographic precipitation or to estimate free parameters is addressed. Data from three projects are considered: the Intermountain Precipitation Experiment (IPEX) and the California Land-falling Jets Experiment (CALJET), both in the United States, and the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) in the European Alps. As a prototype physical model, a new linear theory including airflow dynamics, condensed water advection, and leeside evaporation was employed. Theoretical considerations using the linear model showed sensitivity of point measurements across an ideal hill. To assist in model evaluation with real data, a new measure of ""goodness of fit"" was defined. This measure, ""location sensitivity skill"" (LSS), rewards detail as well as accuracy. For real data comparison, the linear model predictions show skill using traditional methods and the new LSS measure. The findings show that the wind direction and stability, and especially the cloud time delay (tau), are the sensitive parameters for point precipitation. The cloud time delay was the primary controller of point precipitation amplitude, and the stability tended to shift the precipitation pattern. Direct measures of tau are generally not obtainable, but this study indirectly constrained tau to 0-1000 s. The need for a denser observational network with tighter time control was revealed. © 2005 American Meteorological Society."
"7006568483;7003292889;","Improved estimates of tropical and subtropical precipitation using the GOES precipitation index",1997,"10.1175/1520-0426(1997)014<0997:IEOTAS>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0000492385&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0426%281997%29014%3c0997%3aIEOTAS%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=857000b659d6c0ac605401e7934a71c5","Nine years (1986-94) of tropical and subtropical precipitation estimates based on the GOES precipitation index (GPI) are examined. The GPI, based on the results of studies relating fractional coverage of cold cloud to convective rainfall, uses IR observations gathered by geostationary and polar-orbiting satellites. Longitudinal discontinuities in mean GPI coincident with the boundaries of satellite coverage led to a comparison of GPI derived from each geostationary satellite in overlap regions. This study revealed both intersatellite calibration differences and satellite zenith angle dependence. Its goals are to remove these sources of systematic error within the GPI, investigate the climatology of the corrected GPI, and compare against other estimated rainfall datasets. To correct calibration differences, Global Precipitation Climatology Project geostationary satellite IR data are standardized to one satellite by temperature adjustments deduced by the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project. The resulting GPI values are corrected for zenith angle dependence based on a comparison between GOES-7 and Meteosat-3 that found a systematic increase in GPI of 9% for every 10° of zenith angle beyond 25°. The corrections remove noticeable discontinuities in time-averaged GPI and are largest (&gt;2 mm day-1) over the eastern Indian Ocean, the equatorial Pacific near the date line, and South America. The spatial correlation between corrected GPI and rainfall derived from rain gauges is greater than 0.8 in tropical regions with adequate gauge density. Empirical orthogonal functions of monthly anomalies of corrected GPI show the expected El Niño - Southern Oscillation spatial pattern."
"57209291267;57189387381;57192942959;57192937788;","Effects of land use/land cover and climate changes on surface runoff in a semi-humid and semi-arid transition zone in northwest China",2017,"10.5194/hess-21-183-2017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85009268768&doi=10.5194%2fhess-21-183-2017&partnerID=40&md5=5200e12ec20f7dbb355a36f67283207c","Water resources, which are considerably affected by land use/land cover (LULC) and climate changes, are a key limiting factor in highly vulnerable ecosystems in arid and semi-arid regions. The impacts of LULC and climate changes on water resources must be assessed in these areas. However, conflicting results regarding the effects of LULC and climate changes on runoff have been reported in relatively large basins, such as the Jinghe River basin (JRB), which is a typical catchment (&gt;45000 km2) located in a semi-humid and arid transition zone on the central Loess Plateau, northwest China. In this study, we focused on quantifying both the combined and isolated impacts of LULC and climate changes on surface runoff. We hypothesized that under climatic warming and drying conditions, LULC changes, which are primarily caused by intensive human activities such as the Grain for Green Program, will considerably alter runoff in the JRB. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was adopted to perform simulations. The simulated results indicated that although runoff increased very little between the 1970s and the 2000s due to the combined effects of LULC and climate changes, LULC and climate changes affected surface runoff differently in each decade, e.g., runoff increased with increased precipitation between the 1970s and the 1980s (precipitation contributed to 88% of the runoff increase). Thereafter, runoff decreased and was increasingly influenced by LULC changes, which contributed to 44% of the runoff changes between the 1980s and 1990s and 71% of the runoff changes between the 1990s and 2000s. Our findings revealed that large-scale LULC under the Grain for Green Program has had an important effect on the hydrological cycle since the late 1990s. Additionally, the conflicting findings regarding the effects of LULC and climate changes on runoff in relatively large basins are likely caused by uncertainties in hydrological simulations. © 2017 The Author(s)."
"15729641400;55584795537;57214289652;55344551600;","Evapotranspiration partitioning through in-situ oxygen isotope measurements in an oasis cropland",2016,"10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.12.003","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84951766679&doi=10.1016%2fj.agrformet.2015.12.003&partnerID=40&md5=b67b49a5b558360a25b163352a35484f","The oxygen isotope compositions of ecosystem water pools and fluxes are useful tracers in the water cycle. As part of the Heihe Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research (HiWATER) program, high-frequency and near-continuous in situ measurements of 18O composition of atmospheric vapor (δv) and of evapotranspiration (δET) were made with the flux-gradient method using a cavity ring-down spectroscopy water vapor isotope analyzer. At the sub-daily scale, we found, in conjunction with intensive isotopic measurements of other ecosystem water pools, that the differences between 18O composition of transpiration (δT) and of xylem water (δx) were negligible in early afternoon (13:00–15:00 Beijing time) when ET approached the daytime maximum, indicating isotopic steady state. At the daily scale, for the purpose of flux partitioning, δT was approximated by δx at early afternoon hours, and the 18O composition of soil evaporation (δE) was obtained from the Craig-Gordon model with a moisture-dependent soil resistance. The relative contribution of transpiration to evapotranspiration ranged from 0.71 to 0.96 with a mean of 0.87 ± 0.052 for the growing season according to the isotopic labeling, which was good agreement with soil lysimeter measurements showing a mean transpiration fraction of 0.86 ± 0.058. At the growing season scale, the predicted 18O composition of runoff water was within the range of precipitation and irrigation water according to the isotopic mass conservation. The 18O mass conservation requires that the decreased δ18O of ET should be balanced by enhanced δ18O of runoff water. © 2015 Elsevier B.V."
"55446881000;8632797000;7202487479;8277424000;7004011998;36188558500;35320743900;56211942600;55490109900;57205707002;","Performance evaluation of radar and satellite rainfalls for Typhoon Morakot over Taiwan: Are remote-sensing products ready for gauge denial scenario of extreme events?",2013,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.12.026","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84888049289&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2012.12.026&partnerID=40&md5=26ef14e955a382d66bbe2a54013603d2","This study evaluated rainfall estimates from ground radar network and four satellite algorithms with a relatively dense rain gauge network over Taiwan Island for the 2009 extreme Typhoon Morakot at various spatiotemporal scales (from 0.04° to 0.25° and hourly to event total accumulation). The results show that all the remote-sensing products underestimate the rainfall as compared to the rain gauge measurements, in an order of radar (-18%), 3B42RT (-19%), PERSIANN-CCS (28%), 3B42V6 (-36%), and CMORPH (-61%). The ground radar estimates are also most correlated with gauge measurements, having a correlation coefficient (CC) of 0.81 (0.82) at 0.04° (0.25°) spatial resolution. For satellite products, CMORPH has the best spatial correlation (0.70) but largely underestimates the total rainfall accumulation. Compared to microwave ingested algorithms, the IR-dominant algorithms provide a better estimation of the total rainfall accumulation but poorly resolve the temporal evolution of the warm cloud typhoon, especially for a large overestimation at the early storm stage. This study suggests that the best performance comes from the ground radar estimates that could be used as an alternative in case of the gauge denial. However, the current satellite rainfall products still have limitations in terms of resolution and accuracy, especially for this type of extreme typhoon. © 2012 Elsevier B.V."
"24512349100;24511929800;56283400100;","The Hadley and Walker circulation changes in global warming conditions described by idealized atmospheric simulations",2009,"10.1175/2009JCLI2794.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-68749118481&doi=10.1175%2f2009JCLI2794.1&partnerID=40&md5=a569fdab6998a8a9f50f755309b67851","Sea surface temperature (SST) changes constitute a major indicator and driver of climate changes induced by greenhouse gas increases. The objective of the present study is to investigate the role played by the detailed structure of the SST change on the large-scale atmospheric circulation and the distribution of precipitation. For that purpose, simulations from the Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace Coupled Model, version 4 (IPSL-CM4) are used where the carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is doubled. The response of IPSL-CM4 is characterized by the same robust mechanisms affecting the other coupled models in global warming simulations, that is, an increase of the hydrological cycle accompanied by a global weakening of the large-scale circulation. First, purely atmospheric simulations are performed to mimic the results of the coupled model. Then, specific simulations are set up to further study the underlying atmospheric mechanisms. These simulations use different prescribed SST anomalies, which correspond to a linear decomposition of the IPSL-CM4 SST changes in global, longitudinal, and latitudinal components. The simulation using a globally uniform increase of the SST is able to reproduce the modifications in the intensity of the hydrological cycle or in the mean upward mass flux, which also characterize the double CO2 simulation with the coupled model. But it is necessary (and largely sufficient) to also take into account the zonal-mean meridional structure of the SST changes to represent correctly the changes in the Hadley circulation strength or the zonal-mean precipitation changes simulated by the coupled model, even if these meridional changes by themselves do not change the mean thermodynamical state of the tropical atmosphere. The longitudinal SST anomalies of IPSL-CM4 also have an impact on the precipitation and large-scale tropical circulation and tend to introduce different changes over the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The longitudinal SST changes are demonstrated to have a smaller but opposite effect from that of the meridional anomalies on the Hadley cell circulations. Results indicate that the uncertainties in the simulated meridional patterns of the SST warming may have major consequences on the assessment of the changes of the Hadley circulation and zonal-mean precipitation in future climate projections. © 2009 American Meteorological Society."
"15726335100;6701762952;","SEVIRI rainfall retrieval and validation using weather radar observations",2009,"10.1029/2009JD012102","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-72049102862&doi=10.1029%2f2009JD012102&partnerID=40&md5=22ad49c1c7b6f16e9581a1ae1b603cd3","This paper presents and validates a new algorithm to detect precipitating clouds and estimate rain rates from cloud physical properties retrieved from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI). The precipitation properties (PP) algorithm uses information on cloud condensed water path (CWP), particle effective radius, and cloud thermodynamic phase to detect precipitating clouds, while information on CWP and cloud top height is used to estimate rain rates. An independent data set of weather radar data is used to determine the optimum settings of the PP algorithm and calibrated it. For a 2-month period, the ability of SEVIRI to discriminate precipitating from nonprecipitating clouds is evaluated using weather radar over the Netherlands. In addition, weather radar and rain gauge observations are used to validate the SEVIRI retrievals of rain rate and accumulated rainfall across the entire study area and period. During the observation period, the spatial extents of precipitation over the study area from SEVIRI and weather radar are highly correlated (correlation ≈ 0.90), while weaker correlations (correlation ≈ 0.63) are found between the spatially mean rain rate retrievals from these instruments. The combined use of information on CWP, cloud thermodynamic phase, and particle size for the detection of precipitation results in an increase in explained variance (∼10%) and decrease in false alarms (∼15%), as compared to detection methods that are solely based on a threshold CWP. At a pixel level, the SEVIRI retrievals have an acceptable accuracy (bias) of about 0.1 mm h-1 and a precision (standard error) of about 0.8 mm h-1. It is argued that parts of the differences are caused by collocation errors and parallax shifts in the SEVIRI data and by irregularities in the weather radar data. In future studies we intend to exploit the observations of the European weather radar network Operational Programme for the Exchange of Weather Radar Information (OPERA) and extend this study to the entirety of Europe. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union."
"57202083853;57211219633;","Changes in extreme precipitation in Texas",2010,"10.1029/2009JD013398","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77955190072&doi=10.1029%2f2009JD013398&partnerID=40&md5=0d1545069003df7d47af1a9a18734222","An increase in global temperature leads to the intensification of a hydrologic cycle, which, in turn, affects spatiotemporal characteristics of precipitation. The distribution of precipitation plays an important role in water resources planning at regional and local scales. In this study, the state of Texas was used as a study area. Five kinds of annual precipitation extremes, based on the annual maximum (1, 7, and 30 days) and on the threshold level (95th and 97.5 percentiles), were analyzed. Applying the extreme value theory, a generalized extreme value distribution was fitted to these extremes, and quantiles were calculated for the preclimatic change period (1925-1964) and the postclimatic change period (1965-2005) to understand the possible changes in frequency patterns in terms of both spatial and temporal scales. Furthermore, the trend analysis of extreme precipitation was performed using the Mann-Kendall test for preclimatic and postclimatic change periods to determine possible increasing or decreasing patterns. On the basis of the quantiles obtained for different return periods using 1 day extreme precipitation on an annual scale, mixed results were observed. The stations with higher quantiles, based on 1 day extreme events during the preclimatic period, were located mostly in the subtropical subhumid regions, whereas those during the postclimatic change period were located in most of the climatic zones. Similarly, results based on other extreme variables showed that the changes in the temporal and spatial characteristics of quantiles as well as increasing or decreasing patterns were observed at different locations during preclimatic and postclimatic change periods.Copyright 2010 by the American Geophysical Union."
"36787519500;8554472500;55939363100;6507355875;","Rainfall variability over mountainous and adjacent lake areas: The case of Lake Tana basin at the source of the Blue Nile River",2009,"10.1175/2009JAMC2092.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70349661995&doi=10.1175%2f2009JAMC2092.1&partnerID=40&md5=f22dd61134503b4e3d4f5f25f00d4615","The water resource of the Blue Nile River is of key regional importance to the northeastern African countries. However, little is known about the characteristics of the rainfall in the basin. In this paper, the authors presented the space-time variability of the rainfall in the vicinity of Lake Tana, which is the source of the Blue Nile River. The analysis was based on hourly rainfall data from a network of newly installed rain gauges, and cloud temperature indices from the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG-2) Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) satellite sensor. The spatial and temporal patterns of rainfall were examined using not only statistical techniques such as exceedance probabilities, spatial correlation structure, harmonic analysis, and fractal analysis but also marginal statistics such as mean and standard deviation. In addition, a convective index was calculated from remote sensing images to infer the spatial and temporal patterns of rainfall. Heavy rainfall is frequent at stations that are relatively close to the lake. The correlation distances for the hourly and the daily rainfall are found at about 8 and 18 km, respectively. The rainfall shows a strong spatially varying diurnal cycle. The nocturnal rainfall was found to be higher over the southern shore of Lake Tana than over the mountainous area farther to the south. The maximum convection occurs between 1600 and 1700 local standard time (LST) over the Gilgel Abbay, Ribb, and Gumara catchments, and between 2200 and 2300 LST over Lake Tana and the Megech catchments. In addition, the hourly rainfall of the station with the highest elevation is relatively closely clustered as compared to those stations at lower elevation. The study provides relevant information for understanding rainfall variation with elevation and distance from a lake. This understanding benefits climate and hydrological studies, water resources management, and energy development in the region. © 2009 American Meteorological Society."
"35069934500;6701427325;","Estimating the effects of climate change on groundwater recharge and baseflow in the upper Ssezibwa catchment, Uganda",2009,"10.1623/hysj.54.4.713","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70349528103&doi=10.1623%2fhysj.54.4.713&partnerID=40&md5=dc2dbc8201d33abc811b11ab8621140b","The effects of climate change on groundwater recharge and baseflow in the upper Ssezibwa catchment, Uganda, are investigated. The study first examines historical data, which indeed reveal evidence of climate change based on trends observed in temperature and discharge. For the climate change study, the statistical downscaling model (SDSM) is used to downscale future climate change scenarios, which were obtained from the UK HadCM3 climate model. The downscaled climate is used as input to the WetSpa hydrological model, a physically-distributed rainfall-runoff model, which was used to simulate the resulting hydrological changes. Downscaled climate shows an increase in precipitation in the wet seasons (March-May; October-December) ranging from 30% in the 2020s to over 100% in the 2080s. The corresponding rise in temperature ranges between 1 and 4°C. These changes are shown to give rise to intensification of the hydrological cycle. The mean annual daily baseflow for the current period of 157 mm/year (69% of discharge), is expected to increase by 20-80% between the 2020s and 2080s. The corresponding increase in recharge ranges from 20 to 100% from the current 245mm/year. The findings provide a basis for further research in the downscaling of climate data and sensitivity analysis for simulated hydrological changes in the catchment. Copyright © 2009 IAHS Press."
"57203348817;30067839200;9245000500;33267957900;","Orographic precipitation in the tropics: Experiments in Dominica",2009,"10.1175/2008JAS2920.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-69849099323&doi=10.1175%2f2008JAS2920.1&partnerID=40&md5=8be3a3d93b5182eae9d599160c83a732","The ""natural laboratory"" of mountainous Dominica (15°N) in the trade wind belt is used to study the physics of tropical orographic precipitation in its purest form, unforced by weather disturbances or by the diurnal cycle of solar heating. A cross-island line of rain gauges and 5-min radar scans from Guadeloupe reveal a large annual precipitation at high elevation (7 m yr-1) and a large orographic enhancement factor (2 to 8) caused primarily by repetitive convective triggering over the windward slope. The triggering is caused by terrain-forced lifting of the conditionally unstable trade wind cloud layer. Ambient humidity fluctuations associated with open-ocean convection may play a key role. The convection transports moisture upward and causes frequent brief showers on the hilltops. The drying ratio of the full air column from precipitation is less than 1% whereas the surface air dries by about 17% from the east coast to the mountain top. On the lee side, a plunging trade wind inversion and reduced instability destroys convective clouds and creates an oceanic rain shadow. © 2009 American Meteorological Society."
"7402327199;25629225000;","Water security in north China and countermeasure to climate change and human activity",2008,"10.1016/j.pce.2008.02.009","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-43649085613&doi=10.1016%2fj.pce.2008.02.009&partnerID=40&md5=f7e085a69881088a8acaee7bf9ac49fb","This paper addresses the emergent issues by the case study of Haihe River Basin in North China. The advantage of the water international study and the background for the cause of these problems from natural change and in particular human activity are analyzed. The key points are addressed as four aspects: (a) the study of the water cycle process impacted by climate change and high intensity human activity; (b) water utilization related to new economic partner change, such as saving water model; (c) study on eco-hydrology, and the interaction of water and ecology impacted by climate change and human activity; and (d) reasonable water allocation that includs water diversion from south to north and saving water issue in the local areas. Several suggestions are proposed both on the study on the water cycle, which is a very important base of water security in north China, and on the application study of water resources and eco-environmental rehabilitation. These key issues will benefit both the advantage of water science and the sustainable development in China. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved."
"11939918300;56188106700;57206546852;7003748648;","Cloud-resolving ensemble simulations of the August 2005 alpine flood",2008,"10.1002/qj.252","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-41649110897&doi=10.1002%2fqj.252&partnerID=40&md5=18554ad74b67dcebcda3b1dc29dca5ff","In this study we explore the potential benefits of applying a cloud-resolving ensemble prediction system (EPS; 2.2 km grid spacing) over its driving synoptic-scale limited-area EPS (COSMO-LEPS, 10 km grid spacing, driven by the ECMWF EPS) for a case of heavy precipitation over the Alpine region. The selected event is the devastating August 2005 flood that affected the northern Alpine slopes. The cloud-resolving EPS includes an explicit treatment of deep convection and dynamically downscales the COSMO-LEPS information. Results are compared against rain-gauge and radar data. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the results to initial versus lateral boundary uncertainties are analyzed using a series of additional simulations. Comparison of the cloud-resolving and its driving limited-area EPS pinpoints the high skill of both ensembles in simulating the major phase of heavy precipitation. The high-resolution EPS yields more realistic rain amounts, in particular in areas of active convection, but in general the resolution-induced differences tend to be smaller than typical member-to-member variability. The differences between the two ensembles can be tied to the synoptic situation (stratiform or convective precipitation, location of the cyclone), to the mesoscale interaction of the flow with the topography (flow over the Alpine ridge), and to the experimental set-up (lead time and computational domain). For the considered event and set-up, the growth of initial perturbations dominates over lateral boundary uncertainties during the first ∼12 integration hours. Afterwards, the ensemble spread is controlled by large-scale error growth advected from the lateral boundaries into the domain. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society."
"7801534840;57117494000;","Fisheries ecololgy and management of the Jaraqui (Semaprochilodus Taeniurus, S. Insignis) in central Amazonia",1990,"10.1002/rrr.3450050302","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025589652&doi=10.1002%2frrr.3450050302&partnerID=40&md5=1974b81d740afa17afc9fafe9ca7cac6","The decline of heavily exploited stocks of large, high quality, food fishes in central Amazonia has led to increasing fishing pressure on smaller taxa, especially the jaraqui (Semiprochilodus spp.). The Prochilodontids, now the most important species to the fisheries, are seined by commercial fishermen during three distinct peridos. At the beginning of the annual floods, schools of mature jaraquis in poor‐water tributaries migrate downstream to spawn in the nutrient rich white‐water rivers. During these rapid spawning runs, fishing effort is concentrated in the lowermost reaches of the tributaries. After spawning, they return in small groups to feed intensively in the flooded forest of the same tributaries from which they had migrated. This period, of approximately three months, may be considered as a natural closed season to the fisheries. The dispersal migration is most complex and requires distinct fishing strategies. In the middle of the floods large schools of fat jaraqui descend from the tributaries to the white‐water rivers again. From there, they move upstream to different poor‐water tributaries. As downstream movements are more diffcult to observe, fishermen remain at fixed fishing grounds. This contrasts with the dynamic strategies of the subsequent upstream fishing period which contributes 60 per cent of the annual catches. Fluctuations in catch are shown to reflect year to year variations in abundance, which are linked to the hydrological cycle. Considering that fishing over the stocks of jaraqui has already more than compensated for the deficit in catch of larger species, a combination of increased effort and environmental problems could lead, in a short period to a depletion of one of the most profitable fisheries of central Amazonia. Regulation of the fisheries could benefit from a more reasonable distribution of effort among other migratory illiophagous species which remain unexploited, if the goal of sustainable yield and conservation of these stocks is to be achieved. Reserved waters in large strategic units of at least 300 km along white‐water rivers (which is equivalent to the maximum upstream displacement of jaraqui during their dispersal migrations) could also be useful to compensate for the loss of floodplain areas due to deforestaion, river regulation, use of pesticides, and mining. River impoundments in tributaries in central Amazonia may have little effect on jaraqui stocks, as spwning movements are unlikely to be directly interrupted by dams. However, alterations of the hydrological regime may also benefit from simulation of the flood cycle to mitigate potential negative impacts. Copyright © 1990 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd"
"35490828000;16041047000;15729547600;56768110900;7003627515;","Present-day and future Antarctic ice sheet climate and surface mass balance in the Community Earth System Model",2016,"10.1007/s00382-015-2907-4","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84983223885&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-015-2907-4&partnerID=40&md5=2a233c2f1170870cfed1226c41244abe","We present climate and surface mass balance (SMB) of the Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) as simulated by the global, coupled ocean–atmosphere–land Community Earth System Model (CESM) with a horizontal resolution of ∼ 1 ∘ in the past, present and future (1850–2100). CESM correctly simulates present-day Antarctic sea ice extent, large-scale atmospheric circulation and near-surface climate, but fails to simulate the recent expansion of Antarctic sea ice. The present-day Antarctic ice sheet SMB equals 2280 ± 131 Gtyear-1, which concurs with existing independent estimates of AIS SMB. When forced by two CMIP5 climate change scenarios (high mitigation scenario RCP2.6 and high-emission scenario RCP8.5), CESM projects an increase of Antarctic ice sheet SMB of about 70 Gtyear-1 per degree warming. This increase is driven by enhanced snowfall, which is partially counteracted by more surface melt and runoff along the ice sheet’s edges. This intensifying hydrological cycle is predominantly driven by atmospheric warming, which increases (1) the moisture-carrying capacity of the atmosphere, (2) oceanic source region evaporation, and (3) summer AIS cloud liquid water content. © 2016, The Author(s)."
"7003538024;55318416000;24460395800;7003953689;","Species-specific water use by forest tree species: From the tree to the stand",2012,"10.1016/j.agwat.2012.06.024","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84865355652&doi=10.1016%2fj.agwat.2012.06.024&partnerID=40&md5=eb6410e6f97f64480634bbee038524c8","Forests play a critical role in the hydrological cycle making the study of water use by trees and forest stands of prime importance in the global change context. Very negative effects of increasing and more intense droughts on forest vegetation have been described over the last decades. Symptoms of disease and decline have been associated with changed precipitation patterns in many forests particularly in European temperate and Mediterranean regions. Intra- and inter-specific differences in both physiology and morphology exert a large but not well understood influence on the water balance of forest ecosystems, further affecting their vulnerability to drought. Stand structure and composition influences rainfall interception, runoff and water fluxes of the whole ecosystem. Both expanding plantations of renovated interest for biofuel industry and natural and semi-natural forests must be managed in a sustainable way on the basis of their water consumption. We review the role of key drivers on forest water use such as species composition, tree canopy status of each of them and species specific sensitivity to soil water scarcity. Specifically we discuss the role of these factors for natural forest, but with references also to forest plantations. Water scarcity is expected to be one of the largest societal problems worldwide in the near future, so water use by natural and planted forest ecosystems has become a central subject in current research agendas. © 2012 Elsevier B.V."
"8658853400;7006380976;55999772700;","Cycles and propagation of deep convection over equatorial Africa",2011,"10.1175/2011MWR3500.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80053199993&doi=10.1175%2f2011MWR3500.1&partnerID=40&md5=3828f1734fcdf184fa9e1a944cc16309","Long-term statistics of organized convection are vital to improved understanding of the hydrologic cycle at various scales. Satellite observations are used to understand the timing, duration, and frequency of deep convection in equatorial Africa, a region with some of the most intense thunderstorms. Yet little has been published about the propagation characteristics of mesoscale convection in that region. Diurnal, subseasonal, and seasonal cycles of cold cloud (proxy for convective precipitation) are examined on a continental scale. Organized deep convection consists of coherent structures that are characteristic of systems propagating under a broad range of atmospheric conditions. Convection is triggered by heating of elevated terrain, sea/land breezes, and lake breezes. Coherent episodes of convection result from regeneration of convection through multiple diurnal cycles while propagating westward. They have an average 17.6-h duration and 673 km span; most have zonal phase speeds of 8-16 m s-1. Propagating convection occurs in the presence of moderate low-level shear that is associated with the southwesterly monsoonal flow and midlevel easterly jets. Convection is also modulated by eastward-moving equatorially trapped Kelvin waves, which have phase speeds of 12-22m s-1 over equatorial Africa. Westward propagation of mesoscale convection is interrupted by the dry phase of convectively coupled Kelvin waves. During the wet phase, daily initiation and westward propagation continues within the Kelvin wave and the cold cloud shields are larger. Mesoscale convection is more widespread during the active phase of the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) but with limited westward propagation. The study highlights multiscale interaction as a major source of variability in convective precipitation during the critical rainy seasons in equatorial Africa. © 2011 American Meteorological Society."
"35603060800;6603894998;","Simulated impact of past and possible future land use changes on the hydrological response of the Northern German lowland 'Hunte' catchment",2010,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.12.040","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77449088198&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2009.12.040&partnerID=40&md5=66fe80b887d5e493a1e65bab7a5d8dc8","Land use is a key factor controlling the hydrological behaviour of catchments. Changing land use therefore can have an important influence on the local hydrological cycle. Validated and process-based hydrological models are suitable tools to quantify the impact of a change in land use on the hydrological processes. In this study, the physically based catchment model WaSiM-ETH (Water Balance Simulation Model) was applied to a mesoscale lowland catchment in northern Germany (Hunte river, 2141 km2 at gauge Oldenburg). Model calibration and validation showed that WaSiM-ETH well represented the discharge of the main Hunte river while the discharge dynamics of a few lowland tributaries whose catchments are characterised by peaty soils and intense artificial drainage could not be represented. The purpose of this study was twofold; on the one hand to analyse the sensitivity of WaSiM-ETH to changes in land use observed in the decade 1990-2000, and on the other hand to quantify the impact of land use change projected for the future in terms of land use scenarios available to the public. The results showed that WaSiM-ETH is hardly sensitive to the slight changes observed in the last decade of the 20th century. By contrast, water flows simulated by WaSiM-ETH are clearly impacted by agricultural land use scenarios which were developed based on IPCC scenarios. However, the results also show that it is not sufficient to focus on agricultural land use, only. The proposed reduction of agricultural land leaves open the final land cover after land use change, e.g., forest or urban areas. This study demonstrated that WaSiM-ETH was more sensitive to the choice of the final land cover than to the difference in the scenarios (e.g., A1F1 versus B1). Therefore, we recommend to precisely define change in agricultural land use as well as the final land cover in order to estimate the realistic impact of land use change on hydrological behaviour. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"57203348817;","Progress on the theory of orographic precipitation",2006,"10.1130/2006.2398(01)","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-72249100550&doi=10.1130%2f2006.2398%2801%29&partnerID=40&md5=40c6110f2902e55cfebab5f287faf624","This paper presents a review of recent progress on the theory of orographic precipitation and a discussion of the role of preexisting atmospheric disturbances, especially their strong water vapor fluxes. I also introduce the basic elements of stable moist airflow dynamics and cloud physics, and a new linear theory of orographic precipitation. The theory is tested against two types of data: a single event of Alpine precipitation and the annual climatology of the Oregon coastal ranges. Different methods are used to determine the free ""cloud-delay"" parameters in the theory, including a statistical analysis of data from conventional rain gauges and isotope analysis of stream samples. The surprising threshold behavior of nonlinear accretion-dominated cloud physics is displayed. Finally, I consider the impact of scale-dependent precipitation patterns on erosion and terrain evolution. ©2006 Geological Society of America."
"7006874359;7005461477;","Vertical motion, diabatic heating, and rainfall characteristics in north Australia convective systems",1998,"10.1256/smsqj.54805","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031707797&doi=10.1256%2fsmsqj.54805&partnerID=40&md5=a8c612692b39a01280eb0b6b7bd187d4","Very-high-frequency wind-profiler data are used to study the vertical draught structure within 13 tropical Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs) near Darwin, Australia during the 1989-90 and 1990-91 wet seasons. These studies are supported by single-Doppler radar, soundings, and surface rainfall data to correlate radar reflectivity, thermal buoyancy, and surface rainfall patterns with vertical air-motion structures. Because of Darwin's unique location at the southern tip of the Maritime Continent, vertical draughts in both the monsoon (maritime) and monsoon break (continental) convective regimes can be observed. The break-regime MCSs (six in total) were all squall lines, characterized by a leading line of convection with heavy precipitation and trailing stratiform rainfall containing a characteristic radar bright band. These MCSs exhibited a pronounced life-cycle pattern and were all sampled by the profiler in the mature to dissipating stages. In contrast, the monsoon systems (seven in total) were composed of regions of stratiform cloud with embedded convective bands which moved on-shore in the monsoonal flow. Results from the Darwin rain-gauge network indicated that the majority of the total rainfall in each MCS (break and monsoon) was associated with the convective portion of the system. The break-regime MCSs were all characterized by a low-level (4 km) updraught peak associated with convective cells on the leading edge of each squall line, trailed by deeper convective updraughts in the middle and upper troposphere. For the monsoon cases, the lower-troposphere convective updraughts were typically less than those in the squall lines, yet were stronger in the upper troposphere. The low-level differences in the convective updraughts were consistent with the smaller virtual-temperature excess in the monsoon soundings, as well as the larger vertical radar-reflectivity gradients observed in monsoon convection. Consistent with the differences in vertical air-motion patterns, diabatic heating and moistening profiles for the monsoon MCSs were characterized by a higher-level heating and drying peak compared with the break MCSs. The results have important implications for cumulus parametrizations in numerical models since the large-scale circulation is sensitive to the vertical distribution of diabatic heating in tropical MCSs."
"7005071296;7006957668;7408612236;57154391900;7005461477;7003844316;7102643810;8618226200;","Potential role of dual-polarization radar in the validation of satellite precipitation measurements: Rationale and opportunities",2008,"10.1175/2008BAMS2177.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-53749084960&doi=10.1175%2f2008BAMS2177.1&partnerID=40&md5=79a4f56be2ed5d932c7d344af52efb1e","Dual-polarization weather radars have evolved significantly in the last three decades culminating in operational deployment by the National Weather Service. In addition to operational applications in the weather service, dual-polarization radars have shown significant potential in contributing to the research fields of ground-based remote sensing of rainfall microphysics, the study of precipitation evolution, and hydrometeor classification. Microphysical characterization of precipitation and quantitative precipitation estimation are important applications that are critical in the validation of satellite-bome precipitation measurements and also serve as valuable tools in algorithm development. This paper presents the important role played by dual-polarization radar in validating spaceborne precipitation measurements. Examples of raindrop size distribution retrievals and hydrometeor-type classification are discussed. The quantitative precipitation estimation is a product of direct relevance to spaceborne observations. During the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) program substantial advancement was made with ground-based polarization radars collecting unique observations in the tropics, which are noted. The scientific accomplishments of relevance to spaceborne measurements of precipitation are summarized. The potential of dual-polarization radars and opportunities in the era of the global precipitation measurement mission is also discussed. © 2008 American Meteorological Society."
"6701552501;7004160106;7103116704;7402390191;","Numerical simulation of the large-scale North American monsoon water sources",2003,"10.1029/2002jd003095","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1342311215&doi=10.1029%2f2002jd003095&partnerID=40&md5=ee79378dab7c174ad3dfc75e7f4e8d7b","A general circulation model that includes water vapor tracer (diagnostics is used to delineate the dominant sources of water vapor for precipitation during the North American monsoon. A 15-year model simulation carried out with 1-degree horizontal resolution and time-varying sea surface temperature is able to produce reasonable large-scale features of the monsoon precipitation. Within the core of the Mexican monsoon, continental sources provide much of the water for precipitation. Away from the Mexican monsoon (eastern Mexico and Texas), continental sources generally decrease with monsoon onset. Tropical Atlantic Ocean sources of water gain influence in the southern Great Plains states, where the total precipitation decreases during the monsoon onset. Pacific Ocean sources do contribute to the monsoon but tend to be weaker after onset. Evaluating the development of the monsoons, soil water and surface evaporation prior to monsoon onset do not correlate with the eventual monsoon intensity. However, the most intense monsoons do use more local sources of water than the least intense monsoons, but only after the onset. This suggests that precipitation recycling is an important factor in monsoon intensity. Copyright 2003 by the American Geophysical Union."
"7405541413;55317177900;36831209800;7003279969;","Suppressing impacts of the Amazonian deforestation by the global circulation change",2001,"10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<2209:SIOTAD>2.3.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0042202861&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0477%282001%29082%3c2209%3aSIOTAD%3e2.3.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=96a41c8972111d25d700b720587e7c28","Analyzing the Global Historical Climatology Network, outgoing longwave radiation, and NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data over the Amazon Basin, the authors find a clear interdecadal increasing trend over the past four decades in both rainfall and intensity of the hydrological cycle. These interdecadal variations are a result of the interdecadal change of the global divergent circulation. On the contrary, the impact of the Amazon deforestation as evaluated by all numerical studies has found a reduction of rainfall and evaporation, and an increase of temperature in the Amazon Basin extending its dry season. Evidently, the interdecadal trend of the basin's hydrological cycle revealed from observations functions in a course opposite to the deforestation scenario. Results of this study suggest that future studies analyzing the impact of the basin-scale deforestation on the regional hydrological cycle and climate should be reassessed with multidecade numerical simulations including both schemes handling the land-surface processes and the mechanism generating proper interdecadal variation of the global divergent circulation."
"7005369511;16425497600;16639418500;7004200407;22633257000;15071907100;","Emerging trends in heavy precipitation and hot temperature extremes in Switzerland",2016,"10.1002/2015JD024634","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84964438014&doi=10.1002%2f2015JD024634&partnerID=40&md5=c75bcb6b324f609c43473cc0499d78f4","Changes in intensity and frequency of daily heavy precipitation and hot temperature extremes are analyzed in Swiss observations for the years 1901–2014/2015. A spatial pooling of temperature and precipitation stations is applied to analyze the emergence of trends. Over 90% of the series show increases in heavy precipitation intensity, expressed as annual maximum daily precipitation (mean change: +10.4% 100 years-1; 31% significant, p &lt; 0.05) and in heavy precipitation frequency, expressed as the number of events greater than the 99th percentile of daily precipitation (mean change: +26.5% 100 years-1; 35% significant, p &lt; 0.05). The intensity of heavy precipitation increases on average by 7.7% K-1 smoothed Swiss annual mean temperature, a value close to the Clausius-Clapeyron scaling. The hottest day and week of the year have warmed by 1.6 K to 2.3 K depending on the region, while the Swiss annual mean temperature increased by 1.9 K. The frequency of very hot days exceeding the 99th percentile of daily maximum temperature has more than tripled. Despite considerable local internal variability, increasing trends in heavy precipitation and hot temperature extremes are now found at most Swiss stations. The identified trends are unlikely to be random and are consistent with climate model projections, with theoretical understanding of a human-induced change in the energy budget and water cycle and with detection and attribution studies of extremes on larger scales. © 2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57204744052;15729555500;56348216800;12786571000;6507398267;55907220900;56922176900;55323559100;7101775250;56868001000;","Recent Amazon climate as background for possible ongoing and future changes of Amazon humid forests",2015,"10.1002/2014GB005080","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84945196793&doi=10.1002%2f2014GB005080&partnerID=40&md5=81917fbd764ec66e7d3945b9699fef07","Recent analyses of Amazon runoff and gridded precipitation data suggest an intensification of the hydrological cycle over the past few decades in the following sense: wet season precipitation and peak river runoff (since ∼1980) as well as annual mean precipitation (since ∼1990) have increased, while dry season precipitation and minimum runoff have slightly decreased. There has also been an increase in the frequency of anomalously severe floods and droughts. To provide context for the special issue on Amazonia and its forests in a warming climate we expand here on these analyses. The contrasting recent changes in wet and dry season precipitation have continued and are generally consistent with changes in catchment-level peak and minimum river runoff as well as a positive trend of water vapor inflow into the basin. Consistent with the river records, the increased vapor inflow is concentrated to the wet season. Temperature has been rising by 0.7°C since 1980 with more pronounced warming during dry months. Suggestions for the cause of the observed changes of the hydrological cycle come from patterns in tropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Tropical and North Atlantic SSTs have increased rapidly and steadily since 1990, while Pacific SSTs have shifted during the 1990s from a positive Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) phase with warm eastern Pacific temperatures to a negative phase with cold eastern Pacific temperatures. These SST conditions have been shown to be associated with an increase in precipitation over most of the Amazon except the south and southwest. If ongoing changes continue, we expect forests to continue to thrive in those regions where there is an increase in precipitation with the exception of floodplain forests. An increase in flood pulse height and duration could lead to increased mortality at higher levels of the floodplain and, over the long term, to a lateral shift of the zonally stratified floodplain forest communities. Negative effects on forests are mainly expected in the southwest and south, which have become slightly drier and hotter, consistent with tree mortality trends observed at the RAINFOR Amazon forest plot network established in the early 1980s consisting of approximately 150 regularly censused 1ha plots in intact forests located across the whole basin. ©2015. The Authors."
"24559146000;16158496700;7403590454;23989896100;37053067100;35195251000;35254804500;","Spatial and temporal characteristics of changes in precipitation during 1957-2007 in the Haihe River basin, China",2011,"10.1007/s00477-011-0469-5","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80051785793&doi=10.1007%2fs00477-011-0469-5&partnerID=40&md5=76e31a4449b01b04437389748baee39c","The present study explores the spatial and temporal changing patterns of the precipitation in the Haihe River basin of North China during 1957-2007 at annual, seasonal and monthly scales. The Mann-Kendall and Sen's T tests are employed to detect the trends, and the segmented regression is applied to investigate possible change points. Meanwhile, Sen's slope estimator is computed to represent the magnitudes of the temporal trends. The regional precipitation trends are also discussed based on the regional index series of four sub-basins in the basin. Serial correlation of the precipitation series is checked prior to the application of the statistical test to ensure the validity of trend detection. Moreover, moisture flux variations based on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset are investigated to further reveal the possible causes behind the changes in precipitation. The results show that: (1) Although the directions of annual precipitation trends at all stations are downward, only seven stations have significant trends at the 90% confidence level, and these stations are mainly located in the western and southeastern Haihe River basin. (2) Summer is the only season showing a strong downward trend. For the monthly series, significant decreasing trends are mainly found during July, August and November, while significant increasing trends are mostly observed during May and December. In comparison with the annual series, more intensive changes can be found in the monthly series, which may indicate a shift in the precipitation regime. (3) Most shifts from increasing trends to decreasing trends occurred in May-June, July, August and December series, while opposed shifts mainly occurred in November. Summer is the only season displaying strong shift trends and the change points mostly emerged during the late 1970s to early 1980s. (4) An obvious decrease in moisture flux is observed after 1980 in comparison with the observations before 1980. The results of similar changing patterns between monthly moisture budget and precipitation confirmed that large-scale atmospheric circulation may be responsible for the shift in the annual cycle of precipitation in the Haihe River basin. These findings are expected to contribute to providing more accurate results of regional changing precipitation patterns and understanding the underlying linkages between climate change and alterations of hydrological cycles in the Haihe River basin. © 2011 Springer-Verlag."
"8723504500;57215311656;57207238566;55582769600;7103158465;","Modeling convective-stratiform precipitation processes on a Mei-Yu front with the Weather Research and Forecasting model: Comparison with observations and sensitivity to cloud microphysics parameterizations",2010,"10.1029/2010JD013873","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77957556463&doi=10.1029%2f2010JD013873&partnerID=40&md5=fc0315bcfff63def4a725b224d647c20","Deep convective-scale simulations of the linear mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) formed on a Mei-Yu front over the Huai River basin in China on 7-8 July 2007 were conducted using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model to investigate impacts of cloud microphysics parameterizations on simulated convective-stratiform precipitation processes. Eight simulations were performed with identical configurations, except for differences in the cloud microphysics parameterizations. Measurements from rain gauges, ground-based weather radars, and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite Precipitation Radar were used to quantitatively evaluate the model results. While all of the simulations largely capture the observed large-scale characteristics of the precipitation event, notable differences among the simulations are found in the morphology and evolution of the MCSs at mesoscale and cloud scale. Significant influences on the coupling between dynamical and microphysical processes at the resolved deep convective scale by the various microphysical parameterizations are evident. On the one hand, the different microphysical schemes produce not only substantial differences in intensity of convective precipitation but also distinguishable vertical distributions of latent heating and condensate loading in the deep convective regions, which in turn results in significant differences in the vertical distributions of vertical air velocity and in the heights and strength of detrainment from deep convective regions. Consequently, detrainment of hydrometeors and positively buoyant air from the deep convective regions to the stratiform regions is significantly different, which impacts the formation and growth of ice-phase hydrometeors at the upper levels and thus surface rainfall rates in the stratiform regions. On the other hand, prediction of rain size distribution significantly impacts the simulated rain evaporation rates and mass-weighted rain fall speeds, and hence rain flux. Improper determination of the intercept parameter of rain size distribution can result in unrealistic features in the morphology of the storm and can have substantial impacts on precipitation distribution and evolution. Copyright 2010 by the American Geophysical Union."
"26656393100;8284622100;7403959420;","Diurnal variations of precipitation during the warm season over China",2009,"10.1002/joc.1758","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-67649921020&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.1758&partnerID=40&md5=7c5580d4eda3c0303389aa6161c3df81","The spatial distribution and seasonal change of diurnal variations of precipitation during the warm season (May-September) over China were analysed using hourly data from 62 rain gauges during 1954-2001. Nocturnal precipitation predominates for the stations over the Tibetan Plateau as well as in south-west and north-west China. For stations to the east of about 110 °E, daytime precipitation predominates in the northern and southern parts, whereas nocturnal precipitation predominates in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the North China Plain. Further, the magnitude of diurnal variations first decreases and then increases from the south towards the north. Two stations located close to the Bohai Bay manifest morning maxima. The significant diurnal variations in vertical circulation (stronger during the day and weaker at night), the meso-local-scale mountain-valley winds, and the nighttime cooling of cloud tops could be the processes behind the nocturnal rain in the western part of China (to the west of about 110 °E). Daytime precipitation in the eastern part of China (to the east of about 110 °E) could be attributed to the moist convection connected with solar heating. The morning peaks for stations in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the North China Plain and the magnitude changing pattern in the eastern part seem to be connected with the advance and retreat of the East Asian summer monsoon. The morning maxima at coastal stations may be mainly attributed to the local land-sea breeze. The seasonal changes of diurnal variations for the western part of China are relatively small, with nighttime precipitation maxima remaining fairly constant during the warm season. This part is not directly influenced by the monsoon. For most of the stations in the eastern part, morning peaks tend to be strengthened/ weakened along with the East Asian monsoon's advancing/retreating. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society."
"16237812800;7003943110;7003982810;","Alteration of the hydrologic cycle due to forest clearing and its consequences for rainforest succession",2007,"10.1016/j.foreco.2007.03.030","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34248372940&doi=10.1016%2fj.foreco.2007.03.030&partnerID=40&md5=37617eb13d20681d3ba0fdc3917a0fc1","Since the 19th century, 41% of the land on Chiloé Island (41°50′S, 73°40′W) in Chile was cleared. Following clearing and burning, much of the converted land remains in sparse shrub cover. We hypothesized that the arrested conversion back to forests may reflect a nearly permanent condition associated with a rise in the water table. To evaluate this possibility we acquired data from a 60-year old evergreen forest and an area in shrub cover to parameterize two hydrologic models; one that accounts for hourly interception losses and predicts net precipitation (Gash model), the other that calculates hourly transpiration from both overstory and understory components as well as evaporation from the soil (a modified Penman-Monteith model). In addition, standpipes were installed to record water table levels over 18 months. The fraction of a total annual precipitation (∼2100 mm) transpired by shrub and forest cover differed (8% versus 22%) roughly in proportion to differences in the leaf area index (2.2 versus 5.0). Although whole canopy (stomatal) conductances were similar, the aerodynamic conductance was more than three-fold higher for forests compared with shrub cover (∼12 mol m-2 s-1 versus 3 mol m-2 s-1). The frequent wetting of tree canopies, combined with an average wind speed of 0.74 m s-1, resulted in ∼30% interception losses from forests compared with 1% of annual precipitation lost through this pathway from shrub cover. As a result of these differences, only about half of the precipitation enters the ground under forest cover compared to 90% under shrub cover. This difference in canopy interception losses accounts for a rise in the water table from an average of 45-10 cm. The high water table prevents normal tree regeneration. This condition is stable unless an effort is made to provide an elevated substrate for tree seedlings to become established. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"6701358470;7004129006;","Mississippi moisture budgets on regional scales",1999,"10.1175/1520-0493(1999)127<2654:MMBORS>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033401185&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0493%281999%29127%3c2654%3aMMBORS%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=2c11cda38ca8838e68083505e4e9b6c2","Two years of regional analyses based on the Eta Data Assimilation System (EDAS) are used to examine the mesoscale features of the moisture budgets of the Mississippi River basin and its subbasins. Despite the short period, basic aspects of the regional-scale seasonal means, annual cycle, and even diurnal cycle of the atmospheric water cycle are represented. The ability of the Eta Model to resolve mesoscale features of the low-level circulation is an important factor in improving the estimates of moisture flux convergence at regional scales. It appears that the internal consistency of moisture budgets estimated from EDAS analyses for basins of nearly 5 × 105 km2 is comparable to that computed from radiosondes for basins of about 2 × 106 km2 or larger. In other terms, the spatial scale of basins where consistent moisture budgets can be estimated appears to be reduced by almost one order of magnitude. Area-averaged evaporation estimates (computed as residuals of the moisture budget equation) for basins of about 5 × 105 km2 range from near zero during winter in the northern subbasins to about 5-6 mm day-1 during summer in the southern subbasin. It is suggested that the slightly negative estimates of evaporation in the northern subbasins during winter may partly result from an underestimation of observed precipitation due to the combined effect of wind and solid precipitation. No attempt was made at computing the model's moisture budget, since changes in the surface parameterizations prevented having a period long enough to achieve stable results. Broad aspects of the diurnal cycle during summer were also examined through nighttime-daytime differences. Consistent with other studies over the central United States, results show that the nighttime development of moisture flux convergence is associated with an increase of intensity of the low-level jet. Interestingly, the nighttime convergence of moisture flux is offset by divergence during daytime and, as a result, overall moisture flux divergence is observed during summer. A comparative analysis was made of the observed and model forecast precipitation to assess the model's overall performance during the 2-yr period. It was found that the spatial patterns, intensity, and even the broad aspects of the summertime diurnal cycle of the model forecast precipitation are similar to those observed. Nevertheless, some deficiencies exist: a dry bias was obtained over the central United States during summer and winter; during summer, the southeastern United States had an excess of precipitation similar to that observed in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction global model; during winter, forecast precipitation in the northwestern United States appears to have biases in location and intensity, which can be related to the largescale component of the model precipitation."
"55382698700;7003748648;","Projections of Future Precipitation Extremes Over Europe: A Multimodel Assessment of Climate Simulations",2017,"10.1002/2017JD027176","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85038034592&doi=10.1002%2f2017JD027176&partnerID=40&md5=cc1e070d64e1b6831ee82b1feec0ef56","Projections of precipitation and its extremes over the European continent are analyzed in an extensive multimodel ensemble of 12 and 50 km resolution EURO-CORDEX Regional Climate Models (RCMs) forced by RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 (Representative Concentration Pathway) aerosol and greenhouse gas emission scenarios. A systematic intercomparison with ENSEMBLES RCMs is carried out, such that in total information is provided for an unprecedentedly large data set of 100 RCM simulations. An evaluation finds very reasonable skill for the EURO-CORDEX models in simulating temporal and geographical variations of (mean and heavy) precipitation at both horizontal resolutions. Heavy and extreme precipitation events are projected to intensify across most of Europe throughout the whole year. All considered models agree on a distinct intensification of extremes by often more than +20% in winter and fall and over central and northern Europe. A reduction of rainy days and mean precipitation in summer is simulated by a large majority of models in the Mediterranean area, but intermodel spread between the simulations is large. In central Europe and France during summer, models project decreases in precipitation but more intense heavy and extreme rainfalls. Comparison to previous RCM projections from ENSEMBLES reveals consistency but slight differences in summer, where reductions in southern European precipitation are not as pronounced as previously projected. The projected changes of the European hydrological cycle may have substantial impact on environmental and anthropogenic systems. In particular, the simulations indicate a rising probability of summertime drought in southern Europe and more frequent and intense heavy rainfall across all of Europe. ©2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57191545632;57194324336;56554247400;6603264760;","Regulating urban surface runoff through nature-based solutions – An assessment at the micro-scale",2017,"10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.023","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85019763899&doi=10.1016%2fj.envres.2017.05.023&partnerID=40&md5=c5afcda5f02874f75c87f0265598d829","Urban development leads to changes of surface cover that disrupt the hydrological cycle in cities. In particular, impermeable surfaces and the removal of vegetation reduce the ability to intercept, store and infiltrate rainwater. Consequently, the volume of stormwater runoff and the risk of local flooding rises. This is further amplified by the anticipated effects of climate change leading to an increased frequency and intensity of heavy rain events. Hence, urban adaptation strategies are required to mitigate those impacts. A nature-based solution, more and more promoted in politics and academia, is urban green infrastructure as it contributes to the resilience of urban ecosystems by providing services to maintain or restore hydrological functions. However, this poses a challenge to urban planners in deciding upon effective adaptation measures as they often lack information on the performance of green infrastructure to moderate surface runoff. It remains unclear what type of green infrastructure (e.g. trees, green roofs), offers the highest potential to reduce discharge volumes and to what extent. Against this background, this study provides an approach to gather quantitative evidence on green infrastructure's regulation potential. We use a micro-scale scenario modelling approach of different variations of green cover under current and future climatic conditions. The scenarios are modelled with MIKE SHE, an integrated hydrological simulation tool, and applied to a high density residential area of perimeter blocks in Munich, Germany. The results reveal that both trees and green roofs increase water storage capacities and hence reduce surface runoff, although the main contribution of trees lies in increasing interception and evapotranspiration, whereas green roofs allow for more retention through water storage in their substrate. With increasing precipitation intensities as projected under climate change their regulating potential decreases due to limited water storage capacities. The performance of both types stays limited to a maximum reduction of 2.4% compared to the baseline scenario, unless the coverage of vegetation and permeable surfaces is significantly increased as a 14.8% reduction is achieved by greening all roof surfaces. We conclude that the study provides empirical support for the effectiveness of urban green infrastructure as nature-based solution to stormwater regulation and assists planners and operators of sewage systems in selecting the most effective measures for implementation and estimation of their effects. © 2017 Elsevier Inc."
"35737802100;14819528100;57202063471;7005456523;6507946980;54407610700;6503953490;7102366222;","Land-use change in the Atlantic rainforest region: Consequences for the hydrology of small catchments",2013,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.06.049","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84880826559&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2013.06.049&partnerID=40&md5=fbec29baa0b328f3f3718b5759237e08","The Atlantic forest of Brazil is one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world. Despite approximately 500years of intense land-use change in this biome, the influence of land-use changes on hydrological processes have yet to be investigated in-depth. To bridge this gap, we studied various features of three small catchments covered by pristine original montane cloud forest, pasture, and eucalyptus for 2years (January 2008-December 2009), including the hydraulic properties of soils, throughfall, overland flow and streamflow processes. The forest saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) was higher near the soil surface (0.15m depth) compared to eucalyptus and pasture. As a consequence, higher overland flow generation in terms of volume was observed in pasture and eucalyptus. Despite this increase in overland flow generation, overland flow coefficients (overland flow: precipitation ratio) were substantially low throughout the study period with slightly higher values in 2009. These low overland flow coefficients were attributed to the large predominance of low rainfall intensities (&lt;10mmh-1) as well as high Ksat spatial variability. These overland flow results and the absence of perched water table showed that catchments seem still to be dominated by vertical flowpaths irrespective of land-use. In this sense, the annual streamflow is still dominated by baseflow in all of the catchments. Therefore, despite reductions regarding interception and saturated hydraulic conductivity when converting forest to eucalyptus and pasture, the prevailing rainfall intensities do not cause runoff generation processes to be substantially different among land-uses. Forest and eucalyptus convert a similar proportion of annual precipitation to annual streamflow, with the more likely factors for these results being the high interception under forest and high transpiration under eucalyptus. Finally, cloud forest conversion to pasture does not promote significant monthly streamflow change. © 2013 Elsevier B.V."
"56001182000;55900043700;8624525500;7401975289;55579324000;","Responses of surface runoff to climate change and human activities in the arid region of Central Asia: A case study in the Tarim River Basin, China",2013,"10.1007/s00267-013-0018-8","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84877875093&doi=10.1007%2fs00267-013-0018-8&partnerID=40&md5=6be4da9b3e7ec62fc45a1d4db6e4101a","Based on hydrological and climatic data and land use/cover change data covering the period from 1957 to 2009, this paper investigates the hydrological responses to climate change and to human activities in the arid Tarim River basin (TRB). The results show that the surface runoff of three headstreams (Aksu River, Yarkant River and Hotan River) of the Tarim River exhibited a significant increasing trend since 1960s and entered an even higher-runoff stage in 1994. In the contrary, the surface runoff of Tarim mainstream displayed a persistent decreasing trend since 1960s. The increasing trend of surface runoff in the headstreams can be attributed to the combined effects of both temperature and precipitation changes during the past five decades. But, the decreasing trend of surface runoff in the mainstream and the observed alterations of the temporal and spatial distribution patterns were mainly due to the adverse impacts of human activities. Specifically, increasingly intensified water consumption for irrigation and the associated massive constructions of water conservancy projects were responsible for the decreasing trend of runoff in the mainstream. And, the decreasing trend has been severely jeopardizing the ecological security in the lower reaches. It is now unequivocally clear that water-use conflicts among different sectors and water-use competitions between upper and lower reaches are approaching to dangerous levels in TRB that is thus crying for implementing an integrated river basin management scheme. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York."
"16242392800;7102745183;","Ground observations to characterize the spatial gradients and vertical structure of orographic precipitation - Experiments in the inner region of the Great Smoky Mountains",2010,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.013","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77956187515&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2010.07.013&partnerID=40&md5=f67722c5c013283a1fc9109c08b69094","A new rain gauge network was installed in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) in the Southern Appalachians since 2007 to investigate the space-time distribution of precipitation in the inner mountain region. Exploratory Intense Observing Periods (IOPs) have been conducted in the summer and fall seasons to devise optimal long-term monitoring strategies, and Micro Rain Radars (MRR) were deployed twice in July/August and October/November 2008 at a mountain ridge location and a nearby valley. Rain gauge and MRR observations were analyzed to characterize seasonal (summer/fall) and orographic (valley/ridge) precipitation features. The data show that summer precipitation is characterized by large event-to-event variability including both stratiform and convective properties. During fall, stratiform precipitation dominates and rainfall is two times more frequent at the ridge than in the valley, corresponding to a 100% increase in cumulative rainfall at high elevation. For concurrent rain events, the orographic enhancement effect is on the order of 60%. Evidence of a seasonal signature in the drop size distribution (DSD) was found with significantly heavier tails (larger raindrops) for summer DSDs at higher elevations, whereas no significant differences were observed between ridge and valley locations during fall deployment. However, physically-based modeling experiments suggest that there are inconsistencies between the reflectivity profiles and MRR DSD estimates when large raindrop sizes are present. The number of very small drops is very high (up to two orders of magnitude) at high elevations as compared to the typical values in the literature, which cannot be explained only by fog and drizzle and suggest an important role for mixed phase processes in determining the shape of the DSD below the brightband. Because numerical modeling experiments show that coalescence is the dominant microphysical mechanism for DSD evolution for the relatively low to moderate observed rain rates characteristic of mountainous regions, it is therefore critical to clarify the shape and parameters that characterize the left-hand side of the DSD in mountainous regions. Finally, whereas low cost Micro Rain Radars (MRR) were found particularly useful for qualitative description of precipitation events and to identify rain/snow melting conditions, when compared against collocated rain gauges, MRR Quantitative Precipitation Estimation (QPE) is not reliable. Place-based calibration and reliance upon physically-based QPE retrieval algorithms can improve their utility. © 2010 Elsevier B.V."
"14830502800;8513647600;7006844456;7201779789;7202928981;","A model for flow in the chalk unsaturated zone incorporating progressive weathering",2009,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.11.043","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-58849110889&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2008.11.043&partnerID=40&md5=b18dde3234a2e29b63e34785fed2908a","Groundwater from unconfined chalk aquifers constitutes a major water resource in the UK. The unsaturated zone in such systems plays a crucial role in the hydrological cycle, determining the timing and magnitude of recharge, and the transport and fate of nutrients. However, despite more than three decades of study, our physical understanding of this system is incomplete. In this research, state of the art instrumentation provided high temporal resolution readings of soil moisture status, rainfall and actual evaporation from two sites in the Pang and Lambourn catchments (Berkshire, UK), for a continuous two year period (2004/5). A parsimonious, physically based model for the flow of water through the chalk unsaturated zone, including a novel representation of the soil and weathered chalk layers, was developed. The parameters were identified by inverse modelling using field measurements of water content and matric potential. The model was driven by rainfall and evaporation data, and simulated fluxes throughout the profile (including the discrete matrix and fracture components), down to the water table (but not the water table response). Results showed that the model was able to reproduce closely the observed changes in soil moisture status. Recharge was predominantly through the matrix, and the recharge response was strongly attenuated with depth. However, the activation of fast recharge pathways through fractures in the chalk unsaturated zone was highly sensitive to rainfall intensity. Relatively modest increases in rainfall led to dramatically different recharge patterns, with potentially important implications for groundwater flooding. The development and migration of zero flux planes with time and depth were simulated. The simulations also provided strong evidence that, for water table depths greater than 5 m, recharge fluxes persist throughout the entire year, even during drought conditions, with important implications for the calculation of specific yield from baseflow estimates and the representation of recharge in groundwater models. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"15765871600;7405483854;","Missing role of groundwater in water and nutrient cycles in the shallow eutrophic Lake Kasumigaura, Japan",2008,"10.1002/hyp.6684","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-42149180644&doi=10.1002%2fhyp.6684&partnerID=40&md5=4dd77fb94b7b2c164d61ed583419f900","A process-based model was developed, NICE-LAKE (NIES (National Institute for Environmental Studies) Integrated Catchment-based Ecohydrology), which includes interactions between surface water, canopy, unsaturated water, aquifer, lake and rivers, and used it to model the shallow eutrophic Lake Kasumigaura in Japan. By estimating the spatial distribution of the hydrological cycle, the model shows that groundwater withdrawal greatly affects groundwater distribution and seepage and indirectly influences lake water level. The simulated seepage agrees excellently with the budget-derived value calculated from the observed groundwater level, lake level and isotope analyses. The model showed that groundwater seepage and groundwater concentrations are important contributors to the eutrophication of Lake Kasumigaura, an important contribution not recognized in previous studies of the lake. Groundwater entering the take from the north side is contanidnated with high concentrations of nitrate and ammonia from intensive pig and cattle raising and cultivated fields. The simulation showed that this high nitrogen load plays an important role in the eutrophication of the lake (the nitrogen load in inflowing groundwater is 30% of river inflow and 4 times that from wastewater treatment plants) in spite of government policies to prevent overland flow of nutrients into the lake. Our results show that NICE-LAKE is a powerful tool for forecasting how the water quality of the lake will be affected by the (illegal) disposal of animal excreta in the surrounding open fields. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."
"6506643140;56250448700;6701555556;15319594400;","Impact of wind profile retrievals on the analysis of tropical cyclones in the JRA-25 reanalysis",2006,"10.2151/jmsj.84.891","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33846047408&doi=10.2151%2fjmsj.84.891&partnerID=40&md5=77865986ba06230070d073158bb4f494","A new long-term reanalysis project, JRA-25, has set as one of its main goals the realistic representation of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the reanalysis. To supplement in situ observations near TCs, wind profile data (TCR data) are retrieved based on best track information and assimilated. This paper addresses the benefits of using TCR data for the analysis of TCs. TC representation in the JRA-25 reanalysis is compared with other reanalysis data, and an experimental reanalysis (Control) without TCR data. The general result is that JRA-25 successfully represents the location and intensity of each TC. Among TC basins in the Northern Hemisphere, the TC representation in the JRA-25 data in the eastern North Pacific, and in the tropical Atlantic, where upper observations are sparse, is superior compared to other datasets that did not assimilate TCR data. In the western North Pacific, especially around Japan and the East China Sea, TCR data give little improvement in TC representation, since conventional upper observations are dense there and upstream of the active TC regions. TC detection rates in the Northern basins and over the entire globe, are computed using an objective procedure from the reanalysis datasets. The rate in JRA-25 is the highest in all basins among the datasets, and consistent through the period. The high qualified TC representation in intensity and location has a positive effect on a flow field, and hydrologic cycle around TCs. Case studies of TC track forecasts for a recurving TC, in which reanalysis data are used as initial conditions, suggest the JRA-25 data are more realistic than the Control. For these reasons, TCR data is effective in representing TCs and surrounding atmospheric conditions in JRA-25. © 2006, Meteorological Society of Japan."
"57209089997;6701573532;35453054300;26643566500;","Changes in global monsoon circulations since 1950",2003,"10.1023/A:1023638030885","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0038683538&doi=10.1023%2fA%3a1023638030885&partnerID=40&md5=d53b2be6d6520d61f4b304e0b75877c6","We examined changes in several independent intensity indices of four major tropical monsoonal circulations for the period 1950-1998. These intensity indices included observed land surface precipitation and observed ocean surface pressure in the monsoon regions as well as upper-level divergence calculated at several standard levels from the NCAR/NCEP reanalysis. These values were averaged seasonally over appropriate regions of southeastern Asian, western Africa, eastern Africa and the Australia/Maritime continent and adjacent ocean areas. As a consistency check we also examined two secondary indices: mean sea level pressure trends and low level convergence both from the NCEP reanalysis. We find that in each of the four regions examined, a consistent picture emerges indicating significantly diminished monsoonal circulations over the period of record, evidence of diminished spatial maxima in the global hydrological cycle since 1950. Trends since 1979, the period of strongest reported surface warming, do not indicate any change in monsoon circulations. When strong ENSO years are removed from each of the time series the trends still show a general, significant reduction of monsoon intensity indicating that ENSO variability is not the direct cause for the observed weakening. Most previously reported model simulations of the effects of rising CO2 show an increase in monsoonal activity with rising global surface temperature. We find no support in these data for an increasing hydrological cycle or increasing extremes as hypothesized by greenhouse warming scenarios."
"35345503300;7006184606;","Equilibrium atmospheres of a two-column radiative-convective model",1999,"10.1256/smsqj.55813","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032695412&doi=10.1256%2fsmsqj.55813&partnerID=40&md5=00cdc7c5015af41d69b2f62867bb354c","Interaction between steady, large-scale atmospheric circulations and a radiative-convective environment is considered. As a model tool, we use a two-column radiative-convective model with an explicit hydrological cycle that uses clear-sky conditions in the radiation calculation. A flow field is calculated by the linearized, hydrostatic equations of motion in a non-rotating frame of reference. Mechanical damping is represented by vertical diffusion of momentum and surface drag. The flow advects heat and moisture, and thereby modifies the local radiative-convective equilibrium. A dynamically passive ocean mixed layer is situated below the model atmosphere. All externally specified parameters are identical in the two columns, implying that local radiative-convective equilibrium is a steady solution. For weak mechanical damping (or small column length), the local equilibrium is generally unstable due to a positive feedback between large-scale subsidence and infrared cooling, which operates via advective drying. A circulating equilibrium, in which the air ascends in one column and descends in the other, is attained. Due to a reduced content of clear-sky water vapour, which is the major infrared absorber in the model, the circulating equilibrium can emit the absorbed solar radiation at a significantly lower surface temperature than the corresponding local equilibrium. In the limit of a nearly inviscid atmosphere, the intensity of the large-scale circulation is controlled chiefly by the mid-tropospheric radiative cooling in the downdraught column. In this regime, we find two distinct equilibria with circulation that are distinguished by the features of the downdraught column: one branch with deep convection but where the integrated convective heating vanishes due to evaporation of precipitation; and one branch with shallow (or no) convection where the surface boundary layer is disconnected from the free atmosphere."
"7003461830;6701840054;","Implementation of the ISBA parametrization scheme for land surface processes in a GCM - an annual cycle experiment",1994,"10.1016/0022-1694(94)90178-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028183826&doi=10.1016%2f0022-1694%2894%2990178-3&partnerID=40&md5=c73e8cbddbb4e1306d985e64722bf488","A parametrization scheme for the Interactions between Soil, Biosphere and Atmosphere (ISBA), has been implemented in the French spectral general circulation model (GCM) Emeraude. ISBA represents surface physical processes including the variability of soil hydrological properties and the influence of vegetation cover on the exchanges between the soil-cover system and the atmosphere. The main characteristics of the scheme, and the more recent improvements concerning the tropical rain forest, are briefly described. The method used to derive the maps of the surface parameters is also presented. Two 3 year experiments with and without ISBA are compared, with special emphasis on the results at specific locations where observations are available. The general features of the model climatology are found to be independent of the inclusion of the scheme. With ISBA, the model gives a lower surface soil temperature, mainly owing to an increased surface albedo, and an intensification of the hydrological cycle. A more striking response to the inclusion of ISBA is the improved partitioning of the surface energy budget, which then agrees moderately well with the observations over different systems of land cover. A comparison with previous GCM experiments with new land surface parametrizations shows that the models with the new schemes are in better agreement with each other and with the observations over the Amazon region. © 1994."
"21834365600;24598035400;7202175786;55054964800;7005623866;7004985118;7103254303;35273009200;","Changes in the hydrological cycle in tropical East Africa during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum",2012,"10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.02.002","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84859270703&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2012.02.002&partnerID=40&md5=42d35e8f7d214d8eeba360339801f325","The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), at ca. 55.8Ma, is one of the most studied instances of past greenhouse gas-induced global warming. As such, it provides a rich opportunity to examine the impact of such global change on local climates. The effects of increased continental and sea surface temperatures on local precipitation and humidity during the PETM remain poorly constrained and studies reveal complex, regional differences; whilst some localities appear to experience a net increase in humidity, others exhibit the opposite. Crucially, there are few records of hydrological change from tropical regions. Recent onshore drilling expeditions in Tanzania have yielded expanded sedimentary sections, deposited in a marine environment, that span much of the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene and show exceptionally good preservation of both calcareous microfossils and organic matter. The PETM interval has previously been constrained by both biostratigraphy and carbon isotopic records and spans ca. 7m of section. Lipid distributions, including various terrestrial, marine and bacterial biomarkers and their hydrogen isotopic compositions, as well as mineralogy, were used to examine East African vegetation and hydrological responses to the global change occurring at the PETM. Although total organic carbon contents decrease, the concentrations of both higher plant (n-alkanes, n-alkanoic acids) and soil bacterial (glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers) biomarkers increase dramatically at the onset of the PETM negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE), suggesting an increased discharge of fluvial sedimentary organic matter. Similarly, mineralogical indicators of terrestrial input - including Ti/Al and Si/Al ratios, quartz contents and, notably, the proportion of kaolinite - also increase at the onset of the CIE. However, higher plant leaf wax n-alkanes (C 27, C 29 and C 31) become more deuterium-enriched throughout the same interval, suggesting a more arid and/or hotter, rather than a more humid, environment. This evidence collectively suggests an East African early PETM climate characterised by overall hot and arid conditions punctuated by intense, perhaps seasonal, precipitation events. These data match observations from other locations at mid-latitudes, suggesting that the humid climate often suggested for the PETM was not globally widespread. © 2012 Elsevier B.V."
"57197991472;8574174300;","Development of a method for assessing flood vulnerability",2005,"10.2166/wst.2005.0109","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-19044372140&doi=10.2166%2fwst.2005.0109&partnerID=40&md5=fce5926518ba532640d1e16dfcb362b3","Over the past few decades, a growing number of studies have been conducted on the mechanisms responsible for climate change and the elaboration of future climate scenarios. More recently, studies have emerged examining the potential effects of climate change on human societies, including how variations in hydrological regimes impact water resources management. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's third assessment report, climate change will lead to an intensification of the hydrological cycle, resulting in greater variability in precipitation patterns and an increase in the intensity and frequency of severe storms and other extreme events. In other words, climate change will likely increase the risks of flooding in many areas. Structural and non-structural countermeasures are available to reduce flood vulnerability, but implementing new measures can be a lengthy process requiring political and financial support. In order to help guide such policy decisions, a method for assessing flood vulnerability due to climate change is proposed. In this preliminary study, multivariate analysis has been used to develop a Flood Vulnerability Index (FVI), which allows for a comparative analysis of flood vulnerability between different basins. Once fully developed, the FVI will also allow users to identify the main factors responsible for a basin's vulnerability, making it a valuable tool to assist in priority setting within decision-making processes. © IWA Publishing 2005."
"7004011998;7102210323;56211942600;7203025601;","An exploratory multisensor technique for quantitative estimation of stratiform rainfall",2002,"10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0166:AEMTFQ>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036012202&doi=10.1175%2f1525-7541%282002%29003%3c0166%3aAEMTFQ%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=384486e1d3d5223e51eb9c908c0d9d3e","Implementation of the National Weather Service Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) radar network provides the potential to monitor rainfall and snowfall accumulations at fine spatial and temporal resolutions. An automated, operational algorithm called the Precipitation Processing System (PPS) uses reflectivity data to estimate precipitation accumulations. The utility of these estimates has yet to be quantified in the Intermountain West during winter months. The accuracy of precipitation estimates from the operational PPS during cool-season, stratiform-precipitation events in Arizona is examined. In addition, a method, with the potential for automation, is developed to improve estimates of precipitation by calibrating infrared data (10.7- μm band) from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-9 using reflectivity-derived rainfall rates from WSR-88D radar. The ""multisensor"" approach provides more accurate estimates of rainfall across lower elevations during cool-season extratropical storms. After the melting layer has been manually identified using volumetric radar reflectivity data, reflectivity measured in or above it is discarded. Melting-layer heights also indicate the altitude of the rain-snow line. This information is used to delineate and map frozen versus liquid precipitation types. Rain gauges are used as an independent, ground-based source to assess the magnitude of improvements made over PPS rainfall products. Although the technique is designed and evaluated over a limited area in Arizona, it may be applicable to many mountainous regions."
"7005578774;57207969036;55332289000;","Intermittency in precipitation: Duration, frequency, intensity, and amounts using hourly data",2017,"10.1175/JHM-D-16-0263.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85019031133&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-16-0263.1&partnerID=40&md5=85d2605ee48e61290649a0633a613c74","Intermittency is a core characteristic of precipitation, not well described by data and very poorly modeled. Detailed analyses are made of near-global gridded (about 1°) hourly or 3-hourly precipitation rates from two updated observational datasets [3-hourly TRMM 3B42, version 7, and hourly CMORPH, version 1.0, bias corrected (CRT)] and from special runs of CESM from January 1998 to December 2013 to obtain hourly values. The analyses explore the intermittency of precipitation: the frequency, intensity, duration, and amounts. A comparison is made for all products using several metrics with a focus on the duration of events, and a new metric is proposed based on the ratio of the frequency of precipitation at certain rates (0.2-2 mm h-1) for hourly versus 3-hourly versus daily data. For all seasons and rain rates, TRMM values are similar in pattern to CMORPH, but durations are about 80%-85%. It is mainly over land in the monsoons that CMORPH exceeds TRMM rain durations. Observed duration of precipitation events in CMORPH over oceans are 12-15 h in the tropics and subtropics, much less than the ~20 h for CESM. Hence, the observational results differ somewhat but both are considerably different from the model, which has too much precipitation overall, and it precipitates far too often at low rates and not enough for intense rates, with the divide about 1-2 mm h-1. There is a need to properly represent precipitation phenomena and processes either explicitly or implicitly (parameterized). © 2017 American Meteorological Society."
"44861328200;55624487819;56010514800;57211219633;","GCMs-based spatiotemporal evolution of climate extremes during the 21 st century in China",2013,"10.1002/jgrd.50851","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84887182901&doi=10.1002%2fjgrd.50851&partnerID=40&md5=3ebda2221e9d3d9f0e271529dc0c9474","Changes in the hydrological cycle being caused by human-induced global warming are triggering variations in observed spatiotemporal distributions of precipitation and temperature extremes, and hence in droughts and floods across China. Evaluation of future climate extremes based on General Circulation Models (GCMs) outputs will be of great importance in scientific management of water resources and agricultural activities. In this study, five precipitation extreme and five temperature extreme indices are defined. This study analyzes daily precipitation and temperature data for 1960-2005 from 529 stations in China and outputs of GCMs from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) and Phase 5 (CMIP5). Downscaling methods, based on QQ-plot and transfer functions, are used to downscale GCMs outputs to the site scale. Performances of GCMs in simulating climate extremes were evaluated using the Taylor diagram. Results showed that: (1) the multimodel CMIP5 ensemble performs the best in simulating observed extreme conditions; (2) precipitation processes are intensifying with increased frequency and intensity across entire China. The southwest China, however, is dominated by lengthening maximum consecutive dry days and also more heavy precipitation extremes; (3) warming processes continue with increasing warm nights, decreasing frost days, and lengthening heat waves during the 21st century; (4) changes in precipitation and temperature extremes exhibit larger changing magnitudes under RCP85 scenario; (5) for the evolution of changes in extremes, in most cases, the spatial pattern keeps the same, even though changing rates vary. In some cases, area with specific changing properties extends or shrinks gradually. The directions of trends may alter during the evolution; and (6) changes under RCP85 become more and more pronounced as time elapses. Under the peak-and-decline RCP26, changes in some cases do not decrease correspondingly during 2070-2099 even though the radiative forcing during 2070-2099 is less than during 2040-2069. The increase of radiative forcing triggers considerable regional variations in consecutive dry days, but causes only slight changes in the areal average in China. The results of this study imply higher flood risk across entire China but intensifying droughts in south China in the 21st century, and also more heat-related losses in east coasts of China. Key Points The weather extremes in China during 21st century were evaluated Dynamical and gradual process of extremes under different scenarios are analyzed The implications of weather extremes to natural hazards are discussed ©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"7004540083;6701680080;8633248700;55075228200;","Tropical precipitation extremes",2013,"10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00725.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84874791049&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-11-00725.1&partnerID=40&md5=c734a90ec3a681755d54f40f99cfaf7d","Classifying tropical deep convective systems by the mesoscale distribution of their cloud properties and sorting matching precipitation measurements over an 11-yr period reveals that the whole distribution of instantaneous precipitation intensity and daily average accumulation rate is composed of (at least) two separate distributions representing distinctly different types of deep convection associated with different meteorological conditions (the distributions of non-deep-convective situations are also shown for completeness). The two types of deep convection produce very different precipitation intensities and occur with very different frequencies of occurrence. Several previous studies have shown that the interaction of the largescale tropical circulation with deep convection causes switching between these two types, leading to a substantial increase of precipitation. In particular, the extreme portion of the tropical precipitation intensity distribution, above 2 mm h-1, is produced by 40% of the larger, longer-lived mesoscale-organized type of convection with only about 10% of the ordinary convection occurrences producing such intensities. When average precipitation accumulation rates are considered, essentially all of the values above 2 mm h-1 are produced by the mesoscale systems. Yet today's atmospheric models do not represent mesoscale-organized deep convective systems that are generally larger than current-day circulation model grid cell sizes but smaller than the resolved dynamical scales and last longer than the typical physics time steps. Thus, model-based arguments for how the extreme part of the tropical precipitation distribution might change in a warming climate are suspect. © 2013 American Meteorological Society."
"7405541413;55232808800;7201381456;55691665700;","Interannual variation of the late fall rainfall in central Vietnam",2012,"10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00068.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84863011756&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-11-00068.1&partnerID=40&md5=c653a61d13b6ae03df9c8cb67d2e6b0e","The heavy rainfall/flood (HRF) event in central Vietnam usually occurs in October-November, the maximum rainfall season. This rainfall maximum undergoes a distinct interannual variation, opposite the interannual variation of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies averaged over the NOAA Niño-3.4 area-ΔSST(Niño-3.4)-but coincident with the intensification (weakening) of the low-level easterlies at 158N and westerlies at 5°N. The changes of low-level zonal winds reflect the strengthening (weakening) of the tropical cyclonic shear flow in tropical South/Southeast Asia in response to the tropical Pacific SST anomalies. Because the rainfall maximum in central Vietnam is primarily produced by the HRF cyclone, the interannual rainfall variation in this region should be attributed to the HRF cyclone activity-a new perspective of the climate change in precipitation. On average, one HRF cyclone occurs in each cold late fall. The population of the HRFcyclone may not be an important factor causing the interannual rainfall variation in central Vietnam. During the cold late fall, the rain-producing efficiency of the individual HRF cyclone is statistically almost twice those during warm and normal late falls and the most crucial factor leading to the interannual rainfall variation in central Vietnam. It is shown by further hydrological analysis that the increase (decrease) of the HRF cyclone's rain-producing efficiency is determined by the large-scale environmental flow through the enhancement (weakening) of the regional convergence of water vapor flux. © 2012 American Meteorological Society."
"36188770300;7004158102;9640056400;","Relating TRMM precipitation radar land surface backscatter response to soil moisture in the Southern United States",2011,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.03.012","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79955037021&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2011.03.012&partnerID=40&md5=568d80a1ef38a6bf036d18496e5b2f08","Soil moisture is an important variable in the hydrological cycle and plays a vital role in agronomy, meteorology, and hydrology. It regulates the exchange of water and heat between land surface and atmosphere and thus plays an important role in the development of weather patterns. It is difficult to obtain a comprehensive spatio-temporal map of soil moisture because of expensive installation of soil moisture measuring instruments.In this paper, a model to estimate soil moisture (ms) using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Precipitation Radar (TRMMPR) backscatter (σ°) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is developed for the Southern United States. Soil moisture data from Soil and Climate Analysis Network (SCAN) stations is used to calibrate and validate the model.The estimated values of ms compare well with the ground measurements of soil moisture. The model works well for various landcovers but works best for low density vegetated areas (closed shrubland). All the soil moisture estimates in this landcover have an absolute error of less than 8%. The model performance deteriorates with increase in vegetation density (crops and forest). Overall, the model performance is satisfactory for all landcover types with RMSE less than 6.3% and absolute error of 10% or less for 90% of the estimates. Estimation of soil moisture over a large area with low error provides another use of TRMMPR data. © 2011 Elsevier B.V."
"9239400200;7006550959;6701313416;","Thermodynamic analysis of snowball earth hysteresis experiment: Efficiency, entropy production and irreversibility",2010,"10.1002/qj.543","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-76849089934&doi=10.1002%2fqj.543&partnerID=40&md5=ee8e7b7612440b47aa352a3cae1527c4","We present an extensive thermodynamic analysis of a hysteresis experiment performed on a simplified yet Earth-like climate model. We slowly vary the solar constant by 20% around the present value and detect that for a large range of values of the solar constant the realization of snowball or of regular climate conditions depends on the history of the system. Using recent results on the global climate thermodynamics, we show that the two regimes feature radically different properties. The efficiency of the climate machine monotonically increases with decreasing solar constant in present climate conditions, whereas the opposite takes place in snowball conditions. Instead, entropy production is monotonically increasing with the solar constant in both branches of climate conditions, and its value is about four times larger in the warm branch than in the corresponding cold state. Finally, the degree of irreversibility of the system, measured as the fraction of excess entropy production due to irreversible heat transport processes, is much higher in the warm climate conditions, with an explosive growth in the upper range of the considered values of solar constants. Whereas in the cold climate regime a dominating role is played by changes in the meridional albedo contrast, in the warm climate regime changes in the intensity of latent heat fluxes are crucial for determining the observed properties. This substantiates the importance of addressing correctly the variations of the hydrological cycle in a changing climate. An interpretation of the climate transitions at the tipping points based upon macro-scale thermodynamic properties is also proposed. Our results support the adoption of a new generation of diagnostic tools based on the second law of thermodynamics for auditing climate models and outline a set of parametrizations to be used in conceptual and intermediate-complexity models or for the reconstruction of the past climate conditions. © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society."
"6701787831;7003353524;7006820544;","Comments on ""Evidence for global runoff increase related to climate warming"" by Labat et al",2005,"10.1016/j.advwatres.2005.04.006","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-27744473628&doi=10.1016%2fj.advwatres.2005.04.006&partnerID=40&md5=18789285664a32eb72319fa2ede0f01c","We have examined the evidence presented by Labat et al. and found that (1) their claims for a 4% increase in global runoff arising from a 1 °C increase in air temperature and (2) that their article provides the ""first experimental data-based evidence demonstrating the link between the global warming and the intensification of the global hydrological cycle"" are not supported by the data presented. Our conclusions are based on the facts that (1) their discharge records exhibit non-climatic influences and trends, (2) their work cannot refute previous studies finding no relation between air temperature and runoff, (3) their conclusions cannot explain relations before 1925, and (4) the statistical significance of their results hinges on a single data point that exerts undue influence on the slope of the regression line. We argue that Labat et al. have not provided sufficient evidence to support their claim for having detected increases in global runoff resulting from climate warming. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved."
"7006550959;6603941796;6701313416;","A green planet versus a desert world: Estimating the effect of vegetation extremes on the atmosphere",1999,"10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<3156:AGPVAD>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033208357&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0442%281999%29012%3c3156%3aAGPVAD%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=cf6b85fd810bd56225f32a85c71820a5","The effect of vegetation extremes on the general circulation is estimated by two atmospheric GCM simulations using global desert and forest boundary conditions over land. The difference between the climates of a 'green planet' and a 'desert world' is dominated by the changes of the hydrological cycle, which is intensified substantially. Enhanced evapotranspiration over land reduces the near-surface temperatures; enhanced precipitation leads to a warmer mid- and upper troposphere extending from the subtropics (induced by ITCZ, monsoon, and Hadley cell dynamics) to the midlatitudes (over the cyclogenesis area of Northern Hemisphere storm tracks). These regional changes of the surface water and energy balances, and of the atmospheric circulation, have potential impact on the ocean and the atmospheric greenhouse.The effect of vegetation extremes on the general circulation is estimated by two atmospheric GCM simulations using global desert and forest boundary conditions over land. The difference between the climates of a 'green planet' and a 'desert world' is dominated by the changes of the hydrological cycle, which is intensified substantially. Enhanced evapotranspiration over land reduces the near-surface temperatures; enhanced precipitation leads to a warmer mid- and upper troposphere extending from the subtropics (induced by ITCZ, monsoon, and Hadley cell dynamics) to the midlatitudes (over the cyclogenesis area of Northern Hemisphere storm tracks). These regional changes of the surface water and energy balances, and of the atmospheric circulation, have potential impact on the ocean and the atmospheric greenhouse."
"7005697875;7202410734;7102839341;6507019479;7007114756;35552588700;","Airborne and ground‐based studies of thunderstorms in the vicinity of Langmuir Laboratory",1980,"10.1002/qj.49710644711","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0018917007&doi=10.1002%2fqj.49710644711&partnerID=40&md5=0a4dd2ab44625bb3a3a19f360259f5f3","Flights through the central regions of thunderstorms were made over New Mexico on 6 and 15 August 1977 with the ONR/NMIMT Schweitzer aeroplane which carried equipment designed to measure all three components of the electric field, and the charge, Q, and diameter, d, of individual precipitation elements. On the earlier day, information was also obtained with: a rain‐gauge network surrounding Langmuir Laboratory; a 3 cm radar; an acoustic system for locating lightning channels; a ground‐based field‐change meter. The first cell on 6 August produced precipitation at the ground but no lightning. Vertical fields, Ex, of up to about 50kVm−1 and precipitation charge densities ρ of up to −0.5 C km−3 were recorded within the cloud. The second cell, which grew as the first one decayed, produced 7 lightning strokes in 9 minutes during which time the radar revealed vigorous vertical growth in a narrow zone containing precipitation. Thunder reconstructions showed the acoustic sources for the first flash of this cell to be very near the top of the cloud at an altitude of 10 km a.s.1. The subsequent flashes produced acoustic signals from progressively lower in the cloud. When the radar echo reached its maximum height lightning activity ceased. Ex values of up to about 50kVm−1 and pp values of down to −1 Ckm−3 were measured. ρp was consistently negative, individual charges being less than ±40 pC. Q values were within the inductive limit for a thundercloud at breakdown but no systematic relation between Q and d was found. Six penetrations were made through the thundercloud of 15 August, which produced only two lightning strokes. The Ex records were indicative of a (±) dipole located near the cloud top, at around –13°C. Fields of up to about 100kVm−1 and ρp values (positive and negative) of around 5Ckm−3 were measured. Q values of up to ±250 pC were recorded, with charges around ±50 pC being commonly found. No systematic Q‐d relation was revealed, and smaller precipitation particles frequently carried charges (positive or negative) in excess of the inductive limit. On both days estimated precipitation rates were of order 10mmh−1 and on most occasions the pilot reported precipitation particles to be either ‘ice’ or ‘mixed liquid water and ice’. Copyright © 1980 Royal Meteorological Society"
"6701684534;7004484970;7102643810;7006575272;7005071296;7005890897;52563460500;7403424856;6701501555;6603431534;56940002600;56940697400;7402717381;6603768446;6701653010;56900025900;6602681732;","Global precipitation measurement cold season precipitation experiment (GCPEX): For measurement's sake, let it snow",2015,"10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00262.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84946070237&doi=10.1175%2fBAMS-D-13-00262.1&partnerID=40&md5=9de0a0568b45e38cb9ef6355cbb7424a","The GPM Cold Season Precipitation Experiment (GCPEx), a collaboration between NASA GPM ground validation (GV) program and its international partner, Environment Canada (EC), provided both new datasets and physical insights related to the snowfall process to ultimately improve falling-snow retrievals. The GCPEx field campaign occurred in Ontario, Canada, from 15 January to 3 March 2012. GCPEx collected microphysical properties, associated remote sensing observations, and coordinated model simulations of precipitating snow. The coordinated measurement strategy used stacked high-altitude GPM airborne remote sensing simulator instrumentation and in situ cloud aircraft flights with three research aircraft sampling within a broader network of five ground sites taking surface in situ and volumetric observations. Data collected during this field campaign exceeded all expectations, with measurements of heavy fluffy, non-melted, rate, moderate and light falling-snow rates, along with mixed-phase and rain cases. It is anticipated that the GCPEx dataset will satisfy the majority of GPM falling-snow retrieval algorithm validation objectives originally set forward for the experiment. These 3D datasets are suitable for conducting observational and modeling-based studies of bulk- and/or particle-scale snow microphysical and scattering properties observed at the ground, through the atmospheric column, and at high altitudes as observed from the vantage point of remote sensing instrumentation deployed on the GPM Core Observatory."
"35213726000;9239400200;55229771000;7003379342;56026680000;","Analysis of rainfall seasonality from observations and climate models",2015,"10.1007/s00382-014-2278-2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84939896863&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-014-2278-2&partnerID=40&md5=ede0881410ce6b911bbb30a619601091","Two new indicators of rainfall seasonality based on information entropy, the relative entropy (RE) and the dimensionless seasonality index (DSI), together with the mean annual rainfall, are evaluated on a global scale for recently updated precipitation gridded datasets and for historical simulations from coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation models. The RE provides a measure of the number of wet months and, for precipitation regimes featuring a distinct wet and dry season, it is directly related to the duration of the wet season. The DSI combines the rainfall intensity with its degree of seasonality and it is an indicator of the extent of the global monsoon region. We show that the RE and the DSI are fairly independent of the time resolution of the precipitation data, thereby allowing objective metrics for model intercomparison and ranking. Regions with different precipitation regimes are classified and characterized in terms of RE and DSI. Comparison of different land observational datasets reveals substantial difference in their local representation of seasonality. It is shown that two-dimensional maps of RE provide an easy way to compare rainfall seasonality from various datasets and to determine areas of interest. Models participating to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project platform, Phase 5, consistently overestimate the RE over tropical Latin America and underestimate it in West Africa, western Mexico and East Asia. It is demonstrated that positive RE biases in a general circulation model are associated with excessively peaked monthly precipitation fractions, too large during the wet months and too small in the months preceding and following the wet season; negative biases are instead due, in most cases, to an excess of rainfall during the premonsoonal months. © 2014, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg."
"49863422700;6602443597;57189599649;","River restoration in Spain: Theoretical and practical approach in the context of the European Water Framework Directive",2012,"10.1007/s00267-012-9862-1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84861627508&doi=10.1007%2fs00267-012-9862-1&partnerID=40&md5=f38b43f70d94d222e7900eba14662fa9","River restoration is becoming a priority in many countries because of increasing the awareness of environmental degradation. In Europe, the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) has significantly reinforced river restoration, encouraging the improvement of ecological status for water bodies. To fulfill the WFD requirements, the Spanish Ministry of the Environment developed in 2006 a National Strategy for River Restoration whose design and implementation are described in this paper. At the same time many restoration projects have been conducted, and sixty of them have been evaluated in terms of stated objectives and pressures and implemented restoration measures. Riparian vegetation enhancement, weir removal and fish passes were the most frequently implemented restoration measures, although the greatest pressures came from hydrologic alteration caused by flow regulation for irrigation purposes. Water deficits in quantity and quality associated with uncontrolled water demands seriously affect Mediterranean rivers and represent the main constraint to achieving good ecological status of Spanish rivers, most of them intensively regulated. Proper environmental allocation of in-stream flows would need deep restrictions in agricultural water use which seem to be of very difficult social acceptance. This situation highlights the need to integrate land-use and rural development policies with water resources and river management, and identifies additional difficulties in achieving the WFD objectives and good ecological status of rivers in Mediterranean countries. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC."
"8682392100;36007069400;14632206200;6601952412;7003427413;7004218809;","On the value of combined event runoff and tracer analysis to improve understanding of catchment functioning in a data-scarce semi-arid area",2011,"10.5194/hess-15-2007-2011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79959804693&doi=10.5194%2fhess-15-2007-2011&partnerID=40&md5=d389271d1b2ea32d4de26e32f321bf68","Hydrological processes in small catchments are not quite understood yet, which is true in particular for catchments in data scarce, semi-arid regions. This is in contrast with the need for a better understanding of water fluxes and the interactions between surface- and groundwater in order to facilitate sustainable water resources management in such environments, where both floods and droughts can result in severe crop loss. In this study, event runoff coefficient analysis and limited tracer data of four small, nested sub-catchments (0.4-25.3 km2) in a data scarce, semi-arid region of Tanzania helped to characterize the distinct response of the study catchments and to gain insights into the dominant runoff processes. The estimated event runoff coefficients were very low and did not exceed 0.09. They were found to be significantly related to the 5-day antecedent precipitation totals as well as to base flow, indicating a close relation to changes in soil moisture and thus potential switches in runoff generation processes. The time scales of the ""direct flow"" reservoirs, used to compute the event runoff coefficients, were up to one order of magnitude reduced for extreme events, compared to ""average"" events, suggesting the activation of at least a third flow component, besides base- and direct flow, assumed to be infiltration overland flow. Analysis of multiple tracers highlighted the importance of pre-event water to total runoff, even during intense and high yield precipitation events. It further illustrated the distinct nature of the catchments, in particular with respect to the available water storage, which was suggested by different degrees of tracer damping in the individual streams. The use of multiple tracers subsequently allowed estimating uncertainties in hydrograph separations arising from the use of different tracers. The results highlight the presence of considerable uncertainties, emphasizing the need for multiple tracers in order to avoid misleading results. This study shows the value of hydrological data collection over one whole wet season using multi-tracers to improve the understanding of hydrological functioning and thus for water resources management in data scarce, semi-arid environments. © Author(s) 2011."
"8951681900;7005922032;6602999938;22947314100;7102739935;","MM5 simulations of interannual change and the diurnal cycle of southern African regional climate",2006,"10.1007/s00704-005-0208-2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33748156637&doi=10.1007%2fs00704-005-0208-2&partnerID=40&md5=d04683195b6e8ce038154735d41074fd","Two cumulus convection and two planetary boundary layer schemes are used to investigate the climate of southern Africa using the MM5 regional climate model. Both a wet (1988/89) and a dry (1991/92) summer (December-February, DJF) rainfall season are simulated and the results compared with three different observational sources: Climate Research Unit seasonal data (precipitation, 2 m surface temperature, number of rain days), satellite-derived diurnal precipitation and the Surface Radiation Budget diurnal short-wave fluxes and optical depth. Using the ETA model boundary layer in MM5 simulates too much incident short-wave radiation at the surface at 12 UTC, whereas the medium range forecast model boundary layer yields a diurnal cycle of short-wave radiation closer to the observed. The Betts-Miller convection scheme in MM5 simulates peak rainfall later in the day and less rain days than observed, whereas when using the Kain-Fritsch convection scheme a peak rainfall earlier in the day and more rain days than observed are simulated. The intensity of the hydrological cycle is therefore dependent on the choice of convection scheme, which in turn is further modified by the boundary layer scheme. Precipitation during the wet 1988/ 89 season is reasonably captured by most simulations, though using the Betts-Miller scheme more accurately simulates rainfall during the dry 1991/92 season. Mean DJF biases in the surface temperature and diurnal temperature range are consistent with biases in the number of rain days and the diurnal cycles of surface moisture and energy. © Springer-Verlag 2006."
"9243831600;7102084129;","Separation between cloud-seeding and air-pollution effects",2005,"10.1175/JAM2276.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-27744564945&doi=10.1175%2fJAM2276.1&partnerID=40&md5=28728cab93cd35ada3edcb6c53a269d3","Enhancement of precipitation by cloud-seeding operations has been reported in many studies around the world in the last several decades. On the other hand, suppression of rain and snow by urban and industrial air pollution recently has been documented and quantified. Here it is shown that the two effects are the opposite sides of the same coin, demonstrating the sensitivity of clouds to anthropogenic aerosols of different kinds. This is done by analyzing the rainfall amounts in northern Israel during the last 53 years and explaining the changes there as the combined opposite effects of precipitation suppression by air pollution and enhancement by glaciogenic cloud seeding. Time series based on precipitation from rain gauges were analyzed for seeded and nonseeded days and periods in the experimental control and the target areas. The response variable is Ro, the orographic enhancement factor, which is the ratio of gauge-measured rainfall in inland hilly areas (500-1000 m) to the rainfall at the upwind coasts and plains. The results show that for the whole period of 1950-2002 the Ro of the hilly areas decreased by 15%. In the early nonseeded period (1950-60) Ro was found to be higher than the nonseeded days of the following period, which was the randomized experimental period (1961-74). This result apparently shows the effect of the increasing pollution. Factor Ro had an identical decreasing trend during the seeded days of the experimental period and through the subsequent fully operationally seeded period (1975-2002). However, the trend line of Ro was shifted upward by 12%-14% for the seeded rain time series in comparison with the unseeded time series. Thus, the opposite effects of air pollution and seeding appear to have nearly canceled each other in recent years, leading to the false impression that cloud seeding is no longer effective. However, the findings here suggest that if the operational seeding were to stop, Ro would decrease further by about 12%-14%. The sensitivity of Ro to both seeding and pollution effects was greatest in the areas with the greatest natural orographic enhancement factor and was practically nonexistent in areas in which Ro is near unity. This result suggests that the orographic clouds are the most sensitive to air pollution as well as to cloud-seeding effects on clouds and precipitation, in agreement with the large susceptibility of precipitation from such short-living shallow clouds to aerosols. Based on previous studies and on the results of this paper, it is suggested that the proposed mechanism is the most likely explanation to the observations, and no alternative explanations such as long-term trends in the cross-mountain moisture flux were found probable. It is certain that additional research is required. © 2005 American Meteorological Society."
"57202079342;55554511600;6505786772;7404764644;57202072991;6603979433;7101818864;","Use of remote sensing indicators to assess effects of drought and human-induced land degradation on ecosystem health in Northeastern Brazil",2018,"10.1016/j.rse.2018.04.048","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85047087437&doi=10.1016%2fj.rse.2018.04.048&partnerID=40&md5=d6162e853a14be7319da742adec240d2","Land degradation (LD) is one of the most catastrophic outcomes of long-lasting drought events and anthropogenic activities. Assessing climate and human-induced impacts on land can provide information for decision makers to mitigate the effects of these phenomena. The Northeastern region of Brazil (NEB) is the most populous dryland on the planet, making it a highly vulnerable ecosystem especially when considering the lingering drought that started in 2012. The present work consisted of detecting trends in biomass [leaf area index (LAI)] anomalies as indicators of LD in NEB. We also assessed how the loss of vegetation impacts the LD cycle, by measuring trends in albedo and evapotranspiration (ET). LAI, albedo and ET data were derived from MODIS sensors at 8-day temporal and 500 m spatial resolutions. For precipitation anomalies, we relied on CHIRPS-v2 10-day temporal at 5 km spatial resolution data. For detecting trends, we applied the Theil-Sen slope analysis on time series of MODIS LAI, albedo and ET images. Trend analysis was performed for the periods ranging from 2002–2012 (no severe droughts) to 2002–2016 (including the last drought). LAI trends were more pronounced and had a stronger signal than ET and albedo, therefore, LAI was our choice for mapping LD. The first analysis highlighted the human-induced LD prone areas whereas the last detected drought-induced LD prone areas. Considering only the trending areas, which was about 23.4% of the total, 4.5% of this area has undergone human-induced degradation whereas drought was responsible for 73%, although, not mutually exclusive. As reported in the literature and official data, grazing intensification might be a factor driving human-induced degradation. We noticed that the range of variation of LAI is narrow and even narrower for albedo, which demonstrates that land surface response is more influenced by soil reflectivity rather than the characteristic sparse vegetation coverage (LAI ranging from 0.04 to 0.4 in the Caatinga biome), which can barely alter albedo. Finally, the effects of LD on ET anomalies were assessed by Granger causality and impulse-response analyses as means to link land surface feature changes to the hydrological cycle. Albedo had a slightly weaker impulse than LAI on ET whereas precipitation played a major role. These relations are site-specific and, land surface features (biomass and albedo) showed to have a more substantial influence on ET in severely degraded areas. We concluded that drought led to trends indicating LD prone areas in NEB and the degradation cycle has positive feedback derived from ET reduction resulting in an increased net moisture deficit, although the latter statement has yet to be further investigated. The study warns of the desertification risk that NEB is facing and the need for the authorities to take action to mitigate degradation and drought effects on both traditionally surveyed (desertification nuclei) and newfound LD prone areas. We also highlight the limitation of confirming LD, as to date there is no post-drought data available and, lessons learned from the Sahel case make us cautious about claiming that an area is in fact degraded. © 2018 Elsevier Inc."
"57190019303;23569389700;9640056400;","Understanding the effects of climate change on urban stormwater infrastructures in the Las Vegas Valley",2016,"10.3390/hydrology3040034","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85021420891&doi=10.3390%2fhydrology3040034&partnerID=40&md5=5df67a985f7dbdd2f96236d9576139e0","The intensification of the hydrological cycle due to climate change entails more frequent and intense rainfall. As a result, urban water systems will be disproportionately affected by the climate change, especially in such urban areas as Las Vegas, which concentrates its population, infrastructure, and economic activity. Proper design and management of stormwater facilities are needed to attenuate the severe effects of extreme rainfall events. The North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program is developing multiple high-resolution projected-climate data from different combinations of regional climate models and global climate models. The objective of this study was to evaluate existing stormwater facilities of a watershed within the Las Vegas Valley in southern Nevada by using a robust design method for the projected climate. The projected climate change was incorporated into the model at the 100 year return period with 6 h duration depths, using a statistical regionalization analysis method. Projection from different sets of climate model combinations varied substantially. Gridded reanalysis data were used to assess the performance of the climate models. An existing Hydrologic Engineering Center's Hydrological Modeling System (HEC-HMS) model was implemented using the projected change in standard design storm. Hydrological simulation using HEC-HMS showed exceedances of existing stormwater facilities that were designed under the assumption of stationarity design depth. Recognizing climate change and taking an immediate approach in assessing the city's vulnerability by using proper strategic planning would benefit the urban sector and improve the quality of life. © 2016 by the authors."
"30967646900;7202145115;","Two modes of change of the distribution of rain",2014,"10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00182.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84909607963&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-14-00182.1&partnerID=40&md5=052f55830abdd7c19269a95c314b60f7","The frequency and intensity of rainfall determine its character and may change with climate. A methodology for characterizing the frequency and amount of rainfall as functions of the rain rate is developed. Two modes of response are defined, one in which the distribution of rainfall increases in equal fraction at all rain rates and one in which the rainfall shifts to higher or lower rain rates without a change in mean rainfall. This description of change is applied to the tropical distribution of daily rainfall over ENSO phases in models and observations. The description fits observations and most models well, although some models also have an extreme mode in which the frequency increases at extremely high rain rates. The multimodel mean from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) agrees with observations in showing a very large shift of 14%-15%K-1, indicating large increases in the heaviest rain rates associated with El Niño. Models with an extreme mode response to global warming do not agree as well with observations of the rainfall response to El Niño. © 2014 American Meteorological Society."
"55624487819;7404181575;56010514800;7202372004;","Comparison of evapotranspiration variations between the Yellow River and Pearl River basin, China",2011,"10.1007/s00477-010-0428-6","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78751610784&doi=10.1007%2fs00477-010-0428-6&partnerID=40&md5=8ecdb218d1933fe15cb3fefe51bae87e","Based on daily meteorological data at 43 gauging stations in the Pearl River basin and 65 gauging stations in the Yellow River basin, we analyze changing properties of actual evapotranspiration (ET a), reference evapotranspiration (ET ref) and precipitation in these two river basins. In our study, Pearl River basin is taken as the 'energy-limited' system and the Yellow River basin as the 'water-limited' system. The results indicate decreasing ET a in the Pearl River and Yellow River basin. However, different changing properties are detected for ET ref when compared to ET a. The middle and upper Yellow River basin are characterized by increasing ET ref values, whereas the Pearl River basin is dominated by decreasing ET ref values. This result demonstrates enhancing drying force in the Yellow River basin. ET a depends mainly on the changes of precipitation amount in the Yellow River basin. In the Pearl River basin, however, ET a changes are similar to those of ET ref, i. e. both are in decreasing trend and which may imply weakening hydrological cycle in the Pearl River basin. Different influencing factors are identified behind the ET a and ET ref in the Pearl River and Yellow River basin: In the Pearl River basin, intensifying urbanization and increasing aerosol may contribute much to the evapotranspiration changes. Variations of precipitation amount may largely impact the spatial and temporal patterns of ET a in the Yellow River basin. The current study is practically and scientifically significant for regional assessment of water resource in the arid and humid regions of China under the changing climate. © 2010 Springer-Verlag."
"15724845200;55200795000;","Maximum monthly rainfall analysis using L-moments for an arid region in Isfahan Province, Iran",2007,"10.1175/JAM2465.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34249016638&doi=10.1175%2fJAM2465.1&partnerID=40&md5=7a990dd0d8b317239fcf7d7130c19f69","Developing methods that can give a suitable prediction of hydrologic events is always interesting for both hydrologists and statisticians, because of its importance in designing hydraulic structures and water resource management. Because of the computer revolution in statistical computation and lack of robustness in at-site frequency analysis, since early 1990 the application of regional frequency analysis based on L-moments has been considered more for flood analysis. In this study, the above-mentioned method has been used for the selection of parent distributions to fit maximum monthly rainfall data of 18 sites in the Zayandehrood basin, Iran, and as a consequence the generalized extreme-value and Pearson type-III distributions have been selected and model parameters have been estimated. The obtained extreme rainfall values can be used for meteorological drought management in the and zone. © 2007 American Meteorological Society."
"6701669739;57211301037;7005523706;","Retrieval of precipitation profiles from multiresolution, multifrequency active and passive microwave observations",2004,"10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0562:ROPPFM>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-2342470636&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0450%282004%29043%3c0562%3aROPPFM%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=38fecc2ca739a1754df804a0cf62a685","In this study, a technique for estimating vertical profiles of precipitation from multifrequency, multiresolution active and passive microwave observations is investigated. The technique is applicable to the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) observations, and it is based on models that simulate high-resolution brightness temperatures as functions of observed reflectivity profiles and a parameter related to the raindrop size distribution. The modeled high-resolution brightness temperatures are used to determine normalized brightness temperature polarizations at the microwave radiometer resolution. An optimal estimation procedure is employed to minimize the differences between the simulated and observed normalized polarizations by adjusting the drop size distribution parameter. The impact of other unknowns that are not independent variables in the optimal estimation, but affect the retrieval, is minimized through statistical parameterizations derived from cloud model simulations. The retrieval technique is investigated using TRMM observations collected during the Kwajalein Experiment (KWAJEX). These observations cover an area extending from 5° to 12°N latitude and from 166° to 172°E longitude from July to September 1999 and are coincident with various ground-based observations, facilitating a detailed analysis of the retrieved precipitation. Using the method developed in this study, precipitation estimates consistent with both the passive and active TRMM observations are obtained. Various parameters characterizing these estimates, that is, the rain rate, precipitation water content, drop size distribution intercept, and the mass-weighted mean drop diameter, are in good qualitative agreement with independent experimental and theoretical estimates. Combined rain estimates are, in general, higher than the official TRMM precipitation radar (PR)-only estimates for the area and the period considered in the study. Ground-based precipitation estimates, derived from an analysis of rain gauge and ground radar data, are in better agreement with the combined estimates than with the TRMM PR-only estimates, which suggests that information useful for improving the radar-only estimates is contained in the brightness temperature data. © 2004 American Meteorological Society."
"6602098362;7102389805;","Hydrological signatures relating the Asian summer monsoon and ENSO",2002,"10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<3082:HSRTAS>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036864257&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0442%282002%29015%3c3082%3aHSRTAS%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=b05c2dbd6eb4311bfc15e0b84b00f8d7","Using the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis for the 1950-2000 period, differences in the atmospheric hydrological cycle between the extremes of ENSO (i.e., La Niña minus El Niño) are examined. Zonal vertically integrated moisture transport (VIMT) across 100°E accounts for about half of the variability in net moisture convergence in the north Indian Ocean region between ENSO extremes when all ENSO events are considered. Changes in VIMT across 100°E are associated with large changes in the strength of the Pacific Ocean trade wind regime during ENSO. The bulk of the remaining VIMT anomalies are from the Arabian Sea and appear to be associated with sea level pressure variations in the northern and western parts of the Indian Ocean Basin. This initial analysis, therefore, suggests that the interaction between the monsoon and ENSO may be more complex than the direct modulation of VIMT by the Pacific Ocean trade winds alone. The analysis is refined further by comparing the differences of the Indian and Pacific Ocean hydrological cycles between ENSO extremes when they occur concurrently with anomalous monsoons [ENSO-anomalous monsoon years (EAM)], and when the monsoon is normal [ENSO-normal monsoon years (ENM)]. For both EAM and ENM years, similar differences exist in VIMT across 100°E between ENSO extremes. However, major differences are noted in VIMT anomalies from the west and south into the north Indian Ocean region. Thus, the principal difference in moisture convergence in the north Indian Ocean between EAM and ENM years is associated primarily with VIMT anomalies in the western Indian Ocean region and not those in the eastern Indian or Pacific Oceans. To test the hypothesis that Pacific Ocean SST anomalies occurring prior to the monsoon may be important in influencing the eventual nature of the monsoon, the analysis is extended backward to the spring period. While May SST differences in the Niño-3 region between ENSO extremes are found to be similar for both EAM and ENM years, VIMT differences in both the Indian Ocean and the central and western Pacific Oceans are significantly larger during EAM years than ENM years than ENM years. May SST differences in the central subtropical Pacific Ocean are also significantly larger during EAM than ENM years. These results show that the anomalous SST gradient between the eastern equatorial and the central subtropical Pacific Ocean prior to the monsoon onset, together with its associated VIMTs anomalies, may be important factors in determining the degree of connection between monsoon and ENSO. In addition, the circulation in the Indian Ocean prior to and during the monsoon onset shares a strong association with the eventual intensity of the monsoon-ENSO coupling."
"6506736042;","Hydrology of montane forests in the Sierra de San Javier, Tucuman, Argentina",1997,"10.2307/3674020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031421577&doi=10.2307%2f3674020&partnerID=40&md5=66530bdf908ee7294b84b9add6e0f592","In Tucuman Province of Argentina, the subtropical moist montane forests, known as Yungas, reach their southern-most limit, occurring between 400 and 2,800 m. The study area is located on the eastern slopes of the Sierra de San Javier where the forest is strongly affected by human pressure. Eighty percent of the annual rainfall in Tucuman falls largely during thunder-storms between October and March. Three recording rain gauges and two fog catchers were installed at 730, 950, and 1,350 m, respectively, to study the effect of altitude on the intensity, duration, distribution, and influence of horizontal precipitation. A stream-gauging station has been constructed to measure discharge, floods, and bed load in a small experimental basin in the basal forest. To measure the amount of surface runoff and soil erosion in the basal forest and piedmont area three experimental test plots were installed. The results confirm that deforestation has notably increased hydrological and erosion risk in summer, but also has led to a reduction of water volumes in winter. It was confirmed that the Tucuman montane forests are actual subtropical montane cloud forests. The additional moisture obtained from passing low clouds during the long dry winter season is important and has not yet been considered in the hydrological budget."
"7402289226;","The Collection of Fog Drip",1985,"10.1029/WR021i003p00392","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0022266257&doi=10.1029%2fWR021i003p00392&partnerID=40&md5=6f1703b2c87bf3a9ead98ee8e93245a9","Fog and low stratus clouds are the dominant climatic feature along the central California coastline during the summer months. This moisture source is not only a critical feature in the local hydrologic cycle, but may prove to be a valuable source for augmenting the water supplies. During the summer of 1982 an experiment was conducted to examine the relative efficiency of two man‐made fog collection systems, the harp and cylinder. The systems were designed to maximize the collection of water droplets on vertically strung wires. The systems collected a rain gauge equivalent of between 25.2 and 80.4 cm/unit vertical area as compared to the mean annual rainfall of 60 cm. Copyright 1985 by the American Geophysical Union."
"57195405074;49362680300;6506626745;23093411400;56074277700;57211565499;57193770941;36008141300;","Integrated PV/T solar still- A mini-review",2018,"10.1016/j.desal.2017.04.022","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85018457695&doi=10.1016%2fj.desal.2017.04.022&partnerID=40&md5=3469c79bdaae459adf6ad21b7f8d74a8","Water is a critical component for living existence on earth. Clean water is the need of hour, but the amount of clean water available in earth is drastically reduced due to water pollution caused by industrialization and rapid urbanization. Overall global climatic and seasonal changes also have a significant impact on the reduction of amount of fresh water. The need for clean water is continuously growing due to rise in human residents for the last few decades. Use of contaminated water leads to several water borne diseases and based on the intensity of contamination sometimes it leads to death. There are various processes for obtaining fresh water from contaminated water, but the most economical and preferable method is solar distillation since the process involved in it is similar to natural hydrological cycle which requires only solar energy for its operation. Solar stills are potable and do not require any additional skills for its operation and maintenance which makes it user friendly. Integrated PV/T solar still is used for isolated communities facing electrical energy troubles and a scarcity of good quality water. The daily fresh water produced from passive solar still was found to be 2–5 kg/m2 whereas from an active solar still integrated with PV/T collector can produced daily yield of about 6–12 kg/m2. In this paper, a comprehensive review of integration of solar still and PV module has been presented. © 2017 Elsevier B.V."
"7005498804;8781048500;","What drove sea-level fluctuations during the mid-Cretaceous greenhouse climate?",2016,"10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.08.029","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85008420830&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2015.08.029&partnerID=40&md5=5d7a541f1a76a4f125f50d587f514f3c","The major states, in which Earth's climate operates, i.e., icehouse, greenhouse and hothouse, are epochs of tens of millions of years. These states set long-term boundary conditions that need to be considered for climate and sea-level interpretations. This paper summarizes the conceptual models for hydrological cycling derived from the characteristics of these three climate states. While glacio-eustatic forcing of sea-level changes under icehouse climate conditions is fairly well understood, the drivers of eustatic sea-level fluctuations under greenhouse conditions remain enigmatic. This lack of understanding may be related to incoherencies in the current ideas about the impact of accelerated hydrological cycling on sea level under greenhouse climate conditions. As an example for a greenhouse climate, we review evidences that link proxies for climate and sea level for the intensely studied, but controversially discussed, mid-Cretaceous sea-level history. Based on sequence stratigraphy and a recently published high-precision timescale, we demonstrate that the late Middle Turonian Pewsey δ13C isotope maximum represents a major transgression, not a regression as previously stated, which conflicts with the interpretation of a co-occurring δ18O maximum to reflect a short glacial episode. This contradiction can be solved by the concept, presented here, that dominance of aquifer-eustasy characterized sea-level forcing during the Turonian greenhouse climate, despite a possible, though contentious, sporadic presence of minor ice sheets. The effects of temperature and ice volume both lead to a pronounced δ18Ocarb maximum during glacio-eustatic regressions. In contrast, the opposing effects of temperature and groundwater volume on oxygen-isotope fractionation lead to a δ18Ocarb maximum during aquifer-eustatic transgressions. We suggest that, throughout Earth history, both aquifer-eustatic and glacio-eustatic forcing formed a combined sea-level response, with dominance of aquifer-eustasy being typical for the greenhouse climate mode. During the icehouse mode, aquifer-eustasy apparently remains active as a background process, but is outpaced by the glacio-eustatic effect. © 2015 Elsevier B.V."
"25629878300;7006274990;","Spatiotemporal evolution of water storage changes in India from the updated GRACE-derived gravity records",2016,"10.1002/2015WR017797","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84961285456&doi=10.1002%2f2015WR017797&partnerID=40&md5=74f4d85a1ecf750be931720de6d72965","Investigating changes in terrestrial water storage (TWS) is important for understanding response of the hydrological cycle to recent climate variability worldwide. This is particularly critical in India where the current economic development and food security greatly depend on its water resources. We use 129 monthly gravity solutions from NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites for the period of January 2003 to May 2014 to characterize spatiotemporal variations of TWS and groundwater storage (GWS). The spatiotemporal evolution of GRACE data reflects consistent patterns with that of several hydroclimatic variables and also shows that most of the water loss has occurred in the northern parts of India. Substantial GWS depletion at the rate of 1.25 and 2.1 cm yr-1 has taken place, respectively in the Ganges Basin and Punjab state, which are known as the India's grain bowl. Of particular concern is the Ganges Basin's storage loss in drought years, primarily due to anthropogenic groundwater withdrawals that sustain rice and wheat cultivation. We estimate these losses to be approximately 41, 44, and 42 km3 in 2004, 2009, and 2012, respectively. The GWS depletions that constitute about 90% of the observed TWS loss are also influenced by a marked rise in temperatures since 2008. A high degree of correspondence between GRACE-derived GWS and in situ groundwater levels from observation well validates the results. This validation increases confidence level in the application of GRACE observations in monitoring large-scale storage changes in intensely irrigated areas in India and other regions around the world. © 2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"25629070800;6701404949;","Orographic effects of the subtropical and extratropical andes on upwind precipitating clouds",2015,"10.1002/2014JD023014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84932194137&doi=10.1002%2f2014JD023014&partnerID=40&md5=d857e5173f64bfffc5785546f4641224","The orographic effect of the Andes (30°S–55°S) on upwind precipitating clouds from midlatitude frontal systems is investigated using surface and satellite data. Rain gauges between 33°S and 44°S indicate that annual precipitation increases from the Pacific coast to the windward slopes by a factor of 1.8 ± 0.3. Hourly gauges and instantaneous satellite estimates reveal that the cross-barrier increase in annual precipitation responds to an increase in both the intensity and frequency of precipitation. CloudSat satellite data indicate that orographic effects of the Andes on precipitating ice clouds increase gradually from midlatitudes to subtropics, likely as a result of a reduction of synoptic forcing and an increase of the height of the Andes equatorward. To the south of 40°S, the thickness of clouds slightly decreases from offshore to the Andes. The total ice content increases substantially from the open ocean to the coastal zone (except to the south of 50°S, where there is no much variation over the ocean), and then experience little changes in the cross-mountain direction over the upstream and upslope sectors. Nevertheless, the maximum ice content over the upslope sector is larger and occurs at a lower level than their upwind counterparts. In the subtropics, the offshore clouds contain almost no ice, but the total and maximum ice content significantly increases toward the Andes, with values being much larger than their counterparts over the extratropical Andes. Further, the largest amounts of cloud ice are observed upstream of the tallest Andes, suggesting that upstream blocking dominates there. © 2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"6602098362;","A mechanism for land-ocean contrasts in global monsoon trends in a warming climate",2012,"10.1007/s00382-011-1270-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84865607734&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-011-1270-3&partnerID=40&md5=cbf7f8262727998cb676f4ad2a725a97","A central paradox of the global monsoon record involves reported decreases in rainfall over land during an era in which the global hydrologic cycle is both expected and observed to intensify. It is within this context that this work develops a physical basis for both interpreting the observed record and anticipating changes in the monsoons in a warming climate while bolstering the concept of the global monsoon in the context of shared feedbacks. The global-land monsoon record across multiple reanalyses is first assessed. Trends that in other studies have been taken as real are shown to likely be spurious as a result of changes in the assimilated data streams both prior to and during the satellite era. Nonetheless, based on satellite estimates, robust increases in monsoon rainfall over ocean do exist and a physical basis for this land-ocean contrast remains lacking. To address the contrast's causes, simulated trends are therefore assessed. While projections of total rainfall are inconsistent across models, the robust land-ocean contrast identified in observations is confirmed. A feedback mechanism is proposed rooted in the facts that land areas warm disproportionately relative to ocean, and onshore flow is the chief source of monsoonal moisture. Reductions in lower tropospheric relative humidity over land domains are therefore inevitable and these have direct consequences for the monsoonal convective environment including an increase in the lifting condensation level and a shift in the distribution of convection generally towards less frequent and potentially more intense events. The mechanism is interpreted as an important modulating influence on the ""rich-get-richer"" mechanism. Caveats for regional monsoons exist and are discussed. © 2011 Springer-Verlag."
"7102403008;7006019301;37102073800;24479033900;6506122183;","The changing atmospheric water cycle in Polar Regions in a warmer climate",2011,"10.1111/j.1600-0870.2011.00534.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-81155159655&doi=10.1111%2fj.1600-0870.2011.00534.x&partnerID=40&md5=b37afde0c97e67aa1249a0fc1cd1707d","We have examined the atmospheric water cycle of both Polar Regions, polewards of 60°N and 60°S, using the ERA-Interim reanalysis and high-resolution simulations with the ECHAM5 model for both the present and future climate based on the IPCC, A1B scenario. The annual precipitation in ERA-Interim amounts to ~17000 km3 and is more or less the same in the Arctic and the Antarctic, but it is composed differently. In the Arctic the annual evaporation is ~8000 km3 but ~3000 km3 less in the Antarctica where the net horizontal transport is correspondingly larger. The net water transport of the model is more intense than in ERA-Interim, in the Arctic the difference is 2.5% and in the Antarctic it is 6.2%. Precipitation and net horizontal transport in the Arctic has a maximum in August and September. Evaporation peaks in June and July. The seasonal cycle is similar in Antarctica with the highest precipitation in the austral autumn. The largest net transport occurs at the end of the major extra-tropical storm tracks in the Northern Hemisphere such as the eastern Pacific and eastern north Atlantic. The variability of the model is virtually identical to that of the re-analysis and there are no changes in variability between the present climate and the climate at the end of the 21st century when normalized with the higher level of moisture. The changes from year to year are substantial with the 20- and 30-year records being generally too short to identify robust trends in the hydrological cycle. In the A1B climate scenario the strength of the water cycle increases by some 25% in the Arctic and by 19% in the Antarctica, as measured by annual precipitation. The increase in the net horizontal transport is 29% and 22%, respectively, and the increase in evaporation correspondingly less. The net transport follows closely the Clausius-Clapeyron relation. There is a minor change in the annual cycle of the Arctic atmospheric water cycle with the maximum transport and precipitation occurring later in the year. There is a small imbalance of some 4-6% between the net transport and precipitation minus evaporation. We suggest that this is mainly due to the fact that the transport is calculated from instantaneous six hourly data while precipitation and evaporation is accumulated over a 6-h period. The residual difference is proportionally similar for all experiments and hardly varies from year to year. © 2011 The Authors Tellus A © 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons A/S."
"35975039100;6602583456;8068419200;","Climatic effects of surface albedo geoengineering",2011,"10.1029/2011JD016281","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84855302071&doi=10.1029%2f2011JD016281&partnerID=40&md5=af50d76640ab91148ab09adc9b5d9fdc","Various surface albedo modification geoengineering schemes such as those involving desert, urban, or agricultural areas have been proposed as potential strategies for helping counteract the warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions. However, such schemes tend to be inherently limited in their potential and would create a much more heterogeneous radiative forcing than propositions for space-based ""reflectors"" and enhanced stratospheric aerosol concentrations. Here we present results of a series of atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (GCM) simulations to compare three surface albedo geoengineering proposals: urban, cropland, and desert albedo enhancement. We find that the cooling effect of surface albedo modification is strongly seasonal and mostly confined to the areas of application. For urban and cropland geoengineering, the global effects are minor but, because of being colocated with areas of human activity, they may provide some regional benefits. Global desert geoengineering, which is associated with significant global-scale changes in circulation and the hydrological cycle, causes a smaller reduction in global precipitation per degree of cooling than sunshade geoengineering, 1.1% K -1 and 2.0% K-1 respectively, but a far greater reduction in the precipitation over land, 3.9% K-1 compared with 1.0% K -1. Desert geoengineering also causes large regional-scale changes in precipitation with a large reduction in the intensity of the Indian and African monsoons in particular. None of the schemes studied reverse the climate changes associated with a doubling of CO<inf>2</inf>, with desert geoengineering profoundly altering the climate and with urban and cropland geoengineering providing only some regional amelioration at most. Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union."
"55917402300;56080208700;27170572100;15119450100;24385402000;54080545000;","Evaporation properties of a revegetated area of the Tengger Desert, North China",2008,"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2007.11.010","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-42049098599&doi=10.1016%2fj.jaridenv.2007.11.010&partnerID=40&md5=ceed130a34c3505df7d8280b08c09868","Vegetation restoration is one of the most common methods for combating desertification in northern China. The planting of shrubs on the southeast fringe of the Tengger Desert had significant effects on hydrological cycles, especially on the evaporation process. In this paper, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of revegetation on evaporation process in a desert. The presence of shrubs reduced percolation from a lysimeter to zero. Caragana korshinskii Kom. showed greater evapotranspiration in the wetter of two study years, while Artemisia ordosica Krash. showed more evapotranspiration in the drier year. This was attributed to their different root distributions. The microlysimeter measurements showed that there was no significant difference in the evaporation rates between locations in the same quadrat, which means that the sparse vegetation had little effect on soil evaporation under the canopy, and thus modification of the microclimate was not a dominant factor in controlling soil evaporation in the revegetated desert area. The difference in soil evaporation between bare sand and the revegetated area was caused mainly by the formation of biological soil crusts. Simulated rainfall experiments showed that the crust had a retarding effect on evaporation under very low rainfall (≤5 mm), because its high proportion of finer particles slowed the evaporation rate, thus keeping the water in the soil surface longer. However, it allowed a higher evaporation rate under higher rainfall conditions. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved."
"7102021223;7006186794;7102389805;","Meridional propagation of large-scale monsoon convective zones",1993,"10.1007/BF01025750","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-21144480011&doi=10.1007%2fBF01025750&partnerID=40&md5=2bee538283fc799d05b0cdf627cda382","Observational studies indicate that the convective activity of the monsoon systems undergo intraseasonal variations with multi-week time scales. The zone of maximum monsoon convection exhibits substantial transient behavior with successive propagating from the North Indian Ocean to the heated continent. Over South Asia the zone achieves its maximum intensity. These propagations may extend over 3000 km in latitude and perhaps twice the distance in longitude and remain as coherent entities for periods greater than 2-3 weeks. Attempts to explain this phenomena using simple ocean-atmosphere models of the monsoon system had concluded that the interactive ground hydrology so modifies the total heating of the atmosphere that a steady state solution is not possible, thus promoting lateral propagation. That is, the ground hydrology forces the total heating of the atmosphere and the vertical velocity to be slightly out of phase, causing a migration of the convection towards the region of maximum heating. Whereas the lateral scale of the variations produced by the Webster (1983) model were essentially correct, they occurred at twice the frequency of the observed events and were formed near the coastal margin, rather than over the ocean. Webster's (1983) model used to pose the theories was deficient in a number of aspects. Particularly, both the ground moisture content and the thermal inertia of the model were severely underestimated. At the same time, the sea surface temperatures produced by the model between the equator and the model's land-sea boundary were far too cool. Both the atmosphere and the ocean model were modified to include a better hydrological cycle and ocean structure. The convective events produced by the modified model possessed the observed frequency and were generated well south of the coastline. The improved simulation of monsoon variability allowed the hydrological cycle feedback to be generalized. It was found that monsoon variability was constrained to lie within the bounds of a positive gradient of a convective intensity potential (I). The function depends primarily on the surface temperature, the availability of moisture and the stability of the lower atmosphere which varies very slowly on the time scale of months. The oscillations of the monsoon perturb the mean convective intensity potential causing local enhancements of the gradient. These perturbations are caused by the hydrological feedbacks, discussed above, or by the modification of the air-sea fluxes caused by variations of the low level wind during convective events. The final result is the slow northward propagation of convection within an even slower convective regime. The ECMWF analyses show very similar behavior of the convective intensity potential. Although it is considered premature to use the model to conduct simulations of the African monsoon system, the ECMWF analysis indicates similar behavior in the convective intensity potential suggesting, at least, that the same processes control the low frequency structure of the African monsoon. The implications of the hypotheses on numerical weather prediction of monsoon phenomenon are discussed. © 1993 Springer-Verlag."
"55417035000;56655152600;","Hydrologic sensitivity of Indian sub-continental river basins to climate change",2016,"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.01.003","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84955285700&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloplacha.2016.01.003&partnerID=40&md5=c75a155e5df021f5c384da064e199a84","Climate change may pose profound implications for hydrologic processes in Indian sub-continental river basins. Using downscaled and bias corrected future climate projections and the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), we show that a majority of the Indian sub-continental river basins are projected to shift towards warmer and wetter climate in the future. During the monsoon (June to September) season, under the representative concentration pathways (RCP) 4.5 (8.5), the ensemble mean air temperature is projected to increase by more than 0.5 (0.8), 1.0 (2.0), and 1.5 (3.5) °C in the Near (2010-2039), Mid (2040-2069), and End (2070-2099) term climate, respectively. Moreover, the sub-continental river basins may face an increase of 3-5. °C in the post-monsoon season under the projected future climate. While there is a large intermodel uncertainty, robust increases in precipitation are projected in many sub-continental river basins under the projected future climate especially in the Mid and End term climate. A sensitivity analysis for the Ganges and Godavari river basins shows that surface runoff is more sensitive to change in precipitation and temperature than that of evapotranspiration (ET). An intensification of the hydrologic cycle in the Indian sub-continental basins is evident in the projected future climate. For instance, for Mid and End term climate, ET is projected to increase up to 10% for the majority of the river basins under both RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. During the monsoon season, ensemble mean surface runoff is projected to increase more than 40% in 11 (15) basins under the RCP 4.5 (8.5) scenarios by the end of the 21st century. Moreover, streamflow is projected to increase more than 40% in 8 (9) basins during the monsoon season under the RCP 4.5 (8.5) scenarios. Results show that water availability in the sub-continental river basins is more sensitive towards changes in the monsoon season precipitation rather than air temperature. While in the majority of the sub-continental river basins, water availability is projected to increase, spatial and temporal (interannual) variability in the monsoon season precipitation under the projected future climate may play a significant role. Changes in the hydrologic processes under the projected future climate indicate that substantial efforts may be required to develop water management strategies in the Indian sub-continental river basins in the future. © 2015 Elsevier B.V."
"16444477100;6701546798;7007181954;7006197489;6603875926;","Glacial fluctuations of the Indian monsoon and their relationship with North Atlantic climate: New data and modelling experiments",2013,"10.5194/cp-9-2135-2013","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84884269745&doi=10.5194%2fcp-9-2135-2013&partnerID=40&md5=216801e71a46241dd10bc591b7b288a0","Several paleoclimate records such as from Chinese loess, speleothems or upwelling indicators in marine sediments present large variations of the Asian monsoon system during the last glaciation. Here, we present a new record from the northern Andaman Sea (core MD77-176) which shows the variations of the hydrological cycle of the Bay of Bengal. The high-resolution record of surface water δ18O dominantly reflects salinity changes and displays large millennial-scale oscillations over the period 40 000 to 11 000 yr BP. Their timing and sequence suggests that events of high (resp. low) salinity in the Bay of Bengal, i.e. weak (resp. strong) Indian monsoon, correspond to cold (resp. warm) events in the North Atlantic and Arctic, as documented by the Greenland ice core record. We use the IPSL-CM4 Atmosphere-Ocean coupled General Circulation Model to study the processes that could explain the teleconnection between the Indian monsoon and the North Atlantic climate. We first analyse a numerical experiment in which such a rapid event in the North Atlantic is obtained under glacial conditions by increasing the freshwater flux in the North Atlantic, which results in a reduction of the intensity of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. This freshwater hosing results in a weakening of the Indian monsoon rainfall and circulation. The changes in the continental runoff and local hydrological cycle are responsible for an increase in salinity in the Bay of Bengal. This therefore compares favourably with the new sea water δ18O record presented here and the hypothesis of synchronous cold North Atlantic and weak Indian monsoon events. Additional sensitivity experiments are produced with the LMDZ atmospheric model to analyse the teleconnection mechanisms between the North Atlantic and the Indian monsoon. The changes over the tropical Atlantic are shown to be essential in triggering perturbations of the subtropical jet over Africa and Eurasia, that in turn affect the intensity of the Indian monsoon. These relationships are also found to be valid in additional coupled model simulations in which the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is forced to resume. © Author(s) 2013."
"36909238300;55804929600;8958009400;7006432091;","TRMM precipitation bias in extreme storms in South America",2013,"10.1002/grl.50651","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84880830350&doi=10.1002%2fgrl.50651&partnerID=40&md5=90d9b733b79e1c9413dec29865c2a391","Deep convective storms in subtropical South America are some of the most intense in the world, and the hydrological cycle plays an important role in both tropical and subtropical South America. Recent studies have suggested that the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar algorithm significantly underestimates surface rainfall in deep convection over land. This study investigates the range of the rain bias in storms containing four different types of extreme radar echoes: deep convective cores, deep and wide convective cores, wide convective cores, and broad stratiform regions over South America. Storms with deep convective cores show the greatest underestimation, and the bias is unrelated to their echo top height. The bias in wide convective cores relates to the echo top, indicating that storms with significant mixed phase and ice hydrometeors are similarly affected by assumptions in the TRMM algorithm. The relationship between storm type and rain bias remains similar in both subtropical and tropical regions. Key Points TRMM rain algorithm biases various types of extreme storms, not just deep ones Rain biases from deep convection are greater than wide convection or stratiform Convection containing significant precipitation ice is the most underestimated ©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"55573879100;7004697981;7006497331;7402080530;35801083300;6505858739;","Stable-isotope (H, O, and Si) evidence for seasonal variations in hydrology and Si cycling from modern waters in the Nile Basin: Implications for interpreting the quaternary record",2013,"10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.12.005","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84881377384&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2012.12.005&partnerID=40&md5=f2d15f469b31cbbe9c129e73f2200188","Seasonal variations in hydrology and Si cycling in the Nile Basin were investigated using stable-isotope (H, O, and Si) compositions and dissolved Si (DSi) concentrations of surface waters, as a basis for interpreting lacustrine diatom sequences. δ18O ranged from 4.7 to 8.0&amp; in the wet season and 0.6 to 8.8&amp; in the dry season (through 2009-2011). Higher δ18O values during the dry season reflected increased evapotranspiration and open water evaporation under conditions of lower humidity. Progressive downstream enrichment in the heavy isotope 18O also occurred in response to cumulative evaporative losses from open water bodies and swamps. δ30Si values of DSi ranged from 0.48 to 3.45&amp; during the wet season and 1.54 to 4.66&amp; during the dry season, increasing the previously reported global upper limit for δ30Si values in natural waters by 1&amp;. Si-isotope fractionation was most intense during the dry season when demand for DSi by aquatic ecosystems exceeded supply. Progressive downstream enrichment in the heavy isotope 30Si, coupled with decreasing DSi concentrations, represented cumulative Si uptake by diatoms, macrophytes and other Si-accumulating aquatic organisms. The pronounced seasonal variations in DSi concentrations and Si-isotope compositions in the River Nile suggest that its DSi flux to the ocean may have varied significantly on a glacial/interglacial time scale, with important consequences for the marine Si budget and consequently the global C cycle. Anthropogenic impacts were evident in both the water- and Si-isotope datasets, especially during the dry season and along the Main Nile, where water management is most intensive. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd."
"6602994674;16304600900;55722586400;31967775500;","Regional climate model applications on sub-regional scales over the Indian monsoon region: The role of domain size on downscaling uncertainty",2012,"10.1029/2012JD017956","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84861903463&doi=10.1029%2f2012JD017956&partnerID=40&md5=28b634ceca2f086a13f56370b06c1676","Regional climate models are becoming increasingly popular to provide high resolution climate change information for impacts assessments to inform adaptation options. Many countries and provinces requiring these assessments are as small as 200,000 km2 in size, significantly smaller than an ideal domain needed for successful applications of one-way nested regional climate models. Therefore assessments on sub-regional scales (e.g., river basins) are generally carried out using climate change simulations performed for relatively larger regions. Here we show that the seasonal mean hydrological cycle and the day-to-day precipitation variations of a sub-region within the model domain are sensitive to the domain size, even though the large scale circulation features over the region are largely insensitive. On seasonal timescales, the relatively smaller domains intensify the hydrological cycle by increasing the net transport of moisture into the study region and thereby enhancing the precipitation and local recycling of moisture. On daily timescales, the simulations run over smaller domains produce higher number of moderate precipitation days in the sub-region relative to the corresponding larger domain simulations. An assessment of daily variations of water vapor and the vertical velocity within the sub-region indicates that the smaller domains may favor more frequent moderate uplifting and subsequent precipitation in the region. The results remained largely insensitive to the horizontal resolution of the model, indicating the robustness of the domain size influence on the regional model solutions. These domain size dependent precipitation characteristics have the potential to add one more level of uncertainty to the downscaled projections. © 2012. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"18934718100;7003385765;","Cloud-to-ground lightning and surface rainfall in warm-season Florida thunderstorms",2006,"10.1029/2005JD006802","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34250175013&doi=10.1029%2f2005JD006802&partnerID=40&md5=caf15fe82462230c23829f47583e1bef","Relationships between cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning and surface rainfall have been examined in nine isolated, warm-season thunderstorms on the east coast of central Florida. CG flashes and the associated rain volumes were measured as a function of time in storm-centered reference frames that followed each storm over a network of rain gauges. Values of the storm-average rain volume per CG flash ranged from 0.70 × 104 to 6.4 × 104 m3/CG flash, with a mean (and standard deviation) of 2.6 × 104 ± 2.1 × 104 m3/CG flash. Values of the rain volume concurrent with CG flashes ranged from 0.11 × 104 to 4.9 × 104 m3/CG flash with a mean of 2.1 × 104 ± 2.0 × 104 m3/CG flash. The lag-time between the peak CG flash rate and the peak rainfall rate (using 5 min bins), and the results of a lag correlation analysis, show that surface rainfall tends to follow the lightning (positive lag) by up to 20 min in six storms. In one storm the rainfall preceded the lightning by 5 min, and two storms had nonsignificant lags. Values of the lagged rain volume concurrent with CG flashes ranged from 0.43 × 104 to 4.9 × 104 m3/CG flash, and the mean was 1.9 × 104 ± 1.7 × 104 m3/CG flash. For the five storms that produced 12 or more flashes and had significant lags, a plot of the optimum lag time versus the total number of CG flashes shows a linear trend (R2 = 0.56). The number of storms is limited, but the lag results do indicate that large storms tend to have longer lags. A linear fit to the lagged rain volume vs. the number of concurrent CG flashes has a slope of 1.9 × 104 m3/CG flash (R2 = 0.83). We conclude that warm-season Florida thunderstorms produce a roughly constant rain volume per CG flash and that CG lightning can be used to estimate the location and intensity of convective rainfall in that weather regime. Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union."
"7006307463;57189585133;7004402960;","The Sulfur Cycle",1992,"10.1016/S0074-6142(08)62696-0","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77956800029&doi=10.1016%2fS0074-6142%2808%2962696-0&partnerID=40&md5=f948e0f0e08ba42689e2ccc9fd9614e4","Sulfur, the 14th most abundant element in the Earth's crust, plays a variety of important roles in the chemical functioning of the Earth. In its reduced oxidation state, sulfur is a key nutrient to life providing—for example, structural integrity to protein-containing tissues. Sulfate in the atmosphere has been identified as the dominant component of cloud condensation nuclei in both remote and polluted settings. Thus, it has important interactions with clouds (and perhaps the global radiative energy balance, which is sensitive to clouds) and with the hydrological cycle. Of the major elemental cycles (that is, C, N, O, P, S), the sulfur cycle is one of the most heavily perturbed by human activity. The chapter discusses the cycling of sulfur that is divided into an atmospheric part and an oceanic/solid earth part. Emissions of sulfur to the atmosphere by humans are almost entirely in the form of SO2. The main sources are coal-burning and sulfide ore smelting. The total anthropogenic flux is estimated to be about 80 TgS/year and is thus essentially equal in magnitude to the natural flux of low oxidation state sulfur to the atmosphere. Clearly, the atmospheric sulfur cycle is intensely perturbed by human activity. The ocean plays a central role in the hydrospheric cycling of sulfur, because the major reservoirs of sulfur on the Earth's surface are related to various oceanic depositional processes. © 1992 Academic Press, Inc."
"7201466345;","Extreme hydrometeorological events and climate change predictions in Europe",2014,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.12.041","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907611961&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2013.12.041&partnerID=40&md5=490adeceda11af3fc04f97922cc51c8a","Field meteorological data collected in several European Commission projects (from 1974 to 2011) were re-analysed in the context of a perceived reduction in summer storms around the Western Mediterranean Basin (WMB). The findings reveal some hitherto overlooked processes that raise questions about direct impacts on European hydrological cycles, e.g., extreme hydrometeorological events, and about the role of feedbacks on climate models and climate predictions. For instance, the summer storms are affected by land-use changes along the coasts and mountain slopes. Their loss triggers a chain of events that leads to an Accumulation Mode (AM) where water vapour and air pollutants (ozone) become stacked in layers, up to 4000(+)m, over the WMB. The AM cycle can last 3-5consecutive days, and recur several times each month from mid May to late August. At the end of each cycle the accumulated water vapour can feed Vb track events and generate intense rainfall and summer floods in Central Europe. Venting out of the water vapour that should have precipitated within the WMB increases the salinity of the sea and affects the Atlantic-Mediterranean Salinity valve at Gibraltar. This, in turn, can alter the tracks of Atlantic Depressions and their frontal systems over Atlantic Europe. Another effect is the greenhouse heating by water vapour and photo-oxidants (e.g., O3) when layered over the Basin during the AM cycle. This increases the Sea Surface Temperature (SST), and the higher SST intensifies torrential rain events over the Mediterranean coasts in autumn. All these processes raise research questions that must be addressed to improve the meteorological forecasting of extreme events, as well as climate model predictions. © 2014 Elsevier B.V."
"56663009100;6602544698;55915206300;","Uncertainty analysis for CloudSat snowfall retrievals",2011,"10.1175/2010JAMC2505.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79953232746&doi=10.1175%2f2010JAMC2505.1&partnerID=40&md5=d4cb50ca949e7abbf2f4c6b3e4f2b5e5","A new method to derive radar reflectivity-snow rate (Ze-S) relationships from scattering properties of different ice particle models is presented. Three statistical Ze-i relationships are derived to characterize the best estimate and uncertainties due to ice habit. The derived relationships are applied to CloudSat data to derive near-surface snowfall retrievals. Other uncertainties due to various method choices, such as vertical continuity tests, the near-surface reflectivity threshold used for choosing snowfall cases, and correcting for attenuation, are also explored on a regional and zonally averaged basis. The vertical continuity test in particular is found to have interesting regional effects. Although it appears to be useful for eliminating ground clutter over land, it also masks out potential lake-effect-snowfall cases over the Southern Ocean storm-track region. The choice of reflectivity threshold is found to significantly affect snowfall detection but is insignificant in terms of the mean snowfall rate. The use of an attenuation correction scheme can increase mean snowfall rates by ~20%-30%in some regions. The CloudSat-collocated Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR)-derived liquid water path is also analyzed, and significant amounts of cloud liquid water are often present in snowfall cases in which surface temperature is below freezing, illustrating the need to improve the arbitrary model-derived surface temperature criterion used to select ""dry"" snowfall cases. Precipitation measurements from conventional surface weather stations across Canada are used in an initial attempt to evaluate CloudSat snowfall retrievals. As expected, evaluation with ground-based data is fraught with difficulties. Encouraging results are found at a few stations, however-in particular, those located at very high latitudes. © 2011 American Meteorological Society."
"49961684000;22953066400;","Development of integrated watershed management schemes for an intensively urbanized region in Korea",2007,"10.1016/j.jher.2007.07.004","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-43549098328&doi=10.1016%2fj.jher.2007.07.004&partnerID=40&md5=f8d64fb4d861b83583ab9a2da9f71bdc","A systematic, seven-step approach to integrated watershed management for sustainability was proposed and applied to upstream watershed of the Anyangcheon in Korea, which experiences streamflow depletion, frequent flood damages, and poor water quality due to rapid urbanization. To understand watershed components and processes, static and dynamic data were collected and synthetic hydrologic cycles generated by HSPF (Hydrologic Simulation Program - FORTRAN) were simulated (STEP 1). To identify and quantify problems within the watershed, three indices (following the pressure-state-response model) were employed: Potential Flood Damage (PFD), Potential Streamflow Depletion (PSD), and Potential Water Quality Deterioration (PWQD). Composite programming, a method of multi-criteria decision-making, was employed to estimate all indices and analytic hierarchy process are introduced to quantify the weighting values of all indicators (STEP 2). The primary goal of managers is to maintain certain minimum levels of water for instreamflow requirement and total maximum daily load (TMDL). Therefore target water quality and, instreamflow requirements (including low flow and fish flow) were specifically set (STEP 3). All possible management alternatives were listed (STEP 4) and a few specific management options which are technically, economically, and environmentally feasible, were selected (STEP 5). The ability of each feasible option to achieve the desired water quantity and quality criteria was analyzed and quantified using the HSPF (STEP 6). Finally, an evaluation index was calculated using each of the proposed alternatives in order to rank the sustainability and priority of alternatives (STEP 7). © 2007 International Association for Hydraulic Engineering and Research, Asia Pacific Division."
"6507355875;6603256951;7202527347;7404696407;","Submesoscale spatiotemporal variability of North American Monsoon rainfall over complex terrain",2007,"10.1175/JCLI4093.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34249684407&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI4093.1&partnerID=40&md5=38ec83d4d7139b8ce70c3bcc8dab0183","The authors analyze information from rain gauges, geostationary infrared satellites, and low earth orbiting radar in order to describe and characterize the submesoscale (<75 km) spatial pattern and temporal dynamics of rainfall in a 50 km × 75 km study area located in Sonora, Mexico, in the periphery of the North American monsoon system core region. The temporal domain spans from 1 July to 31 August 2004, corresponding to one monsoon season. Results reveal that rainfall in the study region is characterized by high spatial and temporal variability, strong diurnal cycles in both frequency and intensity with maxima in the evening hours, and multiscaling behavior in both temporal and spatial fields. The scaling parameters of the spatial rainfall fields exhibit dependence on the rainfall rate at the synoptic scale. The rainfall intensity exhibits a slightly stronger diurnal cycle compared to the rainfall frequency, and the maximum lag time between the two diurnal peaks is within 2.4 h, with earlier peaks observed for rainfall intensity. The time of maximum cold cloud occurrence does not vary with the infrared threshold temperature used (215-235 K), while the amplitude of the diurnal cycle varies in such a way that deep convective cells have stronger diurnal cycles. Furthermore, the results indicate that the diurnal cycle of cold cloud occurrence can be used as a surrogate for some basic features of the diurnal cycle of rainfall. The spatial pattern and temporal dynamics of rainfall are modulated by topographic features and large-scale features (circulation and moisture fields as related to geographical location). As compared to valley areas, mountainous areas are characterized by an earlier diurnal peak, an earlier date of maximum precipitation, closely clustered rainy hours, frequent yet small rainfall events, and less dependence of precipitation accumulation on elevation. As compared to the northern section of the study area, the southern section is characterized by strong convective systems that peak late diurnally. The results of this study are important for understanding the physical processes involved, improving the representation of submesoscale variability in models, downscaling rainfall data from coarse meteorological models to smaller hydrological scales, and interpreting and validating remote sensing rainfall estimates. © 2007 American Meteorological Society."
"18935790900;6603623117;57194493209;","Isotopic composition of the precipitations in the central mediterranean: Origin marks and orographic precipitation effects",2006,"10.1029/2005JD006818","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34547966896&doi=10.1029%2f2005JD006818&partnerID=40&md5=db46899803fab35696ef87578f4828e7","The isotopic composition of the rainfall in northwestern Sicily (Italy, central Mediterranean) was investigated in the period February 2002 to March 2003. A rain gauge network was installed and sampled monthly. The monthly values of the D and 18O ratios showed a wide range that reflected seasonal climatic variations. Mean weighted values were used to define an isotopic model of precipitation. Temporal variations in deuterium excess were also investigated. Using mean volume weighted values, the Local Meteoric Water Line (LMWL) can be represented by the equation: δD = 4.7δ18O - 8.2 (r2 = 0.96). Deuterium excess (d = δD - 8δ18O) was found to be strongly related to orography. The coastline samples were characterized by mean weighted deuterium excess values close to 12.5‰ samples from inland areas showed values of 169‰, while samples taken from the main reliefs showed values close to 19%· In inland areas, isotopic exchange between raindrops and moisture could shift the deuterium excess values slightly. On the higher reliefs, the interaction between falling raindrops and orographic clouds could shift the deuterium excess values significantly. The low slope of the LMWL could be referred to the high deuterium excess values of the higher sites and is related to orographic precipitation rather than to evaporation processes during the fall of the raindrops. The results obtained suggest that local orographic features may significantly change the isotopic composition of precipitation. Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union."
"8268585000;9535898900;8219852100;9234964800;7004092785;","Nutrients and zooplankton composition and dynamics in relation to the hydrological pattern in a confined Mediterranean salt marsh (NE Iberian Peninsula)",2006,"10.1016/j.ecss.2005.10.006","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-30344483216&doi=10.1016%2fj.ecss.2005.10.006&partnerID=40&md5=911f29791db6c4a4606413f585302a14","The role of the hydrological regime in the nutrients and zooplankton composition and dynamics has been analysed in five lagoons of La Pletera salt marshes (NE Iberian Peninsula) during a complete hydrological cycle (2002-2003). Two of the lagoons have their origin in the old river mouths while the other three were recently created in the framework of a Life Restoration project. This fact has also allowed us to study the effect of the lagoon age on nutrient and zooplankton composition and dynamics. The salt marsh hydrology is determined by a prolonged period of confinement without water inputs, irregularly interrupted by sudden water inputs due to flooding events (sea storms or intense rainfalls). While the dynamics of oxidized nitrogen compounds in the lagoons depends on the water inputs variability within each hydrological cycle, the internal load of phosphorus, total nitrogen and organic matter is related more to the cumulative mechanisms during the confinement periods. Accumulation processes may be easily related to lagoon age, since old lagoons have higher content of nutrients and organic matter, suggesting that these lagoons progressively accumulate nutrients during the successive confinement events. This is the usual case for most Mediterranean salt marshes without an artificially manipulated water regime. The zooplankton community in La Pletera integrates the effects of both the hydrological regime and the lagoon age since the former determines the temporal pattern of the main zooplankton species and the latter explains differences in composition and structure between old and new lagoons. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved."
"22937863100;56522583600;7101808328;7203087491;","A simulation model of miombo woodland dynamics under different management regimes",2000,"10.1016/S0921-8009(00)00145-2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034050012&doi=10.1016%2fS0921-8009%2800%2900145-2&partnerID=40&md5=9f725778a42e5948f815990e356670c3","Miombo woodlands are crucial to the livelihoods of rural people throughout southern, eastern and central Africa. This paper describes a dynamic simulation model of key ecological processes in miombo and examines the ecological and economic impacts of various forms of management. The model shows that removing harvestable trees and reducing the level of grazing by livestock causes an increase in grass fuel loads and a corresponding increase in the frequency of fires. More frequent and intense fires in turn suppress woody regrowth, thereby adversely affecting harvestable tree stocks. Despite the marked ecological response to manipulating the level of grazing, the impacts on economic performance were minimal. The NPVs for Forestry Commission in particular remained relatively constant under different management regimes. Given these low potential returns, the advantage of applying some of the known silvicultural management treatments to miombo woodlands seems questionable. Varying the proportion of harvestable timber trees cut and changing the length of the cutting cycle might suggest that profits to the Forestry Commission or timber concessionaires could be maximised by harvesting as much timber as possible in a single cutting period. Under such a scenario, however, the woodland would be rapidly converted to bushland. There is a need to explore further the trade-offs between direct use values, as derived from harvesting and selling timber, and ecological service functions, such as carbon sequestration and modifications of the hydrological cycle. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V."
"56045170200;55675224264;55862734800;36110342400;7006386995;55644003021;","Hydroclimatic response of evapotranspiration partitioning to prolonged droughts in semiarid grassland",2018,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.06.048","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85048950483&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2018.06.048&partnerID=40&md5=a06b1a17a2994202d03c8f53b5c19113","A warming climate is expected to perturb the hydrological cycle, resulting in changes to both the frequency and duration of drought, especially in arid and semiarid grassland. Although considerable attention has been paid to the responses of key water fluxes to severe drought, few have explored the effects of prolonged drought on evapotranspiration (ET), its partitioning into vegetation transpiration (T) and soil evaporation (E), and its relationship with vegetation productivity. In this study, we used a combination of the eddy covariance (EC) flux technique and satellite remote sensing products to evaluate the effects of prolonged drought on ET components based on the concept of underlying water use efficiency (uWUE). The results showed T accounted for about 51% (standard deviation ±0.03%) of ET during prolonged drought lower than those in normal and/or wet years (range, 59–62%). We detected strong positive relationships between the T/ET ratios and aboveground biomass (AGB), leaf area index (LAI), and precipitation (R2 of 0.80, 0.58, and 0.49, respectively). The specific responses of ecosystem functioning to prolonged drought indicated that grassland ecosystem was able to resist the drought disturbance and retain vegetation growth to a certain extent unless extreme drought hit. The results implied that more intense and prolonged droughts will result in ecological degradation and substantial changes in ecosystem functioning. And these results improve our understanding of how the climate change will affect the function and structure of grassland ecosystem. © 2018 Elsevier B.V."
"36057416500;6602871885;16041925300;7601329386;7003663632;7004309625;55964161900;57208428708;","Lags in hydrologic recovery following an extreme drought: Assessing the roles of climate and catchment characteristics",2017,"10.1002/2017WR020683","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85020425677&doi=10.1002%2f2017WR020683&partnerID=40&md5=b13ebba21ecb6b10bf2e997240fbfeeb","Drought, generally characterized by below-average water supply, propagates through the hydrologic system with consequent ecological and societal impacts. Compared with other drought aspects, the recovery of drought especially in the hydrological components, which directly relates to the recovery of water resources for agricultural, ecological and human needs, is less-understood. Here, taking the Millennium drought in southeast Australia (∼1997–2009) as an illustrating case, we comprehensively examined multiple aspects of the meteorological (i.e., precipitation) and hydrological (i.e., streamflow and base flow) droughts across 130 unimpaired catchments using long-term hydro-meteorological observations. Results show that the duration and intensity of the meteorological drought are both lengthened and amplified in the hydrological drought, suggesting a nonstationarity in the rainfall-runoff relationship during a prolonged drought. Additionally, we find a time lag commonly exists between the end of the meteorological droughts and the end of the hydrological drought, with the recovery of base flow showing a longer lag than the recovery of streamflow. The recovery rate of precipitation after drought was found to be the dominant factor that controls the recovery of hydrological droughts while catchment landscape (i.e., valley bottom flatness) plays an important but secondary role in controlling the lags in the hydrological recovery. Other hydro-climatic factors and catchment properties appear to have only minor influences governing hydrological drought recovery. Our findings highlight a delayed response in the terrestrial components of the hydrological cycle to precipitation after prolonged drought, and provide valuable scientific guidance to water resources management and water security assessment in regions facing future droughts. © 2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"7003653764;8537480000;57154391900;7102643810;7202257926;35612330300;7102965584;","Toward completing the raindrop size spectrum: Case studies involving 2D-video disdrometer, droplet spectrometer, and polarimetric radar measurements",2017,"10.1175/JAMC-D-16-0304.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85017520175&doi=10.1175%2fJAMC-D-16-0304.1&partnerID=40&md5=dde9a854120c408864c8913f77d1c6c8","Analysis of drop size distributions (DSD) measured by collocated Meteorological Particle Spectrometer (MPS) and a third-generation, low-profile, 2D-video disdrometer (2DVD) are presented. Two events from two different regions (Greeley, Colorado, and Huntsville, Alabama) are analyzed. While the MPS, with its 50-μm resolution, enabled measurements of small drops, typically for drop diameters below about 1.1 mm, the 2DVD provided accurate measurements for drop diameters above 0.7 mm. Drop concentrations in the 0.7-1.1-mm overlap region were found to be in excellent agreement between the two instruments. Examination of the combined spectra clearly reveals a drizzle mode and a precipitation mode. The combined spectra were analyzed in terms of the DSD parameters, namely, the normalized intercept parameter NW, the mass-weighted mean diameter Dm, and the standard deviation of mass spectrum σM. The inclusion of small drops significantly affected the NW and the ratio σM/Dm toward higher values relative to using the 2DVD-based spectra alone. For each of the two events, polarimetric radar data were used to characterize the variation of radar-measured reflectivity Zh and differential reflectivity Zdr with Dm from the combined spectra. In the Greeley event, this variation at S band was well captured for small values of Dm (&lt;0.5 mm) where measured Zdr tended to 0 dB but Zh showed a noticeable decrease with decreasing Dm. For the Huntsville event, an overpass of the Global Precipitation Measurement mission Core Observatory satellite enabled comparison of satellite-based dual-frequency radar retrievals of Dm with ground-based DSD measurements. Small differences were found between the satellite-based radar retrievals and disdrometers. © 2017 American Meteorological Society."
"55743283900;56162980100;57202486527;55520820800;56681634100;55701963900;24077870000;53983290100;","Similar responses of soil carbon storage to drought and irrigation in terrestrial ecosystems but with contrasting mechanisms: A meta-analysis",2016,"10.1016/j.agee.2016.04.030","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84969271455&doi=10.1016%2fj.agee.2016.04.030&partnerID=40&md5=3fd960234c44551dc85479558215bcfa","Global climate models predict that future precipitation regimes will largely change across the globe due to the intensification of the global water cycle under climate warming, which may generate considerable impacts on ecosystem carbon (C) dynamics. Although substantial manipulative experiments have been conducted to probe the responses of ecosystem C processes to altered precipitation, how soil C storage responds to both drought and irrigation is still unclear across biomes and the globe. A meta-analysis of 179 published studies was carried out to examine responses of soil C storage and associated C fluxes and pools to drought and irrigation. Our results showed that, on average across all biomes, drought and irrigation similarly induced minor increases in soil C pool (SCP) by 1.45% and 1.27%, respectively. However, drought and irrigation oppositely affected both C fluxes and plant C pools as well as in agroecosystems (e.g., croplands and grasslands). The drought-induced increases in root: shoot ratio and decreases in heterotrophic respiration and soil C turnover rate mostly contributed to minor increase in SCP, while an increase in newly fixed C inputs in soil was more important under irrigation. In addition, the relative changes in precipitation intensity in manipulative experiments were positively correlated with response ratios of plant C pool (PCP), net primary production (NPP), microbial biomass C, ecosystem, soil and heterotrophic respiration. The drought-induced responses of SCP exhibited a positive correlation with experimental duration but not under irrigation and for other C pools and fluxes. These results indicate that more attention should be paid to the responses of C allocation and turnover rate to drought and irrigation, which should be incorporated into land surface models to better project effects of altered precipitation on ecosystem C cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. © 2016 Elsevier B.V."
"22235251500;7006392633;56242669500;","Flooding dynamics on the lower Amazon floodplain: 2. Seasonal and interannual hydrological variability",2014,"10.1002/2013WR014714","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84896714760&doi=10.1002%2f2013WR014714&partnerID=40&md5=3dd933e2baa6dcb68ca6598573e215dc","We analyzed seasonal and interannual variability in hydrological fluxes and inundation dynamics of a large floodplain unit (2440 km2) along the lower Amazon River over a period of 15 years (1995-2010). Floodplain inundation was simulated using LISFLOOD-FP, which combines one-dimensional river routing with two-dimensional overland flow, and a local hydrological model. Dominant sources of inflow varied seasonally among direct rain and local runoff (November), Amazon River (December to August) and seepage (September and October). Shifts in timing of dominance among the water balance components occurred conform variations in annual peak stage. The period of dominance of river inflow over total floodplain influxes began about 1 month earlier and ended 1 month later in the 2009 high flood year compared to the 1998 low flood year. On average, river to floodplain discharge represented 0.75% of the Amazon River discharge at Óbidos and 82% of the annual hydrological influxes to the floodplain. We observed an up to ninefold variation in river-floodplain annual discharge. Relatively small increments in main stem peak discharge cause disproportionately large changes in the flow routed through the floodplain. Despite the higher frequency of years with lower minimum stages, the intensification of the hydrological cycle of the Amazon Basin is causing substantially greater amounts of riverine water to flow across floodplain environments. Key Points Floodplain hydrological fluxes were analyzed with an inundation model Proportion of water supplied from river and local sources varied seasonally Up to ninefold interannual variation in river-floodplain exchange was observed ©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"55472609300;6603963528;","Florida Straits deglacial temperature and salinity change: Implications for tropical hydrologic cycle variability during the Younger Dryas",2011,"10.1029/2011PA002157","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80054758802&doi=10.1029%2f2011PA002157&partnerID=40&md5=5fc165b586f908fbf55e509f51084b02","The prevailing paradigm of abrupt climate change holds that rapid shifts associated with the most extreme climate swings of the last glacial cycle were forced by changes in the strength and northward extension of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), resulting in an abrupt reorganization of atmospheric circulation patterns with global teleconnections. To determine the timing of tropical Atlantic atmospheric circulation changes over the past 21 ka BP, we reconstruct high resolution sea surface temperature and δ18O<inf>SW</inf> (a proxy for surface salinity) records based on Mg/Ca ratios and oxygen isotope measurements in the planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber from a sediment core located on the western margin of the Florida Straits. As a proxy for meltwater discharge influence on Florida Straits surface water salinity, we also measured Ba/Ca ratios in G. ruber from the same core. Results show that riverine influence on Florida Straits surface water started by 17.2 ka BP and ended by 13.6 ka BP, 600 years before the start of the Younger Dryas (YD) cold interval. The initiation of the YD is marked by an abrupt increase in Florida Straits δ18O<inf>SW</inf> values, indicating a shift to elevated sea surface salinity occurring in 130 years, most likely resulting from increased regional aridity and/or reduced precipitation. In order to resolve the timing of tropical atmospheric circulation change relative to AMOC variability across this transition, we compare the timing of surface water changes to a recently published record of Florida Current variability in the same core reconstructed from benthic oxygen isotope measurements. We find synchronous changes in atmospheric and ocean circulation on the transition into the YD, consistent with an abrupt reduction in AMOC as the driver of tropical Atlantic atmospheric circulation change at this time. Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union."
"9245000500;57203348817;","Orographic precipitation in the tropics: Large-Eddy simulations and theory",2009,"10.1175/2009JAS2990.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-69849106722&doi=10.1175%2f2009JAS2990.1&partnerID=40&md5=3be239d136a9cb30f9e44d50ff374eb4","Recent radar and rain gauge observations from the Caribbean island of Dominica (15°N) show a strong orographic enhancement of trade wind precipitation. The mechanisms behind this enhancement are investigated using idealized large-eddy simulations with a realistic representation of the shallow trade wind cumuli over the open ocean upstream of the island. The dominant mechanism is found to be the rapid growth of convection by the bulk lifting of the inhomogenous impinging flow. When rapidly lifted by the terrain, existing clouds and other moist parcels gain buoyancy relative to rising dry air because of their different adiabatic lapse rates. The resulting energetic, closely packed convection forms precipitation readily and brings frequent heavy showers to the high terrain. Despite this strong precipitation enhancement, only a small fraction (1%) of the impinging moisture flux is lost over the island. However, an extensive rain shadow forms to the lee of Dominica due to the convective stabilization, forced descent, and wave breaking.Alinear model is developed to explain the convective enhancement over the steep terrain. © 2009 American Meteorological Society."
"7004289682;8558549500;","Refined physical retrieval of integrated water vapor and cloud liquid for microwave radiometer data",2009,"10.1109/TGRS.2008.2006984","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-67349159362&doi=10.1109%2fTGRS.2008.2006984&partnerID=40&md5=742e8e92f43897c40dab30f98709b72d","Monitoring atmospheric water is essential for the understanding of the dynamic processes of the atmosphere and for the assessment of wave-propagation properties. Microwave radiometers, in combination with a thermal infrared channel, have the potential to fulfill these tasks. This paper is focused on the surface-based system TROWARA with microwave channels at 21.3 and 31.5 GHz. TROWARA has been used for tropospheric water measurements at Bern since 1994 together with a standard meteo station. So far, emphasis has been put on integrated water vapor (IWV) measurements, particularly for climate studies, but integrated liquid water (ILW) has been retrieved as well. We report on methodological advances with the data analysis. First, the original algorithm was replaced by a new statistical retrieval based on the simulations of TROWARA data using radiosonde profiles. Second, in a physical refinement, the cause of the variable ILW bias has been identified, and a method for its reduction to the level of 0.001 to 0.005 mm has been developed and tested. The bias is mainly a result of the variable water-vapor influence on absorption at 31 GHz. The bias correction also influences the IWV retrieval. The refined physical retrieval includes the temperature dependence of cloud absorption based on a recent dielectric model of water. The three algorithms (original, new, and refined) have been compared for two years of data. The applications of the refined algorithm are focused on physical processes, such as the development of supercooled clouds. Future advances will include precipitation measurements. © 2008 IEEE."
"25924878400;7004114883;","Toward a fully parametric retrieval of the nonraining parameters over the global oceans",2008,"10.1175/2007JAMC1712.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-57649142969&doi=10.1175%2f2007JAMC1712.1&partnerID=40&md5=b8b75990a507a6c115c9ce2693a366e0","In light of the upcoming launch of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, a parametric retrieval algorithm of the nonraining parameters over the global oceans is developed with the ability to accommodate all currently existing and planned spaceborne microwave window channel sensors and imagers. The physical retrieval is developed using all available sensor channels in a full optimal estimation inversion. This framework requires that retrieved parameters be physically consistent with all observed satellite radiances regardless of the sensor being used. The retrieval algorithm has been successfully applied to the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System (AMSR-E), the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) with geophysical parameter retrieval results comparable to independent studies using sensor-optimized algorithms. The optimal estimation diagnostics characterize the retrieval further, providing errors associated with each of the retrieved parameters, indicating whether the retrieved state is physically consistent with observed radiances, and yielding information on how well simulated radiances agree with observed radiances. This allows for the quantitative assessment of potential calibration issues in either the model or sensor. In addition, there is an expected, consistent response of these diagnostics based on the scene being observed, such as in the case of a raining scene, allowing for the emergence of a rainfall detection scheme providing a new capability in rainfall identification for use in passive microwave rainfall and cloud property retrievals. © 2008 American Meteorological Society."
"56888458200;6601987931;6701530932;7005505077;7005066224;","Deployment and evaluation of a system for ground-based measurement of cloud liquid water turbulent fluxes",1997,"10.1175/1520-0426(1997)014<0468:DAEOAS>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0002207782&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0426%281997%29014%3c0468%3aDAEOAS%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=3ee5abcc08da3cac6a304cd843364b3b","Direct interception of windblown cloud water by forests has been dubbed ""occult deposition"" because it represents a hydrological input that is hidden from rain gauges. Eddy correlation studies of this phenomenon have estimated cloud water fluxes to vegetation yet have lacked estimates of error bounds. This paper presents an evaluation of instrumental and methodological errors for cloud liquid water fluxes to put such eddy correlation measurements in context. Procedures for data acquisition, processing (including correction factors), and calibration testing of the particulate volume monitor (PVM) and forward-scattering spectrometer probe (FSSP) are detailed. Nearly 200 h of in-cloud data are analyzed for intercomparison of these instruments. Three methods of coordinate system rotation are investigated; the flux shows little sensitivity to the method used, and the difference between fluxes at different stations is even less sensitive to this choice. Side-by-side intercomparison of two PVMs and one FSSP leads to error bounds of 0.01-0.035 g m-3 on half-hour mean cloud liquid water content (relative to typical values of 0.35 g m-3) and 2-3.5 mg m-2 s-1 on the surface-normal liquid water flux (typical magnitude of 7 mg m-2 s-1 for these data), depending on which instruments are compared."
"57190028991;56677614800;54945054300;16047898600;57073753500;57190020357;35768946800;16552020300;16244836400;23105874800;56927786800;7409620536;6602521000;55549790500;7003673415;7004015391;","Water scarcity and oil palm expansion: Social views and environmental processes",2016,"10.5751/ES-08214-210205","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84976586872&doi=10.5751%2fES-08214-210205&partnerID=40&md5=d24fba94e241622e6b78e95559975cce","Conversions of natural ecosystems, e.g., from rain forests to managed plantations, result in significant changes in the hydrological cycle including periodic water scarcity. In Indonesia, large areas of forest were lost and extensive oil palm plantations were established over the last decades. We conducted a combined social and environmental study in a region of recent land-use change, the Jambi Province on Sumatra. The objective was to derive complementary lines of arguments to provide balanced insights into environmental perceptions and eco-hydrological processes accompanying land-use change. Interviews with villagers highlighted concerns regarding decreasing water levels in wells during dry periods and increasing fluctuations in stream flow between rainy and dry periods. Periodic water scarcity was found to severely impact livelihoods, which increased social polarization. Sap flux measurements on forest trees and oil palms indicate that oil palm plantations use as much water as forests for transpiration. Eddy covariance analyses of evapotranspiration over oil palm point to substantial additional sources of evaporation in oil palm plantations such as the soil and epiphytes. Stream base flow from a catchment dominated by oil palms was lower than from a catchment dominated by rubber plantations; both showed high peaks after rainfall. An estimate of erosion indicated approximately 30 cm of topsoil loss after forest conversion to both oil palm and rubber plantations. Analyses of climatic variables over the last 20 years and of a standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index for the last century suggested that droughts are recurrent in the area, but have not increased in frequency or intensity. Consequently, we assume that conversions of rain forest ecosystems to oil palm plantations lead to a redistribution of precipitated water by runoff, which leads to the reported periodic water scarcity. Our combined social and environmental approach points to significant and thus far neglected eco-hydrological consequences of oil palm expansion. © 2016 by the author(s)."
"6507259351;26665707300;57212608975;57209149477;56593255500;56291727600;56841604100;","Integrated assessment of the impact of climate and land use changes on groundwater quantity and quality in the Mancha Oriental system (Spain)",2015,"10.5194/hess-19-1677-2015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84927592648&doi=10.5194%2fhess-19-1677-2015&partnerID=40&md5=2d1398e49f70f66bcc48a69c1bf22fd8","Climate and land use change (global change) impacts on groundwater systems cannot be studied in isolation. Land use and land cover (LULC) changes have a great impact on the water cycle and contaminant production and transport. Groundwater flow and storage are changing in response not only to climatic changes but also to human impacts on land uses and demands, which will alter the hydrologic cycle and subsequently impact the quantity and quality of regional water systems. Predicting groundwater recharge and discharge conditions under future climate and land use changes is essential for integrated water management and adaptation. In the Mancha Oriental system (MOS), one of the largest groundwater bodies in Spain, the transformation from dry to irrigated lands during the last decades has led to a significant drop of the groundwater table, with the consequent effect on stream-aquifer interaction in the connected Jucar River. Understanding the spatial and temporal distribution of water quantity and water quality is essential for a proper management of the system. On the one hand, streamflow depletion is compromising the dependent ecosystems and the supply to the downstream demands, provoking a complex management issue. On the other hand, the intense use of fertilizer in agriculture is leading to locally high groundwater nitrate concentrations. In this paper we analyze the potential impacts of climate and land use change in the system by using an integrated modeling framework that consists in sequentially coupling a watershed agriculturally based hydrological model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool, SWAT) with a groundwater flow model developed in MODFLOW, and with a nitrate mass-transport model in MT3DMS. SWAT model outputs (mainly groundwater recharge and pumping, considering new irrigation needs under changing evapotranspiration (ET) and precipitation) are used as MODFLOW inputs to simulate changes in groundwater flow and storage and impacts on stream-aquifer interaction. SWAT and MODFLOW outputs (nitrate loads from SWAT, groundwater velocity field from MODFLOW) are used as MT3DMS inputs for assessing the fate and transport of nitrate leached from the topsoil. Three climate change scenarios have been considered, corresponding to three different general circulation models (GCMs) for emission scenario A1B that covers the control period, and short-, medium- and long-term future periods. A multi-temporal analysis of LULC change was carried out, helped by the study of historical trends (from remote-sensing images) and key driving forces to explain LULC transitions. Markov chains and European scenarios and projections were used to quantify trends in the future. The cellular automata technique was applied for stochastic modeling future LULC maps. Simulated values of river discharge, crop yields, groundwater levels and nitrate concentrations fit well to the observed ones. The results show the response of groundwater quantity and quality (nitrate pollution) to climate and land use changes, with decreasing groundwater recharge and an increase in nitrate concentrations. The sequential modeling chain has been proven to be a valuable assessment tool for supporting the development of sustainable management strategies. © Author(s) 2015."
"55348249000;25226537800;35615593500;16480080500;7202129754;","Projected increases in summer and winter UK sub-daily precipitation extremes from high-resolution regional climate models",2014,"10.1088/1748-9326/9/8/084019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84928748321&doi=10.1088%2f1748-9326%2f9%2f8%2f084019&partnerID=40&md5=49257655d5ade7a2cc781b24b5f1ee35","Summer (June-July-August; JJA) UK precipitation extremes projections from two UK Met Office high-resolution (12 km and 1.5 km) regional climate models (RCMs) are shown to be resolution dependent. The 1.5 km RCM projects a uniform (10%) increase in 1 h JJA precipitation intensities across a range of return periods. The 12 km RCM, in contrast, projects decreases in short return period (≤5 years) events but strong increases in long return period (≥20 years) events. We have low physical and statistical confidence in the 12 km RCM projections for longer return periods. Both models show evidence for longer dry periods between events. In winter (December-January-February; DJF), the models show larger return level increases (≥40%). Both DJF projections are consistent with results from previous work based on coarser resolution models. © 2014 IOP Publishing Ltd."
"7004829302;8329897000;56157800800;","On the fine-scale topography regulating changes in atmospheric hydrological cycle and extreme rainfall over West Africa in a regional climate model projections",2012,"10.1155/2012/981649","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84866252976&doi=10.1155%2f2012%2f981649&partnerID=40&md5=ea5f966c7af3340110fb02f42a25b969","The ICTP-RegCM3 is used to downscale at 40 km projections from ECHAM5 over West Africa during the mid and late 21st Century. The results show that while ECHAM5 projects wetter climate along the Gulf of Guinea and drier conditions along the Sahel, RegCM3 produces contrasting changes for low-elevation (negative) and high-elevation (positive) terrains more marked during the second period. These wetter conditions in the uplands result from an intensification of the atmospheric hydrological cycle arising as a consequence of more frequent and denser rainy days and leading to larger intensity and more extreme events. Examination of the large-scale dynamics reveal that these conditions are mostly driven by increased low-level moisture convergence which produces elevated vertical motion above Cameroun's mountainous areas favoring more atmospheric instability, moisture, and rainfall. This regulation of climate change signal by high-elevation terrains is feasible only in RegCM3 as the driving ECHAM5 is smoothing along all the Gulf of Guinea. This consolidates the need to use regional climate model to investigate the regional and local response of the hydrological cycle, the daily rainfall and extreme events to the increasing anthropogenic GHG warming for suitable impact studies specifically over region with complex topography such as West Africa. Copyright © 2012 M. B. Sylla et al."
"56999946500;7003995144;13404268000;","Investigating precipitation microphysics using ground-based microwave remote sensors and disdrometer data",2010,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.03.019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77955771778&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2010.03.019&partnerID=40&md5=f0e87310323610529f61c1afd77b24a9","Precipitation is a complex phenomenon which is characterized by a significant variability both in time and space. Conventional measurements, such those of rain gauges, can only provide a limited information of its microphysical properties and dynamical features. In this respect, disdrometer surface measurements can help in exploring the raindrop size distribution. This paper provides an overview of these observation techniques, their physical background and some recent results. Specifically, ground-based techniques to observe precipitation using surface disdrometers, multifrequency microwave radiometers and microwave polarimetric radars will be discussed and illustrated. By exploiting this remote and in-situ instrumentation, estimates of precipitation optical thickness, liquid, ice and melted hydrometeor category, and their size distribution can be obtained. © 2010 Elsevier B.V."
"7202318056;6602077574;55974229900;6508003871;55465376400;6701899848;9272538400;7101692211;7101936669;","State of the climate in 2008",2009,"10.1175/BAMS-90-8-StateoftheClimate","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70450173109&doi=10.1175%2fBAMS-90-8-StateoftheClimate&partnerID=40&md5=3897c5869d2fb485e740615478760f1b","The global mean temperature in 2008 was slightly cooler than that in 2007; however, it still ranks within the 10 warmest years on record. Annual mean temperatures were generally well above average in South America, northern and southern Africa, Iceland, Europe, Russia, South Asia, and Australia. In contrast, an exceptional cold outbreak occurred during January across Eurasia and over southern European Russia and southern western Siberia. There has been a general increase in land-surface temperatures and in permafrost temperatures during the last several decades throughout the Arctic region, including increases of 1° to 2°C in the last 30 to 35 years in Russia. Record setting warm summer (JJA) air temperaty res were observed throughout Greenland. The year 2008 was also characterized by heavy precipitation in a number of regions of northern Sooth America, Africa, and South Asia. In contrast, a prolonged and intense drought occurred during most of 2008 in northern Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and southern Brazil, causing severe impacts to agriculture and affecting many communities. The year began with a strong La Niña episode that ended in June. Eastward surface current anomalies in the tropical Pacific Ocean in early 2008 played a major role in adjusting the basin from strong La Niña conditions to ENSO-neutral conditions by July-August, followed by a return to La Nina conditions late in December. The La Niña conditions resulted in far-reaching anomalies such as a cooling in the central tropical Pacific, Arctic Ocean, and the regions extending from the Gulf of Alaska to die west coast of North America; changes in the sea surface salinity and heat content anomalies in the tropics; and total column water vapor, cloud cover, tropospheric temperature, and precipitation patterns typical of a La Niña. Anomalously salty ocean surface salinity values in climatologically drier locations and anomalously fresh values in rainier locations observed in recent years generally persisted in 2008, suggesting an increase in the hydrological cycle. The 2008 Atlantic hurricane season was the 14th busiest on record and the only season ever recorded with major hurricanes each month from July through November. Conversely, activity in the northwest Pacific was considerably below normal during 2008. While activity in the north Indian Ocean was only slightly above average, the season was punctuated by Cyclone Nargis, which killed over 145,000 people; in addition, it was the seventh-strongest cyclone ever in the basin and the most devastating to hit Asia since 1991. Greenhouse gas concentrations continued to rise, with CO2 increasing by more than expected based on the 1979 to 2007 trend. In the oceans, the global mean CO2 uptake for 2007 is estimated to be 1.67 Pg-C, about 0.07 Pg-C lower than the long-term average, making it the third-largest anomaly determined with this method since 1983, with the largest uptake of carbon over the past decade coming from the eastern Indian Ocean. Global phytoplankton chlorophyll concentrations were slightly elevated in 2008 relative to 2007, but regional changes were substantial (ranging to about 50%) and followed long-term patterns of net decreases in chlorophyll with increasing sea surface temperature. Ozone-depleting gas concentrations continued to fall globally to about 4% below the peak levels of the 2000-02 period. Total column ozone concentrations remain well below pre1980, levels and the 2008 ozone hole was unusually large (sixth worst on record) and persistent, with low ozone values extending into the late December period. In fact the polar vortex in 2008 persisted longer than for any previous year since 1979. Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent for the year was well below average due in large part to the recordlow ice extent in March and despite the record-maximum coverage in January and the shortest snow cover duration on record (which started in 1966) in the North American Arctic. Limited preliminary dataimply that in 2008 glaciers continued to lose mass, and full data for 2007 show it was the 17th consecutive year of loss. The northern region of Greenland and adjacent areas of Arctic Canada experienced a particularly intense melt season, even though there was an abnormally cold winter across Greenland's southern half. One of the most dramatic signals of the general warming trend was the continued significant reduction in the extent of the summer sea-ice cover and, importantly, the decrease in the amount of relatively older, thicker ice. The extent of the 2008 summer sea-ice cover was the second-lowest value of the satellite record (which started in 1979) and 36% below the 1979-2000 average. Significant losses in the mass of ice sheets and the area of ice shelves continued, with several fjords on the northern coast of Ellesmere Island being ice free for the first time in 3,000-5,500 years. In Antarctica, the positive phase of the SAM led to record-high total sea ice extent for much of early 2008 dirough enhanced equatorward Ekman transport. With colder continental temperatures at this time, the 2007-08 austral summer snowmelt season was dramatically weakened, making it the second shortest melt season since 1978 (when the record began). There was strong warming and increased precipitation along the Antarctic Peninsula and west Antarctica in 2008, and also pockets of warming along coastal east Antarctica, in concert with continued declines in sea-ice concentration in the Amundsen/Bellingshausen Seas. One significant event indicative of this warming was the disintegration and retreat of the Wilkins Ice Shelf in the southwest peninsula area of Antarctica."
"6602474930;6602206729;","Present-day and future precipitation in the Baltic Sea region as simulated in a suite of regional climate models",2007,"10.1007/s10584-006-9219-y","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34248227583&doi=10.1007%2fs10584-006-9219-y&partnerID=40&md5=df310ce4bb286b52b090f35f7de80872","Here we investigate simulated changes in the precipitation climate over the Baltic Sea and surrounding land areas for the period 2071-2100 as compared to 1961-1990. We analyze precipitation in 10 regional climate models taking part in the European PRUDENCE project. Forced by the same global driving climate model, the mean of the regional climate model simulations captures the observed climatological precipitation over the Baltic Sea runoff land area to within 15% in each month, while single regional models have errors up to 25%. In the future climate, the precipitation is projected to increase in the Baltic Sea area, especially during winter. During summer increased precipitation in the north is contrasted with a decrease in the south of this region. Over the Baltic Sea itself the future change in the seasonal cycle of precipitation is markedly different in the regional climate model simulations. We show that the sea surface temperatures have a profound impact on the simulated hydrological cycle over the Baltic Sea. The driving global climate model used in the common experiment projects a very strong regional increase in summertime sea surface temperature, leading to a significant increase in precipitation. In addition to the common experiment some regional models have been forced by either a different set of Baltic Sea surface temperatures, lateral boundary conditions from another global climate model, a different emission scenario, or different initial conditions. We make use of the large number of experiments in the PRUDENCE project, providing an ensemble consisting of more than 25 realizations of climate change, to illustrate sources of uncertainties in climate change projections. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, B.V."
"7004657713;","Evidence for the influence of agriculture on weather and climate through the transformation and management of vegetation: Illustrated by examples from the Canadian Prairies",2007,"10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.08.022","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33846443201&doi=10.1016%2fj.agrformet.2006.08.022&partnerID=40&md5=43298230baf425e857504b84cb4b3b4f","This paper lists selected observational and modeling studies which provide evidence that agriculture, through the transformation and management of vegetation, has had, and continues to have, an impact upon the weather and climate on the local, regional and global scales. The influence of agriculture on weather and climate, through the alteration of the physiological properties of the land cover, is illustrated by examples from the cropped grassland of the Canadian Prairies. The physiological and physical properties of the vegetation, along with the land cover's impact upon the level of available soil moisture, affect the weather and climate by influencing the transfer of heat, moisture and momentum from the land surface to the overlying air. The principle physiological properties are leaf area, stomatal resistance, and rooting depth; the main physical properties are albedo and surface roughness. By land clearing, cultivation and the grazing of domesticated animals, man has transformed and now manages the vegetation over vast areas of the globe. Agriculture influences the availability of energy and water vapour mass for moist deep convection on the local and regional scales. By creating latent heat flux discontinuities, it may induce mesoscale circulations that initiate moist deep convection. Agriculture, by affecting the level of stored soil moisture, moisture that is available to the vegetation during a later period, may influence the level of convective activity within a region during a subsequent season. Thus agriculture, through the physiological and physical properties of the land cover, has had, and continues to have, an impact upon near surface weather elements and, more significantly, upon the regional hydrologic cycle. Spatially coherent and persistent patterns of thunderstorms play a role in the export of heat and moisture from lower to higher latitudes-this may effect the general circulation. Thus agriculture, by influencing the occurrence, location and intensity of moist deep convection, particularly in the tropics, may also influence global weather and climate. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"6602764979;15623747700;6602162469;55276161000;23981955700;16230615500;7005441425;35264351500;7401783636;15724305400;8958009400;8286496300;15724474400;15726052600;54683812600;22136384100;","Linking long-term water balances and statistical scaling to estimate river flows along the drainage network of Colombia",2007,"10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2007)12:1(4)","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33845651446&doi=10.1061%2f%28ASCE%291084-0699%282007%2912%3a1%284%29&partnerID=40&md5=38a9b67a8c7750da0d59c9083d62f8f7","Long-term average river discharges as well as peak and low flows of different return periods are estimated along the entire river network of Colombia, through the conjoint use of the long-term water balance in the river basins and the framework of statistical scaling, taking the average flow field as the scaling variable. Estimation of the long-term water balance considers the spatial variability of hydrologic fields, in which drainage basins are considered the basic hydrological control volumes for estimation. A systematic effort has been made to estimate the long term average precipitation field combining rain gauge measurements with existing handmade expert maps as an input trend for a universal Kriging interpolation technique. Evaluation of estimates for actual and potential long-term evapotranspiration was implemented using diverse methods. Results were tested using the long term water balance equation against 200 streamflow gauging stations. No method for actual evapotranspiration showed significant superiority. Overall, we conclude that the magnitude of errors arises fundamentally from deficiencies in the data and the sparsity of the observations. © 2007 ASCE."
"7102084129;6604054664;7102190308;","Improved accuracy of radar WPMM estimated rainfall upon application of objective classification criteria",1995,"10.1175/1520-0450-34.1.212","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028806855&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0450-34.1.212&partnerID=40&md5=440aa3e454a2168365bfbcd11cdd0f82","Application of the window probability matching method to radar and rain gauge data that have been objectively classified into different rain types resulted in distinctly different Ze-R relationships for the various classifications. The classification parameters, in addition to the range from the radar, are 1) the horizontal radial reflectivity gradients [dB km-1]; 2) the cloud depth, as scaled by the effective efficiency; 3) the brightband fraction within the radar field window; and 4) the height of the freezing level. Combining physical parameters to identify the type of precipitation and statistical relations most appropriate to the precipitation types results in considerable improvement of both point and areal rainfall measurements. -Authors"
"7005606951;7201804746;55915206300;7003840159;57206313116;35425197200;6602638061;7102369927;7403530583;35319762400;7101708295;","An overview of the TROPICS NASA Earth Venture Mission",2018,"10.1002/qj.3290","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85053522599&doi=10.1002%2fqj.3290&partnerID=40&md5=19ea5e7452991fdecaea85ed409f12f0","The Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS) mission was selected by NASA as part of the Earth Venture-Instrument (EVI-3) program. The overarching goal for TROPICS is to provide nearly all-weather observations of 3D temperature and humidity, as well as cloud ice and precipitation horizontal structure, at high temporal resolution to conduct high-value science investigations of tropical cyclones. TROPICS will provide rapid-refresh microwave measurements (median refresh rate better than 60 min for the baseline mission) which can be used to observe the thermodynamics of the troposphere and precipitation structure for storm systems at the mesoscale and synoptic scale over the entire storm life cycle. TROPICS comprises six CubeSats in three low-Earth orbital planes. Each CubeSat will host a high-performance radiometer to provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75 GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapour profiles using three channels near the 183 GHz water vapour absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements (when combined with higher-resolution water vapour channels), and a single channel near 205 GHz which is more sensitive to precipitation-sized ice particles. This observing system offers an unprecedented combination of horizontal and temporal resolution to measure environmental and inner-core conditions for tropical cyclones on a nearly global scale and is a major leap forward in the temporal resolution of several key parameters needed for assimilation into advanced data assimilation systems capable of utilizing rapid-update radiance or retrieval data. Launch readiness is currently projected for late 2019. © 2018 The Authors. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the Royal Meteorological Society."
"15753684800;55257503300;56305248500;14719803100;9249394800;","Does GRACE see the terrestrial water cycle “intensifying”?",2016,"10.1002/2015JD023808","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84958259330&doi=10.1002%2f2015JD023808&partnerID=40&md5=546c5dd9fc998e3aef27a9827adf99be","Several researchers have postulated that, under a changing climate due to anthropogenic forcing, an intensification of the water cycle is already under way. This is usually related to increases in hydrological fluxes as precipitation (P), evapotranspiration (E), and river discharge (R). It is under debate, however, whether such observed or reconstructed flux changes are real and on what scales. Large-scale increase or decrease of the flux deficit (P-E-R), i.e., flux changes that do not compensate, would lead to acceleration or deceleration of water storage anomalies potentially visible in Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data. In agreement with earlier studies, we do find such accelerations in global maps of gridded GRACE water storage anomalies over 2003–2012. However, these have been generally associated with interannual and decadal climate variability. Yet we show that even after carefully isolating and removing the contribution of El Niño that partially masks long-term changes, using a new method, accelerations of up to 12 mm/yr2 remain in regions such as Australia, Turkey, and Northern India. We repeat our analysis with flux fields from two global atmospheric reanalyses that include land surface models (ERA-Interim and MERRA-Land). While agreeing well with GRACE on shorter time scales, they fall short in displaying long-term trends corresponding to GRACE accelerations. We hypothesize that this may be due to time-varying biases in the reanalysis fluxes as noticed in other studies. We conclude that even though its data record is short, GRACE provides new information that should be used to constrain future reanalyses toward a better representation of long-term water cycle evolution. © 2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"55731303900;57111001300;7202048112;","Uncertainties in projecting future changes in atmospheric rivers and their impacts on heavy precipitation over Europe",2016,"10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0088.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84987742503&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-16-0088.1&partnerID=40&md5=d3bcb902188713a32e24703f42e78b8b","This study investigates the North Atlantic atmospheric rivers (ARs) making landfall over western Europe in the present and future climate from the multimodel ensemble of phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Overall, CMIP5 captures the seasonal and spatial variations of historical landfalling AR days, with the large intermodel variability strongly correlated with the intermodel spread of historical near-surface westerly jet position. Under representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5), AR frequency is projected to increase significantly by the end of this century, with 127%-275% increase at peak AR frequency regions (45°-55°N). While thermodynamics plays a dominant role in the future increase of ARs, wind changes associated with the midlatitude jet shifts also significantly contribute to AR changes, resulting in dipole change patterns in all seasons. In the North Atlantic, the model-projected jet shifts are strongly correlated with the simulated historical jet position. As models exhibit predominantly equatorward biases in the historical jet position, the large poleward jet shifts reduce AR days south of the historical mean jet position through the dynamical connections between the jet positions and AR days. Using the observed historical jet position as an emergent constraint, dynamical effects further increase future AR days over the equatorward flank above the increases from thermodynamical effects. Compared to the present, both total and extreme precipitation induced by ARs in the future contribute more to the seasonal mean and extreme precipitation, primarily because of the increase in AR frequency. While AR precipitation intensity generally increases more relative to the increase in integrated vapor transport, AR extreme precipitation intensity increases much less. © 2016 American Meteorological Society."
"7005498804;8781048500;7102423377;7003930971;","Link between cyclic eustatic sea-level change and continental weathering: Evidence for aquifer-eustasy in the Cretaceous",2016,"10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.08.014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84959447137&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2015.08.014&partnerID=40&md5=bb1936d0f6b687cc60022f42135d81fc","Cyclic fluctuations in global sea level during epochs of warm greenhouse climate have remained enigmatic, because absence or subordinate presence of polar ice during these periods precludes an explanation by glacio-eustatic forcing. An alternative concept suggests that the water-bearing potential of groundwater aquifers is equal to that of ice caps and that changes in the dynamic balance of aquifer charge versus discharge, as a function of the temperature-related intensity of the hydrological cycle, may have driven eustasy during warm climates. However, this idea has long been neglected for two reasons: 1) the large storage potential of subsurface aquifers was confused with the much smaller capacity of rivers and lakes and 2) empirical data were missing that document past variations in the hydrological cycle in relation to eustasy. In the present study we present the first empirical evidence for changes in precipitation, continental weathering intensity and evaporation that correlate with astronomically (long obliquity) forced sea-level cycles during the warmest period of the Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Turonian). We compare sequence-stratigraphic data with changes in the terrigenous mineral assemblage in a low-latitude marine sedimentary sequence from the equatorial humid belt at the South-Tethyan margin (Levant carbonate platform, Jordan), thereby avoiding uncertainties from land–ocean correlations. Our data indicate covariance between cycles in weathering and sea level: predominantly chemical weathering under wet climate conditions is reflected by dominance of weathering products (clays) in deposits that represent sea-level fall (aquifer charge > discharge). Conversely, preservation of weathering-sensitive minerals (feldspars, epidote and pyroxenes) in transgressive sediments reflects decreased continental weathering due to dryer climate (aquifer discharge > charge). Based on our results we suggest that aquifer-eustasy represents a viable alternative to glacio-eustasy as a driver of cyclic 3rd-order sea-level fluctuations during the middle Cretaceous greenhouse climate, and it may have been a pervasive process throughout Earth history. © 2015 Elsevier B.V."
"6701684534;57205862041;23971426100;","Detection thresholds of falling snow from satellite-borne active and passive sensors",2013,"10.1109/TGRS.2012.2227763","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84880291689&doi=10.1109%2fTGRS.2012.2227763&partnerID=40&md5=247d428532b91884e7094883edbdb1c4","There is an increased interest in detecting and estimating the amount of falling snow reaching the Earth's surface in order to fully capture the global atmospheric water cycle. An initial step toward global spaceborne falling snow algorithms for current and future missions includes determining the thresholds of detection for various active and passive sensor channel configurations and falling snow events over land surfaces and lakes. In this paper, cloud resolving model simulations of lake effect and synoptic snow events were used to determine the minimum amount of snow (threshold) that could be detected by the following instruments: the W-band radar of CloudSat, Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) Ku-and Ka-bands, and the GPM Microwave Imager. Eleven different nonspherical snowflake shapes were used in the analysis. Notable results include the following: 1) The W-band radar has detection thresholds more than an order of magnitude lower than the future GPM radars; 2) the cloud structure macrophysics influences the thresholds of detection for passive channels (e.g., snow events with larger ice water paths and thicker clouds are easier to detect); 3) the snowflake microphysics (mainly shape and density) plays a large role in the detection threshold for active and passive instruments; 4) with reasonable assumptions, the passive 166-GHz channel has detection threshold values comparable to those of the GPM DPR Ku-and Ka-band radars with 0.05 g m-3 detected at the surface, or an ∼ 0.5-1.0-mm h-1 melted snow rate. This paper provides information on the light snowfall events missed by the sensors and not captured in global estimates. © 1980-2012 IEEE."
"25928228900;7006563002;","Precipitation recycling: Moisture sources over Europe using ERA-40 data",2008,"10.1175/2008JHM962.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-58049089972&doi=10.1175%2f2008JHM962.1&partnerID=40&md5=bf02f11ece53d5a5efc25071a07ab05f","Atmospheric moisture within a region is supplied by both local evaporation and advected from external sources. The contribution of local evaporation in a region to the precipitation in the same region is defined as ""precipitation recycling."" Precipitation recycling helps in defining the role of land-atmosphere interactions in regional climate. A dynamic precipitation recycling model, which includes the moisture storage term, has been applied to calculate summer variability of the precipitation recycling over Europe based on 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data. Time series for three subregions in Europe (central Europe, the Balkans, and Spain) are obtained to analyze the variability in recycling and to compare the potential in the subregions for interactions between land surface and atmospheric processes. In addition, the recycled precipitation and recycling ratios are linked to several components of the water vapor balance equation [precipitation, evaporation, precipitation minus evaporation (P - E), and moisture transport]. It is found that precipitation recycling is large in dry summers for central Europe, while the opposite is true for the Balkans. Large precipitation recycling is determined in relation with weak moisture transport and high evaporation rates in central Europe. This occurs for dry summers. For the Balkans, precipitation recycling is large in wet summers when moisture transport is weak, and P - E and evaporation are large. Here, the recycling process intensifies the hydrological cycle due to a positive feedback via convective precipitation and therefore the amount of recycled precipitation is larger. For Spain, recycling is also larger when moisture transport is weak, but other correlations are not found. For regions such as central Europe in dry summers and the Balkans in wet summers, which are susceptible to land-atmosphere interactions, future climate and/or land use can have an impact on the regional climate conditions due to changes in evaporation. © 2008 American Meteorological Society."
"7103131671;","Progress in hydrological research in the Mackenzie GEWEX study",2000,"10.1002/1099-1085(20000630)14:9<1667::AID-HYP80>3.0.CO;2-K","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034210570&doi=10.1002%2f1099-1085%2820000630%2914%3a9%3c1667%3a%3aAID-HYP80%3e3.0.CO%3b2-K&partnerID=40&md5=fdeb4e457356e4c005b922eb63ce51a7","This paper reports some of the achievements in hydrological research associated with the Mackenzie GEWEX Study (MAGS). MAGS is a multifaceted study of the energy and water cycle in the Mackenzie River Basin, north-western Canada, and emphasizes cold-region processes and modelling. It pursues methodologies of scaling-up process studies to a large river basin that has few measurement sites. This methodology involves new developments, adapting mid-latitude algorithms to the high latitude setting and promoting the use of remote sensing tools for scaling-up. Intensive hydrological process studies have been concentrated at a number of sites. These have been chosen to represent different biophysical facets of the Mackenzie River Basin. They include northern basins in open tundra and at tree-line, a western basin representing the hilly and mountainous western side of the basin, central basin sites of wetlands, Precambrian Shield terrain and the Mackenzie Basin counterpart of the large Laurentian Great Lakes. The most southerly site represents a mixed-wood boreal forest site that is undergoing land-use change as a result of forest harvesting. Regional community model analysis indicates that processes of lee cyclogenesis result in differential input of precipitation across the basin. Significant results centre on models of snow accumulation featuring the role of blowing snow, intercepted snow and snowmelt. These models emphasize the importance of snow patchiness to speed of melt. Snowmelt infiltration into frozen soils is important in controlling runoff, and tundra microlandforms play a unique role in determining the surface runoff characteristics. On the western margins of the basin, there is a very significant difference in the hydrological behaviour of slopes of different aspects as a result of differences in permafrost and vegetation. In the central basin, a deeper understanding of components of the water budget is being gained through stable isotope analysis of wetland waters. The importance of wetland-controlled spring flow, and its impact on spring breakup characteristics on the Mackenzie River, is being explored. A quite unique influence of Precambrian Shield terrain on the water balance results from the large storage capacity of deep bedrock fissures. They can substantially delay streamflow response to snowmelt. The large lakes of the Mackenzie Basin echo, only in part, the behaviour of the Laurentian Great Lakes. A surprising and rapid response of evaporation to warming during the 1998 El Nino warming episode occurred, which could serve as a surrogate for warming resulting from climate change. In the southern and central forested parts of the basin, vegetation types play a substantial role in the water balance, particularly in influencing interception and subsequent sublimation during winter. The latter is an important component of the water balance and a major cold-region process, the modelling of which is an important achievement of MAGS. Remote sensing provides passive microwave satellite data to help identify snow-water characteristics and calculate the break-up and freeze-up dates of the Mackenzie great lakes, and AVHRR data to help develop algorithms for evapotranspiration modelling, and to use in calculating the surface solar radiation budget on a basin scale. Ongoing research is successfully integrating a GCM model land-surface scheme, regional community climate model and hydrological model to simulate the water balance of sub-basins and of the total Mackenzie River Basin system. Expected achievements at the end of MAGS Phase 1 are outlined and some goals for future MAGS research are discussed. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.An overview is given on some of the achievements in hydrological research associated with the Mackenzie GEWEX Study (MAGS). MAGS is a multifaceted study of the energy and water cycle in the Mackenzie River Basin, north-western Canada, and emphasizes cold-region processes and modeling. Expected achievements at the end of MAGS Phase I are outlined and some goals for future MAGS research are discussed."
"53981717900;57204258731;18038788200;35074755700;57193580157;57143987700;57213507249;9044781200;57202919681;","Rainfall intensification in tropical semi-arid regions: The Sahelian case",2018,"10.1088/1748-9326/aac334","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85048269309&doi=10.1088%2f1748-9326%2faac334&partnerID=40&md5=9398318ac7a62a8b7797847d3733225b","An anticipated consequence of ongoing global warming is the intensification of the rainfall regimes meaning longer dry spells and heavier precipitation when it rains, with potentially high hydrological and socio-economic impacts. The semi-arid regions of the intertropical band, such as the Sahel, are facing particularly serious challenges in this respect since their population is strongly vulnerable to extreme climatic events. Detecting long term trends in the Sahelian rainfall regime is thus of great societal importance, while being scientifically challenging because datasets allowing for such detection studies are rare in this region. This study addresses this challenge by making use of a large set of daily rain gauge data covering the Sahel (defined in this study as extending from 20°W-10°E and from 11°N-18°N) since 1950, combined with an unparalleled 5 minute rainfall observations available since 1990 over the AMMA-CATCH Niger observatory. The analysis of the daily data leads to the assertion that a hydro-climatic intensification is actually taking place in the Sahel, with an increasing mean intensity of rainy days associated with a higher frequency of heavy rainfall. This leads in turn to highlight that the return to wetter annual rainfall conditions since the beginning of the 2000s - succeeding the 1970-2000 drought - is by no mean a recovery towards the much smoother regime that prevailed during the 1950s and 1960s. It also provides a vision of the contrasts existing between the West Sahel and the East Sahel, the East Sahel experiencing a stronger increase of extreme rainfall. This regional vision is complemented by a local study at sub-daily timescales carried out thanks to the 5 minute rainfall series of the AMMA-CATCH Niger observatory (12000 km2). The increasing intensity of extreme rainfall is also visible at sub-daily timescales, the annual maximum intensities have increased at an average rate of 2%-6% per decade since 1990 for timescales ranging from 5 min to 1 hour. Both visions - regional/long term/daily on the one hand, and local/27/years/sub-daily, on the other - converge to the conclusion that, rather than a rainfall recovery, the Sahel is experiencing a new era of climate extremes that roughly started at the beginning of this century. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd."
"7006329266;18133885100;18133256900;56362626800;7003995144;6602644004;6701895937;6602865544;7006263526;6602117896;56999946500;6504168821;8961965800;8961966100;57214496698;6506385284;6603924776;7801366400;6602777467;15837796500;56342802100;55960490700;7005744599;","Overview of the first HyMeX Special Observation Period over Italy: Observations and model results",2014,"10.5194/hess-18-1953-2014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84906738331&doi=10.5194%2fhess-18-1953-2014&partnerID=40&md5=34c6c5063f3dcd96c1a2f6987128da08","The Special Observation Period (SOP1), part of the HyMeX campaign (Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean Experiments, 5 September-6 November 2012), was dedicated to heavy precipitation events and flash floods in the western Mediterranean, and three Italian hydro-meteorological monitoring sites were identified: Liguria-Tuscany, northeastern Italy and central Italy. The extraordinary deployment of advanced instrumentation, including instrumented aircrafts, and the use of several different operational weather forecast models, including hydrological models and marine models, allowed an unprecedented monitoring and analysis of high-impact weather events around the Italian hydro-meteorological sites. This activity has seen strong collaboration between the Italian scientific and operational communities. In this paper an overview of the Italian organization during SOP1 is provided, and selected Intensive Observation Periods (IOPs) are described. A significant event for each Italian target area is chosen for this analysis: IOP2 (12-13 September 2012) in northeastern Italy, IOP13 (15-16 October 2012) in central Italy and IOP19 (3-5 November 2012) in Liguria and Tuscany. For each IOP the meteorological characteristics, together with special observations and weather forecasts, are analyzed with the aim of highlighting strengths and weaknesses of the forecast modeling systems, including the hydrological impacts. The usefulness of having different weather forecast operational chains characterized by different numerical weather prediction models and/or different model set up or initial conditions is finally shown for one of the events (IOP19). © Author(s) 2014."
"36514421600;15750626500;14523596300;","Evaluating actual evapotranspiration and impacts of groundwater storage change in the North China Plain",2014,"10.1002/hyp.9732","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84892434649&doi=10.1002%2fhyp.9732&partnerID=40&md5=f60e23a1c0d9047e2d635d6883c5b6bd","As a critical water discharge term in basin-scale water balance, accurate estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) is therefore important for sustainable water resources management. The understanding of the relationship between ET and groundwater storage change can improve our knowledge on the hydrological cycle in such regions with intensive agricultural land usage. Since the 1960s, the North China Plain (NCP) has experienced groundwater depletion because of overexploitation of groundwater for agriculture and urban development. Using meteorological data from 23 stations, the complementary relationship areal evapotranspiration model is evaluated against estimates of ET derived from regional water balance in the NCP during the period 1993-2008. The discrepancies between calculated ET and that derived by basin water balance indicate seasonal and interannual variations in model parameters. The monthly actual ET variations during the period from 1960 to 2008 are investigated by the calibrated model and then are used to derive groundwater storage change. The estimated actual ET is positively correlated with precipitation, and the general higher ET than precipitation indicates the contributions of groundwater irrigation to the total water supply. The long term decreasing trend in the actual ET can be explained by declining in precipitation, sunshine duration and wind speed. Over the past ~50years, the calculated average annual water storage change, represented by the difference between actual ET and precipitation, was approximately 36mm, or 4.8km3; and the cumulative groundwater storage depletion was approximately 1700mm, or 220km3 in the NCP. The significantly groundwater storage depletion conversely affects the seasonal and interannual variations of ET. Irrigation especially during spring cause a marked increase in seasonal ET, whereas the rapid increasing of agricultural coverage over the NCP reduces the annual ET and is the primary control factor of the strong linear relationship between actual and potential ET. © 2013 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd."
"35765771300;57040220800;35768940400;55496157900;7102354358;","Intensified pluvial conditions during the twentieth century in the inland Heihe River Basin in arid northwestern China over the past millennium",2010,"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.04.005","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77954142531&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloplacha.2010.04.005&partnerID=40&md5=b8d93fa96df0ca6943923b5e3e02c745","Past streamflow variability is of special significance in the inland river basin, i.e., the Heihe River Basin in arid northwestern China, where water shortage is a serious environmental and social problem. However, the current knowledge of issues related to regional water resources management and long-term planning and management is limited by the lack of long-term hydro-meteorological records. Here we present a 1009-year annual streamflow (August-July) reconstruction for the upstream of the Heihe River in the arid northwestern China based on a well-replicated Qilian juniper (Sabina przewalskii Kom.) ring-width chronology. This reconstruction accounts for 46.9% of the observed instrumental streamflow variance during the period 1958-2006. Considerable multidecadal to centennial flow variations below and above the long-term average are displayed in the millennium streamflow reconstruction. These periods 1012-1053, 1104-1212, 1259-1352, 1442-1499, 1593-1739 and 1789-1884 are noteworthy for the persistence of low-level river flow, and for the fact that these low streamflow events are not found in the observed instrumental hydrological record during the recent 50. years. The 20th century witnessed intensified pluvial conditions in the upstream of the Heihe River in the arid northwestern China in the context of the last millennium. Comparison with other long-term hydrological reconstructions indicates that the intensification of the hydrological cycle in the twentieth century from different regions could be attributable to regional to large-scale temperature increase during this time. Furthermore, from a practical perspective, the streamflow reconstruction can serve as a robust database for the government to work out more scientific and more reasonable water allocation alternatives for the Heihe River Basin in arid northwestern China. © 2010 Elsevier B.V."
"24331052400;7005784518;","Integration of weather system variability to multidecadal regional climate change: The West African Sudan-Sahel zone, 1951-98",2006,"10.1175/JCLI4020.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33750812762&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI4020.1&partnerID=40&md5=6f20cb1ffc8f4267c05d0b984ca2e90f","Since the late 1960s, the West African Sudan-Sahel zone (10°-18°N) has experienced persistent and often severe drought, which is among the most undisputed and largest regional climate changes in the last half-century. Previous documentation of the drought generally has used monthly, seasonal, and annual rainfall totals and departures, in a standard ""climate"" approach that overlooks the underlying weather system variability. Most Sudan-Sahel rainfall occurs during June-September and is delivered by westward-propagating, linear-type, mesoscale convective systems [disturbance lines (DLs)] that typically have much longer north-south (102-103 km) than east-west (10-102 km) dimensions. Here, a large set of daily rainfall data is analyzed to relate DL and regional climate variability on intraseasonal-to-multidecadal time scales for 1951-98. Rain gauge-based indices of DL frequency, size, and intensity are evaluated on a daily basis for four 440-km square ""catchments"" that extend across most of the West African Sudan-Sahel (18°W-4°E) and are then distilled into 1951-98 time series of 10-day and seasonal frequency/magnitude summary statistics. This approach is validated using Tropical Applications of Meteorology Using Satellite Data (TAMSAT) satellite IR cold cloud duration statistics for the same 1995-98 DLs. Results obtained for all four catchments are remarkably similar on each time scale. Long-term (1951-98) average DL size/organization increases monotonically from early June to late August and then decreases strongly during September. In contrast, average DL intensity maximizes 10-30 days earlier than DL size/organization and is distributed more symmetrically within the rainy season for all catchments except the westernmost, where DL intensity tracks DL size/organization very closely. Intraseasonal and interannual DL variability is documented using sets of very deficient (8) and much more abundant (7) rainy seasons during 1951-98. The predominant mode of rainfall extremes involves near-season-long suppression or enhancement of the seasonal cycles of DL size/ organization and intensity, especially during the late July-late August rainy season peak. Other extreme seasons result solely from peak season anomalies. On the multidecadal scale, the dramatic decline in seasonal rainfall totals from the early 1950s to the mid-1980s is shown to result from pronounced downtrends in DL size/organization and intensity. Surprisingly, this DL shrinking-fragmentation-weakening is not accompanied by increases in catchment rainless days (i.e., total DL absence). Like the seasonal rainfall totals, DL size/organization and intensity increase slightly after the mid-1980s. © 2006 American Meteorological Society."
"12646809600;12647093000;7005106543;7103192491;","A stochastic model of nitrate transport and cycling at basin scale",2006,"10.1029/2005WR004599","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33744813528&doi=10.1029%2f2005WR004599&partnerID=40&md5=83fa55c0cea9e6515026046dd9e22f30","A stochastic framework for modelling catchment-scale hydrologic and nitrate responses (as a byproduct of transport processes and of a biogeochemical model of nitrogen cycling and transformations in heterogeneous soils) is proposed and applied to a 53 km2 basin in northeastern Italy, where observational data and complex land-use distribution and geomorphology demand suitable descriptions. The model is based on a geomorphological scheme of the hydrologic response coupled with suitable Lagrangian transport models (mass-response functions) applied in a Montecarlo framework which explicitly addresses the random character of the processes controlling nitrate generation to the hydrologic cycle, and its transformations and transport. This is obtained by coupling the stochastic generation of climatic and rainfall series with the hydrologic and biogeochemical models. Special attention is devoted to the spatial and temporal variability of nitrogen sources of agricultural origin and to the effects of the relative timing and intensity of the forcing rainfall fields on the ensuing nitrate leaching. The influence of random climatic variables on biogeochemical processes affecting the nitrogen cycle in the soil-water system (e.g., plant uptake, nitrification and denitrification, mineralization) is also considered. Besides its conceptual interest, the relevance of the model stems from the capabilities of estimating the return period of nitrate loads to the receiving water body and the probability distribution of the variables computed. We found that the modes of nitrogen injection through fertilization significantly affect the form of probability distribution of nitrate contained in soil moisture even when the total amount is fixed. As a result, the return period of the water volumes discharged and of the nitrate loads released ( in this case into the Venice lagoon) can be linked directly to the ongoing climatic and agricultural regimes, with implications for sustainable management practices. Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union."
"6602501796;7006711251;","Measurements of raindrop size distribution over Gadanki during south-west and north-east monsoon",2003,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-21844464280&partnerID=40&md5=4ed7c4ee99bbe57c24666af62280da8e","Simultaneous observations of disdrometer and optical rain gauge (at National MST Radar Facility, Gadanki) and their application in rainfall estimation are evaluated. Comparison of rain rate obtained from disdrometer and optical rain gauge in different precipitation events in different seasons show reasonably good agreement between the two instruments. Southern India has two distinct rainfall seasons, namely south-west (S-W) monsoon and north-east (N-E) monsoon periods. Disdrometer data analysis shows a clear seasonal dependence in radar reflectivity factor-rainfall rate (Z-R) relations (i.e. raindrop size distribution characteristics) in S-W monsoon and N-E monsoon periods over Gadanki. It is also found that during S-W monsoon precipitation generally has bigger drops than during N-E monsoon. During the S-W monsoon most of the precipitating cloud systems are associated with mesoscale convection activities. These precipitating systems are short-lived (-1-2 h) with high intensity of rainfall."
"7003993432;6701369228;7006381248;7004350352;","Recent changes of the tropical water and energy budget and of midlatitude circulations",1990,"10.1007/BF00211061","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025627780&doi=10.1007%2fBF00211061&partnerID=40&md5=1fcdcf5e4d0aa324e5b01bffb043fcc6","Rising atmospheric H2O content and temperature above the tropical Pacific (Hense et al. 1988) stimulated research on tropical ocean-atmosphere fluxes in the belt 10° S-14° N, based on COADS data for 1949-1979. Increasing sea-surface temperature was accompanied by regionally varying increases in the air-sea temperature and humidity gradients. The apparent rise in wind speed appeared to be only partly biased. Using several assumptions of the wind speed trend, increasing evaporation was found nearly everywhere. The best estimates vary regionally between 7% and 15%, with highest values above the warmest oceans between longitude 66° E and the date line. In the Atlantic, freshening surface waters (Levitus 1989) also suggest an increase of precipitation. Conversion of zonally averaged results into global estimates led to a rise of the energy input into the atmosphere, with a most plausible value of 8-10 W/m2. Since large-scale sea-surface warming appears to be induced by the greenhouse effect of CO2 combined with other trace gases, a powerful feedback mechanism - including H2O phase changes - should be responsible for the intensification of the hydrological cycle. This energy input of tropical origin seems to be larger - by a factor near 4 - than the ""dry"" greenhouse effect. Such a well-founded conjecture of increasing internal/potential energy in the tropics suggests a similar rise of kinetic energy within the extratropical atmospheric circulation. This can be checked on the basis of daily operational hemispheric analyses of the German Weather Service, here using the period October 1961-March 1988. During the cold season they show, at the surface, a deepening of the Icelandic and Aleutian Lows by 6 and 10 hPa, respectively, and at the 50 kPa level an amplification of the baroclinic westerlies by 20-40%. Upper wind observation series have been used to check this strengthening of the westerlies and an expansion of the Aleutian Low. During the warm season, weaker changes in opposite directions are observed. While the observed facts are incompatible with many of the recent climate models, a few models (Wilson and Mitchell 1987, Hansen et al. 1988) using an advanced parameterization of tropical convection support the evolution of a powerful tropical heat source centred within mid-tropospheric layers. © 1990 Springer-Verlag."
"55597123100;35739987200;7006987163;56016024700;53463150700;16456768000;","The precession phase of hydrological variability in the Western Pacific Warm Pool during the past 400 ka",2011,"10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.09.016","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-81155128659&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2011.09.016&partnerID=40&md5=54d9170efb73244ef99faf06ff40cccf","The low-latitude hydrological cycle is a key climate parameter on different timescales, as it contributes to various feedback processes. Modelling studies suggest that the interhemispheric insolation contrast is the major factor controlling the cycle, although the influence of glacial conditions and the phase relationships relative to insolation forcing remain undetermined. In this work, we studied precipitation variability over Papua New Guinea (PNG, 3°S) for the past 400 ka using terrigenous fractions transported by the Sepik River to the Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP). A multi-decadal to centennial resolution of the elemental content was obtained using X-ray fluorescence scanning of a marine sediment core using an age model based on 14C dates and benthic foraminiferal δ18O. Indicators of the coarse river particulate fraction (bulk and CaCO3-free basis Ti concentrations, the log intensity ratios of Ti/K and Ti/Ca) displayed a dominant 23 ka periodicity without a clear glacial-interglacial trend. Our precipitation records showed a tight relationship with local summer insolation (3°S, January) with time-dependent lag of 0 to 4 ka. They were generally in anti-phase for U-Th dated Chinese speleothem δ18O records. Based on an analogy to modern climate, we propose that precipitation over PNG was primarily determined by interhemispheric insolation contrast, and the contribution of austral fall/winter precipitation added second-order variability that formed the lags. For the last four climate cycles, the WPWP hydrological cycle was closely associated with the eastern Asian monsoon, and the influence of glacial conditions on the low-latitude hydrological cycle was estimated to be limited. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd."
"7401436524;35207733900;55899884100;7404433688;","Diurnal phase of late-night against late-afternoon of stratiform and convective precipitation in summer southern contiguous China",2010,"10.1007/s00382-009-0568-x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77956095594&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-009-0568-x&partnerID=40&md5=5944b9da936422d6951fab4661a769d9","Using the tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) observations combined with the surface rain gauge data during 1998-2006, the robust diurnal features of summer stratiform and convective precipitation over the southern contiguous China are revealed by exploring the diurnal variations of rain rate and precipitation profile. The precipitation over the southern contiguous China exhibits two distinguishing diurnal phases: late-night (2200-0600 LST) and late-afternoon (1400-2200 LST), dependent on the location, precipitation type and duration time. Generally, the maximum rain rate and the highest profile of stratiform precipitation occur in the late-afternoon (late-night) over the southeastern (southwestern) China, while most of the stratiform short-duration rain rate tends to present late-afternoon peaks over the southern China. For convective precipitation, the maximum rain rate and the highest profile occur in the lateafternoon over most of the southern contiguous China, while the convective long-duration rain rate exhibits late-night peaks over the southwestern China. Without regional dependence, the convective precipitation exhibits much larger amplitude of diurnal variations in both near surface rain rate and vertical extension compared with stratiform precipitation and the convective rain top rises most rapidly between noon and afternoon. However, there are two distinctive sub-regions. The diurnal phases of precipitation there are very weakly dependent on precipitation type and duration time. Over the eastern periphery of the Tibetan Plateau, the maximum rain rate and the highest profile of either convective or stratiform precipitation occur in the late-night. Over the southeastern coastal regions, both the near surface rain rate and rain top of convective and stratiform precipitation peak in the late-afternoon. © 2009 The Author(s)."
"26031036300;6701416377;7202667312;7201950609;","Remote sensing of precipitation over Indian land and oceanic regions by synergistic use of multisatellite sensors",2010,"10.1029/2009JD012157","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77951803492&doi=10.1029%2f2009JD012157&partnerID=40&md5=06984bad65b3a53bfe33718c56bf77c8","In the present study, an attempt was made to estimate rainfall by synergistically analyzing collocated thermal infrared (TIR) brightness temperatures from Meteosat along with rainfall estimates from active microwave precipitation radar (PR) on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) over Indian land and oceanic regions. In this study, we used broad and frequent TIR measurements from a geostationary satellite for rainfall estimation, calibrating them with sparse but more accurate PR rain rates. To make the algorithm robust, we used a two-step procedure. First, a cloud classification scheme was applied to TIR measurements using the 6.7 mm water vapor channel and TIR radiances to delineate the rain-bearing clouds. Next, the concurrent TIR and PR observations were used to establish a regression relation between them. The relationship thus established was used to estimate rainfall from TIR measurements by applying it to rain-producing systems during southwest and northeast monsoons and tropical cyclones. Comparisons were made with TRMM-merged (3B42 V6) data, Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) monthly rain rate data, ground-based rain gauge observations from automatic weather stations, and Doppler weather radar over India. The results from combined infrared and microwave sensors were in very good agreement with the ground-based measurements, TRMM-3B42 V6, as well as GPCP. Copyright 2010 by the American Geophysical Union."
"57208760036;7005523706;","Extending the capabilities of high-frequency rainfall estimation from geostationary-based satellite infrared via a network of long-range lightning observations",2003,"10.1175/1525-7541(2003)4<141:ETCOHR>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0037593957&doi=10.1175%2f1525-7541%282003%294%3c141%3aETCOHR%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=0886d3bcab2a1b37ccd41a76f535dbe0","An algorithm for real-time precipitation estimation that combines satellite infrared with long-range lightning network observations is developed. The emphasis is on enhancing current capabilities in continuous rainfall monitoring over large regions at high spatiotemporal resolutions and in separating precipitation type into its convective and stratiform components. Lightning information is retrieved from an experimental long-range very low frequency radio receiver network named the Sferics Timing and Ranging Network. Parameterizations for delineating the total rain area and its convective portion as well as convective and stratiform rain-rate relationships are obtained for lightning (LTG) and lightning-free (NLTG) clouds. The procedure accounts for differences in land versus ocean and for various levels of cloud system maturity. The parameters are evaluated using as reference the most definitive precipitation fields and rain classification estimates derived from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR). The algorithm is evaluated based on independent PR estimates and measurements from a rain gauge network in Florida. Overall, the algorithm underestimates rain area with respect to PR for LTG and NLTG clouds by about 20%, while for the rain volume there is an overestimation of ∼19% for LTG and ∼12% for NLTG clouds. Comparison of hourly estimates with rain gauges revealed an overall overestimation of 6% at 0.1° scale. At monthly scales, the biases are 2.4% and 0.27% for 1° and 2° resolutions. The significance of lightning information on rainfall estimation accuracy is investigated by applying the proposed technique without lightning information. The hypothesis made is that lightning measurement that is associated with ice aloft can provide better identification of the convective area, which could contribute to improving precipitation estimation. Indeed, comparisons with the PR showed that in rain area determination there is an overall bias reduction of 31% by using lightning information. In rain gauge comparisons, the bias reduction from incorporating lightning data is 87% for the hourly 0.1° estimates. In regards to correlation, the increase in hourly estimates varies from 0.13 to 0.03 for scales ranging from 0.1° to 1°."
"7006175268;","Annual cycle of upper air circulation and convective activity over the tropical Americas",1997,"10.1029/96jd03122","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0001589694&doi=10.1029%2f96jd03122&partnerID=40&md5=299df1f0413b055c6bd57398841ce9f5","A combination of novel data sets, including satellite-derived outgoing longwave radiation and highly reflective clouds, rain gauge records, and upper air analyses of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts have been evaluated in context, to reappraise the multiyear mean convective activity and circulation and their annual cycle variations over the tropical Americas. In austral summer a maximum of 200 mbar geopotential height, anticyclonic vortex in the wind field, and extremum of stream function are located over the western part of the Amazon basin, well to the west of the extremum of the velocity potential. To the north of that and the nucleus of the most intense convection and rainfall, the major upper tropospheric divergence is found over northern South America. From this, outflow is directed primarily northward into an area of strongest convergence situated over the equatorward side of the North Atlantic surface high. In the evolution from austral to boreal summer, the high over western Amazonia vanishes, and the centers of strongest convection, upper tropospheric velocity potential, and divergence establish themselves in the realm of the Intertropical Convergence Zone over the eastern equatorial Pacific, with outflow directed mainly into a broad zone of upper tropospheric convergence in the southern hemisphere. After the height of the boreal summer, the centers of convection and velocity potential develop again over southeastern Amazonia, and the upper tropospheric high and weak anticyclone separately form again over the western portion of the Amazon basin."
"55533910600;7103185594;","Influence of seasonal and inter-annual hydro-meteorological variability on surface water fecal coliform concentration under varying land-use composition",2014,"10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.031","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84888440516&doi=10.1016%2fj.watres.2013.09.031&partnerID=40&md5=6fc28452db94a680099664dc59aa5c3e","Quantifying the influence of hydro-meteorological variability on surface source water fecal contamination is critical to the maintenance of safe drinking water. Historically, this has not been possible due to the scarcity of data on fecal indicator bacteria (FIB). We examined the relationship between hydro-meteorological variability and the most commonly measured FIB, fecal coliform (FC), concentration for 43 surface water sites within the hydro-climatologically complex region of British Columbia. The strength of relationship was highly variable among sites, but tended to be stronger in catchments with nival (snowmelt-dominated) hydro-meteorological regimes and greater land-use impacts. We observed positive relationships between inter-annual FC concentration and hydro-meteorological variability for around 50% of the 19 sites examined. These sites are likely to experience increased fecal contamination due to the projected intensification of the hydrological cycle. Seasonal FC concentration variability appeared to be driven by snowmelt and rainfall-induced runoff for around 30% of the 43 sites examined. Earlier snowmelt in nival catchments may advance the timing of peak contamination, and the projected decrease in annual snow-to-precipitation ratio is likely to increase fecal contamination levels during summer, fall, and winter among these sites. Safeguarding drinking water quality in the face of such impacts will require increased monitoring of FIB and waterborne pathogens, especially during periods of high hydro-meteorological variability. This data can then be used to develop predictive models, inform source water protection measures, and improve drinking water treatment. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd."
"25629878300;57208417996;55478985000;7102378812;","Streamflow trends in the mahanadi river basin (India): Linkages to tropical climate variability",2013,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.04.054","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84878470285&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2013.04.054&partnerID=40&md5=78dbb3d5311dc16dc7a5889ce5ac45d3","Mahanadi River basin is one of the recognized climatic vulnerable regions of India. Recent occurrences of the extreme climatic events in this basin underscore the importance of evaluating the trend and variability of hydroclimatic variables in order to understand the potential impact of future change. In this study, the monthly streamflow data for the period 1972-2007 and the daily rainfall data for the period 1972-2005 have been analyzed using the Mann-Kendall nonparametric test after removing serial correlation. The results reveal a substantial spatial and subseasonal difference in the monsoon season streamflow and rainfall patterns, with a predominance of the increasing trends in June and decreasing trends in August. However, a marked increase is observed in the streamflow and rainfall of the pre- and post-monsoon season. The correlation coefficients show a direct correspondence of the rainfall and streamflow series with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which is contrary to the established inverse relationship over India. The noteworthy feature of this study is the observed climate uncertainty in terms of large variability in the extreme indices since the 1990s, consistent with the warming induced intensification of the hydrological cycle. Strong evidences have emerged regarding the basin-wide increases in extreme rainfall indices. In particular, the coastal sector of the basin is more vulnerable to the heavy rainfall, whereas the southern Eastern Ghats region is susceptible to the moisture stress. The discharge at the basin outlet has declined at a rate of 3388×106m3decade?1, suggesting the need of environmental flow assessment. The results of this study would help the reservoir managers and policy makers in planning and management of water resources of the Mahanadi River basin. © 2013 Elsevier B.V."
"7003510880;26422803600;35326039600;57219982231;26423400900;6602497877;56087850300;22953390300;55524267300;35313939900;35276889200;8618154900;6506355037;7004427005;7003696133;","KITcube - A mobile observation platform for convection studies deployed during HyMeX",2013,"10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0542","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84897061937&doi=10.1127%2f0941-2948%2f2013%2f0542&partnerID=40&md5=f5ffa90f14a277f6ffc181cbd0592dc7","With the increase of spatial resolution of weather forecast models to order O(1 km), the need for adequate observations for model validation becomes evident. Therefore, we designed and constructed the ''KITcube'', a mobile observation platform for convection studies of processes on the meso-γ scale. The KITcube consists of in-situ and remote sensing systems which allow measuring the energy balance components of the Earth's surface at different sites; the mean atmospheric conditions by radiosondes, GPS station, and a microwave radiometer; the turbulent characteristics by a sodar and wind lidars; and cloud and precipitation properties by use of a cloud radar, a micro rain radar, disdrometers, rain gauges, and an X-band rain radar. The KITcube was deployed fully for the first time on the French island of Corsica during the HyMeX (Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean eXperiment) field campaign in 2012. In this article, the components of KITcube and its implementation on the island are described. Moreover, results from one of the HyMeX intensive observation periods are presented to show the capabilities of KITcube. © Gebrüder Borntraeger, Stuttgart 2013."
"36059844000;7003997130;","Comparisons of single- and double-moment microphysics schemes in the simulation of a synoptic-scale snowfall event",2012,"10.1175/MWR-D-11-00292.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84867944870&doi=10.1175%2fMWR-D-11-00292.1&partnerID=40&md5=5830c7dbf320e675cc2dd876a5a8ecf9","The Canadian CloudSat/Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) Validation Project (C3VP) provided aircraft, surface, and remotely sensed observations of cloud and precipitation characteristics to support improved simulation of cold-season precipitation within weather forecast models and new developments in satellite and radar precipitation retrievals. On 22 January 2007, the C3VP campaign executed an intensive observation period to sample widespread snowfall that occurred as a midlatitude cyclone tracked along the U.S.-Canadian border. Surface air temperature and precipitation measurements, combined with aircraft measurement of hydrometeor content and size distribution, are used to examine various assumptions and parameterizations included within four bulk water microphysics schemes available within the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF). In a simulation of the 22 January 2007 event, WRF forecasts reproduced the overall precipitation pattern observed during aircraft sampling, allowing for a comparison between C3VP measurements and microphysics scheme assumptions. Single-moment schemes that provide flexibility in size distribution parameters as functions of temperature can represent much of the vertical variability observed in aircraft data, but variability is reduced in an environment where the simulated temperature profile is nearly isothermal. Doublemoment prediction of total number concentration may improve the representation of ice crystal Inclusion of both temperature dependence on distribution parameters and variability in mass-diameter or diameter-fall speed relationships suggest a means of improving upon single-moment predictions. © 2012 American Meteorological Society."
"43462025700;14626695500;57201879484;7003427413;","Measuring forest floor and canopy interception in a savannah ecosystem",2012,"10.1016/j.pce.2011.06.009","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84864384272&doi=10.1016%2fj.pce.2011.06.009&partnerID=40&md5=351131b4fb310207b2cee6c5256afcf4","Interception is one of the most underestimated processes of the hydrological cycle. However, it amounts to a substantial part of the terrestrial evaporation and forms a direct feedback of moisture to the atmosphere which is important to sustain continental rainfall. Most investigations on interception focus on canopy interception only, whereas the interception by the surface and forest floor may be of same order of magnitude. Moreover there is a regional bias. Most research has been carried out in Europe and America and little is known about interception in Africa. This paper presents a study on forest floor and canopy interception in a savannah ecosystem. The study deals with both interception storage capacity of different vegetation types and the related moisture fluxes. The interception storage capacity of Msasa leaf litter and of Thatching grass is 1.8. mm and 1.5. mm respectively. This water storage capacity is dependent on storm intensity, with high intensity storms resulting in smaller storage capacity than less intensive storms. Canopy interception for the study period averaged 25% of the total rainfall, which is comparable with other studies. More importantly, the study revealed that combining canopy and forest floor interception yields a total interception flux amounting to 37% of the rainfall, or close to 50% of the total evaporation. This is a significant amount which implies that interception of both canopy and forest floor should be included in hydrological modelling and that interception is relevant for water management. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd."
"13404087800;35568218100;55933439400;7101867299;","Classifying severe rainfall events over Italy by hydrometeorological and dynamical criteria",2011,"10.1002/qj.741","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79251531181&doi=10.1002%2fqj.741&partnerID=40&md5=06db2134aa5586ec7e598cb7b272e240","Raingauge data over Italy for the period January 2006-February 2009 have been used to classify severe rainfall events into two types using a recently developed methodology. The types are defined as either long-lived and spatially distributed (Type I) if lasting more than 12 h and larger than 50 × 50 km2 or brief and localized (Type II) if having shorter duration or smaller spatial extent. A total of 81 events were identified, with 51 classified as Type I and 30 as Type II. The work presented here examines the hypothesis that the two types of event are associated with different dynamical regimes distinguished by differing degrees of control of convective precipitation by the synoptic-scale flow. For each of the 81 events, a time-scale for convective adjustment is computed, based on gridded hourly precipitation rates derived from rain-gauge data and ECMWF analysis (ERA-Interim) of convective available potential energy (CAPE). Values of the convective adjustment time-scale, τc, shorter than 6 h indicate convection that is responding rapidly to to the synoptic environment (equilibrium), while slower time-scales indicate that other, presumably local, factors dominate. It was anticipated that τc &gt; 6 h would correspond to brief and localized Type II events, while τc &lt; 6 h would indicate Type I events. This hypothesis was largely confirmed, with 45 of the 51 Type I events having time-scales shorter than 6 h and 20 of the 30 Type II events having time-scales longer than 6 h. © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society."
"7202875986;6602450574;7006323027;6602598652;7402820610;7202313091;15764421600;15764473700;","An overview of the rangelands atmosphere-hydrosphere-biosphere interaction study experiment in northeastern Asia (RAISE)",2007,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.07.032","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33846282719&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2006.07.032&partnerID=40&md5=a6ce0b5175f5b5349c1e3212861ca4a6","Intensive observations, analysis and modeling within the framework of the rangelands atmosphere-hydrosphere-biosphere interaction study experiment in northeastern Asia (RAISE) project, have allowed investigations into the hydrologic cycle in the ecotone of forest-steppe, and its relation to atmosphere and ecosystem in the eastern part of Mongolia. In this region, changes in the climate have been reported and a market oriented economy was introduced recently, but their impact on the natural environment is still not well understood. In this RAISE special issue, the outcome is presented of the studies carried out by six groups within RAISE, namely: (1) Land-atmosphere interaction analysis, (2) ecosystem analysis and modeling, (3) hydrologic cycle analysis, (4) climatic modeling, (5) hydrologic modeling, and (6) integration. The results are organized in five relevant categories comprising (i) hydrologic cycle including precipitation, groundwater, and surface water, (ii) hydrologic cycle and ecosystem, (iii) surface-atmosphere interaction, (iv) effect of grazing activities on soils, plant ecosystem and surface fluxes, and (v) future prediction. Comparison with studies on rangelands in other parts of the world, and some future directions of studies still needed in this region are also summarized. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"6701690110;7004230098;","Geochemistry of ash leachates from the 1993 Lascar eruption, northern Chile. Implication for recycling of ancient evaporates",2001,"10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00198-6","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035885613&doi=10.1016%2fS0377-0273%2801%2900198-6&partnerID=40&md5=3876779f0edd2e5ca8a33855948d64b8","Volcanic formations in the central Andes overlie extensive amounts of ancient evaporites of Cenozoic age. Recycling of buried salts in present closed basins through the hydrological cycle is a well-known process. Another salt recycling process through volcanic activity has been detected in a recent eruption of the Lascar volcano in northern Chile. About 109 metric tons of air-fall tephra was deposited over the surrounding closed basins. Leaching experiments were carried out on ashes deposited near the summit and in a lower neighbouring valley. Summit ash leachates are almost pure CaSO4 solutions, whereas the valley ashes leachates are enriched in minor components. Leachates of the summit ash are near-neutral, whereas those of the valley ash have pH as high as 10.5. Sulfur isotope composition of the leached sulfate is consistent with the volcanic recycling of Tertiary gypsum present in the sedimentary section beneath the volcanic cordillera. As a rough estimate, about 700,000 tons of easily soluble CaSO4 were added in only three days to the surrounding closed basins. The high pH of the valley ash leachates is due to the hydration of alkali and alkaline-earth metal oxides formed during pyrolysis of vegetation by hot ash. Efflorescent salts encrusted on plants and dissolution of volcanic glass provided some of the minor components. The almost pure CaSO4 composition of the leach waters is compositionally distinct from any present inflow waters in the central Andes. Addition of CaSO4 may explain some of the differences between the observed brine compositions and those predicted by simulating the evaporation of regular inflows. The recycling of sedimentary gypsum is probably not restricted to Lascar volcano. The recycling of ancient salts, and possibly also the pyrolysis of vegetation, may have been crucial processes in the salt balance of closed basins during the intense volcanic activity of the Tertiary. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved."
"8363150100;6603163555;","The effects of hydrological disturbance on the intensity of infestation of Lernaea cyprinacea in an intermittent stream fish community",1999,"10.1006/jare.1999.0545","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032753232&doi=10.1006%2fjare.1999.0545&partnerID=40&md5=952f8b1578b889e5a4f0a867de4a3dcb","The effects of flood and drought on the intensity of infestation of Lemaea cyprinacea in a fish community were analysed during a hydrological cycle in an intermittent stream of the Brazilian semi-arid region. Infestation by L. cyprinacea was only observed during the wet and drying phases, and the number of parasitized fishes were higher during the drying phase, when the pool size had decreased. During the wet phase 45.5% of the parasites were attached near the base of the dorsal fin and during the drying phase 42-2% of the parasites were attached to the mid-body region. Floods disseminated L. cyprinacea in the semi-arid stream studied and drought intensified this ectoparasite infestation."
"36118287200;7101661890;","Evolution of the diurnal precipitation cycle with the passage of a Madden-Julian oscillation event through the Maritime Continent",2016,"10.1175/MWR-D-15-0326.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84966293848&doi=10.1175%2fMWR-D-15-0326.1&partnerID=40&md5=6c9e7eaa914e3fa937b51b27196bdae7","Changes in the diurnal precipitation cycle as the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) propagates through the Maritime Continent are investigated to explore the processes behind seaward-propagating precipitation northeast of New Guinea. Satellite rainfall estimates from TRMM 3B42 and the Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH) are combined with simulations from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model with a horizontal resolution of 4 km. Comparison with 24-h rain gauge measurements indicates that both satellite estimates and the WRF Model exhibit systematic biases. Despite these biases, the changing patterns of offshore precipitation with the passage of the MJO show good consistency between satellite estimates and the WRF Model. In the few days prior to the main MJO envelope, light background wind, relatively clear skies, and an increasingly moist environment promote favorable conditions for the diurnal precipitation cycle. Two distinct processes are identified: 100-200 km from the coast, precipitation moves offshore as a squall line with a propagation speed of 3-5 m s-1. Farther offshore, precipitation propagates with a speed close to 18 m s-1 and is associated with an inertia-gravity wave generated by diurnally oscillating heating from radiative and moist convective processes over the land. A gravity wave signature is evident even after the MJO active period when there is little precipitation. By correcting for the background flow perpendicular to the coast, potential temperature anomalies for the lead-up, active, and follow-on MJO periods are shown to collapse to a remarkably invariant shape for a given time of day. © 2016 American Meteorological Society."
"6507605950;55110540200;6602715030;56707104100;24773102700;6506289738;56707298900;23478311800;56707442600;56707273000;6506910950;56707389100;","AROME-WMED, a real-time mesoscale model designed for the HyMeX special observation periods",2015,"10.5194/gmd-8-1919-2015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84934782965&doi=10.5194%2fgmd-8-1919-2015&partnerID=40&md5=5644738d6b3de85c26535afc9761134f","During autumn 2012 and winter 2013, two special observation periods (SOPs) of the HYdrological cycle in the Mediterranean EXperiment (HyMeX) took place. For the preparatory studies and to support the instrument deployment during the field campaign, a dedicated version of the operational convective-scale Application of Research to Operations at Mesoscale (AROME)-France model was developed: the AROME-WMED (West Mediterranean Sea) model. It covers the western Mediterranean basin with a 48 h forecast range. It provided real-time analyses and forecasts which were sent daily to the HyMeX operational centre to forecast high-precipitation events and to help decision makers on the deployment of meteorological instruments. This paper presents the main features of this numerical weather prediction system in terms of data assimilation and forecast. Some specific data of the HyMeX SOP were assimilated in real time. The forecast skill of AROME-WMED is then assessed with objective scores and compared to the operational AROME-France model, for both autumn 2012 (05 September to 06 November 2012) and winter 2013 (01 February to 15 March 2013) SOPs. The overall performance of AROME-WMED is good for the first HyMeX special observation period (SOP1) (i.e. mean 2 m temperature root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.7 °C and mean 2 m relative humidity RMSE of 10 % for the 0-30 h forecast ranges) and similar to those of AROME-France for the 0-30 h common forecast range (maximal absolute difference of 2 m temperature RMSE of 0.2 °C and 0.21 % for the 2 m relative humidity); conversely, for the 24-48 h forecast range it is less accurate (relative loss between 10 and 12 % in 2 m temperature and relative humidity RMSE, and equitable threat score (ETS) for 24 h accumulated rainfall), but it remains useful for scheduling observation deployment. The characteristics of parameters, such as precipitation, temperature or humidity, are illustrated by one heavy precipitation case study that occurred over the south of Spain. © Author(s) 2015."
"7004950022;9239400400;6603191095;6603277585;8107712600;16416791800;57205984002;","Effects of seasonal cycle fluctuations in an A1B scenario over the Euro-Mediterranean region",2012,"10.3354/cr01037","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84861581185&doi=10.3354%2fcr01037&partnerID=40&md5=bc9b3d207a0748f8cb924543fcf0d736","We analysed the downscaling of an A1B scenario simulation for the Euro-Mediterranean area performed with a regional earth system model by focusing on long-term variations in the seasonal cycle of key impact indicators (surface temperature, hydrological cycle). The output of the regional model was compared with the driving global simulation (ECHAM5/MPI-OM) and with available observations. Our objective was to highlight the potential additional information end-users may access by using a high-resolution regional coupled system in place of the corresponding coarser global driver. In the regional downscaling, the large sea surface temperature (SST) bias simulated by the global driver is partially reduced, and SST spatial patterns are in better agreement with those observed in the reference climatology, thereby supporting the tenet that coupling the atmosphere with a high-resolution interactive ocean over small areas characterized by complex orography may improve specific aspects of regional climate modelling. A more accurate description of orography produces in the regional model a narrower identification of the effects of a warmer climate on intense precipitation events and on other key environmental indicators, such as the extension of snow cover and the aridity index. An example of the effect of climate variability on river discharge is also presented for a medium/small catchment basin in northern Italy, the Po River, which responds both to variations in rainfall rates and to the amount of snowfall over the Alps. In contrast with the gross underestimation of the global driver, regional simulation produces a reasonable estimate of the observed average discharge (1500 m3 s-1) and of its seasonal variability, which provides a reliable baseline for societal impact studies. © 2012 Inter-Research."
"35305163600;55723019900;","Field investigation and hydrological modelling of a subarctic wetland-the Deer River watershed",2011,"10.3808/jei.201100185","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79955144260&doi=10.3808%2fjei.201100185&partnerID=40&md5=8d3b6df6549ff965f902826ee07062c1","Recently, investigation and conservation of subarctic wetlands has been recognized as an attractive route. To gain insight of the interactions between hydrology and atmosphere of the second largest wetland in Canada - the Hudson Bay Lowlands (HBL), the semi-distributed land use-based runoff process (SLURP) hydrological model was applied to a typical subarctic wetland - the Deer River watershed over a 20-year period (1978-1997). Sensitivity analysis, calibration and validation of the model identified a number of distinguishable hydrological features of subarctic wetlands as well as model deficiencies. Snowmelt was the major source of water recharge in subarctic wetlands and constituted approximately half of the average annual runoff in the Deer River watershed. The peaks of the simulated spring runoff were 34% lower than the observed ones in average which could be attributed to the effects of shallow permafrost that impeded the infiltration of melt water. Runoff of rainfall water during the summer season occurred only during storms due to canopy interception, depression storage, soil porosity, impermeable permafrost, and intensive evapotranspiration. A lag of 2-8 days between the peaks of streamflow and rainfall was observed through both field investigation and modeling results. The numerous seasonally connected ponds/lakes stretching over the middle and lower reach of the watershed behaved as buffers and significantly prolonged the concentration time in summer and fall. The findings will help build a scientific basis for advancing the knowledge of the hydrologic cycle and impacts of climatic changes on sub-arctic wetlands. © 2011 ISEIS All rights reserved."
"7201811534;","Tree ring evidence of a 20th century precipitation surge in the monsoon shadow zone of the western Himalaya, India",2011,"10.1029/2010JD014647","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79251636530&doi=10.1029%2f2010JD014647&partnerID=40&md5=5c7819e1a2ba66249c6722d410bac198","The present study is the first attempt to develop an annual (August-July) precipitation series back to AD 1330 using a tree ring data network of Himalayan cedar (Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G. Don) from the Lahaul-Spiti region in the western Himalaya, India. The rainfall reconstruction reveals high magnitude multidecadal droughts during the 14th and 15th centuries and thenceforth a gradual increase in precipitation. Increasingly wet conditions during the 20th century are consistent with other long-term precipitation reconstructions from high Asia and reflect a large-scale intensification of the hydrological cycle, coincident with what is anticipated due to global warming. Significant relationships between reconstructed precipitation and precipitation records from central southwest Asia, east of the Caspian Sea, ENSO (NINO4-SST) variability and summer monsoon rainfall over central northeast India underscore the utility of our data in synoptic climatology. Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union."
"24484636500;11241769400;7003461830;","Modeling the impacts of land cover change in Amazonia: A regional climate model (RCM) simulation study",2008,"10.1007/s00704-007-0335-z","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-48449096575&doi=10.1007%2fs00704-007-0335-z&partnerID=40&md5=49f63751816d66c2275258de75b92346","The numerical regional model (Eta) coupled with the Simplified Simple Biosphere Model (SSiB) was used to investigate the impact of land cover changes on the regional climate in Amazonia. Four 13-month integrations were performed for the following scenarios: (a) no deforestation, (b) current conditions, (c) deforestation predicted for 2033, and (d) large scale deforestation. All initial and prescribed boundary conditions were kept identical for all integrations, except the land cover changes. The results show that during the dry season the post-deforestation decrease in root depth plays an important role in the energy budget, since there is less soil moisture available for evapotranspiration. In all scenarios there was a significant increase in the surface temperature, from 2.0 °C in the first scenario, up to 2.8 °C in the last one. In both the scenarios (b) and (c), the downward component of the surface solar radiation decreased due to an increase in the cloud cover over the deforested areas, which contributed to a further reduction of the net radiation absorbed at the surface. The cloud mechanism, where an increase in albedo is balanced by an increase in downward solar radiation, was not detected in any of these scenarios. In scenarios (a), (b) and (c), a negative feedback mechanism was observed in the hydrological cycle, with greater amounts of moisture being carried to the deforested areas. The increase in moisture convergence was greater than the reduction in evapotranspiration for both scenarios (b) and (c). This result, and the meso-scale thermodynamic processes caused an increase in precipitation. A different situation was observed in the large-scale deforestation scenario (d): a local increase of moisture convergence was observed, but not sufficiently intense to generate an increase in precipitation; the local evapotranspiration decrease was dominant in this scenario. Therefore, the partial deforestation in Amazonia can actually lead to an increase in precipitation locally. However, if the deforestation increases, this condition becomes unsustainable, leading to drier conditions and, consequently, to reduced precipitation in the region. © Springer-Verlag 2007."
"35561628100;15841714200;7101722185;7004446981;","Spectroscopic investigation of humic substances in a tropical lake during a complete hydrological cycle",2006,"10.1002/aheh.200400659","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33846888060&doi=10.1002%2faheh.200400659&partnerID=40&md5=996fe9443e1758946898ed3aefe728fd","Fluorescence and UV-VIS techniques were employed for the investigation of natural organic matter (NOM) of a tropical lake. The relationships of absorbance/dissolved organic carbon (A/DOC), fluorescence intensity/ dissolved organic carbon (FI/DOC), fluorescence ratio (FR), and peak wavelength with the highest intensity (PW) were used to distinguish the pedogenic or aquagenic origin of NOM. The values of FR, PW and A285/ DOC of high waters (HM or flooded period samples and of low waters (LW period samples of the dry season, except for September 2002, confirm the predominance of pedogenic material. The spectra of water were similar to the standard fulvic acid (FA), and the spectra of FA from the lake were similar to the nearby soils, indicative of pedogenic predominance. The results confirm that the dissolved NOM of Patos Lagoon - MS (Brazil), in all sampling periods, predominantly consisted of humic substances (FA) of pedogenic origin. © 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim."
"7403119519;55511747699;22836973600;","Does the recent freshening trend in the North Atlantic indicate a weakening thermohaline circulation?",2004,"10.1029/2003GL018584","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-2442421795&doi=10.1029%2f2003GL018584&partnerID=40&md5=ea416a8dfdf7f284baf93121435a7275","It is widely expected that the thermohaline circulation of the ocean will slow down as greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere increases. This is partly due to an intensified hydrological cycle in a warmer climate. Is the recent observed freshening trend in the North Atlantic an indication of what has been expected? We report a similar freshening trend reproduced in an ensemble of four coupled model simulations with all major historical external (natural and anthropogenic) forcings. The modelled freshening trend originates from the Arctic Ocean where sea ice decrease and river runoffs increase with the same trend. Instead of weakening, we find an upward trend in the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union."
"7006592026;8617811000;12042092500;","The response of precipitation characteristics to global warming from climate projections",2019,"10.5194/esd-10-73-2019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85061318537&doi=10.5194%2fesd-10-73-2019&partnerID=40&md5=32f817e5f057e935538ea635745b5c39","We revisit the issue of the response of precipitation characteristics to global warming based on analyses of global and regional climate model projections for the 21st century. The prevailing response we identify can be summarized as follows: increase in the intensity of precipitation events and extremes, with the occurrence of events of ""unprecedented"" magnitude, i.e., a magnitude not found in the present-day climate; decrease in the number of light precipitation events and in wet spell lengths; and increase in the number of dry days and dry spell lengths. This response, which is mostly consistent across the models we analyzed, is tied to the difference between precipitation intensity responding to increases in local humidity conditions and circulations, especially for heavy and extreme events, and mean precipitation responding to slower increases in global evaporation. These changes in hydroclimatic characteristics have multiple and important impacts on the Earth's hydrologic cycle and on a variety of sectors. As examples we investigate effects on potential stress due to increases in dry and wet extremes, changes in precipitation interannual variability, and changes in the potential predictability of precipitation events. We also stress how the understanding of the hydroclimatic response to global warming can provide important insights into the fundamental behavior of precipitation processes, most noticeably tropical convection. © 2019 Author(s)."
"56803816200;35768178600;6603910469;57203474131;","Assessment of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model for simulation of extreme rainfall events in the upper Ganga Basin",2018,"10.5194/hess-22-1095-2018","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85041795551&doi=10.5194%2fhess-22-1095-2018&partnerID=40&md5=71cd8e8b9162aa6878a82ebc86ea68ca","Reliable estimates of extreme rainfall events are necessary for an accurate prediction of floods. Most of the global rainfall products are available at a coarse resolution, rendering them less desirable for extreme rainfall analysis. Therefore, regional mesoscale models such as the advanced research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model are often used to provide rainfall estimates at fine grid spacing. Modelling heavy rainfall events is an enduring challenge, as such events depend on multi-scale interactions, and the model configurations such as grid spacing, physical parameterization and initialization. With this background, the WRF model is implemented in this study to investigate the impact of different processes on extreme rainfall simulation, by considering a representative event that occurred during 15-18 June 2013 over the Ganga Basin in India, which is located at the foothills of the Himalayas. This event is simulated with ensembles involving four different microphysics (MP), two cumulus (CU) parameterizations, two planetary boundary layers (PBLs) and two land surface physics options, as well as different resolutions (grid spacing) within the WRF model. The simulated rainfall is evaluated against the observations from 18 rain gauges and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) 3B42RT version 7 data. From the analysis, it should be noted that the choice of MP scheme influences the spatial pattern of rainfall, while the choice of PBL and CU parameterizations influences the magnitude of rainfall in the model simulations. Further, the WRF run with Goddard MP, Mellor-Yamada-Janjic PBL and Betts-Miller-Janjic CU scheme is found to perform <q>best</q> in simulating this heavy rain event. The selected configuration is evaluated for several heavy to extremely heavy rainfall events that occurred across different months of the monsoon season in the region. The model performance improved through incorporation of detailed land surface processes involving prognostic soil moisture evolution in Noah scheme compared to the simple Slab model. To analyse the effect of model grid spacing, two sets of downscaling ratios - (i) 1:3, global to regional (G2R) scale and (ii) 1:9, global to convection-permitting scale (G2C) - are employed. Results indicate that a higher downscaling ratio (G2C) causes higher variability and consequently large errors in the simulations. Therefore, G2R is adopted as a suitable choice for simulating heavy rainfall event in the present case study. Further, the WRF-simulated rainfall is found to exhibit less bias when compared with the NCEP FiNaL (FNL) reanalysis data. © Author(s) 2018."
"7601547404;35201884700;55545385700;","Simulation and prediction of suprapermafrost groundwater level variation in response to climate change using a neural network model",2015,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.09.038","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84942795851&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2015.09.038&partnerID=40&md5=4ba56a833ee17f5021af35bb045fd6d7","Suprapermafrost groundwater has an important role in the hydrologic cycle of the permafrost region. However, due to the notably harsh environmental conditions, there is little field monitoring data of groundwater systems, which has limited our understanding of permafrost groundwater dynamics. There is still no effective mathematical method and theory to be used for modeling and forecasting the variation in the permafrost groundwater. Two ANN models, one with three input variables (previous groundwater level, temperature and precipitation) and another with two input variables (temperature and precipitation only), were developed to simulate and predict the site-specific suprapermafrost groundwater level on the slope scale. The results indicate that the three input variable ANN model has superior real-time site-specific prediction capability and produces excellent accuracy performance in the simulation and forecasting of the variation in the suprapermafrost groundwater level. However, if there are no field observations of the suprapermafrost groundwater level, the ANN model developed using only the two input variables of the accessible climate data also has good accuracy and high validity in simulating and forecasting the suprapermafrost groundwater level variation to overcome the data limitations and parameter uncertainty. Under scenarios of the temperature increasing by 0.5 or 1.0. °C per 10 years, the suprapermafrost groundwater level is predicted to increase by 1.2-1.4% or 2.5-2.6% per year with precipitation increases of 10-20%, respectively. There were spatial variations in the responses of the suprapermafrost groundwater level to climate change on the slope scale. The variation ratio and the amplitude of the suprapermafrost groundwater level downslope are larger than those on the upper slope under climate warming. The obvious vulnerability and spatial variability of the suprapermafrost groundwater to climate change will impose intensive effects on the water cycle and alpine ecosystems in the permafrost region. © 2015 Elsevier B.V."
"13008708300;7403592407;57155047100;","Integrated stratigraphy of the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum in the New Jersey Coastal Plain: Toward understanding the effects of global warming in a shelf environment",2012,"10.1029/2012PA002323","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84871553666&doi=10.1029%2f2012PA002323&partnerID=40&md5=ac513f416a376960788bae033b9a4701","In the New Jersey Coastal Plain, a silty to clayey sedimentary unit (the Marlboro Formation) represents deposition during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM). This interval is remarkably different from the glauconitic sands and silts of the underlying Paleocene Vincentown and overlying Eocene Manasquan Formation. We integrate new and published stable isotope, biostratigraphic, lithostratigraphic and ecostratigraphic records, constructing a detailed time frame for the PETM along a depth gradient at core sites Clayton, Wilson Lake, Ancora and Bass River (updip to downdip). The onset of the PETM, marked by the base of the carbon isotope excursion (CIE), is within the gradual transition from glauconitic silty sands to silty clay, and represented fully at the updip sites (Wilson Lake and Clayton). The CIE ""core"" interval is expanded at the updip sites, but truncated. The CIE ""core"" is complete at the Bass River and Ancora sites, where the early part of the recovery is present (most complete at Ancora). The extent to which the PETM is expressed in the sediments is highly variable between sites, with a significant unconformity at the base of the overlying lower Eocene sediments. Our regional correlation framework provides an improved age model, allowing better understanding of the progression of environmental changes during the PETM. High-resolution benthic foraminiferal data document the change from a sediment-starved shelf setting to a tropical, river-dominated mud-belt system during the PETM, probably due to intensification of the hydrologic cycle. The excellent preservation of foraminifera during the PETM and the lack of severe benthic extinction suggest there was no extreme ocean acidification in shelf settings. © 2012. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. © 2012. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"36968766400;55152156600;35247827200;54910847800;","Extreme Events of Droughts and Floods in Amazonia: 2005 and 2009",2012,"10.1007/s11269-012-9978-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84859104908&doi=10.1007%2fs11269-012-9978-3&partnerID=40&md5=5b50ee257bb02118a60a26b0b05aa9bc","The southern border of the Brazilian Amazon is one of the most sensitive areas to deforestation in Brazil. Pondering problems related to changes in land use, new issues are emerging, such as, climate change and its negative effects on the regional hydrological cycle. The higher frequency of El Niño and La Niña seems to have strong influence on rainfall in Amazonia. They are becoming more lasting and intense in the course of the last 20 to 30 years compared to the past 100 years. This paper may confront the scientific knowledge of the relations of climate and water resources in Amazon with the points of vulnerability that anthropic societies present in the region. The impact of climate change is not uniformly borne by different regions and populations. Actually, individuals, sectors and systems are affected to varying degrees and, besides, they may be prejudiced to a greater or lesser extent. These impacts vary in magnitude and intensity in accordance with certain aspects, for instance, geographical location, time, the prevalent social, economic and environmental conditions and the infra-structure of a given location. A comprehensive description of these extreme climate events is one of the first steps to a regional vulnerability approach. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V."
"7101879613;7006414741;55963202500;7004696761;6602741207;6701756318;56250938500;55569817500;6507840520;7003745922;","Defining the geochemical composition of the EPICA Dome C ice core dust during the last glacial-interglacial cycle",2008,"10.1029/2008GC002023","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-72049131152&doi=10.1029%2f2008GC002023&partnerID=40&md5=e4c96f0790b083b95fa1bbb792a08326","The major element composition of the insoluble, windborne long-range dust archived in the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica Dome C ice core has been determined by Particle Induced X-ray Emission analyses. The geochemistry of dust from the last glacial maximum (LGM) and from the Holocene is discussed in terms of past environmental changes, throughout the last climatic cycle. Antarctic dust from glacial and interglacial climate clearly reveals different geochemical compositions. The weathered crustal-like signature of LGM dust is characterized by a low compositional variability, suggesting a dominant source under the glacial regime. The close correspondence between the major element composition of Antarctic glacial dust and the composition of southern South American sediments supports the hypothesis of a dominant role of this area as major dust supplier during cold conditions. Conversely, the major element composition of Holocene dust displays high variability and high Al content on average. This implies that an additional source could also play some role. Comparison with sizeselected sediments suggests that a contribution from Australia is likely during warm times, when a reduced glacial erosion decreases the primary dust production and a more intense hydrological cycle and larger vegetation cover inactivates dust mobility in a large part of southern South America, weakening its contribution as a massive dust supplier to Antarctica. © 2008 by the American Geophysical Union."
"35461763400;6506848120;13408938100;57200417984;7004864963;7006790175;7005941217;56073532500;57188729343;57192168375;57190128079;56463831800;36106033000;15925588200;57192645486;35119188100;7402838215;57192169899;7102866124;6701842515;6602914876;35774441900;57189368623;55942083800;7102084129;14058796400;56187256200;56442378900;55730602600;57192173802;57113269700;57103435400;7004944088;57192172364;36076994600;15926468600;57190209035;6603738264;","Aerosol characteristics and particle production in the upper troposphere over the Amazon Basin",2018,"10.5194/acp-18-921-2018","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85041224029&doi=10.5194%2facp-18-921-2018&partnerID=40&md5=01f060b49ae45246945a9fb40bf6716b","Airborne observations over the Amazon Basin showed high aerosol particle concentrations in the upper troposphere (UT) between 8 and 15ĝ€km altitude, with number densities (normalized to standard temperature and pressure) often exceeding those in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) by 1 or 2 orders of magnitude. The measurements were made during the German&ndash;Brazilian cooperative aircraft campaign ACRIDICON&ndash;CHUVA, where ACRIDICON stands for <q>Aerosol, Cloud, Precipitation, and Radiation Interactions and Dynamics of Convective Cloud Systems</q> and CHUVA is the acronym for <q>Cloud Processes of the Main Precipitation Systems in Brazil: A Contribution to Cloud Resolving Modeling and to the GPM (global precipitation measurement)</q>, on the German High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft (HALO). The campaign took place in September&ndash;October 2014, with the objective of studying tropical deep convective clouds over the Amazon rainforest and their interactions with atmospheric trace gases, aerosol particles, and atmospheric radiation. <br><br> Aerosol enhancements were observed consistently on all flights during which the UT was probed, using several aerosol metrics, including condensation nuclei (CN) and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentrations and chemical species mass concentrations. The UT particles differed sharply in their chemical composition and size distribution from those in the PBL, ruling out convective transport of combustion-derived particles from the boundary layer (BL) as a source. The air in the immediate outflow of deep convective clouds was depleted of aerosol particles, whereas strongly enhanced number concentrations of small particles (&lt;&thinsp;90ĝ€nm diameter) were found in UT regions that had experienced outflow from deep convection in the preceding 5&ndash;72ĝ€h. We also found elevated concentrations of larger (&gt;&thinsp;90ĝ€nm) particles in the UT, which consisted mostly of organic matter and nitrate and were very effective CCN. <br><br> Our findings suggest a conceptual model, where production of new aerosol particles takes place in the continental UT from biogenic volatile organic material brought up by deep convection and converted to condensable species in the UT. Subsequently, downward mixing and transport of upper tropospheric aerosol can be a source of particles to the PBL, where they increase in size by the condensation of biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) oxidation products. This may be an important source of aerosol particles for the Amazonian PBL, where aerosol nucleation and new particle formation have not been observed. We propose that this may have been the dominant process supplying secondary aerosol particles in the pristine atmosphere, making clouds the dominant control of both removal and production of atmospheric particles. © Author(s) 2018."
"56075783500;7201392834;6603000896;56501321400;56786512900;56786364600;6506539095;25225396500;","Assessment of satellite rainfall products over the Andean plateau",2016,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.07.012.","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84939496319&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2015.07.012.&partnerID=40&md5=abbc948ee0d601a70fc05772532d2dab","Nine satellite rainfall estimations (SREs) were evaluated for the first time over the South American Andean plateau watershed by comparison with rain gauge data acquired between 2005 and 2007. The comparisons were carried out at the annual, monthly and daily time steps. All SREs reproduce the salient pattern of the annual rain field, with a marked north-south gradient and a lighter east-west gradient. However, the intensity of the gradient differs among SREs: it is well marked in the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis 3B42 (TMPA-3B42), Precipitation Estimation from remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN) and Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) products, and it is smoothed out in the Climate prediction center MORPHing (CMORPH) products. Another interesting difference among products is the contrast in rainfall amounts between the water surfaces (Lake Titicaca) and the surrounding land. Some products (TMPA-3B42, PERSIANN and GSMaP) show a contradictory rainfall deficit over Lake Titicaca, which may be due to the emissivity contrast between the lake and the surrounding lands and warm rain cloud processes. An analysis differentiating coastal Lake Titicaca from inland pixels confirmed this trend. The raw or Real Time (RT) products have strong biases over the study region. These biases are strongly positive for PERSIANN (above 90%), moderately positive for TMPA-3B42 (28%), strongly negative for CMORPH (-42%) and moderately negative for GSMaP (-18%). The biases are associated with a deformation of the rain rate frequency distribution: GSMaP underestimates the proportion of rainfall events for all rain rates; CMORPH overestimates the proportion of rain rates below 2mm day-1; and the other products tend to overestimate the proportion of moderate to high rain rates. These biases are greatly reduced by the gauge adjustment in the TMPA-3B42, PERSIANN and CMORPH products, whereas a negative bias becomes positive for GSMaP. TMPA-3B42 Adjusted (Adj) version 7 demonstrates the best overall agreement with gauges in terms of correlation, rain rate distribution and bias. However, PERSIANN-Adj's bias in the southern part of the domain is very low. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.."
"56644721400;57203234869;57190818469;23004282800;55415811800;","Impact of climate change on floods in the Brahmaputra basin using CMIP5 decadal predictions",2015,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.04.056","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84929378132&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2015.04.056&partnerID=40&md5=27d421157098ab26aba38ba36df87cd2","Climate change has the potential to intensify the hydrological cycle, leading to more intense precipitation with associated changes in the intensity, frequency and severity of floods. Climate variability and change beyond a few years to a few decades ahead have significant social, economic, and environmental implications. It is believed that some aspects of this decadal variability could be predictable for a decade or longer in advance. Keeping this in mind, phase five of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), for the first time, provides 10-30. years predictions obtained from the General Circulation Models (GCMs).This study aims to analyse the CMIP5 decadal predictions for precipitation over five sub-basins of river Brahmaputra. Daily precipitation data of five GCMs, namely F-GOALS-g2, BCC-CSM1-1, IPSL-CM5A, CanCM4 and MRI-CGCM3 are used for this assessment. Empirical relationships between the basin averaged rainfall wet spell (storm) properties and the characteristics of the floods are formulated for storms which lead to significant short-term flood response. Following this, the changes in the flood behaviour in the future are derived on the basis of changes in the characteristics of wet rainfall spells in 2010-2020. The results suggest an increase in the number of spells with higher rainfall and longer duration which can lead to increase in peak flood and the total flood volume. © 2015 Elsevier B.V."
"57195436488;36145416000;56613417200;55935648500;56613231300;7102090580;","Why is the Arkavathy River drying? A multiple-hypothesis approach in a data-scarce region",2015,"10.5194/hess-19-1905-2015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84928805500&doi=10.5194%2fhess-19-1905-2015&partnerID=40&md5=e91d6dea8c65af01bd8c56af3f737d86","Water planning decisions are only as good as our ability to explain historical trends and make reasonable predictions of future water availability. But predicting water availability can be a challenge in rapidly growing regions, where human modifications of land and waterscapes are changing the hydrologic system. Yet, many regions of the world lack the long-term hydrologic monitoring records needed to understand past changes and predict future trends. We investigated this ""predictions under change"" problem in the data-scarce Thippagondanahalli (TG Halli) catchment of the Arkavathy sub-basin in southern India. Inflows into TG Halli reservoir have declined sharply since the 1970s. The causes of the drying are poorly understood, resulting in misdirected or counter-productive management responses. Five plausible hypotheses that could explain the decline were tested using data from field surveys and secondary sources: (1) changes in rainfall amount, seasonality and intensity; (2) increases in temperature; (3) groundwater extraction; (4) expansion of eucalyptus plantations; and (5) fragmentation of the river channel. Our results suggest that groundwater pumping, expansion of eucalyptus plantations and, to a lesser extent, channel fragmentation are much more likely to have caused the decline in surface flows in the TG Halli catchment than changing climate. The multiple-hypothesis approach presents a systematic way to quantify the relative contributions of proximate anthropogenic and climate drivers to hydrological change. The approach not only makes a meaningful contribution to the policy debate but also helps prioritize and design future research. The approach is a first step to conducting use-inspired socio-hydrologic research in a watershed. © Author(s) 2015. CC Attribution 3.0 License."
"16242925800;54383213000;24176182900;54384312600;23670461000;7005623491;7006947959;7004652754;","Hydrological transitions drive dissolved organic matter quantity and composition in a temporary Mediterranean stream",2015,"10.1007/s10533-015-0077-4","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84940001290&doi=10.1007%2fs10533-015-0077-4&partnerID=40&md5=4ceaf54d206a67f4d1e04dfa75f34c11","The implications of stream flow intermittency for dissolved organic matter (DOM) are not well understood despite its potential significance for water quality and ecosystem integrity. We combined intensive sampling with liquid chromatography and spectroscopic techniques to follow changes in DOC and DON concentrations as well as in DOM size fractions and spectroscopic properties in a temporary stream during an entire contraction–fragmentation–expansion hydrological cycle. DOC and DON concentrations remained low (range = 1.4–5.2 mg C L−1 and 0.05–0.15 mg N L−1) during hydrological contraction and fragmentation, with concomitant increases in the proportion of high molecular weight substances (HMWS) during contraction and of DOM aromaticity during fragmentation. DOC and DON concentrations abruptly increased (up to 8.8 mg C L−1 and 0.37 mg N L−1) at the end of the fragmentation phase, with a concomitant increase in the non-humic, microbial and aquatic character of DOM. Upon rewetting, the DOC and DON concentrations reached their highest values (up to 12.7 mg C L−1 and 0.39 mg N L−1), with concomitant increases in the proportion of HMWS and in the humic, aromatic and terrestrial character of DOM. Subsequently, DOC and DON concentrations recovered to values similar to those at the contraction phase, while DOM composition variables indicated the prevalence of a DOM of humic and terrestrial character during the whole expansion phase. Overall, our results emphasize the importance of hydrological transitions for DOM dynamics in temporary streams, and point to the potential response of perennial streams under future water scarcity scenarios. © 2015, Springer International Publishing Switzerland."
"40661753400;6602865544;40661020000;35095461100;7006203051;6603860837;55819437900;7102432430;","The passive microwave Neural network Precipitation Retrieval (PNPR) algorithm for AMSU/MHS observations: Description and application to European case studies",2015,"10.5194/amt-8-837-2015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84923308073&doi=10.5194%2famt-8-837-2015&partnerID=40&md5=1a0b3f011137af147087a35028cd64a9","The purpose of this study is to describe a new algorithm based on a neural network approach (Passive microwave Neural network Precipitation Retrieval - PNPR) for precipitation rate estimation from AMSU/MHS observations, and to provide examples of its performance for specific case studies over the European/Mediterranean area. The algorithm optimally exploits the different characteristics of Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) and the Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) channels, and their combinations, including the brightness temperature (TB) differences of the 183.31 channels, with the goal of having a single neural network for different types of background surfaces (vegetated land, snow-covered surface, coast and ocean). The training of the neural network is based on the use of a cloud-radiation database, built from cloud-resolving model simulations coupled to a radiative transfer model, representative of the European and Mediterranean Basin precipitation climatology. The algorithm provides also the phase of the precipitation and a pixel-based confidence index for the evaluation of the reliability of the retrieval. Applied to different weather conditions in Europe, the algorithm shows good performance both in the identification of precipitation areas and in the retrieval of precipitation, which is particularly valuable over the extremely variable environmental and meteorological conditions of the region. The PNPR is particularly efficient in (1) screening and retrieval of precipitation over different background surfaces; (2) identification and retrieval of heavy rain for convective events; and (3) identification of precipitation over a cold/iced background, with increased uncertainties affecting light precipitation. In this paper, examples of good agreement of precipitation pattern and intensity with ground-based data (radar and rain gauges) are provided for four different case studies. The algorithm has been developed in order to be easily tailored to new radiometers as they become available (such as the cross-track scanning Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP) Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS)), and it is suitable for operational use as it is computationally very efficient. PNPR has been recently extended for applications to the regions of Africa and the South Atlantic, and an extended validation over these regions (using 2 yr of data acquired by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission precipitation radar for comparison) is the subject of a paper in preparation. The PNPR is currently used operationally within the EUMETSAT Hydrology Satellite Application Facility (H-SAF) to provide instantaneous precipitation from passive microwave cross-track scanning radiometers. It undergoes routinely thorough extensive validation over Europe carried out by the H-SAF Precipitation Products Validation Team. © Author(s) 2015."
"55911415100;24491912000;7003398142;","Validation of remotely sensed rainfall over major climatic regions in Northeast Tanzania",2014,"10.1016/j.pce.2013.09.013","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84901696503&doi=10.1016%2fj.pce.2013.09.013&partnerID=40&md5=4cc1c751351dc5f79709ec545a66413b","Increase in population has resulted in pressure for more land and water use for food security in Northeast Tanzania. This calls for proper understanding of spatial-temporal variations of quality and quantity of water to ensure sustainable management. The number of hydro-meteorological stations such as rainfall stations and flow measuring stations has not increased and even the functioning of the existing ones is deteriorating. Satellite rainfall estimates (SRE) are being used widely in place of gauge observations or to supplement gauge observations. However, rigorous validation is necessary to have some level of confidence in using the satellite products for different applications. This paper discusses the results of application of SRE over a data scarce tropical complex region in Northeast Tanzania. We selected river catchments found in two different climatological zones: the inland region mountains (i.e. Kikuletwa and Ruvu basins) and the coastal region mountains (i.e. Mkomazi, Luengera and Zigi basins), characterized by semi arid, sub-humid to humid tropical climate. Thus, the validation sites were ideal for testing the different SRE products. In this study, we evaluated two gauge corrected high resolution SRE products which combine both infrared and passive-microwave estimates; the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Prediction Center (NOAA-CPC) African Rainfall Estimation (RFE2) and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission product 3B42 (TRMM-3B42) using station network.The accuracy of the products was evaluated through a comparison with available gauge data. The comparison was made on pair-wise (point to pixel) and sub-basin level with the reproduction of rainfall volume, rainfall intensity and consistency of rain and no-rain days. The SRE products performed reasonably well over both regions in detecting the occurrence of rainfall. The underestimation was mainly ascribed to topology and the coastal effect. Whereas, the overestimation was mainly ascribed to evaporation of rainfall in the dry atmosphere under the cloud base. Local calibration of satellite-derived rainfall estimates and merging of satellite estimates with locally available rain-gauge observations are some of the approaches that could be employed to alleviate these problems. Although, the products did not show strong correlation to the observed rainfall over the complex tropical mountainous catchments considered, they have high potential to augment gauge observations in data sparse basins. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd."
"56195238900;55598097500;57203346076;55818881800;55416234700;","The last interglacial (Eemian) climate simulated by LOVECLIM and CCSM3",2013,"10.5194/cp-9-1789-2013","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84881400067&doi=10.5194%2fcp-9-1789-2013&partnerID=40&md5=11ee0c183edc432dae1133380bb262d6","This paper presents a detailed analysis of the climate of the last interglacial simulated by two climate models of different complexities, CCSM3 (Community Climate System Model 3) and LOVECLIM (LOch-Vecode-Ecbilt-CLio-agIsm Model). The simulated surface temperature, hydrological cycle, vegetation and ENSO variability during the last interglacial are analyzed through the comparison with the simulated pre-industrial (PI) climate. In both models, the last interglacial period is characterized by a significant warming (cooling) over almost all the continents during boreal summer (winter) leading to a largely increased (reduced) seasonal contrast in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere. This is mainly due to the much higher (lower) insolation received by the whole Earth in boreal summer (winter) during this interglacial. The Arctic is warmer than PI through the whole year, resulting from its much higher summer insolation, its remnant effect in the following fall-winter through the interactions between atmosphere, ocean and sea ice and feedbacks from sea ice and snow cover. Discrepancies exist in the sea-ice formation zones between the two models. Cooling is simulated by CCSM3 in the Greenland and Norwegian seas and near the shelves of Antarctica during DJF but not in LOVECLIM as a result of excessive sea-ice formation. Intensified African monsoon is responsible for the cooling during summer in northern Africa and on the Arabian Peninsula. Over India, the precipitation maximum is found further west, while in Africa the precipitation maximum migrates further north. Trees and grassland expand north in Sahel/Sahara, more clearly seen in LOVECLIM than in CCSM3 results. A mix of forest and grassland occupies continents and expands deep into the high northern latitudes. Desert areas reduce significantly in the Northern Hemisphere, but increase in northern Australia. The interannual SST variability of the tropical Pacific (El-Niño Southern Oscillation) of the last interglacial simulated by CCSM3 shows slightly larger variability and magnitude compared to the PI. However, the SST variability in our LOVECLIM simulations is particularly small due to the overestimated thermocline's depth. © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License."
"22636199100;7406218609;10044631200;9272538400;24166324000;55777758600;55768583400;13408504900;","HadISDH: An updateable land surface specific humidity product for climate monitoring",2013,"10.5194/cp-9-657-2013","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84881148415&doi=10.5194%2fcp-9-657-2013&partnerID=40&md5=b66de1873ae46da7cef6bc9a3cb3d8ab","HadISDH is a near-global land surface specific humidity monitoring product providing monthly means from 1973 onwards over large-scale grids. Presented herein to 2012, annual updates are anticipated. HadISDH is an update to the land component of HadCRUH, utilising the global high-resolution land surface station product HadISD as a basis. HadISD, in turn, uses an updated version of NOAA's Integrated Surface Database. Intensive automated quality control has been undertaken at the individual observation level, as part of HadISD processing. The data have been subsequently run through the pairwise homogenisation algorithm developed for NCDC's US Historical Climatology Network monthly temperature product. For the first time, uncertainty estimates are provided at the grid-box spatial scale and monthly timescale. HadISDH is in good agreement with existing land surface humidity products in periods of overlap, and with both land air and sea surface temperature estimates. Widespread moistening is shown over the 1973-2012 period. The largest moistening signals are over the tropics with drying over the subtropics, supporting other evidence of an intensified hydrological cycle over recent years. Moistening is detectable with high (95 %) confidence over large-scale averages for the globe, Northern Hemisphere and tropics, with trends of 0.089 (0.080 to 0.098) g kg?1 per decade, 0.086 (0.075 to 0.097) g kg?1 per decade and 0.133 (0.119 to 0.148) g kg?1 per decade, respectively. These changes are outside the uncertainty range for the large-scale average which is dominated by the spatial coverage component; station and grid-box sampling uncertainty is essentially negligible on large scales. A very small moistening (0.013 (?0.005 to 0.031) g kg?1 per decade) is found in the Southern Hemisphere, but it is not significantly different from zero and uncertainty is large. When globally averaged, 1998 is the moistest year since monitoring began in 1973, closely followed by 2010, two strong El Niño years. The period in between is relatively flat, concurring with previous findings of decreasing relative humidity over land. © Author(s) 2013."
"16244170100;6603092067;","Field data collection and analysis of canopy and litter interception in commercial forest plantations in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands, South Africa",2012,"10.5194/hess-16-3717-2012","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84867807553&doi=10.5194%2fhess-16-3717-2012&partnerID=40&md5=99650abf57f2559b4683f28733c7753c","It is well accepted that the total evaporation in forested areas is greater than in grasslands, largely due to the differences in the amount of rainfall that is intercepted by the forest canopy and litter and due to higher transpiration rates. However, interception is the least studied of these components of the hydrological cycle. The study aims to measure and quantify the canopy and litter interception by Eucalyptus grandis Pinus patula and Acacia mearnsii, at the Two Streams research catchment in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands of South Africa for the three-year period April 2008 to March 2011. The results from this study showed that canopy and litter interception contributed a significant amount of the water evaporated in a forest water balance. The canopy interception by E. grandis A. mearnsii and P. patula was 14.9%, 27.7% and 21.4% of gross precipitation, respectively, while litter interception was 8.5%, 6.6% and 12.1% of gross precipitation, respectively. © Author(s) 2012."
"6507948826;7409376438;6603431141;7006957668;56218882300;","A prototype WRF-based ensemble data assimilation system for dynamically downscaling satellite precipitation observations",2011,"10.1175/2010JHM1271.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79955004086&doi=10.1175%2f2010JHM1271.1&partnerID=40&md5=90d54fcf9a7012eb5642e55f40de86e9","In the near future, the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission will provide precipitation observations with unprecedented accuracy and spatial/temporal coverage of the globe. For hydrological applications, the satellite observations need to be downscaled to the required finer-resolution precipitation fields. This paper explores a dynamic downscaling method using ensemble data assimilation techniques and cloud-resolving models. A prototype ensemble data assimilation system using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) has been developed. A high-resolution regional WRF withmultiple nesting grids is used to provide the first-guess and ensemble forecasts. An ensemble assimilation algorithm based on the maximum likelihood ensemble filter (MLEF) is used to perform the analysis. The forward observation operators from NOAA-NCEP's gridpoint statistical interpolation (GSI) are incorporated for using NOAA-NCEP operational datastream, including conventional data and clear-sky satellite observations. Precipitation observation operators are developed with a combination of the cloud-resolving physics fromNASAGoddard cumulus ensemble (GCE)model and the radiance transfer schemes fromNASA SatelliteData SimulationUnit (SDSU). The prototype of the systemis used as a test bed to optimally combine observations and model information to produce a dynamically downscaled precipitation analysis. A case study on Tropical Storm Erin (2007) is presented to investigate the ability of the prototype of the WRF Ensemble Data Assimilation System (WRF-EDAS) to ingest information from in situ and satellite observations including precipitation-affected radiance. The results show that the analyses and forecasts produced by theWRF-EDASsystem are comparable to or better than those obtained with theWRF-GSI analysis scheme using the same set of observations. An experiment was also performed to examine how the analyses and short-term forecasts ofmicrophysical variables and dynamical fields are influenced by the assimilation of precipitation-affected radiances. The results highlight critical issues to be addressed in the next stage of development such as model-predicted hydrometeor control variables and associated background error covariance, bias estimation, and correction in radiance space, as well as the observation error statistics. While further work is needed to optimize the performance ofWRF-EDAS, this study establishes the viability of developing a cloud-scale ensemble data assimilation systemthat has the potential to provide a useful vehicle for downscaling satellite precipitation information to finer scales suitable for hydrological applications. © 2011 American Meteorological Society."
"6508276678;7005640172;39661347300;56702490400;6508112934;8311728100;","A comparison of the performance of three types of passive fog gauges under conditions of wind-driven fog and precipitation",2011,"10.1002/hyp.7884","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78751512139&doi=10.1002%2fhyp.7884&partnerID=40&md5=681ef0a58867fc29ac7032d15776ebde","Understanding of the 'typical' amounts of fog intercepted by different types of cloud forests is hampered by a lack of comparative information on local fog climatology. Usually some kind of 'fog gauge' is used to characterize fog occurrence and amounts. Moreover, wind-driven fog and precipitation are difficult to measure separately and reported measurements of 'fog' often represent a combination of the two. In this paper, the term 'occult precipitation' (HP) is used to represent fog in combination with the horizontal component of wind-driven precipitation (WDR). Collection efficiencies of three widely used types of passive fog gauges, viz. a wire harp (WH) screen, a modified cylindrical gauge (MJU, Juvik-type) and a tunnel gauge (TTG, Daube-type), were derived by comparing the volumes of water collected by the respective gauges with horizontal cloud water fluxes (CWFs) derived from wind speed (u) and the fog liquid water content (LWC) as measured by a cloud particle spectrometer during conditions of fog at a windward cloud forest site in northern Costa Rica. Under conditions of fog-only, the collection efficiencies of the three gauges were linearly related to the horizontal CWF as measured by the gauges themselves. Therefore, additional information on wind speed, droplet size and fog LWC was not needed. During conditions of HP, relative collection efficiencies were derived by comparing the volumes collected by the respective gauge types. The modified Juvik gauge had an efficiency close to 100%, independently of the wind speed and direction, whereas the efficiency of the WH depended critically on the wind speed. The tunnel gauge had an efficiency comparable to that of the Juvik gauge, with some additional catch occurring under conditions of low precipitation angles due to the reclined frontal surface of the gauge. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."
"7407008056;","Response of land accretion of the Yellow River delta to global climate change and human activity",2008,"10.1016/j.quaint.2007.08.032","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-45249116996&doi=10.1016%2fj.quaint.2007.08.032&partnerID=40&md5=c8873c5fe5be9ae663d2f587a1917f12","In the past 50 years, influenced by global climate change, the Eastern Asian summer monsoon intensity (SMI) changed significantly, and that has led to some response in the water cycle system of the Yellow River basin and in the land accretion process of the delta. The variation in annual precipitation is synchronic with that in SMI. From 1950 to 1970, annual air temperature showed a slight decrease with large fluctuations. Since 1970, a significant increasing trend can be seen. Climate change may result in a change in sediment flux into the sea, and therefore in a change in the rate of land accretion of delta (Rla). The annual Rla and sediment flux into the sea showed an increasing trend from 1952 to 1964, but a decreasing trend after 1964, which is similar to that in the SMI. Human activity such as soil conservation measures and water division also has some effect on land accretion of the delta. A multiple regression analysis indicates that the Ral decreased with decrease in summer monsoon index (SMI), increase in annual temperature (T), the increase in the area of water and soil conservation measures (Atfg) and an increase in water diversion (Qw,div). The contribution of the variations in the variables to the variation in Rla was estimated as 34.94%, 3.80%, 53.82% and 7.44%, respectively. The contribution of the two climate factors totals 38.7%, indicating that the influence of global climate change on the variation in land accretion of Yellow River delta is significant. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA."
"6504293721;6602513886;","Sedimentology and environmental significance of the Cryogenian successions of the Yangtze platform, South China block",2007,"10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.03.043","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34548677066&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2007.03.043&partnerID=40&md5=39f019ea05eda29444bb5457c9f6c098","The Neoproterozoic glaciations during Sturtian (c. 720 Ma) and Marinoan (c. 600-635 Ma) times are considered events of extreme climate change of global dimension, sometimes interpreted according to the snowball Earth hypothesis. Here we present, for the first time, a detailed sedimentological description and facies analysis of the deposits of both glacial events recorded on the Yangtze platform of the South China block. The Yangtze platform was located at c. 40° latitude during the older glaciation, and close to the equator during the younger one. The studied successions of Nanhuan-Sinian age, including both diamictite-bearing Units, vary in thickness from ∼ 90 m to ∼ 1800 m and show some remarkable differences between the deposits of Sturtian and Marinoan age. In general, both diamictite-bearing successions are composed of diamictites, debris flow deposits, turbidites, structureless or laminated sand- and siltstones, and mudstones. However, diamictites of the lower Unit were deposited from proglacial debris flows, whereas those of the upper Unit formed as lodgement deposits of the grounded zone. Laminated sand- and siltstones containing dropstones are abundant in the lower Unit and very rare in the upper one. Deposits of subaqueous mass flows are present in both Units. The lower diamictite Unit is not overlain by cap carbonates. The upper diamictite Unit grades transgressively into 3 to 8 m thick successions of thin-bedded and partly clast-rich carbonate rocks representing the basal strata of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation. In view of a conformable contact between the upper diamictite Unit and these carbonate layers, and their similar lithostratigraphic position to those on other continents, we consider them to represent cap carbonates. Our sedimentological data indicate different patterns of development of the two glaciations. The Sturtian event in South China is characterized by deposition of ice-rafted debris distal to ice margins thus indicating ample open ocean space available for iceberg drift. The Marinoan record in South China registers depositional processes proximal to ice-margins including lodgement deposits. In consideration of the palaeogeographic position of the Yangtze platform in intermediate (Sturtian) and low (Marinoan) latitudes during Neoproterozoic time, there were probably significant differences in intensity and extent between the glaciations, the older one being less severe and characterized by regionally limited ice centres. There is no evidence of a shutdown of the hydrological cycle during the deposition of the two diamictite Units. In conclusion, our sedimentological data neither support a Sturtian nor a Marinoan ""hard"" snowball Earth glaciation. © 2007."
"53980793000;","Interaction between dynamics and cloud microphysics in orographic precipitation enhancement: A high-resolution modeling study of two north Alpine heavy-precipitation events",2007,"10.1175/MWR3445.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34548222165&doi=10.1175%2fMWR3445.1&partnerID=40&md5=62e167f06174d4f9f4521a0525b00431","Interactions of atmospheric dynamics and cloud microphysics with the Alpine orography are investigated for two north Alpine heavy-precipitation cases (20-22 May 1999 and 22-23 August 2005). Both cases were related to a deep cyclone propagating slowly eastward along the Alps, advecting moist air of Mediterranean origin toward the northern side of the Alps. A validation against high-resolution rain gauge data reveals that the average model bias is below 15% in the region of interest, but there is a tendency to systematically underestimate very heavy precipitation. A scale decomposition of the discrepancies between model and observations reveals that errors on the meso-β-scale contribute at least as much to the total model error as discrepancies on the meso-γ-scale. On the scale of single mountain ridges and valleys, the formation of precipitation maxima at valley locations is investigated, with particular emphasis on a region in which a valley receives systematically more precipitation than the adjacent mountain ridges. It is found that the downstream advection. of precipitation hydrometeors generated in an orographic feeder cloud is essential for the development of valley maxima. Strong ambient winds and (due to the fall speed difference between snow/graupel and rain) a low freezing level favor a large distance of the precipitation maximum from the upstream mountain ridge. Under suitable geometrical conditions, downstream advection of hydrometeors can even lead to systematically more precipitation in the valley than over the adjacent ridges. Another mechanism capable of generating a systematic rainfall maximum at valley locations requires a freezing level between valley bottom and crest height and a mountain wave flow penetrating into the valley. Under such conditions, the increase in the fall velocity related to melting of snow or graupel into rain leads to a locally intensified fallout of hydrometeors and thus to a maximum in the precipitation rate. © 2007 American Meteorological Society."
"6602300399;6701527592;","Mean versus extreme climate in the Mediterranean region and its sensitivity to future global warning conditions",2005,"10.1127/0941-2948/2005/0036","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-25844467695&doi=10.1127%2f0941-2948%2f2005%2f0036&partnerID=40&md5=afad9a6f8cb5ce9be7c2ea90f5c65fac","The Mediterranean region (MTR) has been supposed to be very sensitive to changes in land surface and atmospheric greenhouse-gas (GHG) concentrations. Particularly, an intensification of climate extremes may be associated with severe socio-economic implications. Here, we present an analysis of climate mean and extreme conditions in this subtropical area based on regional climate model experiments, simulating the present-day and possible future climate. The analysis of extreme values (EVs) is based on the assumption that the extremes of daily precipitation and near-surface temperature are well fitted by the Generalized Pareto distribution (GPD). Return values of extreme daily events are determined using the method of L-moments. Particular emphasis is laid on the evaluation of the return values with respect to the uncertainty range of the estimate as derived from a Monte Carlo sampling approach. During the most recent 25 years the MTR has become dryer in spring but more humid especially in the western part in autumn and winter. At the same time, the whole region has been subject to a substantial warming. The strongest rainfall extremes are simulated in autumn over the Mediterranean Sea around Italy. Temperature extremes are most pronounced over the land masses, especially over northern Africa. Given the large uncertainty of the EV estimate, only 1-year return values are further analysed. During recent decades, statistically significant changes in extremes are only found for temperature. Future climate conditions may come along with a decrease in mean and extreme precipitation during the cold season, whereas an intensification of the hydrological cycle is predicted in summer and autumn. Temperature is predominantly affected over the Iberian Peninsula and the eastern part of the MTR. In many grid boxes, the signals are blurred out due to the large amount of uncertainty in the EV estimate. Thus, a careful analysis is required when making inferences about the future behaviour of climate extremes. © Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin, Stuttgart 2005."
"6506158675;6603065046;15062701100;7006421083;7005574766;","The importance of the precipitation and the susceptibility of the slopes for the triggering of landslides along the roads",2000,"10.1023/A:1008126113789","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034017943&doi=10.1023%2fA%3a1008126113789&partnerID=40&md5=7b9dc20d1c65ad9b83155194409c4656","In order to characterise the influence of the heavy rains on the observed landslides during the 1996-1997 hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100 years are analysed from 104 stations in eastern Andalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recorded between October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104 stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records; 15 presented values that were 80-100% of the pre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80-50%; and 9 stations, <50%. A map has been devised of the susceptibility of the materials through which the south-eastern Andalusian road network crosses, together with an inventory of the damage caused by instability phenomena on banks and cuttings of the road network during the winter of 1996-1997. The relationships between the rainfall during the study period, the damage caused to the road network and the susceptibility of the materials affected are analysed. The results indicate that there is a clear correspondence between the rainfall recorded and the susceptibility of the materials with the inventoried damage. It is concluded that the widespread serious damage caused in early 1997 to the roads and surrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and the coast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused by the extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerably less damage was observed where the susceptibility of the terrain is low, thus highlighting the extreme usefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for risk prevention and territorial planning."
"55911723600;14523673200;8284622100;","Recent changes in the moisture source of precipitation over the tibetan plateau",2017,"10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0493.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85014029397&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-16-0493.1&partnerID=40&md5=dc8e0ec8c99fee684737a9770c2292f5","Evidence has suggested a wetting trend over part of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) in recent decades, although there are large uncertainties in this trend due to sparse observations. Examining the change in the moisture source for precipitation over a region in the TP with the most obvious increasing precipitation trend may help understand the precipitation change. This study applied the modified Water Accounting Model with two atmospheric reanalyses, ground-observed precipitation, and evaporation froma land surfacemodel to investigate the change inmoisture source of the precipitation over the targeted region. The study estimated that on average more than 69%andmore than 21%of the moisture supply to precipitation over the targeted region came from land and ocean, respectively. The moisture transports from the west of the TP by the westerlies and from the southwest by the Indian summermonsoon likely contributed themost to precipitation over the targeted region. The moisture from inside the region may have contributed about 18% of the total precipitation. Most of the increasedmoisture supply to the precipitation during 1979-2013 was attributed to the enhanced influx fromthe southwest and the local moisture supply. The precipitation recycling ratio over the targeted region increased significantly, suggesting an intensified hydrological cycle. Further analysis at monthly scale and with wet-dryyear composites indicates that the increased moisture contribution was mainly from the southwest and the targeted region duringMay and September. The enhanced water vapor transport from the IndianOcean during July and September and the intensified local hydrological recycling seem to be the primary reasons behind the recent precipitation increase over the targeted region. © 2017 American Meteorological Society."
"21734205100;57002952200;26537730300;57195639500;57190953533;22951177000;55918742700;","High-resolution ensemble projections of near-term regional climate over the continental United States",2016,"10.1002/2016JD025285","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84984691672&doi=10.1002%2f2016JD025285&partnerID=40&md5=1af5f9f1ce2555083b50d02edaeb23a3","We present high-resolution near-term ensemble projections of hydroclimatic changes over the contiguous U.S. using a regional climate model (RegCM4) that dynamically downscales 11 global climate models from the fifth phase of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project at 18 km horizontal grid spacing. All model integrations span 41 years in the historical period (1965-2005) and 41 years in the near-term future period (2010-2050) under Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 and cover a domain that includes the contiguous U.S. and parts of Canada and Mexico. Should emissions continue to rise, surface temperatures in every region within the U.S. will reach a new climate norm well before mid 21st century regardless of the magnitudes of regional warming. Significant warming will likely intensify the regional hydrological cycle through the acceleration of the historical trends in cold, warm, and wet extremes. The future temperature response will be partly regulated by changes in snow hydrology over the regions that historically receive a major portion of cold season precipitation in the form of snow. Our results indicate the existence of the Clausius-Clapeyron scaling at regional scales where per degree centigrade rise in surface temperature will lead to a 7.4% increase in precipitation from extremes. More importantly, both winter (snow) and summer (liquid) extremes are projected to increase across the U.S. These changes in precipitation characteristics will be driven by a shift toward shorter and wetter seasons. Overall, projected changes in the regional hydroclimate can have substantial impacts on the natural and human systems across the U.S. © 2016. American Geophysical Union."
"55624487819;56478409200;44861328200;57211219633;15119954300;","Spatiotemporal variations of pan evaporation in China during 1960-2005: Changing patterns and causes",2015,"10.1002/joc.4025","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84928548249&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.4025&partnerID=40&md5=4252663a1df188b959f3d7dd34e966d2","Observed pan evaporation data from 588 stations covering the entire territory of China are analysed using the modified Mann-Kendall trend test method. Fuzzy C-Means clustering is conducted for regionalization. Sensitivity analysis is performed to identify the principal influencing factors. Results indicate that: (1) the entire country can be categorized into three parts, i.e. A: southern, central and southwestern China; B: northwestern China and C: strip zone extending from northeastern to southwestern China; (2) significant decreasing pan evaporation can be identified in southern, central, southwestern, eastern and northwestern China. Stations with significant increasing pan evaporation seem to be scattered sporadically across China. Besides, the strip zone extending in the NE-SW direction is dominated by significant and also nonsignificant increasing trends of pan evaporation and (3) sensitivity analysis indicates that relative humidity is the principal influencing factor for pan evaporation, especially in northwestern, northern and northeastern China. Generally, in northwestern, northern and northeastern China, relative humidity has an adverse relation with pan evaporation, implying pan evaporation paradox and also intensifying hydrological cycle in these regions. In southeastern China, particularly the middle and lower Yangtze River basin and the Pearl River basin, relations between pan evaporation and relative humidity are relatively complex, showing that other factors in addition to relative humidity can have impacts on pan evaporation changes, such as cloud coverage, temperature and aerosol concentration. Local features of aerodynamic and radiative drivers of the hydrological cycle and their regional responses to climate changes, and also different features of ground surface may play considerable roles in pan evaporation changes. © 2014 Royal Meteorological Society."
"7801375648;","Long term (1921-2011) hydrological regime of Alpine catchments in Northern Italy",2014,"10.1016/j.advwatres.2014.04.017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84901020706&doi=10.1016%2fj.advwatres.2014.04.017&partnerID=40&md5=ef4550ad345313276c6311dd06502e9f","Long term (1921-2011) yearly and seasonal hydrological regime of 23 Alpine rivers in Northern Italy (ca. 102-104km2) was investigated here. First, for regulated catchment, the potential effect of flow storage was investigated using an index of potential flow regulation, and pre and post reservoirs' installation flow analysis. For catchments displaying little regulation effect, non stationarity was studied using linear regression, including variable (segmented) slope analysis, and Mann Kendall test, traditional and progressive. The link of the observed trends against descriptive physiographic variables was then investigated, to highlight geographic and topographic patterns of changes of the hydrological cycle. Dependence upon global thermal and North Atlantic Oscillation NAO anomalies were analysed to highlight potential impact of large scale climate drivers against regional hydrological regimes. Also, the correlation between stream flows and climatic drivers of precipitation and temperatures in nearby stations was investigated, to highlight climate trends potentially driving hydrological changes, and potential changes in the nexus between climate and hydrology given by reservoirs' operation. The results display for several Alpine rivers here likelihood of significant changes of hydrological fluxes, notably during Winter, Spring and Summer. Winter discharges is decreasing on average, but decrease is seen below 1800. m a.s.l. or so, while increase is found above, and the more Northern the larger the increase. Discharges during Spring mostly decrease in time, and more so for increasing outlet altitude, while Summer specific discharges always decrease, and more notably with increasing altitude of the contributing catchment. NAO and global thermal anomalies are correlated against the rate of variation of hydrological fluxes, with the intensity of correlation linked to altitude, longitude, and basin's size. Specifically targeted studies are necessary to investigate the underlying mechanisms of modified hydrological cycle within different catchments. Besides the presence of expectedly little changes as given by flow operation in regulated streams, the observed trends may be explained by modified hydrological cycle within the Alps of Italy, as given by (i) trading of rainfall for snowfall during Winter, resulting into larger flows, and affecting more highest catchments and Northern areas, (ii) lack of snow cover at thaw, and shrinking of ice covered areas, decreasing melt water deliver during Spring, and Summer, more evident at the highest altitudes, and (iii) increase of evapotranspiration driven by temperature, leading to increased soil moisture uptake and decreased stream fluxes at the intermediate altitudes. The proposed study seems of interest as a benchmark for the assessment of water resources in the Alps, and for conjecture upon future water availability. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd."
"7003531755;7006558339;","A mechanisms-based approach to detecting recent anthropogenic hydroclimate change",2012,"10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00056.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84856959429&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-11-00056.1&partnerID=40&md5=f8de7691e3c87d8d5c3e70d6566e2b1e","Both naturally occurring La Niña events and model-projected anthropogenic-driven global warming are associated with widespread drying in the subtropics to midlatitudes. Models suggest anthropogenic drying should already be underway but climate variability on interannual to multidecadal time scales can easily obscure any emerging trend, making it hard to assess the validity of the simulated forced change. Here, the authors address this problem by using model simulations and the twentieth-century reanalysis to distinguish between natural variability of, and radiatively forced change in, hydroclimate on the basis of the mechanisms of variations in the three-dimensional moisture budget that drive variations in precipitation minus evaporation (P 2 E). Natural variability of P 2 E is dominated by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle and is ""dynamics dominated"" in that the associated global P2E anomalies are primarily driven by changes in circulation. This is quite well reproduced in the multimodel mean of 15 models used in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4)/Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 3 (CMIP3). In contrast, radiatively forced P 2 E change is ""thermodynamics mediated"" in that the rise in specific humidity leads to intensified patterns of moisture transport and P 2 E. But, as for ENSO, the poleward shift of the storm tracks and mean meridional circulation cells also contribute to changes in P 2 E. However, La Niña and radiatively forced changes in the zonal mean flow are distinct in the tropics. These distinctions are applied to the post-1979 record of P 2 E in the twentieth-century reanalysis. ENSO-related variations strongly influence the observed P 2 E trend since 1979, but removal of this influence leaves an emerging pattern of P 2 E change consistent with the predictions of the IPCC AR4/CMIP3 models over this period together with, to some extent, consistent contributions from dynamical and thermodynamical mechanisms and consistent changes in the zonal mean circulation. The forced trends are currently weak compared to those caused by internal variability. © 2012 American Meteorological Society."
"6602828392;7202542635;","Impact of changes in rainfall amounts predicted by climate-change models on decomposition in a deciduous forest",2007,"10.1016/j.apsoil.2006.09.015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33846178208&doi=10.1016%2fj.apsoil.2006.09.015&partnerID=40&md5=5819110c1967ba8a19395018cb3f7452","Climate-change models predict a more intense hydrological cycle, with both increased and decreased amounts of rainfall in areas covered with temperate deciduous forests. These changes could alter rates of litter decomposition, with consequences for rates of nutrient cycling in the forest ecosystem. To examine impacts of predicted changes in precipitation on the rate of decay of canopy leaves, we placed litterbags in replicated, fenced 14 m2 low-rainfall and high-rainfall plots located under individual rainout shelters. Unfenced, open plots served as an ambient treatment. Litter in the high-rainfall and ambient plots decayed 50% and 78% faster, respectively, than litter in the low-rainfall plots. Litter in the ambient plots disappeared 20% faster than in the high-rainfall treatment, perhaps via greater leaching during heavy rainfall events. Ambient rainfall during the experiment was similar in total amount to the high-rainfall treatment, but was more variable in intensity and timing. We used litterbags of different mesh sizes to examine whether changes in rainfall might alter the impacts of major categories of the fauna on litter decay. However, we found no consistent evidence that excluding arthropods of different sizes affected litter decay rate within any of the three rainfall treatments. This research reveals that changes in rainfall predicted to occur with global climate change will likely strongly alter rates of litter decay in deciduous forests. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"23478939900;56091005800;23991568200;36078417400;7601493145;7202480447;","Memory of past random wave conditions in submarine groundwater discharge",2014,"10.1002/2014GL059617","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84897355778&doi=10.1002%2f2014GL059617&partnerID=40&md5=166e4afcb0054068ef4157fe0fe1ecd6","Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is an integral part of the hydrological cycle and represents an important aspect of land-ocean interactions. We used a numerical model to simulate flow and salt transport in a nearshore groundwater aquifer under varying wave conditions based on yearlong random wave data sets, including storm surge events the results showed significant flow asymmetry with rapid response of influxes and retarded response of effluxes across the seabed to the irregular wave conditions. While a storm surge immediately intensified seawater influx to the aquifer, the subsequent return of intruded seawater to the sea, as part of an increased SGD, was gradual. Using functional data analysis, we revealed and quantified retarded, cumulative effects of past wave conditions on SGD including the fresh groundwater and recirculating seawater discharge components the retardation was characterized well by a gamma distribution function regardless of wave conditions the relationships between discharge rates and wave parameters were quantifiable by a regression model in a functional form independent of the actual irregular wave conditions. This statistical model provides a useful method for analyzing and predicting SGD from nearshore unconfined aquifers affected by random waves. Key Points Cumulative effects of antecedent wave conditions on SGD Long memory of past wave conditions back to over a hundred days found in the SGD Wave effects characterized well by a gamma distribution function © 2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57214103245;7102745183;","An investigation of warm rainfall microphysics in the southern Appalachians: Orographic enhancement via low-level seeder-feeder interactions",2014,"10.1175/JAS-D-13-0228.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84899766112&doi=10.1175%2fJAS-D-13-0228.1&partnerID=40&md5=fe2466b77227b1a1eae78e9a22194420","Observations of the vertical structure of rainfall, surface rain rates, and drop size distributions (DSDs) in the southern Appalachians were analyzed with a focus on the diurnal cycle of rainfall. In the inner mountain region, a 5-yr high-elevation rain gauge dataset shows that light rainfall, described here as rainfall intensity less than 3mmh-1 over a time scale of 5 min, accounts for 30%-50%of annual accumulations. The data also reveal warm-season events characterized by heavy surface rainfall in valleys and along ridgelines inconsistent with radar observations of the vertical structure of precipitation. Next, a stochastic columnmodel of advection-coalescence-breakup of warm rain DSDs was used to investigate three illustrative events. The integrated analysis of observations and model simulations suggests that seeder-feeder interactions (i.e., Bergeron processes) between incoming rainfall systems and local fog and/or low-level clouds with very high number concentrations of small drops (,0.2mm) govern surface rainfall intensity through driving significant increases in coalescence rates and efficiency. Specifically, the model shows how accelerated growth of small- and moderatesize raindrops (,2mm) viaBergeron processes can enhance surface rainfall rates by one order ofmagnitude for durations up to 1 h as in the observations. An examination of the fingerprints of seeder-feeder processes on DSD statistics conducted by tracking the temporal evolution of mass spectrum parameters points to the critical need for improved characterization of hydrometeor microstructure evolution, from mist formation to fog and from drizzle development to rainfall. © 2014 American Meteorological Society."
"56243733200;7102786013;29367524300;7004954379;57202733911;7005273789;54889019300;6602691700;7003497547;7003981917;36118093800;55949165600;7006209422;55949017600;","Two-phase change in CO 2, Antarctic temperature and global climate during Termination II",2013,"10.1038/ngeo1985","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84889063112&doi=10.1038%2fngeo1985&partnerID=40&md5=5eeec166e2e4e5f032d4c7b99663dce6","The end of the Last Glacial Maximum (Termination I), roughly 20 thousand years ago (ka), was marked by cooling in the Northern Hemisphere, a weakening of the Asian monsoon, a rise in atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and warming over Antarctica. The sequence of events associated with the previous glacial-interglacial transition (Termination II), roughly 136 ka, is less well constrained. Here we present high-resolution records of atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and isotopic composition of N 2 - an atmospheric temperature proxy - from air bubbles in the EPICA Dome C ice core that span Termination II. We find that atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and Antarctic temperature started increasing in phase around 136 ka, but in a second phase of Termination II, from 130.5 to 129 ka, the rise in atmospheric CO 2 concentrations lagged that of Antarctic temperature unequivocally. We suggest that during this second phase, the intensification of the low-latitude hydrological cycle resulted in the development of a CO 2 sink, which counteracted the CO 2 outgassing from the Southern Hemisphere oceans over this period. © 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited."
"57212000722;36704804900;6701416377;7102063144;","Estimation of Indian summer monsoon rainfall using Kalpana-1 VHRR data and its validation using rain gauge and GPCP data",2010,"10.1007/s00703-010-0106-8","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78650020932&doi=10.1007%2fs00703-010-0106-8&partnerID=40&md5=612c2a9593d64a5ef512e96b7f4a52b3","In the present study, an attempt has been made to estimate and validate the daily and monthly rainfall during the Indian summer monsoon seasons of 2008 and 2009 using INSAT (Indian National Satellite System) Multispectral Rainfall Algorithm (IMSRA) technique utilizing Kalpana-1 very high resolution radiometer (VHRR) measurements. In contrary to infrared (IR), microwave (MW) rain rates are based on measurements that sense precipitation in clouds and do not rely merely on cloud top temperature. Geostationary satellites provide broad coverage and frequent refresh measurements but microwave measurements are accurate but sparse. IMSRA technique is the combination of the infrared and microwave measurements which make use of the best features of both IR- and MW-based rainfall estimates. The development of this algorithm included two major steps: (a) classification of rain-bearing clouds using proper cloud classification scheme utilizing Kalpana-1 IR and water vapor (WV) brightness temperatures (Tb) and (b) collocation of Kalpana-1 IR brightness temperature with Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)-Precipitation Radar (PR) surface rain rate and establishment of a regression relation between them. In this paper, the capability of IMSRA as an operational algorithm has been tested for the two monsoon seasons 2008 and 2009. For this, IMSRA has been used to estimate daily and monthly rainfall and has been intercompared on daily and monthly scales with TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA)-3B42 V6 product and Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) rain product during these two monsoon years. The daily and monthly IMSRA rainfall has also been validated against ground-based observations from Automatic Weather Station (AWS) Rain Gauge and Buoy data. The algorithm proved to be in good correlation with AWS data over land up to 0.70 for daily rain estimates except orographic regions like North-East and South-West India and 0.72 for monthly rain estimates. The validation with Buoys gives the reasonable correlation of 0.49 for daily rain estimates and 0.66 for monthly rain estimates over Tropical Indian Ocean. © 2010 Springer-Verlag."
"7401745740;15925865500;6603325230;37018419800;","Simulation and analysis of conjunctive use with MODFLOW's farm process",2010,"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00730.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77955954849&doi=10.1111%2fj.1745-6584.2010.00730.x&partnerID=40&md5=4e79174f3b2bded9f43e65fa0ca4866e","The extension of MODFLOW onto the landscape with the Farm Process (MF-FMP) facilitates fully coupled simulation of the use and movement of water from precipitation, streamflow and runoff, groundwater flow, and consumption by natural and agricultural vegetation throughout the hydrologic system at all times. This allows for more complete analysis of conjunctive use water-resource systems than previously possible with MODFLOW by combining relevant aspects of the landscape with the groundwater and surface water components. This analysis is accomplished using distributed cell-by-cell supply-constrained and demand-driven components across the landscape within "" water-balance subregions"" comprised of one or more model cells that can represent a single farm, a group of farms, or other hydrologic or geopolitical entities. Simulation of micro-agriculture in the Pajaro Valley and macro-agriculture in the Central Valley are used to demonstrate the utility of MF-FMP. For Pajaro Valley, the simulation of an aquifer storage and recovery system and related coastal water distribution system to supplant coastal pumpage was analyzed subject to climate variations and additional supplemental sources such as local runoff. For the Central Valley, analysis of conjunctive use from different hydrologic settings of northern and southern subregions shows how and when precipitation, surface water, and groundwater are important to conjunctive use. The examples show that through MF-FMP's ability to simulate natural and anthropogenic components of the hydrologic cycle, the distribution and dynamics of supply and demand can be analyzed, understood, and managed. This analysis of conjunctive use would be difficult without embedding them in the simulation and are difficult to estimate a priori. Journal compilation © 2010 National Ground Water Association. No claim to original US government works."
"7801473769;6602946557;7004237200;6602769350;6506463569;","Changes over a decade in fish assemblages exposed to both environmental and fishing constraints in the Sine Saloum estuary (Senegal)",2010,"10.1016/j.ecss.2010.01.009","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77649238012&doi=10.1016%2fj.ecss.2010.01.009&partnerID=40&md5=c8dbfab085b3a90631b7fb829657197b","To investigate the changes in the fish assemblage of the Sine Saloum estuary (Senegal) over a 10-year period, it was surveyed during a complete hydrological cycle (three principal hydro-climatic seasons) first in 1992 and then in 2002-2003. The sampling protocol for the two surveys was identical, using the same sampling technique, the same collection periods, and the same sampling stations. The Sine Saloum is an inverse estuary in terms of its salinity gradient. It is affected by the intense drought that has occurred in this biogeographic region for more than 50 years. The estuary is also subjected to high fishing pressure. The second data-collection period followed a few years of higher recorded rainfall (approximately 35% higher than in 1992) and was characterized by increased fishing pressure (over 50% higher than in 1992). For the two study periods, the same set of indicators were calculated, including fishing indicators (catches, density, yields), size-based indicators (size structures, mean length, maximum observed length, size spectra), ecological indicators (richness, species diversity, K-dominance models, ABC curves, ecological categories) and trophic indicators (mean trophic level, trophic composition of catches). Overall, the main changes in the estuary's fish assemblage between 1992 and 2002 were (1) a loss in total biomass (40% less) for an equivalent species richness (approximately 55 species); (2) a decrease in the maximum observed lengths for many species (mean decrease of 17%); and (3) a decrease in the mean trophic level (more than 0.11 units). Analysis by bio-ecological and trophic category showed that the main species concerned were benthophagous species and, to a lesser degree, generalist predator species from marine origin that inhabit the estuary more or less permanently. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved."
"6602521259;57210687618;7004628271;6603810350;26664282700;","Importance of carbon-nitrogen interactions and ozone on ecosystem hydrology during the 21st century",2009,"10.1029/2008JG000826","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-67649532604&doi=10.1029%2f2008JG000826&partnerID=40&md5=1d1fedbebc93481b1841cab243d5eccc","There is evidence that increasing CO2 concentrations have reduced evapotranspiration and increased runoff through reductions in stomatal conductance during the twentieth century. While this process will continue to counteract increased evapotranspiration associated with future warming, it is highly dependent upon concurrent changes in photosynthesis, especially due to CO2 fertilization, nitrogen limitation, and ozone exposure. A new version of the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM-Hydro) was developed to examine the effects of carbon and nitrogen on the water cycle. We used two climate models (NCAR CCSM3 and DOE PCM) and two emissions scenarios (SRES B1 and A2) to examine the effects of climate, elevated CO2, nitrogen limitation, and ozone exposure on the hydrological cycle in the eastern United States. While the direction of future runoff changes is largely dependent upon predicted precipitation changes, the effects of elevated CO2 on ecosystem function (stomatal closure and CO2 fertilization) increase runoff by 3-7%, as compared to the effects of climate alone. Consideration of nitrogen limitation and ozone damage on photosynthesis increases runoff by a further 6-11%. Failure to consider the effects of the interactions among nitrogen, ozone, and elevated CO2 may lead to significant regional underestimates of future runoff. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union."
"55068709500;6701581547;24511929800;56183412100;55399842300;57189636988;36057416500;16313476100;36982280200;7005165467;","Impact of Earth greening on the terrestrial water cycle",2018,"10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0236.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85044568575&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-17-0236.1&partnerID=40&md5=da6d92701f26a4892aafaf338e226614","Leaf area index (LAI) is increasing throughout the globe, implying Earth greening. Global modeling studies support this contention, yet satellite observations and model simulations have never been directly compared. Here, for the first time, a coupled land-climate model was used to quantify the potential impact of the satellite-observed Earth greening over the past 30 years on the terrestrial water cycle. The global LAI enhancement of 8% between the early 1980s and the early 2010s is modeled to have caused increases of 12.0 ± 2.4 mm yr-1 in evapotranspiration and 12.1 ± 2.7 mm yr-1 in precipitation-about 55% ± 25% and 28% ± 6% of the observed increases in land evapotranspiration and precipitation, respectively. In wet regions, the greening did not significantly decrease runoff and soil moisture because it intensified moisture recycling through a coincident increase of evapotranspiration and precipitation. But in dry regions, including the Sahel, west Asia, northern India, the western United States, and the Mediterranean coast, the greening was modeled to significantly decrease soil moisture through its coupling with the atmospheric water cycle. This modeled soil moisture response, however, might have biases resulting from the precipitation biases in the model. For example, the model dry bias might have underestimated the soil moisture response in the observed dry area (e.g., the Sahel and northern India) given that the modeled soil moisture is near the wilting point. Thus, an accurate representation of precipitation and its feedbacks in Earth system models is essential for simulations and predictions of how soil moisture responds to LAI changes, and therefore how the terrestrial water cycle responds to climate change. © 2018 American Meteorological Society."
"40661020000;6602865544;40661753400;35234662000;7102432430;57205862041;6602544698;","Evaluation of the GPM-DPR snowfall detection capability: Comparison with CloudSat-CPR",2017,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.06.018","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85026224824&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2017.06.018&partnerID=40&md5=b68145afd1a225586ab9697d4a6c9a9b","An important objective of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is the detection of falling snow, since it accounts for a significant fraction of precipitation in the mid-high latitudes. The GPM Core Observatory carries the first spaceborne Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR), designed with enhanced sensitivity to detect lighter liquid and solid precipitation. The primary goal of this study is to assess the DPR's ability to identify snowfall using near-coincident CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) observations and products as an independent reference dataset. CloudSat near global coverage and high sensitivity of the W-band CPR make it very suitable for snowfall-related research. While DPR/CPR radar sensitivity disparities contribute substantially to snowfall detection differences, this study also analyzes other factors such as precipitation phase discriminators that produce snowfall identification discrepancies. Results show that even if the occurrence of snowfall events correctly detected by DPR products is quite small compared to CPR (around 5–7%), the fraction of snowfall mass is not negligible (29–34%). A direct comparison of CPR and DPR reflectivities illustrates that DPR misdetection is worsened by a noise-reducing DPR algorithm component that corrects the measured reflectivity. This procedure eliminates the receiver noise and side lobe clutter effects, but also removes radar signals related to snowfall events that are associated with relatively low reflectivity values. In an effort to increase DPR signal fidelity associated with snowfall, this paper proposes a simple algorithm using matched DPR Ku/Ka radar reflectivities producing an increase of the fraction of snowfall mass detected by DPR up to 59%. © 2017"
"57204844267;6506246184;25637134900;","A comparative assessment of projected meteorological and hydrological droughts: Elucidating the role of temperature",2017,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.08.047","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85028767557&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2017.08.047&partnerID=40&md5=5ec642f8615bc61e74b8a9df1ffd0aff","The changing climate and the associated future increases in temperature are expected to have impacts on drought characteristics and hydrologic cycle. This paper investigates the projected changes in spatiotemporal characteristics of droughts and their future attributes over the Willamette River Basin (WRB) in the Pacific Northwest U.S. The analysis is performed using two subsets of downscaled CMIP5 global climate models (GCMs) each consisting of 10 models from two future scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) for 30 years of historical period (1970–1999) and 90 years of future projections (2010–2099). Hydrologic modeling is conducted using the Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) as a robust distributed hydrologic model with lower computational cost compared to other models. Meteorological and hydrological droughts are studied using three drought indices (i.e. Standardized Precipitation Index, Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index, Standardized Streamflow Index). Results reveal that the intensity and duration of hydrological droughts are expected to increase over the WRB, albeit the annual precipitation is expected to increase. On the other hand, the intensity of meteorological droughts do not indicate an aggravation for most cases. We explore the changes of hydrometeolorogical variables over the basin in order to understand the causes for such differences and to discover the controlling factors of drought. Furthermore, the uncertainty of projections are quantified for model, scenario, and downscaling uncertainty. © 2017 Elsevier B.V."
"56308032100;57205632167;7004200407;55382698700;7003748648;6603976143;","Projected changes in precipitation intensity and frequency in Switzerland: A multi-model perspective",2015,"10.1002/joc.4162","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84940834352&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.4162&partnerID=40&md5=e1ae7da988efa62a3815ccaa20ccf665","Fundamental changes in the hydrological cycle are to be expected in a future warmer climate. For Switzerland, recent climate change assessments based on the ENSEMBLES regional climate models project for the A1B emission scenario summer mean precipitation to significantly decrease by the end of this century, whereas winter mean precipitation tend to rise in Southern Switzerland. From an end-user perspective, projected changes in seasonal means are often insufficient to adequately address the multifaceted challenges of climate change adaptation. In this study, we investigate the projected changes in seasonal precipitation by considering changes in frequency and intensity, precipitation type (convective vs stratiform) and temporal structure (wet and dry spells) over Switzerland. As proxies for rain-type changes, we rely on the parameterized convective and large-scale precipitation components simulated by the models. The study reveals that the projected summer drying over Switzerland at the end of the century is mainly driven by a widespread reduction in the number of precipitation days. Thereby, the drying evolves altitude-specific: over low-land regions it is associated with a decrease in both convective and large-scale precipitation. Over elevated regions it is primarily associated with a decline in large-scale precipitation only, whereas convective precipitation remains at current levels. As a consequence, almost all the models project an increase in convective fraction at elevated altitudes. The decrease in the number of wet days during summer is accompanied by decreases (increases) in the number of multi-day wet (dry) spells. This future shift in multi-day episodes also lowers down the likelihood of short dry spell occurrence in all of the models. The models further project a higher mean precipitation intensity in spring and autumn north of the Alps, whereas a similar tendency is expected for the winter season over most of Switzerland. © 2015 Royal Meteorological Society."
"26026749200;12042086300;7404016992;8665263500;35431772700;7005140533;18633549200;","Satellite-based precipitation estimation and its application for streamflow prediction over mountainous western U.S. basins",2014,"10.1175/JAMC-D-14-0056.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84928314792&doi=10.1175%2fJAMC-D-14-0056.1&partnerID=40&md5=96aa811a63db371a46ad3f20bdf74b43","Recognizing the importance and challenges inherent to the remote sensing of precipitation in mountainous areas, this study investigates the performance of the commonly used satellite-based high-resolution precipitation products (HRPPs) over several basins in the mountainous western United States. Five HRPPs [Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission 3B42 and 3B42-RT algorithms, the Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH), Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Imagery Using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN), and the PERSIANN Cloud Classification System (PERSIANN-CCS)] are analyzed in the present work using ground gauge, gauge-adjusted radar, and CloudSat precipitation products. Using ground observation of precipitation and streamflow, the skill of HRPPs and the resulting streamflow simulations from the Variable Infiltration Capacity hydrological model are cross-compared. HRPPs often capture major precipitation events but seldom capture the observed magnitude of precipitation over the studied region and period (2003-09). Bias adjustment is found to be effective in enhancing the HRPPs and resulting streamflow simulations. However, if not bias adjusted using gauges, errors are typically large as in the lower-level precipitation inputs to HRPPs. The results using collocated Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) and CloudSat precipitation data show that missing data, often over frozen land, and limitations in retrieving precipitation from systems that lack frozen hydrometeors contribute to the observed microwave-based precipitation errors transferred to HRPPs. Over frozen land, precipitation retrievals from infrared sensors and microwave sounders show some skill in capturing the observed precipitation climatology maps. However, infrared techniques often show poor detection skill, and microwave sounding in dry atmosphere remains challenging. By recognizing the sources of precipitation error and in light of the operation of the Global Precipitation Measurement mission, further opportunity for enhancing the current status of precipitation retrievals and the hydrology of cold and mountainous regions becomes available. © 2014 American Meteorological Society."
"16402742600;6603816782;56036083300;","Wetland inundation monitoring by the synergistic use of ENVISAT/ASAR imagery and ancilliary spatial data",2013,"10.1016/j.rse.2013.07.028","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84883500202&doi=10.1016%2fj.rse.2013.07.028&partnerID=40&md5=dcd15e3418748be14685f7df140fa05f","Wetlands are among the most ecologically important ecosystems on Earth and their sustainability depends critically on the water resources. In a scenario of climate change and increased anthropogenic pressure, detailed monitoring of the water resources provides a fundamental tool to assess the ecosystem health and identify potential threats.Doñana wetlands, in Southwest Spain, dry out every summer and progressively flood in fall and winter to a maximum extent of 30,000. ha. The wetland filling up process was monitored in detail during the 2006-2007 hydrologic cycle by means of twenty-one Envisat/ASAR scenes, acquired at different incidence angles in order to maximize the observation frequency. Flood mapping from the two uncorrelated ASAR channel data alone was proved unfeasible due to the complex casuistic of Doñana cover backscattering. This study addresses the synergistic utilization of the ASAR data together with Doñana's digital elevation model and vegetation map in order to achieve flood mapping.Filtering and clustering algorithms were developed for the automated generation of Doñana flood maps from the ASAR images. The use of irregular filtering neighborhoods adapted to the elevation contours drastically improved the ASAR image filtering. Edge preservation was excellent, since natural edges closely follow terrain contours. Isotropic neighborhoods were assumed of a single class and their intensities were averaged. As a result, intensity fluctuations due to speckle and texture over areas of the same cover type were smoothed remarkably.The clustering and classification algorithm operate on individual sub-basins, as the pixel elevation is more accurately related to the cover classes within them. Vegetation and elevation maps plus knowledge of Doñana backscattering characteristics from preceding studies were initially used to select seed pixels with high confidence on their class membership. Next, a region growing algorithm extends the seed regions with new pixels based on their planimmetric adjacency and backscattering Mahalanobis distance to the seeds.During the seed region growth, new pixels' possible classes are not constrained to their cover type according to the vegetation map, so the algorithm is able to capture temporal changes in the vegetation spatial distribution. Comparison of the resultant classification and concurrent ground truth yielded 92% of flood mapping accuracy. The flood mapping method is applicable to the available ASAR images of Doñana from six other hydrologic cycles. © 2013 Elsevier Inc."
"35224004000;37041243400;23101467700;55817344400;55637266800;","Representation of extreme precipitation events leading to opposite climate change signals over the Congo basin",2013,"10.3390/atmos4030254","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84887617977&doi=10.3390%2fatmos4030254&partnerID=40&md5=ec30becdef66621ddd6843e8d3cb3392","We investigate the reasons for the opposite climate change signals in precipitation between the regional climate model REMO and its driving earth system model MPI-ESM over the greater Congo region. Three REMO simulations following three RCP scenarios (RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) are conducted, and it is found that the opposite signals, with REMO showing a decrease and MPI-ESM an increase in the future precipitation, diverge strongly as we move from a less extreme to a more extreme scenario. It has been shown that REMO simulates a much higher number of extreme rainfall events than MPI-ESM. This results in higher surface runoff and thus less soil infiltration, which leads to lower amounts of soil moisture in REMO. This further leads to less moisture recycling via evapotranspiration, which in turn results in less precipitation over the region. In the presence of a strong radiative forcing, the hydrological cycle becomes less intense in REMO and a downward trend in hydrological variables is observed. Contrary to this, the higher amounts of soil-moisture due to the lack of extreme rainfall events in MPI-ESM enhance the hydrological cycle. In the presence of strong radiative forcing, higher amounts of soil moisture result in increased evapotranspiration which in turn results in the higher amount of precipitation. It is concluded that the land-atmosphere coupling over the Congo region is very sensitive to the change in soil moisture amounts, which is likely to play a major role in global warming conditions. Therefore, adequate and improved representation of soil processes in climate models is essential to study the effects of climate change. However, the better representation of extreme rainfall events in REMO compared to MPI-ESM can be regarded as an added value of the model. © 2013 by the authors."
"6602636344;37161303900;","Classifying convective and stratiform rain using multispectral infrared Meteosat Second Generation satellite data",2012,"10.1007/s00704-011-0557-y","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84860444114&doi=10.1007%2fs00704-011-0557-y&partnerID=40&md5=617e38f3bde5bb5c67204108e3d0c73e","This paper investigates the potential for developing schemes that classify convective and stratiform precipitation areas using the high infrared spectral resolution of the Meteosat Second Generation-Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (MSG-SEVIRI). Two different classification schemes were proposed that use the brightness temperature (BT) Τ10. 8 along with the brightness temperature differences (BTDs) Τ10. 8-Τ12. 1, Τ8. 7-Τ10. 8, and Τ6. 2-Τ10. 8 as spectral parameters, which provide information about cloud parameters. The first is a common multispectral thresholding scheme used to partition the space of the spectral cloud parameters and the second is an algorithm based on the probability of convective rain (PCR) for each pixel of the satellite data. Both schemes were calibrated using as a reference convective\stratiform rain classification fields derived from 87 stations in Greece for six rainy days with high convective activity. As a result, one single infrared technique (TB10) and two multidimensional techniques (BTDall and PCR) were constructed and evaluated against an independent sample of rain gauge data for four daily convective precipitation events. It was found that the introduction of BTDs as additional information to a technique works in improving the discrimination of convective from stratiform rainy pixels compared to the single infrared technique BT10. During the training phase, BTDall performed slightly better than BT10 while PCR technique outperformed both threshold techniques. All techniques clearly overestimate the convective rain occurrences detected by the rain gauge network. When evaluating against the independent dataset, both threshold techniques exhibited the same performance with that of the dependent dataset whereas the PCR technique showed a notable skill degradation. As a result, BTDall performed best followed at a short distance by PCR and BT10. These findings showed that it is possible to apply a convective/stratiform rain classification algorithm based on the enhanced infrared spectral resolution of MSG-SEVIRI, for nowcasting or climate purposes, despite the highly variable nature of convective precipitation. © 2011 Springer-Verlag."
"38061017900;56157920300;55806727200;7003481980;","Large-scale atmospheric dynamics of the wet winter 2009-2010 and its impact on hydrology in Portugal",2011,"10.3354/cr00945","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79956361364&doi=10.3354%2fcr00945&partnerID=40&md5=2da27f5120013a6f623a750eed9c580d","The anomalously wet winter of 2010 had a very important impact on the Portuguese hydrological system. Owing to the detrimental effects of reduced precipitation in Portugal on the environmental and socio-economic systems, the 2010 winter was predominantly beneficial by reversing the accumulated precipitation deficits during the previous hydrological years. The recorded anomalously high precipitation amounts have contributed to an overall increase in river runoffs and dam recharges in the 4 major river basins. In synoptic terms, the winter 2010 was characterised by an anomalously strong westerly flow component over the North Atlantic that triggered high precipitation amounts. A dynamically coherent enhancement in the frequencies of mid-latitude cyclones close to Portugal, also accompanied by significant increases in the occurrence of cyclonic, south and southwesterly circulation weather types, are noteworthy. Furthermore, the prevalence of the strong negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) also emphasises the main dynamical features of the 2010 winter. A comparison of the hydrological and atmospheric conditions between the 2010 winter and the previous 2 anomalously wet winters (1996 and 2001) was also carried out to isolate not only their similarities, but also their contrasting conditions, highlighting the limitations of estimating winter precipitation amounts in Portugal using solely the NAO phase as a predictor. © Inter-Research 2011."
"13204608400;56277793100;7203054579;55886515300;","Assessment of change in design flood frequency under climate change using a multivariate downscaling model and a precipitation-runoff model",2011,"10.1007/s00477-010-0422-z","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79952993421&doi=10.1007%2fs00477-010-0422-z&partnerID=40&md5=b4416ef7d346401370af4a4f27ad6c8d","Precipitation and runoff are key elements in the hydrologic cycle because of their important roles in water supply, flood prevention, river restoration, and ecosystem management. Global climate change, widely accepted to be happening, is anticipated to have enormous consequences on future hydrologic patterns. Studies on the potential changes in global, regional, and local hydrologic patterns under global climate change scenarios have been an intense area of research in recent years. The present study contributes to this research topic through evaluation of design flood under climate change. The study utilizes a weather state-based, stochastic multivariate model as a conditional probability model for simulating the precipitation field. An important premise of this study is that large-scale climatic patterns serve as a major driver of persistent year-to-year changes in precipitation probabilities. Since uncertainty estimation in the study of climate change is needed to examine the reliability of the outcomes, this study also applies a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo scheme to the widely used SAC-SMA (Sacramento soil moisture accounting) precipitation-runoff model. A case study is also performed with the Soyang Dam watershed in South Korea as the study basin. Finally, a comprehensive discussion on design flood under climate change is made. © 2010 Springer-Verlag."
"9239331500;7006864972;7004868129;56009810800;","Simulation of an orographic precipitation event during improve-2. Part I: Evaluation of the control run using a triple-moment bulk microphysics scheme",2008,"10.1175/2008MWR2197.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-57149139581&doi=10.1175%2f2008MWR2197.1&partnerID=40&md5=22f217ce6014ee6de72f785189d63742","This paper reports the first evaluation of the Milbrandt-Yau multimoment bulk microphysics scheme against in situ microphysical measurements. The full triple-moment version of the scheme was used to simulate a case of orographically enhanced precipitation with a 3D mesoscale model at high resolution (4- and 1-km grid spacings). The simulations described in this paper also serve as the control runs for the sensitivity experiments that will be examined in Part II of this series. The 13-14 December 2001 case of heavy orographically enhanced precipitation, which occurred over the Oregon Cascades, was selected since it was well observed during the second Improvement of Microphysical Parameterization through Observational Verification Experiment (IMPROVE-2) observational campaign. The simulated fields were compared with observed radar reflectivity, vertical velocity, precipitation quantities from rain gauges, and microphysical quantities measured in situ by two instrumented aircraft. The simulated reflectivity structure and values compared favorably to radar observations during the various precipitation stages of the event. The vertical motion field in the simulations corresponded reasonably well to the mountain-wave pattern obtained from in situ and dual-Doppler radar inferred measurements, indicating that biases in the simulations can be attributed in part to the microphysics scheme. The patterns of 18-h accumulated precipitation showed that the model correctly simulated the bulk of the precipitation to accumulate along the coastal mountains and along the windward slope of the Cascades, with reduced precipitation on the lee side of the crest. However, both the 4- and 1-km simulations exhibited a general overprediction of precipitation quantities. The model also exhibited a distinct bias toward overprediction of the snow mass concentration aloft and underprediction of the mass and vertical extent of the pockets of cloud liquid water on the windward side of the Cascades. Nevertheless, the overall spatial distribution of the hydrometeor fields was simulated realistically, including the mean-mass particle diameters for each category and the observed trend of larger snow sizes to be located at lower altitudes. © 2008 American Meteorological Society."
"6701684534;26534501700;7102643810;7101600167;7005206687;7007013660;6603886109;","The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission's scientific achievements and societal contributions: reviewing four years of advanced rain and snow observations",2018,"10.1002/qj.3313","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85055647015&doi=10.1002%2fqj.3313&partnerID=40&md5=45924f46c75cece1c1c25a2392dea195","Precipitation represents a life-critical energy and hydrologic exchange between the Earth's atmosphere and its surface. As such, knowledge of where, when and how much rain and snow falls is essential for scientific research and societal applications. Building on the 17-year success of the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM), the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory (GPM-CO) is the first US National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NASA) satellite mission specifically designed with sensors to observe the structure and intensities of both rain and falling snow. The GPM-CO has proved to be a worthy successor to TRMM, extending and improving high-quality active and passive microwave observations across all times of day. The GPM-CO launched in early 2014, is a joint mission between NASA and the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), with sensors that include the NASA-provided GPM Microwave Imager and the JAXA-provided Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar. These sensors were devised with high accuracy standards enabling them to be used as a reference for inter-calibrating a constellation of partner satellite data. These inter-calibrated partner satellite retrievals are used with infrared data to produce merged precipitation estimates at temporal scales of 30 min and spatial scales of 0.1° × 0.1°. Precipitation estimates from the GPM-CO and partner constellation satellites, provided in near real time and later reprocessed with all ancillary data, are an indispensable source of precipitation data for operational and scientific users. Advances have been made using GPM data, primarily in improving sensor calibration, retrieval algorithms, and ground validation measurements, and used to further our understanding of the characteristics of liquid and frozen precipitation and the science of water and hydrological cycles for climate/weather forecasting. These advances have extended to societal benefits related to water resources, operational numerical weather prediction, hurricane monitoring, prediction, and disaster response, extremes, and disease. Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA."
"56421801500;35100816100;8856583300;","Global economic response to river floods",2018,"10.1038/s41558-018-0173-2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85047835987&doi=10.1038%2fs41558-018-0173-2&partnerID=40&md5=d0d8e4c1bf486daf8a6bfe0a85cff40c","Increasing Earth's surface air temperature yields an intensification of its hydrological cycle 1. As a consequence, the risk of river floods will increase regionally within the next two decades due to the atmospheric warming caused by past anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions 2-4. The direct economic losses 5,6 caused by these floods can yield regionally heterogeneous losses and gains by propagation within the global trade and supply network 7. Here we show that, in the absence of large-scale structural adaptation, the total economic losses due to fluvial floods will increase in the next 20 years globally by 17% despite partial compensation through market adjustment within the global trade network. China will suffer the strongest direct losses, with an increase of 82%. The United States is mostly affected indirectly through its trade relations. By contrast to the United States, recent intensification of the trade relations with China leaves the European Union better prepared for the import of production losses in the future. © 2018 The Author(s)."
"57193813250;7402989545;36784202000;","Wetting and greening tibetan plateau in early summer in recent decades",2017,"10.1002/2017JD026468","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85020460765&doi=10.1002%2f2017JD026468&partnerID=40&md5=d4e1d0e12bf8ca79853d9328eb9b768f","The Tibetan Plateau (TP) plays an essential role in the global hydrological cycle. Unlike the well-recognized surface warming, changes in precipitation over the TP and the underlying mechanisms remain ambiguous. A significant increase in the amount of precipitation over the southeastern TP in May over 1979–2014 (13.46% decade-1 of the climatology) is identified in this study, based on homogenized daily rain gauge data. Both the increased precipitation frequency and intensity have contributions. The coherent increases in soil moisture content and vegetation activities further confirm the precipitation trend, indicating a wetting and greening TP in the early summer in recent decades. The moisture budget analysis shows that this wetting trend in the past four decades is dominated by the increased water vapor convergence due to circulation changes, while increases in specific humidity play a minor role. The wetting trend over the TP in May results directly from the earlier onset of the South Asian summer monsoon (ASM) since the late 1970s associated with the phase transition of Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation around the late 1990s. The earlier onset of the ASM triggers low-level southwesterly anomalies over the northern Indian Ocean, promoting moisture convergence and increased precipitation over the TP in May. Specifically, the increased amount of precipitation after the onset of the ASM explains 95% of the increase in the total amount of precipitation in May. © 2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57200702127;15755995900;7404829395;56537463000;7006705919;","Toward reconciling the influence of atmospheric aerosols and greenhouse gases on light precipitation changes in Eastern China",2016,"10.1002/2016JD024845","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85029369839&doi=10.1002%2f2016JD024845&partnerID=40&md5=eff5bf120c9c82061f710d7fcf8d4206","The attribution of the observed shift in precipitation extremes to different forcing agents represents a critical issue for understanding changes in the hydrological cycle. To compare the effects of aerosols and greenhouse gases on the historical trends of precipitation intensity, we have performed the National Center for Atmospheric Research/Department of Energy Community Atmosphere Model version 5.3 (CAM5) model simulations from 1950 to 2005 driven by observed sea surface temperature and sea ice with and without anthropogenic aerosol forcings. Precipitation rates at every model time step in CAM5 are used to construct precipitation intensity probability distribution functions. We found that the accumulation of greenhouse gases is responsible for the shifts in precipitation intensity on the global scale. However, in Eastern China, dramatic increases in anthropogenic aerosols appear to account for most of the observed light precipitation suppression since 1950s. Under the warming climate induced by greenhouse gases, the enhanced ascending motions primarily lead to the decreases in light precipitation frequency and increases in moderate and heavy precipitation frequencies over the tropics, but there is no significant change in ascending motions in Eastern China only due to the greenhouse gas forcing. By modifying cloud microphysical properties and warm rain processes, aerosol microphysical effects dominate over aerosol radiative effects in determining the historical trend of precipitation intensity distribution in Eastern China. © 2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57030874000;7201443624;7004861251;7402207328;7003663939;","Revisiting trends in wetness and dryness in the presence of internal climate variability and water limitations over land",2015,"10.1002/2015GL066858","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84955193159&doi=10.1002%2f2015GL066858&partnerID=40&md5=97a215a38f0fcbabe1750a325151fa5a","A theoretically expected consequence of the intensification of the hydrological cycle under global warming is that on average, wet regions get wetter and dry regions get drier (WWDD). Recent studies, however, have found significant discrepancies between the expected pattern of change and observed changes over land. We assess the WWDD theory in four climate models. We find that the reported discrepancy can be traced to two main issues: (1) unforced internal climate variability strongly affects local wetness and dryness trends and can obscure underlying agreement with WWDD, and (2) dry land regions are not constrained to become drier by enhanced moisture divergence since evaporation cannot exceed precipitation over multiannual time scales. Over land, where the available water does not limit evaporation, a ""wet gets wetter"" signal predominates. On seasonal time scales, where evaporation can exceed precipitation, trends in wet season becoming wetter and dry season becoming drier are also found. © 2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"7403577184;7201587909;55718206700;36337875500;7202772927;7102643810;6701606453;7006508160;57211301037;7004114883;7006957668;7003974949;7007013660;7004689154;","GPM satellite simulator over ground validation sites",2013,"10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00160.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84890344661&doi=10.1175%2fBAMS-D-12-00160.1&partnerID=40&md5=097cd3bba4bf0916e13690d3ababe0da","The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory will be launched in February 2014. The Weather Research and Forecasting Model with Spectral Bin Microphysics (WRF-SBM) is one of the most advanced CSRM designed to support the GPM satellite mission. The WRF core allows for heterogeneous surfaces with a terrain-following coordinate system, rather than a flat terrain common to idealized CSRMs (Cloud-System Resolving Model). This enables various terrain-induced storm simulations, such as orographic precipitation or lake-effect storms. The WRF-SBM features explicit size-bin-resolving cloud microphysics rather than the bulk microphysics used in the previous TRMM algorithm CSRM support. The GPM satellite simulator translates the WRF-SBM-simulated geophysical parameters into the GPM-observable L1B signals in an orbital format. Particle single-scattering properties are computed at each WRF-SBM grid point via Lorenz-Mie method in the Optics Module."
"57212458364;15519804100;7801420388;8349746900;7003510197;","Projected changes to streamflow characteristics over western Canada as simulated by the Canadian RCM",2011,"10.1175/JHM-D-10-05002.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84858269710&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-10-05002.1&partnerID=40&md5=e4791fc56e21174eac1e53a2dfd97686","Intensification of the global hydrological cycle and increase in precipitation for some regions around the world, including the northern mid- to high latitudes, is expected in a changing climate. Changes in the amount of seasonal precipitation and the intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation events directly affect the magnitude of seasonal streamflows and the timing and severity of floods and droughts. In this study, the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) projected changes to streamflow characteristics (i.e., hydrologic regime, mean annual streamflows, and the timing, frequency, and magnitude of extreme flows-low and high) over selected basins in western Canada and assessment of errors associated with these characteristics in the current climate are presented. An ensemble of five current (1961-90) and five future (2041-70) simulations, corresponding to the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A2 scenario, are used in the assessment of projected changes; the ensemble of simulations allows better quantification of uncertainty in projected changes. Results of the study suggest an increase in the magnitude of winter streamflows and an earlier snowmelt peak for the northern basins. In addition, study of selected return levels of extreme flows suggest important changes to the timing, frequency, and magnitude of both low and high flows, with significant increases in 10-yr 15-day winter and fall low flows and 1-day high flows, for all the high-latitude west Canadian basins. The level of confidence in projected changes to mean annual streamflows is relatively higher compared to that for extreme flows for most of the basins studied. © 2011 American Meteorological Society."
"6602108670;6602949778;","Analysis of precipitation conditions for the Carpathian Basin based on extreme indices in the 20th century and climate simulations for 2050 and 2100",2010,"10.1016/j.pce.2010.03.011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77951253465&doi=10.1016%2fj.pce.2010.03.011&partnerID=40&md5=8f86d776a487c8f5fe1bae9d8c37897f","Precipitation is one of the most important elements of the hydrological cycle, and extreme events associated with precipitation are considered a key factor in several types of human activities, including agriculture, for instance. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to evaluate extreme precipitation indices for the past century, and to analyse the possible tendency of future precipitation conditions for this century for the Carpathian Basin. Several climate extreme indices have been analysed according to the guidelines suggested by the joint WMO-CCl/CLIVAR Working Group (formed at the end of the 1990s) on climate change detection. These precipitation indices include the number of wet days using several threshold values, e.g., 20 mm (RR20), 10 mm (RR10), 5 mm (RR5), 1 mm (RR1), 0.1 mm (RR0.1), the upper quartile and the 95th percentile of daily precipitation in the base-period 1961-1990 (R75 and R95); the maximum number of consecutive dry days (CDD); the highest 1-day precipitation amount (Rx1); the greatest 5-day rainfall total (Rx5); the annual fraction due to extreme precipitation events (R95T); simple daily intensity index (SDII), etc. Our results suggest that regional intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation increased in the Carpathian Basin during the second half of the 20th century, while the total precipitation decreased and the mean climate became slightly drier during the whole 20th century. In the second part of this paper, several IPCC emission scenarios have been compared and GCM outputs have been analysed in order to project precipitation conditions in the Carpathian Basin for the 21st century. These climate simulations suggest that climate of this region may become drier in summer and wetter in winter, which highlight the importance of hydrological and agricultural planning in Hungary. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved."
"55234835700;7102567936;35561911800;","Influence of condensate evaporation on water vapor and its stable isotopes in a GCM",2009,"10.1029/2009GL038091","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-68749092663&doi=10.1029%2f2009GL038091&partnerID=40&md5=cf6a1361287114bef7b732a253b885f1","The direct effect of condensate evaporation on atmospheric water vapor and its isotopic composition is assessed in a climate model. The model contains two parallel hydrologic cycles, an active one which influences the model physics and dynamics and a passive one which does not. Two model simulations are performed, one in which passive cloud and precipitation can evaporate and one in which they cannot. The active hydrologie cycles, and thus the simulated circulations and temperatures, are identical in both simulations. Eliminating passive condensate evaporation reduces the specific humidity in the passive cycle by around 5%; this reduction varies from a few percent to 25% of the control value, depending on location. Zonal mean water vapor in the lower and middle troposphere is enriched in HDO relative to the control case, and is depleted in the upper troposphere. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union."
"55897266500;23019822300;6602785727;","Monitoring the impact of urbanisation on the Glinscica stream",2006,"10.1016/j.pce.2006.07.005","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33750624836&doi=10.1016%2fj.pce.2006.07.005&partnerID=40&md5=a5dd58a221e07a9cd0f8f0f362500951","Stream flow regimes are determined by watershed characteristics: climate, geology, topography, soil, vegetation and human activities. In the process of urbanisation, natural land surfaces are replaced by man made artificial coverage, such as paved roads, parking lots and roofs, which usually also implies vegetation clearing and soil compaction. Gutters, drains and storm sewers are built to accelerate the conveyance of runoff to stream channels, thus affecting the drainage system. The impact of urbanisation is complex and affects different elements of the hydrological cycle. The commonly observed hydrological responses of the watershed to urbanization are increased volume and peak of floodwaters. Concerning the ecological status of stream water, the intensified rainfall runoff induces increased pollution risks and diminishes the value of the stream water body as a habitat, especially during dry periods. In order to improve the flood safety, the regulations of the stream channel have further devaluated the ecological role of the urban streams. The magnitude of the impact is usually enlarged with the decrease in the stream size. The present paper aims at presenting the results of a two-year study monitoring the impacts of the urban environment on the watershed of the Glinscica stream situated in the central part of Slovenia. The study area of 19.3 km2 represents a great complexity in terms of the land use pattern. The watershed was equipped with three rainfall stations, a Doppler velocity meter and a water quality multiprobe. In a short period of time more than 10 thunderstorm events were recorded and analyzed. The hydrological response of the watershed was analyzed and, interestingly, it did not show the ""typical"" urban impact on the runoff processes. The main water quality parameters such as temperature, pH, TDS, ORP, conductivity, dissolved oxygen and especially the concentrations of nitrate and ammonium, were measured to obtain an insight into seasonal and short time dynamics of the water quality. The results show substantial seasonal and along-the-channel variations of concentration of dissolved oxygen, nitrate and ammonium content due to biochemical processes in the channeled stream. The continuous tracing of nitrate and ammonium showed significant influence of stream regulation works on short time variations of the measured water quality parameters. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved."
"7003902662;7007134898;","Environmental issues in the mediterranean: Processes and perspectives from the past and present",2003,"10.4324/9780203495490","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84911214932&doi=10.4324%2f9780203495490&partnerID=40&md5=442289ad44ec200acc88b3387aa48dca","The Mediterranean has been subject to changing human settlement and land use patterns for millennia, and has a history of human exploitation in an inherently unstable landscape. Environmental Issues in the Mediterranean reviews both physical and social aspects of this region, in relation to its environment. Ideal for students who are studying a range of environmental issues, but want to see them linked within one regional context. The book begins with an introduction to the Mediterranean region, its history, physical and human geography and its environmental problems. It then goes on to examine: The Dynamic Environment - climate variables and fluctuations, vegetation, the hydrological cycle of the basin and its watershed, processes of erosion, fire and the Mediterranean Sea. The Human Impact on the Environment - prehistoric and historic land use, traditional agriculture, rural and urban settlement and use of mineral resources. The Mediterranean Environment Under Increasing Pressure - the present human landscape, changes in agriculture in the 20th century, the impact of depopulation, pollution, water resources, desertification and potential climatic change. It then concludes with a discussion of the region's on-going environmental issues of water resources, land degradation, agricultural intensification and tourism, and considers how these can be approached using management techniques and national and regional policies. © 2004 John Wainwright and John B. Thornes. All rights reserved."
"7005432256;6603906450;","Energetics of the 6000-yr BP atmospheric circulation in boreal summer, from large-scale to monsoon areas: A study with two versions of the LMD AGCM",1997,"10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<2888:EOTYBA>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031428714&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0442%281997%29010%3c2888%3aEOTYBA%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=25ac2d7ce3b7f4de1b84265ee0b30b09","The mechanisms of northern summer monsoon changes at 6 kyr BP and their dependency to model parameterizations is investigated using two versions of the atmospheric general circulation model developed by the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, CNRS, Paris (LMD), within the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP). These two versions differ in their horizontal resolution and in their treatment of some surface processes: one model has a low horizontal resolution and rather simple surface treatments; the other model has a better resolution and uses more complex surface parameterizations. The authors focus on the energy budgets, which are useful tools to understand the impact of the model parameterizations. As a response to mid-Holocene insolation change, the June-September monsoon is enhanced over northern Africa, northern India, and the western Pacific, both in terms of precipitation and low-level convergence changes; convection decreases over Central America. These changes, which are simulated with different amplitudes and locations by the two LMD versions, are associated with large-scale changes in the Hadley-Walker circulation - export of energy released by the precipitation in the monsoon regions to the northern extratropics and to the Southern Hemisphere. Due to its simple treatment of the evaporation, the first model simulates large changes in the hydrological cycle, but negative feedbacks compensate for the gain of energy associated with the latent heat release: because of a strong evaporation increase, the sensible heat flux decreases, and the high-albedo clouds formed in low levels have a negative impact on atmospheric heat gain. With a more complex surface treatment, the other model simulates less evaporation changes and thus a weaker hydrological response, but similar energy source changes, because of increased sensible heat flux and the formation of more middle-level clouds that have a positive effect on the radiative budget. The differences between both versions are particularly large for the African monsoon, which is mainly fed by local recycling. It is shown that the mechanism of past monsoon intensification is sensitive to model surface parameterization, mainly because of the strong coupling between the surface evaporation and the cloud formation and optical properties. This methodology will help to compare the different models that participate to PMIP."
"7006672568;","Streamflow patterns in the alpine environment of North Boulder Creek, Colorado Front Range",1996,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030480292&partnerID=40&md5=aba3d599455ea65b8927cf2102a96ae1","Streamflows from the Colorado alpine are an important contribution to the water resources of the state and are generated almost entirely by melting of the seasonal snow cover. As such, they are remarkably predictable, following the temporal patterns of solar radiation which drives snowmelt. Within the 7 km2 Green Lakes Valley, the diurnal flow cycle is most consistently developed in headwater sub-basins and is superimposed upon the predominant annual cycle. Together, these snowmelt-driven cycles account for up to 90 % of the variability in streamflow. Summer rainfall, though occasionally intense, has relatively little hydrologic influence in this system."
"54408382600;55684453700;55644241200;","Coverage-dependent amplifiers of vegetation change on global water cycle dynamics",2017,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.04.056","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85018863988&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2017.04.056&partnerID=40&md5=9cce1e9fe74d96887798d6fff405688b","The terrestrial water cycle describes the circulation of water worldwide from one store to another via repeated evapotranspiration (E) from land and precipitation (P) back to the surface. The cycle presents significant spatial variability, which is strongly affected by natural climate and anthropogenic influences. As one of the major anthropogenic influences, vegetation change unavoidably alters surface property and subsequent the terrestrial water cycle, while its contribution is yet difficult to isolate from the mixed influences. Here, we use satellite and in-situ datasets to identify the terrestrial water cycle dynamics in spatial detail and to evaluate the impact of vegetation change. Methodologically, the water cycle is identified by the indicator of difference between evapotranspiration and precipitation (E-P). Then the scalar form of the indicator's trend (ΔE+ΔP) is used for evaluating the dynamics of water cycle, with the positive value means acceleration and negative means deceleration. Then, the contributions of climate and vegetation change are isolated by the trajectory-based method. Our results indicate that 4 accelerating and 4 decelerating water cycles can be identified, affecting 42.11% of global land. The major water cycle type is characterized by non-changing precipitation and increasing evapotranspiration (PNO-EIN), which covers 20.88% of globally land. Vegetation change amplifies both accelerating and decelerating water cycles. It tends to intensify the trend of the decelerating water cycles, while climate change weakens the trend. In the accelerating water cycles, both vegetation and climate change present positive effect to intensify the trend. The effect of plant cover change varies with the coverage. In particular, vegetation change intensifies the water cycle in moderately vegetated regions (0.1 < NDVI < 0.6), but weakens the cycle in sparsely or highly vegetated regions (NDVI < 0.1 or 0.6 < NDVI < 0.8). In extremely vegetated regions (NDVI > 0.85), the water cycle is accelerated because of the significant increase of precipitation. We conclude that vegetation change acts as an amplifier for both accelerating and decelerating terrestrial water cycles, depending on the degree of vegetation coverage. © 2017 Elsevier B.V."
"6602865544;40661020000;7102432430;35234662000;40661753400;6603860837;7006263526;54409265600;55927905800;26535775700;17340153000;13402718100;55819437900;6603377859;","Use of the GPM Constellation for Monitoring Heavy Precipitation Events over the Mediterranean Region",2016,"10.1109/JSTARS.2016.2520660","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84959122389&doi=10.1109%2fJSTARS.2016.2520660&partnerID=40&md5=a38f4efb1747acaa42c96c7da4d4c9ef","Precipitation retrievals exploiting the available passive microwave (PMW) observations by cross-track and conically scanning satellite-borne radiometers in the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission era are used to monitor and characterize heavy precipitation events that occurred during the Fall 2014 in Italy. Different physically based PMW precipitation retrieval algorithms are used: the Cloud Dynamics and Radiation Database (CDRD) and Passive microwave Neural network Precipitation Retrieval (PNPR), used operationally in the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) Satellite Application Facility on support to Operational Hydrology and Water Management (H-SAF), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard PROFiling algorithm (GPROF). Results show that PMW precipitation retrievals from the GPM constellation of radiometers provide a reliable and quantitative description of the precipitation (instantaneous and on the daily scale) throughout the evolution of the precipitation systems in the Mediterranean region. The comparable relative errors among gauges, radar, and combination of radiometer overpasses legitimize the use of PMW estimates as a valuable and independent tool for monitoring precipitation. The pixel-based comparison with dual-polarization radars and raingauges indicates the ability of the different sensors to identify different precipitation areas and regimes (0.60 < &POD < 0.76; 0.28 < FAR < 0.45; 0.42 < ETS < 0.59;-1.6; mm{h} < ME < 1.1 mm h, with values depending on the radiometer and on the precipitation product). This is particularly relevant in the presence of complex orography in proximity of coastal areas, as for the analyzed cases. The different characteristics of the radiometers (i.e., viewing geometry, spatial resolution, channel assortment) and of retrieval techniques, as well as the limitations of the ground-based reference datasets, are taken into consideration in the evaluation of the accuracy and consistency of the retrievals. © 2016 IEEE."
"56553589800;57214103245;7102745183;","Scoping a field experiment: Error diagnostics of TRMM precipitation radar estimates in complex terrain as a basis for IPHEx2014",2015,"10.5194/hess-19-1501-2015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84925665401&doi=10.5194%2fhess-19-1501-2015&partnerID=40&md5=4875091a2e93e9501d6f51ce9d0b6021","A diagnostic analysis of the space-time structure of error in quantitative precipitation estimates (QPEs) from the precipitation radar (PR) on the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) satellite is presented here in preparation for the Integrated Precipitation and Hydrology Experiment (IPHEx) in 2014. IPHEx is the first NASA ground-validation field campaign after the launch of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite. In anticipation of GPM, a science-grade high-density raingauge network was deployed at mid to high elevations in the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA, since 2007. This network allows for direct comparison between ground-based measurements from raingauges and satellite-based QPE (specifically, PR 2A25 Version 7 using 5 years of data 2008-2013). Case studies were conducted to characterize the vertical profiles of reflectivity and rain rate retrievals associated with large discrepancies with respect to ground measurements. The spatial and temporal distribution of detection errors (false alarm, FA; missed detection, MD) and magnitude errors (underestimation, UND; overestimation, OVR) for stratiform and convective precipitation are examined in detail toward elucidating the physical basis of retrieval error. The diagnostic error analysis reveals that detection errors are linked to persistent stratiform light rainfall in the southern Appalachians, which explains the high occurrence of FAs throughout the year, as well as the diurnal MD maximum at midday in the cold season (fall and winter) and especially in the inner region. Although UND dominates the error budget, underestimation of heavy rainfall conditions accounts for less than 20% of the total, consistent with regional hydrometeorology. The 2A25 V7 product underestimates low-level orographic enhancement of rainfall associated with fog, cap clouds and cloud to cloud feeder-seeder interactions over ridges, and overestimates light rainfall in the valleys by large amounts, though this behavior is strongly conditioned by the coarse spatial resolution (5 km) of the topography mask used to remove ground-clutter effects. Precipitation associated with small-scale systems (< 25 km2) and isolated deep convection tends to be underestimated, which we attribute to non-uniform beam-filling effects due to spatial averaging of reflectivity at the PR resolution. Mixed precipitation events (i.e., cold fronts and snow showers) fall into OVR or FA categories, but these are also the types of events for which observations from standard ground-based raingauge networks are more likely subject to measurement uncertainty, that is raingauge underestimation errors due to undercatch and precipitation phase. Overall, the space-time structure of the errors shows strong links among precipitation, envelope orography, landform (ridge-valley contrasts), and a local hydrometeorological regime that is strongly modulated by the diurnal cycle, pointing to three major error causes that are inter-related: (1) representation of concurrent vertically and horizontally varying microphysics; (2) non-uniform beam filling (NUBF) effects and ambiguity in the detection of bright band position; and (3) spatial resolution and ground-clutter correction. © Author(s) 2015."
"56026680000;9239400200;35213726000;7006894780;","Seasonality of the hydrological cycle in major South and Southeast Asian river basins as simulated by PCMDI/CMIP3 experiments",2014,"10.5194/esd-5-67-2014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84893582259&doi=10.5194%2fesd-5-67-2014&partnerID=40&md5=2fa949b1ce8da8e4e1bfbc76b4bc60bc","In this study, we investigate how PCMDI/CMIP3 general circulation models (GCMs) represent the seasonal properties of the hydrological cycle in four major South and Southeast Asian river basins (Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra and Mekong). First, we examine the skill of the GCMs by analysing their performance in simulating the 20th century climate (1961-2000 period) using historical forcing (20c3m experiment), and then we analyse the projected changes for the corresponding 21st and 22nd century climates under the SRESA1B scenario. The CMIP3 GCMs show a varying degree of skill in simulating the basic characteristics of the monsoonal precipitation regimes of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Mekong basins, while the representation of the hydrological cycle over the Indus Basin is poor in most cases, with a few GCMs not capturing the monsoonal signal at all. While the model outputs feature a remarkable spread for the monsoonal precipitation, a satisfactory representation of the western mid-latitude precipitation regime is instead observed. Similarly, most of the models exhibit a satisfactory agreement for the basin-integrated runoff in winter and spring, while their spread is large for the runoff during the monsoon season. For the future climate scenarios, most models foresee a decrease in the winter <i>P</i> - <i>E</i> over all four basins, while agreement is found on the decrease of the spring <i>P</i> - <i>E</i> over the Indus and Ganges basins only. Such decreases in <i>P</i> - <i>E</i> are mainly due to the decrease in precipitation associated with the western mid-latitude disturbances. Consequently, for the Indus and Ganges basins, the runoff drops during the spring season while it rises during the winter season. Such changes indicate a shift from rather glacial and nival to more pluvial runoff regimes, particularly for the Indus Basin. Furthermore, the rise in the projected runoff, along with the increase in precipitation during summer and autumn, indicates an intensification of the summer monsoon regime for all study basins. ©Author(s) 2014."
"6506761906;56677935500;7404199972;6603286088;","Tropical Cyclone Impacts on Coastal Regions: the Case of the Yucatán and the Baja California Peninsulas, Mexico",2014,"10.1007/s12237-014-9797-2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84930819353&doi=10.1007%2fs12237-014-9797-2&partnerID=40&md5=dd6b70b3bd2a0e202ae584197359a32b","Tropical cyclones (TCs) are large-scale natural disturbances that generate strong winds and heavy rainfall, impacting coastal and inland environments. TCs also influence biogeochemical and hydrological cycles controlling aquatic primary productivity in tropical and subtropical coastal ecosystems. We assessed TC landfall activity and identified sites along the Mexican east and west coasts with high frequency in the period 1970–2010 and evaluated TCs with significant precipitation. Changes in chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations before and after storm impacts were estimated using remotely sensed ocean color. There were 1,065 named TCs with a wide diversity in tracks. Three states with the highest number of landfalls were identified: Baja California Sur and Sinaloa on the west coast and Quintana Roo on the east coast. While a relative increase in Chl-a values following TC landfalls in the Baja California and Yucatán Peninsula regions appeared to be strongly linked to TC strength, the intensity of precipitation, the spatial scales of the two peninsulas, and the relative movement of TCs appeared to have contributed to Chl-a variability. Satellite estimates of Chl-a in the nearshore coastal waters following TC passage were likely enhanced by coastal morphology and water discharge along with constituents such as suspended particulate, colored dissolved organic matter and nutrients from rivers, tributaries, and groundwater. © 2014, Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation."
"56438509000;56438382300;25624545600;54401423900;13608035400;","Investigation of discrepancies in satellite rainfall estimates over Ethiopia",2014,"10.1175/JHM-D-13-0111.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84915793262&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-13-0111.1&partnerID=40&md5=d96624ede9278fe88bf9e3ae02d7a115","Tropical Applications of Meteorology Using Satellite and Ground-Based Observations (TAMSAT) rainfall estimates are used extensively across Africa for operational rainfall monitoring and food security applications; thus, regional evaluations ofTAMSAT are essential to ensure its reliability.This study assesses the performance of TAMSAT rainfall estimates, along with the African Rainfall Climatology (ARC), version 2; the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 product; and the Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH), against a dense rain gauge network over a mountainous region of Ethiopia. Overall, TAMSAT exhibits good skill in detecting rainy events but underestimates rainfall amount, while ARC underestimates both rainfall amount and rainy event frequency. Meanwhile, TRMM consistently performs best in detecting rainy events and capturing themean rainfall and seasonal variability, while CMORPHtends to overdetect rainy events. Moreover, the mean difference in daily rainfall between the products and rain gauges shows increasing underestimation with increasing elevation. However, the distribution in satellite-gauge differences demon-strates that although 75% of retrievals underestimate rainfall, up to 25% overestimate rainfall over all elevations. Case studies using high-resolution simulations suggest underestimation in the satellite algorithms is likely due to shallow convection with warm cloud-top temperatures in addition to beam-lling effects in microwave-based retrievals from localized convective cells. The overestimation by IR-based algorithms is attributed to nonraining cirrus with cold cloud-top temperatures. These results stress the importance of understanding regional precipitation systems causing uncertainties in satellite rainfall estimates with a view toward using this knowledge to improve rainfall algorithms. © 2014 American Meteorological Society."
"8658386900;36342344200;56358382600;6701653010;","Precipitation estimation from the ARM distributed radar network during the MC3E campaign",2014,"10.1175/JAMC-D-13-0321.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907059050&doi=10.1175%2fJAMC-D-13-0321.1&partnerID=40&md5=3bae12b39ae1e9ec5b9263c917ceaca3","This study presents radar-based precipitation estimates collected during the 2-month U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM)-NASAMidlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E). Emphasis is on the usefulness of radar observations from the C-band and X-band scanningARMprecipitation radars (CSAPRandXSAPR, respectively) for rainfall estimation products to distances within 100km of the Lamont, Oklahoma, ARM facility. The study utilizes a dense collection of collocated ARM, NASA Global Precipitation Measurement, and nearby surface Oklahoma Mesonet gauge records to evaluate radar-based hourly rainfall products and campaign-optimized methods over individual gauges and for areal rainfall characterizations. Rainfall products are also evaluated against the performance of a regional NWS Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) S-band dual-polarization radar product. Results indicate that the CSAPR system may achieve similar point- and areal-gauge bias and rootmean-square (RMS) error performance to a WSR-88D reference for the variety of MC3E deep convective events sampled. The best campaign rainfall performance was achieved when using radar relations capitalizing on estimates of the specific attenuation from the CSAPR system. The XSAPRs demonstrate limited capabilities, having modest success in comparison with the WSR-88D reference for hourly rainfall accumulations that are under 10mm. All rainfall estimation methods exhibit a reduction by a factor of 1.5-2.5 in RMS errors for areal accumulations over a 15-km2 NASA dense gauge network, with the smallest errors typically associated with dual-polarization radar methods. © 2014 American Meteorological Society."
"35769583500;36598281300;55883034700;55667384900;55882653300;24921885300;","Investigating the early Earth faint young Sun problem with a general circulation model",2014,"10.1016/j.pss.2013.09.011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84902485681&doi=10.1016%2fj.pss.2013.09.011&partnerID=40&md5=4699fd28ddc59e6c53967a10bd4bc757","The faint young Sun problem, i.e the contradiction of a reduced solar luminosity by 15-25% during the Archaean and the geological evidence for relatively high surface temperatures that allowed the presence of liquid water, is still mostly open. It is suggested that the cooling induced by a fainter Sun was e.g. offset by higher levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs) during the Archaean, but achieving the amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) that are necessary to solve the problem can not be supported by proxy data and the estimates of other additional GHGs diverge. In our study we investigate this problem by using the climate model EMAC with a spectrally resolved irradiance dataset valid for the Archaean epoch of the Earth. Our experimental setup contains a series of model runs which allow the investigation of the role of the continents, the ozone and oxygen content of the atmosphere, the solar luminosity, and the CO2 concentration on the climate of the Archaean. Replacing the present day continents with a global ocean lead to a warming at the surface by ~3 K and an intensified hydrological cycle. The generation of planetary waves and their propagation to the middle atmosphere is reduced, which intensifies the polar night jet and decelerates the Brewer-Dobson circulation. Slightly lower global annual mean temperatures can be found for an anoxic atmosphere. The absent ozone heating in the middle atmosphere leads to very low temperatures in the middle atmosphere and a vanishing polar night jet, whereas the subtropical jets and the Hadley circulation are intensified. The reduction of the solar luminosity to 82% of the present value leads to a globally ice-covered planet and very dry conditions. Prescribing 10 times the present atmospheric level of CO2 with the same solar luminosity leads to a broad belt of liquid surface water throughout the year, although the global annual mean temperature is below the freezing point of water. On reducing the solar luminosity to 77% of the present value with the same amount of CO2, the area of ice-free ocean water narrows, but still suggesting a habitable environment during the Archaean for a CO2 concentration consistent with paleosol data. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved."
"6603432911;","Association between trends in daily rainfall percentiles and the global mean temperature",2013,"10.1002/jgrd.50814","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84887156266&doi=10.1002%2fjgrd.50814&partnerID=40&md5=deaafdd4f367bc938859b20688829ad3","Attributing changes in extreme daily precipitation to global warming is difficult, even when based on global climate model simulations or statistical trend analyses. The question about trends in extreme precipitation and their causes has been elusive because of climate models' limited precision and the fact that extremes are both rare and occur at irregular intervals. Here a newly discovered empirical relationship between the wet-day mean and percentiles in 24 h precipitation amounts was used to show that trends in the wet-day 95th percentiles worldwide have been influenced by the global mean temperature, consistent with an accelerated hydrological cycle caused by a global warming. A multiple regression analysis was used as a basis for an attribution analysis by matching temporal variability in precipitation statistics with the global mean temperature. Key Points Intense 24-hr precipitation changes due to global warming New method for downscaling 24-hr precipitation statistics Independent confirmation of earlier studies ©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"6603860837;7408612236;7003553324;6701366594;40661020000;7102432430;35095461100;6602865544;40661753400;","CDRD and PNPR satellite passive microwave precipitation retrieval algorithms: EuroTRMM/EURAINSAT origins and H-SAF operations",2013,"10.5194/nhess-13-887-2013","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84879243235&doi=10.5194%2fnhess-13-887-2013&partnerID=40&md5=41018b0552d0a2506c8f10db597c97e7","Satellite Application Facility on Support to Operational Hydrology and Water Management (H-SAF) is a EUMETSAT (European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites) program, designed to deliver satellite products of hydrological interest (precipitation, soil moisture and snow parameters) over the European and Mediterranean region to research and operations users worldwide. Six satellite precipitation algorithms and concomitant precipitation products are the responsibility of various agencies in Italy. Two of these algorithms have been designed for maximum accuracy by restricting their inputs to measurements from conical and cross-track scanning passive microwave (PMW) radiometers mounted on various low Earth orbiting satellites. They have been developed at the Italian National Research Council/Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate in Rome (CNR/ISAC-Rome), and are providing operational retrievals of surface rain rate and its phase properties. Each of these algorithms is physically based, however, the first of these, referred to as the Cloud Dynamics and Radiation Database (CDRD) algorithm, uses a Bayesian-based solution solver, while the second, referred to as the PMW Neural-net Precipitation Retrieval (PNPR) algorithm, uses a neural network-based solution solver. Herein we first provide an overview of the two initial EU research and applications programs that motivated their initial development, EuroTRMM and EURAINSAT (European Satellite Rainfall Analysis and Monitoring at the Geostationary Scale), and the current H-SAF program that provides the framework for their operational use and continued development. We stress the relevance of the CDRD and PNPR algorithms and their precipitation products in helping secure the goals of H-SAF's scientific and operations agenda, the former helpful as a secondary calibration reference to other algorithms in H-SAF's complete mix of algorithms. Descriptions of the algorithms' designs are provided including a few examples of their performance. This aspect of the development of the two algorithms is placed in the context of what we refer to as the TRMM era, which is the era denoting the active and ongoing period of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) that helped inspire their original development. In 2015, the ISAC-Rome precipitation algorithms will undergo a transformation beginning with the upcoming Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, particularly the GPM Core Satellite technologies. A few years afterward, the first pair of imaging and sounding Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) satellites will be launched, providing additional technological advances. Various of the opportunities presented by the GPM Core and MTG satellites for improving the current CDRD and PNPR precipitation retrieval algorithms, as well as extending their product capability, are discussed. © 2013 Author(s)."
"8686627100;6701895637;25926762100;7004020991;45161526200;","The precipitation response to the desiccation of Lake Chad",2012,"10.1002/qj.942","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84859764205&doi=10.1002%2fqj.942&partnerID=40&md5=922b85ec8c433d379a1d2510de5c12d3","Located in the semi-arid African Sahel, Lake Chad has shrunk from a surface area of 25000 km 2 in 1960 to about 1350 km 2 due to a series of droughts and anthropogenic influences. The disappearance of such a large open-water body can be expected to have a noticeable effect on the meteorology in the surroundings of the lake. The impact could extend even further to the west as westward propagating convective systems pass Lake Chad in the rainfall season. This study examines the sensitivity of the regional hydrology and convective processes to the desiccation of the lake using a regional atmospheric model. Three Lake Chad scenarios are applied reflecting the situation in 1960, the current situation and a potential future scenario in which the lake and the surrounding wetlands have disappeared. The model simulations span the months July-September in 2006, which includes the rainfall season in the Lake Chad area. Total precipitation amounts and the components of the hydrological cycle are found to be hardly affected by the existence of the lake. A filled Lake Chad does, however, increase the precipitation at the east side of the lake. The model results indicate that the boundary layer moisture and temperature are significantly altered downwind of the lake. By investigating a mesoscale convective system (MCS) case, this is found to affect the development and progress of the system. At first, the MCS is intensified by the more unstable boundary layer air but the persistence of the system is altered as the cold pool propagation becomes less effective. The proposed mechanism is able to explain the differences in the rainfall patterns nearby Lake Chad between the scenarios. This highlights the local sensitivity to the desiccation of Lake Chad whereas the large-scale atmospheric processes are not affected. © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society."
"56276684700;6602171709;","Trend analysis of rainfall in Bharathapuzha River basin, Kerala, India",2012,"10.1002/joc.2283","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84858170376&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.2283&partnerID=40&md5=ce12337129ef6f7809b4172f3e30d064","Knowing the variations in the general rainfall pattern of a river basin is vital to understanding the hydrological cycle and water budget of the basin. The present study examined the general rainfall pattern in Bharathapuzha River basin of Malabar coast of Kerala, using monthly rainfall data for 34 years collected from 28 rain gauge stations. We used Mann-Kendal's rank correlation statistics and wavelet analysis to examine the trend of rainfall. The annual rainfall, southwest monsoon, and pre-monsoon rainfall of the basin shows a significant decrement towards the later years of the study. We assume that the global climate and the local environmental changes are the chief factors for the variation. © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society."
"8649158600;7005165148;","Global precipitation retrievals using the NOAA AMSU millimeter-wave channels: Comparisons with rain gauges",2010,"10.1175/2009JAMC2262.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77953513727&doi=10.1175%2f2009JAMC2262.1&partnerID=40&md5=390cec8b252d260c4efc60a1e59e2af5","A surface-precipitation-rate retrieval algorithm for 13-channel Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) millimeter-wave spectral observations from 23 to 191 GHz is described. It was trained using cloudresolving fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) simulations over 106 global storms. The resulting retrievals from the U.S. NOAA-15 and NOAA-16 operational weather satellites are compared with average annual accumulations (mm yr-1) for 2006-07 observed by 787 rain gauges globally distributed across 11 surface classifications defined using Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer infrared spectral images and two classifications defined geographically. Most surface classifications had bias ratios for AMSU/gauges that ranged from 0.88 to 1.59, although higher systematic AMSU overestimates by factors of 2.4, 3.1, and 9 were found for grassland, shrubs over bare ground, and pure bare ground, respectively. The retrievals were then empirically corrected using these observed biases for each surface type. Global images of corrected average annual accumulations of rain, snow, and convective and stratiform precipitation are presented for the period 2002-07. Most results are consistent with Global Precipitation Climatology Project estimates. Evidence based on MM5 simulations suggests that near-surface evaporation of precipitation may have necessitated most of the corrections for undervegetated surfaces. A new correction for radio-frequency interference affecting AMSU is also presented for the same two NOAA satellites and improves retrieval accuracies. © 2010 American Meteorological Society."
"7101645308;56999946500;","An exploratory study to derive precipitation over land from X-band synthetic aperture radar measurements",2008,"10.1175/2007JAMC1663.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-56849090516&doi=10.1175%2f2007JAMC1663.1&partnerID=40&md5=e423baad28194b7de41a7d4c86579135","Global precipitation measurements from space-based radars and microwave radiometers have been the subject of numerous studies during the past decade. Rainfall retrievals over land from spaceborne microwave radiometers depend mainly on scattering from frozen hydrometeors. Unfortunately, the relationship between frozen hydrometeors and rainfall varies considerably. The large field of view and related beam filling of microwave radiometer footprints introduce additional difficulties. Some of these problems will be addressed by the improved sensors that will be placed on the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core satellite. Two shuttle missions demonstrated that X-band synthetic aperture radar (X-SAR) could observe rainfall over land. Several X-band SARs that can provide such measurements will be launched in the coming decade. These include four Constellation of Small Satellites for Mediterranean Basin Observations (COSMO-SkyMed), two TerraSAR-X, and a fifth Korea Multipurpose Satellite (KOMPSAT-5) to be launched by the Italian, German, and Korean Space Agencies, respectively. Data from these satellites could augment the information available to the GPM science community. The present study presents computations of normalized radar cross sections (NRCS) that employed a simple, idealized two-layer cloud model that contained both rain and frozen hydrometeors. The modeled spatial distributions of these hydrometeors varied with height and horizontal distance. An exploratory algorithm was developed to retrieve the shape, width, and simple representations of the vertical profiles of frozen hydrometeors and rain from modeled NRCS scans. A discussion of uncertainties in the retrieval is presented. © 2008 American Meteorological Society."
"36868795400;7005461477;7202119915;7004369046;6602805147;","Elevation-dependent trends in precipitation observed during NAME",2008,"10.1175/2008MWR2397.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-58049096444&doi=10.1175%2f2008MWR2397.1&partnerID=40&md5=6dc49bdc6db790f2e1a08394dfc934ea","Radar data from the 2004 North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) enhanced observing period were used to investigate diurnal trends and vertical structure of precipitating features relative to local terrain. Two-dimensional composites of reflectivity and rain rate, created from the two Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (SMN; Mexican Weather Service) C-band Doppler radars and NCAR's S-band polarimetric Doppler radar (S-Pol), were divided into four elevation groups: over water, 0-1000 m (MSL), 1000-2000 m, and greater than 2000 m. Analysis of precipitation frequency and average rainfall intensity using these composites reveals a strong diurnal trend in precipitation similar to that observed by the NAME Event Rain Gauge Network. Precipitation occurs most frequently during the afternoon over the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO), with the peak frequency moving over the lower elevations by evening. Also, the precipitation events over the lower elevations are less frequent but of greater intensity (rain rate) than those over the SMO. Precipitation echoes were partitioned into convective and stratiform components to allow for examination of vertical characteristics of convection using data from S-Pol. Analyses of reflectivity profiles and echo-top heights confirm that convection over the lower terrain is more intense and vertically developed than convection over the SMO. Warm-cloud depths, estimated from the Colorado State University-NAME upper-air and surface gridded analyses are, on average, 2 times as deep over the lower terrain as compared with over the SMO. Using a simplified stochastic model for drop growth, it is shown that these differences in warm-cloud depths could possibly explain the observed elevation-dependent trends in precipitation intensity. © 2008 American Meteorological Society."
"15519804100;7004279859;57203235663;7004207682;7102381140;","An RCM projection of soil thermal and moisture regimes for North American permafrost zones",2007,"10.1029/2007GL031385","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-37349106323&doi=10.1029%2f2007GL031385&partnerID=40&md5=8dfb6e3a4c5ca1168c382fed7526824e","The fourth-generation Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM4) projected changes to the soil thermal and moisture regimes for the continuous, discontinuous, sporadic and isolated permafrost regions in North America, for the 2041-2070 period with respect to the 1961-1990 base period, for the SRES (Special Report on Emissions Scenarios) A2 scenario are presented. The projections indicate significant increase in the near-surface soil temperatures for all permafrost zones, with maximum warming for the continuous permafrost zone. No significant changes in the timing of minimum and maximum near-surface soil temperatures are projected by the CRCM4. However, the distributions of both minimum and maximum temperatures, at the surface and for the various near-surface soil layers, for the future climate, are significantly different from those for current climate. Intensification of the hydrologic cycle in future climate for the various permafrost zones is projected with important changes to the soil moisture regime, which are reflected in the reduction of the frozen soil moisture content, which in turn increases the deep drainage for all permafrost zones. Copyright 2007 by the American Geophysical Union."
"55944537900;7005742190;","Experimental calibration of a cost-effective X-band weather radar for climate ecological studies in southern Ecuador",2006,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2005.06.005","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-31844439164&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2005.06.005&partnerID=40&md5=f62ac6d37251b48e5428ad62be8701e1","In this paper setup, operational problems and a straightforward calibration approach for a cost-effective X-Band radar are presented. The LAWR (Local Area Weather Radar) system is based on conventional ship radar technology which is adapted to register rainfall within a range of about 60 km with a spatial resolution of 500 m per pixel. The instrument offers neither Doppler processing nor vertical scan capabilities but uses 20° wide (vertical) beam. The calibration suffers from an unfavorably distributed and very sparse rain gauge network, heavy clutter contamination of the signal and obstructions by surrounding terrain. A specific scaling approach is developed, that includes satellite data on cloud frequency and distribution, to overcome these limitations. Observed clutter is removed and missing values are replaced by bilinear interpolation of the undisturbed signals. A temporal and spatial bias of the radar signal is corrected using an omni-directional spatial distribution hypothesis. This is possible because of the location of the radar site in the transition zone between high rainfall on the eastern Andean slopes and low rainfall on the leeward side. A further limitation of the system is that the LAWR does not provide information on the measured reflectivity Z but dimensionless counts (8 bit resolution). Calibration is performed assuming a linear relation between radar output and rainfall as recommended by the systems manufacturer. The intercomparison of rain gauge and scatterometer data with calibrated radar rainfall reveals a good performance of the developed calibration approach. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"56999946500;6603625036;7005320660;6604071154;","Ground-based multifrequency microwave radiometry for rainfall remote sensing",2002,"10.1109/TGRS.2002.1006317","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036544260&doi=10.1109%2fTGRS.2002.1006317&partnerID=40&md5=6271e5644017558f99065760a672d541","Inversion algorithms for ground-based microwave radiometric retrieval of surface rain-rate, integrated cloud parameters, and slant-path attenuation are proposed and tested. The estimation methods are trained by numerical simulations of a radiative transfer model applied to microphysically-consistent precipitating cloud structures, representative of stratiform and convective rainy clouds. The discrete-ordinate method is used to solve the radiative transfer equation for plane-parallel seven-layer structures, including liquid, melted, and ice spherical hydrometeors. Besides ordinary multiple regression, a variance-constrained regression algorithm is developed and applied to synthetic data in order to evaluate its robustness to noise and its potentiality. Selection of optimal frequency sets and polynomial retrieval algorithms for rainfall parameters is carried out and discussed. Ground-based radiometric measurements at 13.0, 23.8, and 31.7 GHz are used for experimentally testing the retrieval algorithms. Comparison with rain-gauge data and rain path-attenuation measurements, derived from the three ITALSAT satellite beacons at 18.7, 39.6, and 49.5 GHz acquired at Pomezia (Rome, Italy), are performed for two selected cases of moderate and intense rainfall during 1998. Results show a fairly good agreement between retrieved and measured rainfall parameters, pointing out possible effects of nonhomogeneous beam filling at low frequencies when observing small convective cells."
"7202176553;7006823330;6602575397;57195257312;57214639949;7401581383;","Impact of irrigated agriculture on groundwater-recharge salinity: a major sustainability concern in semi-arid regions [灌溉农业对地下水—补给盐度的影响:半干旱地区一个重要的、受到关注的可持续问题] [Impact de l’irrigation agricole sur la salinité de la recharge des eaux souterraines: une préoccupation majeure en matière de pérennité dans les régions semi-arides] [Impacto da agricultura irrigada na salinidade da recarga de águas subterrâneas: uma grande preocupação quanto à sustentabilidade em regiões semiáridas] [Impacto de la agricultura de regadio en la salinidad de recarga de agua subterranea: una gran preocupacion para la sostenibilidad en las regiones semiaridas]",2018,"10.1007/s10040-018-1830-2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85049913823&doi=10.1007%2fs10040-018-1830-2&partnerID=40&md5=2f7d2014200526b7db7f4afddcd3af90","Intensive irrigated agriculture substantially modifies the hydrological cycle and often has major environmental impacts. The article focuses upon a specific concern—the tendency for progressive long-term increases in the salinity of groundwater recharge derived from irrigated permeable soils and replenishment of unconfined aquifers in more arid regions. This process has received only scant attention in the water-resource literature and has not been considered by agricultural science. This work makes an original contribution by analysing, from scientific principles, how the salinisation of groundwater recharge arises and identifies the factors affecting its severity. If not proactively managed, the process eventually will impact irrigation waterwell salinity, the productivity of agriculture itself, and can even lead to land abandonment. The types of management measure required for mitigation are discussed through three detailed case histories of areas with high-value groundwater-irrigated agriculture (in Spain, Argentina and Pakistan), which provide a long-term perspective on the evolution of the problem over various decades. © 2018, The Author(s)."
"57194543578;7201687375;","Evaluation of distributed BMPs in an urban watershed—High resolution modeling for stormwater management",2017,"10.1002/hyp.11177","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85020659703&doi=10.1002%2fhyp.11177&partnerID=40&md5=38d87d4b1abd0d77a14e129b1cf8b575","The urban environment modifies the hydrologic cycle resulting in increased runoff rates, volumes, and peak flows. Green infrastructure, which uses best management practices (BMPs), is a natural system approach used to mitigate the impacts of urbanization onto stormwater runoff. Patterns of stormwater runoff from urban environments are complex, and it is unclear how efficiently green infrastructure will improve the urban water cycle. These challenges arise from issues of scale, the merits of BMPs depend on changes to small-scale hydrologic processes aggregated up from the neighborhood to the urban watershed. Here, we use a hyper-resolution (1 m), physically based hydrologic model of the urban hydrologic cycle with explicit inclusion of the built environment. This model represents the changes to hydrology at the BMP scale (~1 m) and represents each individual BMP explicitly to represent response over the urban watershed. Our study varies both the percentage of BMP emplacement and their spatial location for storm events of increasing intensity in an urban watershed. We develop a metric of effectiveness that indicates a nonlinear relationship that is seen between percent BMP emplacement and storm intensity. Results indicate that BMP effectiveness varies with spatial location and that type and emplacement within the urban watershed may be more important than overall percent. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."
"24491752100;7404297096;","Microphysical properties of frozen particles inferred from Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) polarimetric measurements",2017,"10.5194/acp-17-2741-2017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85013980335&doi=10.5194%2facp-17-2741-2017&partnerID=40&md5=8feb73236e6e10f6dcd705b7582e4a80","Scattering differences induced by frozen particle microphysical properties are investigated, using the vertically (V) and horizontally (H) polarized radiances from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) 89 and 166 GHz channels. It is the first study on frozen particle microphysical properties on a global scale that uses the dual-frequency microwave polarimetric signals. From the ice cloud scenes identified by the 183.3 ± 3 GHz channel brightness temperature (Tb), we find that the scattering by frozen particles is highly polarized, with V-H polarimetric differences (PDs) being positive throughout the tropics and the winter hemisphere mid-latitude jet regions, including PDs from the GMI 89 and 166 GHz TBs, as well as the PD at 640 GHz from the ER-2 Compact Scanning Submillimeter-wave Imaging Radiometer (CoSSIR) during the TC4 campaign. Large polarization dominantly occurs mostly near convective outflow regions (i.e., anvils or stratiform precipitation), while the polarization signal is small inside deep convective cores as well as at the remote cirrus region. Neglecting the polarimetric signal would easily result in as large as 30 % error in ice water path retrievals. There is a universal ""bell curve"" in the PD-TBV relationship, where the PD amplitude peaks at ∼ 10 K for all three channels in the tropics and increases slightly with latitude (2-4 K). Moreover, the 166 GHz PD tends to increase in the case where a melting layer is beneath the frozen particles aloft in the atmosphere, while 89 GHz PD is less sensitive than 166 GHz to the melting layer. This property creates a unique PD feature for the identification of the melting layer and stratiform rain with passive sensors. Horizontally oriented non-spherical frozen particles are thought to produce the observed PD because of different ice scattering properties in the V and H polarizations. On the other hand, turbulent mixing within deep convective cores inevitably promotes the random orientation of these particles, a mechanism that works effectively in reducing the PD. The current GMI polarimetric measurements themselves cannot fully disentangle the possible mechanisms. © Author(s) 2017. CC Attribution 3.0 License."
"55321504400;22944066200;57192705918;55176002300;","Evaluating the drought response of CMIP5 models using global gross primary productivity, leaf area, precipitation, and soil moisture data",2016,"10.1002/2016GB005480","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85007480337&doi=10.1002%2f2016GB005480&partnerID=40&md5=c84a923710f758884b4d2208e5410591","Realistic representation of vegetation's response to drought is important for understanding terrestrial carbon cycling. We evaluated nine Earth system models from the historical experiment of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 for the response of gross primary productivity (GPP) and leaf area index (LAI) to hydrological anomalies. Hydrological anomalies were characterized by the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and surface soil moisture anomalies (SMA). GPP and LAI in models were on average more responsive to SPI than in observations revealed through several indicators. First, we find higher mean correlations between global annual anomalies of GPP and SPI in models than observations. Second, the maximum correlation between GPP and SPI across 1–24 month time scales is higher in models than observations. And finally, we found stronger excursions of GPP to extreme dry or wet events. Similar to GPP, LAI responded more to SPI in models than observations. The over-response of models is smaller if evaluated based on SMA instead of SPI. LAI responses to SMA are inconsistent among models, showing both higher and lower LAI when soil moisture is reduced. The time scale of maximum correlation is shorter in models than the observation for GPP, and the markedly different response time scales among models for LAI indicate gaps in understanding how variability of water availability affects foliar cover. The discrepancy of responses derived from SPI and SMA among models, and between models and observations, calls for improvement in understanding the dynamics of plant-available water in addition to how vegetation responds to these anomalies. ©2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"7005035462;36726212200;","Atmospheric absorption model for dry air and water vapor at microwave frequencies below 100 GHz derived from spaceborne radiometer observations",2016,"10.1002/2015RS005858","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84992311451&doi=10.1002%2f2015RS005858&partnerID=40&md5=2a3cef43b3ab29eb3b8c876c119afdc3","The Liebe and Rosenkranz atmospheric absorption models for dry air and water vapor below 100 GHz are refined based on an analysis of antenna temperature (TA) measurements taken by the Global Precipitation Measurement Microwave Imager (GMI) in the frequency range 10.7 to 89.0 GHz. The GMI TA measurements are compared to the TA predicted by a radiative transfer model (RTM), which incorporates both the atmospheric absorption model and a model for the emission and reflection from a rough-ocean surface. The inputs for the RTM are the geophysical retrievals of wind speed, columnar water vapor, and columnar cloud liquid water obtained from the satellite radiometer WindSat. The Liebe and Rosenkranz absorption models are adjusted to achieve consistency with the RTM. The vapor continuum is decreased by 3% to 10%, depending on vapor. To accomplish this, the foreign-broadening part is increased by 10%, and the self-broadening part is decreased by about 40% at the higher frequencies. In addition, the strength of the water vapor line is increased by 1%, and the shape of the line at low frequencies is modified. The dry air absorption is increased, with the increase being a maximum of 20% at the 89 GHz, the highest frequency considered here. The nonresonant oxygen absorption is increased by about 6%. In addition to the RTM comparisons, our results are supported by a comparison between columnar water vapor retrievals from 12 satellite microwave radiometers and GPS-retrieved water vapor values. ©2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"35228711600;35112892700;7003485026;7004894250;7006790175;7102866124;54781196300;10040456600;57076752500;8612873400;7003654392;57076562500;7003648737;6603410150;57196818427;57075599300;57076559800;55613112200;13408773700;36627462600;57076147100;57075912600;57076238300;","The amazon dense gnss meteorological network a new approach for examining water vapor and deep convection interactions in the tropics",2015,"10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00171.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84955516020&doi=10.1175%2fBAMS-D-13-00171.1&partnerID=40&md5=69ad35578c29fc65834259b360fb35ee","The Amazon Dense Global Navigational Satellite System (GNSS) Meteorological Network ((ADGMN) provides high spatiotemporal resolution, all-weather precipitable water vapor for studying the evolution of continental tropical and sea-breeze convective regimes of Amazonia. The ADGMN campaign consisted of two experiments: a 6-week campaign in and around Belem, which coincided with the Cloud Processes of the Main Precipitation Systems in Brazil: A Contribution to Cloud-Resolving Modeling and to the Global Precipitation Measurement (CHUVA) and a 1-yr campaign in and around Manaus. The Belem network was composed of 15 GNSS/meteorological stations that provided high-frequency (5 min) PWV data as well as surface meteorological variables For the 6-week duration of the Belem experiment, days were categorized as convective (22 days) or nonconvective (19 days) based solely on a minimum cloud-top temperature of 240 K or below over the central portion of the network and a report of precipitation at at least one site during the afternoon or evening. The Manaus network commenced in April 2011 with 12 GNSS meteorological stations. Local circulations in Manaus driven by anthropogenic deforestation have, in particular, received attention."
"56674679700;56674117000;6507880558;35621311000;","Variation in stream diatom communities in relation to water quality and catchment variables in a boreal, urbanized region",2015,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.101","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84930642298&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2015.05.101&partnerID=40&md5=a36226ed829abfc54b3e1e19d99e8096","Intensive anthropogenic land use such as urbanization alters the hydrological cycle, water chemistry and physical habitat characteristics, thus impairing stream physicochemical and biological quality. Diatoms are widely used to assess stream water quality as they integrate water chemistry temporally and reflect the joint influence of multiple stressors on stream biota. However, knowledge of the major community patterns of diatoms in urban streams remains limited especially in boreal regions. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of water chemistry and catchment characteristics on stream diatom communities, and to test the performance of the Index of Pollution Sensitivity (IPS) as a stream water quality indicator across an urban-to-rural gradient in southern Finland. Diatom community structure and species richness were related to local-scale variables such as water temperature, aluminium concentration, and electrical conductivity, which were in turn influenced by patterns in catchment land use and land cover. Diatoms reflected the intensity of human activities as more intensive land use increased the occurrence of pollution-tolerant species. The change in community structure along the land use intensity gradient was accompanied by a distinct decline in species richness. On the contrary, the IPS index failed to indicate differences in water quality along the urban-to-rural gradient as no consistent differences in the IPS values were found. Our results highlight the joint influence of multifaceted factors that underlie diatom patterns, and show that diatom biodiversity can be used as cost-effective metric indicating urban stream conditions. However, the IPS index turned out to be an unsuitable tool for assessing water quality among these streams. © 2015 Elsevier B.V."
"26031638500;43160955900;16246762700;48261649600;16246515700;55907765700;7006426934;","The KULTURisk Regional Risk Assessment methodology for water-related natural hazards - Part 1: Physical-environmental assessment",2014,"10.5194/hess-18-5399-2014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84919723187&doi=10.5194%2fhess-18-5399-2014&partnerID=40&md5=10f2b806d079b15f57eb4e678aae8c0c","In recent years, the frequency of catastrophes induced by natural hazards has increased, and flood events in particular have been recognized as one of the most threatening water-related disasters. Severe floods have occurred in Europe over the last decade, causing loss of life, displacement of people and heavy economic losses. Flood disasters are growing in frequency as a consequence of many factors, both climatic and non-climatic. Indeed, the current increase of water-related disasters can be mainly attributed to the increase of exposure (elements potentially at risk in flood-prone area) and vulnerability (i.e. economic, social, geographic, cultural and physical/environmental characteristics of the exposure). Besides these factors, the undeniable effect of climate change is projected to strongly modify the usual pattern of the hydrological cycle by intensifying the frequency and severity of flood events at the local, regional and global scale. Within this context, the need for developing effective and pro-active strategies, tools and actions which allow one to assess and (possibly) to reduce the flood risks that threatens different relevant receptors becomes urgent. Several methodologies to assess the risk posed by water-related natural hazards have been proposed so far, but very few of them can be adopted to implement the last European Flood Directive (FD). This paper is intended to introduce and present a state-of-the-art Regional Risk Assessment (RRA) methodology to appraise the risk posed by floods from a physical-environmental perspective. The methodology, developed within the recently completed FP7-KULTURisk Project (Knowledge-based approach to develop a cULTUre of Risk prevention - KR) is flexible and can be adapted to different case studies (i.e. plain rivers, mountain torrents, urban and coastal areas) and spatial scales (i.e. from catchment to the urban scale). The FD compliant KR-RRA methodology is based on the concept of risk being function of hazard, exposure and vulnerability. It integrates the outputs of various hydrodynamic models with site-specific bio-geophysical and socio-economic indicators (e.g. slope, land cover, population density, economic activities etc.) to develop tailored risk indexes and GIS-based maps for each of the selected receptors (i.e. people, buildings, infrastructure, agriculture, natural and semi-natural systems, cultural heritage) in the considered region. It further compares the baseline scenario with alternative scenarios, where different structural and/or non-structural mitigation measures are planned and eventually implemented. As demonstrated in the companion paper (Part 2, Ronco et al., 2014), risk maps, along with related statistics, allow one to identify and classify, on a relative scale, areas at risk which are more likely to be affected by floods and support the development of strategic adaptation and prevention measures to minimizing flood impacts. In addition, the outcomes of the RRA can be eventually used for a further socio-economic assessment, considering the tangible and intangible costs as well as the human dimension of vulnerability. © Author(s) 2014."
"55856020300;55489745300;56278833000;","Projected increases in intensity and frequency of rainfall extremes through a regional climate modeling approach",2014,"10.1002/2014JD022564","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84919683409&doi=10.1002%2f2014JD022564&partnerID=40&md5=8508602cad242ce6802f49f3cdfa045a","Global warming is changing the hydrological cycle in multiple ways such as increased cloudiness, latent heat fluxes, and intense precipitation events. How extreme rainfall events will be influenced by the changing climate is becoming one of the most important problems for hydrological risk analysis and engineering design. In this study, a regional climate modeling approach based on the Providing REgional Climates for Impacts Studies modeling system is proposed for investigating the potential impacts of climate change induced by increased greenhouse gases on the intensity and frequency of extreme rainfall events in the context of Ontario, Canada. An ensemble of high-resolution climate projections is first developed under both current and future forcing conditions. Validation of the ensemble simulations is then conducted through comparing the simulated rainfall annual extremes for 1960–1990 to the observed ones. Following that, the rainfall projections for future periods are used to develop projected intensity-duration-frequency curves and their plausible changes in 2030s, 2050s, and 2080s for the City of Toronto. The results suggest that intensities of rainfall extreme events versus various durations with different return periods are all likely to increase over time: [5, 17]% in 2030s, [11, 22]% in 2050s, and [25, 50]% in 2080s. Such a consistent increase would lead to an overall uplift in the exceedance values of rainfall intensity of extreme events, implying that intense rainfall events are likely to occur more frequently in the future. In addition, more significant changes in the rainfall intensity are projected for extreme events with longer return periods at all given durations. © 2014. American Geophysical Union. All rights reserved."
"36494120700;57207098818;7403970555;6701324706;","Rainfall intensity-duration-frequency relationships for Andhra Pradesh, India: Changing rainfall patterns and implications for runoff and groundwater recharge",2013,"10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000625","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907977495&doi=10.1061%2f%28ASCE%29HE.1943-5584.0000625&partnerID=40&md5=f59ee1b6f729477a0c20fbf1d9908e06","Accurate and current rainfall characterization is an important tool for water-related system design and management. Updated rainfall intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationships in peninsular India were developed; impacts on runoff and groundwater recharge attributable to changes in rainfall characteristics are discussed. Two data sets were used from gage in Hyderabad city, the capital of Andhra Pradesh: hourly rainfall data for the 19 years from 1993-2011 and daily rainfall data for the 30 years from 1982-2011. Hourly data were used to develop updated rainfall IDF relationships; daily data were used for trend analysis of threshold-based rainfall events. IDF curves were developed for return periods of 2, 5, 10, 15, 25, 50, 75, and 100 years for 1-, 2-, 4-, 8-, and 24-h durations. The updated IDF relationships showed a significant change in rainfall characteristics compared with older relationships for the region surrounding Hyderabad, India; they showed greater rainfall intensities across all durations and return periods. Greater intensity storms may reduce groundwater recharge and increase runoff, making the surface storage of runoff increasingly important to enhance recharge and reduce flooding risks. © 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers."
"55579104200;57211948592;24568166500;","Simulation of spatial and temporal distribution on dissolved non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus load in Jialing River Watershed, China",2012,"10.1007/s12665-011-1159-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84857654249&doi=10.1007%2fs12665-011-1159-9&partnerID=40&md5=6b2b8e9b3cf9e22dfabb55165a4988bd","Jialing River, which covers a basin area of 160,000 km 2 and a length of 1,280 km, is the largest tributary of the catchment area in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China. In recent years, water quality in the reservoir area section of Jialing River has been degraded due to land use and the rural residential area induced by non-point source pollution. Therefore, the semi-distributed land-use runoff process (SLURP) hydrological model has been introduced and used to simulate the integrated hydrological cycle of the Jialing River Watershed (JRW). A coupling watershed model between the SLURP hydrological model and dissolved non-point source pollution model has been proposed in an attempt to evaluate the potential dissolved non-point source pollution load; it enhances the simulation precision of runoff and pollution load which are both based on the same division of land use types in the watershed. The proposed model has been applied in JRW to simulate the temporal and spatial distribution of the dissolved total nitrogen (DTN) and dissolved total phosphorus (DTP) pollution load for the period 1990-2007. It is shown that both the temporal and spatial distribution of DTN and DTP load are positively correlated to annual rainfall height. Land use is the key factor controlling the distribution of DTN and DTP load. The source compositions of DTN and DTP are different, where average DTN pollution load in descending order is land use 67.2%, livestock and poultry breeding 30.5%, and rural settlements 2.2%; and for DTP, livestock and poultry breeding is 50%, land use 48.8%, and rural settlements 1.2%. The contribution rates of DTN and DTP load in each sub-basin indicate the sensitivity of the results to the temporal and spatial distribution of different pollution sources. These data were of great significance for the prediction and estimation of the future changing trends of dissolved non-point source pollution load carried by rainfall runoff in the JRW and for studies of their transport and influence in the Three Gorges Reservoir. © 2011 Springer-Verlag."
"6701718281;6505932008;7202899330;54983414800;","Changes in the interaction between tropical convection, radiation, and the large-scale circulation in a warming environment",2012,"10.1175/2011JCLI4167.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84856948197&doi=10.1175%2f2011JCLI4167.1&partnerID=40&md5=392cf36094b5b7cdebc95a3f221625a6","This paper explores the response of the tropical hydrologic cycle to surface warming through the lens of large-domain cloud-system-resolving model experiments run in a radiative-convective equilibrium framework. Simulations are run for 55 days and are driven with fixed insolation and constant sea surface temparatures (SSTs) of 298 K, 300 K, and 302 K. In each experiment, convection organizes into coherent regions of large-scale ascent separated by areas with relatively clear air and troposphere-deep descent. Aspects of the simulations correspond to observed features of the tropical climate system, including the transition to large precipitation rates above a critical value of total column water vapor, and an increase in convective intensity with SST amidst weakening of the large-scale overturning circulation. However, the authors also find notable changes to the interaction between convection and the environment as the surface warms. In particular, organized convection in simulations with SSTs of 298 and 300 K is inhibited by the presence of a strong midtropospheric stable layer and dry upper troposphere. As a result, there is a decrease in the vigor of deep convection and an increase in stratiform precipitation fraction with an increase in SST from 298 to 300 K. With an increase in SST to 302 K, moistening of the middletroposphere and increase in lower-tropospheric buoyancy serve to overcome these limitations, leading to an overall increase in convective intensity and larger increase in upper-tropospheric relative humidity. The authors conclude that, while convective intensity increases with SST, the aggregate nature of deep convection is strongly affected by the details of the thermodynamic environment in which it develops. In particular, the positive feedback between increasing SST and a moistening upper troposphere found in the simulations, operates as a nonmonotonic function of SST and is modulated by a complex interaction between deep convection and the environmental relative humidity and static stability profile. The results suggest that projected changes in convection that assume a monotonic dependence on SST may constitute an oversimplification. © 2012 American Meteorological Society."
"22434220100;7202218898;35592744300;","Quantification of a greenhouse hydrologic cycle from equatorial to polar latitudes: The mid-Cretaceous water bearer revisited",2011,"10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.05.027","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79960432140&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2011.05.027&partnerID=40&md5=6ca56f10b3f2214269707b85ac8a123e","This study aims to investigate the global hydrologic cycle during the mid-Cretaceous greenhouse by utilizing the oxygen isotopic composition of pedogenic carbonates (calcite and siderite) as proxies for the oxygen isotopic composition of precipitation. The data set builds on the Aptian-Albian sphaerosiderite δ18O data set presented by Ufnar et al. (2002) by incorporating additional low latitude data including pedogenic and early meteoric diagenetic calcite δ18O. Ufnar et al. (2002) used the proxy data derived from the North American Cretaceous Western Interior Basin (KWIB) in a mass balance model to estimate precipitation-evaporation fluxes. We have revised this mass balance model to handle sphaerosiderite and calcite proxies, and to account for longitudinal travel by tropical air masses. We use empirical and general circulation model (GCM) temperature gradients for the mid-Cretaceous, and the empirically derived δ18O composition of groundwater as constraints in our mass balance model. Precipitation flux, evaporation flux, relative humidity, seawater composition, and continental feedback are adjusted to generate model calculated groundwater δ18O compositions (proxy for precipitation δ18O) that match the empirically-derived groundwater δ18O compositions to within ±0.5‰. The model is calibrated against modern precipitation data sets.Four different Cretaceous temperature estimates were used: the leaf physiognomy estimates of Wolfe and Upchurch (1987) and Spicer and Corfield (1992), the coolest and warmest Cretaceous estimates compiled by Barron (1983) and model outputs from the GENESIS-MOM GCM by Zhou et al. (2008). Precipitation and evaporation fluxes for all the Cretaceous temperature gradients utilized in the model are greater than modern precipitation and evaporation fluxes. Balancing the model also requires relative humidity in the subtropical dry belt to be significantly reduced. As expected calculated precipitation rates are all greater than modern precipitation rates. Calculated global average precipitation rates range from 371mm/year to 1196mm/year greater than modern precipitation rates. Model results support the hypothesis that increased rainout produces δ18O-depleted precipitation.Sensitivity testing of the model indicates that the amount of water vapor in the air mass, and its origin and pathway, significantly affect the oxygen isotopic composition of precipitation. Precipitation δ18O is also sensitive to seawater δ18O and enriched tropical seawater was necessary to simulate proxy data (consistent with fossil and geologic evidence for a warmer and evaporatively enriched Tethys). Improved constraints in variables such as seawater δ18O can help improve boundary conditions for mid-Cretaceous climate simulations. © 2011 Elsevier B.V."
"56032511300;7103271625;7102604282;","Thunderstorm and stratocumulus: How does their contrasting morphology affect their interactions with aerosols?",2010,"10.5194/acp-10-6819-2010","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77954894867&doi=10.5194%2facp-10-6819-2010&partnerID=40&md5=308c238669a8021726a2b656354bdf7e","It is well-known that aerosols affect clouds and that the effect of aerosols on clouds is critical for understanding human-induced climate change. Most climate model studies have focused on the effect of aerosols on warm stratiform clouds (e.g., stratocumulus clouds) for the prediction of climate change. However, systems like the Asian and Indian Monsoon, storm tracks, and the intertropical convergence zone, play important roles in the global hydrological cycle and in the circulation of energy and are driven by thunderstorm-type convective clouds. Here, we show that the different morphologies of these two cloud types lead to different aerosol-cloud interactions. Increasing aerosols are known to suppress the conversion of droplets to rain (i.e., so-called autoconversion). This increases droplets as a source of evaporative cooling, leading to an increased intensity of downdrafts. The acceleration of the intensity of downdrafts is larger in convective clouds due to their larger cloud depths (providing longer paths for downdrafts to follow to the surface) than in stratiform clouds. More accelerated downdrafts intensify the gust front, leading to significantly increased updrafts, condensation and thus the collection of cloud liquid by precipitation, which offsets the suppressed autoconversion. This leads to an enhancement of precipitation with increased aerosols in convective clouds. However, the downdrafts are less accelerated in stratiform clouds due to their smaller cloud depths, and they are not able to induce changes in updrafts as large as those in convective clouds. Thus, the offset is not as effective, and this allows the suppression of precipitation with increased aerosols. Thus aerosols affect these cloud systems differently. The dependence of the effect of aerosols on clouds on the morphology of clouds should be taken into account for a more complete assessment of climate change. © Author(s) 2010."
"35186223500;55396485200;22133247800;35886307000;35196967300;35318290800;","Hydrological trend analysis due to land use changes at langat river basin",2010,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-76849087482&partnerID=40&md5=200037332ba560fc7e51435bd0245b62","This present study was carried out to detect the spatial and temporal change (1974-2000) in hydrological trend and its relationship to land use changes in the Langat River Basin. To obtain a clear picture of the hydrological parameters during the study period, rainfall data were analyzed. With the help of GIS and non-parametric Mann-Kendall (MK) statistical test the significance of trend in hydrological and land use time series was measured. Trend analyses indicated that a relationship between hydrological parameters namely discharge and direct runoff and land use types namely agriculture, forest, urban, waterbody and others was evident. This analysis indicates that rainfall intensity does not play an important role as a pollutant contributor via the rainfall runoff process nor does it directly influence the peak discharges. Land use shows tremendous changes in trend surrounding Dengkil station compared a little changes surrounding Lui station. Mann-Kendall test of trend shows an increasing trend (p-value<0.01) of annual maximum-minimum ratio for Dengkil station, while no significant trend is observed for Lui station. There is evidence that regional variability in discharge behaviour is strongly related to land use or land cover changes along the river basin."
"7201714304;7404603029;56249464800;15832004700;25926859200;","Groundwater in the Tibet Plateau, western China",2008,"10.1029/2008GL034809","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-57849120798&doi=10.1029%2f2008GL034809&partnerID=40&md5=1c6c88c6c1fe00caa2580ee96991ed47","The Tibet Plateau in western China embraces a variety of hydrologic processes. Water cycling plays an unequivocal role in buffering or intensifying climate impact on water resources and ecosystems. Although much research has focused on climatic aspects, little is known about the subsurface component of the water cycle, particularly groundwater-flow patterns and recharge and discharge characteristics. This study shows that groundwater flow in the Plateau is driven and sustained by the topographic gradient and recharge at high elevations. Groundwater is recharged at the rate of approximately 100-200 mm/year. Groundwater discharge on the order of 10-9-10-7 m/s occurs in valleys and fault zones, supplying baseflow to rivers and springs. Reliable recharge is critical for sustaining the water cycle and reduced recharge could diminish groundwater replenishment to rivers and springs, adversely impacting the ecosystems on the Plateau. Copyright 2008 by the American Geophysical Union."
"6507938538;55301925200;36643571300;","Water resources of Central Asia and adaptation measures for climate change",2000,"10.1023/A:1006394808699","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034064741&doi=10.1023%2fA%3a1006394808699&partnerID=40&md5=e8d34e070ba3020c9c80559014855257","A large part of the Central Asian region is located within the inner flow of the Aral Sea basin. The water resources are formed from renewed superficial and underground waters of natural origin, and also with returnable waters. The intensive increase of water intake, that took place in the second half of the twentieth century caused practically complete assimilation of the river inflow. That was the main reason for the Aral Sea crisis. On the basis of the analysis of long periodical rows of observation by meteorological and hydrological stations, the estimation of regional water resources and calculations of changes of some components of the hydrological cycle due to the expected climate changes are presented. Measures for adaptation in the southern part of the Aral Sea region are considered."
"56516912200;6506316395;","Global change in streamflow extremes under climate change over the 21st century",2017,"10.5194/hess-21-5863-2017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85035326208&doi=10.5194%2fhess-21-5863-2017&partnerID=40&md5=c37c67f5ec6def0eeedd9f326ea8e00c","Global warming is expected to intensify the Earth's hydrological cycle and increase flood and drought risks. Changes over the 21st century under two warming scenarios in different percentiles of the probability distribution of streamflow, and particularly of high and low streamflow extremes (95th and 5th percentiles), are analyzed using an ensemble of bias-corrected global climate model (GCM) fields fed into different global hydrological models (GHMs) provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISI-MIP) to understand the changes in streamflow distribution and simultaneous vulnerability to different types of hydrological risk in different regions. In the multi-model mean under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario, 37ĝ€ and Macr;% of global land areas experience an increase in magnitude of extremely high streamflow (with an average increase of 24.5ĝ€ and Macr;%), potentially increasing the chance of flooding in those regions. On the other hand, 43ĝ€ and Macr;% of global land areas show a decrease in the magnitude of extremely low streamflow (average decrease of 51.5ĝ€ and Macr;%), potentially increasing the chance of drought in those regions. About 10ĝ€ and Macr;% of the global land area is projected to face simultaneously increasing high extreme streamflow and decreasing low extreme streamflow, reflecting the potentially worsening hazard of both flood and drought; further, these regions tend to be highly populated parts of the globe, currently holding around 30ĝ€ and Macr;% of the world's population (over 2.1 billion people). In a world more than 4° warmer by the end of the 21st century compared to the pre-industrial era (RCP8.5 scenario), changes in magnitude of streamflow extremes are projected to be about twice as large as in a 2° warmer world (RCP2.6 scenario). Results also show that inter-GHM uncertainty in streamflow changes, due to representation of terrestrial hydrology, is greater than the inter-GCM uncertainty due to simulation of climate change. Under both forcing scenarios, there is high model agreement for increases in streamflow of the regions near and above the Arctic Circle, and consequent increases in the freshwater inflow to the Arctic Ocean, while subtropical arid areas experience a reduction in streamflow."
"57147186400;8068419200;7202671706;35755764700;7005513582;8954866200;54940625500;55390548700;55241800100;7201520140;56033135100;7801340314;8559604100;35273009200;","A model-model and data-model comparison for the early Eocene hydrological cycle",2016,"10.5194/cp-12-455-2016","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84959364746&doi=10.5194%2fcp-12-455-2016&partnerID=40&md5=c8c101ed5d387fd3c028f15070fe3234","A range of proxy observations have recently provided constraints on how Earth's hydrological cycle responded to early Eocene climatic changes. However, comparisons of proxy data to general circulation model (GCM) simulated hydrology are limited and inter-model variability remains poorly characterised. In this work, we undertake an intercomparison of GCM-derived precipitation and P - E distributions within the extended EoMIP ensemble (Eocene Modelling Intercomparison Project; Lunt et al., 2012), which includes previously published early Eocene simulations performed using five GCMs differing in boundary conditions, model structure, and precipitation-relevant parameterisation schemes. We show that an intensified hydrological cycle, manifested in enhanced global precipitation and evaporation rates, is simulated for all Eocene simulations relative to the preindustrial conditions. This is primarily due to elevated atmospheric paleo-CO2, resulting in elevated temperatures, although the effects of differences in paleogeography and ice sheets are also important in some models. For a given CO2 level, globally averaged precipitation rates vary widely between models, largely arising from different simulated surface air temperatures. Models with a similar global sensitivity of precipitation rate to temperature (dP/dT) display different regional precipitation responses for a given temperature change. Regions that are particularly sensitive to model choice include the South Pacific, tropical Africa, and the Peri-Tethys, which may represent targets for future proxy acquisition. A comparison of early and middle Eocene leaf-fossil-derived precipitation estimates with the GCM output illustrates that GCMs generally underestimate precipitation rates at high latitudes, although a possible seasonal bias of the proxies cannot be excluded. Models which warm these regions, either via elevated CO2 or by varying poorly constrained model parameter values, are most successful in simulating a match with geologic data. Further data from low-latitude regions and better constraints on early Eocene CO2 are now required to discriminate between these model simulations given the large error bars on paleoprecipitation estimates. Given the clear differences between simulated precipitation distributions within the ensemble, our results suggest that paleohydrological data offer an independent means by which to evaluate model skill for warm climates. © Author(s) 2016."
"56991588000;35070226300;16162365000;7402248742;7007050344;26039604700;15072314100;","Estimation of human-induced changes in terrestrial water storage through integration of GRACE satellite detection and hydrological modeling: A case study of the Yangtze River basin",2015,"10.1002/2015WR016923","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84956742163&doi=10.1002%2f2015WR016923&partnerID=40&md5=3ea2b413f6ddd388cc8f84a3c082a4b0","Quantifying the human effects on water resources plays an important role in river basin management. In this study, we proposed a framework, which integrates the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite estimation with macroscale hydrological model simulation, for detection and attribution of spatial terrestrial water storage (TWS) changes. In particular, it provides valuable insights for regions where ground-based measurements are inaccessible. Moreover, this framework takes into account the feedback between land and atmosphere and innovatively put forward several suggestions (e.g., study period selection, hydrological model selection based on soil moisture-climate interactions) to minimize the uncertainties brought by the interaction of human water use with terrestrial water fluxes. We demonstrate the use of the proposed framework in the Yangtze River basin of China. Our results show that, during the period 2003-2010, the TWS was continually increasing in the middle and south eastern reaches of the basin, at a mean rate of about 3 cm yr-1. This increment in TWS was attributed to anthropogenic modification of the hydrological cycle, rather than natural climate variability. The dominant contributor to the TWS excess was found to be intensive surface water irrigation, which recharged the water table in the middle and south eastern parts of the basin. Water impoundment in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) is found to account for nearly 20% of the human-induced TWS increment in the region where the TGR is located. The proposed framework gives water managers/researchers a useful tool to investigate the spatial human effects on TWS changes. ©2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57204088218;6505996875;","CMIP5 simulated climate conditions of the Greater Horn of Africa (GHA). Part II: Projected climate",2013,"10.1007/s00382-013-1694-z","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84884699398&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-013-1694-z&partnerID=40&md5=1668e5401faed88b3ebb944cd64d0ff2","This is the second of the two-part paper series on the analysis and evaluation of the Fifth phase of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) simulation of contemporary climate as well as IPCC, AR5 Representative Concentrations Pathways (RCP), 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios projections of the Greater Horn of Africa (GHA) Climate. In the first part (Otieno and Anyah in Clim Dyn, 2012) we focused on the historical simulations, whereas this second part primarily focuses on future projections based on the two scenarios. Six Earth System Models (ESMs) from CMIP5 archive have been used to characterize projected changes in seasonal and annual mean precipitation, temperature and the hydrological cycle by the middle of twenty-first century over the GHA region, based on IPCC, 5th Assessment Report (AR5) RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Nearly all the models outputs analyzed reproduce the correct mean annual cycle of precipitation, with some biases among the models in capturing the correct peak of precipitation cycle, more so, March-April-May (MAM) seasonal rainfall over the equatorial GHA region. However, there is significant variation among models in projected precipitation anomalies, with some models projecting an average increase as others project a decrease in precipitation during different seasons. The ensemble mean of the ESMs indicates that the GHA region has been experiencing a steady increase in both precipitation and temperature beginning in the early 1980s and 1970s respectively in both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Going by the ensemble means, temperatures are projected to steadily increase uniformly in all the seasons at a rate of 0.3/0.5 °C/decade under RCP4.5/8.5 scenarios over northern GHA region leading to an approximate temperature increase of 2/3 °C by the middle of the century. On the other hand, temperatures will likely increase at a rate of 0.3/0.4 °C/decade under RCP4.5/8.5 scenarios in both equatorial and southern GHA region leading to an approximate temperature increase of 2/2.5 °C by the middle of twenty-first century. Nonetheless, projected precipitation increase varied across seasons and sub-regions. With the exception of the equatorial region, that is projected to experience precipitation increase during DJF season, most sub-regions are projected to experience precipitation increase within their peak seasons, with the highest rate of increase experienced during DJF and OND seasons over southern and equatorial GHA regions respectively. Notably, as precipitation increases, the deficit (E < P) between evaporation (E) and precipitation (P) increased over the years, with a negatively skewed distribution. This generally implies that there is a high likelihood of an increased deficit in local moisture supply. This remarkable change in the general hydrological cycle (i.e. deficit in local moisture) is projected to be also coincident with intensified westerly anomaly influx from the Congo basin into the region. However, better understanding of the detailed changes in hydrological cycle will require comprehensive water budget analyses that require daily or sub-daily variables, and was not a specific focus of the present study. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg."
"34881976400;7005071296;","Hydrometeor profile characterization method for dual-frequency precipitation radar onboard the GPM",2013,"10.1109/TGRS.2012.2224352","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84878142247&doi=10.1109%2fTGRS.2012.2224352&partnerID=40&md5=3671e95b5eae35ae1d6e7933a252487b","Profile classification is a critical module in the microphysics retrieval algorithm for the dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) that will be onboard the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core satellite. Hydrometeor profile characterization (HPC or melting region detection) is an important part of profile classification. To accomplish this classification, characteristics of measured dual-frequency ratio DFRm, defined as the difference between measured reflectivity at two frequency channels (Ku-and Ka-bands), were studied for different hydrometeor phases. This paper shows that a DFRm profile can be used to detect the frozen, mixed-phase, and liquid regions. An HPC model is developed in this paper for DPR profile classification using DFRm and its range variability along the height. Data collected by the Second Generation Airborne Precipitation Radar (APR-2) in NASA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis, Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes, and Wakasa Bay campaigns are employed in model validation. Signatures of Doppler velocity, as well as the linear depolarization ratio at Ku-band, available for APR-2 data, are used for cross-validation purpose. Comparison of the melting layer top and bottom between the HPC model and the velocity-based estimates shows that they compare well, with a 2% bias. The performance of the HPC method at GPM-DPR observation resolution is evaluated and is shown to be applicable to observation at GPM-DPR resolution. It can be inferred from the analysis presented that the methodology developed in this paper using DFR m is a good candidate for HPC for GPM-DPR. © 1980-2012 IEEE."
"26532553500;36470432200;7005412971;","Anatomy, evolution, and paleoenvironmental interpretation of an ancient arctic coastal plain: Integrated paleopedology and palynology from the upper cretaceous (maastrichtian) prince creek formation, North Slope, Alaska, USA",2013,"10.2110/sepmsp.104.14","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84940231727&doi=10.2110%2fsepmsp.104.14&partnerID=40&md5=e6b0da6ab25f857cfaacf49887331dd4","The Cretaceous (Early Maastrichtian), dinosaur-bearing Prince Creek Formation (Fm.) exposed along the Colville River in northern Alaska records high-latitude, alluvial sedimentation and soil formation on a low-gradient,muddy coastal plain during a greenhouse phase in Earth history.We combine sedimentology, paleopedology, palynology, and paleontology in order to reconstruct detailed local paleoenvironments of an ancient Arctic coastal plain.The Prince Creek Fm. contains quartz- and chert-rich sandstone and mudstone-filled trunk and distributary channels and floodplains composed of organic-rich siltstone and mudstone, carbonaceous shale, coal, and ash-fall deposits. Compound and cumulative, weakly developed soils formed on levees, point bars, crevasse splays, and along the margins of floodplain lakes, ponds, and swamps. Abundant organic matter, carbonaceous root traces, Fe-oxide depletion coatings, and zoned peds (soil aggregates with an outermost Fe-depleted zone, darker-colored Fe-rich matrix, and lighter-colored Fe-poor center) indicate periodic waterlogging, anoxia, and gleying, consistent with a high water table. In contrast, Fe-oxide mottles, ferruginous and manganiferous segregations, bioturbation, and rare illuvial clay coatings indicate recurring oxidation and periodic drying of some soils. Trampling of sediments by dinosaurs is common.A marine influence on pedogenesis in distal coastal plain settings is indicated by jarosite mottles and halos surrounding rhizoliths and the presence of pyrite and secondary gypsum. Floodplains were dynamic, and soil-forming processes were repeatedly interrupted by alluviation, resulting in weakly developed soils similar tomodern aquic subgroups of Entisols and Inceptisols and, in more distal locations, potential acid sulfate soils. Biota, including peridinioid dinocysts, brackish and freshwater algae, fungal hyphae, fern andmoss spores, projectates, age-diagnosticWodehouseia edmontonicola, hinterland bisaccate pollen, and pollen from lowland trees, shrubs, and herbs record a diverse flora and indicate an Early Maastrichtian age for all sediments in the study area. The assemblage also demonstrates that although all sediments are Early Maastrichtian, strata become progressively younger from south to north. A paleoenvironmental reconstruction integrating pedogenic processes and biota indicates that polar woodlands with an angiosperm understory and dinosaurs flourished on this ancient Arctic coastal plain that was influenced by seasonally(?) fluctuating water table levels and floods. In contrast to modern polar environments, there is no evidence for periglacial conditions on the Cretaceous Arctic coastal plain, and both higher temperatures and an intensified hydrological cycle existed, although the polar light regimewas similar to that of the present. In the absence of evidence of cryogenic processes in paleosols, it would be very difficult to determine a high-latitude setting for paleosol formation without independent evidence for paleolatitude. Consequently, paleosols formed at high latitudes under greenhouse conditions, in the absence of ground ice, are not likely to have unique pedogenic signatures."
"6701669739;35331137500;57211301037;6603768446;","A robust dual-frequency radar profiling algorithm",2011,"10.1175/2011JAMC2655.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79960349753&doi=10.1175%2f2011JAMC2655.1&partnerID=40&md5=eb5a3cc992c24876eb48875cbf8d303f","In this study, an algorithm to retrieve precipitation from spaceborne dual-frequency (13.8 and 35.6 GHz, or Ku/Ka band) radar observations is formulated and investigated. Such algorithms will be of paramount importance in deriving radar-based and combined radar-radiometer precipitation estimates from observations provided by the forthcoming NASA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. In GPM, dualfrequency Ku-/Ka-band radar observations will be available only within a narrow swath (approximately one-half of the width of the Ku-band radar swath) over the earth's surface. Therefore, a particular challenge is to develop a flexible radar retrieval algorithm that can be used to derive physically consistent precipitation profile estimates across the radar swath irrespective of the availability of Ka-band radar observations at any specific location inside that swath, in other words, an algorithm capable of exploiting the information provided by dual-frequency measurements but robust in the absence of Ka-band channel. In the present study, a unified, robust precipitation retrieval algorithm able to interpret either Ku-only or dual-frequency Ku-/Ka-band radar observations in a manner consistent with the information content of the observations is formulated. The formulation is based on 1) a generalized Hitschfeld-Bordan attenuation correction method that yields generic Ku-only precipitation profile estimates and 2) an optimization procedure that adjusts the Ku-band estimates to be physically consistent with coincident Ka-band reflectivity observations and surface reference technique-based path-integrated attenuation estimates at both Ku and Ka bands. The algorithm is investigated using synthetic and actual airborne radar observations collected in the NASA Tropical Composition, Cloud, and Climate Coupling (TC4) campaign. In the synthetic data investigation, the dual-frequency algorithm performed significantly better than a single-frequency algorithm; dual-frequency estimates, however, are still sensitive to various assumptions such as the particle size distribution shape, vertical and cloud water distributions, and scattering properties of the ice-phase precipitation. © 2011 American Meteorological Society."
"35092116000;36646460000;35108905100;6507678867;","Modeling the impact of climate change in a mediterranean catchment (Merguellil, Tunisia)",2010,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78650234293&partnerID=40&md5=08015ee5305d9ddb2b13cb3fe92d257d","During the last decades, the Mediterranean region is suffering more and more from droughts. It has been recognized as one of the most vulnerable regions in the world to climate change. Understanding the impact of climate change on various components of water cycle is an important challenge for long-term sustainable management of water resources. In this paper, the integrated hydrological model ""Soil and Water Assessment Tool"" (SWAT 2005) was used to study the impact of future climate on water resources of a Mediterranean catchment. Future climate scenarios for periods of 2010-2039 and 2070-2099 were generated from the Canadian Global Coupled model (CGCM 3.1) for scenarios AlB, Bl, and A2. These CGCMs data were then statistically downscaled to generate future possible local meteorological data of precipitation and temperature in the study area. SWAT model was run first under current climate (1986-2005) and then for the future climate period to analyze the potential impact of climate change on flow, evapotranspiration, and soil moisture across this catchment. Finally, Richter et al.'s Indicators of Hydrologie Alteration (IHA) were used to analyze the flow regime alterations under changing climate. The main results indicate that this catchment would suffer a combination of increased temperature and reduced rainfall that will reduce water resources in this area. Consequently, summer droughts would be intensified. Different spatial responses to climate change were observed in the catchment for near future simulations. Higher altitude regions would experience an increase of the total water yield, while a reduction is foreseen for lower parts. For far future, a noticeable decrease would affect water resources in all part of the catchment. © by PSP."
"8684037700;7102132806;12544502800;7202957110;26659020500;7006783796;8280879000;","Modulation of tropical convection by breaking Rossby waves",2009,"10.1002/qj.349","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-67649442682&doi=10.1002%2fqj.349&partnerID=40&md5=d64492442962caf4e98a419846a4e6de","This work discusses observations of both the convective-inhibiting and convective-promoting properties associated with Rossby waves that break in the extratropics and extend into the tropics. Two tropical drought periods - times of reduced tropical cloudiness and rainfall - were observed during mid to late November 2005 over a wide area of northwest Australia, with an observed eruption of a nearby synoptic tropical cloud band in between times. Both convective inhibition and promotion appear to be linked to the descent of dry upper tropospheric air within a series of tropopause folds; convective inhibition was observed within the dry pool itself, whilst convective promotion was observed on the high moisture gradient at the leading edge of an advancing dry slot. A range of satellite images, surface rain gauges, radiosonde and ozonesonde data are used in conjunction with back trajectories and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analysis fields to investigate the origins and dynamics associated with these convective events, showing each to be ultimately linked to breaking Rossby wave activity on the southern subtropical jet. Together, these observations support a growing number of studies linking midlatitude tropopause-level dynamics with the modulation of tropical deep convection, an influence that is poorly characterized when considering the climatology of tropical cloudiness and rainfall. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society."
"7407008056;26642533400;","Response of the hydrological regime of the Yellow River to the changing monsoon intensity and human activity",2009,"10.1623/hysj.54.1.90","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-65649141654&doi=10.1623%2fhysj.54.1.90&partnerID=40&md5=973e4b670d2fdfed0f8633469787d60c","In the past 50 years, influenced by global climate change, the East Asian summer monsoon intensity (SMI) changed significantly, leading to a response by the water cycle of the Yellow River basin. The variation in SMI has three stages: (1) 1951-1963, SMI increased; (2) 1963-1965, SMI declined sharply, a feature that may be regarded as an abrupt change; and (3) 1965-2000, SMI remained at low levels and showed a tendency to decline slowly. The decreased SMI led to a reduction in water vapour transfer from the ocean to the Yellow River basin, and thus precipitation decreased and the natural river runoff of the Yellow River also decreased. Due to the increase in population and therefore in irrigated land area, the ratio of net water diversion to natural river runoff increased continuously. Comparison of the ratio of net water diversion to natural river runoff before and after the abrupt change in SMI indicates some discontinuity in the response of the man-induced lateral branch of the water cycle to the abrupt change in SMI. The frequently occurring flow desiccation in the lower Yellow River can be regarded as a response of the water cycle system to the decreasing summer monsoon intensity and increasing population. When the ratio of net water diversion exceeded the ratio of natural runoff of the low-flow season to the annual total natural runoff, flow desiccation in the lower Yellow River would occur. When the ratio of net water diversion is 0.3 larger than the ratio of the natural runoff of the low-flow season to the annual total natural runoff, an abrupt increase in the number of flow desiccation events is likely to occur. Copyright © 2009 IAHS Press."
"7003721733;7202947831;55650237300;","Poly-aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) inputs from the Rhône River to the Mediterranean Sea in relation with the hydrological cycle: Impact of floods",2008,"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.07.015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-54549100137&doi=10.1016%2fj.marpolbul.2008.07.015&partnerID=40&md5=76f3727e7566c43ed8a491455daaae17","The concentrations of dissolved and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were monitored in waters of the Rhône River (France) every fortnight for a full calendar year, from June 1994 to May 1995. All flood events occurring over the course of the experiment were sampled at higher frequency to better quantify the impact of these extreme hydrological episodes on the annual export of PAHs to the Mediterranean Sea. This time-series indicates that more than 90% of the annual load of particulate PAHs is transported during flood episodes, with 77% discharged during the course of only one extreme flood event occurring in November 1994. During these intense events, riverine particles are depleted in PAHs while at low river discharge particles are PAH-enriched. Dissolved PAHs were less variable and less abundant than adsorbed PAHs, consistently with the low solubility of these compounds. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved."
"16306102200;7401847849;","Optimal estimation of irrigation schedule - An example of quantifying human interferences to hydrologic processes",2007,"10.1016/j.advwatres.2007.02.006","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34248217009&doi=10.1016%2fj.advwatres.2007.02.006&partnerID=40&md5=9e85088fe576622eaf6c2e996318756a","Reliable records of water use for irrigation are often lacking. This presents a difficulty for a qualified water use and water availability assessment. Quantification of the hydrologic cycle processes in regions of intensive agricultural practice requires irrigation as an input to hydrologic models. This paper presents a coupled forward-inverse framework to estimate irrigation schedule using remote-sensed data and data assimilation and optimization techniques. Irrigation schedule is treated as an unknown input to a hydro-agronomic simulation model. Remote-sensed data is used to assess actual crop evapotranspiration, which is used as the ""observation"" of the computed crop evapotranspiration from the simulation model. To handle the impact of model and observation error and the unknown biased error with irrigation inputs, a coupled forward-inverse approach is proposed, implemented and tested. The coupled approach is realized by an integrated ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) and genetic algorithm (GA). The result from a case study demonstrates that the forward and inverse procedures in the coupled framework are complementary to each other. Further analysis is provided on the impact of model and observation errors on the non-uniqueness problem with inverse modeling and on the exactness of irrigation estimates. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved."
"9942419900;6603002398;7201994547;","Atmospheric response to different sea surface temperatures in the Baltic Sea: Coupled versus uncoupled regional climate model experiments",2005,"10.2166/nh.2005.0030","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-29044434049&doi=10.2166%2fnh.2005.0030&partnerID=40&md5=dc7dc5cccf23edcec35b180e59152666","A climate change experiment with a fully coupled high resolution regional atmosphere-ocean model for the Baltic Sea is compared to an experiment with a stand-alone regional atmospheric model. Both experiments simulate 30-yr periods with boundary data from the same global climate model system. This particular global model system simulates very high sea surface temperatures during summer for the Baltic Sea at the end of this century under the investigated emission scenario. We show that the sea surface temperatures are less warm in the coupled regional model compared to the global model system and that this difference is dependent on the atmospheric circulation. In summers with a high NAO index and thereby relatively strong westerly flow over the North Atlantic the differences between the two models are small, while in summers with a weaker, more northerly flow over the Baltic Sea the differences are very large. The higher sea surface temperatures in the uncoupled experiment lead to an intensified hydrological cycle over the Baltic Sea, with more than 30% additional precipitation in summer taken as an average over the full 30-yr period and over the entire Baltic Sea. The differences are mostly local, over the sea, but there are differences in surrounding land areas. © IWA Publishing 2005."
"7003283811;6701570101;7401742385;57211301037;7004468406;6602981084;6602468516;","Structure of Florida thunderstorms using high-altitude aircraft radiometer and radar observations",1996,"10.1175/1520-0450(1996)035<1736:SOFTUH>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030390578&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0450%281996%29035%3c1736%3aSOFTUH%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=07a3afbca547cba053894cf04514c145","This paper presents an analysis of a unique radar and radiometer dataset from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) ER-2 high-altitude aircraft overflying Florida thunderstorms on 5 October 1993 during the Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX). The observations represent the first ER-2 Doppler radar (EDOP) measurements and perhaps the most comprehensive multispectral precipitation measurements collected from a single aircraft. The objectives of this paper are to 1) examine the relation of the vertical radar reflectivity structure to the radiometric responses over a wide range of remote sensing frequencies, 2) examine the limitations of rain estimation schemes over land and ocean backgrounds based on the observed vertical reflectivity structures and brightness temperatures, and 3) assess the usefulness of scattering-based microwave frequencies (86 GHz and above) to provide information on vertical structure in the ice region. Analysis focused on two types of convection: a small group of thunderstorms over the Florida Straits and sea-breeze-initiated convection along the Florida Atlantic coast. Various radiometric datasets are synthesized including visible, infrared (IR), and microwave (10-220 GHz). The rain cores observed over an ocean background by EDOP, compared quite well with elevated brightness temperatures from the Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer (AMPR) 10.7-GHz channel. However, at higher microwave frequencies, which are ice-scattering based, storm evolution and vertical wind shear were found to be important in interpretation of the radiometric observations. As found in previous studies, the ice-scattering region was displaced significantly downshear of the convective and surface rainfall regions due to upper-level wind advection. The ice region above the rain layer was more opaque in the IR, although the 150-and 220-GHz brightness temperatures Tb approached the IR measurements and both corresponded well with the radar-detected ice regions. It was found that ice layer reflectivities and thicknesses were approximately 15 dBZ and a few kilometers, respectively, for detectable ice scattering to be present at these higher microwave frequencies. The EDOP-derived rainfall rates and the simultaneous microwave Tb's were compared with single-frequency forward radiative transfer calculations using a family of vertical cloud and precipitation water profiles derived from a three-dimensional cloud model. Over water backgrounds, the lower-frequency emission-based theoretical curves agreed in a rough sense with the observed radar rainfall rate-Tb data points, in view of the uncertainties in the measurements and the scatter of the cloud model profiles. The characteristics of the ice regions of the thunderstorms were examined using brightness temperature differences ΔTb such as Tb (37 GHz) - Tb (220 GHz). The ΔTb's (150-220, 89-220, and 37-86 GHz) suggested a possible classification of the clouds and precipitation according to convective cores, elevated ice layers, and rain without significant ice above the melting layer. Although some qualitative classification of the ice is possible, the quantitative connection with ice path was difficult to obtain from the present observations."
"7202155374;","Climate engineering: A review of aerosol approaches to changing the global energy balance",1996,"10.1007/bf00142576","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0029659541&doi=10.1007%2fbf00142576&partnerID=40&md5=9ee6f10d3be432595c6c8112b268dc0b","As global greenhouse warming continues to intensify, it is likely that demands to employ technologies of climate engineering will become increasingly insistent. This paper addresses the possibility of 'canceling' the radiative effects of the increasing greenhouse gases through solar reflectors. Two promising approaches, according to COSEPUP (1992), are the employment of aerosols in the stratosphere, directly as reflectors, or in the troposphere, for the 'seeding' of clouds to increase cloud amounts and brightness. Besides technological and economic feasibility, such schemes could be relatively reversible, and describing their impact may be within the reach of future scientific study. The climate system is not yet sufficiently understood for such actions to be warranted. However, there is considerable potential for an increased understanding of what such actions might do through the study of the role of similar aerosols already added to the climate system. In particular, the most intense volcanoes (e.g. Pinatubo) supply the stratosphere with enough aerosol over a period of a year or two to cancel out greenhouse warming from a resulting doubling of carbon dioxide. Furthermore, the addition of sulfate aerosols to the troposphere from the burning of fossil fuel may already be canceling out globally up to half of the greenhouse-gas warming. These comparisons suggest that at least 10 times as much sulfate aerosol would be needed in the troposphere as would be needed in the stratosphere for a comparable climatic effect. A better understanding of the role of the already-present aerosols is a prerequisite for further progress in the use of aerosols for climate engineering. The links between the horizontal and vertical distribution of radiative sources and sinks and various atmospheric feedback processes, especially those related to the hydrological cycle and the consequent global and regional responses, are also needed. © 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers."
"55899085700;13906150400;57202923119;35795226500;","A hybrid support vector regression–firefly model for monthly rainfall forecasting",2019,"10.1007/s13762-018-1674-2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85046547511&doi=10.1007%2fs13762-018-1674-2&partnerID=40&md5=7c170f889630c192706dc249f99e1d9e","Long-term prediction of rainfalls is one of the most challenging tasks in stochastic hydrology owing to the highly random characteristics of rainfall events. In this paper, a novel approach is adopted to develop a hybrid regression model for 1-month-ahead rainfall forecasting at two rain gauge locations (namely: Tabriz and Urmia stations), in northwest Iran. The approach is based on the integration of support vector regression (SVR) and firefly algorithm (FFA) that results in truthful rainfall forecasts. The proposed hybrid model was trained and validated using weak stationary state of monthly rainfall data obtained from the gauges. The efficiency results of the model were also cross-validated with those of stand-alone SVR- and genetic programming-based forecasting models developed as the benchmarks in this study. For both rain gauge locations, the results showed that the hybrid model significantly outperforms the benchmarks. With respect to the average efficiency results at the gauge locations, the FFA-induced improvement in the SVR forecasts was matched by an approximately 30% decrease in root-mean-square error and around 100% increase in Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency. Such a promising accuracy in the proposed model may recommend its application at monthly rainfall forecasting in the present semiarid region. © 2018, Islamic Azad University (IAU)."
"36701462300;55180482600;57202301596;57194795157;36728564200;","Atmospheric rivers over the Northwestern Pacific: Climatology and interannual variability",2017,"10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0875.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85022342331&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-16-0875.1&partnerID=40&md5=75c6a92194e1c6283468dafe1dd68c19","Atmospheric rivers (ARs), conduits of intense water vapor transport in the midlatitudes, are critically important for water resources and heavy rainfall events over the west coast of North America, Europe, and Africa. ARs are also frequently observed over the northwestern Pacific (NWP) during boreal summer but have not been studied comprehensively. Here the climatology, seasonal variation, interannual variability, and predictability of NWP ARs (NWPARs) are examined by using a large ensemble, high-resolution atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) simulation and a global atmospheric reanalysis. The AGCM captures general characteristics of climatology and variability compared to the reanalysis, suggesting a strong sea surface temperature (SST) effect on NWPARs. The summertime NWPAR occurrences are tightly related to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the preceding winter through Indo-western Pacific Ocean capacitor (IPOC) effects. An enhanced East Asian summer monsoon and a low-level anticyclonic anomaly over the tropical western North Pacific in the post-El Niño summer reinforce low-level water vapor transport from the tropics with increased occurrence of NWPARs. The strong coupling with ENSO and IPOC indicates a high predictability of anomalous summertime NWPAR activity. © 2017 American Meteorological Society."
"55446881000;8632797000;6602544698;26026749200;55325339200;7202487479;41763136800;35320743900;55490109900;56538777800;","Comparison of snowfall estimates from the NASA CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar and NOAA/NSSL Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor System",2016,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.07.047","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84992445173&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2016.07.047&partnerID=40&md5=b3944847e2cc2bf9af763fd6e9c432de","The latest global snowfall product derived from the CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar (2C-SNOW-PROFILE) is compared with NOAA/National Severe Storms Laboratory's Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS/Q3) system precipitation products from 2009 through 2010. The results show that: (1) Compared to Q3, CloudSat tends to observe more extremely light snowfall events (<0.2 mm/h) and snowfall rate (SR) between 0.6 to 1 mm/h, and detects less snowfall events with SR between 0.2–0.5 mm/h. (2) CloudSat identifies 69.40% of snowfall events detected by Q3 as certain snow and 10% as certain mixed. When possible snow, possible mixed, and certain mixed precipitation categories are assumed to be snowfall events, CloudSat has a high snowfall POD (86.10%). (3) CloudSat shows less certain snow precipitation than Q3 by 26.13% with a low correlation coefficient (0.41) with Q3 and a high RMSE (0.6 mm/h). (4) With Q3 as reference, CloudSat underestimates (overestimates) certain snowfall when the bin height of detected snowfall events are below (above) 3 km, and generally overestimates light snowfall (<1 mm/h) by 7.53%, and underestimates moderate snowfall (1–2.5 mm/h) by 42.33% and heavy snowfall (⩾2.5 mm/h) by 68.73%. (5) The bin heights of most (99.41%) CloudSat surface snowfall events are >1 km high above the surface, whereas 76.41% of corresponding Q3 observations are low below 1 km to the near ground surface. This analysis will provide helpful reference for CloudSat snowfall estimation algorithm developers and the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) snowfall product developers to understand and quantify the strengths and weaknesses of remote sensing techniques and precipitation estimation products. © 2016 Elsevier B.V."
"56097584100;55648616300;7403592407;","Variability in climate and productivity during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum in the western Tethys (Forada section)",2016,"10.5194/cp-12-213-2016","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84958055299&doi=10.5194%2fcp-12-213-2016&partnerID=40&md5=43110d4fea8c597d53880e962f16e86d","The Forada section (northeastern Italy) provides a continuous, expanded deep-sea record of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) in the central-western Tethys. We combine a new, high-resolution, benthic foraminiferal assemblage record with published calcareous plankton, mineralogical and biomarker data to document climatic and environmental changes across the PETM, highlighting the benthic foraminiferal extinction event (BEE). The onset of the PETM, occurring ∼ 30 kyr after a precursor event, is marked by a thin, black, barren clay layer, possibly representing a brief pulse of anoxia and carbonate dissolution. The BEE occurred within the 10 cm interval including this layer. During the first 3.5 kyr of the PETM, several agglutinated recolonizing taxa show rapid species turnover, indicating a highly unstable, CaCO3-corrosive environment. Calcareous taxa reappeared after this interval, and the next ∼9 kyr were characterized by rapid alternation of peaks in abundance of various calcareous and agglutinated recolonizers. These observations suggest that synergistic stressors, including deepwater CaCO3 corrosiveness, low oxygenation, and high environmental instability caused the extinction. Combined faunal and biomarker data (BIT index, higher plant n-alkane average chain length) and the high abundance of the mineral chlorite suggest that erosion and weathering increased strongly at the onset of the PETM, due to an overall wet climate with invigorated hydrological cycle, which led to storm flood events carrying massive sediment discharge into the Belluno Basin. This interval was followed by the core of the PETM, characterized by four precessionally paced cycles in CaCO3 %, hematite %, ∼13C, abundant occurrence of opportunistic benthic foraminiferal taxa, and calcareous nannofossil and planktonic foraminiferal taxa typical of high-productivity environments, radiolarians, and lower Dn-alkanes. We interpret these cycles as reflecting alternation between an overall arid climate, characterized by strong winds and intense upwelling, and an overall humid climate, with abundant rains and high sediment delivery (including refractory organic carbon) from land. Precessionally paced marl-limestone couplets occur throughout the recovery interval of the carbon isotope excursion (CIE) and up to 10 m above it, suggesting that these wet-dry cycles persisted, though at declining intensity, after the peak PETM. Enhanced climate extremes at mid-latitudes might have been a direct response to the massive CO2 input in the ocean atmosphere system at the Paleocene-Eocene transition, and may have had a primary role in restoring the Earth system to steady state. © 2016 Author(s)."
"7406913149;25823309000;7403354324;7003437716;56067659400;56237237700;55506050200;28267818000;26642840500;56640590000;56723160100;7410069943;","Black carbon aerosol in winter northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China: The source, mixing state and optical property",2015,"10.5194/acp-15-13059-2015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84948458258&doi=10.5194%2facp-15-13059-2015&partnerID=40&md5=ab37b3f0e7d1185dfb303bf27ff349a0","Black carbon (BC) aerosol at high altitudes of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau has potential effects on the regional climate and hydrological cycle. An intensive measurement campaign was conducted at Qinghai Lake (∼ 3200 m above sea level) at the edge of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during winter using a ground-based single particle soot photometer (SP2) and a photoacoustic extinctiometer (PAX). The average concentration of refractory BC (rBC) and number fraction of coated rBC were found to be 160 ± 190 ng m-3 and 59 % for the entire campaign, respectively. Significant enhancements of rBC loadings and number fraction of coated rBC were observed during a pollution episode, with an average value of 390 ng m-3 and 65 %, respectively. The mass size distribution of rBC particles showed log-normal distribution, with a peak diameter of ∼ 187 nm regardless of the pollution level. Five-day backward trajectory analysis suggests that the air masses from north India contributed to the increased rBC loadings during the campaign. The potential source contribution function (PSCF) model combined with the fire counts map further proves that biomass burning from north India is an important potential source influencing the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during the pollution episode. The rBC mass absorption cross section (MACrBC) at λ = 532 nm was slightly larger in clean days (14.9 m2 g-1) than during the pollution episode (9.3 m2 g-1), likely due to the effects of brown carbon and the uncertainty of the MACrBC calculation. The MACrBC was positively correlated with number fraction of coated rBC during the pollution episode with an increasing rate of 0.18 (m2 g-1) %-1. The number fraction of coated rBC particles showed positive correlation with light absorption, suggesting that the increase of coated rBC particles will enhance the light absorption. Compared to rBC mass concentration, rBC mixing sate is more important in determining absorption during the pollution episode, estimated from the same percentage-wise increment of either rBC mass concentration or the number fraction of coated rBC. The estimated BC direct radiative forcing was +0.93 W m-2 for the pollution episode, which is 2 times larger than that in clean days. Our study provides insight into the potential climatic impacts of rBC aerosol transported to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau from south Asian regions, and is also useful for future modeling studies. © Author(s) 2015."
"56235065900;7801666138;","Investigating relationships between rainfall and karst-spring discharge by higher-order partial correlation functions",2015,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.09.045","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84943406912&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2015.09.045&partnerID=40&md5=e5a2ad85532962fa69eed0438cb1dfa9","Time series of rainfall and karst-spring discharge are influenced by various space-time-variant processes involved in the transfer of water in hydrological cycle. The effects of these processes can be exhibited in auto-correlation and cross-correlation functions. Consequently, ambiguities with respect to the effects encoded in the correlation functions exist. To solve this problem, a new statistical method for investigating relationships between rainfall and karst-spring discharge is proposed. The method is based on the determination and analysis of higher-order partial correlation functions and their spectral representations. The study area is the catchment of the Jadro Spring in Croatia. The analyzed daily time series are the air temperature, relative humidity, spring discharge, and rainfall at seven rain-gauges over a period of 19 years, from 1995 to 2013. The application results show that the effects of spatial and temporal variations of hydrological time series and the space-time-variant behaviours of the karst system can be separated from the correlation functions. Specifically, the effect of evapotranspiration can be separated to obtain the forms of correlation functions that represent the hydrogeological characteristics of the karst system. Using the proposed method, it is also possible to separate the effects of the process of groundwater recharge that occurs in neighbouring parts of a catchment to identify the specific contribution of each part of the catchment to the karst-spring discharge. The main quantitative results obtained for the Jadro Spring show that the quick-flow duration is 14 days, the intermediate-flow duration is 80 days, and the pure base flow starts after 80 days. The base flow consists of an inter-catchment groundwater flow. The system memory of the spring is 80 days. The presented results indicate the far-reaching applicability of the proposed method in the analyses of relationships between rainfall and karst-spring discharge e.g., the method can be used for (1) the identification of effects of various time series on the quick-flow, intermediate-flow and base-flow components of the discharge, (2) the detection of the seasonal effect of inter-catchment groundwater flows in the discharge, and (3) the estimation of the karst system memory. Generally, the presented approach can be applied to the qualitative analyses of the relationships between two time series whenever appropriate control time series are available. © 2015 Elsevier B.V."
"6602182570;57190731341;14060285500;7202262388;","Local spring warming drives earlier river-ice breakup in a large Arctic delta",2014,"10.1002/2013GL058761","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84895775259&doi=10.1002%2f2013GL058761&partnerID=40&md5=b4b8f0cb2191409c5174b49c8eefd71b","Pan-Arctic rivers strongly affect the Arctic Ocean and their vast lake-rich deltas. Their discharges may be increasing because of an intensifying hydrological cycle driven by warming climate. We show that a previously unexplained trend toward earlier ice breakup in the Mackenzie River Delta is little affected by winter warming during the period of river-ice growth and is unaffected by river discharge, but unexpectedly is strongly related to local spring warming during the period of river-ice melt. These results are statistically linked to declining winter snowfall that was not expected because of an intensifying Arctic hydrological cycle. Earlier ice breakup is expected to cause declining water level peaks that will reduce off-channel flows through the lake-rich delta before river waters enter the ocean. Thus, local spring warming with unexpected snowfall declines, rather than warmer winters, can drive earlier ice breakup in large Arctic rivers and biogeochemical changes in their river-ocean interface. Key Points Earlier ice breakup in a large Arctic river is driven by spring warming trend Earlier breakup is not affected by winter warming or changes in river discharge Spring warming effect on river breakup is amplified by declining winter snowfall ©2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"6602817412;7003969140;","Rainfall measurement from the opportunistic use of an Earth-space link in the Ku band",2013,"10.5194/amt-6-2181-2013","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84883562035&doi=10.5194%2famt-6-2181-2013&partnerID=40&md5=7790b6af3eb067155434f5ba8facd2d0","The present study deals with the development of a low-cost microwave device devoted to the measurement of average rain rates observed along Earth-satellite links, the latter being characterized by a tropospheric path length of a few kilometres. The ground-based power measurements, which are made using the Ku-band television transmissions from several different geostationary satellites, are based on the principle that the atmospheric attenuation produced by rain encountered along each transmission path can be used to determine the path-averaged rain rate. This kind of device could be very useful in hilly areas where radar data are not available or in urban areas where such devices could be directly placed in homes by using residential TV antenna. <br><br> The major difficulty encountered with this technique is that of retrieving rainfall characteristics in the presence of many other causes of received signal fluctuation, produced by atmospheric scintillation, variations in atmospheric composition (water vapour concentration, cloud water content) or satellite transmission parameters (variations in emitted power, satellite pointing). In order to conduct a feasibility study with such a device, a measurement campaign was carried out over a period of five months close to Paris. <br><br> The present paper proposes an algorithm based on an artificial neural network, used to identify dry and rainy periods and to model received signal variability resulting from effects not related to rain. When the altitude of the rain layer is taken into account, the rain attenuation can be inverted to obtain the path-averaged rain rate. The rainfall rates obtained from this process are compared with co-located rain gauges and radar measurements taken throughout the full duration of the campaign, and the most significant rainfall events are analysed. © Author(s) 2013."
"8211360900;57056609200;8541838700;55633553000;","Entropy-based assessment and zoning of rainfall distribution",2013,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.03.020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84876860744&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2013.03.020&partnerID=40&md5=3cb9a1cc835dabb11076575710fcc6a0","Rainfall distribution has become highly erratic due to climate change and intensive human activities. Hence, the estimation of rainfall distribution has an extraordinary significance in understanding the hydrological cycle and is crucial for water resources management. This paper presents a study on the large-scale spatial rainfall distribution in the Pearl River Basin of China using the information entropy theory and the fuzzy cluster analysis. The Directional Information Transfer Index (DITI) was used to describe the similarity between rainfall gaging stations, and the fuzzy cluster analysis was utilized to classify rainfall gaging stations into distribution zones with the proximity relation defined by the DITI. This research shows that the DITI integrates the rainfall feature at respective stations and the mutual influences among them. Further, the DITI-based fuzzy cluster analysis has a great advantage over the conventional pattern recognition method. Considering the unique temporal and spatial distribution characteristics, the DITI-based model combined with the fuzzy cluster analysis method provided more accurate classification of the rainfall distribution zones. Based on the monthly average rainfall data from 1959 to 2009 at 62 stations, the rainfall distribution in the Pearl River Basin is classified into 10 zones with their unique temporal and spatial distribution characteristics. The correct classification of rainfall distribution zones is crucial for the management and allocation of water resources in the Pearl River Delta to meet the increasing demand of domestic and industrial usage not only within the basin but also as a complementary source for Hong Kong. © 2013 Elsevier B.V."
"57218348877;36660575800;","Direct effects and feedback of desert dust on the climate of the Arabian Peninsula during the wet season: A regional climate model study",2012,"10.1007/s00382-012-1293-4","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84868149489&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-012-1293-4&partnerID=40&md5=2c8615874faed11ccbc8c00717197474","We investigate the dust radiative forcing and its feedback on the Arabian Peninsula's wet season climate using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics-Regional Climate Model (ICTP-RegCM4). We have found that the dust plumes exert a negative (positive) radiative forcing at the surface (top of the atmosphere) by reducing incoming solar radiation reaching the ground and locally heating up the atmosphere column. Consequently, the surface air temperature is cooler, hence indicating a decrease in the warm bias and an increase in the temperature gradient. This reduces the geopotential heights and enhances the low-level wind convergence, suggesting stronger upward motion. These changes increase evaporation, the difference between precipitation and evaporation in the atmosphere and rainfall over the Peninsula, indicating an intensification of the hydrologic cycle. The decrease in the precipitation dry bias and the large reduction in the temperature warm bias caused by the impact of dust over the entire Peninsula represent a significant success for the RegCM4 simulation. Therefore, the inclusion of dust in the simulation of the Arabian Peninsula's climate for the wet season contributes to an improved performance of this regional climate model over the region. © 2012 The Author(s)."
"16239182900;57206397643;6701760504;","Gaseous and fluvial carbon export from an Amazon forest watershed",2011,"10.1007/s10533-011-9581-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80052285785&doi=10.1007%2fs10533-011-9581-3&partnerID=40&md5=893b6a4510fc3fe3fb307f48b19da9bd","The transfer of carbon (C) from Amazon forests to aquatic ecosystems as CO2 supersaturated in groundwater that outgases to the atmosphere after it reaches small streams has been postulated to be an important component of terrestrial ecosystem C budgets. We measured C losses as soil respiration and methane (CH4) flux, direct CO2 and CH4 fluxes from the stream surface and fluvial export of dissolved inorganic C (DIC), dissolved organic C (DOC), and particulate C over an annual hydrologic cycle from a 1,319-ha forested Amazon perennial first-order headwater watershed at Tanguro Ranch in the southern Amazon state of Mato Grosso. Stream pCO2 concentrations ranged from 6,491 to 14,976 μatm and directly-measured stream CO2 outgassing flux was 5,994 ± 677 g C m-2 y-1 of stream surface. Stream pCH4 concentrations ranged from 291 to 438 μatm and measured stream CH4 outgassing flux was 987 ± 221 g C m-2 y-1. Despite high flux rates from the stream surface, the small area of stream itself (970 m2, or 0. 007% of watershed area) led to small directly-measured annual fluxes of CO2 (0. 44 ± 0. 05 g C m2 y-1) and CH4 (0. 07 ± 0. 02 g C m2 y-1) per unit watershed land area. Measured fluvial export of DIC (0. 78 ± 0. 04 g C m-2 y-1), DOC (0. 16 ± 0. 03 g C m-2 y-1) and coarse plus fine particulate C (0. 001 ± 0. 001 g C m-2 y-1) per unit watershed land area were also small. However, stream discharge accounted for only 12% of the modeled annual watershed water output because deep groundwater flows dominated total runoff from the watershed. When C in this bypassing groundwater was included, total watershed export was 10.83 g C m-2 y-1 as CO2 outgassing, 11.29 g C m-2 y-1 as fluvial DIC and 0.64 g C m-2 y-1 as fluvial DOC. Outgassing fluxes were somewhat lower than the 40-50 g C m-2 y-1 reported from other Amazon watersheds and may result in part from lower annual rainfall at Tanguro. Total stream-associated gaseous C losses were two orders of magnitude less than soil respiration (696 ± 147 g C m-2 y-1), but total losses of C transported by water comprised up to about 20% of the ± 150 g C m-2 (±1. 5 Mg C ha-1) that is exchanged annually across Amazon tropical forest canopies. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V."
"7003510377;35731418800;35453054300;","Dam safety effects due to human alteration of extreme precipitation",2010,"10.1029/2009WR007704","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77949649699&doi=10.1029%2f2009WR007704&partnerID=40&md5=62b793e5306c698dd6d382fe76023975","Very little is known about the vulnerability of dams and reservoirs to man-made alteration of extreme precipitation and floods as we step into the 21st century. This is because conventional dam and reservoir design over the last century has been ""one-way"" with no acknowledgment of the possible feedback mechanisms affecting the regional water cycle. Although the notion that an impoundment could be built to increase rainfall was suggested more than 60 years ago, dam design protocol in civil engineering continues to assume as ""static"" the statistical parameters of a low exceedance probability precipitation event during the lifespan of the dam. It is time for us to change our perceptions and embrace a hydrometeorological approach to dam design and operations. Copyright 2010 by the American Geophysical Union."
"35737202600;57205497429;7102890144;6701835010;7801522301;7202208382;","Role of deep soil moisture in modulating climate in the Amazon rainforest",2010,"10.1029/2009GL042302","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77949288159&doi=10.1029%2f2009GL042302&partnerID=40&md5=c573f8061ac712f33c65aa842025147d","Both local and large-scale processes affect the Amazon hydrologic cycle. We investigate the impact of deep soils on the atmosphere through local feedbacks. The Simple Biosphere model, version 3 (SiB3), is coupled to a single column model. Historically, land surface schemes parameterize soil moisture stress based on shallow soils and incorrectly capture seasonal cycles in the Amazon. Following observations, SiB3 is updated to allow deep roots to access soil moisture at depth. The new (""Unstressed"") version of SiB3 has a stronger hydrologic cycle, with increased evapotranspiration and moisture export during the dry season. The boundary layer responds through changes in its depth, relative humidity, and turbulent kinetic energy, and these changes feed back to influence wet season onset and intensity. Differences in atmospheric latent heating could affect circulation in a global model. The results have important consequences for modeling the Amazon hydrologic cycle and climate in global climate models. Copyright © 2010 by the American Geophysical Union."
"32868173600;6701814962;23004936100;","Clogging of an effluent dominated semiarid river: A conceptual model of stream-aquifer interactions",2009,"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00346.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-68849109721&doi=10.1111%2fj.1752-1688.2009.00346.x&partnerID=40&md5=deef0609edb70d844f35cd5f656a8242","Water managers in arid and semiarid regions increasingly view treated wastewater (effluent) as an important water resource. Artificial recharge basins allow effluent to seep into the ground relieving stressed aquifers, however these basins frequently clog due to physical, chemical, and biological processes. Likewise effluent is increasingly used to maintain perennial base flow for dry streambeds, however, little is known about the impact of effluent on streambed hydraulic conductivity and stream-aquifer interactions. We address this issue by investigating: if a clogging layer forms, how the formation of a clogging layer alters stream-aquifer connections, and what hydrologic factors control the formation and removal of clogging layers. We focused on the Upper Santa Cruz River, Arizona where effluent from the Nogales International Waste Water Treatment Plant sustains perennial flow. Monthly sampling, along a 30 km river reach, was done with two foci: physical streambed transformations and water source identification using chemical composition. Historical dataset were included to provide a larger context for the work. Results show that localized clogging occurs in the Upper Santa Cruz River. The clogging layers perch the stream and shallow streambed causing desaturation below the streambed. With these results, a conceptual model of clogging is established in the context of a semiarid hydrologic cycle: formation during the hot premonsoon months when flow is nearly constant and removal by large flood flows (&gt;10 m 3-s) during the monsoon season. However, if the intensity of flooding during the semiarid hydrologic cycle is lessened, the dependent riparian area can experience a die off. This conceptual model leads us to the conclusion that effluent dominated riparian systems are inherently unstable due to the clogging process. Further understanding of this process could lead to improved ecosystem restoration and management. © 2009 American Water Resources Association."
"55839333400;6603580234;8545098100;","Enhancing urban infrastructure investment planning practices for a changing climate",2006,"10.2166/wst.2006.292","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33745660555&doi=10.2166%2fwst.2006.292&partnerID=40&md5=5e45b99cebaf993cf093906543a16128","Climate change raises many concerns for urban water management because of the effects on all aspects of the hydrological cycle. Urban water infrastructure has traditionally been designed using historical observations and assuming stationary climatic conditions. The capability of this infrastructure, whether for storm-water drainage, or water supply, may be over- or under-designed for future climatic conditions. In particular, changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall events will have the most acute effect on storm-water drainage systems. Therefore, it is necessary to take future climatic conditions into consideration in engineering designs in order to enhance water infrastructure investment planning practices in a long time horizon. This paper provides the initial results of a study that is examining ways to enhance urban infrastructure investment planning practices against changes in hydrologic regimes for a changing climate. Design storms and intensity -duration -frequency curves that are used in the engineering design of storm-water drainage systems are developed under future climatic conditions by empirically adjusting the general circulation model output, and using the Gumbel distribution and the Chicago method. Simulations are then performed on an existing storm-water drainage system from NE Calgary to investigate the resiliency of the system under climate change. © IWA Publishing 2006."
"7005523706;6701669739;7006484268;","X-band polarimetric radar rainfall measurements in Keys Area Microphysics Project",2006,"10.1175/JAS3592.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33244484187&doi=10.1175%2fJAS3592.1&partnerID=40&md5=dd8e759de39f7a7ab19f18da599ccc48","The Keys Area Microphysics Project (KAMP), conducted as part of NASA's Fourth Convective and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX4) in the lower Keys area, deployed a number of ground radars and four arrays of rain gauge and disdrometer clusters. Among the various instruments is an X-band dual-polarization Doppler radar on wheels (XPOL), contributed by the University of Connecticut. XPOL was used to retrieve rainfall rate and raindrop size distribution (DSD) parameters to be used in support of KAMP science objectives. This paper presents the XPOL measurements in KAMP and the algorithm developed for attenuation correction and estimation of DSD model parameters. XPOL observations include the horizontal polarization reflectivity ZH, differential reftectivity ZDR, and differential phase shift Φ DP. Here, ZH and ZDR were determined to be positively biased by 3 and 0.3 dB, respectively. A technique was also applied to filter noise and correct for potential phase folding in ΦDP profiles. The XPOL attenuation correction uses parameterizations that relate the path-integrated specific (differential) attenuation along a radar ray to the filtered-ΦDP (specific attenuation) profile. Attenuation-corrected ZH and specific differential phase shift (derived from filtered ΦDP profile. data are then used to derive two parameters of the normalized gamma DSD model, that is, intercept (Nw) and mean drop diameter (D0). The third parameter (shape parameter μ) is calculated using a constrained μ-Λ relationship derived from the measured raindrop spectra. The XPOL attenuation correction is evaluated using coincidental nonattenuated reflectivity fields from the Key West Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D), while the DSD parameter retrievals are statistically assessed using DSD parameters calculated from the measured raindrop spectra. Statistics show that XPOL DSD parameter estimation is consistent with independent observations. XPOL estimates of water content and Nw are also shown to be consistent with corresponding retrievals from matched ER-2 Doppler radar (EDOP) profiling observations from the 19 September airborne campaign. Results shown in this paper strengthen the applicability of X-band dual-polarization high resolution observations in cloud modeling and precipitation remote sensing studies. © 2006 American Meteorological Society."
"12042092500;7006592026;","Climate change in tropical regions from high-resolution time-slice AGCM experiments",2005,"10.1256/qj.04.166","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-31544450862&doi=10.1256%2fqj.04.166&partnerID=40&md5=1afd4c73fea5b6f78fd66604abe40992","In this study we discuss present-day climate conditions (1961-90) and climate change projections (2071-2100) for four tropical regions as produced with a high-resolution time-slice AGCM experiment. We use the National Aeronautics and Space Agency/National Center for Atmospheric Research finite-volume element global model FVGCM with a horizontal grid interval of 1° latitude and 1.25° longitude. The regions considered are South Asia, tropical South America, Sahel/equatorial Africa, and southern equatorial Africa, and the projections refer to the IPCC A2 emission scenario forcing. We focus on the rainy seasons of the four regions. In all regions the FVGCM reproduces the rainy season climatologies reasonably well, in both their mean and their interannual variability characteristics. The greatest discrepancies with observations occur over South Asia, where the monsoon precipitation does not penetrate far enough inland. The climate change scenarios can be summarized as follows: (i) an intensification of monsoon precipitation over South Asia; (ii) a decrease in precipitation over the Amazon basin; (iii) a northward shift of the monsoon precipitation band over the Sahel and equatorial Africa; and (iv) a drying over southern equatorial Africa. In most cases these changes are statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. Statistically significant warming is found over all regions, varying from 2 to 5 K across regions. A robust result of our analysis is a consistent increase in interannual variability for the scenario simulations over all the regions examined and for both precipitation and temperature. Because of the experiment design this increase is not due to an increase in variability of sea surface temperature, but is rather associated either with land-atmosphere feedbacks or with a general intensification of the global hydrological cycle under warmer conditions. We also compare our change projections with previous results from coupled global models. © Royal Meteorological Society, 2005."
"6701389719;6506653667;","Monitoring rainfall trends to predict adverse impacts - A case study from Sri Lanka (1964-1993)",2004,"10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2003.11.009","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1942537116&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloenvcha.2003.11.009&partnerID=40&md5=be6a7acced497451e6cdf753c7a9b24b","This paper describes an analysis of long-term rainfall trends in central mountainous region of Sri Lanka. A 30-year 60 rain gauge data set is analyzed to identify the trends in annual and seasonal rainfall. Inter-annual as well as intra-annual rainfall trends are investigated to understand the adverse impacts on water resources, floods and land degradation. It is found that there is a decrease in the annual rainfall in the region, while different seasons show mixed results. The March-April 1st inter-monsoon period shows the highest decrease in rainfall where almost all the rain gauges have recorded decreasing rainfall. In addition to the decreasing rainfall trend, the numbers of rainy days have reduced giving rise to an increasing rain intensity trend. In order to understand better the changes to rain intensity-frequency relation, a universal multifractal analysis was carried out where multifractal models calibrated to first and last decades of the rain series are used to estimate the intensity-frequency relations in the rainfall series. The results show that there is a decrease of inter-monsoon rainfall, while the intensities and return period of extreme events appear to become shorter. These changes could be associated with regional climate changes, and are consistent with projections related to Asia Brown Cloud phenomena. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved."
"6508384349;7005523706;6505906590;","High-frequency estimation of rainfall from thunderstorms via satellite infrared and a long-range lightning network in Europe",2004,"10.1256/qj.03.96","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-2942574232&doi=10.1256%2fqj.03.96&partnerID=40&md5=a941c6984ac127c4a212051efdec320a","A rain retrieval technique called Omvrios, that combines geostationary satellite infrared (IR) observations and cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning information retrieved from a long-range lightning detection network (Zeus) in Europe, is presented. Cloud systems are defined in the IR temperature array by the 255 K isotherm. Bulk parametrizations that relate cloud top IR temperature, morphological characteristics and CG lightning information (location and flash rate) are used to discriminate rainy from non-rainy cloud systems, and to evaluate the convective and stratiform rain areas and associated area-averaged rain rates of the rainy systems. The technique's parameters were calibrated using collocated and instantaneous rain fields derived from Special Sensor Microwave/Imager passive microwave data. Retrieved rain estimates are aggregated to 0.1° grid resolution and 6 h temporal accumulation. The technique is validated during the warm season from May to August 2002, based on independent 6 h rain accumulation measurements from a network of 700 rain-gauges located across Europe. Statistical analysis shows high correlation with gauge rainfall data (0.88) and low overall systematic difference (∼5%). Besides direct validation against rain-gauge data. Omvrios has been compared to existing passive microwave-calibrated IR rain-retrieval techniques. It is shown that lightning information can lead to a significant (25-40%) reduction in the random error of IR retrievals and to an increase of nearly 0.3 in correlation with gauges. In terms of systematic differences (retrieval bias) Omvrios is shown to be consistent, as conditional and unconditional biases are nearly equal (within 5%), while for the other IR rain retrievals the variation between conditional and unconditional biases was significant (34-75%). © Royal Meteorological Society, 2004."
"57195532208;7202933194;57200855598;","Green roof for stormwater management in a highly urbanized area: The case of Seoul, Korea",2018,"10.3390/su10030584","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042528006&doi=10.3390%2fsu10030584&partnerID=40&md5=d06836beedbbde5c8e71cdbfbf0cc350","Urbanization changes natural pervious surfaces to hard, impervious surfaces such as roads, buildings and roofs. These modifications significantly affect the natural hydrologic cycle by increasing stormwater runoff rates and volume. Under these circumstances, green roofs offer multiple benefits including on-site stormwater management that mimics the natural hydrologic conditions in an urban area. It can retain a large amount of rainwater for a longer time and delay the peak discharge. However, there is very limited research that has been carried out on the retrofitted green roof for stormwater management for South Korean conditions. This study has investigated the performance of retrofitted green roofs for stormwater management in a highly urbanized area of Seoul, the capital city of Korea. In this study, various storm events were monitored and the research results were analyzed to check the performance of the green roof with controlling the runoff in urban areas. Results also allowed us to conclude that the retention mainly depends on the intensity and duration of the rain events. From the analysis, average runoff retention on the green roof was 10% to 60% in different rain events. The application of an extensive green roof provides promising results for stormwater management in the highly urbanized area of Seoul. © 2018 by the author."
"55213086900;36917387900;7403439502;55667997600;57219210456;","CMIP5 projections of two types of El Niño and their related tropical precipitation in the Twenty-First Century",2017,"10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0413.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85010877231&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-16-0413.1&partnerID=40&md5=291cdba7b188535261be4f8ab10a862a","Future projections of the eastern-Pacific (EP) and central-Pacific (CP) types of El Niño in the twenty-first century, as well as their associated tropical circulation and precipitation variability, are investigated using historical runs and representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) simulations from 31 coupled models in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). As inferred from CMIP5 models that best capture both El Niño flavors, EP El Niño sea surface temperature (SST) variability will become weaker in the future climate, while no robust change of CP El Niño SST is found. Models also reach no consensus on the future change of relative frequency from CP to EP El Niño. However, there are robust changes in the tropical overturning circulation and precipitation associated with both types of El Niño. Under a warmer climate, magnitudes of precipitation anomalies during EP El Niño are projected to increase, presenting significant enhancement of the dry (wet) signal over the western (central-eastern) Pacific. This is consistent with an accelerated hydrological cycle in the deep tropics; hence, a ""wet get wetter"" picture appears under global warming, accompanied by a weakened anomalous Walker circulation. For CP El Niño, drier-than-normal conditions will be intensified over the tropical central-eastern Pacific in the future climate, with stronger anomalous sinking related to the strengthened North Pacific local Hadley cell. These results suggest that, besides the enhanced basic-state hydrological cycle over the tropics, other elements, such as the anomalous overturning circulation, might also play a role in determining the ENSO precipitation response to a warmer background climate."
"7004330067;15833909700;6602288916;6602715030;6507605950;57004816800;","A high-quality reprocessed ground-based GPS dataset for atmospheric process studies, radiosonde and model evaluation, and reanalysis of HyMeX Special Observing Period",2016,"10.1002/qj.2701","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84959018206&doi=10.1002%2fqj.2701&partnerID=40&md5=51ac17dcca6d24b4a6b17b90f86ecc40","In the framework of the Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX) project, measurements from more than 1000 ground-based Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers located in the northwestern Mediterranean area are reprocessed using a single piece of GPS software for the period from 1 September 2012 to 31 March 2013. A special screening procedure is developed for the removal of outliers in the GPS Zenith Total Delay (ZTD) data. ZTD data are converted to integrated water vapour (IWV) using surface pressure information from an AROME-WMED operational analysis. The reprocessed ZTD and IWV data are used to assess the accuracy of the near-real time E-GVAP ZTD data assimilated in operational numerical weather prediction systems and to validate the IWV data from the AROME-WMED operational analysis and AROME-WMED reanalysis 1, and from radiosonde observations. The mean differences between E-GVAP and reprocessed ZTD data are not negligible and lie in the range from −3 to +3 mm. The standard deviations of differences are between 4 and 8 mm. The comparisons of IWV from AROME-WMED analyses and the reprocessed GPS data show high quality of the analyses where operational GPS data are assimilated and lower quality where no GPS data are assimilated. Small but significant biases are found in the radiosonde data during daytime (−0.5 to +1.4 kg m−2), but their origin is not determined so far. Thanks to the high spatial density of the reprocessed GPS stations, both the large-scale and small-scale variations in IWV can be documented. The case of HyMeX Intensive Observing Period 8 is presented as an example of a heavy precipitation event. This work suggests that improved quality of the humidity fields can be expected of the future AROME-WMED reanalysis 2 as a result of the assimilation of the reprocessed GPS data. © 2015 Royal Meteorological Society"
"53063975800;7201439402;14020798200;16245459800;","Implications of North Atlantic sea surface salinity for summer precipitation over the U.S. Midwest: Mechanisms and predictive value",2016,"10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0520.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84966348746&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-15-0520.1&partnerID=40&md5=5ae49607c0c6c14d022cddf165bb2969","Moisture originating from the subtropical North Atlantic feeds precipitation throughout the Western Hemisphere. This ocean-to-land moisture transport leaves its imprint on sea surface salinity (SSS), enabling SSS over the subtropical oceans to be used as an indicator of terrestrial precipitation. This study demonstrates that springtime SSS over the northwestern portion of the subtropical North Atlantic significantly correlates with summertime precipitation over the U.S. Midwest. The linkage between springtime SSS and the Midwest summer precipitation is established through ocean-to-land moisture transport followed by a soil moisture feedback over the southern United States. In the spring, high SSS over the northwestern subtropical Atlantic coincides with a local increase in moisture flux divergence. The moisture flux is then directed toward and converges over the southern United States, which experiences increased precipitation and soil moisture. The increased soil moisture influences the regional water cycle both thermodynamically and dynamically, leading to excessive summer precipitation in the Midwest. Thermodynamically, the increased soil moisture tends to moisten the lower troposphere and enhances the meridional humidity gradient north of 36°N. Thus, more moisture will be transported and converged into the Midwest by the climatological low-level wind. Dynamically, the increases in soil moisture over the southern United States enhance the west-east soil moisture gradient eastward of the Rocky Mountains, which can help to intensify the Great Plains low-level jet in the summer, converging more moisture into the Midwest. Owing to these robust physical linkages, the springtime SSS outweighs the leading SST modes in predicting the Midwest summer precipitation and significantly improves rainfall prediction in this region. © 2016 American Meteorological Society."
"55936559400;9246517900;6701606453;7202962414;56038150300;","Intercomparison of snowfall estimates derived from the CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar and the ground-based weather radar network over Sweden",2015,"10.5194/amt-8-5009-2015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84948799253&doi=10.5194%2famt-8-5009-2015&partnerID=40&md5=4ade328c0f9fb9b71bc067c3798cee76","Accurate snowfall estimates are important for both weather and climate applications. Ground-based weather radars and space-based satellite sensors are often used as viable alternatives to rain gauges to estimate precipitation in this context. In particular, the Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) on board CloudSat is proving to be a useful tool to map snowfall globally, in part due to its high sensitivity to light precipitation and its ability to provide near-global vertical structure. CloudSat snowfall estimates play a particularly important role in the high-latitude regions as other ground-based observations become sparse and passive satellite sensors suffer from inherent limitations. In this paper, snowfall estimates from two observing systems-Swerad, the Swedish national weather radar network, and CloudSat-are compared. Swerad offers a wellcalibrated data set of precipitation rates with high spatial and temporal resolution, at very high latitudes. The measurements are anchored to rain gauges and provide valuable insights into the usefulness of CloudSat CPR's snowfall estimates in the polar regions. In total, 7.2×105 matchups of CloudSat and Swerad observations from 2008 through 2010 were intercompared, covering all but the summer months (June to September). The intercomparison shows encouraging agreement between the two observing systems despite their different sensitivities and user applications. The best agreement is observed when CloudSat passes close to a Swerad station (46-82 km), where the observational conditions for both systems are comparable. Larger disagreements outside this range suggest that both platforms have difficulty with shallow snow but for different reasons. The correlation between Swerad and CloudSat degrades with increasing distance from the nearest Swerad station, as Swerad's sensitivity decreases as a function of distance. Swerad also tends to overshoot low-level precipitating systems further away from the station, leading to an underestimation of snowfall rate and occasionally to missing precipitation altogether. Several statistical metrics-including the probability of detection, false alarm rate, hit rate, and Pierce's skill score-are calculated. The sensitivity of these metrics to the snowfall rate, as well as to the distance from the nearest radar station, are summarised. This highlights the strengths and the limitations of both observing systems at the lower and upper ends of the snowfall distributions as well as the range of uncertainties that can be expected from these systems in high-latitude regions. © 2015 Author(s)."
"55263526000;22333589100;36632793700;","Morphometric analysis of the River Thamirabarani sub-basin in Kanyakumari District, South west coast of Tamil Nadu, India, using remote sensing and GIS",2015,"10.1007/s12665-014-3914-1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84939953304&doi=10.1007%2fs12665-014-3914-1&partnerID=40&md5=b7b467bcdb93b186436e2d6d6390c9d5","The quantitative analysis of the drainage morphometric system is vital to understand the hydrological and environmental interaction and its processes of an area. The present study deals with quantitative characteristics of morphometry of steep slope and short length sub-basin of R. Thamirabarani in Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu, India, using geospatial technology. In this study, the digital elevation model data product (ASTER DEM), Landsat ETM+ image and Survey of India topographical map were used to delineate slope, relief and drainage system structures such as drainage pattern, stream order, stream network and stream length of the sub-basin using ArcGIS 9.3 software. The morphometric analysis deals with hydrologic processes such as stream frequency, bifurcation ratio, circulatory ratio and length of overland flow of the sub-basin area and their influences on the local morphologic landforms. The quantitative measurement of these characteristics is used to explore the basin’s contribution to the hydrological cycle and the shape, size and formation of the local landscapes in the region. Moreover, the hypsometric analysis and denudation rate were estimated for understanding the quantitative geomorphological characteristics of the sub-basin. The relationship of the morphometric parameters reveals that the drainage network is strongly controlled by geological and geomorphological structures of the area. The geometry of streams exhibits dendritic drainage pattern associated with coarse drainage texture in primary order of streams present on hilly terrain surface and semi-dendritic pattern in higher stream order flow on less elevated surface with gentle slope. The drainage density of the study area ranges from 0.1 to 1.89 km/km2, and the maximum density value was found along the higher stream order. The mean bifurcation ratio of this area is 4.21 and the high ratio was measured between the third and fourth order of stream segments. The morphometry of this area is depicted by the length of the stream segment, drainage pattern and stream flow direction, which are influenced by relief, steep slope and local geological structure. Furthermore, the sub-basin is found to be strongly elongated in shape with a length of 42.78 km, and the circularity ratio of this area is measured as 0.33 and elongation ratio as 0.57. The textural dissection of the landforms shows low drainage density in the high elevated hilly terrain in the north and high level in the plain areas in the southern part. The values of the circulatory ratio, length of overland flow and elongation ratio are relatively close to one another and the relationship among them shows their influences on the process of surface runoff and sediment deposition along the estuary landforms in the study area. Moreover, it is observed that the hypsometric curve of this study area is characterized by convex-up shape in nature and represents the youth stage (inequilibrium) of landscapes. Consequently, the hypsometric integral value 0.49 reflects the distribution of a major volume of the landmass (435.32 km2) at relatively low elevations (&lt;180 m). The morphometric parameters-induced denudation rate of this study area is 65.14 t/km2/year and indicates the occurrence of a wide range of denudation intensities throughout the sub-basin, which is relatively proportional to the suspended sediment yield that is transported in the suspension per unit area. Based on the realistic output, it is proved that remote sensing and GIS are effective tools for morphometric studies of the drainage basin. © 2014, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg."
"55545862799;55031434900;55230966100;7006818815;6701625255;7005349538;7006353080;13609774500;55636235500;","Do the large carbon isotopic excursions in terrestrial organic matter across Paleocene-Eocene boundary in India indicate intensification of tropical precipitation?",2013,"10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.07.008","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84882772163&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2013.07.008&partnerID=40&md5=748eee0b8ca2df307046f1e3c39f5682","Five distinct transient warming (hyperthermal) events (Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum [PETM], H1/ETM2/ELMO, H2, I1, and I2), marked by negative carbon isotope excursions (CIEs) occurred between Late Paleocene and Early Eocene (~56 to 52Ma) interval. However, not many records of either the PETM or definitive Early Eocene Hyperthermals (EEHs) are yet available from terrestrial realm in the tropics except two neo-tropical sections of Colombia and Venezuela (Jaramillo et al., 2010). Therefore, response of the tropical biosphere to these warming events is not very well known. Here we report high resolution carbon isotope (δ13C) chemostratigraphy, biomarker, calcareous nannofossils, and pollen data from the Cambay shale Formation of Western India (paleolatitude~5°S), which show complete preservation of all the above CIE events including the PETM, hitherto unknown from tropical terrestrial record. Comparatively larger magnitudes of CIEs for all the hyperthermal events (the PETM and EEHs) point towards a possible intensification of precipitation during the PETM and all the early Eocene hyperthermal/CIE events. This inference is supported by data of lignin phenols and presence of tropical rain forest elements spanning the entire time period ~56-52Ma and suggest that higher organic burial and soil erosion favored deposition of thick lignitic seams as a consequence of high tropical precipitation. © 2013 Elsevier B.V."
"7003283811;35331137500;55614112000;36712188700;55613684600;","Airborne radar observations of severe hailstorms: Implications for future spaceborne radar",2013,"10.1175/JAMC-D-12-0144.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84884237223&doi=10.1175%2fJAMC-D-12-0144.1&partnerID=40&md5=5761e36d0dd5633bf539833e0883828a","A new dual-frequency (Ku and Ka band) nadir-pointing Doppler radar on the high-altitude NASA ER-2 aircraft, called the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler (HIWRAP), has collected data over severe thunderstorms in Oklahoma and Kansas during the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E). The overarching motivation for this study is to understand the behavior of the dualwavelength airborne radar measurements in a global variety of thunderstorms and how these may relate to future spaceborne-radar measurements. HIWRAP is operated at frequencies that are similar to those of the precipitation radar on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (Ku band) and the upcoming Global Precipitation Measurement mission satellite's dual-frequency (Ku and Ka bands) precipitation radar. The aircraft measurements of strong hailstorms have been combined with ground-based polarimetric measurements to obtain a better understanding of the response of the Ku- and Ka-band radar to the vertical distribution of the hydrometeors, including hail. Data from two flight lines on 24 May 2011 are presented. Doppler velocities were ~39ms-1 at 10.7-km altitude from the first flight line early on 24 May, and the lower value of~25ms-1 on a second flight line later in the day. Vertical motions estimated using a fall speed estimate for large graupel and hail suggested that the first storm had an updraft that possibly exceeded 60ms-1 for the more intense part of the storm. This large updraft speed along with reports of 5-cm hail at the surface, reflectivities reaching 70 dBZ at S band in the storm cores, and hail signals from polarimetric data provide a highly challenging situation for spaceborne-radar measurements in intense convective systems. The Ku- and Ka-band reflectivities rarely exceed ~47 and ~37 dBZ, respectively, in these storms. © 2013 American Meteorological Society."
"55173498100;55169224000;36702554300;57210717445;7404700567;6603755619;35592560600;","A modelling investigation into lake-breeze development and convection triggering in the Nam Co Lake basin, Tibetan Plateau",2013,"10.1007/s00704-013-0987-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85027957087&doi=10.1007%2fs00704-013-0987-9&partnerID=40&md5=43a2ea10d593e834a1ee1c0b2e3031a3","This paper uses the cloud resolving Active Tracer High-resolution Atmospheric Model coupled to the interactive surface model Hybrid in order to investigate the diurnal development of a lake-breeze system at the Nam Co Lake on the Tibetan Plateau. Simulations with several background wind speeds are conducted, and the interaction of the lake breeze with topography and background wind in triggering moist and deep convection is studied. The model is able to adequately simulate the systems most important dynamical features such as turbulent surface fluxes and the development of a lake breeze for the different wind conditions. We identify two different mechanisms for convection triggering that are dependent on the direction of the background wind: triggering over topography, when the background wind and the lake breeze have the same flow direction, and triggering due to convergence between the lake-breeze front and the background wind. Our research also suggests that precipitation measurements at the centre of the basins on the Tibetan Plateau are not representative for the basin as a whole as precipitation is expected to occur mainly in the vicinity of the topography. © Springer-Verlag Wien 2013."
"6701852277;55820783900;9243877400;","Water yield in primary watersheds under grasslands and pine plantations in the hills of Córdoba (Argentina) [Rendimiento hídrico en cuencas primarias bajo pastizales y plantaciones de pino de las sierras de Córdoba (Argentina)]",2013,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84881500938&partnerID=40&md5=a922f6d9192ac48fccc03bcc4000f17b","Vegetation changes can have a strong imprint on the hydrological cycle, affecting the magnitude and temporal distribution of stream and river flow. These effects gain special relevance in the mountain ranges of dry regions, which play a key role in water provision. This is the case of the eastern front of the Córdoba hills, where ~35.000 ha of pine plantations have replaced natural grasslands. We explored how this transformation has affected water yield in small watersheds. For this purpose we selected four pairs of neighboring watersheds occupied by natural grasslands and Pinus ellioti plantations (area: 27 to 143 ha; elevation: 1100 to 1750 m.a.s.l.). For all pairs, basal streamflow was measured through the tracer dilution method with seasonal frequency between May 2004 and January 2007, and in two of these pairs we performed a continuous monitoring using automatic level sensors during the transition between the dry and humid season of 2006-2007. On average, water yield in afforested watersheds was 48% less than in grassland watersheds (112 vs. 204 mm/year or 24 vs. 13% of precipitation inputs during the study period, P<0.05). Continuous measurements revealed higher base flows and little response to vegetation in high elevation and slope watersheds, and lower and more vegetation-sensitive base fows in low elevation and intermediate slope watersheds. The remote sensing characterization of watersheds based on a green index (NDVI) from MODIS suggested higher and more stable primary productivity and evapotranspiration under plantations compared to grasslands, with maximum contrasts taking place in winter. Currently the impact of plantations in the hills on water provision can be intense only at the level of primary watersheds, since those of larger order are only partially afforested. At the regional level is important to contemplate these effects to project how much, where and how will be planted, particularly in areas that supply water to the largest foci of hydroenergy and urban demand."
"56284707200;36708632800;6602612188;7005138016;","Late Quaternary fluvial dynamics of the Jarama River in central Spain",2013,"10.1016/j.quaint.2013.02.012","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84879556184&doi=10.1016%2fj.quaint.2013.02.012&partnerID=40&md5=3a6af80f595ce42bacc434e84b34dc98","The Jarama River and its catchment provide a valuable natural archive to study and reconstruct past environmental conditions in central Spain. This region is highly prone to changes in the hydrological cycle under predicted climate warming in particular with respect to aridity periods, rainfall variability and the occurrence of extreme flood events. This paper presents 15 exposures covering a time span of the last 44ka, which were documented in the field and of which seven exposures were soil-chemical analyzed regarding soil texture, organic matter, as well as carbonate and iron content. Ages are based on radiocarbon dating on 32 samples. Latest Holocene sediments were found within the channel-belt, where permanent remobilization of sediments takes place due to the migration of the meandering river course. In more distal floodplain positions, sediment sequences show a complex fluvial architecture referring to periods of varying character and intensity of alluviation as well as periods of geomorphic stability indicated by soil formation. Furthermore, sedimentation patterns vary along different river sections. Aggradations of coarse gravels took place between ~40 and 18ka cal BP over the entire valley floor. Alluviation of fine material was documented between 17 and 16, at ~7.5, between 5.1 and 3.3, at 2.8, between 2.1 and 1.5, at ~1.0, and around 0.4ka cal BP until recent times. Astonishingly in late Holocene times, between 4.2 and 3.1ka cal BP, aggradations of coarse gravels even in distal floodplain areas overlap with sedimentation of fine material in adjacent river sections pointing to a complex constellation of parameters involved. Periods of soil formation were detected around 43, at 31, between 16 and 12.6, after 7.5 until 5.1, between 2.8 and 2.1 and at times after 1.5ka cal BP. Phases of geomorphic stagnation were found at 38ka cal BP and for a duration of 200 years at 3.0ka cal BP and refer to absent geomorphic or pedogenic processes. All these patterns are an expression of the interaction between climatic variations, tectonic impulses and human influences. A comparison with other terrestrial archives enabled us to reconstruct late Pleistocene and Holocene palaeoenvironmental conditions on a regional scale, and furthermore to link specific stages of floodplain development to prevalent influencing variables. Thus, with emphasis on the fluvial system response, a model of a cause and effect relationship is presented, that concentrates on rapid climate changes, long-lasting climatic deteriorations and the role of human interventions. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA."
"7202840224;7003379342;","Drought-induced mortality of a Bornean tropical rain forest amplified by climate change",2012,"10.1029/2011JG001835","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84863468470&doi=10.1029%2f2011JG001835&partnerID=40&md5=c070fe64343eb763de3829d58cab2013","Drought-related tree mortality at a regional scale causes drastic shifts in carbon and water cycling in Southeast Asian tropical rain forests, where severe droughts are projected to occur more frequently, especially under El Niño conditions. We examine how the mortality of a Bornean tropical rain forest is altered by projected shifts in rainfall, using field measurements, global climate model (GCM) simulation outputs, and an index developed for drought-induced tree mortality (Tree Death Index η ) associated with a stochastic ecohydrological model. All model parameters have clear physical meanings and were obtained by field observations. Rainfall statistics as primary model forcing terms are constructed from long-term rainfall records for the late 20th century, and 14 GCM rainfall projections for the late 21st century. These statistics indicate that there were sporadic severe droughts corresponding with El Niño events, generally occurring in January-March, and that seasonality in rainfall will become more pronounced, e.g., dry (January-March) seasons becoming drier and wet (October-December) seasons becoming wetter. The computed η well reflects high tree mortality under severe drought during the 1997-1998 El Niño event. For the present, model results demonstrate high and low probabilities of mortality in January-March and October-December, respectively, and they predict that the difference in such probabilities will increase in the future. Such high probability of mortality in the dry season is still significantly high, even considering the beneficial effect of increased soil water storage in the wet season (which is projected to increase in the late 21st century). © 2012. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"14034359100;56813208900;56221159300;55660726400;","Influence of the Asian monsoon on net ecosystem carbon exchange in two major ecosystems in Korea",2010,"10.5194/bg-7-1493-2010","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77951825781&doi=10.5194%2fbg-7-1493-2010&partnerID=40&md5=6da0cbaef2991ae0035ec5b7118663d6","Considering the feedback in radiation, temperature, and soil moisture with alterations in rainfall patterns, the influence of the changing monsoon on Net Ecosystem CO2 Exchange (NEE) can be critical to the estimation of carbon balance in Asia. In this paper, we examined CO2 fluxes measured by the eddy covariance method from 2004 to 2008 in two major ecosystems in the KoFlux sites in Korea, i.e., the Gwangneung Deciduous forest (GDK) and the Haenam Farmland (HFK). Our objectives were to identify the repeatability of the mid-season depression of NEE encountered at the two sites based on the single-year observation, and to further scrutinize its cause, effect, and interannual variability by using multi-year observations. In both GDK and HFK sites, the mid-season depression of NEE was reproduced each year but with different timing, magnitude, and mechanism. At the GDK site, a predominant factor causing the mid-season depression was a decreased solar radiation and the consequent reduction in Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) during the summer monsoon period. At the HFK site, however, the monsoonal effect was less pronounced and the apparent mid-season depression was mainly a result of the management practices such as cultivation of spring barley and rice transplantation. Other flux observation sites in East Asia also showed a decline in radiation but with a lesser degree during the monsoon season, resulting in less pronounced depression in NEE. In our study, the observed depressions in NEE caused both GDK and HFK sites to become a weaker carbon sink or even a source in the middle of the growing season. On average, the GDK site (with maximum leaf area index of ∼5) was a weak carbon sink with NEE of-84 gC m-2 y-1. Despite about 20% larger GPP (of 1321 gC m-2y -1) in comparison with the GDK site, the HFK site (with maximum leaf area index of 3-4) was a weaker carbon sink with NEE of-58 gC m-2 y-1 because of greater ecosystem respiration (of 1263 gC m -2 y-1). These NEE values were near the low end of the ranges reported in the literature for similar ecosystems in mid-latitudes. With the projected trends of the extended length of monsoon with more intensive rainfalls in East Asia, the observed delicate coupling between carbon and hydrological cycles may turn these key ecosystems into carbon neutral. © 2010 Author(s)."
"10038877300;7101756619;","The biotic pump: Condensation, atmospheric dynamics and climate",2010,"10.1504/IJW.2010.038729","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79952176466&doi=10.1504%2fIJW.2010.038729&partnerID=40&md5=6e78bf2ba300b8466b6e705c7208f80b","Intense condensation associated with high evaporation from natural forest cover maintains regions of low atmospheric pressure on land. This causes moist air to flow from ocean to land, which compensates the river runoff. Deforestation induces large-scale desiccation by disrupting this flow. Here we overview this theory and quantify the horizontal pressure gradients that govern the continental moisture supply. High evaporation and extensive natural forests guarantee both a stable and high throughput hydrological cycle. Forests protect a continent against devastating floods, droughts, hurricanes, and tornadoes. Sustaining natural forests is a sound strategy for water security and climate stabilisation. © 2010 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd."
"14034359100;56328912500;56221159300;55660726400;56813208900;","Seasonality of net ecosystem carbon exchange in two major plant functional types in Korea",2009,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70849133059&partnerID=40&md5=90eb6fce18d34d37deae216ab4cc6904","The processes in terrestrial ecosystems form a dynamic boundary interface within the earth climate system. The ecosystems in Asia, which are characterized by their diverse plant functional types, are currently undergoing the most rapid land-use changes, likely changing the feedback mechanism in land-atmosphere interaction. In this paper, we report seasonal variability of carbon balance over two major plant functional types in Korea: (1) a deciduous forest in a complex terrain (GDK site) and (2) a farmland with heterogeneous mosaic patches in a relatively flat terrain (HFK site). Our analysis is based on the year 2006, which was considered near normal in the sense of climate change and was of high quality data. Annually integrated values of gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (RE), and net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) at the GDK site were 835, 746, and -87 g C m-2 whereas GPP, RE and NEE at the HFK site were 1003, 993, and -10 g C m-2, respectively. Despite its greater GPP, the HFK site was a weaker carbon sink than the GDK site because the RE was as large as the GPP. The annual patterns of each carbon budget component had a mid-season depression, showing two distinctive peaks with different timing and magnitude for the two sites. Such a different bimodal seasonality was associated with different timing and intensity of the disturbances such as summer monsoon and the subsequent passing of typhoons later in the season. As far as we know, this is the first observation of the occurrence of mid-season depression of NEE, which is likely due to the reduced GPP rather than the enhanced RE. Considering the current changes in hydrological cycles in the Asian region, further investigations along with flux measurements in the rain are needed to clarify the causal relationship of ecosystem properties (e.g., NEE) with disturbances (e.g., summer monsoon, typhoons) and management (e.g., crop rotation)."
"24823447900;6603834456;","The near-surface hydrological consequences of disturbance and recovery: A simulation study",2009,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.10.016","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-57749186663&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2008.10.016&partnerID=40&md5=e3237869ad2e7ee4bdb7d4db5a298fc1","Changes in soil hydraulic properties following ecosystem disturbances can become relevant for regional water cycles depending on the prevailing rainfall regime. In a tropical montane rainforest ecosystem in southern Ecuador, plot-scale investigations revealed that man-made disturbances were accompanied by a decrease in mean saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), whereas mean Ks of two different aged landslides was undistinguishable from the reference forest. Ks spatial structure weakened after disturbances in the topsoil. We used this spatial-temporal information combined with local rain intensities to assess the probability of impermeable soil layers under undisturbed, disturbed, and regenerating land-cover types. We furthermore compared the Ecuadorian man-made disturbance cycle with a similar land-use sequence in a tropical lowland rainforest region in Brazil. The studied montane rainforest is characterized by prevailing vertical flowpaths in the topsoil, whereas larger rainstorms in the study area potentially result in impermeable layers below 20 cm depth. In spite of the low frequency of such higher-intensity events, they transport a high portion of the annual runoff and may therefore significant for the regional water cycle. Hydrological flowpaths under two studied landslides are similar to the natural forest except for a somewhat higher probability of impermeable layer formation in the topsoil of the 2-year-old landslide. In contrast, human disturbances likely affect near-surface hydrology. Under a pasture and a young fallow, impermeable layers potentially develop already in the topsoil for larger rain events. A 10-year-old fallow indicates regeneration towards the original vertical flowpaths, though the land-use signal was still detectable. The consequences of land-cover change on near-surface hydrological behaviour are of similar magnitude in the tropical montane and the lowland rainforest region. This similarity can be explained by a more pronounced drop of soil permeability after pasture establishment in the montane rainforest region in spite of the prevailing much lower rain intensities. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"56203249800;7201837768;","Varying trends in surface energy fluxes and associated climate between 1960 and 2002 based on transient climate simulations",2005,"10.1029/2005GL024089","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-30744452706&doi=10.1029%2f2005GL024089&partnerID=40&md5=5570c5741037d67465c40628e532bb55","The observed reduction in land surface radiation over the last several decades (1960-1990), the so-called ""dimming effect,"" and the more recent evidence of a reversal in ""dimming"" over some locations beyond 1990 suggest several consequences on climate, notably on the hydrological cycle. Such a reduction in radiation should imply reduced surface temperature (Ts) and precipitation, which have not occurred. We have investigated the possible causes for the above climate features using a climate model coupled to a dynamic ocean model under natural and anthropogenic conditions. To isolate the aerosol influence on surface radiation trends, we have analyzed transient climate simulations from 1960 to 2002 with and without anthropogenic aerosols. Based on a linear trend with aerosol effects included, the global mean change in the surface solar radiation absorbed over land is -0.021 ± 0.0033 Wm-2yr-1. Although the overall trend is negative, we do note a reversal in dimming after 1990, consistent with observations. Without aerosol effects, the surface solar radiation absorbed over land increases throughout 1960 to 2002, mainly due to the decrease in cloud cover associated with increased greenhouse warming. In spite of a simulated increase in Ts of 0.012 K yr-1 for 1960 to 2002, the global mean latent heat flux and associated intensity of the hydrological cycle decrease overall, however with increases over some land locations due mainly to moisture advection. Simulated changes correspond more closely to observed changes when accounting for aerosol effects on climate. Copyright 2005 by the American Geophysical Union."
"6603706203;","Seasonal ecological changes and water level variations in the Sélingué Reservoir (Mali, West Africa)",2005,"10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.010","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-24044529784&doi=10.1016%2fj.pce.2005.06.010&partnerID=40&md5=96567ee56980267719a6ba1a7336760f","This work investigates the ecological modifications induced by the annual water level change as a consequence of hydrological regime and power production in Se7acute;lingué a monomictic reservoir in Mali (West Africa). High waters occur from November, after the flood, while low waters occur from June, at the end of the dry season. Decrease of water level is linked to environmental factors (marked hydrological pattern, both for river flow and rain) and to human management of the reservoir during the dry season (irrigation, high hydropower demand). Difference in elevation between the high water and the low water phases is 9 m. To assess the ecological impact of such water level variations, environmental and biological descriptors were studied on water sampled biweekly from November 2000 to November 2001 in stations representative of the north part of this water body. As a consequence of high water and of regional meteorology (NE trade winds), the water column in Sélingú is stratified from March to May. Stratification can act as a trap for nutrients in the hypolimnion, preventing the euphotic epilimnion to be realimented in dissolved P and N mineral components. This process lasts until the beginning of the monsoon (SW trade winds) when progressive warming and energetic inputs through storms allow vertical mixing. The sink-phase is then replaced by a spring-phase when the water column is not anymore stratified and when the water level is low enough to allow wind-induced resuspension and vertical mixing. At the end of the low water phase, phytoplankton blooms are observed, allowed by the proximity of the productive euphotic layer and the deep mineralization layer and their possible mixing. Water level is also important for fisheries, since fishes are ""diluted"" in high water (i.e., more difficult to catch with the artisanal tools operated by the local fishermen) but are ""concentrated"" in low water (i.e., more easily over fished in the minor riverbed, where most fishes are sheltered at the end of the dry season). Irrigation was until now a secondary purpose of the Sélingué project, behind power production. Sélingué is now of secondary importance for power production in Mali (behind Manantali) and the planned extension of irrigated areas in the Office du Niger is about to seriously increase the need of water from Sélingué the only impoundment upstream. During a hydrological cycle, the only conditions possibly leading to ecological unbalance are met at the end of the low water period. As long as the water level is high enough to allow vertical stratification and vertical separation of the productive euphotic layer from the sink in the bottom layer, Sélingú trophic status varies from oligotrophy to mesotrophy. The low water phase is very sensitive, and wise management rules should limit its duration. But the projects leading to a more intensive and time-shifted use of Sélingué water could have as consequences an early dewatering of the reservoir and an early shift toward eutrophic conditions. Therefore, there is a need to define and to apply multipurpose rules of water level management that could help to minimize or to prevent these ecological consequences. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved."
"55627873255;57014496500;55980179900;57204391699;55727776500;56997948800;57204391899;57204391463;","Evaluation and intercomparison of high-resolution satellite precipitation estimates-GPM, TRMM, and CMORPH in the Tianshan Mountain Area",2018,"10.3390/rs10101543","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85055457698&doi=10.3390%2frs10101543&partnerID=40&md5=aae63bd55882ca206943c47b8cea64a3","With high resolution and wide coverage, satellite precipitation products like Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) could support hydrological/ecological research in the Tianshan Mountains, where the spatial heterogeneity of precipitation is high, but where rain gauges are sparse and unevenly distributed. Based on observations from 46 stations from 2014-2015, we evaluated the accuracies of three satellite precipitation products: GPM, Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) 3B42, and the Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH), in the Tianshan Mountains. The satellite estimates significantly correlated with the observations. They showed a northwest-southeast precipitation gradient that reflected the effects of large-scale circulations and a characteristic seasonal precipitation gradient that matched the observed regional precipitation pattern. With the highest correlation (R = 0.51), the lowest error (RMSE = 0.85 mm/day), and the smallest bias (1.27%), GPM outperformed TRMM and CMORPH in estimating daily precipitation. It performed the best at both regional and sub-regional scales and in low and mid-elevations. GPM had relatively balanced performances across all seasons, while CMORPH had significant biases in summer (46.43%) and winter (-22.93%), and TRMM performed extremely poorly in spring (R = 0.31; RMSE = 1.15 mm/day; bias = -20.29%). GPM also performed the best in detecting precipitation events, especially light and moderate precipitation, possibly due to the newly added Ka-band and high-frequency microwave channels. It successfully detected 62.09% of the precipitation events that exceeded 0.5 mm/day. However, its ability to estimate severe rainfall has not been improved as expected. Like other satellite products, GPM had the highest RMSE and bias in summer, suggesting limitations in its way of representing small-scale precipitation systems and isolated deep convection. It also underestimated the precipitation in high-elevation regions by 16%, suggesting the difficulties of capturing the orographic enhancement of rainfall associated with cap clouds and feeder-seeder cloud interactions over ridges. These findings suggest that GPM may outperform its predecessors in the mid-/high-latitude dryland, but not the tropical mountainous areas. With the advantage of high resolution and improved accuracy, the GPM creates new opportunities for understanding the precipitation pattern across the complex terrains of the Tianshan Mountains, and it could improve hydrological/ecological research in the area. © 2018 by the authors."
"36637083600;","Trend of monthly temperature and daily extreme temperature during 1951–2012 in New Zealand",2017,"10.1007/s00704-016-1764-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84960101565&doi=10.1007%2fs00704-016-1764-3&partnerID=40&md5=37175599cf63736e48a139aae2336094","Among several variables affecting climate change and climate variability, temperature plays a crucial role in the process because its variations in monthly and extreme values can impact on the global hydrologic cycle and energy balance through thermal forcing. In this study, an analysis of temperature data has been performed over 22 series observed in New Zealand. In particular, to detect possible trends in the time series, the Mann-Kendall non-parametric test was first applied at monthly scale and then to several indices of extreme daily temperatures computed since 1951. The results showed a positive trend in both the maximum and the minimum temperatures, in particular, in the autumn-winter period. This increase has been evaluated faster in maximum temperature than in minimum one. The trend analysis of the temperature indices suggests that there has been an increase in the frequency and intensity of hot extremes, while most of the cold extremes showed a downward tendency. © 2016, Springer-Verlag Wien."
"56647481100;35262555900;23096443800;7202530955;","Characteristics and diurnal cycle of GPM rainfall estimates over the Central Amazon region",2016,"10.3390/rs8070544","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85007409805&doi=10.3390%2frs8070544&partnerID=40&md5=4ef99e3c8ad49e90d5ef7f4505ca17d3","Studies that investigate and evaluate the quality, limitations and uncertainties of satellite rainfall estimates are fundamental to assure the correct and successful use of these products in applications, such as climate studies, hydrological modeling and natural hazard monitoring. Over regions of the globe that lack in situ observations, such studies are only possible through intensive field measurement campaigns, which provide a range of high quality ground measurements, e.g., CHUVA (Cloud processes of tHe main precipitation systems in Brazil: A contribUtion to cloud resolVing modeling and to the GlobAl Precipitation Measurement) and GoAmazon (Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon) over the Brazilian Amazon during 2014/2015. This study aims to assess the characteristics of Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite-based precipitation estimates in representing the diurnal cycle over the Brazilian Amazon. The Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) and the Goddard Profiling Algorithm-Version 2014 (GPROF2014) algorithms are evaluated against ground-based radar observations. Specifically, the S-band weather radar from the Amazon Protection National System (SIPAM), is first validated against the X-band CHUVA radar and then used as a reference to evaluate GPM precipitation. Results showed satisfactory agreement between S-band SIPAM radar and both IMERG and GPROF2014 algorithms. However, during the wet season, IMERG, which uses the GPROF2014 rainfall retrieval from the GPM Microwave Imager (GMI) sensor, significantly overestimates the frequency of heavy rainfall volumes around 00:00-04:00 UTC and 15:00-18:00 UTC. This overestimation is particularly evident over the Negro, Solimões and Amazon rivers due to the poorly-calibrated algorithm over water surfaces. On the other hand, during the dry season, the IMERG product underestimates mean precipitation in comparison to the S-band SIPAM radar, mainly due to the fact that isolated convective rain cells in the afternoon are not detected by the satellite precipitation algorithm. © 2016 by the authors."
"55273856400;7003715976;36165729500;23392039100;57205552407;","Assimilation of satellite data to optimize large-scale hydrological model parameters: A case study for the SWOT mission",2014,"10.5194/hess-18-4485-2014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84911368245&doi=10.5194%2fhess-18-4485-2014&partnerID=40&md5=3a1e58797aa82e4bc431cc0fcbb235b8","During the last few decades, satellite measurements have been widely used to study the continental water cycle, especially in regions where in situ measurements are not readily available. The future Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission will deliver maps of water surface elevation (WSE) with an unprecedented resolution and provide observation of rivers wider than 100 m and water surface areas greater than approximately 250 x 250 m over continental surfaces between 78° S and 78° N. This study aims to investigate the potential of SWOT data for parameter optimization for large-scale river routing models. The method consists in applying a data assimilation approach, the extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm, to correct the Manning roughness coefficients of the ISBA (Interactions between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere)-TRIP (Total Runoff Integrating Pathways) continental hydrologic system. Parameters such as the Manning coefficient, used within such models to describe water basin characteristics, are generally derived from geomorphological relationships, which leads to significant errors at reach and large scales. The current study focuses on the Niger Basin, a transboundary river. Since the SWOT observations are not available yet and also to assess the proposed assimilation method, the study is carried out under the framework of an observing system simulation experiment (OSSE). It is assumed that modeling errors are only due to uncertainties in the Manning coefficient. The true Manning coefficients are then supposed to be known and are used to generate synthetic SWOT observations over the period 2002-2003. The impact of the assimilation system on the Niger Basin hydrological cycle is then quantified. The optimization of the Manning coefficient using the EKF (extended Kalman filter) algorithm over an 18-month period led to a significant improvement of the river water levels. The relative bias of the water level is globally improved (a 30% reduction). The relative bias of the Manning coefficient is also reduced (40% reduction) and it converges towards an optimal value. Discharge is also improved by the assimilation, but to a lesser extent than for the water levels (7%). Moreover, the method allows for a better simulation of the occurrence and intensity of flood events in the inner delta and shows skill in simulating the maxima and minima of water storage anomalies, especially in the groundwater and the aquifer reservoirs. The application of the assimilation method in the framework of an observing system simulation experiment allows evaluating the skill of the EKF algorithm to improve hydrological model parameters and to demonstrate SWOT's promising potential for global hydrology issues. However, further studies (e.g., considering multiple error sources and the difference between synthetic and real observations) are needed to achieve the evaluation of the method."
"53981601100;35265216700;56151545200;56152299800;56151711700;36021733300;8262604400;57196891149;","Improving mesoscale modeling using satellite-derived land surface parameters in the pearl river delta region, China",2014,"10.1002/2014JD021871","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84903291507&doi=10.1002%2f2014JD021871&partnerID=40&md5=087f200420ea2f9d9343d97c6f849c99","Land surface parameters play an important role in mesoscale modeling by regulating the regional heat flux and hydrological cycle. Recently, significant urbanization and afforestation occurred in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, China, which exert an important effect on local meteorology and thermal circulation. But previous studies failed to capture the complex changes of the surface characteristics in the PRD and thus were difficult to accurately describe the land-atmosphere coupling. In this study, high-resolution Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer observations are used to specify the land cover type, green vegetation fraction, and leaf area index in the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Comparisons with ground-based observations during eight episodes, as well as satellite measurements, all indicate an improved model performance when the satellite-derived land surface parameters are assimilated. Moreover, the remote sensing data accurately reflect the surface inhomogeneity and successfully represent the intensity and spatiotemporal characteristics of the urban heat island (UHI) effect. The UHI effect in turn modifies the local thermal circulation by enhancing the urban-rural horizontal advection and initiating the urban heat island circulation, as well as interacting with the sea/land breeze over the PRD. This work not only improves the understanding of local meteorological simulation and forecasting but also sets the stage for further research on the feedback between air quality and meteorological responses due to land cover changes. © 2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"8408994300;7005123385;41763136800;","Principal components of multifrequency microwave land surface emissivities. Part I: Estimation under clear and precipitating conditions",2014,"10.1175/JHM-D-13-08.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84894076222&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-13-08.1&partnerID=40&md5=c04187885d2930771d20f74aa4a41c1c","The upcoming Global Precipitation Measurement mission will provide considerably more overland observations over complex terrain, high-elevation river basins, and cold surfaces, necessitating an improved assessment of the microwave land surface emissivity. Current passive microwave overland rainfall algorithms developed for the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) rely upon hydrometeor scattering-induced signatures at high-frequency (85 GHz) brightness temperatures (TBs) and are empirical in nature. A multiyear global database of microwave surface emissivities encompassing a wide range of surface conditions was retrieved from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (EOS; AMSR-E) radiometric clear scenes using companion A-Train [CloudSat, Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO), and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS)] data. To account for the correlated emissivity structure, the procedure first derives the TRMM Microwave Imager-like nine-channel emissivity principal component (PC) structure. Relations are derived to estimate the emissivity PCs directly from the instantaneous TBs, which allows subsequent TB observations to estimate the PC structure and reconstruct the emissivity vector without need for ancillary data regarding the surface or atmospheric conditions. Radiative transfer simulations matched the AMSR-E TBs within 5-7-K RMS difference in the absence of precipitation. Since the relations are derived specifically for clear-scene conditions, discriminant analysis was performed to find the PC discriminant that best separates clear and precipitation scenes. When this technique is applied independently to two years ofTRMMdata, the PC-based discriminant demonstrated superior relative operating characteristics relative to the established 85-GHz scattering index, most notably during cold seasons. © 2014 American Meteorological Society."
"55624487819;55185398900;7404181575;57211219633;","Spatiotemporal variations of precipitation regimes across Yangtze River Basin, China",2014,"10.1007/s00704-013-0916-y","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84894989477&doi=10.1007%2fs00704-013-0916-y&partnerID=40&md5=6ff9e8617836788cc534ce7f6c2cdd74","Daily precipitation data during the period of 1960 to 2005 from 147 rain gauging stations over the Yangtze River Basin are analyzed to investigate precipitation variations based on precipitation indices and also consecutive rainfall regimes in both space and time. Results indicate decreasing annual/monthly mean precipitation. Distinct decreases in rainfall days are observed over most parts of the Yangtze River Basin, but precipitation intensity is increasing over most parts of the Yangtze River Basin, particularly the lower Yangtze River Basin. Besides, durations of precipitation regimes are shortening; however, the fractional contribution of short-lasting precipitation regimes to the total precipitation amount is increasing. In this sense, the precipitation processes in the Yangtze River Basin are dominated by precipitation regimes of shorter durations. These results indicate intensified hydrological cycle reflected by shortening precipitation regimes. This finding is different from that in Europe where the intensifying precipitation changes are reflected mainly by lengthening precipitation regimes, implying different regional responses of hydrological cycle to climate changes. The results of this study will be of considerable relevance in basin-scale water resources management, human mitigation of natural hazards, and in understanding regional hydrological responses to changing climate at regional scales. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Wien."
"55598469400;6504118722;8629285200;55599076400;55599190600;7004125528;","Rainfall estimation over a Mediterranean region using a method based on various spectral parameters of SEVIRI-MSG",2013,"10.1016/j.asr.2013.07.036","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84884288953&doi=10.1016%2fj.asr.2013.07.036&partnerID=40&md5=f2570c141886c2267e11144cde9071dc","The ultimate objective of this paper is the estimation of rainfall over an area in Algeria using data from the SEVIRI radiometer (Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager). To achieve this aim, we use a new Convective/Stratiform Rain Area Delineation Technique (CS-RADT). The satellite rainfall retrieval technique is based on various spectral parameters of SEVIRI that express microphysical and optical cloud properties. It uses a multispectral thresholding technique to distinguish between stratiform and convective clouds. This technique (CS-RADT) is applied to the complex situation of the Mediterranean climate of this region. The tests have been conducted during the rainy seasons of 2006/2007 and 2010/2011 where stratiform and convective precipitation is recorded. The developed scheme (CS-RADT) is calibrated by instantaneous meteorological radar data to determine thresholds, and then rain rates are assigned to each cloud type by using radar and rain gauge data. These calibration data are collocated with SEVIRI data in time and space. © 2013 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved."
"24773858000;8721780000;55166386600;","Human-induced changes on wetlands: A study case from NW Iberia",2011,"10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.06.004","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80051877717&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2011.06.004&partnerID=40&md5=ba725f654f97f2658a76fe0cc984d524","Wetlands are exceptional ecosystems that contribute to biodiversity and play a key role in the hydrological and carbon cycles. Knowledge of their long-term ecology is essential for a proper understanding of these valuable ecosystems. We present the application of multi-proxy analyses to a 115 cm-thick core from La Molina mire (Alto de la Espina) located in NW Iberia, with a chronology spanning since ∼500 BC. The mire is located in an area intensively mined for gold during the Roman period, and close to a water-canalization system used for mining operations at that time. Our aim was to get insights into the development of the wetland by combining palynological records of hydro-hygrophytes, non-pollen palynomorphs and geochemical analyses, supported by 14C datings and multivariate statistics. The results indicate a complex pattern of ecological succession. During the local Iron Age the wetland was minerotrophic. Since ∼20 AD it was subjected to dramatic hydrological changes due to a rise of the water-table, fluctuating between the presence of open water and phases of drawdown. Finally, by ∼745 AD, the wetland experienced a rapid evolution towards ombrotrophic conditions. High grazing pressure was detected for the last decades. The significant change occurred during Early Roman Empire seems to have been the consequence of the direct use of the wetland as a water-reservoir of the canalisation system used for gold-mining. Thus, the current nature of the mire may be the result of human impact, although multiple human- and climate-induced causes were potentially linked to the detected shifts. However, the system seems to have been resilient, successfully buffering the changes without substantial alterations of its functioning. Our investigation shows that palaeoecological research is necessary to understand modifications in the structure of wetland ecosystems, their long-term ecology and the role of human-induced changes. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd."
"7202542476;7006508160;","A study on the feasibility of dual-wavelength radar for identification of hydrometeor phases",2011,"10.1175/2010JAMC2499.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79953188393&doi=10.1175%2f2010JAMC2499.1&partnerID=40&md5=46a337a239ad578f8e93d9dc8031d313","An important objective for the dual-wavelength Ku-/Ka-band precipitation radar (DPR) that will be on board the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core satellite is to identify the phase state of hydrometeors along the range direction. To assess this, radar signatures are simulated in snow and rain to explore the relation between the differential frequency ratio (DFR), defined as the difference of radar reflectivity factors between Ku and Ka bands, and the radar reflectivity factor at Ku band ZKu for different hydrometeor types. Model simulations indicate that there is clear separation between snow and rain in the ZKu-DFR plane assuming that the snow follows the Gunn-Marshall size distribution and rain follows the Marshall-Palmer size distribution. In an effort to verify the simulated results, the data collected by the Airborne Second-Generation Precipitation Radar (APR-2) in the Wakasa Bay AdvancedMicrowave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) campaign are employed. Using the signatures of linear depolarization ratio at Ku band, the APR-2 data can be easily divided into the regions of snow, mixed phase, and rain for stratiform storms. These results are then superimposed onto the theoretical curves computed from the model in the ZKu-DFR plane. For over 90% of the observations from a cold-season stratiform precipitation event, snow and rain can be distinguished if the Ku-band radar reflectivity exceeds 18 dBZ (the minimum detectable level of the GPM DPR at Ku band). This is also the case for snow and mixed-phase hydrometeors. Although snow can be easily distinguished from rain and melting hydrometeors by using Ku- and Ka-band radar, the rain and mixed-phase particles are not always separable. It is concluded that Ku- and Ka-band dual-wavelength radar might provide a potential means to identify the phase state of hydrometeors. © 2011 American Meteorological Society."
"53980793000;","The temperature dependence of small-scale orographic precipitation enhancement",2008,"10.1002/qj.267","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-50949096120&doi=10.1002%2fqj.267&partnerID=40&md5=30b92cd952dbece810a9ffc7486ab474","This study presents idealized numerical simulations to analyze the temperature dependence of small-scale orographic precipitation enhancement in a non-convective environment for a variety of mountain heights. The investigation is motivated by a climatological analysis of several rain-gauge stations in the northern Alps, indicating a conspicuous dependence of precipitation enhancement on temperature and mountain height. Specifically, a station lying on the lower lee slope of a moderately high mountain (about 700 m above the adjacent plain) experiences stronger precipitation enhancement at low temperatures than a station in the lee of a mountain twice as high, whereas the opposite is the case at higher temperatures. In qualitative agreement with the observations, the simulations indicate a marked dependence of the precipitation pattern on the position of the freezing level relative to the mountain peak. For a freezing level lying significantly above or below the peak, a single precipitation maximum in the peak region is predicted. However, for a freezing level close to the peak, the simulations indicate two precipitation maxima over the windward slope and over the lower lee slope, separated by a relative minimum in the peak region. A closer analysis suggests that two factors are responsible for this behaviour. First, the higher accretion efficiency of snow and graupel compared to rain favours particularly strong precipitation growth above the peak, which is advected towards the lee slope by the ambient flow. Second, the fall-speed difference between snow/graupel and rain tends to induce diverging hydrometeor trajectories where the melting layer intersects the windward slope, whereas converging hydrometeor trajectories occur over the lee slope below the melting layer. For a suitable location of the freezing level, the leeward shift of the precipitation maximum may overcompensate the general increase of precipitation enhancement with mountain height, leading to higher precipitation in the lee of a low mountain than in the lee of a high mountain. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society."
"7005035762;6701670597;7501720647;22975069200;7202625046;","The interaction of clouds and dry air in the eastern tropical Pacific",2006,"10.1175/JCLI3836.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33749621375&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI3836.1&partnerID=40&md5=cb57688c83fabe04ed3bc3ee465b284a","Cloud radar observations of eastern Pacific intertropical convergence zone cloud vertical structure are interpreted in light of soundings, 100-km-scale divergence profiles calculated from precipitation radar Doppler velocities, and surface rain gauge data, from a ship at 10°N, 95°W during the 2001 East Pacific Investigation of Climate (EPIC) experiment. The transition from convective to stratiform rain is clear in all four datasets, indicating a coherence from local to 100-km scale. A novel finding is dry air intrusions at altitudes of 6-8 km, often undercutting upper-level ice clouds. Two distinct dry air source regions are identified. One is a relatively dry area overlying the cooler waters of the Costa Rica oceanic thermocline dome, centered approximately 400 km east-northeast of the ship site. The other is the even drier near-equatorial subsidence zone south of 6°-7°N. The former source is somewhat peculiar to this specific ship location, so that the ship sample is not entirely representative of the region. The 20-25 Septembe r period is studied in detail, as it depicts two influences of the dry air on cloud vertical structure. One is the modulation of small-scale surface-based convection, evident as a weakening and narrowing of cloud radar reflectivity features. The other springs from intense sublimation cooling as differential advection brought snowing anvil clouds over the dry layers. During one half-day period of strong sublimation, the cooling rate is inferred to be several tens of degrees per day over a 100-hPa layer, based on a heat budget estimate at 100-km scale involving the horizontal wind divergence data. This is consistent with fluxing ice water contents of 0.05-0.10 g m-3 derived from the cloud radar reflectivities. The temperature profile shows the dynamically expected response to this cooling, a positive-negative-positive temperature anomaly pattern centered on the sublimating layer. A buoyancy-sorting diagnostic model of convection indicates that these upper-troposphere temperature anomalies can cause premature detrainment of updrafts into the lower part of the cloudy layer, a feedback that may actively maintain these long-lasting dense anvils. Middle-troposphere southerly dry air inflow is also evident in large-scale analysis. Given the proximity of the dry equatorial subsidence zone to the eastern tropical Pacific, the differential advection of dry and cloudy air, the ensuing sublimation, and its dynamical aftereffects may play a role in establishing the region's climate, although the extent of their significance needs to be further established. © 2006 American Meteorological Society."
"14020660500;6603317625;","A neural network model for short term river flow prediction",2006,"10.5194/nhess-6-629-2006","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33746192295&doi=10.5194%2fnhess-6-629-2006&partnerID=40&md5=87a664d41b16210486a7ed31f5923f0b","This paper presents a model using rain gauge and weather radar data to predict the runoff of a small alpine catchment in Austria. The gapless spatial coverage of the radar is important to detect small convective shower cells, but managing such a huge amount of data is a demanding task for an artificial neural network. The method described here uses statistical analysis to reduce the amount of data and find an appropriate input vector. Based on this analysis, radar measurements (pixels) representing areas requiring approximately the same time to dewater are grouped."
"55502994400;6602390932;8351732300;8898737800;7004459129;","El Niño induced anomalies in global data sets of total column precipitable water and cloud cover derived from GOME on ERS-2",2005,"10.1029/2005JD005972","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-25844524418&doi=10.1029%2f2005JD005972&partnerID=40&md5=8491842e59e5d2e0fc9a1fcf51cb3597","Global data sets of total column precipitable water and cloud cover derived from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) are analyzed with respect to anomalies induced by the strong El Niño 1997/1998. In contrast to other satellite observations of water vapor, the GOME nadir observations in the visible spectral range are of similar sensitivity over both land and ocean. In addition, they are sensitive in particular to the water vapor concentration close to the surface where a major fraction of the water vapor column is present. Information on the atmospheric cloud cover was derived from the observed broadband intensity as well as the oxygen (O2) absorption. While the first quantity is mainly a measure of geometrical cloud fraction, the latter also yields information on the cloud altitude. We investigated the time series of monthly mean values as well as anomalies calculated for a 6-month period during the El Niño 1997/1998. For all three quantities we found strong anomalies over large areas and for extended periods. Especially for the total column precipitable water, significant anomalies were found even in mid and high latitudes indicating substantial changes in the hydrological cycle and the global circulation patterns. Copyright 2005 by the American Geophysical Union."
"6508369265;57196396429;","Satellite estimation of the tropical precipitation using the METEOSTAT and SSM/I data",1994,"10.1016/0169-8095(94)90097-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33749360281&doi=10.1016%2f0169-8095%2894%2990097-3&partnerID=40&md5=acd525c7c83e26b0f2e8a0816e1ac7b8","The purpose of this study is to test a satellite method for estimating precipitation using infrared and microwave data. The method is validated by comparing the rain estimates to the ground precipitation measurements, over continental tropical regions (West Africa). The rain estimation method used is based on an automatic classification algorithm combining infrared and microwave satellite data. The method takes advantage of both, the good time and space resolution of infrared satellite images and the rain related information retrieved from microwave images. This method of rain and cloud classification (RACC) gives homogeneous classes characterising the different types of clouds or rain-rates. A set of microwave images from the 86 GHz channel of the passive microwave radiometer SSM/I and of the coincident infrared images from Meteosat is used in the learning phase of the classification process, while the full set of half-hourly infrared images is needed for the application phase. The areal rain estimates are computed with the microwave-infrared combined RACC method for time periods ranging from one to twelve hours and for different areas up to 120 km × 120 km. The correlation with the ground rainfall data given by the raingauge network of a validation site in Niger are estimated and compared to the correlations obtained for the rain estimated derived from a method based on a single infrared threshold and using the Meteosat images only. The improvement brought by the RACC method is discussed. © 1994."
"7005212820;7202208382;","A global radiative‐convective feedback",1994,"10.1029/94GL01711","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028668103&doi=10.1029%2f94GL01711&partnerID=40&md5=53c1acb52515f46f5dd89400a6bcaf00","We have investigated the sensitivity of the intensity of convective activity and atmospheric radiative cooling to radiatively thick upper‐tropospheric clouds using a new version of the Colorado State University General Circulation Model. The model includes a bulk cloud microphysics scheme to predict the formation of cloud water, cloud ice, rain, and snow. The cloud optical properties are interactive and dependent upon the cloud water and cloud ice paths. We find that the formation of a persistent upper tropospheric cloud ice shield leads to decreased atmospheric radiative cooling and increased static stability. Convective activity is then strongly suppressed. In this way, upper‐tropospheric clouds act as regulators of the global hydrologic cycle, and provide a negative feedback between atmospheric radiative cooling and convective activity. Copyright 1994 by the American Geophysical Union."
"7003395036;7202795255;","Tests of the use of net throughfall sulfate to estimate dry and occult sulfur deposition",1992,"10.1016/0960-1686(92)90261-I","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026792759&doi=10.1016%2f0960-1686%2892%2990261-I&partnerID=40&md5=1b52e4da3de8d1c5857a25e1752d2ca3","Throughfall and stemflow measurements taken in a mature high elevation red spruce stand, and precipitation measurements made in a nearby clearing, were used to calculate weekly net throughfall (=throughfall + stemflow - precipitation) sulfate deposition and net throughfall volume in the stand over a 20-week period. The study fortuitously was divisible into a low cloudwater deposition period, during which precipitation volumes generally exceeded throughfall volumes, and a high cloud period, during which the reverse was true. Weekly cloudwater deposition volume was estimated independently from continuously recorded cloudwater collections by an artificial tree located on an elevated platform in the clearing. Weekly net throughfall volume correlated well with cloudwater deposition volume (r = +0.86). Precipitation accounted for only 25% of the throughfall sulfate collected throughout the study and only 15% of that collected during the high cloud period, as net throughfall sulfate was 2.4 times greater during the high cloud period than during the low cloud period. Weekly estimates of cloudwater sulfate deposition correlated well (r = +0.74) with measures of net throughfall sulfate during the high cloud period. Dry deposition models were used to estimate weekly dry S deposition; weekly estimates of the wash-off of this dry deposition also correlated well (r = +0.76) with net throughfall sulfate during the low cloud period. During the high cloud period, estimates of cloudwater S plus dry S deposition accounted for 67% of the sulfate collected in net throughfall; however, during the low cloud period only 55% of net throughfall sulfate was accounted for. The low percentage of sulfate accounted for during the low cloud period suggests that the dry models were underestimating S deposition. Possible reasons for underestimation include failure to consider fully topographic complexity and edge effects, underestimates of surface wetness, and the possibility of canopy sources of sulfate (foliar leaching). These results support the use of throughfall sulfate measurements as gross estimates of (1) total S deposition, (2) total dry S deposition (using net throughfall in environments where cloudwater deposition accounts for less than 5% of total sulfate deposition) and/or (3) total cloud S deposition (subtracting precipitation and dry inputs from total throughfall sulfate in high cloud environments). © 1991."
"56937271000;55914876800;7404331975;","Response of soil microbial communities to altered precipitation: A global synthesis",2018,"10.1111/geb.12761","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85050394830&doi=10.1111%2fgeb.12761&partnerID=40&md5=7f09ca19aa8e074d2f827d0e89c30f2c","Aim: Climate change intensifies the hydrological cycle and consequently alters precipitation regimes. Accurately assessing future carbon (C) budgets depends on understanding the influence of altered precipitation on both aboveground C cycling and belowground processes. Our goal was to explore generalities and mechanisms of responses of soil microbial communities to altered precipitation and implications for C cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Location: Global. Time period: 2001–2017. Major taxa studied: Soil microbes. Methods: We used the meta-analytical technique to synthesize data of 41 increased (IPPT) and 53 decreased precipitation (DPPT) studies from 65 publications worldwide. The data covered broad variations in climate, percentage of precipitation change, experimental duration and soil properties. Results: The fungi to bacteria ratio did not show a water-tolerant shift, but the community compositions within the bacteria did. Microbial biomass showed a higher response to moderate IPPT than moderate DPPT, whereas it was more sensitive to extreme DPPT than extreme IPPT, suggesting that the responses of microbial biomass to altered precipitation are double asymmetric. However, such asymmetric responses of microbial biomass varied with climate humidity and soil texture: microbial biomass was more sensitive to IPPT at xeric sites than at mesic sites, whereas it was more responsive to DPPT in humid areas; microbial biomass in coarse-textured soils was more sensitive to altered precipitation than that in fine-textured soils. In addition, microbial response was positively correlated with the responses of aboveground/belowground plant biomass, soil respiration and organic C content. Main conclusions: Our meta-analysis provides the first evidence that the asymmetric response of microbial biomass to altered precipitation varies with climate humidity and soil texture. Given the coordinated responses in the plant–soil–microorganism C continuum, our synthesis extends the double asymmetric model and provides a framework for understanding and modelling responses of ecosystem C cycling to global precipitation change. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd"
"56086336400;16475714800;","Perspectives on moist baroclinic instability: Implications for the growth of monsoon depressions",2016,"10.1175/JAS-D-15-0254.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84977515917&doi=10.1175%2fJAS-D-15-0254.1&partnerID=40&md5=a1915ee57234f22d9ff9744b7a00b5d4","Little is known about the genesis and growth mechanisms of monsoon depressions, despite the great importance of these storms for the hydrological cycle of the Asian-Australian monsoon region. Of the few theoretical studies that have examined this issue, most have attributed the amplification of monsoon depressions to some form of baroclinic instability or stable baroclinic growth, highly modified by the diabatic effects of moist convection. Here, a simple criterion-namely, the upshear tilt of potential vorticity anomalies-is argued be necessary for dry or moist baroclinic growth. Reanalysis data are then used to assess whether a large ensemble of South Asian monsoon depressions has vertical structures consistent with this criterion. The evolution of these monsoon depressions is compared with that of ensembles of hurricanes and diabatic Rossby waves, the latter being prototypical examples of moist baroclinic instability. During their amplification phase, monsoon depressions do not exhibit an upshear tilt of potential vorticity anomalies. Many similarities are found between developing monsoon depressions and hurricanes but few with diabatic Rossby waves. Thus, the mechanism responsible for the intensification of monsoon depressions remains unknown, but these results indicate greater similarity with the general process of tropical depression spinup than with moist convectively coupled baroclinic instability. © 2016 American Meteorological Society."
"55813857400;57203312051;55803438700;6603968694;7006539346;","Changes in spatiotemporal precipitation patterns in changing climate conditions",2016,"10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0844.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84996844951&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-15-0844.1&partnerID=40&md5=2f1716156a54b27d09ef8dd0e2f1a383","Climate models robustly imply that some significant change in precipitation patterns will occur. Models consistently project that the intensity of individual precipitation events increases by approximately 6%-7% K-1, following the increase in atmospheric water content, but that total precipitation increases by a lesser amount (1%-2% K-1 in the global average in transient runs). Some other aspect of precipitation events must then change to compensate for this difference. The authors develop a new methodology for identifying individual rainstorms and studying their physical characteristics-including starting location, intensity, spatial extent, duration, and trajectory-that allows identifying that compensating mechanism. This technique is applied to precipitation over the contiguous United States from both radar-based data products and high-resolution model runs simulating 80 years of business-as-usual warming. In the model study the dominant compensating mechanism is a reduction of storm size. In summer, rainstorms become more intense but smaller; in winter, rainstorm shrinkage still dominates, but storms also become less numerous and shorter duration. These results imply that flood impacts from climate change will be less severe than would be expected from changes in precipitation intensity alone. However, these projected changes are smaller than model-observation biases, implying that the best means of incorporating them into impact assessments is via ""data-driven simulations"" that apply model-projected changes to observational data. The authors therefore develop a simulation algorithm that statistically describes model changes in precipitation characteristics and adjusts data accordingly, and they show that, especially for summertime precipitation, it outperforms simulation approaches that do not include spatial information. © 2016 American Meteorological Society."
"35280812800;35621400300;7202259586;57205192907;","A tree-ring field reconstruction of Fennoscandian summer hydroclimate variability for the last millennium",2015,"10.1007/s00382-014-2191-8","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84939893723&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-014-2191-8&partnerID=40&md5=e829991abd646e7dc5c04667ccbfe889","Hydroclimatological extremes, such as droughts and floods, are expected to increase in frequency and intensity with global climate change. An improved knowledge of its natural variability and the underlying physical mechanisms for changes in the hydrological cycle will help understand the response of extreme hydroclimatic events to climate warming. This study presents the first gridded hydroclimatic reconstruction (0.5° × 0.5° grid resolution), as expressed by the warm season Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), for most of Fennoscandia. A point-by-point regression approach is used to develop the reconstruction from a network of moisture sensitive tree-ring chronologies spanning over the past millennium. The reconstruction gives a unique opportunity to examine the frequency, severity, persistence, and spatial characteristics of Fennoscandian hydroclimatic variability in the context of the last 1,000 years. The full SPEI reconstruction highlights the seventeenth century as a period of frequent severe and widespread hydroclimatic anomalies. Although some severe extremes have occurred locally throughout the domain over the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the period is surprisingly free from any spatially extensive anomalies. The twentieth century is not anomalous in terms of the number of severe and spatially extensive hydro climatic extremes in the context of the last millennium. Principle component analysis reveals that there are two dominant modes of spatial moisture variability across Fennoscandia. The same patterns are evident in the observational record and in the reconstructed dataset over the instrumental era and two paleoperiods. The 500 mb pressure patterns associated with the two modes suggests the importance of the summer North Atlantic Oscillation. © 2014, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg."
"6505856601;6603624776;6602283489;56194279700;6602088133;6603579524;7005030035;57206307062;7003303758;8689787200;36638378000;55765420000;56512459200;8551061200;24401929100;6602913723;36701299900;7006461882;55523304700;55906158600;26028756400;9334133200;7004472363;55937180800;56511519400;7004135527;7801581109;56512264100;6505995373;","An overview of the lightning and atmospheric electricity observations collected in southern France during the HYdrological cycle in Mediterranean EXperiment (HyMeX), Special Observation Period 1",2015,"10.5194/amt-8-649-2015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84922559401&doi=10.5194%2famt-8-649-2015&partnerID=40&md5=b5bc1f77ecc5a1235b168d5a1b2805d2","The PEACH project (Projet en Electricité Atmosphérique pour la Campagne HyMeX - the Atmospheric Electricity Project of the HyMeX Program) is the atmospheric electricity component of the Hydrology cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX) experiment and is dedicated to the observation of both lightning activity and electrical state of continental and maritime thunderstorms in the area of the Mediterranean Sea. During the HyMeX SOP1 (Special Observation Period) from 5 September to 6 November 2012, four European operational lightning locating systems (ATDnet, EUCLID, LINET, ZEUS) and the HyMeX lightning mapping array network (HyLMA) were used to locate and characterize the lightning activity over the northwestern Mediterranean at flash, storm and regional scales. Additional research instruments like slow antennas, video cameras, microbarometer and microphone arrays were also operated. All these observations in conjunction with operational/research ground-based and airborne radars, rain gauges and in situ microphysical records are aimed at characterizing and understanding electrically active and highly precipitating events over southeastern France that often lead to severe flash floods. Simulations performed with cloud resolving models like Meso-NH and Weather Research and Forecasting are used to interpret the results and to investigate further the links between dynamics, microphysics, electrification and lightning occurrence. Herein we present an overview of the PEACH project and its different instruments. Examples are discussed to illustrate the comprehensive and unique lightning data set, from radio frequency to acoustics, collected during the SOP1 for lightning phenomenology understanding, instrumentation validation, storm characterization and modeling. © Author(s) 2015."
"55496085900;7201439402;","Centennial changes of the global water cycle in CMIP5 models",2015,"10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0143.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84942897132&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-15-0143.1&partnerID=40&md5=29032a173c75894c0911c034cc1fb974","The global water cycle is predicted to intensify under various greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. Here the nature and strength of the expected changes for the ocean in the coming century are assessed by examining the output of several CMIP5 model runs for the periods 1990-2000 and 2090-2100 and comparing them to a dataset built from modern observations. Key elements of the water cycle, such as the atmospheric vapor transport, the evaporation minus precipitation over the ocean, and the surface salinity, show significant changes over the coming century. The intensification of the water cycle leads to increased salinity contrasts in the ocean, both within and between basins. Regional projections for several areas important to large-scale ocean circulation are presented, including the export of atmospheric moisture across the tropical Americas from Atlantic to Pacific Ocean, the freshwater gain of high-latitude deep water formation sites, and the basin averaged evaporation minus precipitation with implications for interbasin mass transports. © 2015 American Meteorological Society."
"36562124900;15729572700;21834043400;55120726100;7410339976;57209050647;36015780400;7101724210;57217563227;37028443400;14041631700;","Evapotranspiration and water yield over China's landmass from 2000 to 2010",2013,"10.5194/hess-17-4957-2013","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84900864770&doi=10.5194%2fhess-17-4957-2013&partnerID=40&md5=4d9ac37fb007105cc0b972c253b9b14d","Terrestrial carbon and water cycles are interactively linked at various spatial and temporal scales. Evapotranspiration (ET) plays a key role in the terrestrial water cycle, altering carbon sequestration of terrestrial ecosystems. The study of ET and its response to climate and vegetation changes is critical in China because water availability is a limiting factor for the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems in vast arid and semiarid regions. To constrain uncertainties in ET estimation, the process-based Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS) model was employed in conjunction with a newly developed leaf area index (LAI) data set, MODIS land cover, meteorological, and soil data to simulate daily ET and water yield at a spatial resolution of 500 m over China for the period from 2000 to 2010. The spatial and temporal variations of ET and water yield were analyzed. The influences of climatic factors (temperature and precipitation) and vegetation (land cover types and LAI) on these variations were assessed. Validations against ET measured at five ChinaFLUX sites showed that the BEPS model was able to simulate daily and annual ET well at site scales. Simulated annual ET exhibited a distinguishable southeast to northwest decreasing gradient, corresponding to climate conditions and vegetation types. It increased with the increase of LAI in 74% of China's landmass and was positively correlated with temperature in most areas of southwest, south, east, and central China. The correlation between annual ET and precipitation was positive in the arid and semiarid areas of northwest and north China, but negative in the Tibetan Plateau and humid southeast China. The national annual ET varied from 345.5 mm in 2001 to 387.8 mm in 2005, with an average of 369.8 mm during the study period. The overall rate of increase, 1.7 mm yrg'1 (<i>R</i>2 Combining double low line 0.18, <i>p</i> Combining double low line 0.19), was mainly driven by the increase of total ET in forests. During 2006-2009, precipitation and LAI decreased widely and consequently caused a detectable decrease in national total ET. Annual ET increased over 62.2% of China's landmass, especially in the cropland areas of the southern Haihe River basin, most of the Huaihe River basin, and the southeastern Yangtze River basin. It decreased in parts of northeast, north, northwest, south China, especially in eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, the south of Yunnan Province, and Hainan Province. Reduction in precipitation and increase in ET caused vast regions in China, especially the regions south of Yangtze River, to experience significant decreases in water yield, while some sporadically distributed areas experienced increases in water yield. This study shows that the terrestrial water cycles in China's terrestrial ecosystems appear to have been intensified by recent climatic variability and human induced vegetation changes. © Author(s) 2013."
"6701551871;6602301713;","Comparison of modeled and observed accumulated convective precipitation in mountainous and flat land areas",2011,"10.1175/2010JHM1259.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79955034083&doi=10.1175%2f2010JHM1259.1&partnerID=40&md5=83727e7dc244761fc8a46b15898de278","Convective precipitation is the main cause of extreme rainfall events in small areas. Its primary characteristics are both large spatial and temporal variability. For this reason, the monitoring of accumulated precipitation fields (liquid and solid components) at the surface is difficult to carry out through the use of rain gauge networks or remote sensing observations. Alternatively, numerical models may be a useful tool to simulate convective precipitation for various analyses and predictions. This paper focuses on improving quantitative convective precipitation estimates that are obtained with a cloud-resolving model. This aim is attained by using the appropriate cloud drop size distribution and modified single sounding data. The authors perform comparisons between observations and three model samples of the areal-accumulated convective precipitation for a 15-yr period over mountainous and flat land areas with 45 and 29 convective events, respectively. They compare the results from a numerical cloud model that uses 2 different mi-crophysical schemes-the unified Khrgian-Mazin size distribution of cloud drops-and an alternative scheme that is a combination of a monodispersed cloud droplet spectrum and the Marshall-Palmer size distribution for raindrops. The authors' statistical analysis shows that the model version with the Khrgian- Mazin size distribution and the new initial conditions better simulates the observed areal-accumulated convective precipitation than the alternative microphysical approach for both study areas. The model simulations with the Khrgian-Mazin size distribution most closely match observations for the flat land area with a correlation coefficient of 0.94, while it is somewhat lower (0.89) for the mountainous area. Use of the alternative microphysical approach, on the other hand, underestimates the observed precipitation, and has the lowest correlation coefficient among the methods, 0.82 for the mountainous area and 0.85 for the flat land. © 2011 American Meteorological Society."
"6508276678;56702490400;6508112934;","Precipitation measurement and derivation of precipitation inclination in a windy mountainous area in northern Costa Rica",2011,"10.1002/hyp.7860","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78751491647&doi=10.1002%2fhyp.7860&partnerID=40&md5=8e27d565a2aa7b53bd94fdf63d2c6467","Over small-scale topography in windy areas, precipitation tends to be redistributed by wind through the modification of precipitation inclination. The latter is often derived from wind speed and conventional rain gauge records by application of relations-derived mainly for convective rainfall conditions-between (1) precipitation intensity and drop diameter, and (2) drop diameter and terminal fall velocity. However, it remains to be seen whether such relationships give valid results for the typically low precipitation intensities prevailing in tropical montane cloud forests. On the basis of the assumption that the total amount of near-surface atmospheric liquid water, defined hereafter as the 'potential precipitation', is most likely to be identical over small distances, this paper introduces a device to measure amounts of potential precipitation. The gauge captures both the vertical and horizontal component of precipitation, and this allows derivation of precipitation inclination using simple trigonometry. Results on precipitation inclinations obtained with the 'potential precipitation gauge' on a wet and windy site in northern Costa Rica suggest the droplets to be smaller than those predicted by the commonly used relationships referred to above. The current gauge is also shown to be more effective in catching inclined precipitation than two different types of spherical gauges. In addition, 'effective' fall velocities were determined for each precipitation event using derivated precipitation inclination and wind speed. The assumption of spatially similar potential precipitation amounts and effective fall velocities throughout a small catchment allows the catchment-wide determination of precipitation inclination and therefore of hydrologically effective precipitation from a single-point measurement of potential precipitation and wind speed in combination with modelled spatial wind speed pattern. This approach is believed to yield appreciably better estimates of spatial precipitation inputs compared to reliance on conventional rain gauges and derivation of terminal fall velocities from precipitation intensity records. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."
"16245391700;6602321641;14020796800;23992921200;16550520400;7004115624;24376225300;7003972559;23491714700;15835124500;6701762952;","Precipitation measurement at CESAR, the Netherlands",2010,"10.1175/2010JHM1245.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78651448965&doi=10.1175%2f2010JHM1245.1&partnerID=40&md5=6e289071addaf4971d70821c0ffef5ac","The Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research (CESAR) observatory hosts a unique collection of instruments related to precipitation measurement. The data collected by these instruments are stored in a database that is freely accessible through a Web interface. The instruments present at the CESAR site include three disdrometers (two on the ground and one at 200 mabove ground level), a dense network of rain gauges, three profiling radars (1.3, 3.3, and 35 GHz), and an X-band Doppler polarimetric scanning radar. In addition to these instruments, operational weather radar data from the nearby (~25 km) De Bilt C-band Doppler radar are also available. The richness of the datasets available is illustrated for a rainfall event, where the synergy of the different instruments provides insight into precipitation at multiple spatial and temporal scales. These datasets, which are freely available to the scientific community, can contribute greatly to our understanding of precipitation-related atmospheric and hydrologic processes. © 2010 American Meteorological Society."
"22980274300;7501882647;25625824000;57001595600;7003780987;7201361956;","Seasonal variation in the mineralogy of the suspended particulate matter of the lower Changjiang river at Nanjing, China",2010,"10.1346/CCMN.2010.0580508","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78650442581&doi=10.1346%2fCCMN.2010.0580508&partnerID=40&md5=fc23c9033fea4480935baec9839eec09","The source and temporal changes of minerals transported by the world's large rivers are important. In particular, clay minerals are important in evaluating the maturity of suspended sediments, weathering intensity, and source area. To examine seasonal changes in mineralogical compositions of the Changjiang River (CR), suspended particulate matter (SPM) samples were collected monthly for two hydrological cycles in Nanjing city and then were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry (DRS), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), and chemical analyses. The resultsindicate that the concentration of CR SPM rangesfrom 11.3 to 152 mg/L and ishighly correlated to the rate of water discharge, with a greater concentration in flood season and lower concentrations during the dry season. CaO, MgO, and Na2O increase with increasing discharge whereas Al2O3 decreases sharply with increasing discharge. Dolomite, calcite, and plagioclase show strikingly similar seasonal variations and increase with increasing discharge with maximum concentrations in the flood season. In contrast, the clay mineral content exhibits the opposite trend with the lowest concentrationsin the flood season. Illite dominatest he clay mineralsof the CR SPM, followed by chlorite, kaolinite, and smectite. Illite and kaolinite show distinctly seasonal variations; SPM contains more illite and less kaolinite during the flood season than during the dry season. The illite chemistry index and crystallinity, as well as kaolinite/illite ratio, all indicate intense physical erosion in the CR basin during the rainy season. Total iron (FeT) and highly reactive iron (FeHR) concentrations display slight seasonal changes with the smallest values observed during the flood season. Goethite is the dominant Fe oxide mineral phase in the CR SPM and hematite is a minor component, as revealed by DRS analyses. The FeT flux and FeHR flux are 2.78×106 T/y and 1.19×106 T/y, respectively."
"36067473900;","Characterization of soil moisture responses on a hillslope to sequential rainfall events during late autumn and spring",2009,"10.1029/2008WR007239","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-72149099354&doi=10.1029%2f2008WR007239&partnerID=40&md5=a9173ca6e0453c373c9f5d8a07a6cb13","In this study, the results of intensive soil moisture monitoring and analysis are reported in order to highlight the seasonal differences in hydrological processes on a hillslope scale. A soil monitoring system for a steep hillslope was designed and installed to monitor the temporal features of soil moisture with respect to the terrain attributes. Comparison of soil moisture analyses for two different periods, one during late autumn and the other during late spring, yielded different soil moisture characteristics, even though both seasons were subject to similar rainfall and saturation conditions. Comparative analyses indicated that soil moisture response patterns can be characterized and classified into three different zones. A substantial portion of the rainfall contributed to recharge of the water storage in autumn, while soil moisture responses were less variable during spring. Infiltration patterns between the two seasons were significantly different, hence the different distribution of soil moisture and hydrological responses. Vertical flux and recharge were the requirements for lateral redistribution of soil moisture in the study area. The seasonal impact of the vegetation, such as transpiration, fine root density, and interception, is apparent on the soil moisture distribution on the hillslope scale as well as runoff features in the mountainous forest catchment. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union."
"6602612204;35592744300;7202218898;57206152329;","Precipitation rates and atmospheric heat transport during the Cenomanian greenhouse warming in North America: Estimates from a stable isotope mass-balance model",2008,"10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.03.033","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-49149132031&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2008.03.033&partnerID=40&md5=ec5bbe3dd0eb7105502087e8f4875b9c","Stable isotope mass-balance modeling results of meteoric δ18O values from the Cenomanian Stage of the Cretaceous Western Interior Basin (KWIB) suggest that precipitation and evaporation fluxes were greater than that of the present and significantly different from simulations of Albian KWIB paleohydrology. Sphaerosiderite meteoric δ18O values have been compiled from the Lower Tuscaloosa Formation of southwestern Mississippi (25°N paleolatitude), The Dakota Formation Rose Creek Pit, Fairbury Nebraska (35°N) and the Dunvegan Formation of eastern British Columbia (55°N paleolatitude). These paleosol siderite δ18O values define a paleolatitudinal gradient ranging from - 4.2‰ VPDB at 25°N to - 12.5‰ VPDB at 55°N. This trend is significantly steeper and more depleted than a modern theoretical siderite gradient (25°N: - 1.7‰; 65°N: - 5.6‰ VPDB ), and a Holocene meteoric calcite trend (27°N: - 3.6‰; 67°N: - 7.4‰ VPDB). The Cenomanian gradient is also comparatively steeper than the Albian trend determined for the KWIB in the mid- to high latitudes. The steep latitudinal trend in meteoric δ18O values may be the result of increased precipitation and evaporation fluxes (amount effects) under a more vigorous greenhouse-world hydrologic cycle. A stable-isotope mass-balance model has been used to generate estimates of precipitation and evaporation fluxes and precipitation rates. Estimates of Cenomanian precipitation rates based upon the mass-balance modeling of the KWIB range from 1400 mm/yr at 25°N paleolatitude to 3600 mm/yr at 45°N paleolatitude. The precipitation-evaporation (P-E) flux values were used to delineate zones of moisture surplus and moisture deficit. Comparisons between Cenomanian P-E and modern theoretical siderite, and Holocene calcite latitudinal trends shows an amplification of low-latitude moisture deficits between 5-25°N paleolatitude and moisture surpluses between 40-60°N paleolatitude. The low-latitude moisture deficits correlate with a mean annual average heat loss of 48 W/m2 at 10°N paleolatitude (present, 8 W/m2 at 15°N). The increased precipitation flux and moisture surplus in the mid-latitudes corresponds to a mean average annual heat gain of 180 W/m2 at 50°N paleolatitude (present, 17 W/m2 at 50°N). The Cenomanian low-latitude moisture deficit is similar to that of the Albian, however the mid-latitude (40-60°N) precipitation flux values and precipitation rates are significantly higher (Albian: 2200 mm/yr at 45°N; Cenomanian: 3600 mm/yr at 45°N). Furthermore, the heat transferred to the atmosphere via latent heat of condensation was approximately 10.6× that of the present at 50°N. The intensified hydrologic cycle of the mid-Cretaceous greenhouse warming may have played a significant role in the poleward transfer of heat and more equable global conditions. Paleoclimatological reconstructions from multiple time periods during the mid-Cretaceous will aid in a better understanding of the dynamics of the hydrologic cycle and latent heat flux during greenhouse world conditions."
"14523673200;16233575000;7202205546;7103096618;","Water balance within intensively cultivated alluvial plain in an arid environment",2007,"10.1007/s11269-006-9121-4","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34548497156&doi=10.1007%2fs11269-006-9121-4&partnerID=40&md5=29f5b89c6ab9376c91b3bf160f2f97a0","The Tuoshigan - Kumalake River alluvial plain is an oasis located in the Tarim River Basin of Xinjiang, China. Large water consumption reduces the discharge and jeopardizes the ecosystem of the lower reaches of the Tarim River. Therefore a recent regulation is enacted to limit water use in the plain. The objective of this paper is to investigate the hydrological cycle inside an intensively cultivated plain at upstream Tarim River. A conceptual water balance methodology was used for evaluating groundwater movement among riverway, irrigation ditches, irrigation area and non-irrigation area, based on the recorded water diversion. Results show that both irrigation area and non-irrigation area are supported by the water from river way in hyper-arid environment. Irrigation area is supported by surface water through canal system and non-irrigation area is supported by groundwater from canal loss and irrigation area. Nearly half of the water in the non-irrigation area comes from the irrigation area in the form of groundwater. This indicates that water supply of natural plants relies on the water from agricultural ecosystem. Tight water connection between irrigation area and non-irrigation area suggests that natural ecosystem needs to be considered in agricultural management in arid environment. © Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. 2006."
"7101677593;","Responding to landslide hazards in rapidly developing Malaysia: A case of economics versus environmental protection",1996,"10.1108/09653569810206244","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77950052027&doi=10.1108%2f09653569810206244&partnerID=40&md5=6efa4de2cd6ba83cb751a9b059a92b1c","Malaysia is an ex-colonial, newly-industrialising country, with a sustained high economic growth rate averaging eight per cent GDP per annum over the past ten years. Within such a rapidly booming economy, the pace of social, economic and political change is fast, as is the pace of technological change. Other things being equal, these are the changes in which environmental hazards can be magnified. As a result of rapid economic development, physical systems are disturbed and changed. For example, the modification of the hydrological cycle due to deforestation, urbanisation, development of hill slopes and other human land use have given rise to increased risks of landslides. In recent years, the collapse of a block of luxury condominiums in Kuala Lumpur, the Genting Highland and Pos Dipang landslide tragedies as well as other landslide disasters have caused substantial loss of life and damage to property and infrastructure. Combined with intensive development of hill slopes and hill land for housing, recreation, tourism, agriculture, highway and dam construction, and other human induced land use changes, the exposure and vulnerability of human populations to landslide hazards have also increased. Other reasons, largely structural, such as persistent poverty, low residential and occupational mobility, and landlessness, manifested in illegal squatting and farming on hill slopes and foothills have also contributed to increased vulnerability of large communities to landslide hazards in many parts of the country. As Malaysia pushes ahead to meet its target of becoming a fully industrialised country by the year 2020, further environmental degradation is expected to occur. Notwithstanding other aspects of environmental degradation, the occurrence of landslide hazards is expected to become a common feature of Malaysian life. © MCB University Press."
"11839146600;57030797300;57195037820;","Thermodynamic versus dynamic controls on extreme precipitation in a warming climate from the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble",2019,"10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0302.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85060974912&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-18-0302.1&partnerID=40&md5=d6781d00dc1482c10cf2cbbe5871f5e4","The moisture budget is evaluated as a function of the probability distribution of precipitation for the end of the twentieth century and projected end of the twenty-first century in the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble. For a given precipitation percentile, a conditional moisture budget equation relates precipitation minus evaporation (P - E) to vertical moisture transport, horizontal moisture advection, and moisture storage. At high percentiles, moisture advection and moisture storage cancel and evaporation is negligible, so that precipitation is approximately equal to vertical moisture transport, and likewise for projected changes. Therefore, projected changes to extreme precipitation are approximately equal to the sum of thermodynamic and dynamic tendencies, representing changes to the vertical profiles of moisture content and mass convergence, respectively. The thermodynamic tendency is uniform across percentiles and regions as an intensification of the hydrological cycle, but the dynamic tendency is more complex. For extreme events, per degree of warming, in the mid-to-high latitudes the dynamic tendency is small, so that precipitation approximately scales by the Clausius-Clapeyron 7%K -1 increase. In the subtropics, a drying tendency originating from dynamics offsets the thermodynamic wetting tendency, with the net effect on precipitation varying among regions. The effect of this dynamic drying decreases with increasing percentile. In the deep tropics, a positive dynamic tendency occurs with magnitude similar to or greater than the positive thermodynamic tendency, resulting in generally a 10%-15%K -1 precipitation increase, and with a &gt; .25%K -1 increase over the tropical east Pacific. This reinforcing dynamical tendency increases rapidly for high percentiles. © 2019 American Meteorological Society."
"57109884900;35547807400;24329376600;57203200427;12240390300;57110426700;36894599500;57189524073;12139043600;7102976560;7003777747;6602414959;6602988199;57196261945;7004214645;7202079615;22986631300;","Drivers of precipitation change: An energetic understanding",2018,"10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0240.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85055926800&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-17-0240.1&partnerID=40&md5=c793f55827bdcdabb19a69c7f43c16bd","The response of the hydrological cycle to climate forcings can be understood within the atmospheric energy budget framework. In this study precipitation and energy budget responses to five forcing agents are analyzed using 10 climate models from the Precipitation Driver Response Model Intercomparison Project (PDRMIP). Precipitation changes are split into a forcing-dependent fast response and a temperature-driven hydrological sensitivity. Globally, when normalized by top-of-atmosphere (TOA) forcing, fast precipitation changes are most sensitive to strongly absorbing drivers (CO2, black carbon). However, over land fast precipitation changes are most sensitive to weakly absorbing drivers (sulfate, solar) and are linked to rapid circulation changes. Despite this, land-mean fast responses to CO2 and black carbon exhibit more intermodel spread. Globally, the hydrological sensitivity is consistent across forcings, mainly associated with increased longwave cooling, which is highly correlated with intermodel spread. The land-mean hydrological sensitivity is weaker, consistent with limited moisture availability. The PDRMIP results are used to construct a simple model for land-mean and sea-mean precipitation change based on sea surface temperature change and TOA forcing. The model matches well with CMIP5 ensemble mean historical and future projections, and is used to understand the contributions of different drivers. During the twentieth century, temperature-driven intensification of land-mean precipitation has been masked by fast precipitation responses to anthropogenic sulfate and volcanic forcing, consistent with the small observed trend. However, as projected sulfate forcing decreases, and warming continues, land-mean precipitation is expected to increase more rapidly, and may become clearly observable by the mid-twenty-first century. © 2018 American Meteorological Society."
"6602865544;25931139100;40661020000;35234662000;40661753400;6602544698;","CloudSat-based assessment of GPM microwave imager snowfall observation capabilities",2017,"10.3390/rs9121263","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85038212757&doi=10.3390%2frs9121263&partnerID=40&md5=854d821b6aeb8ddb04c337c1eafd0a9a","The sensitivity of Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) high-frequency channels to snowfall at higher latitudes (around 60°N/S) is investigated using coincident CloudSat observations. The 166 GHz channel is highlighted throughout the study due to its ice scattering sensitivity and polarization information. The analysis of three case studies evidences the important combined role of total precipitable water (TPW), supercooled cloud water, and background surface composition on the brightness temperature (TB) behavior for different snow-producing clouds. A regression tree statistical analysis applied to the entire GMI-CloudSat snowfall dataset indicates which variables influence the 166 GHz polarization difference (166 ΔTB) and its relation to snowfall. Critical thresholds of various parameters (sea ice concentration (SIC), TPW, ice water path (IWP)) are established for optimal snowfall detection capabilities. The 166 Δ can identify snowfall events over land and sea when critical thresholds are exceeded (TPW &gt; 3.6 kg·m-2, IWP &gt; 0.24 kg·m-2 over land, and SIC &gt; 57%, TPW &gt; 5.1 kg·m-2 over sea). The complex combined 166 ΔTB-TB relationship at higher latitudes and the impact of supercooled water vertical distribution are also investigated. The findings presented in this study can be exploited to improve passive microwave snowfall detection algorithms. © 2017 by the author."
"35234662000;6603377859;7006263526;55819437900;40661020000;7102432430;6603860837;40661753400;13402718100;6602865544;","Observational analysis of an exceptionally intense hailstorm over the Mediterranean area: Role of the GPM Core Observatory",2017,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.03.019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85017300268&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2017.03.019&partnerID=40&md5=5239ed6661c9924c9342ac872f5cfe48","On 5 September 2015 a violent hailstorm hit the Gulf and the city of Naples in Italy. The storm originated over the Tyrrhenian Sea dropping 7–10 cm diameter hailstones along its path. During its mature phase, at 08:47 UTC, the hailstorm was captured by one overpass of the Global Precipitation Measurement mission Core Observatory (GPM-CO) embarking the GPM Microwave Imager (GMI) and the Ka/Ku-band Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR). In this paper, observations by both GMI and DPR are thoroughly analyzed in conjunction with other spaceborne and ground-based measurements, to show how the GPM-CO integrates established observational tools in monitoring, understanding, and characterizing severe weather. Rapid-scan MSG SEVIRI images show an extremely rapid development, with 10.8 μm cloud-top temperatures dropping by 65 K in 40 min down to 198 K. The LIghtning NETwork registered over 37,000 strokes in 5 h, with intracloud positive stroke fraction increasing during the regeneration phases, when ground-based polarimetric radar and DPR support the presence of large graupel/hail particles. DPR Ku 40 dBZ and 20 dBZ echo top heights at 14 km and 16 km, respectively, indicate strong updraft and deep overshooting. GMI extremely low brightness temperatures (TBs) in correspondence of the convective core (158, 97, 67, and 87 K at 18.7, 36.5, 89 and 166 GHz) are compatible with the presence of massive ice particles. In two years of GPM global observations the storm ranks as fourth and first in terms of minimum 36.5 and 18.7 GHz (V-pol) TBs, respectively. This study illustrates GPM-CO sensing capabilities for characterizing the structure of such severe hailstorm, while providing observational evidence of its intensity and rarity, both globally and over the Mediterranean area. © 2017 Elsevier B.V."
"23478139400;35744058500;36752370400;7801433494;","Validation of a new SAFRAN-based gridded precipitation product for Spain and comparisons to Spain02 and ERA-Interim",2017,"10.5194/hess-21-2187-2017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85018658691&doi=10.5194%2fhess-21-2187-2017&partnerID=40&md5=85e8a2f05cd66b5f9382543662fcba94","Offline land surface model (LSM) simulations are useful for studying the continental hydrological cycle. Because of the nonlinearities in the models, the results are very sensitive to the quality of the meteorological forcing; thus, high-quality gridded datasets of screen-level meteorological variables are needed. Precipitation datasets are particularly difficult to produce due to the inherent spatial and temporal heterogeneity of that variable. They do, however, have a large impact on the simulations, and it is thus necessary to carefully evaluate their quality in great detail. <br><br> This paper reports the quality of two high-resolution precipitation datasets for Spain at the daily time scale: the new SAFRAN-based dataset and Spain02. SAFRAN is a meteorological analysis system that was designed to force LSMs and has recently been extended to the entirety of Spain for a long period of time (1979/1980&ndash;2013/2014). Spain02 is a daily precipitation dataset for Spain and was created mainly to validate regional climate models. In addition, ERA-Interim is included in the comparison to show the differences between local high-resolution and global low-resolution products. The study compares the different precipitation analyses with rain gauge data and assesses their temporal and spatial similarities to the observations. <br><br> The validation of SAFRAN with independent data shows that this is a robust product. SAFRAN and Spain02 have very similar scores, although the latter slightly surpasses the former. The scores are robust with altitude and throughout the year, save perhaps in summer when a diminished skill is observed. As expected, SAFRAN and Spain02 perform better than ERA-Interim, which has difficulty capturing the effects of the relief on precipitation due to its low resolution. However, ERA-Interim reproduces spells remarkably well in contrast to the low skill shown by the high-resolution products. The high-resolution gridded products overestimate the number of precipitation days, which is a problem that affects SAFRAN more than Spain02 and is likely caused by the interpolation method. Both SAFRAN and Spain02 underestimate high precipitation events, but SAFRAN does so more than Spain02. The overestimation of low precipitation events and the underestimation of intense episodes will probably have hydrological consequences once the data are used to force a land surface or hydrological model. © Author(s) 2017."
"57193709760;56088840400;15848058400;","Evaluating the patterns of spatiotemporal trends of root zone soil moisture in major climate regions in East Asia",2017,"10.1002/2016JD026379","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85026672612&doi=10.1002%2f2016JD026379&partnerID=40&md5=9bc02755832fa44337407395458989c2","Root zone soil moisture (RZSM) is a crucial variable in land-atmosphere interactions. Evaluating the spatiotemporal trends and variability patterns of RZSM are essential for discerning the anthropogenic and climate change effects on the regional and global hydrological cycles. In this study, the trends of RZSM, computed by the exponential filter from the European Space Agency’s Climate Change Initiative soil moisture, were evaluated in major climate regions of East Asia from 1982 to 2014. Moreover, the trends of RZSM were compared to the trends of precipitation (P), skin temperature (Tskin), and actual evapotranspiration (AET) to investigate how they influence the RZSM trends in each climate region. Drying trends were predominant in arid and continental regions, whereas wetting trends were found in the tropical and temperate regions. The increasing trends of Tskin and AET cause drying in arid and continental regions, whereas in tropical regions, these cause wetting trends, which might be due to convective P. In temperate regions, despite decreasing P and increasing Tskin, the RZSM trend was increasing, attributed to the intensive irrigation activities in these regions. This is probably the first time to analyze the long-term trends of RZSM in different climate regions. Hence, the results of this study will improve our understanding of the regional and global hydrological cycles. Despite certain limitations, the results of this study may be useful for improving and developing climate models and predicting long-term vast scale natural disasters such as drought, dust outbreaks, floods, and heat waves. © 2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57203043665;7003278104;","Atmospheric rivers in 20 year weather and climate simulations: A multimodel, global evaluation",2017,"10.1002/2016JD026174","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85020116920&doi=10.1002%2f2016JD026174&partnerID=40&md5=928dd2cf0a8a51c4b0921d9b18c47064","Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are narrow, elongated, synoptic jets of water vapor that play important roles in the global water cycle and meteorological/hydrological extremes. Increasing evidence shows that ARs have signatures and impacts in many regions across different continents. However, global-scale characterizations of AR representations in weather and climate models have been very limited. Using a recently developed AR detection algorithm oriented for global applications, the representation of AR activities in multidecade weather/climate simulations is evaluated. The algorithm is applied to 6-hourly (daily) integrated water vapor transport (IVT) from 22 (2) global weather/climate models that participated in the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment Atmospheric System Study–Year of Tropical Convection Multimodel Experiment, including four models with ocean-atmosphere coupling and two models with superparameterization. Multiple reanalysis products are used as references to help quantify model errors in the context of reanalysis uncertainty. Model performance is examined for key aspects of ARs (frequency, intensity, geometry, and seasonality), with the focus on identifying and understanding systematic errors in simulated ARs. The results highlight the range of model performances relative to reanalysis uncertainty in representing the most basic features of ARs. Among the 17 metrics considered, AR frequency, zonal IVT, fractional zonal circumference, fractional total meridional IVT, and three seasonality metrics have consistently large errors across all models. Possible connections between AR simulation qualities and aspects of model configurations are discussed. Despite the lack of a monotonic relationship, the importance of model horizontal resolution to the overall quality of AR simulation is suggested by the evaluation results. © 2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"7202154926;57206597029;","Study of climate change impact on flood frequencies: A combined weather generator and hydrological modeling approach",2014,"10.1175/JHM-D-13-0126.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84901912481&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-13-0126.1&partnerID=40&md5=cff4ff51aaa20130a9cee9a4c8d26215","Climate change is expected to lead to more frequent and intensive flooding problems for watersheds in the south part of China. This study presented a coupled Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator (LARS-WG) and Semidistributed Land Use-Based Runoff Processes (SLURP) approach for flood frequency analysis and applied it to the Heshui watershed, China. LARS-WG, as a weather generator, was used to offer 46 sets of climate data from seven general circulation models (GCMs) under various emission scenarios (i.e., A1B, B1, and A2) over near-term and future periods (i.e., T1, 2011-30; T2, 2046-65; and T3, 2080- 99). SLURP is a continuous, spatially distributed hydrological model that uses parameters from physiographic data to simulate the hydrological cycle from precipitation to runoff. Flood frequency analysis based on Pearson type III distributions was followed to analyze statistics of annual peaks. The final results (from ensembles of multimodels and multiscenarios) indicated that the magnitudes of a 200-yr return flood for T1, T2, and T3 would increase by 5.23%, 4.08%, and 12.92%, respectively, in comparison to the baseline level; those under the most extreme condition (i.e., worst scenario) would be 25.18%, 31.00%, and 44.46%, respectively. Various GCMs and emission scenarios suggested different results. But the ECHAM5/Max Planck Institute OceanModel was found to give a more worrying intensification of flood risks and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial ResearchOrganisation Mark, version 3.0, and the Community Climate SystemModel, version 3, were relatively conservative. The study results were useful in helping gain insight into the flood risks and its uncertainty under future climate change conditions for the Heshui watershed, and the proposed methodology is also applicable to many other watersheds in Southeast Asia with similar climatic conditions. © 2014 American Meteorological Society."
"36951595800;7410120472;6602149149;7102024878;","An early performance evaluation of the nexrad dual-polarization radar rainfall estimates for urban flood applications",2013,"10.1175/WAF-D-13-00046.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84891646189&doi=10.1175%2fWAF-D-13-00046.1&partnerID=40&md5=c7fe187ba4cb4a313924ea5e309d7c53","Dual-polarization radars are expected to provide better rainfall estimates than single-polarization radars because of their ability to characterize hydrometeor type. The goal of this study is to evaluate single- and dualpolarization radar rainfall fields based on two overlapping radars (Kansas City, Missouri, and Topeka, Kansas) and a dense rain gauge network in Kansas City. The study area is located at different distances from the two radars (23-72km for Kansas City and 104-157km for Topeka), allowing for the investigation of radar range effects. The temporal and spatial scales of radar rainfall uncertainty based on three significant rainfall events are also examined. It is concluded that the improvements in rainfall estimation achieved by polarimetric radars are not consistent for all events or radars. The nature of the improvement depends fundamentally on range-dependent sampling of the vertical structure of the storms and hydrometeor types. While polarimetric algorithms reduce range effects, they are not able to completely resolve issues associated with range-dependent sampling. Radar rainfall error is demonstrated to decrease as temporal and spatial scales increase. However, errors in the estimation of total storm accumulations based on polarimetric radars remain significant (up to 25%) for scales of approximately 650km2. © 2013 American Meteorological Society."
"57196489468;56520921400;","A case study of subdaily simulated and observed continental convective precipitation: CMIP5 and multiscale global climate models comparison",2013,"10.1002/2013GL057987","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84890528398&doi=10.1002%2f2013GL057987&partnerID=40&md5=aad45c8689c9c6205dc5b3ff05bbf84e","We analyze subdaily continental convective precipitation data relative to the Southeastern U.S. from gridded rain gauge measurements, conventional global climate models (GCMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) archive, and a multiscale GCM. GCMs react too quickly to local convective instability and, therefore, overestimate the incidence of middle rainfall events and underestimate the incidence of no, little, and heavy rainfall events. Moreover, GCMs overestimate the persistence of heavy precipitation and underestimate the persistence of no and light precipitation. In general, GCMs with suppression mechanisms in the treatments of convective precipitation compare best with rain gauge derived data and should be trusted more than the others when assessing the risk from extreme precipitation events. The multiscale GCM has the best estimate of the diurnal cycle and a good estimate of heavy rainfall persistence. ©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"24391075700;7004422917;7004440252;57197560886;","Climate-controlled variability of iron deposition in the Central Arctic Ocean (southern Mendeleev Ridge) over the last 130,000 years",2012,"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.08.015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84866498649&doi=10.1016%2fj.chemgeo.2012.08.015&partnerID=40&md5=c22fbfb8cf66be25ddd62a169625864a","Distinct brown-coloured Mn-rich layers are common features in Quaternary sediments of the central Arctic Ocean, but their paleoenvironmental significance is disputed. Glacial-interglacial changes in bottom water ventilation, variable riverine input, and diagenetic processes have all been suggested to cause the cyclicity in optical and geochemical parameters in these deposits. To better assess the nature and origin of these sediment intervals and their implications for nutrient cycles, we applied bulk geochemical analyses and a sequential Fe extraction scheme to a sediment record covering the last ~. 130. ka on the southern Mendeleev Ridge. All brown layers in this core are enriched in Mn, but also in Fe (oxyhydr)oxides (e.g., ferrihydrite, lepidocrocite, goethite) that contribute to the characteristic sediment colour. Phosphorus and several trace metals (As, Co, Cu, Mo, Ni) are also enriched, indicating that both Mn and Fe (oxyhydr)oxides adsorbed P and trace metals from the water column. The metal enrichments are most probably caused by a combination of enhanced Mn and Fe input from Arctic rivers and/or the erosion of shelf deposits, coupled with early diagenetic processes leading to precipitation of authigenic Mn and Fe (oxyhydr)oxides close to the sediment-water interface. Both primary supply and diagenetic recycling of metals should have been enhanced by a more intense hydrological cycle under warmer climate conditions, combined with seasonal increases in productivity and reactive organic matter export during ice-free conditions in the Central Arctic Ocean. Consequently, the studied metal (oxyhydr)oxide-rich layers were formed under interglacial/interstadial climatic conditions. In contrast, sheet silicate-bound Fe (e.g., chlorite), a second major Fe pool in these sediments (15-35% of total Fe), is enriched between the oxide-rich layers. Thus, the delivery of Fe-rich sheet silicates from the East Siberian hinterland or the Bering Sea, and subsequent deposition on the Mendeleev Ridge, was enhanced by more intense physical weathering during glacial/stadial periods. These contrasts in Fe speciation between the brown layers and the adjacent sediments document the direct response of biogeochemical element cycles to glacial-interglacial variations in river input, weathering regime, and sea level in the Arctic Ocean. © 2012 Elsevier B.V."
"6506056264;55728284400;7005132811;7006689582;24167396300;","Response of the hydrological cycle to orbital and greenhouse gas forcing",2010,"10.1029/2010GL044377","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77958453980&doi=10.1029%2f2010GL044377&partnerID=40&md5=f5b07caeee2c0f6d1718177a911f4f1f","The sensitivity of the hydrological cycle to changes in orbital forcing and atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations is assessed using a fully coupled atmosphere-ocean-sea ice general circulation model (Kiel Climate Model). An orbitally-induced intensification of the summer monsoon circulation during the Holocene and Eemian drives enhanced water vapor advection into the Northern Hemisphere, thereby enhancing the rate of water vapor changes by about 30% relative to the rate given by the Clausius-Clapeyron Equation, assuming constant relative humidity. Orbitally-induced changes in hemispheric-mean precipitation are fully attributed to inter-hemispheric water vapor exchange in contrast to a GHG forced warming, where enhanced precipitation is caused by increased both the moisture advection and evaporation. When considering the future climate on millennial time scales, both forcings combined are expected to exert a strong effect. Copyright 2010 by the American Geophysical Union."
"7202202476;","The stratiform and convective components of surface precipitation",2005,"10.1175/JAS3411.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-20444439057&doi=10.1175%2fJAS3411.1&partnerID=40&md5=e0d505489729ab77a51d3ddce238a5e5","One year of precipitation records taken from a subset of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) global rain gauge network has been analyzed. This analysis has shown that the distribution of accumulation of precipitation with the rainfall rate is characterized by an exponential law. This relationship seems to be universal and is present regardless of the averaging interval considered. The data structure suggests that this exponential distribution can be used as a basic state to partition surface precipitation into stratiform and convective components. The physical basis of this approach is investigated and discussed using Monte Carlo simulations based on a simple cloud model. The methodology is validated using a Fourier analysis in time, and average global monthly maps of convective and stratiform precipitation are presented to illustrate the feasibility of the technique."
"57218348877;7202672095;7004086472;8563095000;35564888800;","Spatial and temporal variations of precipitation in and around Bangladesh",2005,"10.2151/jmsj.83.21","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-17744375570&doi=10.2151%2fjmsj.83.21&partnerID=40&md5=5bd04d32ce39e4a632df72c6e2a78cb8","Radar data from the Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) are employed as a preliminary analysis. This is a first research work to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall over the country for 135 consecutive days, from 16 April to 30 August 2000. Radar data are sampled in 10 km grid boxes to obtain daily rainfall over the country. Rain gauge data at 33 locations are utilized to check the radar results. The distributions of rainfall obtained by both the radar and the rain gauges are similar in pattern, but the time of the maximum rainfall determined by the radar is a few hours earlier than that determined by the rain gauges. The distribution of rainfall over the whole radar domain suggests that 21 to 09 local standard time (LST) is the most likely time for rainfall to occur in Bangladesh, while 06 LST is the most likely time for maximum rainfall to occur over the entire country. It is mentioned that no data are available between 03-06 LST. The occurrence of 21 to 09 LST rainfall is possibly linked to the local effects such as complex terrain and sea and land breeze circulations. The morning maximum rainfall at 06 LST in Bangladesh is different from that of the Indian subcontinent or of the mountain area where, generally, maximum rainfall occurs in the afternoon. The northern border of Bangladesh, close to the Shillong hill of India, is the region with the highest rainfall, while the second highest volume of rainfall occurs on the eastern border. In order to observe the characteristics of large-scale cloud activity, analyses of the Japanese GMS-5 hourly infrared data, within a larger domain of 80-100°E and 1030°N were conducted. The cloud activities in and around Bangladesh were obtained in 1° by 1° grid boxes. The northwestern part of Bangladesh was largely affected by pre-monsoon clouds, while the whole country was affected by the peak monsoon activities. © 2005, Meteorological Society of Japan."
"6602424093;57192154405;","Characteristics of aggregation of daily rainfall in a middle-latitudes region during a climate variability in annual rainfall amount",2002,"10.1016/S0169-8095(01)00101-6","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036145620&doi=10.1016%2fS0169-8095%2801%2900101-6&partnerID=40&md5=bbacade79b633d22e5dcc9429901494f","Climate variability in annual rainfall occurs because the aggregation of daily rainfall changes. A topic open to debate is whether that change takes place because rainfall becomes more intense, or because it rains more often, or a combination of both. The answer to this question is of interest for water resources planning, hydrometeorological design, and agricultural management. Change in the number of rainy days can cause major disruptions in hydrological and ecological systems, with important economic and social effects. Furthermore, the characteristics of daily rainfall aggregation in ongoing climate variability provide a reference to evaluate the capability of GCM to simulate changes in the hydrologic cycle. In this research, we analyze changes in the aggregation of daily rainfall producing a climate positive trend in annual rainfall in central Argentina, in the southern middle-latitudes. This state-of-the-art agricultural region has a semiarid climate with dry and wet seasons. Weather effects in the region influence world-market prices of several crops. Results indicate that the strong positive trend in seasonal and annual rainfall amount is produced by an increase in number of rainy days. This increase takes place in the 3-month periods January-March (summer) and April-June (autumn). These are also the 3-month periods showing a positive trend in the mean of annual rainfall. The mean of the distribution of annual number of rainy day (ANRD) increased in 50% in a 36-year span (starting at 44 days/year). No statistically significant indications on time changes in the probability distribution of daily rainfall amount were found. Non-periodic fluctuations in the time series of annual rainfall were analyzed using an integral wavelet transform. Fluctuations with a time scale of about 10 and 20 years construct the trend in annual rainfall amount. These types of non-periodic fluctuations have been observed in other regions of the world. This suggests that results of this research could have further geographical validity. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved."
"7403247998;","The relationship among precipitation, cloud-top temperature, and precipitable water over the tropics",1999,"10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<2503:trapct>2.0.co;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033172558&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0442%281999%29012%3c2503%3atrapct%3e2.0.co%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=28eb90672f900ba4d04547f0f35c83a1","The relationship of monthly precipitation P to precipitable water w and cloud-top temperature as represented by the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) Precipitation Index (GPI) is obtained over tropical land, coast, and ocean: P = exp[a1(w - a2)] GPI, where coefficients a1 and a2 are determined using one year of the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) monthly rain gauge data and then independently tested using four other years of gauge data. This algorithm, over land, gives more accurate precipitation estimates than are obtained using the cloud-top temperature alone (i.e., GPI) and is as accurate as the state-of-the-art multisatellite algorithm (MS) from GPCP. Over coastal and oceanic regions, this algorithm has a smaller bias in precipitation estimation than GPI but has the same correlation coefficient with gauge data as GPI. Compared with MS, it has a much smaller bias but larger mean absolute deviation. Evaluation using the Pacific atoll-island gauge data also shows that this algorithm can reproduce well the observed meridional distribution of precipitation across the ITCZ and SPCZ near the date line. This algorithm is then used to produce a five-year (January 1988-December 1992) 2.5°X 2.5°integrated dataset of precipitation and precipitable water between 40°N and 40°S for climate model evaluation. The small bias of this algorithm (particularly over ocean) also suggests that it would be a good data source for precipitation merging algorithms."
"6701478560;","Perspectives for ecological modelling of tropical and subtropical reservoirs in South America",1990,"10.1016/0304-3800(90)90003-Y","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025692137&doi=10.1016%2f0304-3800%2890%2990003-Y&partnerID=40&md5=b49c3a59bf5268f123605a403730a319","In this paper, the author identifies and describes some basic characteristics of tropical and subtropical reservoirs in South America and the necessary modelling effort. Many reservoirs in South America have a wide geographical distribution within a latitudinal gradient that ranges from tropical rainforest to subtropical regions. The 'baseline' environment is considered the reservoir area and the hydrographic basin, including the region downstream. For the modelling effort it is necessary to establish a conceptual framework based on the following characteristics: morphometry and compartments; retention time; hydrological cycle and flow requirements; reservoir thermal stratification and circulation patterns; quantification of submerged forest biomass and its degradation in reservoirs located in the tropical rainforest; dissolved-oxygen consumption; potential for eutrophication and loading capacity; pulses in forcing functions; and suspended-material transport. In the region downstream it is necessary to consider river recovery capacity, water uses and flow regime requirements. Most reservoirs in this latitudinal gradient follow a significantly different path from the reservoirs in temperate zones, including effects of forcing functions, decomposition rates, and seasonal circulation periods. The size, volume and dimension of these large artificial ecosystems justify the implementation of several methodological approaches useful for modelling, including oceanographic techniques and intensive use of satellite images. In necessitates also a strong background on ecological processes. Rates of processes in tropical ecosystems are not well known, and such input from experimental limnology will be an important step as a basis for the modelling effort. The organization of a data bank for these reservoirs is in progress, and such a system is also fundamental for the modelling procedure. © 1990."
"56870350200;57210548041;57203943142;35333491000;13806152600;57202792631;7201443624;7201443806;11939657300;56230679900;57210336987;55574191129;7004941120;57191518556;7004155828;57200241494;6701784981;15729555500;39361136600;55418682000;23011510400;7401943680;7402206480;10139397300;57191597143;7202060229;57208128025;7006287865;6507612700;26648162300;10043145900;57204297539;55062283200;6508389989;9238786100;57200609213;7006460576;16480080500;8856898200;7004330067;6701552501;57203200427;57153656200;7006188068;6701801931;6508081614;7005634455;57189578961;55738125200;7404318876;7003696273;57212154825;57196994199;7003648299;55096581900;57212154876;8721557100;6506104195;57212156018;56241981400;57203942684;21741792000;7202907367;57214203035;55474036900;26651427300;7101929812;7007034953;7202733689;55340245400;55937166600;16933919600;56122795500;7003796684;6603872903;6508108998;57206546845;55950356400;57212155742;14023953700;6603136620;6603549082;23011196800;10339477400;6507142963;6602478960;10938806300;7004759191;55319363500;6602111828;55974229900;57212154995;57212156075;7004499037;6508385415;6701674643;7006563002;13403281000;56155939200;17434022100;12646465800;8706636800;6506368539;10044631200;6603292679;7102699989;56028602100;7101671456;7102707599;40661368100;7003597952;16315767700;25624278100;7006203287;34881780600;47861050200;57203078745;6701739873;8869265800;6508003871;35581366400;7202970886;57191597685;7005587298;7201607592;13609746100;7004129856;47861026300;57194422293;6603689866;7006151108;7006574986;6701592812;35607650700;7103308166;6603993619;56108862700;6602516156;23667603000;7203055935;55392764700;55495155800;7005194566;35219942100;6506328135;36999865300;6603267637;7401720543;6603928917;8956780500;7005196173;6603568529;7202355164;7003467276;57213037050;6603631763;7006113978;6701784487;24437931700;57203940315;6602999013;7005110878;57216567707;7402013152;7404570418;55490014700;35836182700;35237112700;7101995675;15834675800;57191592054;35519868200;55226440100;55999371000;8507223000;7005126685;35612536300;57210472543;23466744600;7402589576;7102963655;7004848917;7405716588;57194611744;55272324200;55768583400;41561392600;45561229300;57219113417;36707930000;7004977068;36552494300;56493740900;57191593827;6507189188;7202066251;12792311100;6603932593;47861240700;7004538816;57191592471;55778084100;8906055900;55353698100;55802386000;49861577800;6507034946;6701573532;15756003600;6602095846;23994284000;6603685334;7103033047;7006350707;35810621600;57212155038;56265819100;39961878800;6602661960;7006119444;55956905900;55895105500;55332194700;57211029459;6602073516;24344170400;6602582424;57191594206;56129901200;57209052234;6603042456;57207871715;57212632013;12240469400;6507130681;7004364155;23978267300;57203939942;12797539500;6603023560;6701562635;8870038800;8538703200;8242283600;35307547700;7006747377;7005314575;35609878300;57203943475;57192661211;55583151200;7801681528;56472496900;45561507900;6701626212;57216907006;57206753724;15750860000;47861102800;7202748891;35586195300;55570003600;6506196123;6602871885;7003528814;7202026956;16064472100;57206511020;55663671600;7102063963;7004368198;7103271119;7005367608;26631984500;36061813500;57212155200;6603707656;36179742200;6508268565;6603786703;57188582762;43261917100;57212155956;57203941075;6603667298;12784376300;55917306500;6701764472;7404247296;7005165467;7005816283;55790186400;35508764000;7202400272;36495301700;55841946000;14625228300;7103033688;57190012100;7006961728;55841370400;55424752100;7004176604;55841221600;57203941078;7202361087;57191594611;6603545358;7004353965;6603059928;8970508600;56677198800;56981062700;6602732085;7005006917;7005453641;18635208300;36160514000;57212155410;25650541600;55241167300;7004202450;57203937456;57201569543;57212155520;7006399667;6701623059;47861405100;55426220700;56668487400;56448430100;12759748000;7402534046;6701899848;56040741000;55976279500;35508431200;55999844600;6506537766;7004477665;55927220900;57205479513;57203940668;23486561700;7102807964;6602883825;36057262200;23095654600;24179187700;22836070500;6701581258;15058058100;45561735900;7003916945;57203936933;56845898200;57090925200;57212156105;36348820100;56817075300;6602424525;15319530000;6603083860;55643443500;8658858500;6602479200;6603463506;24832504800;7006406683;7202706097;55841097900;7101619974;6603440546;57203012247;57202528734;7003543851;6602481221;7004767718;7201644572;15063517300;57192191561;55455998600;7003330487;6602844274;6602775903;16029394900;6602579458;55628198500;56597778200;23983397400;6701478238;57212155860;36648133700;6506827279;57212155968;56047545400;16481564100;24328913000;57203940486;6603894413;55709000400;7005573482;9733182200;56315423900;6602187911;7003736022;37082067400;6603834154;6602889253;35106150700;57191592593;6602484429;7801492160;36703572200;7003415852;56321422500;6602506180;7004326742;6602576807;56576406600;6602232676;9045036800;25645385100;25227769600;7003460109;7005863976;7101692211;6603955469;6603344816;7404441387;7404416268;56424145700;57214057216;57201455687;7407797613;56498023000;35345968200;7410338331;56264081100;37100517800;35376447600;56669277000;6602950477;57201235812;7801659989;6602535404;36159051900;55901810200;6603585313;7202395795;22636199100;7403531523;35495958000;56222251100;35794721100;7401674579;7404164186;57191590422;57195344599;7409189983;55807701500;57191594002;57214293806;57214292205;55721580400;35585284200;22959375000;57202747696;57191593782;57203936408;57191596254;57191593248;57191598064;57191589997;","State of the climate in 2018",2019,"10.1175/2019BAMSStateoftheClimate.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85073052511&doi=10.1175%2f2019BAMSStateoftheClimate.1&partnerID=40&md5=bee594186745ad4d1e031bede909074d","In 2018, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth's atmosphere-carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide-continued their increase. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth's surface was 407.4 ± 0.1 ppm, the highest in the modern instrumental record and in ice core records dating back 800 000 years. Combined, greenhouse gases and several halogenated gases contribute just over 3 W m−2 to radiative forcing and represent a nearly 43% increase since 1990. Carbon dioxide is responsible for about 65% of this radiative forcing. With a weak La Niña in early 2018 transitioning to a weak El Niño by the year's end, the global surface (land and ocean) temperature was the fourth highest on record, with only 2015 through 2017 being warmer. Several European countries reported record high annual temperatures. There were also more high, and fewer low, temperature extremes than in nearly all of the 68-year extremes record. Madagascar recorded a record daily temperature of 40.5°C in Morondava in March, while South Korea set its record high of 41.0°C in August in Hongcheon. Nawabshah, Pakistan, recorded its highest temperature of 50.2°C, which may be a new daily world record for April. Globally, the annual lower troposphere temperature was third to seventh highest, depending on the dataset analyzed. The lower stratospheric temperature was approximately fifth lowest. The 2018 Arctic land surface temperature was 1.2°C above the 1981-2010 average, tying for third highest in the 118-year record, following 2016 and 2017. June's Arctic snow cover extent was almost half of what it was 35 years ago. Across Greenland, however, regional summer temperatures were generally below or near average. Additionally, a satellite survey of 47 glaciers in Greenland indicated a net increase in area for the first time since records began in 1999. Increasing permafrost temperatures were reported at most observation sites in the Arctic, with the overall increase of 0.1°-0.2°C between 2017 and 2018 being comparable to the highest rate of warming ever observed in the region. On 17 March, Arctic sea ice extent marked the second smallest annual maximum in the 38-year record, larger than only 2017. The minimum extent in 2018 was reached on 19 September and again on 23 September, tying 2008 and 2010 for the sixth lowest extent on record. The 23 September date tied 1997 as the latest sea ice minimum date on record. First-year ice now dominates the ice cover, comprising 77% of the March 2018 ice pack compared to 55% during the 1980s. Because thinner, younger ice is more vulnerable to melting out in summer, this shift in sea ice age has contributed to the decreasing trend in minimum ice extent. Regionally, Bering Sea ice extent was at record lows for almost the entire 2017/18 ice season. For the Antarctic continent as a whole, 2018 was warmer than average. On the highest points of the Antarctic Plateau, the automatic weather station Relay (74°S) broke or tied six monthly temperature records throughout the year, with August breaking its record by nearly 8°C. However, cool conditions in the western Bellingshausen Sea and Amundsen Sea sector contributed to a low melt season overall for 2017/18. High SSTs contributed to low summer sea ice extent in the Ross and Weddell Seas in 2018, underpinning the second lowest Antarctic summer minimum sea ice extent on record. Despite conducive conditions for its formation, the ozone hole at its maximum extent in September was near the 2000-18 mean, likely due to an ongoing slow decline in stratospheric chlorine monoxide concentration. Across the oceans, globally averaged SST decreased slightly since the record El Niño year of 2016 but was still far above the climatological mean. On average, SST is increasing at a rate of 0.10° ± 0.01°C decade−1 since 1950. The warming appeared largest in the tropical Indian Ocean and smallest in the North Pacific. The deeper ocean continues to warm year after year. For the seventh consecutive year, global annual mean sea level became the highest in the 26-year record, rising to 81 mm above the 1993 average. As anticipated in a warming climate, the hydrological cycle over the ocean is accelerating: dry regions are becoming drier and wet regions rainier. Closer to the equator, 95 named tropical storms were observed during 2018, well above the 1981-2010 average of 82. Eleven tropical cyclones reached Saffir-Simpson scale Category 5 intensity. North Atlantic Major Hurricane Michael's landfall intensity of 140 kt was the fourth strongest for any continental U.S. hurricane landfall in the 168-year record. Michael caused more than 30 fatalities and $25 billion (U.S. dollars) in damages. In the western North Pacific, Super Typhoon Mangkhut led to 160 fatalities and $6 billion (U.S. dollars) in damages across the Philippines, Hong Kong, Macau, mainland China, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Tropical Storm Son-Tinh was responsible for 170 fatalities in Vietnam and Laos. Nearly all the islands of Micronesia experienced at least moderate impacts from various tropical cyclones. Across land, many areas around the globe received copious precipitation, notable at different time scales. Rodrigues and Réunion Island near southern Africa each reported their third wettest year on record. In Hawaii, 1262 mm precipitation at Waipā Gardens (Kauai) on 14-15 April set a new U.S. record for 24-h precipitation. In Brazil, the city of Belo Horizonte received nearly 75 mm of rain in just 20 minutes, nearly half its monthly average. Globally, fire activity during 2018 was the lowest since the start of the record in 1997, with a combined burned area of about 500 million hectares. This reinforced the long-term downward trend in fire emissions driven by changes in land use in frequently burning savannas. However, wildfires burned 3.5 million hectares across the United States, well above the 2000-10 average of 2.7 million hectares. Combined, U.S. wildfire damages for the 2017 and 2018 wildfire seasons exceeded $40 billion (U.S. dollars). © 2019 American Meteorological Society. All rights reserved."
"55730901200;6602948135;15849661500;24080737200;","Evaluating the present annual water budget of a Himalayan headwater river basin using a high-resolution atmosphere-hydrology model",2017,"10.1002/2016JD026279","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85018361125&doi=10.1002%2f2016JD026279&partnerID=40&md5=4c52de5a11ed1b94655cdf5ad6fa611d","Understanding the present water budget in Himalayan Basins is a challenge due to poor in situ coverage, incomplete or unreliable records, and the limitations of coarse resolution gridded data set. In the study, a two-way coupled implementation of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model and the WRF-Hydro hydrological modeling extension package (WRF/WRF-Hydro) was employed in its offline configuration, over a 10 year simulation period for a mountainous river basin in North India. A triple nest is employed, in which the innermost domain had 3 kmfor atmospheric model grids and 300 m for hydrological components. Two microphysical parameterization (MP) schemes are quantitatively evaluated to reveal how differently MP influences orographic-related precipitation and how it impacts hydrological responses. The WRF-Hydro modeling system shows reasonable skill in capturing the spatial and temporal structure of high-resolution precipitation, and the resulting stream flow hydrographs exhibit a good correspondence with observation at monthly timescales, although the model tends to generally underestimate streamflow amounts. The Thompson Scheme fits better to the observations in the study. More importantly, WRF shows that for high-altitude precipitation, a high “bias” is exhibited in winter precipitation from WRF, which is about double to triple that as estimated from valley-sited rain gauges and remotely sensed precipitation estimates from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission and Asian Precipitation - Highly-Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation. Given the full annual cycle pattern and amount in high-altitude precipitation and the statistical correspondence in discharge, it is concluded that the WRF-Hydro modeling system shows potential for explicitly predicting potential changes in the atmospheric-hydrology cycle of ungauged or poorly gauged basins. Plain Language Summary Understanding the present water budget in Himalayan Basins is a challenge due to poor in situ coverage, incomplete or unreliable records, and the limitations of coarse resolution gridded data set. In a Himalayan headwater river basin, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)-Hydro modeling system shows reasonable skill in capturing the precipitation and the resulting stream flow hydrographs exhibit a good correspondence with observation at monthly timescales. More importantly, WRF shows that for high-altitude precipitation, a high “bias” is exhibited in winter precipitation from WRF, which is about double to triple that as estimated from valley-sited rain gauges and remotely sensed precipitation estimates from both Tropical Rainfall MeasuringMission and Asian Precipitation - Highly-Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation. Given the full annual cycle pattern and amount in high-altitude precipitation and the statistical correspondence in discharge, it is concluded that the WRF-Hydro modeling system shows potential for explicitly predicting potential changes in the atmospheric-hydrology cycle of ungauged or poorly gauged basins. © 2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"24722953900;","Taming, controlling and metabolizing flows: Water and the urbanization process of Barcelona and Madrid (1850–2012)",2015,"10.1177/0969776412474665","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84942767739&doi=10.1177%2f0969776412474665&partnerID=40&md5=ce6f2a902c3f3fc5f30851ab8362ba25","This paper aims to provide a historical reading of the urbanization of the water cycle in Madrid and Barcelona. Starting from an urban political ecology view, the urbanization of the water cycle is understood as the mobilization of water resources to keep pace with and sustain urban growth. This process could not be understood without inquiring into the evolution of the urban fabric in both cities. At the same time an understanding of the power choreographies over the water cycle needs to be brought to the fore. In Barcelona, disputes between the municipality and private capital over the water monopoly deeply shaped the trajectory of the urban supply from the mid-19th century until the early 20th century. Later on, under private monopoly, the search for water resources beyond the urban limits required the development of infrastructures such as dams and channels to keep pace with the intense urbanization of the postwar period. On the other hand, the fully public nature of the supplier in Madrid may help to explain the impressive magnitude of the waterworks, which belittle the urbanization of water of the Catalan city, while showing that ‘modernity’ in the form of ample supplies of good-quality water arrived in Madrid almost 100 years before Barcelona. Recent environmental and economic crises bring to light the hidden, complex and fragile entanglements that permit the flowing of water into the urban and suburban fabrics. © 2013, © The Author(s) 2013."
"35580303100;7003420726;","Can we trust climate models?",2014,"10.1002/wcc.288","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84903201725&doi=10.1002%2fwcc.288&partnerID=40&md5=c9c87fe94aaf5ba9099dc4b6d6be2c54","What are the predictions of climate models, should we believe them, and are they falsifiable? Probably the most iconic and influential result arising from climate models is the prediction that, dependent on the rate of increase of CO2 emissions, global and annual mean temperature will rise by around 2-4°C over the 21st century. We argue that this result is indeed credible, as are the supplementary predictions that the land will on average warm by around 50% more than the oceans, high latitudes more than the tropics, and that the hydrological cycle will generally intensify. Beyond these and similar broad statements, however, we presently find little evidence of trustworthy predictions at fine spatial scale and annual to decadal timescale from climate models. © 2014 The Authors. WIREs Climate Change published by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd."
"55091051500;10139295000;23079535700;6701635696;6604023277;57155047100;","A transient deep-sea circulation switch during Eocene Thermal Maximum 2",2014,"10.1002/2013PA002567","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84902519455&doi=10.1002%2f2013PA002567&partnerID=40&md5=0b2b50970eecd7f6eb2be236602f7278","Ever since its discovery, Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 (ETM2; ∼53.7Ma) has been considered as one of the ""little brothers"" of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM; ∼56Ma) as it displays similar characteristics including abrupt warming, ocean acidification, and biotic shifts. One of the remaining key questions is what effect these lesser climate perturbations had on ocean circulation and ventilation and, ultimately, biotic disruptions. Here we characterize ETM2 sections of the NE Atlantic (Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 401 and 550) using multispecies benthic foraminiferal stable isotopes, grain size analysis, XRF core scanning, and carbonate content. The magnitude of the carbon isotope excursion (0.85-1.10‰) and bottom water warming (2-2.5°C) during ETM2 seems slightly smaller than in South Atlantic records. The comparison of the lateral δ13C gradient between the North and South Atlantic reveals that a transient circulation switch took place during ETM2, a similar pattern as observed for the PETM. New grain size and published faunal data support this hypothesis by indicating a reduction in deepwater current velocity. Following ETM2, we record a distinct intensification of bottom water currents influencing Atlantic carbonate accumulation and biotic communities, while a dramatic and persistent clay reduction hints at a weakening of the regional hydrological cycle. Our findings highlight the similarities and differences between the PETM and ETM2. Moreover, the heterogeneity of hyperthermal expression emphasizes the need to specifically characterize each hyperthermal event and its background conditions to minimalize artifacts in global climate and carbonate burial models for the early Paleogene. © 2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"54789044500;57204023564;57204332745;37079376400;57198729424;","Hydrological controls on the sources of dissolved sulfate in the Heihe River, a large inland river in the arid northwestern China, inferred from S and O isotopes",2013,"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.04.001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84880331005&doi=10.1016%2fj.apgeochem.2013.04.001&partnerID=40&md5=04d6914220f7776d30689103bbf5b089","The Heihe River is one of the largest and most intensely exploited inland rivers of arid northwestern China, which is currently threatened by water shortage and ecological problems driven by climate change and human activity. To constrain SO42- sources to the river and evaluate the influence of hydrological processes on SO42- sources and transport in the large river basin, chemical and isotopic measurements of surface and groundwater samples were carried out in the Heihe River basin. The river water had SO42- concentrations in a range of 117-316mg/L with an average of 199mg/L, characterized by δ34SSO4 values ranging from +2.5‰ to +5.4‰ and δ18OSO4 values ranging from -1.8‰ to +10.2‰. The shallow groundwater had SO42- concentrations in a range of 54-1222mg/L with an average of 383mg/L, characterized by δ34SSO4 values ranging from 0‰ to +7.4‰ and δ18OSO4 values ranging from -2.6‰ to +10.9‰. A significant correlation was found between δ34SSO4 and δ18OSO4 values of the river water. A gradual downstream shift from lower δ34SSO4 and δ18OSO4 values to higher δ34SSO4 and δ18OSO4 values was observed for both the riverine and groundwater SO42-, which corresponds to a change in the SO42- sources, governed by the geology, from oxidation of sulfides in the upstream part to dissolution of evaporite and/or soil sulfate in the downstream part of the Heihe River basin. Sulfate input dominated by sulfide oxidation via mountain groundwater discharge at the Yingluo Valley is a major contributor to river SO42- in the upper reaches. Admixture of groundwater SO42- enhanced by intensive agricultural activities is responsible for increasing river SO42- concentration in the middle reaches. Evapotranspiration effects in the lower reaches result in indirect mixture of groundwater SO42- via dissolution of soil sulfate that has cycled through the soil organic matter pool. This study implies that mixing of groundwater SO42- with surface water is the dominant process affecting SO42- sources and S cycling of the Heihe River, which is controlled by the regional hydrological processes affected by natural and anthropogenic factors. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd."
"37861469800;35232536000;7102331587;55774858500;","Parameterization for distributed watershed modeling using national data and evolutionary algorithm",2013,"10.1016/j.cageo.2013.04.025","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84879453588&doi=10.1016%2fj.cageo.2013.04.025&partnerID=40&md5=11c24e10bfc44ab5a3e7bd7f50dc5252","Distributed hydrologic models supported by national soil survey, geology, topography and vegetation data products can provide valuable information about the watershed hydrologic cycle. However numerical simulation of the multi-state, multi-process system is structurally complex and computationally intensive. This presents a major difficulty in model calibration using traditional techniques. This paper presents an efficient calibration strategy for the physics-based, fully coupled, distributed hydrologic model Penn State Integrated Hydrologic Model (PIHM) with the support of national data products. PIHM uses a semi-discrete Finite Volume Method (FVM) formulation of the system of coupled ordinary differential equations (e.g. canopy interception, transpiration, soil evaporation) and partial differential equations (e.g. groundwater-surface water, overland flow, infiltration, channel flow, etc.). The matrix of key parameters to be estimated in the optimization process was partitioned into two groups according to the sensitivity to difference in time scales. The first group of parameters generally describes hydrologic processes influenced by hydrologic events (event-scale group: EG), which are sensitive to short time runoff generation, while the second group of parameters is largely influenced by seasonal changes in energy (seasonal time scale group: SG). The Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) is used to optimize the EG parameters in Message Passing Interface (MPI) environment, followed by the estimation of parameters in the SG. The calibration strategy was applied at three watersheds in central PA: a small upland catchment (8.4ha), a watershed in the Appalachian Plateau (231km2) and the Valley and Ridge of central Pennsylvania (843km2). A partition calibration enabled a fast and efficient estimation of parameters. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd."
"6505948757;6603140789;23092821200;36547891300;6602610108;55969055700;7004853382;","Assessment of a variational inversion system for rainfall rate over land and water surfaces",2011,"10.1109/TGRS.2011.2119375","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80052313283&doi=10.1109%2fTGRS.2011.2119375&partnerID=40&md5=c99c1acbd5ea95d694cc5c74d9f3f0cd","A comprehensive system that is used to invert the geophysical products from microwave measurements has recently been developed. This system, known as the Microwave Integrated Retrieval System (MiRS), ensures that the final solution is consistent with the measurements and, when used as input to the forward operator, fits them to within the instrument noise levels. In the presence of precipitation, this variational algorithm retrieves a set of hydrometeor products consisting of cloud liquid water, ice water, and rain water content profiles. This paper presents the development and assessment of the MiRS rainfall rate that is derived based on a predetermined relationship of the rainfall with these hydrometeor products. Since this relationship relies on the geophysical products retrieved by the MiRS as inputs and not on sensor-dependent parameters, the technique is suitable for all microwave sensors to which the MiRS is applied. This precipitation technique has been designed to facilitate its transition from research to operations when applied to current and future satellite-based sensors. Currently, the MiRS rainfall rate technique has been implemented operationally at the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for the NOAA-18, NOAA-19, Metop-A Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit, and Microwave Humidity Sensor, as well as for the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP)-F16 and DMSP-F18 Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder microwave satellite sensors. For the validation of the MiRS rainfall rate technique, extensive comparisons with state-of-the-art precipitation products derived from rain gauge, ground-based radar, and satellite-based microwave observations are presented for different regions and seasons, and over land and ocean. The MiRS rainfall rate technique is shown to estimate precipitation, with a skill comparable to other satellite-based microwave precipitation algorithms, including the MSPPS, 3B40RT, and MWCOMB, while showing no discontinuities at coasts. This is a relevant result, considering that the MiRS is a system not merely designed to retrieve the rainfall rate but to consistently estimate a comprehensive set of atmospheric and surface parameters from microwave measurements. © 2011 IEEE."
"56999946500;6603625036;7005320660;","Neural-network approach to ground-based passive microwave estimation of precipitation intensity and extinction",2006,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.11.042","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33746925276&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2005.11.042&partnerID=40&md5=538dcb3e99383104c78ee4e0586091c6","A physically-based passive microwave technique is proposed to estimate precipitation intensity and extinction from ground. Multi-frequency radiometric measurements are inverted to retrieve surface rain rate, columnar precipitation contents and rainfall microwave extinction. A new inversion methodology, based on an artificial neural-network feed-forward algorithm, is evaluated and compared against a previously developed regression technique. Both retrieval techniques are trained by numerical simulations of a radiative transfer model applied to microphysically-consistent precipitating cloud structures. Cloud microphysics is characterized by using parameterized hydrometeor drop size distribution, spherical particle shape and dielectric composition. The radiative transfer equation is solved for plane-parallel seven-layer structures, including liquid, melted, and ice spherical hydrometeors. The proposed neural-network inversion technique is tested and compared with the regression algorithm on synthetic data in order to understand their potential and to select the best frequency set for rainfall rate, columnar contents and extinction estimation. Available ground-based radiometric measurements at 13.0, 23.8, and 31.6 GHz are used for experimentally testing and comparing the neural-network retrieval algorithm. Comparison with rain gauge data and rain extinction measurements, derived from three satellite beacon channels at 18.7, 39.6, and 49.5 GHz acquired at Pomezia (Rome, Italy), are performed and discussed for a selected case of light-to-moderate rainfall. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"10340975900;10338832100;","Fog precipitation on the Island of Madeira (Portugal)",2001,"10.1007/s002540100403","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0344633094&doi=10.1007%2fs002540100403&partnerID=40&md5=7db9338bcc89c86b475588e42d31733a","An important aspect of the Madeira Island's climate is its persistent nebulous covering mainly of orographic origin, which normally exists between the 600-800- to 1,600-m altitude. The object of this study is to quantify the amount of water that can be gathered by direct interception from clouds. The first results at the end of 2 years were higher than expected. The daily rates of the 'standard fog collector' ranged between 6.0 to 21.3 1/m2 of vertical collecting surface. The water collected by the rain gauges beneath Erica arborea L., ranged between 33.3 to 56.4 mm of water per day (l/m 2 per day). Depending on wind direction and speed, which is normally north-east, the highest fog water production can be 250 mm/day. Fog drip under the vegetation was three and a half times greater than the annual precipitation. © Springer-Verlag 2001."
"7006598302;7006235542;57213542869;6603651131;","Orographic rainfall enhancement in the mountains of the Lake District and Snowdonia",1992,"10.1016/0960-1686(92)90322-C","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026467037&doi=10.1016%2f0960-1686%2892%2990322-C&partnerID=40&md5=9903daf9ee9fd7e19a1e4d25e82a8cca","A two-dimensional model of the seeder-feeder effect has been compared with rainfall data from a network of daily-read rain gauges located in the Lake District and the Snowdonian mountains. Two days in the winter of 1980, when persistent heavy orographic rainfall occurred, have been considered. The rain gauge data indicated that rainfall near the hill summits was enhanced by a factor of between 3.2 and 7.6. It was found that the model was capable of predicting accurately the areas of maximum rainfall but tended to underpredict the magnitude of the orographic rainfall enhancement. This was attributed to orographic effects on the seeding rainfall rates. Over certain topography three-dimensional airflow effects were thought to play an important role in determining the locations of the rainfall maxima. Using typical values for sulphate aerosol loading and the concentration of sulphate in seeding rain, the model predicted a greater deposition of sulphate over the hills accompanying the rainfall enhancement. Sulphate deposition was enhanced by a factor of approximately 4 relative to the coastal rates. © 1991."
"57205570364;55376786100;55712582900;57202416861;57202417326;7410091284;","A time-series analysis of urbanization-induced impervious surface area extent in the Dianchi Lake watershed from 1988–2017",2019,"10.1080/01431161.2018.1516312","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85053323089&doi=10.1080%2f01431161.2018.1516312&partnerID=40&md5=75629f7cc95ac31519535c05c3817c5f","Chinese urbanization has drawn widespread attention since the 21st century. Understanding urban expansion at a watershed scale including cities of different sizes is important for improving our current knowledge of the urban extent and its impact on the hydrological cycle, water management, surface energy balances, and biodiversity. Impervious surface area (ISA) can be used as a synthesized quantifiable index to reflect the intensity of natural ecosystems changing into urban ecosystems. It is important to understand ISA patterns and characteristics, which requires long-term impervious surface data at a high spatial and temporal resolution. Previous methods of ISA estimation mainly focused on the spectral differences between ISA and other land covers, and most studies were inclined to use one or a few images without fully considering the long time series of the temporal domain of the reflective data on remote-sensing images. This assessed the Dianchi Lake watershed as a case study area to illustrate ISA change characteristics in the context of natural and cultural conditions. Firstly, more than two hundred Landsat images (from 1988 to 2017) were downloaded through the United States Geological Survey (USGS) online portal. Secondly, the improved normalized difference build-up index (INDBI) and linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA) algorithm were combined to apply the method to a series of ISA maps of the Dianchi Lake watershed at an annual resolution. Thirdly, ISA extent characteristics of the Dianchi Lake watershed were analysed from trend and pattern aspects. The results show that the proposed method was highly reliable for detecting and characterizing change, with an extracted ISA accuracy of 92.51%, based on a sample of independent validation points. The Dianchi Lake watershed has begun to adopt ‘Rashly Advancing’ and ‘Great Leap Forward’ strategies of urbanization. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group."
"56256597400;7005908295;","Autocorrelation structure of convective rainfall in semiarid-arid climate derived from high-resolution X-Band radar estimates",2018,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.09.020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85033502501&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2017.09.020&partnerID=40&md5=9ee5f37605111c54019b926db984a336","Small scale rainfall variability is a key factor driving runoff response in fast responding systems, such as mountainous, urban and arid catchments. In this paper, the spatial–temporal autocorrelation structure of convective rainfall is derived with extremely high resolutions (60 m, 1 min) using estimates from an X-Band weather radar recently installed in a semiarid-arid area. The 2-dimensional spatial autocorrelation of convective rainfall fields and the temporal autocorrelation of point-wise and distributed rainfall fields are examined. The autocorrelation structures are characterized by spatial anisotropy, correlation distances ~ 1.5–2.8 km and rarely exceeding 5 km, and time-correlation distances ~ 1.8–6.4 min and rarely exceeding 10 min. The observed spatial variability is expected to negatively affect estimates from rain gauges and microwave links rather than satellite and C-/S-Band radars; conversely, the temporal variability is expected to negatively affect remote sensing estimates rather than rain gauges. The presented results provide quantitative information for stochastic weather generators, cloud-resolving models, dryland hydrologic and agricultural models, and multi-sensor merging techniques. © 2017 Elsevier B.V."
"7102096582;57192992962;55475598400;35226086700;7402327199;","Attributing regional trends of evapotranspiration and gross primary productivity with remote sensing: A case study in the North China Plain",2017,"10.5194/hess-21-295-2017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85009785435&doi=10.5194%2fhess-21-295-2017&partnerID=40&md5=c525a03b4b5fd5c437580b6e9eada64a","Attributing changes in evapotranspiration (ET) and gross primary productivity (GPP) is crucial for impact and adaptation assessment of the agro-ecosystems to climate change. Simulations with the VIP model revealed that annual ET and GPP slightly increased from 1981 to 2013 over the North China Plain. The tendencies of both ET and GPP were upward in the spring season, while they were weak and downward in the summer season. A complete factor analysis illustrated that the relative contributions of climatic change, CO2 fertilization, and management to the ET (GPP) trend were 56 (ĝ'32)ĝ€-%, ĝ'28 (25)ĝ€-%, and 68 (108)ĝ€-%, respectively. The decline of global radiation resulted from deteriorated aerosol and air pollution was the principal cause of GPP decline in summer, while air warming intensified the water cycle and advanced the plant productivity in the spring season. Generally, agronomic improvements were the principal drivers of crop productivity enhancement."
"22935673400;6602176524;7005030035;","Remote impact of North Atlantic hurricanes on the Mediterranean during episodes of intense rainfall in autumn 2012",2015,"10.1002/qj.2419","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84928255026&doi=10.1002%2fqj.2419&partnerID=40&md5=c6284003b733e0c701e4fe0c01f8eb29","Autumn is the most favourable season for tropical cyclones to undergo extratropical transition and interact with the midlatitude flow over the North Atlantic. Autumn is also the season when intense rainfall over the Mediterranean is often triggered by Rossby wave breaking. The impact of tropical cyclones on downstream wave breaking is investigated here during three episodes of intense rainfall which were the target of HyMeX (Hydrological cycle in Mediterranean eXperiment) in autumn 2012. Five-day simulations of hurricanes Leslie, Rafael and Sandy were performed with the Meso-NH model in a domain encompassing the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Control simulations were compared to simulations in which the hurricanes were filtered out from the initial conditions. In each case, the hurricane locally impeded the forward progression of an upstream trough, then reintensified as an extratropical cyclone during the wrap-up of the trough. The local impact of Leslie and Rafael on the midlatitude flow quickly propagated downstream along a polar jet and amplified Rossby wave breaking but decreased the intensity of the forecast precipitation over the Mediterranean. The local impact of Sandy propagated downstream along a subtropical jet in addition to the polar jet and resulted in a weak impact of the forecast precipitation on the Mediterranean. This study suggests that the interaction of tropical cyclones with the midlatitude flow over the western North Atlantic may be considered a perturbation to, rather than a source of, downstream wave breaking. © 2014 Royal Meteorological Society."
"7005542976;56463204300;","Detecting distributional changes of annual rainfall indices in Taiwan using quantile regression",2015,"10.1016/j.jher.2014.07.006","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84940899633&doi=10.1016%2fj.jher.2014.07.006&partnerID=40&md5=756d45865ff656c4fd18fda747b34ec6","It is commonly recognized that hydrologic cycle has been intensified by climate change, which may lead to changes in mean, variability, and extremes of climate and hydrologic variables. This study aims to explore possible distributional changes of rainfall characteristics over time in Taiwan using quantile regression. A simplified nine-category distributional-change scheme, with focusing on changes of scale and location of empirical probability density function, is proposed in this study to examine distributional changes of rainfall characteristics. A total of 23 daily rainfall series in Taiwan over the period of 1947-2000 is selected for detecting distributional changes of annual rainfall, annual rain days, and annual 1-day maximum rainfall. Inconsistent variation patterns are observed since distributional changes of these three annual rainfall indices are respectively classified into 7, 6, and 7 categories. The prevalent distributional change is only noted for annual rain days because 14 out of 23 stations (60.9%) are classified as the Category VII (leftward and sharpened distribution). Considerable spatial diversity is also observed in Taiwan except that the distributional change of annual rain days classified as Category VII is clustered in North and South regions. © 2014 International Association for Hydro-environment Engineering and Research, Asia Pacific Division."
"56392808400;55307573300;8619519300;14039234900;23990673400;","Effects of Climate Change on the Hydrological Cycle in Central and Eastern Europe",2014,"10.1007/978-94-007-7960-0_3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85049953613&doi=10.1007%2f978-94-007-7960-0_3&partnerID=40&md5=5c72f397985497d45d8d664e9405b62e","For the management of protected areas knowledge about the water regime plays a very important role, in particular in areas with lakes, wetlands, marches or floodplains. The local hydrological conditions depend widely on temporal and spatial variations of the main components of the hydrologic cycle and physiographic conditions on site. To preserve a favourable conservation status under changing climatic conditions park managers require information about potential impacts of climate change in their area. The following chapter provides an overview of how climate change affects the hydrological regimes in Central and Eastern Europe. The hydrological impacts for the protected areas are area-specific and vary from region to region. Generally, an increase in temperature enhances the moisture holding capacity of the atmosphere and thus, leads to an intensification of the hydrological cycle. Key changes in the hydrological system include alterations in the seasonal distribution, magnitude and duration of precipitation and evapotranspiration. This may lead to changes in the water storage, surface runoff, soil moisture and seasonal snow packs as well as to modifications in the mass balance of Central European glaciers. Partly, water resources management can help to counterbalance effects of climate change on stream flow and water availability. © 2014, The Author(s)."
"55627873250;54418872100;55484420800;8043429800;","Modeling plant structure and its impacts on carbon and water cycles of the Central Asian arid ecosystem in the context of climate change",2013,"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.06.008","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84883741411&doi=10.1016%2fj.ecolmodel.2013.06.008&partnerID=40&md5=662df848204af888fc7d4e3780d2a206","The effect of the rapid climate change observed in recent decades on the carbon (C) dynamics of the Central Asian dryland remains unclear. The special root structure of desert plants, the non-uniform canopy structure of the dryland ecosystem, and the intensive root-water interaction in the groundwater-soil-plant continuum are important characteristics of dryland ecosystems that could affect the C and water processes in Central Asia. However, these characteristics of dryland ecosystems have not been adequately addressed by the current ecosystem models. In this study, a process-based arid ecosystem model (AEM) was developed to model plant and canopy structures and their effects on the coupled C and water processes in dryland ecosystems. In comparison to other models, the AEM includes an improved vertical root distribution submodel, a detailed mechanistic submodel for the root water uptake, a photodegradation submodel, and a plant form submodel that dynamically updates a plant's aboveground structure and canopy coverage daily. The AEM was parameterized for the major plant functional types (PFTs) in Central Asia, and its performance was evaluated by conducting sensitivity analyses and model validations against field observations. The model accurately predicted the water and C pulses in response to abrupt precipitation events. The numerical experiments indicated that (1) Central Asian dryland ecosystems could respond promptly to changes in climate and groundwater fluctuation, and (2) different PFTs have different sensitivities to environmental changes because of their different plant structures and physiologies. This study showed that a process-based model, such as the AEM, can be useful in studying the complex interactions between plants and their water-stressed environment in the context of the rapid climate change in Central Asia. © 2013 Elsevier B.V."
"6603982006;35584010200;","Observed frequency and intensity of tropical precipitation from instantaneous estimates",2013,"10.1002/jgrd.50694","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84886020937&doi=10.1002%2fjgrd.50694&partnerID=40&md5=15b5c60eba19badaca314de584cad177","Negative societal impacts can result from intense individual downpours, the accumulation of rainfall over a day or more, or a combination of these. Accumulation is reasonably well captured by daily reporting rain gauges, but rainfall intensity is not. Ten years of data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) are used to describe the spatial and seasonal distributions of instantaneous rainfall intensity with an emphasis on how these differ from the distributions of mean daily accumulation. Over tropical land, the rainy season, when rainfall is most frequent, does not coincide with the highest mean intensity. Rather, intensity peaks just before the rainy season. This offset is most obvious in the pre-onset and post-onset months in monsoon regions and it is also evident in equatorial regions without a well-defined dry and rainy season. Most seasonal variations in rainfall intensity can be explained as parallel variations in the occurrence of convective, relative to stratiform, precipitation. However, regional differences in rainfall intensity are related to differences in the intensity of convection itself. Compared with seasonal changes in intensity over land, variations in convective precipitation fraction over tropical oceans are trivial, and the modest seasonal changes in the intensity of rainfall parallel those of frequency. These findings suggest that studies of precipitation extremes under global warming should (1) explicitly tackle the question of changes in the intensity of rainfall separately from changes in daily rainfall accumulation and (2) consider the different qualities of extreme precipitation events over ocean and over land. Key Points Rain frequency and intensity from TRMM PR Radar describe storm characteristicsOver land, mean conditional rain intensity is largest prior to the rainy seasonExtremes studies should consider land/ocean and daily/subdaily scales separately ©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"12786571000;6603724288;6701527006;57204744052;","Oxygen isotopes in tree rings record variation in precipitation δ18O and amount effects in the south of Mexico",2013,"10.1002/2013JG002304","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84892936813&doi=10.1002%2f2013JG002304&partnerID=40&md5=ca9bd40bd914020f24a23c40f3b724c8","Natural archives of oxygen isotopes in precipitation may be used to study changes in the hydrological cycle in the tropics, but their interpretation is not straightforward. We studied to which degree tree rings of Mimosa acantholoba from southern Mexico record variation in isotopic composition of precipitation and which climatic processes influence oxygen isotopes in tree rings (δ18Otr). Interannual variation in δ18Otr was highly synchronized between trees and closely related to isotopic composition of rain measured at San Salvador, 710 km to the southwest. Correlations with δ13C, growth, or local climate variables (temperature, cloud cover, vapor pressure deficit (VPD)) were relatively low, indicating weak plant physiological influences. Interannual variation in δ18Otr correlated negatively with local rainfall amount and intensity. Correlations with the amount of precipitation extended along a 1000 km long stretch of the Pacific Central American coast, probably as a result of organized storm systems uniformly affecting rainfall in the region and its isotope signal; episodic heavy precipitation events, of which some are related to cyclones, deposit strongly 18O-depleted rain in the region and seem to have affected the δ18Otr signal. Large-scale controls on the isotope signature include variation in sea surface temperatures of tropical north Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. In conclusion, we show that δ18Otr of M. acantholoba can be used as a proxy for source water δ18O and that interannual variation in δ18Oprec is caused by a regional amount effect. This contrasts with δ18O signatures at continental sites where cumulative rainout processes dominate and thus provide a proxy for precipitation integrated over a much larger scale. Our results confirm that processes influencing climate-isotope relations differ between sites located, e.g., in the western Amazon versus coastal Mexico, and that tree ring isotope records can help in disentangling the processes influencing precipitation δ18O. Key Points Variation in oxygen isotopes in Mimosa tree rings is mostly due to source water Oxygen isotope records show a regional amount effect © 2013 The Authors. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences published by Wiley on behalf of the American Geophysical Union."
"55810947400;55233886300;57190236481;7004202450;57190581716;57214395465;","Large scale features and assessment of spatial scale correspondence between TMPA and IMD rainfall datasets over Indian landmass",2013,"10.1007/s12040-013-0312-0","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84881083232&doi=10.1007%2fs12040-013-0312-0&partnerID=40&md5=1c7d94aac9fd3f2d9ceadde690f8deec","Daily rainfall datasets of 10 years (1998-2007) of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) version 6 and India Meteorological Department (IMD) gridded rain gauge have been compared over the Indian landmass, both in large and small spatial scales. On the larger spatial scale, the pattern correlation between the two datasets on daily scales during individual years of the study period is ranging from 0.4 to 0.7. The correlation improved significantly (~0.9) when the study was confined to specific wet and dry spells each of about 5-8 days. Wavelet analysis of intraseasonal oscillations (ISO) of the southwest monsoon rainfall show the percentage contribution of the major two modes (30-50 days and 10-20 days), to be ranging respectively between ∼30-40% and 5-10% for the various years. Analysis of inter-annual variability shows the satellite data to be underestimating seasonal rainfall by ∼110 mm during southwest monsoon and overestimating by ∼150 mm during northeast monsoon season. At high spatio-temporal scales, viz., 1°×1° grid, TMPA data do not correspond to ground truth. We have proposed here a new analysis procedure to assess the minimum spatial scale at which the two datasets are compatible with each other. This has been done by studying the contribution to total seasonal rainfall from different rainfall rate windows (at 1 mm intervals) on different spatial scales (at daily time scale). The compatibility spatial scale is seen to be beyond 5°×5° average spatial scale over the Indian landmass. This will help to decide the usability of TMPA products, if averaged at appropriate spatial scales, for specific process studies, e.g., cloud scale, meso scale or synoptic scale. © Indian Academy of Sciences."
"56926011400;","Climate change impact, mitigation and adaptation strategies for agricultural and water resources, in Ganga Plain (India)",2013,"10.1007/s11027-012-9381-7","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84876943731&doi=10.1007%2fs11027-012-9381-7&partnerID=40&md5=efed4b73d51c815e4efcb183d48c2eaf","Agriculture consumes more than two-thirds of global fresh water out of which 90 % is used by developing countries. Freshwater consumption worldwide is expected to rise another 25 %by 2030 due to increase in population from 6. 6 billion currently to about 8 billion by 2030 and over 9 billion by 2050. Worldwide climate change and variability are affecting water resources and agricultural production and in India Ganga Plain region is one of them. Hydroclimatic changes are very prominent in all the regions of Ganga Plain. Climate change and variability impacts are further drying the semi-arid areas and may cause serious problem of water and food scarcity for about 250 million people of the area. About 80 million ha out of total 141 million ha net cultivated area of India is rainfed, which contributes approximately 44 % of total food production has been severely affected by climate change. Further changing climatic conditions are causing prominent hydrological variations like change in drainage density, river morphology (tectonic control) & geometry, water quality and precipitation. Majority of the river channels seen today in the Ganga Plain has migrated from their historic positions. Large scale changes in land use and land cover pattern, cropping pattern, drainage pattern and over exploitation of water resources are modifying the hydrological cycle in Ganga basin. The frequency of floods and drought and its intensity has increased manifold. Ganga Plain rivers has changed their course with time and the regional hydrological conditions shows full control over the rates and processes by which environments geomorphically evolve. Approximately 47 % of total irrigated area of the country is located in Ganga Plain, which is severely affected by changing climatic conditions. In long run climate change will affect the quantity and quality of the crops and the crop yield is going to be down. This will increase the already high food inflation in the country. The warmer atmospheric temperatures and drought conditions will increase soil salinization, desertification and drying-up of aquifer, while flooding conditions will escalate soil erosion, soil degradation and sedimentation. The aim of this study is to understand the impact of different hydrological changes due to climatic conditions and come up with easily and economically feasible solutions effective in addressing the problem of water and food scarcity in future. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V."
"7004602823;6701416585;","ENSO-triggered exceptional flooding in the Paraná River: Where is the excess water coming from?",2010,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.12.035","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77549083829&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2009.12.035&partnerID=40&md5=f74b08c61a1ac5f8f11bc46609229b91","The Paraná River has been increasing its annual flow during the last ∼30 years. The relative contribution of its major tributaries (i.e., the upper Paraná and Paraguay rivers) is uneven in as much as the Paraguay is increasing its annual discharge at a higher pace than the upper Paraná does. Contrastingly, the upper Paraná has been increasing significantly its flow during the second half of the year (i.e., historical low water period) whereas the Paraguay River has been amplifying its flow throughout the hydrological year. The variability of δ 18O measured in the Paraná River middle reach tends to follow Paraguay's relative contribution to Paraná's total discharge. A simple model built on the basis of the mean δ 18O signature of rainfall (Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation) shows significant coherency with the relative contribution time series during non-El Niño periods but it is necessary to invert the mean isotopic values in precipitation during the occurrence of a major ENSO event (i.e., assume that δ 18O in upper Paraná River water becomes more negative than usual) to improve the resemblance to the observed variability. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"8657988300;6603109388;7007181954;56134359300;7004828383;7103023781;7004342635;","High resolution climate and vegetation simulations of the Late Pliocene, a model-data comparison over western Europe and the Mediterranean region",2009,"10.5194/cp-5-585-2009","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77949753559&doi=10.5194%2fcp-5-585-2009&partnerID=40&md5=8eb118f2188979392debc9f184838d4d","Here we perform a detailed comparison between climate model results and climate reconstructions in western Europe and the Mediterranean area for the mid-Piacenzian warm interval (ca 3 Myr ago) of the Late Pliocene epoch. This region is particularly well suited for such a comparison as several quantitative climate estimates from local pollen records are available. They show evidence for temperatures significantly warmer than today over the whole area, mean annual precipitation higher in northwestern Europe and equivalent to modern values in its southwestern part. To improve our comparison, we have performed high resolution simulations of the mid-Piacenzian climate using the LMDz atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) with a stretched grid which allows a finer resolution over Europe. In a first step, we applied the PRISM2 (Pliocene Research, Interpretation, and Synoptic Mapping) boundary conditions except that we used modern terrestrial vegetation. Second, we simulated the vegetation for this period by forcing the ORCHIDEE (Organizing Carbon and Hydrology in Dynamic Ecosystems) dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM) with the climatic outputs from the AGCM. We then supplied this simulated terrestrial vegetation cover as an additional boundary condition in a second AGCM run. This gives us the opportunity to investigate the model's sensitivity to the simulated vegetation changes in a global warming context. Model results and data show a great consistency for mean annual temperatures, indicating increases by up to 4°C in the study area, and some disparities, in particular in the northern Mediterranean sector, as regards winter and summer temperatures. Similar continental mean annual precipitation and moisture patterns are predicted by the model, which broadly underestimates the wetter conditions indicated by the data in northwestern Europe. The biogeophysical effects due to the changes in vegetation simulated by ORCHIDEE are weak, both in terms of the hydrological cycle and of the temperatures, at the regional scale of the European and Mediterranean mid-latitudes. In particular, they do not contribute to improve the model-data comparison. Their main influence concerns seasonal temperatures, with a decrease of the temperatures of the warmest month, and an overall reduction of the intensity of the continental hydrological cycle. © Author(s) 2009."
"6603105683;7006823330;6602575397;7102236611;7103245662;6602352273;","Hydrological implications of desertification in southeastern Spain",2007,"10.1623/hysj.52.6.1146","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-37249032701&doi=10.1623%2fhysj.52.6.1146&partnerID=40&md5=9e623314af312a0e1a763cf52e1947d3","The climatic variability of southeastern Spain recently produced one of the driest periods of the 20th century, which provoked a marked decrease in river flows. A study of trends was applied to four representative rainfall stations (Granada, Almeria, Murcia and Alicante) and showed that the downward trend is generalised. Three of the stations registered abrupt changes. A study of later decades showed that precipitation fell by 9.2 and 11.7% in Granada and Almeria, respectively, between 1980 and 1989. The decline between 1990 and 1999 was generalised; at the same time the year-to-year variability increased by between 37 and 49%. This variation was most pronounced in the rivers, three of which showed a reduced mean monthly flow of the order of 34% over the period 1980-2003, in comparison to the decade 1969-1979. The decline in flow in spring was somewhat more buffered. The most noticeable impact in the southeastern part of Spain over the last 40 years has been the intensive exploitation of groundwater. This has brought about a general decline in groundwater levels, drying out of springs, abandonment of numerous wells and boreholes, and salinisation of soils and water. Copyright © 2007 IAHS Press."
"7404955059;57203142176;7402401574;57203049177;57194045072;","A new feedback on climate change from the hydrological cycle",2007,"10.1029/2007GL029275","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34250693544&doi=10.1029%2f2007GL029275&partnerID=40&md5=8157ab373fe60fbcd1b664f7db8befe4","An intensification of the hydrological cycle is a likely consequence of global warming. But changes in the hydrological cycle could affect sea-surface temperature by modifying diffusive ocean heat transports. We investigate this mechanism by studying a coupled general circulation model sensitivity experiment in which the hydrological cycle is artificially amplified. We find that the amplified hydrological cycle depresses sea-surface temperature by enhancing ocean heat uptake in low latitudes. We estimate that a 10% increase in the hydrological cycle will contribute a basin-scale sea-surface temperature decrease of around 0.1°C away from high latitudes, with larger decreases locally. We conclude that an intensified hydrological cycle is likely to contribute a weak negative feedback to anthropogenic climate change. Copyright 2007 by the American Geophysical Union."
"57217271893;57203492395;7202193324;6603795286;","Observations of synoptic-scale land surface variability and its coupling with the atmosphere",2005,"10.1256/qj.04.119","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-27644472649&doi=10.1256%2fqj.04.119&partnerID=40&md5=1e2634f7735848f63308153cdbcb6ea1","Cloud-free brightness temperatures from satellite are used to interpret changes in the state of the land surface energy balance from day to day across the tropical semi-arid region of North Africa. The method provides an assessment of the spatial and temporal patterns in the surface characteristics. The variability in brightness temperature is closely linked to precipitation, as inferred from available rain-gauge data and satellite cold-cloud imagery. Temperatures drop sharply after rainfall, and increase gradually in subsequent days consistent with surface drying. The analysis shows that surface temperatures (and therefore fluxes) are well-organized at the synoptic scale, and can be linked to the westward propagation of mesoscale convective systems and African easterly waves (AEWs). The modulation of rainfall and cloud cover by weather systems is a key element in producing variability in surface fluxes of heat and moisture. To examine the relationships between surface variability and the atmosphere, a composite of anomalously warm (and dry) surface conditions with spatial coherence over a given longitude band is constructed from satellite data covering a single wet season. Operational analyses are used to examine atmospheric anomalies associated with these composited 'hotspots'. Surface moisture variations on the scale of several hundred km and larger can generate anomalous heat-lows during the day and, according to the operational analyses, generate cyclonic vorticity overnight. These vortices appear to be responsible for the observed modulation of cold cloud in the vicinity of the hotspot, and may influence the characteristics of AEWs in the Northern Sahel. Furthermore, theoretical ideas suggest that surface hotspots are likely to trigger a westward-propagating Rossby-wave response; this process is demonstrated here in a simple numerical model. © Royal Meteorological Society, 2005."
"35619212800;7005562402;","In situ observations of diurnal variability in rainfall over the tropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans",2004,"10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3496:ISOODV>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-7044235152&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0442%282004%29017%3c3496%3aISOODV%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=d6dd34da31fddfd0b4669b2c27a959d7","In this study, the diurnal cycles in rain accumulation, intensity, and frequency are investigated for the 1997-2001 time period using measurements from self-siphoning rain gauges on moored buoys within the tropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. These measurements are unique in that they provide in situ, quantitative information on both the amplitude and phase of diurnal variability in tropical oceanic precipitation over an extended period of time at selected locations. Results indicate that the diurnal and semidiurnal harmonics explain a significant portion of the diurnal variance for all three rainfall parameters at the buoys. The diurnal harmonic in particular dominates the composite diurnal cycle in hourly rain accumulation, with a maximum from 0400 to 0700 local time (LT) and a minimum around 1800 LT. An early morning maximum and evening minimum are also observed in the composite diurnal cycles of rain intensity and frequency, indicating that both are contributing to the diurnal cycle in accumulation. Afternoon maxima in accumulation are also observed at several locations and are generally associated with maxima in rain intensity. While there is considerable variation in the estimates of the diurnal cycle both seasonally and regionally (especially for intensity), the results are overall consistent with previous studies of the diurnal cycle in rainfall and tropical cloudiness."
"55627877102;","Floods triggered by natural conditions and by human activities in a Mediterranean coastal environment",2003,"10.1111/j.0435-3676.2003.00207.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0346009160&doi=10.1111%2fj.0435-3676.2003.00207.x&partnerID=40&md5=ec4026b5dca6542ad1efe798150ce7ba","The occurrence of high intensity storm rainfall in the western Mediterranean results in severe and often catastrophic flooding. In the Catalan coastal catchments alone, located in the northeaste of the Iberian peninsula, 296 zones have been estimated to be at risk from flooding. The change in catchment response to rainfall induced by urbanisation is one of the most dramatic of human impacts on the hydrological cycle. The basic effect of the increment of urban impervious areas on the rainfall-runoff processes is to increase storm runoff, thus increasing flood potential. Major trends of land use changes in the Mediterranean coastal streams show a marked progressive increment of the urbanised areas, basically related to tourist development of the coast. This study presents the characteristics of intense storm rainfall and flash flooding, which occur in the Ridaura catchment, located near the northeastern Spanish coast. The maximum daily rainfall values associated with significant runoff events are in the order of 200 mm over a 24 hours period and a recurrence interval of 7 to 10 years. The discharges resulting from the rainfall events are approximately 200 to 250 m3/s and produce flooding in the downstream summer resort of Platja d'Aro."
"7403288995;7102875645;","Effect of water vapor feedback on internal and anthropogenic variations of the global hydrologic cycle",2000,"10.1029/1999JD901172","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033791598&doi=10.1029%2f1999JD901172&partnerID=40&md5=389c324474627ebee12073a4b621b3b2","Using two versions of the GFDL coupled ocean-atmosphere model, one where water vapor anomalies are allowed to affect the longwave radiation calculation and one where they are not, we examine the role of water vapor feedback in internal precipitation variability and greenhouse-gas-forced intensification of the hydrologic cycle. Without external forcing, the experiment with water vapor feedback produces 44% more annual-mean, global-mean precipitation variability than the one without. We diagnose the reason for this difference: In both experiments, global-mean surface temperature anomalies are associated with water vapor anomalies. However, when water vapor interacts with longwave radiation, the temperature anomalies are associated with larger anomalies in surface downward longwave radiation. This increases the temperature anomaly damping through latent heat flux, creating an evaporation anomaly. The evaporation anomaly, in turn, leads to an anomaly of nearly the same magnitude in precipitation. In the experiment without water vapor feedback, this mechanism is absent. While the interaction between longwave and water vapor has a large impact on the global hydrologic cycle internal variations, its effect decreases as spatial scales decrease, so water vapor feedback has only a very small impact on grid-scale hydrologic variability. Water vapor feedback also affects the hydrologic cycle intensification when greenhouse gas concentrations increase. By the 5th century of global warming experiments where CO2 is increased and then fixed at its doubled value, the global-mean precipitation increase is nearly an order of magnitude larger when water vapor feedback is present. The cause of this difference is similar to the cause of the difference in internal precipitation variability: When water vapor feedback is present, the increase in water vapor associated with a warmer climate enhances downward longwave radiation. To maintain surface heat balance, evaporation increases, leading to a similar increase in precipitation. This effect is absent in the experiment without water vapor feedback. The large impact of water vapor feedback on hydrologic cycle intensification does not weaken as spatial scales decrease, unlike the internal variability case. Accurate representations of water vapor feedback are therefore necessary to simulate global-scale hydrologic variability and intensification of the hydrologic cycle in global warming. Copyright 2000 by the American Geophysical Union."
"7004848441;7202053363;","Trade wind rainfall atop Mount Waialeale, Kauai",1999,"10.1175/1520-0493(1999)127<2217:TWRAMW>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033390610&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0493%281999%29127%3c2217%3aTWRAMW%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=4a62228583c051bf074aab274a630a8c","Very large coast to mountain rainfall gradients have been observed in the trade winds and winter monsoons. Since the surface moist layer is usually capped by a subsidence inversion near 2 km. the rain is ""warm."" On the top of a mountainous island, which is generally below the inversion, such as Kauai, trade wind rainfall can be very great and the coast to top rainfall gradient very large. Autographic rainfall measurements at the top of Mount Waialeale (1598 m MSL, one of the wettest spots on the earth) on Kauai together with surface and upperair measurements made at Lihue, 20 km to the southeast, and weather satellite images confirm and expand on earlier descriptions of the nature of mountain rainfall in the trade winds. Significant rain results from moderate or fresh trade winds being lifted up the eastern escarpment of Waialeale, hut only when a band or area of cumulus extends upwind of the mountain. Small wind shear in the vertical and a sharp upper limit to the moist layer reduce entrainment and facilitate growth of cloud droplets. At the mountaintop rain is usually light or moderate, with drops smaller than 2 mm, but persisting long enough to produce large accumulations. Along the windward coast, drops usually evaporate before reaching the ground. Divergence and upward motion east of an upper-tropospheric trough barely affect the moist trade wind layer. Cloud lines associated with shear line extensions of cold fronts or with dying tropical cyclones to the south account for much of the rain though short-lived mesoscale cloud systems are also important. Thunderstorms are very rare with surface flow from a trade wind direction. The wind then curves cyclonically on the northwest sides of sharp troughs or small cyclones. Upper-tropospheric southwesterlies usually prevail. The nocturnal rainfall maximum at Waialeale probably stems largely from radiational cooling at the top of the moist layer causing clouds over and upwind of the island to increase. Other trade wind islands of about the same size and height as Kauai, but with no mountaintop rain gauges, probably also have large coast to mountaintop rainfall gradients."
"6602627241;7003979342;","Sensitivity of a general circulation model to parameterizations of cloud–turbulence interactions in the atmospheric boundary layer",1995,"10.1034/j.1600-0870.1995.t01-1-00004.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84981566744&doi=10.1034%2fj.1600-0870.1995.t01-1-00004.x&partnerID=40&md5=1353b7cd0d5b2e7ab9c3a6cb9a8e4344","Several approaches to parameterize the turbulent transport of momentum, heat, water vapour and cloud water for use in a general circulation model (GCM) have been tested in 1‐dimensional and 3‐dimensional model simulations. The schemes differ with respect to their closure assumptions (conventional eddy diffusivity model versus turbulent kinetic energy closure) and also regarding their treatment of cloud–turbulence interactions. The basic properties of these parameterizations are discussed first in relation to column simulations of a stratocumulus–topped atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) under a strong subsidence inversion during the KONTROL experiment in the North Sea. It is found that the K‐models tend to decouple the cloud layer from adjacent layers above and below because the turbulent activity is calculated from local variables. The higher‐order scheme performs better in this respect because internally generated turbulence can be transported up and down through the action of turbulent diffusion. Thus, the TKE‐scheme provides not only a better link between the cloud and the sub‐cloud layer but also between the cloud and the inversion as a result of cloud‐top entrainment. In the stratocumulus case study, where the cloud is confined by a pronounced subsidence inversion, increased entrainment favours cloud dilution through enhanced evaporation of cloud droplets. In the GCM study, however, additional cloud‐top entrainment supports cloud formation because indirect cloud generating processes are promoted through efficient ventilation of the ABL, such as the enhanced moisture supply by surface evaporation and the increased depth of the ABL. As a result, tropical convection is more vigorous, the hydrological cycle is intensified, the whole troposphere becomes warmer and moister in general and the cloudiness in the upper part of the ABL is increased. Copyright © 1995, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved"
"57193904597;24168416900;7402989545;25226875800;55899884100;55913183200;56233496200;","The diurnal cycle of East Asian summer monsoon precipitation simulated by the Met Office Unified Model at convection-permitting scales",2020,"10.1007/s00382-018-4368-z","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85050926666&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-018-4368-z&partnerID=40&md5=679f88e0160f28c4970124ad7e2a70de","A limited area convection permitting model (CPM) based on the Met Office Unified Model, with a 0.04° (4.4 km) horizontal grid spacing, is used to simulate an entire warm-season of the East Asian monsoon (from April to September 2009). The simulations are compared to rain gauge observations, reanalysis and to a lower resolution regional model with a 0.12° (13.2 km) grid spacing that has a parametrization of subgrid-scale convective clouds and precipitation. The 13.2 km simulation underestimates precipitation intensity, produces rainfall too frequently, and shows evident biases in reproducing the diurnal cycle of precipitation and low-level wind fields. In comparison, the CPM shows significant improvements in the spatial distribution of precipitation intensity, although it overestimates the intensity magnitude and has a wet bias over central eastern China. The diurnal cycle of precipitation over Mei-yu region, southern China and the eastern periphery of the Tibetan Plateau, as well as the diurnal cycle of low-level winds over both the Mei-yu region and southern China are better simulated by the CPM. Over the Mei-yu region, in both simulations and observations, the local atmospheric instability in the afternoon is favorable for upward motion and rainfall. The CPM receives more sensible heat flux from the surface, has a stronger upward motion, and overestimates water vapor convergence based on moisture budget diagnosis. All these processes help explain the excessive late afternoon rainfall over the Mei-yu region in the CPM simulation. © 2018, The Author(s)."
"23469127500;8708591000;22235559500;12772163400;56998485100;57209028134;36611066400;36165173200;57209027980;36663802100;35578179200;7003410611;14527027700;57191503563;56984762200;24399409600;56145984700;55261977400;15770429100;55719299300;55585416300;7005538923;56178414000;7003972253;","Soil functions and ecosystem services research in the Chinese karst Critical Zone",2019,"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.03.018","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85066307039&doi=10.1016%2fj.chemgeo.2019.03.018&partnerID=40&md5=c5dc900f4a0293902dab0077f65ced3e","Covering extensive parts of China, karst is a critically important landscape that has experienced rapid and intensive land use change and associated ecosystem degradation within only the last 50 years. In the natural state, key ecosystem services delivered by these landscapes include regulation of the hydrological cycle, nutrient cycling and supply, carbon storage in soils and biomass, biodiversity and food production. Intensification of agriculture since the late-20th century has led to a rapid deterioration in Critical Zone (CZ) state, evidenced by reduced crop production and rapid loss of soil. In many areas, an ecological ‘tipping point’ appears to have been passed as basement rock is exposed and ‘rocky desertification’ dominates. This paper reviews contemporary research of soil processes and ecosystems service delivery in Chinese karst ecosystems, with an emphasis on soil degradation and the potential for ecosystem recovery through sustainable management. It is clear that currently there is limited understanding of the geological, hydrological and ecological processes that control soil functions in these landscapes, which is critical for developing management strategies to optimise ecosystem service delivery. This knowledge gap presents a classic CZ scientific challenge because an integrated multi-disciplinary approach is essential to quantify the responses of soils in the Chinese karst CZ to extreme anthropogenic perturbation, to develop a mechanistic understanding of their resilience to environmental stressors, and thereby to inform strategies to recover and maintain sustainable soil function. © 2019 Elsevier B.V."
"57200513923;24832532300;7103412471;56230794000;","Atmospheric rivers over the Bay of Bengal lead to northern Indian extreme rainfall",2018,"10.1002/joc.5229","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85041449191&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.5229&partnerID=40&md5=092e50f041ac08bdf75cd7af9d5179ab","Atmospheric rivers (ARs), filamentary patterns of strong water vapour fluxes, play a prominent role in global poleward moisture transport and have profound impacts on extreme rainfalls (ERs). Previous AR research has mainly focused on the mid-latitude regions, whereas the characteristics of ARs in low latitudes and their relationship with local ERs remain largely unknown. This study investigates the spatiotemporal characteristics of ARs over the Bay of Bengal and their relationship with ERs after landing on the northern Indian subcontinent using the ERA-Interim reanalysis data. During the study period from 1979 to 2011, a total of 149 ARs have been identified, which feature a bimodal temporal pattern with more events observed in May and October. The AR axes generally stretch northeastwards over the bay and land in Bangladesh and Burma. A total of 24% of ARs occurring during tropical cyclones implies a possible connection between them, in addition to the similar intra-annual distribution. In summer, as the tropical cyclones are weak and the northward water vapour flux decreases due to topographic blocking of the Western Ghats, it is less likely to form intensified water vapour pathway, though the atmospheric humidity is high in the study region. Furthermore, a close correlation between ARs and ERs is manifested. A large proportion of ARs would lead to ERs, with a small fraction of ERs occur after ARs. In addition, although persistent ARs constitute the majority of identified events, rainfall intensity will not be enhanced by the increase in AR duration. This study enriches the knowledge of AR characteristics in low latitudes and provides new pathways to understand the hydrological cycles in the Indian Peninsula and the Bay of Bengal. © 2017 Royal Meteorological Society"
"57193485501;14021169600;16836656500;","Evaluating the impact of climate and underlying surface change on runoff within the Budyko framework: A study across 224 catchments in China",2017,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.09.023","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85029533853&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2017.09.023&partnerID=40&md5=0e3366c714f56118a34c5736293d2cb9","Climate change and underlying surface change are two main factors affecting the hydrological cycle. In respect of climate change, precipitation alters not only in magnitude, but also in intensity, which can be represented by precipitation depth. To further understand the spatial variation of the impact of precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, precipitation depth and the water storage capacity during 1960–2010, 224 catchments located from arid areas to humid areas across China were analyzed in this paper based on the Choudhury-Porporato equation within the Budyko hypothesis. The results show that underlying surface change is the major driving force of runoff change in the Songhua Basin, the Liaohe Basin and the Haihe Basin, while climate change dominates runoff change in other basins. Climate change causes runoff increase in most catchments, except for some catchments in the Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin. Specifically, changes in precipitation depth induce runoff increase in almost each catchment and show a considerable contribution rate (14.8% on average, larger than 20% in 32% catchments). The contribution of precipitation depth change has little correlation with the aridity index, while positively correlates to the significance of trend in precipitation depth. This study suggests that precipitation depth is an important aspect that should be taken into consideration in attribution of runoff change. The findings in this study provide a sight for future researches in attribution analysis within the Budyko framework. © 2017 Elsevier B.V."
"56063751000;6701551871;56063792300;","Simulation of a severe convective storm using a numerical model with explicitly incorporated aerosols",2017,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.04.037","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85018300146&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2017.04.037&partnerID=40&md5=44895f73aca1bc5505a6302f0dbece5d","Despite an important role the aerosols play in all stages of cloud lifecycle, their representation in numerical weather prediction models is often rather crude. This paper investigates the effects the explicit versus implicit inclusion of aerosols in a microphysics parameterization scheme in Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) – Advanced Research WRF (WRF-ARW) model has on cloud dynamics and microphysics. The testbed selected for this study is a severe mesoscale convective system with supercells that struck west and central parts of Serbia in the afternoon of July 21, 2014. Numerical products of two model runs, i.e. one with aerosols explicitly (WRF-AE) included and another with aerosols implicitly (WRF-AI) assumed, are compared against precipitation measurements from surface network of rain gauges, as well as against radar and satellite observations. The WRF-AE model accurately captured the transportation of dust from the north Africa over the Mediterranean and to the Balkan region. On smaller scales, both models displaced the locations of clouds situated above west and central Serbia towards southeast and under-predicted the maximum values of composite radar reflectivity. Similar to satellite images, WRF-AE shows the mesoscale convective system as a merged cluster of cumulonimbus clouds. Both models over-predicted the precipitation amounts; WRF-AE over-predictions are particularly pronounced in the zones of light rain, while WRF-AI gave larger outliers. Unlike WRF-AI, the WRF-AE approach enables the modelling of time evolution and influx of aerosols into the cloud which could be of practical importance in weather forecasting and weather modification. Several likely causes for discrepancies between models and observations are discussed and prospects for further research in this field are outlined. © 2017 Elsevier B.V."
"35093720000;7201471897;35346106500;56937312000;56161660000;56783215500;7102237529;25724813400;55742252500;","Enhanced recent local moisture recycling on the northwestern Tibetan Plateau deduced from ice core deuterium excess records",2017,"10.1002/2017JD027235","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85037376117&doi=10.1002%2f2017JD027235&partnerID=40&md5=2fbb095cc531d6345e2b12b058b2aa8c","Local moisture recycling plays an essential role in maintaining an active hydrological cycle of the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Previous studies were largely limited to the seasonal time scale due to short and sparse observations, especially for the northwestern TP. In this study, we used a two-component mixing model to estimate local moisture recycling over the past decades from the deuterium excess records of two ice cores (i.e., Chongce and Zangser Kangri) from the northwestern TP. The results show that on average almost half of the precipitation on the northwestern TP is provided by local moisture recycling. In addition, the local moisture recycling ratio has increased evidently on the northwestern TP, suggesting an enhanced hydrological cycle. This recent increase could be due to the climatic and environmental changes on the TP in the past decades. Rapid increases in temperature and precipitation have enhanced evaporation. Changes of land surface of plateau have significantly increased evapotranspiration. All of these have intensified local moisture recycling. However, the mixing model used in this study only includes a limited number of climate factors. Some of the extreme values of moisture recycling ratio could be caused by large-scale atmospheric circulation and other climatic and weather events. Moreover, the potential mechanisms for the increase in local recycling need to be further examined, since the numeric simulations from climate models did not reproduce the increased contribution of local moisture recycling in precipitation. © 2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57192316749;9237930900;57192312228;9237931000;57050726100;24386032700;36514421600;","Estimation of actual irrigation amount and its impact on groundwater depletion: A case study in the Hebei Plain, China",2016,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.10.020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85004075660&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2016.10.020&partnerID=40&md5=1cefe66b7b8a3c838ee694ff81986577","Irrigation water is an important but missing hydrological cycle component in the region with intensive agricultural irrigation, due to the lack of monitoring facilities. The Hebei Plain, suffering the most severe groundwater depletion in China for agriculture production, provides an ideal background to study historical agricultural water consumption and its dependence on groundwater exploitation. This paper investigated the method of retrieving the spatial-temporal irrigation amount from multiple data sets of different sources and different scales. Comprehensive data including 21 years of satellite-based data, ground-based data, and four years of tracer experiment data are synthesized to implement the soil water balance. We proposed a modified soil water balance framework by relying on as much as possible of easily available data. Our results showed that the multi-mean annual irrigation amount in the Hebei Plain is 317 mm, and mean irrigation-to-evapotranspiration ratio reaches 50.8% in recent two decades. Moreover, the precipitation distribution, plant structure, and agricultural intensity result in significantly spatiotemporal variation in irrigation and irrigation-to-evapotranspiration ratio, while however has not been addressed by previous studies. Deep percolation, ignored by many soil water balance models, was shown to be unneglectable. The estimated actual irrigation amount, together with groundwater level data, are valuable to obtain a further understanding on groundwater depletion. The diverse groundwater depletion situation in the Hebei Plain indicated the importance of recognizing the groundwater utilization patterns at a smaller scale in the regional-scale groundwater resources management. This work showed the feasibility of estimating the irrigation amount using simultaneously different types of data and revealed the spatiotemporal characteristics of agriculture water consumption and associated groundwater depletion in the Hebei Plain. © 2016 Elsevier B.V."
"56418670000;25958614700;7004135527;57203555852;6602715030;6507605950;7003342377;55996681100;8525956200;","Characterization of air–sea exchanges over the Western Mediterranean Sea during HyMeX SOP1 using the AROME–WMED model",2016,"10.1002/qj.2480","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84983383223&doi=10.1002%2fqj.2480&partnerID=40&md5=9d3f9350301445fdc12972972bc866c5","Air–sea exchanges play an important role during intense weather events over the Mediterranean Sea, especially in supplying heat and moisture for heavy precipitation events, which often affect the area. Observations collected during the first Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX) Special Observation Period (SOP1) over the Western Mediterranean area in autumn 2012 provide an unprecedented dataset for assessing the capabilities of numerical weather prediction systems to represent the air–sea interface and marine boundary layer during the heavy precipitation season. A HyMeX-dedicated version of Application de la Recherche à l'Opérationnel à Méso-Échelle, in French (AROME) covering the whole western Mediterranean basin, named AROME–WMED, was evaluated through comparisons against moored buoys, drifting buoys and ship measurements deployed during the HyMeX campaign. A general, good agreement is found for near-surface meteorological parameters, whereas significant discrepancies are observed during strong air–sea exchange periods. The two main reasons are that (1) sea-surface temperature (SST) is kept constant during the model runs and (2) sensible heat flux is overestimated in strong wind regimes by the AROME turbulent flux parametrization. Air–sea exchanges during SOP1 were characterized thanks to AROME–WMED short-range (1–24 h) forecasts. This shows some areas of strong air–sea fluxes in the Gulf of Lion and the Balearic, Ligurian and Tyrrhenian Seas. The Gulf of Lion is the area showing the highest variability of air–sea fluxes, due to dominant strong regional winds (Mistral/Tramontane). Whereas some heavy precipitation events occur without significant air–sea fluxes, all strong air–sea exchange events include, or occur only 1 or 2 days before, heavy precipitation events. A detailed analysis of an Intense Observation Period (IOP) dedicated to a heavy precipitation event (IOP13, from 12–15 October) illustrates how both dynamic (wind) and thermodynamic (temperature and humidity gradient effect) contributions influence air–sea flux evolution. © 2014 Royal Meteorological Society"
"36617672500;55721821700;35313639700;55191332200;45761394200;15849804700;57211382241;57203321797;14055495600;7006709088;","Resolving the impact of stratosphere-to-troposphere transport on the sulfur cycle and surface ozone over the Tibetan Plateau using a cosmogenic 35S tracer",2016,"10.1002/2015JD023801","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84958729763&doi=10.1002%2f2015JD023801&partnerID=40&md5=6526f91b86fe050f0a31ae34a2fc42fe","The Himalayas were recently identified as a global hot spot for deep stratosphere-to-troposphere transport (STT) in spring. Although the STT in this region may play a vital role in tropospheric chemistry, the hydrological cycle and aquatic ecosystems in Asia, there is no direct measurement of a chemical stratospheric tracer to verify and evaluate its possible impacts. Here we use cosmogenic 35S as a tracer for air masses originating in the stratosphere and transported downward. We measure concentrations of 35S in fresh surface snow and river runoff samples collected from Mount Everest in April 2013 to be more than 10 times higher than previously reported by any surface measurement, in support of the Himalayas as a gateway of springtime STT. In light of this result, measurements of 35SO2 and 35SO42- at Nam Co in spring 2011 are reanalyzed to investigate the magnitudes of stratospheric air masses from the Himalayas to the tropospheric sulfur cycle and surface O3 level over the Tibetan Plateau. A simple one-box model reveals that the oxidative lifetime of SO2 is reduced in aged STT plumes. Triple oxygen isotopic measurements of sulfate samples suggest that enhanced O3 levels may shift the oxidation pathway of SO2 in the troposphere, which may be constrained by further intensive sampling and measurements. Comparison with surface O3 measurements and traditional meteorological tracing methods shows that 35S is a potentially unique and sensitive tracer to quantify the contribution of stratospheric air to surface O3 levels in fresh or aged STT plumes. © 2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"56100447800;7004114883;","A 1DVAR retrieval applied to GMI: Algorithm description, validation, and sensitivities",2016,"10.1002/2016JD024808","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84978197066&doi=10.1002%2f2016JD024808&partnerID=40&md5=b1f0d07063dcff3515f56500a829af87","A fully physical, 1-D variational inversion algorithm(1DVAR) has been developed to simultaneously retrieve total precipitable water (TPW), 10m wind speed, and cloud liquid water path (CLWP) over ocean. Results presented are for the Global Precipitation Measurement Microwave Imager (GMI), but the algorithm is adaptable to any microwave imager. The Colorado State University 1DVAR is novel in that the observation error covariances are not assumed to be zero and empirical orthogonal functions are utilized to retrieve the structure of the water vapor profile, aided by GMI’s high-frequency channels. Validation against radiosonde and ocean buoy observations demonstrates a near zero bias for wind speed and a small positive bias for water vapor, respectively, with RMS errors that rival those of benchmark products. RMS errors against validation are 2.6mm and 1.2 m/s for TPW and wind speed. No calibration adjustments were made to achieve these results, and no “truth” data were used to train the algorithm. The advantages of this fully physical inversion are its adaptability, transparency, and full description of retrieval errors. Sensitivities of the algorithm are explored in detail. © 2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"23974991500;57201809600;6603376209;24484904900;","An evaluation and regional error modeling methodology for near-real-time satellite rainfall data over Australia",2015,"10.1002/2015JD023512","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84954387506&doi=10.1002%2f2015JD023512&partnerID=40&md5=64b150f1e07978ac01f61619c31c557a","In providing uniform spatial coverage, satellite-based rainfall estimates can potentially benefit hydrological modeling, particularly for flood prediction. Maximizing the value of information from such data requires knowledge of its error. The most recent Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42RT (TRMM-RT) satellite product version 7 (v7) was used for examining evaluation procedures against in situ gauge data across mainland Australia at a daily time step, over a 9 year period. This provides insights into estimating uncertainty and informing quantitative error model development, with methodologies relevant to the recently operational Global Precipitation Measurement mission that builds upon the TRMM legacy. Important error characteristics highlighted for daily aggregated TRMM-RT v7 include increasing (negative) bias and error variance with increasing daily gauge totals and more reliability at detecting larger gauge totals with a probability of detection of <0.5 for rainfall<~3 mm/d. Additionally, pixel location within clusters of spatially contiguous TRMM-RT v7 rainfall pixels (representing individual rain cloud masses) has predictive ability for false alarms. Differences between TRMM-RT v7 and gauge data have increasing (positive) bias and error variance with increasing TRMM-RT estimates. Difference errors binned within 10 mm/d increments of TRMM-RT v7 estimates highlighted negatively skewed error distributions for all bins, suitably approximated by the generalized extreme value distribution. An error model based on this distribution enables bias correction and definition of quantitative uncertainty bounds, which are expected to be valuable for hydrological modeling and/or merging with other rainfall products. These error characteristics are also an important benchmark for assessing if/how future satellite rainfall products have improved. © 2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"56120519800;6603871013;7103016965;","Sensitivity of orographic precipitation enhancement to horizontal resolution in the operational Met Office Weather forecasts",2015,"10.1002/met.1352","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84921651998&doi=10.1002%2fmet.1352&partnerID=40&md5=78089e3a1d78daa1d020c93cf0a8fbd6","Rain gauge observations show that when averaged over a large number of cases of frontal systems passing over the UK, strong orographic rain enhancement occurs on the lee slopes of the first hills encountered by the southwesterly flow in the warm sector. The operational forecasts using 1.5 km grid spacing produced realistic looking mean rainfall patterns over the Lake District and Wales, with an area-averaged rain accumulation error of less than 2%. Model-level rain rates increase with decreasing altitude consistent with the seeder-feeder mechanism. Increasing the horizontal grid spacing in the operational weather forecast model decreases the amount of rain produced over the hills, thereby reducing forecast accuracy. The area-averaged rain accumulations are 11-24% smaller than observed at 12 km grid spacing and 33-48% smaller than observed at 40 km grid spacing. In additional simulations of the 15 January 2011 case over the Lake District at 1.5 km grid spacing, replacing the orography with that used by the 12 and 40 km models reduced the area-averaged rain accumulations by 10 and 23% respectively. These changes were due to reduced cloud water and ice mixing ratios over the lower hills resulting in slower increases in rain rate with decreasing altitude. It is demonstrated that neglecting the horizontal advection of falling rain drops results in too much rain falling on the windward slope and not enough falling on the lee slopes. © 2014 Royal Meteorological Society."
"9537045600;6603768446;7003283811;35331137500;","The dual wavelength ratio Knee: A signature of multiple scattering in airborne Ku-Ka observations",2014,"10.1175/JAMC-D-13-0341.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84904859380&doi=10.1175%2fJAMC-D-13-0341.1&partnerID=40&md5=8eee62cea14def6e6896934f01098a46","Deep convective systems observed by the High Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler (HIWRAP) radar during the 2011 Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E) field campaign in Oklahoma provide the first evidence of multiple-scattering effects simultaneously at Ku and Ka band. One feature is novel and noteworthy: often, in correspondence to shafts with strong convection and when moving from the top of the cloud downward, the dual wavelength ratio (DWR) first increases as usual in Ku-Ka-band observations, but then it reaches a maximum and after that point it steadily decreases all the way to the surface, forming what will be hereinafter referred to as a knee. This DWR knee cannot be reproduced by single-scattering theory under almost any plausible cloud microphysical profile. On the other hand, it is explained straightforwardly with the help of multiple-scattering theory when simulations involving hail-bearing convective cores with large horizontal extents are performed. The DWR reduction in the lower troposphere (i.e., DWR increasing with altitude) is interpreted as the result of multiple-scattering pulse stretching caused by the highly diffusive hail layer positioned high up in the atmosphere, with Ka multiple scattering typically exceeding that occurring in the Ku channel. Since the effects of multiple scattering increase with increasing footprint size, if multiple-scattering effects are present in the aircraft measurements, they are likely to be more pronounced in the spaceborne dual-frequency Ku-Ka radar observations, envisaged for the NASA-Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Mission, launched in February 2014. This notional study supports the idea that DWR knees will be observed by the GPM radar when overflying high-density ice shafts embedded in large convective systems and suggests that their explanation must not be sought in differential attenuation or differential Mie effects but via multiple-scattering effects. © 2014 American Meteorological Society."
"15056477200;56438411600;10046441800;","VIC+ for water-limited conditions: A study of biological and hydrological processes and their interactions in soil-plant-atmosphere continuum",2013,"10.1002/2012WR012851","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84890953879&doi=10.1002%2f2012WR012851&partnerID=40&md5=9a2dbccf5b0376ce203d7b7e37edbdca","The Three-Layer Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC-3L) land surface model is extended to include biological and hydrological processes important to water, energy, and carbon budgets under water-limited climatic conditions: (1) movement of soil water from wet to dry regions through hydraulic redistribution (HR); (2) groundwater dynamics; (3) plant water storage; and (4) photosynthetic process. HR is represented with a process-based scheme and the interaction between HR and groundwater dynamics is explicitly considered. The impact of frozen soil on HR in the cold season is also represented. Transpiration is calculated by combining an Ohm's law analogy, where flow from the soil to leaves is buffered by plant water storage, with the Penman-Monteith method, where stomatal conductance is linked with photosynthesis. In this extended model (referred to as VIC+), water flow in plants and in the unsaturated and saturated zones, transpiration and photosynthesis are closely coupled, and multiple constraints are simultaneously applied to the transpiration process. VIC+ is evaluated with an analytical solution under simple conditions and with observed data at two AmeriFlux sites. Scenario simulations demonstrate the following results: (1) HR has significant impacts on water, energy, and carbon budgets during the dry season; (2) Rise of groundwater table, increase of root depth, HR, and plant water storage are favorable to dry-season latent heat flux; (3) Plant water storage can weaken the intensity of upward HR; (4) Frozen soil can restrict downward HR in the wet winter and reduce the soil water reserves for the dry season. Key Points Couple biological and hydrological processes into LSM for dry conditions Impacts of these processes and interactions between them are investigated Include multiple constraints to reduce model's degrees of freedom ©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"55191416000;55624487819;57211219633;57056609200;","Regionalization-based spatiotemporal variations of precipitation regimes across China",2013,"10.1007/s00704-013-0832-1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84884588919&doi=10.1007%2fs00704-013-0832-1&partnerID=40&md5=011639100aecdd445d3b8f7b1fef7410","Daily precipitation data from 595 stations are analyzed based on regionalization to investigate changing properties of precipitation regimes across the entire China. The results indicate that the northwestern China is characterized by increasing monthly precipitation. The abrupt increase of precipitation is after early 1980s and early 1990s in the western arid zone and Qinghai-Tibet plateau, respectively. Other climate zones are dominated by decreasing precipitation regimes in autumn and increasing precipitation regimes in winter, and it is particularly true in the southwestern, southern and central China, showing seasonal shifts of precipitation changes. Besides, weak precipitation regimes are decreasing and strong precipitation regimes are increasing, and it is particularly the case in the southwestern, southern and central China, implying intensifying hydrological cycle reflected by precipitation changes in these regions. This study steps further into different hydrological responses within different regions of China to climate changes and will be relevant in regional management of agriculture development and water resources. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Wien."
"35147934000;7402248742;6603351552;56426160100;","Estimation of spatial-temporal rainfall distribution using remote sensing techniques: A case study of Makanya catchment, Tanzania",2010,"10.1016/j.jag.2009.10.003","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-75349089214&doi=10.1016%2fj.jag.2009.10.003&partnerID=40&md5=cf17739cd99a0ddcc34c8be82efdb6a7","Rainfall-runoff modeling provides an opportunity to easily simulate the response of a watershed, thus providing an option for sustainable water resources management particularly in dry regions of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Analysis of rainfall-runoff relationships in a catchment forms the basis of hydrological modeling. However, rainfall is a highly dynamic process, constantly changing in form and intensity as it passes over a given area. Traditionally, rainfall is measured using limited rain gauges at ground stations and often, the dynamics are not captured and yet it is the main input variable in any hydrological modeling. Without improved rainfall estimation, flow discharge estimates from rainfall-runoff relationship in both gauged and ungauged catchments particularly in arid and semi-arid regions remain a major challenge. Application of remote sensing information becomes crucial in the process of estimating rainfall patterns of these areas. The estimation of rainfall in this study was based on the blending of the geostationary MeteoSat Second Generation (MSG), infrared channel with the low-earth orbiting passive Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), and microwave channel satellite data. To combine these two satellite data, a regression function associated with a threshold as an upper cloud temperature limit where rain occurs was determined. In this way, Makanya catchment rainfall maps (daily, monthly, and seasonal) with 3 km pixel size from 2004 to 2006 were generated by aggregating the 15 min rainfall values. Comparison of the results obtained from the blended TRMM-MSG with the available ground gauge data for 2004 and 2005 periods, gave a good correlation of about 80%. In conclusion, the developed TRMM-MSG blending procedure was found to be a reliable and robust way of obtaining spatial-temporal rainfall distribution of a given area and particularly so for arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) such as Makanya with sparse data acquisition networks. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"57192555519;24765189300;7102615193;","Hydrometeorological ensemble simulations of flood events over a small basin of Majorca Island, Spain",2008,"10.1002/qj.291","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-50949101006&doi=10.1002%2fqj.291&partnerID=40&md5=b3abaaee843a5ca80ac0f1d28241d350","A hydrometeorological modelling study is designed in order to assess the feasibility of high-resolution mesoscale-model-driven runoff simulations for a small basin of Majorca in the Balearic Islands. Four intense precipitation events, which caused flood events of different magnitudes over the Albufera basin (with a drainage area of 610 km2), are analysed. The Hydrologic Engineering Center's Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) runoff model is used to generate the hydrological simulations. The lack of flow measurements in the basin poses great difficulties in the evaluation of the rain-gauge-driven runoff simulations. Therefore the runoff model is run under the assumption that a best estimation of the hydrological model parameters, mainly related to the infiltration properties of the watershed, can be obtained from the high-resolution observational campaign developed by the Coordination of Information on the Environment (CORINE) Land Cover project. The non-hydrostatic fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University/NCAR Mesoscale Numerical Model (MM5) is used to provide quantitative precipitation forecasts for the events. The MM5-driven runoff simulations are compared against stream-flow simulations driven by the rainfall observations, thus employing the hydrological model as a validation tool. In addition to the control MM5 simulations, a multi-physics ensemble is carried out: various combinations of the physical parametrizations of the MM5 model (cloud microphysics, moist convection and boundary-layer schemes) are adopted, in order to better encompass the atmospheric processes leading to the high precipitation amounts. Results show that high-resolution numerical weather experiments in this area of complex orography accurately reproduce most of the extreme precipitation events under study, enabling potentially valuable discharge simulations, despite the small size of the basin. The value of the multi-physical model ensemble in conveying the uncertainty of precipitation, and therefore the discharge experiments, is also discussed. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society."
"7006206130;6603125868;6701571700;35619149500;","On the validation of the atmospheric model REMO with ISCCP data and precipitation measurements using simple statistics",1998,"10.1007/BF01030205","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032286109&doi=10.1007%2fBF01030205&partnerID=40&md5=984dbbff6675bea34041f20cd8cf3243","The regional atmospheric model REMO is used to study the energy and water exchange between surface and atmosphere over the Baltic Sea and its catchment area. As a prerequisite for such studies, the model has to be validated. A major part of such a validation is the comparison of simulation results with observational data. In this study the DX product of the International Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) and precipitation measurements from 7775 rain gauge stations within the model domain are used for comparisons with the simulated cloud cover and precipitation fields, respectively. The observations are available in this high spatiotemporal resolution for June 1993. To quantify the comparisons of means, variability, and patterns of the data fields simple statistics are used and the significance of the results is determined with resampling methods (Pool Permutation Procedure and Bootstrap-t). The conclusion is that simulated and observed means of the fields are not different at the 5% significance level. The determined variability of the fields is also in good agreement except the space variability in cloud cover. Time mean and anomaly patterns are in good coincidence in case of the comparisons of cloud cover fields, but in reduced coincidence in case of precipitation."
"7006084942;7003331903;","Pollutant wet deposition mechanisms in precipitation and fog water",1986,"10.1007/BF00305178","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0022781040&doi=10.1007%2fBF00305178&partnerID=40&md5=6954d947bc38c95672eb5a5df8874786","Wet deposition of acid-related substances takes place by two processes: precipitation scavenging and fog water impaction/sedimentation on natural surfaces. The relative importance of each deposition pathway depends on the frequency of occurrence of precipitation or fog, the magnitude of the event and the efficiency of pollutant removal by each mechanism. The latter, in turn, is governed by the type of cloud or fog, complex precipitation formation mechanisms and cloud-surface interactions. These factors are examined in the light of our current knowledge. Particular emphasis is placed on how cloud micro-physical as well as air and precipitation measurements, made aloft by aircraft and at the ground, have been used to further our knowledge of wet deposition mechanisms. Future research is needed to quantify the importance of the fog-water deposition pathway in eastern North America to better understand the interaction of gaseous pollutants with cloud and fog-water and to improve our knowledge of pollutant scavenging processes in mesoscale and synoptic weather systems. © 1986 D. Reidel Publishing Company."
"57217588426;8277424000;","Evaluation of diurnal variation of GPM IMERG-derived summer precipitation over the contiguous US using MRMS data",2018,"10.1002/qj.3218","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85041057821&doi=10.1002%2fqj.3218&partnerID=40&md5=558a626ff57826d17aef3c2fc0e69ebf","This paper investigates the accuracy of the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM), which provides merged microwave and infrared satellite precipitation estimates, over the contiguous US. The study focuses on diurnal variations in precipitation during a two-year summer period (June–August, 2014–2015). The normalized amplitude and phase of the diurnal cycle of IMERG are evaluated against those of ground reference from the Multi-Radar/Multi-Sensor system in terms of precipitation amount, frequency and intensity on a 1°/1 hr scale. IMERG well captures large-scale regional features of the diurnal cycle of precipitation and overall agrees well with the reference for both diurnal and semidiurnal variations. The comparison results indicate that the IMERG precipitation estimates can be a reliable alternative to ground-based measurements even at the subdaily scale; however, region-specific data discrepancies are still observed. For instance, we reveal that IMERG substantially overestimates normalized amplitude of diurnal precipitation in the central US, while IMERG tends to underestimate diurnal variations over the mountain regions in the western and eastern US. In terms of phase, we find a significant difference in the timing of peak precipitation between convective and stratiform regions of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) over the Great Plains. This time shift is more apparent during the mature and dissipation stages of MCSs, which lead to relatively early peaks in the diurnal cycle of precipitation from IMERG. This phase bias implies a higher sensitivity of IMERG towards the convective regions of MCSs, supposedly because of the brightness temperature depression coming from ice particles aloft sampled by spaceborne passive microwave sensors. Such discrepancy between the actual and satellite-estimated precipitation timing can be challenging, e.g. when the satellite data are used to study subdaily precipitation processes or to validate numerical simulations. Consequently, our assessment of the IMERG performances highlights the need for improvements in the IMERG system. © 2018 The Authors. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the Royal Meteorological Society."
"56499176800;55746365900;7403288995;56581482200;7202660824;","On the Connection Between Global Hydrologic Sensitivity and Regional Wet Extremes",2018,"10.1029/2018GL079698","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85055495916&doi=10.1029%2f2018GL079698&partnerID=40&md5=9c0013578d9a70fb9a8dc617ce86eb4d","A highly uncertain aspect of anthropogenic climate change is the rate at which the global hydrologic cycle intensifies. The future change in global-mean precipitation per degree warming, or hydrologic sensitivity, exhibits a threefold spread (1–3%/K) in current global climate models. In this study, we find that the intermodel spread in this value is associated with a significant portion of variability in future projections of extreme precipitation in the tropics, extending also into subtropical atmospheric river corridors. Additionally, there is a very tight intermodel relationship between changes in extreme and nonextreme precipitation, whereby models compensate for increasing extreme precipitation events by decreasing weak-moderate events. Another factor linked to changes in precipitation extremes is model resolution, with higher resolution models showing a larger increase in heavy extremes. These results highlight ways various aspects of hydrologic cycle intensification are linked in models and shed new light on the task of constraining precipitation extremes. ©2018. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"7202899330;55224074800;7201485519;12645767500;7005528388;7102171439;6506948406;9635764200;7004384155;25924878400;7003314664;","Regional Intensification of the Tropical Hydrological Cycle During ENSO",2018,"10.1029/2018GL077598","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85046785485&doi=10.1029%2f2018GL077598&partnerID=40&md5=c9475a38d311dc29839f094d9d00b488","This study provides observational evidence for feedbacks that amplify the short-term hydrological response associated with the warm phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Our analyses make use of a comprehensive set of independent satellite observations collected over decades to show that much larger local changes to cloud (~50%/K) and precipitation (~60%/K) occur than would be expected from the guidance of Clausius-Clapeyron theory (~7%/K). This amplification comes from atmospheric feedbacks involving shifts in the patterns of latent and radiative heating that mutually act on the dynamics enhancing changes to the hydrological cycle. We also confirm the existence of an opposing negative flux feedback at the ocean surface, driven largely by solar radiation changes, that opposes the surface warming. Estimates of the strength of this and other feedback factors associated with warming in the Niño3 region are provided from observations. These observations are also used to examine comparative processes and feedbacks in model experiments from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project. ©2018. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"56048613800;45961585400;57194171291;7401958053;56164319600;57204084645;57199903513;","Similarities and differences between three coexisting spaceborne radars in global rainfall and snowfall estimation",2017,"10.1002/2016WR019961","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85019013041&doi=10.1002%2f2016WR019961&partnerID=40&md5=f1b6a20807b084fcc0220681fcb8cb3b","Precipitation is one of the most important components in the water and energy cycles. Radars are considered the best available technology for observing the spatial distribution of precipitation either from the ground since the 1980s or from space since 1998. This study, for the first time ever, compares and evaluates the only three existing spaceborne precipitation radars, i.e., the Ku-band precipitation radar (PR), the W-band Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR), and the Ku/Ka-band Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR). The three radars are matched up globally and intercompared in the only period which they coexist: 2014–2015. In addition, for the first time ever, TRMM PR and GPM DPR are evaluated against hourly rain gauge data in Mainland China. Results show that DPR and PR agree with each other and correlate very well with gauges in Mainland China. However, both show limited performance in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) known as the Earth's third pole. DPR improves light precipitation detectability, when compared with PR, whereas CPR performs best for light precipitation and snowfall. DPR snowfall has the advantage of higher sampling rates than CPR; however, its accuracy needs to be improved further. The future development of spaceborne radars is also discussed in two complementary categories: (1) multifrequency radar instruments on a single platform and (2) constellations of many small cube radar satellites, for improving global precipitation estimation. This comprehensive intercomparison of PR, CPR, and DPR sheds light on spaceborne radar precipitation retrieval and future radar design. © 2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"9246029600;6602761005;23393212200;","Coupled high-latitude climate feedbacks and their impact on atmospheric heat transport",2017,"10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0324.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85008178824&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-16-0324.1&partnerID=40&md5=91f22616fdfeefd164c66ada6c8d7973","The response of atmospheric heat transport to anthropogenic warming is determined by the anomalous meridional energy gradient. Feedback analysis offers a characterization of that gradient and hence reveals how uncertainty in physical processes may translate into uncertainty in the circulation response. However, individual feedbacks do not act in isolation. Anomalies associated with one feedback may be compensated by another, as is the case for the positive water vapor and negative lapse rate feedbacks in the tropics. Here a set of idealized experiments are performed in an aquaplanet model to evaluate the coupling between the surface albedo feedback and other feedbacks, including the impact on atmospheric heat transport. In the tropics, the dynamical response manifests as changes in the intensity and structure of the overturning Hadley circulation. Only half of the range of Hadley cell weakening exhibited in these experiments is found to be attributable to imposed, systematic variations in the surface albedo feedback. Changes in extratropical clouds that accompany the albedo changes explain the remaining spread. The feedback-driven circulation changes are compensated by eddy energy flux changes, which reduce the overall spread among experiments. These findings have implications for the efficiency with which the climate system, including tropical circulation and the hydrological cycle, adjusts to high-latitude feedbacks over climate states that range from perennial or seasonal ice to ice-free conditions in the Arctic. © 2017 American Meteorological Society."
"56123889200;26665602100;35546188200;23987347400;8669401600;7801496228;35746036000;25958614700;23478660100;55030182900;","Influence of submonthly air–sea coupling on heavy precipitation events in the Western Mediterranean basin",2016,"10.1002/qj.2717","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84960970318&doi=10.1002%2fqj.2717&partnerID=40&md5=240d8178bb557cf9531db5f9bbdb18db","Heavy precipitation events (HPEs) can be a major cause of damage and casualties in the Mediterranean basin. With the use of atmosphere–ocean coupled regional climate models (AORCMs) and the advantage of 24 years of simulation (1989–2012), we identified regions with potential impact of submonthly air–sea coupling on HPEs from among the regions hit by heavy rain during the Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX) first special observation period (SOP1): Valencia in Spain, the Cévennes in Southern France, Liguria in Northwestern Italy, Calabria in Southern Italy and Northeastern Italy. A first evaluation of the two AORCMs (MORCE and CNRM–RCSM4) against gridded precipitation datasets showed that 70–90% of the 30 most intense HPEs simulated were observed HPEs for most regions. The Cévennes, Valencia and Calabria were the only three regions to show a statistical relationship between rain differences and sea-surface temperature (SST) differences where the low-level jets that feed the events most frequently blow. This sensitivity of precipitation to SST changes is due to low-level wind changes related to changes in surface heat fluxes. Based on the calculation of submonthly variations in these regions during HyMeX, HPEs on 28 September 2012 and 12 October 2012 in Valencia and on 25–26 October 2012 in the Cévennes have most probably been affected by submonthly air–sea coupling. © 2015 Royal Meteorological Society"
"35746036000;55937180800;7004472363;6701481007;23017945100;35551238800;55515976300;7003968166;","Processes leading to heavy precipitation associated with two Mediterranean cyclones observed during the HyMeX SOP1",2016,"10.1002/qj.2618","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84941254646&doi=10.1002%2fqj.2618&partnerID=40&md5=fa85f1d03cf2f95a1b68029cc2871959","Two deep cyclones occurred in the Mediterranean between 25 and 31 October 2012, during the first Special Observation Period (SOP1) of the Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX). Both cyclones were associated with extreme rainfall covering a large part of the western Mediterranean Sea, where 24 h accumulated precipitation measurements exceeded 150 mm. We combine complementary observations from airborne radar and lidar systems, ZEUS lightning detection network and meteorological surface stations along with satellite diagnostics on deep convection, for a detailed microphysics and (thermo-)dynamical analysis of the two extreme rainfall cases. In addition, we use operational analysis data from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for analysing the synoptic conditions and diagnosing strongly ascending air masses in the vicinity of the cyclones, so-called warm conveyor belts (WCBs). The analysis revealed the different physical characteristics of the two cyclones responsible for the extreme rainfalls. Both cyclones were associated with a WCB and a comma cloud, but deep convection, intense lightning and very cold cloud tops occurred only for the first case while the second cyclone was mostly associated with stratiform rainfall, a strong WCB, and only a few embedded cells of deep convection. © 2015 Royal Meteorological Society"
"44861328200;56010514800;55964161900;55624487819;7004309625;","Full access future changes in floods and water availability across China: Linkage with changing climate and uncertainties",2016,"10.1175/JHM-D-15-0074.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84963542765&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-15-0074.1&partnerID=40&md5=19608226ff675790100258c897365d08","Future changes in floods and water availability across China under representative concentration pathway 2.6 (RCP2.6) and RCP8.5 are studied by analyzing discharge simulations from the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISI-MIP) with the consideration of uncertainties among global climate models (GCMs) and hydrologic models. Floods and water availability derived from ISI-MIP simulations are compared against observations. The uncertainties among models are quantified by model agreement. Only model agreement > 50% is considered to generate reliable projections of floods and water availability and their relationships with climate change. The results show five major points. First, ISI-MIP simulations have acceptable ability in modeling floods and water availability. The spatial patterns of changes in floods and water availability highly depend on the outputs of GCMs. Uncertainties from GCMs/hydrologic models predominate the uncertainties in the wet/dry areas in eastern/northwestern China. Second, the magnitudes of floods throughout China increase during 2070-99 under RCP8.5 relative to those with the same return periods during 1971-2000. The increase rates of larger floods are higher than those of the smaller ones. Third, water availability decreases/increases in southern/northern China under RCP8.5, but changes negligibly under RCP2.6. Fourth, more severe floods in the future are driven by more intense precipitation extremes over China. The negligible change in mean precipitation and the increase in actual evapotranspiration reduce the water availability in southern China. Fifth, model agreements are higher in simulated floods than water availability because increasing precipitation extremes are more consistent among different GCM outputs compared to mean precipitation. © 2016 American Meteorological Society."
"56492469800;7003316308;57189515960;30067702800;7404764644;6602336456;","Integrating global satellite-derived data products as a pre-analysis for hydrological modelling studies: A case study for the Red River Basin",2016,"10.3390/rs8040279","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84971673304&doi=10.3390%2frs8040279&partnerID=40&md5=f9b7a1739cac79f52b9ce1d63217c78d","With changes in weather patterns and intensifying anthropogenic water use, there is an increasing need for spatio-temporal information on water fluxes and stocks in river basins. The assortment of satellite-derived open-access information sources on rainfall (P) and land use/land cover (LULC) is currently being expanded with the application of actual evapotranspiration (ETact) algorithms on the global scale. We demonstrate how global remotely sensed P and ETact datasets can be merged to examine hydrological processes such as storage changes and streamflow prior to applying a numerical simulation model. The study area is the Red River Basin in China in Vietnam, a generally challenging basin for remotely sensed information due to frequent cloud cover. Over this region, several satellite-based P and ETact products are compared, and performance is evaluated using rain gauge records and longer-term averaged streamflow. A method is presented for fusing multiple satellite-derived ETact estimates to generate an ensemble product that may be less susceptible, on a global basis, to errors in individual modeling approaches. Subsequently, monthly satellite-derived rainfall and ETact are combined to assess the water balance for individual subcatchments and types of land use, defined using a global land use classification improved based on auxiliary satellite data. It was found that a combination of TRMM rainfall and the ensemble ETact product is consistent with streamflow records in both space and time. It is concluded that monthly storage changes, multi-annual streamflow and water yield per LULC type in the Red River Basin can be successfully assessed based on currently available global satellite-derived products. © 2016 by the authors."
"7407707038;55415331800;9535425800;7005564869;57204317354;57212944864;54795642800;53065207000;","Fluctuations of Mediterranean Outflow Water circulation in the Gulf of Cadiz during MIS 5 to 7: Evidence from benthic foraminiferal assemblage and stable isotope records",2015,"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.08.005","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84939805814&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloplacha.2015.08.005&partnerID=40&md5=08306b12b747fbdaef7e89755735576c","We studied variations in benthic foraminiferal assemblages and δ13C for the last 225kyr at IODP site U1387 which is currently bathed by upper core of the Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW). The MOW paleocirculation and sea-floor environment (oxygen level, trophic condition, bottom current strength) have been inferred from faunal composition; species diversity, abundances of selected index species/groups, microhabitat preferences combined with δ13C record of the epifaunal Cibicidoides pachyderma. The faunal and isotope records indicate relatively better ventilation at sea-floor and low trophic condition during MIS 1, 5 and 7 possibly due to increased influence of upper MOW in the Gulf of Cadiz. Our multi-proxy record reflects significant and rapid changes during cold (stadial) and warm (interstadial) phases within the interglacials MIS 5 and 7 and at Termination II. The faunal and isotope records reveal strong MOW flow and better ventilated, oligotrophic bottom-water conditions during stadials MIS 5b, 5d, 7b and 7d. The study further demonstrates weakened MOW intensity associated with poor ventilation and increased trophic level at sea-floor during interstadials MIS 5a, 5e, 7a and 7c. MOW flow was relatively sluggish at Termination II, followed by its strengthening at the end of MIS 5e. The chronology of these events suggests that periods of weakened MOW correlate with sapropel layers of the Mediterranean Sea, implying strong coupling between glacial-interglacial climate and MOW circulation in the Gulf of Cadiz. © 2015 Elsevier B.V."
"14325218600;37096609400;56457516700;","Regional climate projection over South Korea simulated by the HadGEM2-AO and WRF model chain under RCP emission scenarios",2015,"10.3354/cr01292","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84982105565&doi=10.3354%2fcr01292&partnerID=40&md5=d2d7193f10849563facd7c9ca7cb48d9","This study assesses the regional climate projection newly generated within the framework of the national downscaling project in South Korea. To obtain fine-scale climate information (12.5 km), dynamical downscaling of the HadGEM2-AO global projections forced by the representative concentration pathway (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) scenarios is performed using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) modeling system. Changes in temperature and precipitation in terms of long-term trends, daily characteristics and extremes are presented by comparing two 30 yr periods (2041-2070 vs. 2071-2100) in which increasing rates of emission forcing between the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios are relatively similar and quite different, respectively. The temperature increase presents a relevant trend, but the degree of warming varies in different periods and emission scenarios. While the temperature distribution from the RCP8.5 projection is continuously shifted toward warmer conditions by the end of the 21st century, the RCP4.5 projection appears to stabilize warming in accordance with emission forcing. This shift in distribution directly affects the magnitude of extremes, which enhances extreme hot days but reduces extreme cold days. Precipitation changes, however, do not respond monotonically to emission forcing, as they exhibit less sensitivity to different emission scenarios. An enhancement of high intensity precipitation and a reduction of weak intensity precipitation are discernible, implying an intensified hydrologic cycle. Changes in return levels of annual maximum precipitation suggest an increased probability of extreme precipitation with 20 yr and 50 yr return periods. © The authors 2015."
"6602187075;24168104700;37113794900;14018704800;","Climate warming causes intensification of the hydrological cycle, resulting in changes to the vernal and autumnal windows in a northern temperate forest",2015,"10.1002/hyp.10450","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84937555548&doi=10.1002%2fhyp.10450&partnerID=40&md5=d7cfc8c25421c7f84768979b704626df","Climate warming is likely to lead to complex effects on northern forests of the temperate forest biome. We investigated whether rising temperatures altered the timing of snowmelt and snowpack accumulation or extended the forest growing season length in the Turkey Lakes Watershed in central Ontario. Archived satellite imagery was used to track changes in timing of snowpack loss/gain and canopy leaf on/off; the periods between these events were defined as the vernal (spring) and autumnal (fall) windows. We found only a slight extension of the growing season into the autumn period and no increase in the width of the vernal or autumnal windows, indicating that forest growth is not responding significantly to temperature increases during these windows. Archived time series of temperature, precipitation and discharge data for a nested set of catchments ranging in size from headwater (<10ha) to regional (103ha) catchments were used to track changes in the magnitude, timing and partitioning of precipitation into evapotranspiration and discharge. We found an intensification of hydrological cycling, with (1) a higher dryness index (PET/P) during the summer growing season and (2) earlier spring snowmelt discharges, and later more concentrated autumn storm discharges during the shoulder seasons. This intensification of the hydrological cycle during the summer growth season and the vernal and autumnal windows may not only limit opportunities for enhanced forest growth, but may be contributing to the recent observations of forest decline within this biome. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."
"55897614800;6701751100;8361740900;7006861646;","High-resolution prediction of a major convective period over West Africa",2014,"10.1002/qj.2225","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84905024800&doi=10.1002%2fqj.2225&partnerID=40&md5=774837c2bac6924789da8033a182df12","In this article, we evaluate the predictions of the French cloud-resolving model AROME using a set of high-resolution (5 km) simulations that focus on the well documented African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) period of 23-28 July 2006 over a large domain (0-22°N, 15°W-20°E). The model skill is assessed against independent Global Positioning System observations of precipitable water and in terms of quantitative precipitation forecasts. As the rain-gauge network is sparse over West Africa, the simulated precipitation fields were compared with data from satellite-based precipitation products (TRMM-3B42). We show that initial and boundary conditions significantly improve the AROME forecasts when the large-scale forcing model (ARPEGE) assimilates surface-sensitive observations from microwave remote-sensing sensors over land surface. The daily mean AROME precipitation shows a spatial distribution in good agreement with the satellite precipitation estimates. The intertropical convergence zone is correctly reproduced in terms of shape and location but its intensity is broadly overestimated by about 25%. The AROME model is shown to be able to reproduce all regimes, from light rain to the biggest Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs). The observations made at the Niamey AMMA supersite allow a detailed evaluation. Near the Niamey AMMA supersite, we show that AROME is able to represent most of the key features of the West African monsoon from the diurnal to synoptic scales. The life cycle of two successive sequences of MCSs associated with an African easterly wave and a deep monsoon burst are well captured by AROME. Finally, a tracking approach based on the 1 h accumulated precipitation is applied to both Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) satellite estimates and to AROME and ARPEGE forecasts, allowing a good characterization of each MCS and statistics. Contrary to ARPEGE, the AROME MCSs trajectories and lifetimes, and the diurnal cycles of their initiation and dissipation, are in agreement with the GSMaP tracking and previous MCS statistics. © 2013 Royal Meteorological Society."
"57208461039;7409376438;7006957668;6603431141;56218882300;","Assessing the impact of pre-GPM microwave precipitation observations in the Goddard WRF ensemble data assimilation system",2014,"10.1002/qj.2215","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84902246789&doi=10.1002%2fqj.2215&partnerID=40&md5=1741b698a456e62e94b1f32433c87134","The forthcoming Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Mission will provide next-generation precipitation observations from a constellation of satellites. Since precipitation by nature has large variability and low predictability at cloud-resolving scales, the impact of precipitation data on the skills of mesoscale numerical weather prediction (NWP) is largely affected by the characterization of background and observation errors and the representation of nonlinear cloud/precipitation physics in an NWP data assimilation system. We present a data impact study on the assimilation of precipitation-affected microwave (MW) radiances from a pre-GPM satellite constellation using the Goddard WRF Ensemble Data Assimilation System (Goddard WRF-EDAS). A series of assimilation experiments are carried out in a Weather Research Forecast (WRF) model domain of 9 km resolution in western Europe. Sensitivities to observation error specifications, background error covariance estimated from ensemble forecasts with different ensemble sizes, and MW channel selections are examined through single-observation assimilation experiments. An empirical bias correction for precipitation-affected MW radiances is developed based on the statistics of radiance innovations in rainy areas. The data impact is assessed by full data assimilation cycling experiments for a storm event that occurred in France in September 2010. Results show that the assimilation of MW precipitation observations from a satellite constellation mimicking GPM has a positive impact on the accumulated rain forecasts verified with surface radar rain estimates. The case-study on a convective storm also reveals that the accuracy of ensemble-based background error covariance is limited by sampling errors and model errors such as precipitation displacement and unresolved convective scale instability. © 2013 Royal Meteorological Society."
"55342873700;9233141100;55789505535;54988466700;8834185200;6602808278;10639401400;8955478000;6603299026;6603701937;","Improved water vapour spectroscopy in the 4174-4300 cm-1 region and its impact on SCIAMACHY HDO/H2O measurements",2013,"10.5194/amt-6-879-2013","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84882773562&doi=10.5194%2famt-6-879-2013&partnerID=40&md5=bfcc9cf3123db3ceaa8d74cce3caa247","The relative abundance of the heavy water isotopologue HDO provides a deeper insight into the atmospheric hydrological cycle. The SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CartograpHY (SCIAMACHY) allows for global retrievals of the ratio HDO/H2O in the 2.3 micron wavelength range. However, the spectroscopy of water lines in this region remains a large source of uncertainty for these retrievals. We therefore evaluate and improve the water spectroscopy in the range 4174-4300 cm-1 and test if this reduces systematic uncertainties in the SCIAMACHY retrievals of HDO/H 2O. We use a laboratory spectrum of water vapour to fit line intensity, air broadening and wavelength shift parameters. The improved spectroscopy is tested on a series of ground-based high resolution FTS spectra as well as on SCIAMACHY retrievals of H2O and the ratio HDO/H 2O. We find that the improved spectroscopy leads to lower residuals in the FTS spectra compared to HITRAN 2008 and Jenouvrier et al. (2007) spectroscopy, and the retrievals become more robust against changes in the retrieval window. For both the FTS and SCIAMACHY measurements, the retrieved total H2O columns decrease by 2-4% and we find a negative shift of the HDO/H2O ratio, which for SCIAMACHY is partly compensated by changes in the retrieval setup and calibration software. The updated SCIAMACHY HDO/H2O product shows somewhat steeper latitudinal and temporal gradients and a steeper Rayleigh distillation curve, strengthening previous conclusions that current isotope-enabled general circulation models underestimate the variability in the near-surface HDO/H2O ratio. © Author(s) 2013."
"54902712400;8835568200;55480762900;23490592400;","A Joss-Waldvogel disdrometer derived rainfall estimation study by collocated tipping bucket and rapid response rain gauges",2012,"10.1002/asl.376","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84859747726&doi=10.1002%2fasl.376&partnerID=40&md5=9033bd9b1390f83c2f055d6125adfb20","This article studies the rainfall estimates derived from a Joss-Waldvogel disdrometer, using an extensive dataset of raindrop spectra for the period of 2003-2010. Four rain gauges (one tipping bucket and three rapid response drop counting devices) are employed for the appraisal with the disdrometer observations. The appraisal has been carried out in view of hourly rainfall accumulations, time series accumulative rainfall, and rain rate observations. From the yearly timescale statistics, the correlation between the disdrometer derived hourly rain accumulations to those measured by the rain gauges are in the range of 0.89-0.99 (mean absolute error, 0.10-0.45 mm, and normalized mean bias -1.03% to -50.28%). Especially, the estimated rainfall by the tipping bucket rain gauge is in sound agreement with the disdrometer observations, which is also reflected in time series accumulative rainfall comparisons, showing no more than 20% differences roughly. On the other hand, the results reveal that regardless of any influence of the integration period, the agreement between the disdrometer and the three rapid response rain gauges are quite consistent. Nevertheless, the association of the tipping bucket rain gauge is sensitive to the integration periods. In fact, increasing the integration period improves the rain rates agreement. Further to the appraisal for various rain classes, there is an underestimation to overestimation trend of disdrometer estimated rain rates with the increase of rain classes. © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society."
"16070589600;7004680419;54885787200;7401841313;57204245469;7004274962;","Contribution of detrital materials from the Yukon River to the continental shelf sediments of the Bering Sea based on the electron spin resonance signal intensity and crystallinity of quartz",2012,"10.1016/j.dsr2.2011.12.001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84857445015&doi=10.1016%2fj.dsr2.2011.12.001&partnerID=40&md5=915d6c146265b2bfedd945ed2fd3cd38","Bering Sea sediments contain detrital materials from the Yukon River. These materials may contain records of past climate changes in the Arctic area, such as the melting of glaciers around the drainage basin of the Yukon River, which help to understand hydrological cycle in this area. In the Bering Sea, however, the spatial extent and pattern of the detrital materials supplied from the Yukon River is not yet fully understood. Here we developed a method to identify clay- to sand-sized detrital materials derived from the Yukon River based on electron spin resonance (ESR) intensity of the E 1' center and the crystallinity of quartz. We then estimated the spatial pattern of quartz contributed by the Yukon River on the Bering Sea shelf by applying the method to core-top samples from the continental shelf and slope of the eastern Bering Sea. The results showed a large contribution of sand-sized quartz from the Yukon River to wide areas of the continental shelf and slope, whereas contributions of clay- to silt-sized quartz from the Yukon River were small, except on the northeastern shelf. These spatial distribution patterns suggest that sand-sized quartz was repeatedly reworked and transported by processes such as storm surges to the outer continental shelf, whereas the clay- to silt-sized quartz on the northeastern shelf was supplied, as suspended materials, directly from the Yukon River. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd."
"6701551871;6602301713;","Analysis of predicted and observed accumulated convective precipitation in the area with frequent split storms",2011,"10.5194/hess-15-3651-2011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-82955173025&doi=10.5194%2fhess-15-3651-2011&partnerID=40&md5=2a0bb1d93aaffa0073b062ab07878007","Convective clouds generate extreme rainfall events and flash floods in small areas with both large spatial and temporal variability. For this reason, the monitoring of the total accumulated precipitation fields at the surface with rain gauges and meteorological radars has both strengths and weakness. Alternatively, a numerical cloud model may be a useful tool to simulate convective precipitation for various analyses and predictions. The main objective of this paper is to show that the cloud-resolving model reproduces well the accumulated convective precipitation obtained from the rain gauge network data in the area with frequent split storms. We perform comparisons between observations and model samples of the areal accumulated convective precipitation for a 15-year period over treated area. Twenty-seven convective events have been selected. Statistical analyses reveal that the model areal accumulated convective precipitation closely match their observed values with a correlation coefficient of 0.80. © Author(s) 2011."
"55628560628;7004372407;15823290900;9274833100;7201926991;38461378900;24399716000;6507867193;","Observational study on diurnal precipitation cycle in equatorial Indonesia using 1.3-GHz wind profiling radar network and TRMM precipitation radar",2011,"10.1016/j.jastp.2010.10.003","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79955766654&doi=10.1016%2fj.jastp.2010.10.003&partnerID=40&md5=8017b5940e37af60ba95d1dd0de3bac5","Variations in the diurnal precipitation cycle over equatorial Indonesia was investigated using 1.3-GHz wind profiling radars (WPRs) and rain gauges installed at Pontianak (109.37°E, 0.00°S), Manado (124.92°E, 1.55°N), and Biak (136.10°E, 1.18°S). The horizontal scale of the landmass around Pontianak is more than 100. km, while those of Manado and Biak are 10-100. km. At all three WPR sites, peak rain rate was detected during 1300-1500 local time (LT) by rain gauges. WPR observations showed that deep convective clouds were predominant during that period. There was a clear difference in the afternoon-to-evening precipitation among the three WPR sites. At Pontianak, the afternoon-to-evening precipitation has the characteristics of a mesoscale convective system (MCS). Stratiform precipitation after the peak deep convective rain rate was predominant, and the transition from convective precipitation to stratiform precipitation was clearly apparent during 1500-2000LT. Black body brightness temperature (Tbb) observed by MTSAT-1R satellite also indicated that the precipitation clouds had enough horizontal scale to be well organized as an MCS. At Manado and Biak, the peak rain rate in the early afternoon was characterized by a short period (1-2h), and the precipitation after the convective precipitation was not clear. Tbb data showed that the convective precipitation had a horizontal scale of 10-100km. The difference of precipitation features among the three WPR sites is considered to be caused by the difference of horizontal scales of the respective landmasses. The diurnal precipitation cycle was also investigated using 11 years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data. A 3G68 product with a horizontal resolution of 0.5° could not resolve peak rain rate in the early afternoon at Manado and Biak, where convective clouds developed with the 10-100. km horizontal scale. Surface rain data with a horizontal resolution of 0.1° were produced using the TRMM precipitation radar (PR) 2A25 product. This high-horizontal-resolution data set successfully detected the peak convective rain rate in the early afternoon at Manado and Biak. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd."
"6602636344;37161303900;","Identifying precipitating clouds in Greece using multispectral infrared Meteosat Second Generation satellite data",2011,"10.1007/s00704-010-0316-5","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79955052039&doi=10.1007%2fs00704-010-0316-5&partnerID=40&md5=487fd2b75a31467ed6bea11a5791533b","The present study aimed to investigate the potential of possible rain area delineation schemes based on the enhanced infrared spectral resolution of the Meteosat Second Generation-Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager. The proposed schemes use the brightness temperature (BT) T10.8 along with the brightness temperature differences (BTDs) T10.8 - T12.1, T8.7 - T10.8, and T6.2 - T10.8 as spectral cloud parameters. Two different methods were used to develop the rain area delineation models. The first is a common threshold technique in the multispectral space of the spectral cloud parameters, and the second is an algorithm based on the probability of rain (PoR) for each pixel of the satellite data. Both schemes were trained using as rain information gauge data from 41 stations in Greece for 107 rainy days, covering a period of 1 year. As a result, one single-infrared model (TB10), three two-dimensional (BTD10-12, BTD8-10, and BTD6-10), and two multidimensional models (BTDall and PoR) were constructed and verified against an independent sample of rain gauge data for four daily precipitation events. It was found that the introduction of BTDs as additional information to a model works in improving the discrimination of rain from no-rain events compared with the single-infrared model BT10. During the training phase, BTDall exhibited the best performance among the threshold techniques, while the PoR model outperformed all the threshold techniques, producing scores slightly better than those of BTDall model. When verifying against the independent dataset, all models exhibited the same performance with that of the dependent dataset according to the ETS score but less skill according to the HK score. The proposed techniques, however, still perform better than the single-infrared technique but with different ranking; BTall performs best followed by PoR and BTD10-12. Finally, two case studies are presented to gain a visual impression of the performance of the new developed rain area delineation schemes, showing the effectiveness of BTDall in delineating the thicker part of cirrus clouds and of PoR in detecting rain from the low-level thick clouds. © 2010 Springer-Verlag."
"35090979500;57203531598;55989255600;6603059983;56630830700;6602991332;6603909149;7006296776;","Long-term analysis of snow-covered area in the Moroccan High-Atlas through remote sensing",2010,"10.1016/j.jag.2009.09.008","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-75549086243&doi=10.1016%2fj.jag.2009.09.008&partnerID=40&md5=31d99a030753f567c786b289f7bcc645","The High-Atlas mountainous region in Morocco is a true water tower for the neighbouring arid plains, where the water resources are intensively and increasingly subjected to exploitation for agriculture and tourism. In order to manage this resource sustainably, it is necessary to describe accurately all the processes that contribute to the hydrological cycle of the area, and, in particular, to know the respective contributions of liquid and solid precipitations to runoff. In this context, a seven-year time series of SPOT-VEGETATION images is used for mapping snow-covered areas. The spatial and temporal variations of the snow cover are analyzed for the entire High-Atlas region as well as by altitudinal zones. The spatial distribution of snow-covered areas appears logically controlled by elevation, and its temporal fluctuations can be clearly used to identify dry and wet seasons. In addition, a possible control of snowfalls by the Northern Atlantic climate variability, and, in particular, the North Atlantic Oscillation, is highlighted. Finally, this study shows how satellite remote sensing can be useful for the long-term observation of the intra- and inter-annual variability of snowpacks in rather inaccessible regions where the network of meteorological stations is deficient. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"6603141907;57198981600;7003456370;7202663181;57203106385;7102910034;35212930200;35212978000;","Late Quaternary moisture export across Central America and to Greenland: evidence for tropical rainfall variability from Costa Rican stalagmites",2009,"10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.09.018","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70450270680&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2009.09.018&partnerID=40&md5=8bd239754df40f608afecc47ed00fa57","We present a high-resolution terrestrial archive of Central American rainfall over the period 100-24 and 8.1-6.5 ka, based on δ18O time series from U-series dated stalagmites collected from a cave on the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica. Our results indicate substantial δ18O variability on millennial to orbital time scales that is interpreted to reflect rainfall variations over the cave site. Correlations with other paleoclimate proxy records suggest that the rainfall variations are forced by sea surface temperatures (SST) in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in a fashion analogous to the modern climate cycle. Higher rainfall is associated with periods of a warm tropical North Atlantic Ocean and large SST gradients between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Rainfall variability is likely linked to the intensity and/or latitudinal position of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). Periods of higher rainfall in Costa Rica are also associated with an enhanced sea surface salinity gradient on either side of the isthmus, suggesting greater freshwater export from the Atlantic Basin when the ITCZ is stronger and/or in a more northerly position. Further, wet periods in Central America coincide with high deuterium excess values in Greenland ice, suggesting a direct link between low latitude SSTs, tropical rainfall, and moisture delivery to Greenland. Our results indicate that a stronger tropical hydrological cycle during warm periods and large inter-ocean SST gradients enhanced the delivery of low latitude moisture to Greenland. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved."
"57202917221;7102203311;","Changes in the water budget in the Baltic Sea drainage basin in future warmer climates as simulated by the regional climate model RCA3",2009,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-62149126271&partnerID=40&md5=8e7489756c6db4e6709f8d02987b89cb","In this study we investigate three different regional climate change scenarios with respect to changes in the water budget over the Baltic Sea drainage basin. The scenarios are transient climate change scenarios in which the regional climate model RCA3 has been used to downscale results from two general circulation models, with three different emissions scenarios, for the years 1961-2100. First we show that the control climate in the late 20th century is too wet as compared with observations. This wet bias in the simulations is partly attributable to biases in the forcing global models but is also amplified in the regional climate model. The future climate change signal shows a gradually warmer and wetter climate during the 21st century with increased moisture transport into the region via the atmosphere. This leads to an intensification of the hydrological cycle with more precipitation and evaporation. The net precipitation increases in all scenarios in the entire region. The changes are of the order 15%-20% for annual and areal mean fluxes. © 2009."
"7006471800;","Changes in mountain glaciers and ice caps during the 20th century",2006,"10.3189/172756406781812212","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33846065209&doi=10.3189%2f172756406781812212&partnerID=40&md5=6e8ac6237aa1adb4ec3c59894cfc8970","The global mass balance of the glaciers outside Greenland and Antarctica is evaluated based on long-term mass-balance observations on 75 glaciers. The cause of the mass-balance change is investigated by examining winter and summer balances from 34 glaciers. The main finding is a common development in mass-balance changes shared by a number of glaciers separated by large distances and climatic conditions. The average mass balance for the second half of the 20th century was negative at -270 to -280 mm a-1. The negative mass balance was found to be intensified at -10 mm a-2. Increasing summer melt plays a dominant role in determining the long-term trend in mass balance. During the same period the mean winter mass balance increased slightly, indicating an acceleration (3 mm a-2) of the hydrological cycle. On some Scandinavian glaciers the mean mass balance was not only positive but its tendency was accelerating. This trend is due to the strong precipitation increase in the last four decades. The melt/temperature relationships for the two warmer periods in the 20th century, one centred around the 1940s and the other ongoing, are different. Reduced melt in the modern warm period, in comparison with the earlier warm phase of the 1940s, is caused by the global dimming which reduced the solar radiation at the Earth's surface during the second half of the 20th century."
"6506341850;7006248174;7004189939;7102244456;6603875926;","The impact of precession changes on the Arctic climate during the last interglacial-glacial transition",2005,"10.1016/j.epsl.2005.05.011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-22244448998&doi=10.1016%2fj.epsl.2005.05.011&partnerID=40&md5=de75de196505a88d8ada2f9c2233a824","Three sensitivity experiments using an Ocean Atmosphere General Circulation Model (OAGCM) are conducted to simulate the climate impact of precession. The relative contributions of components of the hydrological cycle including the albedo of Arctic sea ice, advection of atmospheric water vapor and sea surface temperature to the summer Arctic melt process are evaluated. Timing of the perihelion is varied in each experiment with meteorological spring (SP), winter (WP) and autumn (AP) perihelion corresponding to conditions at 110, 115 and 120 ky BP, respectively. Obliquity is unchanged at the 115 ky level which is lower than today. The experiments are assessed relative to the present day control, which has been shown to simulate current conditions based on observations. In the SP experiment, top of the atmosphere (TOA) insolation is weaker than today between the summer solstice and autumnal equinox. In the AP case representing the interglacial, it is less intense between vernal equinox and summer solstice but stronger during the remainder of the year. Although the incident solar radiation is reduced in summer in the SP experiment, increased melting of snow is found primarily as a result of feedbacks from the delayed seasonal cycle of hydrologic components. This is in contrast to both the WP and AP cases in which the perennial snow cover is simulated. At the time of the last glacial inception, 115 ky BP, the WP experiment shows lower insolation to the high northern latitudes in late spring and summer mainly as a result of lower obliquity than today. Dynamical ocean-atmosphere interactions in response to precession maintain the reduced sea ice melting in late spring, strengthen the annual equator-to-pole sea surface temperature (SST) gradient and increase atmospheric moisture convergence in glaciation-sensitive regions. In both the WP and AP experiments seasonal sea ice melting is weakened resulting in pronounced outgoing radiative flux at the locations of expanded sea ice. This leads to further cooling and increased snowfall due to the reduced atmospheric water holding capacity and increased atmospheric moisture convergence from the subtropical Atlantic. In agreement with Milankovitch theory, our results show favorable conditions for glacial inception at 115 ky BP but with obliquity unchanged, they also show perennial snow cover at 120 ky BP resulting from the reduced strength of spring insolation. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"57200733491;26664901700;","Charged precipitation measurements before the first lightning flash in a thunderstorm",1993,"10.1029/93jd00419","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-17344375104&doi=10.1029%2f93jd00419&partnerID=40&md5=37ed2671e86cd653f1676b0e09d6ffd2","On August 15, 1984, we made balloon measurements of the electric field and of the charge and vertical velocity of precipitation particles in a thunderstorm over Langmuir Laboratory. Substantial quantities of positively charged precipitation, comprising a lower positive charge center, were collected before the storm's first lightning flash. Possible origins of the positive charge are discussed. Negatively charged precipitation and postively charged cloud particles found higher in the cloud seem to have generated electrical energy in the way suggested in the typical precipitation theory of thunderstorm electrification. -Authors"
"57210789856;37118067300;8530104100;57210802137;57210805802;57201688521;55832812000;57196071887;","Remote sensing and modeling fusion for investigating the ecosystem water-carbon coupling processes",2019,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134064","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85071464394&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2019.134064&partnerID=40&md5=5f7c06f38cee9e5c3c95b21062aab7d5","The water and carbon cycles are tightly linked and play a key role in the material and energy flows between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere, but the interactions of water and carbon cycles are not quite clear. The global climate change and intensive human activities could also complicate the water and carbon coupling processes. Better understanding the coupled water-carbon cycles and their spatiotemporal evolution can inform management and decision-making efforts regarding carbon uptake, food production, water resources, and climate change. The integration of remote sensing and numeric modeling is an attractive approach to address the challenge. Remote sensing can provide extensive data for a number of variables at regional scale and support models, whereas process-based modeling can facilitate investigating the processes that remote sensing cannot well handle (e.g., below-ground and lateral material movement) and backcast/forecast the impacts of environmental change. Over the past twenty years, an increasing number of studies using a variety of remote sensing products together with numeric models have examined the water-carbon interactions. This article reviewed the methodologies for integrating remote sensing data into these models and the modeling of water-carbon coupling processes. We first summarized the major remote sensing datasets and models used for studying the coupled water-carbon cycles. We then provided an overview of the methods for integrating remote sensing data into water-carbon models, and discussed their strengths and challenges. We also prospected the development of potential new remote sensing datasets, modeling methods, and their potential applications in the field of eco-hydrology. © 2019 Elsevier B.V."
"6701684534;6602544698;7006203051;23971426100;7202962414;55999772700;","Satellite estimation of falling snow: A global precipitation measurement (GPM) core observatory perspective",2019,"10.1175/JAMC-D-18-0124.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85073382337&doi=10.1175%2fJAMC-D-18-0124.1&partnerID=40&md5=9944d182849d03192ec612cfabf59d89","Retrievals of falling snow from space-based observations represent key inputs for understanding and linking Earth’s atmospheric, hydrological, and energy cycles. This work quantifies and investigates causes of differences among the first stable falling snow retrieval products from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory satellite and CloudSat’s Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) falling snow product. An important part of this analysis details the challenges associated with comparing the various GPM and CloudSat snow estimates arising from different snow–rain classification methods, orbits, resolutions, sampling, instrument specifications, and algorithm assumptions. After equalizing snow–rain classification methodologies and limiting latitudinal extent, CPR observes nearly 10 (3) times the occurrence (accumulation) of falling snow as GPM’s Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR). The occurrence disparity is substantially reduced if CloudSat pixels are averaged to simulate DPR radar pixels and CPR observations are truncated below the 8-dBZ reflectivity threshold. However, even though the truncated CPR-and DPR-based data have similar falling snow occurrences, average snowfall rate from the truncated CPR record remains significantly higher (43%) than the DPR, indicating that retrieval assumptions (microphysics and snow scattering properties) are quite different. Diagnostic reflectivity (Z)–snow rate (S) relationships were therefore developed at Ku and W band using the same snow scattering properties and particle size distributions in a final effort to minimize algorithm differences. CPR–DPR snowfall amount differences were reduced to;16% after adopting this diagnostic Z–S approach. © 2019 American Meteorological Society. FPolicy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicen."
"15722072200;57193506510;55250905500;53463448400;56353735000;7403997708;","Performance of multi-physics ensembles in convective precipitation events over northeastern Spain",2017,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.02.009","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85014371058&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2017.02.009&partnerID=40&md5=1b18a446313851012f938f77917de146","Convective precipitation with hail greatly affects southwestern Europe, causing major economic losses. The local character of this meteorological phenomenon is a serious obstacle to forecasting. Therefore, the development of reliable short-term forecasts constitutes an essential challenge to minimizing and managing risks. However, deterministic outcomes are affected by different uncertainty sources, such as physics parameterizations. This study examines the performance of different combinations of physics schemes of the Weather Research and Forecasting model to describe the spatial distribution of precipitation in convective environments with hail falls. Two 30-member multi-physics ensembles, with two and three domains of maximum resolution 9 and 3km each, were designed using various combinations of cumulus, microphysics and radiation schemes. The experiment was evaluated for 10 convective precipitation days with hail over 2005–2010 in northeastern Spain. Different indexes were used to evaluate the ability of each ensemble member to capture the precipitation patterns, which were compared with observations of a rain-gauge network. A standardized metric was constructed to identify optimal performers. Results show interesting differences between the two ensembles. In two domain simulations, the selection of cumulus parameterizations was crucial, with the Betts-Miller-Janjic scheme the best. In contrast, the Kain-Fristch cumulus scheme gave the poorest results, suggesting that it should not be used in the study area. Nevertheless, in three domain simulations, the cumulus schemes used in coarser domains were not critical and the best results depended mainly on microphysics schemes. The best performance was shown by Morrison, New Thomson and Goddard microphysics. © 2017 Elsevier B.V."
"56547580900;55717800700;","Recent changes of precipitation in Gansu, Northwest China: An index-based analysis",2017,"10.1007/s00704-016-1783-0","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84962023323&doi=10.1007%2fs00704-016-1783-0&partnerID=40&md5=ee9152644c2ace05ec33e4ea8bb722f2","Monitoring variations in precipitation is important in detecting regional climate change and studying the hydrological cycle. An understanding of its dynamic characteristics will be valuable in the management of water resources in Northwest China. This study utilized daily precipitation data from 29 stations across Gansu spanning the years from 1960 to 2013; the data was used to investigate changes in precipitation by defining 21 precipitation-related indices. Trends were detected in the series of precipitation-related indices using the Mann–Kendall test. Primary results are as follows: (1) Decreasing trends in both the extreme precipitation and wet spell indices are indicative of a decrease in precipitation in southeastern Gansu, whereas the trends in the data indicate that northwestern Gansu has experienced an increase in precipitation; (2) decreasing trends in the annual number and length of dry spells with longer durations in northwestern Gansu also demonstrate that the precipitation frequency and intensity are increasing across this area; (3) by means of 24-month time scales, standardized precipitation index values, and principal component analysis, the Gansu can also be identified into two distinctive sub-regions, which predominantly show different variations of dryness/wetness during 1960–2013; and (4) the correlation analysis showed that the intensity of the western Pacific subtropical high possesses obvious effects on a number of precipitation indices in two subregions of Gansu. In addition, the Indian Ocean Dipole and Multivariate El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index may also be important factors in the southeastern areas; in contrast, the impacts of large-scale climate indices on precipitation indices are less severe in northwestern Gansu. © 2016, Springer-Verlag Wien."
"55855448400;6701702916;6603187167;7004335768;6507662370;","Multiphase response of palynomorphs to the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (Early Jurassic) in the Réka Valley section, Hungary",2016,"10.1016/j.revpalbo.2016.09.011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84991363494&doi=10.1016%2fj.revpalbo.2016.09.011&partnerID=40&md5=d3ae4165a6fb28a295e81942ba810b6e","Major palaeoenvironmental and palaeoceanographical changes occurred during the Early Jurassic Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE), due to a perturbation of the global carbon cycle and a crisis in marine ecosystems. The sequence of environmental change and regional differences during the T-OAE are not yet fully understood and organic-walled phytoplankton and other palynomorphs are well-suited, but under-utilised, in research into this event. Based on quantitative palynological analyses from a black shale-bearing succession at Réka Valley in the Mecsek Mountains of southwest Hungary, five sequential palynomorph assemblages are distinguished. These reveal major shifts in organic-walled phytoplankton communities, driven by palaeoenvironmental changes. In addition, palynofacies analysis helped to document changes in the composition of sedimentary organic matter, and to quantify the terrestrial input. Assemblage 1 is characterised by a moderately diverse phytoplankton community and high levels of terrestrial palynomorphs. Assemblage 2 records a significant peak of the euryhaline dinoflagellate cyst Nannoceratopsis. Assemblage 3 is distinguished by dominance of highly opportunistic prasinophytes and the temporary disappearance of all dinoflagellate cyst taxa. Assemblages 4 and 5 represent distinctive phases of a prolonged recovery phase with low diversity phytoplankton assemblages and intermittently high levels of terrestrially-derived palynomorphs. The successive disappearance of phytoplankton taxa and the gradual takeover by opportunistic euryhaline species at the onset of the T-OAE were related to several phenomena. These include reduced salinity in the surface waters, establishment of a stable pycnocline and deterioration of nutrient recycling, followed by oxygen deficiency throughout much of the water column. The high amount of terrestrially-derived palynodebris indicates intense runoff and freshwater input, driven by the early Toarcian warming and the enhanced hydrological cycle. Comparison with coeval European successions proves that the palaeoenvironmental changes during the T-OAE were not entirely synchronous, and local factors played a crucial role in influencing phytoplankton communities. In the Mecsek Basin, regional freshening of the surface waters and increased terrestrial input due to the proximity of the hinterland had a greater influence on phytoplankton communities compared to the open oceanic setting of the Tethys to the south. © 2016 Elsevier B.V."
"56487976100;7006621313;6507338939;12646809600;","Inferring changes in water cycle dynamics of intensively managed landscapes via the theory of time-variant travel time distributions",2016,"10.1002/2016WR019091","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84990218551&doi=10.1002%2f2016WR019091&partnerID=40&md5=5c2f0ac9522a44d986a4dc5325ab1626","Climatic trends and anthropogenic changes in land cover and land use are impacting the hydrology and water quality of streams at the field, watershed, and regional scales in complex ways. In poorly drained agricultural landscapes, subsurface drainage systems have been successful in increasing crop productivity by removing excess soil moisture. However, their hydroecological consequences are still debated in view of the observed increased concentrations of nitrate, phosphorus, and pesticides in many streams, as well as altered runoff volumes and timing. In this study, we employ the recently developed theory of time-variant travel time distributions within the StorAge Selection function framework to quantify changes in water cycle dynamics resulting from the combined climate and land use changes. Our results from analysis of a subbasin in the Minnesota River Basin indicate a significant decrease in the mean travel time of water in the shallow subsurface layer during the growing season under current conditions compared to the pre-1970s conditions. We also find highly damped year-to-year fluctuations in the mean travel time, which we attribute to the “homogenization” of the hydrologic response due to artificial drainage. The dependence of the mean travel time on the spatial heterogeneity of some soil characteristics as well as on the basin scale is further explored via numerical experiments. Simulations indicate that the mean travel time is independent of scale for spatial scales larger than approximately 200 km2, suggesting that hydrologic data from larger basins may be used to infer the average of smaller-scale-driven changes in water cycle dynamics. © 2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"7405972102;57191966484;54926328900;57132233600;","Climatological characteristics of heavy rainfall in northern Pakistan and atmospheric blocking over western Russia",2016,"10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0445.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84995489493&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-15-0445.1&partnerID=40&md5=affaa718ab449a75cccf1e1412da7a6b","Pakistan and northwestern India have frequently experienced severe heavy rainfall events during the boreal summer over the last 50 years including an event in late July and early August 2010 due to a sequence of monsoon surges. This study identified five dominant atmospheric patterns by applying principal component analysis and k-means clustering to a long-term sea level pressure dataset from 1979 to 2014. Two of these five dominant atmospheric patterns corresponded with a high frequency of the persistent atmospheric blocking index and positive sea level pressure over western Russia as well as an adjacent meridional trough ahead of northern Pakistan. In these two groups, a negative sea surface temperature anomaly was apparent over the equatorial mid- to eastern Pacific Ocean. The heavy precipitation periods with high persistent blocking frequency in western Russia as in the 2010 heat wave tended to have 1.2 times larger precipitation intensity compared to the whole of the heavy precipitation periods during the 36 years. © 2016 American Meteorological Society."
"8945084300;56519432700;55555197300;7005544352;34167772600;","Watershed water circle dynamics during long term farmland conversion in freeze-thawing area",2015,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.01.050","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84922979354&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2015.01.050&partnerID=40&md5=279fa950dc481bc919af892162f2f65b","Water resource is increasingly scarce in agricultural watershed under the pressure of socio-economic development. Long term land use conversion and freeze-thawing process posed additional characteristics to the water cycle. The semi-distributed hydrologic model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was employed for surface runoff, evaporation, and percolation simulations in freeze-thawing agricultural watershed. The interpreted five terms of land use data over three decades demonstrated that the percentage of the farmland area of the whole watershed increased from 23.5% to 62.1% and about half of dryland shifted to the paddy land in the recent ten years. The validated SWAT simulation showed that the spatial distribution of the surface runoff volume and the watershed averaged value increased 60 mm. The correlations of precipitation with surface runoff at monthly and yearly scales decreased from 0.8-0.9 to 0.6-0.7 respectively, which highlighted the impact of land use change over the surface runoff. The watershed evaporation was lower under the freeze-thawing condition, which increased from 363.7 mm to 418.5 mm over three decades. The field monitoring recorded the decreasing groundwater level, which was coincided with the expanding area of the paddy land. The watershed precipitation did not varied intensively in the whole simulation period (CV ≤ 0.01), but the percolation varied as the result of the cultivation disturbance on soil properties. The analysis showed that the expanding paddy land decreased the groundwater level at 0.17 m/yr during 1997 and 2012, which posed new challenge on regional water management. The evapotranspiration in the extreme size of paddy land was relatively small and the groundwater level also decreased relatively slow. These characteristics demonstrated the impact of freeze-thawing on the water cycle. The proposed method can be used as an effective tool for quantitative prediction of irrigation water amount and identify the impact of land use change on the water cycle at freeze-thawing agricultural watershed. © 2015 Elsevier B.V."
"7101606088;7006432091;","Small-scale precipitation elements in midlatitude cyclones crossing the California Sierra Nevada",2015,"10.1175/MWR-D-14-00124.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84943375479&doi=10.1175%2fMWR-D-14-00124.1&partnerID=40&md5=fc1192de9bec420f04e8360b6be248ce","Radar data in some frontal systems passing over the Sierra Nevada of California show large variance on scales of ~10 km. The most prominent features are a few kilometers in scale and are similar to small-scale precipitation cells embedded in fronts seen over other mountain ranges. Other frontal systems crossing the Sierras are characterized by more uniform air motions. Updrafts in large-variance storms have characteristics of shear-induced turbulence, although buoyant instability may also contribute. Large-variance storms occur under stronger upstream winds and vertically integrated cross- and along-barrier moisture fluxes. Rain gauges indicate that large-variance storms have precipitation greater than smaller-variance storms. Stronger horizontal moisture fluxes may provide greater mean upslope condensation rates; however, it is hypothesized that accelerated microphysical processes are needed to most efficiently convert the condensate into precipitation that falls out on the lower slopes before being carried downstream. Radar data indicate that the turbulence embodied in the cellular motions of the large-variance cases is consistent with microphysical enhancement resulting from updraft elements producing pockets of liquid water conducive to riming and coalescence. In addition, radar spectrum-width data show that the cells contain strong subcell-scale turbulence conducive to particle collisions and aggregation. Polarimetric radar data just below the 0°C level show large raindrops in the cells, consistent with aggregation occurring in cells just above the melting layer. It is hypothesized that such enhanced microphysical processes in large-variance cases hasten the growth and fallout in the regions of maximum condensation over the windward slopes."
"55796067000;7003971889;","The influence of orbital forcing of tropical insolation on the climate and isotopic composition of precipitation in South America",2015,"10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00639.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84942874336&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-14-00639.1&partnerID=40&md5=bdf167805aa8bee0b798bad96ff90026","The δ18Oof calcite (δ18O<inf>c</inf>) in speleothems from South America is fairly well correlated with austral summer [December-February (DJF)] insolation, indicating the role of orbitally paced changes in insolation in changing the climate of South America. Using an isotope-enabled atmospheric general circulation model (ECHAM4.6) coupled to a slab ocean model, the authors study how orbitally paced variations in insolation change climate and the isotopic composition of precipitation (δ18O<inf>p</inf>) of South America. Compared with times of high summertime insolation, times of low insolation feature (i) a decrease in precipitation inland of tropical South America as a result of an anomalous cooling of the South American continent and hence a weakening of the South American summer monsoon and (ii) an increase in precipitation in eastern Brazil that is associated with the intensification and southward movement of the Atlantic intertropical convergence zone, which is caused by the strengthening of African winter monsoon that is induced by the anomalous cooling of northern Africa. Finally, reduced DJF insolation over southern Africa causes cooling and the generation of a tropically trapped Rossby wave that intensifies and shifts the South Atlantic convergence zone northward. In times of low insolation, δ18O<inf>p</inf> increases in the northern Andes and decreases in northeastern Brazil, consistent with the pattern of δ18O<inf>c</inf> changes seen in speleothems. Further analysis shows that the decrease in δ18O<inf>p</inf> in northeastern Brazil is due to change in the intensity of precipitation, while the increase in the northern Andes reflects a change in the seasonality of precipitation and in the isotopic composition of vapor that forms the condensates. © 2015 American Meteorological Society."
"35339313700;7101857920;7202671706;8255159200;","High latitude hydrological changes during the Eocene Thermal Maximum 2",2014,"10.1016/j.epsl.2014.07.029","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84906218476&doi=10.1016%2fj.epsl.2014.07.029&partnerID=40&md5=417d086b876b9b2b7fcb3902ccf8d1e8","The Eocene hyperthermals, including the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) and Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 (ETM2), represent extreme global warming events ~56 and 54 million years ago associated with rapid increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. An initial study on PETM characteristics in the Arctic region argued for intensification of the hydrological cycle and a substantial increase in poleward moisture transport during global warming based on compound-specific carbon and hydrogen isotopic (2H/1H) records from sedimentary leaf-wax lipids. In this study, we apply this isotopic and hydrological approach on sediments deposited during ETM2 from the Lomonosov Ridge (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 302). Our results show similar 2H/1H changes during ETM2 as during the PETM, with a period of 2H-enrichment (~20‰) relative to ""pre-event"" values just prior to the negative carbon isotope shift (CIE) that is often taken as the onset of the hyperthermal, and more negative lipid δ2H values (~ - 15‰) during peak warming. Notably, lipid 2H-enrichment at the base of the event is coeval with colder TEX86H temperatures.If 2H/1H values of leaf waxes primarily reflect the hydrogen isotopic composition of precipitation, the observed local relationship between temperature and 2H/1H values for the body of ETM2 is precisely the opposite of what would be predicted using a simple Rayleigh isotope distillation model, assuming a meridional vapor trajectory and a reduction in equator-pole temperature gradients. Overall, a negative correlation exists between the average chain length of n-alkanes and 2H/1H suggesting that local changes in ecology could have impacted the hydrogen isotopic compositions of leaf waxes. The negative correlation falls across three separate intervals - the base of the event, the initial CIE, and during the H2 hyperthermal (of which the assignment is not fully certain). Three possible mechanisms potentially explain 2H-enriched signals at the base of the event, including (1) intense local drying and cooling leading to evaporative 2H-enrichment; (2) changes in frequency/intensity of storm events and its impact on high latitude amount effects; and (3) changes in low-latitude temperatures. Evidence for hydrological shifts at the base of both hyperthermals suggests that hydrological change or the factors promoting hydrological change played a role in triggering the release of greenhouse gases. Generation of similar high-resolution isotopic- and temperature records at other latitudes is crucial for understanding the causal links between temperature and hydrological changes and may help constrain the source and mechanism of carbon release that triggered the early Eocene hyperthermals. © 2014 Elsevier B.V."
"35215304100;35796635700;55778146002;","The daily evaporation characteristics of deeply buried phreatic water in an extremely arid region",2014,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.04.025","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84899802912&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2014.04.025&partnerID=40&md5=6e92e1cdc880feceddab6324cd7d3e46","Measurements of the daily evaporation characteristics of deeply buried phreatic water in an extremely arid area are reported. The results are used to analyze the mechanism responsible for water movement in the groundwater-soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. A closed PVC greenhouse was set up on Gobi land at the top of the Mogao Grottoes where phreatic water is more than 200. m deep. An air-conditioning unit and an automatic weighing scale were placed inside the greenhouse to condense and monitor phreatic evaporation and soil water changes in this extremely arid region. Soil temperature and humidity at various depths (0-40. cm) and other meteorological factors were also recorded on a sub-hourly basis. The relationship between evaporated water and soil water movement was analyzed by observing changes in soil weight, the condensate from the air-conditioning unit, and air moisture. The results show that phreatic water evaporation occurs from this deeply buried source in this extremely arid zone. The daily characteristics are consistent with the variation in the Sun's radiation intensity (i.e. both show a sinusoidal behavior). In the daytime, most of the soil water does not evaporate but moves to cooler sub-layers. In the afternoon, the shallow soil layer absorbs moisture as the temperature decreases. At night, an abundance of water vapor moves upwards from the sub-layers and supplements the evaporated and downward-moving moisture of the superstratum in the daytime, but there is no evaporation. The stable, upwardly migrating vapor and film water is supported by geothermy and comes from phreatic water, the daily evaporation characteristics of which changes according to soil temperature when it reaches the ground. © 2014 Elsevier B.V."
"38362383000;7202928981;14830502800;7403075762;","Comparison of varied complexity models simulating recharge at the field scale",2014,"10.1002/hyp.9752","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84892439463&doi=10.1002%2fhyp.9752&partnerID=40&md5=17b3eddd000c85551acd6894da539503","Numerical models are frequently used for the regional quantification of groundwater recharge. However there is a wide range of potential models available that represent the land surface with varying degrees of complexity, but which are rarely tested against observations at the field scale. We compared four models that simulate potential recharge at four intensively monitored sites with different vegetation and soil types in two adjacent catchments. These models were: Penman-Grindley, UN Food and Agricultural Organization, SPAtial Distributed Evaporation and Joint UK Land Environment Simulator. Standardized, unoptimized land surface datasets and pertinent literature were used for parameterization to reflect practice in regional water resource management and planning in the UK. The models were validated against soil moisture observations at all sites, as well as observed transpiration and interception and calculated total evaporation over a year at a woodland site. Soil moisture observations were generally reproduced well, but there were significant differences in how the models apportioned precipitation through the hydrological cycle. This demonstrates that soil moisture data alone are not a good diagnostic for groundwater recharge models. Significant differences in potential recharge were produced by models at both grassland sites, although simulated average annual potential recharge varied by only 15% at the grassland site on permeable soil. At the woodland sites, soil moisture contents were reproduced least accurately, and there were large differences in potential recharge at both woodland sites. This predominantly resulted from varied and inaccurate simulation of evaporation, particularly in the form of interception losses where this was explicitly represented in models. Differences in model structure, such as runoff representation, and parameter selection also influenced all results. © 2013 The Authors(s) and National Research Council Canada."
"6701538799;57195881858;7006380976;","Mechanisms governing the persistence and diurnal cycle of a heavy rainfall corridor",2014,"10.1175/JAS-D-14-0134.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84910141090&doi=10.1175%2fJAS-D-14-0134.1&partnerID=40&md5=26441ffa07d4f28c3a18c746cd1d4d72","Observations and convection-permitting simulations are used to study a 12-day warm-season heavy precipitation corridor over the central U.S. plains and Mississippi River valley regions. Such precipitation corridors, defined by narrow latitudinal widths (~3°-4°) and only modest north-south drifts of their centroids (&lt;2° day-1), often yield extreme total precipitation (100-250 mm), resulting in both short-term and seasonal impacts on the regional hydrologic cycle. The corridor precipitation is predominately nocturnal and located several hundred kilometers north of a quasi-stationary surface front. There, hot, dry air from the daytime boundary layer located underneath a persistent upper-level anticyclone requires large vertical displacements along the axis of the southerly lowlevel jet (LLJ) above the front to eliminate convection inhibition (CIN). Composites reveal ~500 J kg-1 of average convective available potential energy (CAPE) when this air reaches the southern edge of the precipitation corridor. Despite the relatively modest CAPE, convection is favored by the large reductions in CIN along the vertical displacements and by high ambient midtropospheric relative humidity located above, which is influenced by persistent nightly convection in the region. Though internal feedbacks resulting from the large nightly spatial coherence of convection (including enhanced midtropospheric relative humidities and frontogenetic daytime sensible heat flux gradients owing to residual cloudiness) are favorable for maintaining the corridor, its persistence is most sensitive to largescale external factors. Here, changes to the intensity and position of the large-synoptic upper-tropospheric anticyclone are associated with changes in the frequency of strong LLJs and the surface frontal position, dramatically affecting the intensity and stationarity of the precipitation corridor. © 2014 American Meteorological Society."
"54902712400;23490592400;8835568200;55861417200;55480762900;24437727500;","An exploratory investigation of an adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for estimating hydrometeors from TRMM/TMI in synergy with TRMM/PR",2014,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.03.019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84899088223&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2014.03.019&partnerID=40&md5=6630b17a71c26a5e0cb924733413c734","The authors have investigated an adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for the estimation of hydrometeors from the TRMM microwave imager (TMI). The proposed algorithm, named as Hydro-Rain algorithm, is developed in synergy with the TRMM precipitation radar (PR) observed hydrometeor information. The method retrieves rain rates by exploiting the synergistic relations between the TMI and PR observations in twofold steps. First, the fundamental hydrometeor parameters, liquid water path (LWP) and ice water path (IWP), are estimated from the TMI brightness temperatures. Next, the rain rates are estimated from the retrieved hydrometeor parameters (LWP and IWP). A comparison of the hydrometeor retrievals by the Hydro-Rain algorithm is done with the TRMM PR 2A25 and GPROF 2A12 algorithms. The results reveal that the Hydro-Rain algorithm has good skills in estimating hydrometeor paths LWP and IWP, as well as surface rain rate. An examination of the Hydro-Rain algorithm is also conducted on a super typhoon case, in which the Hydro-Rain has shown very good performance in reproducing the typhoon field. Nevertheless, the passive microwave based estimate of hydrometeors appears to suffer in high rain rate regimes, and as the rain rate increases, the discrepancies with hydrometeor estimates tend to increase as well. © 2014 Elsevier B.V."
"55993750800;","Experimental 4D-var assimilation of SYNOP rain gauge data at ECMWF",2013,"10.1175/MWR-D-12-00024.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84878194625&doi=10.1175%2fMWR-D-12-00024.1&partnerID=40&md5=83786f5828b28bf40987c0a8d342d5a9","Four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) experiments with 6-hourly rain gauge accumulations observed at synoptic stations (SYNOP) around the globe have been run over several months, both at high resolution in an ECMWF operations-like framework and at lower resolution with the reference observational coverage reduced to surface pressure data only, as would be expected in early twentieth-century periods. The key aspects of the technical implementation of rain gauge data assimilation in 4D-Var are described, which include the specification of observation errors, bias correction procedures, screening, and quality control. Results from experiments indicate that the positive impact of rain gauges on forecast scores remains limited in the operations-like context because of their competition with all other observations already available. In contrast, when only synoptic station surface pressure observations are assimilated in the datapoor control experiment, the additional assimilation of rain gauge measurements substantially improves not only surface precipitation scores, but also analysis and forecast scores of temperature, geopotential, wind, and humidity at most atmospheric levels and for forecast ranges up to 10 days. The verification against Meteosat infrared imagery also shows a slight improvement in the spatial distribution of clouds. This suggests that assimilating rain gauge data available during data-sparse periods of the past might help to improve the quality of future reanalyses and subsequent forecasts. © 2013 American Meteorological Society."
"37161303900;6602636344;","Classification of convective and stratiform rain based on the spectral and textural features of Meteosat Second Generation infrared data",2013,"10.1007/s00704-012-0802-z","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84880847007&doi=10.1007%2fs00704-012-0802-z&partnerID=40&md5=ea329800e475bfea50452da1a3689c6b","This paper aimed to investigate the potential of using spectral and textural features in the Meteosat Second Generation-Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (MSG-SEVIRI) data for developing techniques capable of classifying convective and stratiform rain areas in the satellite image. Two different classification methods were introduced that use the brightness temperature (BT) T 10.8 and brightness temperature differences T 10.8-T 12.1, T 8.7-T 10.8, T 6.2-T 10.8, T 6.2-T 7.3, T 13.4-T 10.8, T 8.7-T 12.1, and T 9.7-T 13.4 as spectral parameters, along with textural parameters derived from the thermal infrared MSG-SEVIRI channel to discriminate between convective and stratiform rainy clouds. The first is an algorithm based on the probability of convective rainfall (PCR) for each pixel of the MSG satellite data and the second is an artificial neural network multilayer perceptron (MLP) model that relies on the correlation of satellite data with convective and stratiform rain. Both schemes were trained using as reference convective/stratiform classification data from 88 stations in Greece for 20 rainy days with high convective activity and evaluated against an independent dataset of gauge data for six rainy days. Two PCR and two MLP algorithms were constructed based on the previous results: the PCR1 and MLP1 algorithms that use only spectral measures and the PCR2 and MLP2 algorithms based on both spectral and textural measures. It was found that the introduction of textural parameters as additional information to a technique (PCR2 and MLP2) works in improving the delineation between convective and stratiform rainy pixels compared to the techniques based only on spectral information (PCR1 and MLP1). The comparison of the two schemes revealed a clear outperformance of the MLP techniques over the PCR techniques. Best skill is provided by MLP2 (POD = 74.5 %, FAR = 44.3 %, POFD = 22.5 %, CSI = 0.47, ETS = 0.31, bias = 1.34) followed by MLP1 and the two PCR techniques. All algorithms overestimate the convective rain occurrences observed by the rain gauge network. These findings showed that the combined use of spectral and textural features in the MSG-SEVIRI imagery can be beneficial for the classification of convective and stratiform precipitating clouds. © 2012 Springer-Verlag Wien."
"37046987400;25823546500;54915359100;","Statistical bias correction of global climate projections - Consequences for large scale modeling of flood flows",2012,"10.5194/adgeo-31-75-2012","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84871000667&doi=10.5194%2fadgeo-31-75-2012&partnerID=40&md5=e096f9e52981ad6425a1d4718f3bfef4","General circulation models (GCMs) project an increasing frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall events due to global climate change. This rather holds true for regions that are even expected to experience an overall decrease in average annual precipitation. Consequently, this may be attended by an increasing frequency and magnitude of flood events. However, time series of GCMs show a bias in simulating 20th century precipitation and temperature fields and, therefore, cannot directly be used to force hydrological models in order to assess the impact of the projected climate change on certain components of the hydrological cycle. For a posteriori correction, the so-called delta change approach is widely-used which adds the 30-year monthly differences for temperature or ratios for precipitation of the GCM data to each month of a historic climate data set. As the variability of the climate variables in the scenario period is not transferred, this approach is especially questionable if discharge extremes are to be analyzed. In order to preserve the variability given by the GCM, methods of statistical bias correction are applied. This study aims to investigate the impact of two methods of bias correction, the delta change approach and a statistical bias correction, on the large scale modeling of flood discharges, using the example of 25 macroscale catchments in Europe. The discharge simulation is carried out with the global integrated model WaterGAP3 (Water - Global Assessment and Prognosis). Results show that the two bias correction methods lead to distinctively different trends in future flood flows. © Author(s) 2012."
"36975921700;6603728963;55802386000;","Decadal variability of thermocline and intermediate waters at 24°s in the South Atlantic",2011,"10.1175/2010JPO4467.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79951589878&doi=10.1175%2f2010JPO4467.1&partnerID=40&md5=0bfa58d2cab84d91f80e495bad207636","New data are presented from 24°S in the South Atlantic in an investigation of the decadal variability of the intermediate and thermocline water masses at this latitude. Variation of salinity on neutral density surfaces is investigated with three transatlantic, full-depth hydrographic sections from 1958, 1983, and 2009. The thermocline is seen to freshen by 0.05 between 1983 and 2009. The freshening is coherent, basinwide, and of a larger magnitude than any errors associated with the datasets. This freshening reverses a basinwide, coherent increase in salinity of 0.03 in the thermocline between 1958 and 1983. Changes in apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) are investigated to support the salinity changes. In the thermocline of the eastern basin, a correlated relationship exists between local AOU and salinity anomalies, which is consistent with the influence of Indian Ocean Water. This correlated relationship is utilized to estimate the magnitude of Indian Ocean influence on the salinity changes in the thermocline. Indian Ocean influence explains half of the salinity changes in the eastern thermocline from 1958 to 1983 but less of the salinity change in the eastern thermocline from 1983 to 2009. Antarctic Intermediate Water properties significantly warm from 1958 through 1983 to 2009. A significant salinification and increase in AOU is evident from 1958 to 1983. Changes in the salinity of AAIW are shown to be linked with Indian Ocean influence rather than changes in the hydrological cycle. Upper Circumpolar Deep Water is seen to be progressively more saline from 1958 through 1983 to 2009. Increased Agulhas leakage and the intensification of the hydrological cycle are conflicting influences on the salinity of thermocline and intermediate waters in the South Atlantic as the former acts to increase the salinity of these water masses and the latter acts to decrease the salinity of these water masses. The results presented here offer an interpretation of the salinity changes, which considers both of these conflicting influences. © 2011 American Meteorological Society."
"35785149300;7003420718;7202986894;","Integrated vegetation designs for enhancing water retention and recycling in agroecosystems",2010,"10.1007/s10980-010-9509-7","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84755161230&doi=10.1007%2fs10980-010-9509-7&partnerID=40&md5=78afed3da486baf120c020a42760f81d","Long term studies have shown strong links between vegetation clearing and rainfall declines and more intense droughts. Many agroecosystems are exposed to more extreme weather and further declines in rainfall under climate change unless adaptations increase the retention of water in landscapes, and its recycling back to the lower atmosphere. Vegetation systems provide vital feedbacks to mechanisms that underpin water vapour recycling between micro- and meso-scales. Various heterogeneous forms of vegetation can help generate atmospheric conditions conducive to precipitation, and therefore, increase the resilience of agroecosystems to drought and climatic extremes. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how vegetation can be designed for agroecosystems to enhance recycling of water vapour to the atmosphere through the regulation of surface water and wind, and heat fluxes. The structure of the paper revolves around five functions of integrated vegetation designs that can help underpin the restoration of water recycling through enhanced retention of stormwater, protection from wind, moistening and cooling the landscape, production of plant litter, and contribution toward regional scale climate and catchment functioning. We also present two supplementary functions relevant to land and natural resource managers which may also be integrated using these designs. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V."
"8919299300;6602903407;6603701937;7003861526;","Satellite observations of the seasonal cycles of absorbing aerosols in Africa related to the monsoon rainfall, 1995-2008",2010,"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.12.038","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77349115465&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosenv.2009.12.038&partnerID=40&md5=477728d6555f4634e9178af930df901f","The link between the African Monsoon systems and aerosol loading in Africa is studied using multi-year satellite observations of UV-absorbing aerosols and rain gauge measurements. The main aerosol types occurring over Africa are desert dust and biomass burning aerosols, which are UV-absorbing. The abundance of these aerosols over Africa is characterised in this paper using residues and Absorbing Aerosol Index (AAI) data from Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) on board ERS-2 and SCanning Imaging Absorption SpectroMeter for Atmospheric ChartograpHY (SCIAMACHY) on board Envisat. Time series of regionally averaged residues from 1995 to 2008 show the seasonal variations of aerosols in Africa. Zonally averaged daily residues over Africa are related to monthly mean precipitation data and show monsoon-controlled atmospheric aerosol loadings. A distinction is made between the West African Monsoon (WAM) and the East African Monsoon (EAM), which have different dynamics, mainly due to the asymmetric distribution of land masses around the equator in the west. The seasonal variation of the aerosol distribution is clearly linked to the seasonal cycle of the monsoonal wet and dry periods in both studied areas. The residue distribution over Africa shows two distinct modes, one associated with dry periods and one with wet periods. During dry periods the residue varies freely, due to aerosol emissions from deserts and biomass burning events. During wet periods the residue depends linearly on the amount of precipitation, due to scavenging of aerosols and the prevention of aerosol emissions from the wet surface. This is most clear over east Africa, where the sources and sinks of atmospheric aerosols are controlled directly by the local climate, i.e. monsoonal precipitation. Here, the wet mode has a mean residue of -1.4 and the dry mode has a mean residue of -0.3. During the wet modes a reduction of one residue unit for every 160 mm monthly averaged precipitation was found. Shielding effects due to cloud cover may also play a role in the reduction of the residue during wet periods. A possible influence of aerosols on the monsoon, via aerosol direct and indirect effects, is plausible, but cannot directly be deduced from these data. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved."
"26634953300;35220895900;36844540800;7003642344;7003373288;7005591362;13409696700;14024215300;25633867100;57197304749;","Interannual variability of Arctic sea ice export into the East Greenland Current",2010,"10.1029/2010JC006227","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78650945978&doi=10.1029%2f2010JC006227&partnerID=40&md5=5fa1cb57d96e8d438962c6f24b4235f7","Observations since the 1950s suggest that the Arctic climate system is changing in response to rising global air temperatures. These changes include an intensified hydrological cycle, Arctic sea ice decline, and increasing Greenland glacial melt. Here we use new δ18O data from the East Greenland Current system at Cape Farewell and Denmark Strait to determine the relative proportions of the freshwater components within the East Greenland Current and East Greenland Coastal Current. Through the comparison of these new data with historical studies, we gain insight into the changing Arctic freshwater balance. We detect three key shifts in the net freshwater component δ18O values, these are (1) a shift to lighter values in the late 1990s that possibly indicates an increased Greenland glacial melt or a reduced sea ice melt admixture and (2) a short-term shift to a ∼10‰ heavier value in 2005 followed by (3) a shift back to the historic average value in 2008. The latter fluctuation reflects a short-term dramatic rise and fall of sea ice meltwater addition into the East Greenland Current system. We infer that this anomalously large inclusion of sea ice meltwater resulted from a short-term peak in Arctic sea ice export via Fram Strait. Our findings, therefore, suggest that the freshwater carried in the East Greenland Current system is susceptible to short-term, high-amplitude changes in the upstream freshwater balance, which may have important ramifications for the global thermohaline circulation through the suppression of deep water formation in the North Atlantic. Copyright 2010 by the American Geophysical Union."
"36064863000;37059761600;7201776901;","Assessing the impact of climate change on the land hydrology in Taiwan",2009,"10.1007/s10333-009-0175-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77954086822&doi=10.1007%2fs10333-009-0175-9&partnerID=40&md5=ecd20237be8ff497e7dba77844b85add","The gradually increased temperature resulting from the enhanced greenhouse effects has been found to be an important factor of changes to the global climate which in turn might significantly affect the Earth's hydrological cycles. The possible outcomes of warming climate are changes of precipitation, surface runoff, evapotranspiration, and frequency of extreme weather events, such as floods and droughts. However, such changes at the global scale may not reflect the variations on a regional scale, and more so at the local scale. In this study, a physically based water balance model was applied to study the impact of climate change on the land hydrology, focusing on trends of surface runoff, evapotranspiration, and infiltration in Taiwan. Model forcing of composite temperatures and precipitations were generated by a weather generation model in association with nine climate change scenarios, including outputs of equilibrium experiments and special reports on emissions scenarios, from the IPCC. Although discrepancies among different climate change scenarios are significant, the trend of more extreme precipitations and surface runoffs were observed in most scenarios' runs. The increase of evapotranspiration in both wet and dry seasons is persistent among different scenarios throughout the island due to the projected consistently higher temperature. Although the trends of infiltration for wet and dry seasons are opposite in curtain scenarios, a decreased yearly infiltration was found in most cases as the result of increased precipitation intensity and more evapotranspiration. Timely adaption measures for water resources managements and natural hazard mitigations are required to face these changes of land hydrology components under changing climate. © 2009 Springer-Verlag."
"26535601900;13403767300;6507002825;7004776233;36087666700;","The irruption of new agro-industrial technologies in Uruguay and their environmental impacts on soil, water supply and biodiversity: A review",2009,"10.1504/IJENVH.2009.024877","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-65549111367&doi=10.1504%2fIJENVH.2009.024877&partnerID=40&md5=29d29d6fb77b6220f2be6f6bcd11cf4a","In recent years, economic growth has produced a global change in the demand for food, fibre and energy supply. This has gone together with the globalisation of the agro-industrial production systems, leading to a qualitative change in land use because of intensive use of technological inputs. Uruguay, just as the other countries of the region, is part of this phenomenon. The massive introduction of forest crops has been made over native grassland ecosystems, replacing traditional productive activities of the post-colonial period. Research on eucalyptus afforestation shows depletion of the ecosystem services associated with grassland and loss of the resilience capacity of the system. Impacts on soil organic matter, soil physicochemical properties, the hydrological cycle and on biodiversity are analysed. This review (with emphasis on Uruguay and the River Plata Basin) tries to contribute to an integrated vision of the environmental consequences of current land-use change. Copyright © 2009, Inderscience Publishers."
"6603504366;","A feature-based approach to satellite precipitation monitoring using Geostationary IR imagery",2004,"10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0910:AFATSP>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-9444277112&doi=10.1175%2f1525-7541%282004%29005%3c0910%3aAFATSP%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=4aed4c9d3a4946a447d111c5157f3c0e","This paper describes a new geostationary infrared satellite precipitation monitoring methodology that draws on techniques from machine vision to develop a mathematical representation of cloud shapes and textures and the form of their embedding meteorological context. Quantitative feature descriptions derived from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) band-4 infrared imagery were translated into 15-min precipitation estimates through the use of an artificial neural network. The network was trained using 3-hourly ground-radar data in lieu of a dense constellation of polar-orbiting spacecraft such as the proposed Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. The technique has been tested using data from the Texas-Florida Underflights Experiment (TEFLUN-B) and has demonstrated significant advantages over existing satellite precipitation monitoring techniques when applied to a summer precipitation regime in Florida. © 2004 American Meteorological Society."
"57203850546;35767091400;57204253092;57197897176;50661206600;37102218300;","Climate, forest growing season, and evapotranspiration changes in the central Appalachian Mountains, USA",2019,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.129","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85053222061&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2018.09.129&partnerID=40&md5=37e5aa68b7c35043f456e006d93b6c38","We analyzed trends in climatologic, hydrologic, and growing season length variables, identified the important variables effecting growing season length changes, and evaluated the influence of a lengthened growing season on increasing evapotranspiration trends for the central Appalachian Mountains region of the United States. We generated three growing season length variables using remotely sensed GIMMS NDVI3g data, two variables from measured streamflow, and 13 climate parameters from gridded datasets. We included various climate, hydrology, and phenology explanatory variables in two applications of Principle Components Analysis to reduce dimensionality, then utilized the final variables in two Linear Mixed Effects models to evaluate the role of climate on growing season length and evapotranspiration. The results showed that growing season length has increased, on average, by ~22 days and evapotranspiration has increased up to ~12 mm throughout the region. The results also suggest that a suite of climatic variables including temperature, vapor pressure deficit, wind, and humidity are important in growing season length change. The climatic variables work synergistically to produce greater evaporative demand and atmospheric humidity, which is theoretically consistent with intensification of the water cycle and the Clausius-Clapeyron relation, which states that humidity increases nonlinearly by 7%/K. Optimization of the evapotranspiration model was increased by the inclusion of growing season length, suggesting that growing season length is partially responsible for variations in evapotranspiration over time. The results of this research imply that a longer growing season has the potential to increase forest water cycling and evaporative loss in temperate forests, which may lead to decreased freshwater provisioning from forests to downstream population centers. Additionally, results from this study provide important information for runoff and evapotranspiration modelling and forest water management under changing climate. © 2018"
"55073248000;8974407600;57118119800;7101898024;","Designation and trend analysis of the updated UK Benchmark Network of river flow stations: The UKBN2 dataset",2018,"10.2166/nh.2017.058","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85044729709&doi=10.2166%2fnh.2017.058&partnerID=40&md5=00831dde00cdde0666c8864ccb4e1ed1","Observational trend analysis is fundamental for tracking emerging changes in river flows and placing extreme events in their longer-term historical context, particularly as climate change is expected to intensify the hydrological cycle. However, human disturbance within catchments can introduce artificial changes and confound any underlying climate-driven signal. The UK Benchmark Network (UKBN), designated in the early 2000s, comprised a subset of National River Flow Archive (NRFA) stations that were considered near-natural and thus appropriate for identification and interpretation of climate-driven hydrological trends. Here, the original network was reviewed and updated, resulting in the UKBN2 dataset consisting of 146 near-natural catchments. Additionally, the UKBN2 provides user guidance on the suitability of each station for the assessment of low, medium, and high flows. A trend analysis was performed on the updated UKBN2 dataset and results show that while the strength and direction of changes are dependent on the period of record selected, previously detected patterns of river flow change in the UK remain robust for longer periods (>50 years), despite the recent prevalence of extremes. Such a quality assured observational dataset will provide a foundation for future scientific efforts to better understand the changing nature of the hydrological cycle. © 2018 The Authors."
"57196482110;55963370200;35410435200;57203425854;57189107233;","Controls on water vapor isotopes over Roorkee, India: Impact of convective activities and depression systems",2018,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.12.061","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85040003160&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2017.12.061&partnerID=40&md5=1af6582363bbd91b068076f76407bc39","The study evaluates the water vapor isotopic compositions and its controls with special reference to Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) season at Roorkee, India. Precipitation is usually a discrete event spatially and temporally in this part of the country, therefore, the information provided is limited, while, the vapors have all time availability and have a significant contribution in the hydrological cycle locally or over a regional scale. Hence for understanding the processes altering the various sources, its isotopic signatures were studied. The Isotope Water Vapour Line (Iso Val) was drawn together with the Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL) and the best fit line was δD = 5.42 * δ18O + 27.86. The precipitation samples were also collected during the study period and were best fitted with δD = 8.20(±0.18) * δ18O + 9.04(±1.16) in the Local Meteoric Water Line (LMWL). From the back trajectory analysis of respective vapor samples, it is unambiguous that three major sources viz; local vapor, western disturbance and monsoon vapor are controlling the fate of moisture over Roorkee. The d-excess in ground-level vapor (GLV) reveals the supply of recycled moisture from continental water bodies and evapo-transpiration as additional moisture sources to the study area. The intensive depletion in isotopic ratios was associated with the large-scale convective activity and low-pressure/cyclonic/depression systems formed over Bay of Bengal. © 2017"
"6701653010;36552332100;6603377859;7102190308;7102643810;","A field study of footprint-scale variability of raindrop size distribution",2017,"10.1175/jhm-d-17-0003.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85041832722&doi=10.1175%2fjhm-d-17-0003.1&partnerID=40&md5=5acf9280c3e8cc6f7f9389e5209b92d4","A network of seven two-dimensional video disdrometers (2DVD), which were operated during the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E) in northern Oklahoma, are employed to investigate the spatial variability of raindrop size distribution (DSD) within the footprint of the dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) on board the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission core satellite. One-minute 2DVD DSD observations were interpolated uniformly to 13 points distributed within a nearly circular DPR footprint through an inverse distance weighting method. The presence of deep continental showers was a unique feature of the dataset resulting in a higher mean rain rate R with respect to previous studies. As a measure of spatial variability for the interpolated data, a three-parameter exponential function was applied to paired correlations of three parameters of normalized gamma DSD, R, reflectivity, and attenuation at Ka- and Ku-band frequencies of DPR (Z_Ka, Z_Ku, k_Ka, and k_Ku, respectively). The symmetry of the interpolated sites allowed quantifying the directional differences in correlations at the same distance. The correlation distances d0 of R, k_Ka, and k_Ku were approximately 10 km and were not sensitive to the choice of four rain thresholds used in this study. The d0 of Z_Ku, on the other hand, ranged from 29 to 20 km between different rain thresholds. The coefficient of variation (CV) remained less than 0.5 for most of the samples for a given physical parameter, but a CV of greater than 1.0 was also observed in noticeable samples, especially for the shape parameter and Z_Ku. © 2017 American Meteorological Society."
"7006029957;","Bringing Future Climatic Change into Water Resources Management Practice Today",2017,"10.1007/s11269-017-1704-8","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85019603845&doi=10.1007%2fs11269-017-1704-8&partnerID=40&md5=28f682f70b4ab1f6866cb9dee4f7cfb9","The global climate is changing and altering the hydrologic cycle that results in (i) reduction of water supply; (ii) increase in frequency and magnitude of flood and drought events; (iii) damage to the shoreline areas; (iv) increase in irrigation water use; (v) decrease in quality of all freshwater sources; and (vi) increase in functional and operational requirements for the existing water infrastructure. The paper provides the review of water resources management challenges posed by the climate change. In order to provide guidance for including climate change impacts into water management studies, a generic approach is detailed for potential implementation in practice. Methods for selecting global climate models and emission scenarios, followed by bias correction and downscaling are discussed. The paper ends with the description of one practical example, IDF_CC, a web based tool for updating intensity duration frequency curves under changing climate. The tool is designed in response to real needs of water engineering practice and has been in use in Canada since early 2015. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht."
"7101815608;","Temperature versus hydrologic controls of chemical weathering fluxes from United States forests",2017,"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.02.025","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85016432216&doi=10.1016%2fj.chemgeo.2017.02.025&partnerID=40&md5=1d6cef3783b2a1d1f9b8c108ee1a8f35","Chemical weathering is a dominant control on modern inland water chemistry and global element budgets over geologic time scales. Due to its central role in the earth's biogeochemistry it remains an intense area of interest. Understanding the controls on chemical weathering is difficult because it has many drivers with overlapping temporal and spatial signals. Of particular interest is the relationship between chemical weathering fluxes and global temperatures due to a negative feedback loop where warmer temperatures leads to more chemical weathering and its associated atmospheric CO2 consumption (Berner et al., 1983). Recently it has been proposed that this negative feedback loop is indirect where the acceleration of the hydrologic cycle by increased global temperatures leads to higher chemical weathering and atmospheric CO2 consumption (Maher and Chamberlain, 2014). Here, fluxes of all major cations and anions are calculated for 150 forested watersheds smaller than 500 km2 in order to explore controls on chemical weathering from United States forests. Relationships between watershed hydrology, ion ratios and pH are reported that explain a large amount of across site variation in bicarbonate fluxes. Furthermore, across all watersheds ~ 32% of the cation flux is not balanced by bicarbonate but by sulfate. Paired alkalinity, temperature and discharge data are used to determine a temperature sensitivity of chemical weathering across 51 forested watersheds with a minimum of 70 measurements. The temperature sensitivity of bicarbonate fluxes is absent at low flow conditions because long residence times leads to chemical equilibrium and transport limitation. As discharge increases and residence time decreases, the temperature sensitivity of chemical weathering is released from transport limitation. The temperature sensitivity then increases with discharge until it levels off at high discharges as the system becomes reaction limited. Records of daily discharge, watershed discharge to flux relationships, and the temperature sensitivity are then used to estimate how chemical fluxes would change with a 20% increase in discharge, and 10° increase in temperature global change scenario. Not surprisingly it is found that increased discharge leads to higher weathering fluxes. Interestingly, wetter years have a higher temperature sensitivity due to a release of the temperature sensitivity from transport limitation. This coupled with a strong direct temperature effect leads to an approximately equal response from temperature and increased discharge using this scenario of global change. Thus periods of time and regions that are subject to both warm and wet conditions may have a particularly strong control on weathering fluxes. © 2017 Elsevier B.V."
"56506821400;57130007200;8947893100;7102421547;","Drought timing differentially affects above- and belowground productivity in a mesic grassland",2017,"10.1007/s11258-016-0690-x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85007227816&doi=10.1007%2fs11258-016-0690-x&partnerID=40&md5=bd761e393ec2424c0f4423d225a64c39","Climate models forecast an intensification of the global hydrological cycle with droughts becoming more frequent and severe, and shifting to times when they have been historically uncommon. Droughts, or prolonged periods of precipitation deficiency, are characteristic of most temperate grasslands, yet few experiments have explored how variation in the seasonal timing of drought may impact ecosystem function. We investigated the response of above- and belowground net primary production (ANPP & BNPP) to altered drought timing in a mesic grassland in NE Kansas. Moderate drought treatments (25% reduction from the mean growing season precipitation [GSP]) were imposed by erecting rainout shelters in late spring (LSP), early summer (ESM), and mid-summer (MSM, n = 10 plots/treatment). These treatments were compared to two controls (long-term average GSP [LTA] and ambient GSP [AMB]) and a wet treatment (+30% of the long-term average GSP [WET]). We found that LSP drought did not significantly reduce ANPP relative to control plots while the ESM and MSM drought did despite equivalent reductions in soil moisture. In contrast, the WET treatment did not affect ANPP. Neither the WET nor the drought treatments altered BNPP as compared to the controls. Our results suggest that forecasts of ecosystem responses to climate change will be improved if both the seasonal timing of alterations in precipitation as well as differential responses of above- and belowground productivity to drought are incorporated into models. © 2016, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht."
"57189324878;56096947200;6603438107;56097584100;55648616300;26653370600;7801659982;6701317245;57191228331;","Environmental perturbations at the early Eocene ETM2, H2, and I1 events as inferred by Tethyan calcareous plankton (Terche section, northeastern Italy)",2016,"10.1002/2016PA002940","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84988027130&doi=10.1002%2f2016PA002940&partnerID=40&md5=ea116fd8fb511fe716f391a588f104ab","Several early Eocene hyperthermals have been recently investigated and characterized in terms of temperature anomalies and oceanographic changes. The effects of these climatic perturbations on biotic communities are much less constrained. Here we present new records from the Terche section (northeastern Italy) that, for the first time, integrates data on planktic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils across three post-Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum negative carbon isotope excursions (CIEs). The biomagnetostratigraphic framework generated at Terche allows us to confidently relate such CIEs to the Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 (ETM2), H2, and I1 events. Each of these events coincides with lithological anomalies characterized by significantly lower calcium carbonate content (marly units, MUs). We interpret these MUs as mainly linked to an effect of increased terrigenous dilution, as dissolution proxies do not display significant variations. Calcareous plankton assemblages change significantly across these events and radiolarians increase. Observed changes suggest that transient warming and environmental perturbations, though more intense during ETM2, occurred during each of the three investigated perturbations. Variations among calcareous plankton suggest increase in surface-water eutrophication with respect to the pre-event conditions, coupled with a weakening of the upper water-column thermal stratification. Higher nutrient discharge was related to intensification of the hydrological cycle as a consequence of the warmer climate. These conditions persisted during the early CIE recovery, implying slower recovery rates for the environment and biota than for the carbon cycle. ©2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"35182867500;6701686355;7004244517;6506718349;7006219454;","Palaeoecological insights on Toarcian and lower Aalenian calcareous nannofossils from the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal)",2015,"10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.07.012","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84938070255&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2015.07.012&partnerID=40&md5=d02990429cd9a12c6fb20060051d3138","A comprehensive and detailed account is presented of the calcareous nannofossil evolution across the Toarcian and Early Aalenian from the strategically located Lusitanian Basin in Portugal. The basin connected NW Tethys and Mediterranean water masses during the Toarcian and thus the in situ nannoplankton community responded to this double influence. Biostratigraphic control by ammonites from two well calibrated and continuous sections was compared to an intermediate section, which rendered a complete 286m of Toarcian and lower Aalenian succession. Quantification of calcareous nannofossils, Factor Analysis, stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis from brachiopods shells was performed. Temperature, water masses exchanges and primary productivity were highlighted by three extracted factors. Three major ecological events were identified in this work. Throughout the Early Toarcian during the onset of a warming transgressive period with an intensified hydrological cycle where calcareous nannoplankton thrived, NW Tethys waters started flooding the Lusitanian Basin which became dominated by Mediterranean taxa such as M. jansae and Schizosphaerella. Water mixing between NW European and Mediterranean water masses occurred, as recorded by nannofossil assemblages typical of the two provinces. Across the middle and part of the Late Toarcian, as climatic conditions stabilized during the long-term regressive period that had just begun, NW European connections were still effective, waters became more stratified and primary productivity decreased as indicated by the δ13C data, the coeval decrease in total nannofossil abundances and increase in diversity. From part of the Late Toarcian, the connection between north and south water masses was diminutive and Mediterranean waters filled and dominated the basin, as inferred from the steady increase in Schizosphaerella and the near disappearance of Crepidolithus crassus. The calcareous nannoplankton increase in abundance and decrease in diversity show that under a humid climate, environmental conditions in such a shallow basin would tend to be more meso-eutrophic. © 2015 Elsevier B.V."
"12142933600;14020798200;","Multidecadal variability of the continental precipitation annual amplitude driven by AMO and ENSO",2015,"10.1002/2014GL062451","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84923600483&doi=10.1002%2f2014GL062451&partnerID=40&md5=218e7bf25fdd86691e81fe302e80235a","As the water vapor content in the atmosphere scales with temperature, a warmer world is expected to feature an intensification of the hydrological cycle. Work to date has mainly focused on mean precipitation changes, whose connection to climatic modes is elusive at a global scale. Here we show that continental precipitation annual amplitude, which represents the annual range between minimum and maximum (monthly) rainfall, covaries with a linear combination of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and low-frequency variations in the El Niño-Southern Oscillation on a decadal to multidecadal scale with a correlation coefficient of 0.92 (P-<-0.01). The teleconnection is a result of changes in moisture transport in key regions. Reported trends in the annual amplitude of global precipitation in recent decades need to be assessed in light of this substantial low-frequency variability, which could mask or enhance an anthropogenic signal in hydrological cycle changes. © 2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"56276493100;55970569700;55860810800;8301022500;","Multi-temporal analysis of mean annual and seasonal stream flow trends, including periodicity and multiple non-linear regression",2014,"10.1007/s11269-014-0753-5","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85027932538&doi=10.1007%2fs11269-014-0753-5&partnerID=40&md5=3bb1f02c16c3082dd55fe64d9fa07a37","Global warming affects the hydrological cycle and the long-term water budget of river basins. Flow variations have been noticed in the Danube River Basin, especially in its south-western parts where a downward trend in mean annual flows has been prevalent in the past several decades. Time series of mean annual and seasonal flows of the Sava River at hydrological stations Sremska Mitrovica and Zagreb are analysed in this paper. The trend is assessed with the Mann-Kendall test including the effect of serial correlation. Additionally, the trends are assessed in the multi-temporal framework. It is concluded that the long-term periodicity of annual flows has a considerable impact on the time series trend. Long-term component with cycles of 40 years in mean annual flows are detected by the time series analysis in frequency domain. Regression analysis showed a significant correlation between mean annual flows of the Sava River and annual precipitation, mean annual atmospheric pressure and air temperatures at meteorological station Ljubljana, as well as with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Index. © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014."
"56161949600;55699749600;55624014600;8960591500;","Stochastic temporal disaggregation of monthly precipitation for regional gridded data sets",2014,"10.1002/2014WR015930","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84919665803&doi=10.1002%2f2014WR015930&partnerID=40&md5=bc275aa0e9711137143e813801add5e1","Weather generators are used for spatiotemporal downscaling of climate model outputs (e.g., precipitation and temperature) to investigate the impact of climate change on the hydrological cycle. In this study, a multiplicative random cascade model is proposed for the stochastic temporal disaggregation of monthly to daily precipitation fields, which is designed to be applicable to grids of any spatial resolution and extent. The proposed method uses stationary distribution functions that describe the partitioning of precipitation throughout multiple temporal scales (e.g., weekly and biweekly scale). Moreover, it explicitly considers the intensity and spatial covariance of precipitation in the disaggregation procedure, but requires no assumption about the temporal relationship and spatial isotropy of precipitation fields. A split sampling test is conducted on a high-resolution (i.e., 4 × 4 km2 grid) daily precipitation data set over Germany (≈357,000 km2) to assess the performance of the proposed method during future periods. The proposed method has proven to consistently reproduce distinctive location-dependent precipitation distribution functions with biases less than 5% during both a calibration and evaluation period. Furthermore, extreme precipitation amounts and the spatial and temporal covariance of the generated fields are comparable to those of the observations. Consequently, the proposed temporal disaggregation approach satisfies the minimum conditions for a precipitation generator aiming at the assessment of hydrological response to climate change at regional and continental scales or for generating seamless predictions of hydrological variables. © 2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"6603530285;36652344700;7005374518;7005670366;","Continental climatic and Weathering Response to the Eocene-Oligocene transition",2012,"10.1086/663984","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84858041163&doi=10.1086%2f663984&partnerID=40&md5=ebe6458b9f0d5cbb97af31b6e86704f6","Paleoclimatic reconstructions of the Eocene-Oligocene transition indicate significant spatial heterogeneity in both the marine and the terrestrial responses to the formation of ice sheets on Antarctica. Marine isotopic records indicate that both cooling and ice volume effects contributed to a shift of approximately +1.1‰ in benthic and planktonic foraminiferal δ 18O. Because terrestrial records generally are of lower temporal resolution, deconvolving temperature from ice volume effects has been more challenging. New results based on paleosols in a well-dated terrestrial sequence in the Ebro Basin (Spain) bridge this gap by providing a new high-resolution record of paleoclimate and paleoweathering. Between 35 and 33 Ma, the reconstructed mean annual precipitation was unchanged, and mean annual temperatures ranged between ~8°and 14°, with identical means of ~11°C in both the Eocene and the Oligocene, indicating that paleotemperature was steady in the Ebro Basin. At the same time, a drop in chemical weathering of &gt;30% that was accompanied by a roughly 20% drop in sedimentation rate was observed coincident with declining atmospheric CO 2 levels. Prior to and following the Eocene-Oligocene transition, pedogenic carbonate δ 18O values moved in concert with weathering, but this connection was broken during the Eocene-Oligocene transition itself, suggesting a significant hydrological cycle reorganization at this time. Thus, while the changes in chemical weathering cannot be due to precipitation or temperature changes, the decreased chemical weathering was likely due to falling atmospheric CO 2 levels. This suggests that long-term records of paleosol weathering intensity provide a new proxy for relative atmospheric CO 2 changes. © 2012 by The University of Chicago."
"35565052400;13005436600;7003908297;","The relative importance of land use and climatic change in Alpine catchments",2012,"10.1007/s10584-011-0209-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84856726014&doi=10.1007%2fs10584-011-0209-3&partnerID=40&md5=f741abdd55cf69ec69d245d5e0d28cee","Carbon storage and catchment hydrology are influenced both by land use changes and climatic changes, but there are few studies addressing both responses under both driving forces. We investigated the relative importance of climate change vs. land use change for four Alpine catchments using the LPJ-GUESS model. Two scenarios of grassland management were calibrated based on the more detailed model PROGRASS. The simulations until 2100 show that only reforestation could lead to an increase of carbon storage under climatic change, whereby a cessation of carbon accumulation occurred in all catchments after 2050. The initial increase in carbon storage was attributable mainly to forest re-growth on abandoned land, whereas the stagnation and decline in the second half of the century was mainly driven by climate change. If land was used more intensively, i. e. as grassland, litter input to the soil decreased due to harvesting, resulting in a decline of soil carbon storage (1. 2-2. 9 kg C m-2) that was larger than the climate-induced change (0. 8-1. 4 kg C m-2). Land use change influenced transpiration both directly and in interaction with climate change. The response of forested catchments diverged with climatic change (11-40 mm increase in AET), reflecting the differences in forest age, topography and water holding capacity within and between catchments. For grass-dominated catchments, however, transpiration responded in a similar manner to climate change (light management: 23-32 mm AET decrease, heavy management: 29-44 mm AET decrease), likely because grassroots are concentrated in the uppermost soil layers. Both the water and the carbon cycle were more strongly influenced by land use compared to climatic changes, as land use had not only a direct effect on carbon storage and transpiration, but also an indirect effect by modifying the climate change response of transpiration and carbon flux in the catchments. For the carbon cycle, climate change led to a cessation of the catchment response (sink/source strength is limited), whereas for the water cycle, the effect of land use change remains evident throughout the simulation period (changes in evapotranspiration do not attenuate). Thus we conclude that management will have a large potential to influence the carbon and water cycle, which needs to be considered in management planning as well as in climate and hydrological modelling. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V."
"36132314500;56202321100;7404164186;","Oceanic origin of a recent La Niña-like trend in the tropical Pacific",2011,"10.1007/s00376-010-0129-6","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80051877513&doi=10.1007%2fs00376-010-0129-6&partnerID=40&md5=aafe5d6869696507537e11fdf32d1a88","Global ocean temperature has been rising since the late 1970s at a speed unprecedented during the past century of recordkeeping. This accelerated warming has profound impacts not only on the marine ecosystem and oceanic carbon uptake but also on the global water cycle and climate. During this rapid warming period, the tropical Pacific displays a pronounced La Niña-like trend, characterized by an intensification of westeast SST gradient and of atmospheric zonal overturning circulation, namely the Walker circulation. This La Niña-like trend differs from the El Niño-like trend in warm climate projected by most climate models, and cannot be explained by responses of the global water cycle to warm climate. The results of this study indicate that the intensification of the zonal SST gradient and the Walker circulation are associated with recent strengthening of the upper-ocean meridional overturning circulation. © 2011 China National Committee for International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAS), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) and Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg."
"9246029600;7004647146;","Climate variability and the shape of daily precipitation: A case study of ENSO and the American West",2011,"10.1175/2010JCLI3555.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78650120811&doi=10.1175%2f2010JCLI3555.1&partnerID=40&md5=a4897ade5ea8da27519a824903c5b948","Characterizing the relationship between large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns and the shape of the daily precipitation distribution is fundamental to understanding how dynamical changes are manifest in the hydrological cycle, and it is also relevant to issues such as natural hazard mitigation and reservoir management. This relationship is pursued using ENSO variability and the American West as a case study. When considering the full range of wintertime precipitation and consistent with conventional wisdom, mean precipitation intensity is enhanced during El Niño relative to La Niña in the Southwest and vice versa in the Northwest. This change in mean is attributed to a shift in the distribution of daily precipitation toward more intense daily rainfall rates. In addition, fundamental changes in the shape of the precipitation distributions are observed, independent of shifts in the mean. Surprisingly, for intense precipitation, La Niña winters actually demonstrate a significant increase in intensity (but not frequency) across the Southwest. A main lesson from this analysis is that, in response to ENSO variability, changes in extreme events can be significantly different from changes in the mean. In some instances, even the sign of the change is reversed. This result suggests that patterns of large-scale variability have an effect on the precipitation distribution that is nuanced, and they cannot be regarded as simply causing a shift in climatic zones. It also raises interesting questions concerning how best to establish confidence in climate predictions. © 2011 American Meteorological Society."
"7403352662;57193218127;57059542000;","Agreement between monthly precipitation estimates from TRMM satellite, NCEP reanalysis, and merged gauge-satellite analysis",2011,"10.1029/2010JD015483","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80052276443&doi=10.1029%2f2010JD015483&partnerID=40&md5=94031a5857a1cdaaedd56ab699d9b8e4","Global monthly precipitation is a critical element in understanding variability of the Earth's climate including changes in the hydrological cycle associated with global warming. The NCEP reanalysis (R1), GPCP, CMAP, and TMPA precipitation data sets are often used in climate studies. This study compares the data sets (R1, GPCP, CMAP, and TMPA) with the TRMM precipitation data sets derived from the TRMM precipitation radar (TPR), microwave imager (TMI), and combined algorithm (TCA) for 11 years (1998-2008) over the satellite's domain (40°S-40°N). The domain precipitation estimates from seven data sets range from 2.44 to 3.38 mm d-1 over the ocean and from 1.98 to 2.83 mm d-1 over land. The regional differences between the TPR and the other data sets are analyzed by a paired t test. Particularly, statistically significant differences between TPR and GPCP and between TPR and CMAP are found in most oceanic regions and in some land areas. In general, there exists substantial disagreement in precipitation intensities from the precipitation data sets. Therefore, significant consideration is given to the uncertainties in the data sets prior to applying the results to climate studies such as estimations of the global hydrological budget analyses. Meanwhile, the anomalies from all the data sets agree relatively well in their variability patterns. It is also found that the dominant mode of interannual variability which is associated with the ENSO pattern is clearly demonstrated by all precipitation data sets. These results suggest that all considered precipitation data sets may produce similar results when they are used for climate variability analyses on annual to interannual time scales. Copyright © 2011 by the American Geophysical Union."
"6506496061;7103369956;","Estimation of rainfall from infrared-microwave satellite data for basin-scale hydrologic modelling",2010,"10.1002/hyp.7626","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77954366008&doi=10.1002%2fhyp.7626&partnerID=40&md5=88fdf17f71a11dc5931e2fc116b21e6d","The infrared-microwave rainfall algorithm (IMRA) was developed for retrieving spatial rainfall from infrared (IR) brightness temperatures (TBs) of satellite sensors to provide supplementary information to the rainfall field, and to decrease the traditional dependency on limited rain gauge data that are point measurements. In IMRA, a SLOPE technique (ST) was developed for discriminating rain/no-rain pixels through IR image cloud-top temperature gradient, and 243K as the IR threshold temperature for minimum detectable rainfall rate. IMRA also allows for the adjustment of rainfall derived from IR-TB using microwave (MW) TBs. In this study, IMRA rainfall estimates were assessed on hourly and daily basis for different spatial scales (4, 12, 20, and 100 km) using NCEP stage IV gauge-adjusted radar rainfall data, and daily rain gauge data. IMRA was assessed in terms of the accuracy of the rainfall estimates and the basin streamflow simulated by the hydrologic model, Sacramento soil moisture accounting (SAC-SMA), driven by the rainfall data. The results show that the ST option of IMRA gave accurate satellite rainfall estimates for both light and heavy rainfall systems while the Hessian technique only gave accurate estimates for the convective systems. At daily time step, there was no improvement in IR-satellite rainfall estimates adjusted with MW TBs. The basin-scale streamflow simulated by SAC-SMA driven by satellite rainfall data was marginally better than when SAC-SMA was driven by rain gauge data, and was similar to the case using radar data, reflecting the potential applications of satellite rainfall in basin-scale hydrologic modelling. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."
"35365249300;6602983831;55566085100;","Inverting the hydrological cycle: When streamfiow measurements help assess altitudinal precipitation gradients in mountain areas",2009,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78751663942&partnerID=40&md5=768cd9051ab0cd9be15134ede89b8732","This paper presents an attempt to ""invert"" the hydrological cycle and to use streamfiow measurements to improve our knowledge of precipitation input in data-sparse mountainous regions. We use two data sets of 31 Swiss and 94 Swedish catchanents, and three simple long-term water balance formulas. By assuming a simple two-parameter correcting model to reionalize precipitation from the too-sparse precipitation gauging network, we show that it is possible to identify, without ambiguity, the altitudinal precipitation gradient from streamfiow. Although the snow undercatch parameter remains more difficult to identify, its range seems coherent with values found in the literature. © 2009 IAHS Press."
"26536952300;57203809453;24576829800;","An application of brightness temperature received from a ground-based microwave radiometer to estimation of precipitation occurrences and rainfall intensity",2009,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-65549159968&partnerID=40&md5=062f820a413c26f9881e30ec19e31236","Ground-based microwave radiometers (MWR) provide continuous thermodynamic (temperature, water vapor, and cloud liquid) soundings in the clear and cloudy weather conditions. These profiles can be determined by observing the intensity of the atmospheric radiation at selected frequencies. The MWR used in this study is TP/WVP-3000A, which measures the intensity of radiation at 8 water vapor channels (22-30 GHz) and 14 oxygen channels (51-59 GHz) to obtain thermodynamic profiles at National Center for Intensive Observation of severe weather (NCIO) located at Haenam, Korea. In this study, the predictability of precipitation occurrences and the estimation of rainfall intensity were investigated by using the brightness temperature (TB) of the MWR. The averaged differences of TBs in 2 hours before raining were calculated and compared with those of period unrelated with rain. In 2 hours before raining, the pronounced increase of TB was observed in water vapor channels (22-30 GHz), while TBs in 54-59 GHz as oxygen channels were almost remaining constant except for the great increase of TB at 51-52 GHz related to cloud liquid water. Performance for forecasts of precipitation occurrences using the preceding increases of TBs at 22.2 GHz, 30.0 GHz, and 51.2 GHz was improved and better than the 3-hour operational (routine) forecasts. The estimation of rainfall intensity was examined by two simple estimative methods using the linear and the nonlinear regression analyses between rainfall intensity and TBs. Rainfall intensity was estimated by the calculated regression curves of TBs from MWR and compared with observed one by an Optical Rain Gauge (ORG) at the Haenam NCIO. As a result of the verification on forecasting performances, both the linear and the logarithmic regression methods between the observed and the estimated rainfall intensity showed substantially high in Equitable Threat Scores (ETSs) and correlation coefficients."
"7201887812;","Changes in frequency of precipitation types associated with surface air temperature over northern Eurasia during 1936-90",2008,"10.1175/2008JCLI2181.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-60749112375&doi=10.1175%2f2008JCLI2181.1&partnerID=40&md5=9c3658a8adbe49102550d30520643279","Potential benefits or disadvantages of increasing precipitation in high-latitude regions under a warming climate are dependent on how and in what form the precipitation occurs. Precipitation frequency and type are equally as important as quantity and intensity to understanding the seasonality of hydrological cycles and the health of the ecosystem in high-latitude regions. This study uses daily historical synoptic observation records during 1936-90 over the former USSR to reveal associations between the frequency of precipitation types (rainfall, snowfall, mixed solid and liquid, and wet days of all types) and surface air temperatures to determine potential changes in precipitation characteristics under a warming climate. Results from this particular study show that the frequency of precipitation of all types generally increases with air temperature during winter. However, both solid and liquid precipitation days predominantly decrease with air temperature during spring with a reduction in snowfall days being most significant. During autumn, snowfall days decrease while rainfall days increase resulting in overall decreases in wet days as air temperature increases. The data also reveal that, as snowfall days increase in relationship to increasing air temperatures, this increase may level out or even decrease as mean surface air temperature exceeds -8°C in winter. In spring and autumn, increasing rainfall days switch to decreasing when the mean surface air temperature goes above 6°C. The conclusion of this study is that changes in the frequency of precipitation types are highly dependent on the location's air temperature and that threshold temperatures exist beyond which changes in an opposite direction occur. © 2008 American Meteorological Society."
"57211617118;57192728193;14826175100;24474662800;","Rainfall intensity characteristics at coastal and high altitude stations in Kerala",2007,"10.1007/s12040-007-0043-1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-47749151123&doi=10.1007%2fs12040-007-0043-1&partnerID=40&md5=5007e9acce8a9b9bae84b8198c60397c","Rainfall intensities measured at a few stations in Kerala during 2001-2005 using a disdrometer were found to be in reasonable agreement with the total rainfall measured using a manual rain gauge. The temporal distributions of rainfall intensity at different places and during different months show that rainfall is of low intensity (<10 mm/hr), 65% to 90% of the time. This could be an indication of the relative prevalence of stratiform and cumuliform clouds. Rainfall was of intensity <5 mm/hr for more than 95% of the time in Kochi in July 2002, which was a month seriously deficient in rainfall, indicating that the deficiency was probably due to the relative absence of cumuliform clouds. Cumulative distribution graphs are also plotted and fitted with the Weibull distribution. The fit parameters do not appear to have any consistent pattern. The higher intensities also contributed significantly to total rainfall most of the time, except in Munnar (a hill station). In this analysis also, the rainfall in Kochi in July 2002 was found to have less presence of high intensities. This supports the hypothesis that the rainfall deficiency was probably caused by the absence of conditions that favoured the formation of cumuliform clouds."
"55993750800;7202060229;57218944645;6603175750;56865378100;","Experimental 2D-Var assimilation of ARM cloud and precipitation observations",2006,"10.1256/qj.05.24","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33746267286&doi=10.1256%2fqj.05.24&partnerID=40&md5=6cde78987913b5db08061c808161abe0","A two-dimensional variational method (2D-Var) based on 12-hour integrations of the single-column version of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts model for adjusting initial temperature and specific-humidity profiles is used to identify the issues related to the assimilation of either high temporal frequency or time-accumulated observations that are directly affected by clouds and precipitation. 2D-Var experiments have been run using cloud-radar reflectivity profiles and microwave-radiometer brightness temperatures in non-precipitating cloudy cases, and accumulated rain-gauge measurements and total column water-vapour retrievals from the Global Positioning System in precipitating situations. All observations have been obtained from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program. In cloudy situations, the use of time sequences of cloud-radar reflectivities at half-hourly time steps is problematic because the variational assimilation minimization becomes overconstrained. Instead, it is better to assimilate time-averaged profiles of cloud radar reflectivities when background reflectivities are generally greater than the observations. When background reflectivities are lower than observed, the falling of the extra precipitation produced by 2D-Var hampers the convergence of the cost-function minimization. The assimilation of brightness temperatures seems more straightforward even at a half-hourly frequency. As regards the application of 2D-Var to accumulated rain-gauge measurements, the minimization is biased towards observations that are available at the beginning of the 12-hour assimilation window, due to the reduction of precipitation sensitivities in time. However, using three-dimensional adjoint sensitivity computations, it is shown that this problem should not be as critical in four-dimensional variational assimilation. It is also demonstrated that the combination of precipitation data with information about the moisture field produces more realistic 2D-Var increments than with rain gauges solely. Finally, the implications for the future assimilation of cloud and precipitation affected observations in direct 4D-Var are presented. © Royal Meteorological Society, 2006."
"8632797000;15828981100;55742229000;7401526171;7005052907;","Satellite-based precipitation estimation using watershed segmentation and growing hierarchical self-organizing map",2006,"10.1080/01431160600763428","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34248361145&doi=10.1080%2f01431160600763428&partnerID=40&md5=646c84fb36ae1fdf676c9d5bae651bef","This paper outlines the development of a multi-satellite precipitation estimation methodology that draws on techniques from machine learning and morphology to produce high-resolution, short-duration rainfall estimates in an automated fashion. First, cloud systems are identified from geostationary infrared imagery using morphology based watershed segmentation algorithm. Second, a novel pattern recognition technique, growing hierarchical self-organizing map (GHSOM), is used to classify clouds into a number of clusters with hierarchical architecture. Finally, each cloud cluster is associated with co-registered passive microwave rainfall observations through a cumulative histogram matching approach. The network was initially trained using remotely sensed geostationary infrared satellite imagery and hourly ground-radar data in lieu of a dense constellation of polar-orbiting spacecraft such as the proposed global precipitation measurement (GPM) mission. Ground-radar and gauge rainfall measurements were used to evaluate this technique for both warm (June 2004) and cold seasons (December 2004-February 2005) at various temporal (daily and monthly) and spatial (0.04 and 0.25) scales. Significant improvements of estimation accuracy are found classifying the clouds into hierarchical sub-layers rather than a single layer. Furthermore, 2-year (2003-2004) satellite rainfall estimates generated by the current algorithm were compared with gauge-corrected Stage IV radar rainfall at various time scales over continental United States. This study demonstrates the usefulness of the watershed segmentation and the GHSOM in satellite-based rainfall estimations."
"8867226200;7004151950;8948885000;","The wind-induced loss of thunderstorm precipitation measurements",2005,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2004.11.032","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-27144559631&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2004.11.032&partnerID=40&md5=16c9f6cc79780faf7a90572bbbe04c66","Paired elevated and ground level recording precipitation gauges of the electronic weighing type with a resolution of 0.01 mm/min were tested during the 3-year field experiments at two sites in Slovakia. The wind-induced loss, defined as the difference between the ground level and the elevated gauge measurements, is related to the average wind speed and the average intensity of precipitation during a particular time interval. Two intervals of 15 and 60 min of total number of 1611 and 736 precipitation events, respectively, were used in the analysis. The events are divided according to the type of clouds into two groups. The cumuliform cloud group is representative for heavy (convective) precipitation and the stratiform cloud group for all other types of (non-convective) precipitation. The results show a non-linear dependence of the wind-induced loss on intensity of precipitation and wind speed. The wind-induced losses are smaller for the convective precipitation as compared with the non-convective precipitation. There are also differences between the results for the two time intervals. The smaller interval shows larger wind-induced losses than the greater one. The results agree well with the previous findings of the authors and these obtained by the numerical simulation. Using a threshold value of precipitation intensity i ≤ 8 mm h-1 instead of the cloud genesis to separate the non-convective precipitation from the convective one resulted in different wind-induced losses for the group of so defined ""non-convective"" precipitation. The wind-induced losses differ by up to ± 15%. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"56999946500;7003995144;7005320660;56271066200;","Modeling and measurement of rainfall by ground-based Multispectral microwave radiometry",2005,"10.1109/TGRS.2004.839595","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-18444410725&doi=10.1109%2fTGRS.2004.839595&partnerID=40&md5=bee9a694dd22f8b4f722b03b1f8685bd","The potential of ground-based multispectral microwave radiometers in retrieving rainfall parameters is investigated by coupling physically oriented models and retrieval methods with a large set of experimental data. Measured data come from rain events that occurred in the USA at Boulder, Colorado, and at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program's Southern Great Plains (SGP) site in Lamont, OK. Rain cloud models are specified to characterize both nonraining clouds, stratiform and convective rainfall. Brightness temperature numerical simulations are performed for a set of frequencies from 20 to 60 GHz at zenith angle, representing the channels currently deployed on a commercially available ground-based radiometric system. Results are illustrated in terms of comparisons between measurements and model data in order to show that the observed radiometric signatures can be attributed to rainfall scattering and absorption. A new statistical inversion algorithm, trained by synthetic data and based on principal component analysis is also developed to classify the meteorological background, to identify the rain regime, and to retrieve rain rate from passive radiometric observations. Rain rate estimate comparisons with simultaneous rain gauge data and rain effect mitigation methods are also discussed. © 2005 IEEE."
"7401742385;7006720318;7007129227;","A dynamic GIS-multicriteria technique for siting the NASA-Clark Atlanta urban rain gauge network",2004,"10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<1346:ADGTFS>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-5044237705&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0426%282004%29021%3c1346%3aADGTFS%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=8eedc790f5ae82e94ea7e5984538c330","Because Atlanta, Georgia, is a model of rapid transition from forest/agriculture land use to urbanization, NASA and other agencies have initiated programs to identify and understand how urban heat islands (UHIs) impact the environment in terms of land use, air quality, health, climate, and other factors. Atlanta's UHI may also impact the regional water cycle by inadvertent forcing of precipitating cloud systems. Yet, a focused assessment of the role of urban-induced rainfall in Atlanta has not been a primary focus of past efforts. Several observational and climatological studies have theorized that UHIs can have a significant influence on mesoscale circulations and resulting convection. Using spaceborne rain radar and a limited network of irregularly spaced, ground-based rain gauges, evidence that the Atlanta and Houston, Dallas, and San Antonio, Texas, urban areas may modify cloud and precipitation development was recently found. To validate these recent satellite-based findings, it was determined that a higher density of rainfall gauges would be required for future work. The NASA-sponsored Study of Precipitation Anomalies from Widespread Urban Landuse (SPRAWL) seeks to further address the impact of urban Atlanta on precipitation variability by implementing a dense rain gauge network to validate spaceborne rainfall estimates. To optimize gauge location to a given set of criteria, a geographical information system (GIS) aided by a spatial decision support system (DSS) has been developed. A multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) technique was developed to locate optimal sites in accordance to the guidelines defined by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). A multicriteria analysis model for the optimization of prospective sites was applied to identify prime locations for the tipping-bucket rain gauges. The MCDA design required development of a spatial model by applying a series of linear programming methods, with the aid of spatial analytical techniques, in order to identify land sites that meet a particular set of criteria. © 2004 American Meteorological Society."
"7004315126;7201926991;7402469637;7102006335;7004372407;55398698300;6602489366;6602272789;6602477013;6506671471;","Relationship between wind and precipitation observed with a UHF radar, GPS rawinsondes and surface meteorological instruments at Kototabang, West Sumatera during September-October 1998",2002,"10.2151/jmsj.80.347","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-18444363331&doi=10.2151%2fjmsj.80.347&partnerID=40&md5=54dfdb5b9267cf981b341fc518320c38","Simultaneous observations with a UHF-band boundary layer radar (hereafter referred as BLR), GPS rawinsondes and a tipping-bucket-type rain gauge were conducted at Kototabang (0.20°S, 100.32°E, 865 m MSL), which is located on the mountainous region near Bukittinggi, West Sumatera Province, during 27 September-7 October 1998 (rainy season). Low-level (1-3 km) westerly wind stronger than 10 m/s was observed, and precipitation tended to occur when the low-level westerly wind became weak (2-5 October). Similar relationship was observed for two months (1 September-31 October 1998) during which only BLR and surface meteorological instruments were operated at Kototabang. NCEP/NCAR objective analysis, and GMS TBB data showed that the low-level (850 hPa) wind field, and cloud distribution, were both completely different between the Indonesian Archipelago (east of Kototabang) and the eastern Indian Ocean-including the Bay of Bengal (west of Kototabang)-during the analysis period. Two large-scale cloud disturbances existed along the equator in the western side (80°-100°E), but precipitation at Kototabang did not correspond to these cloud disturbances. The implication is that effects of the mountain range of Sumatera blocked the large-scale cloud disturbances over the Indian Ocean. The precipitation by local-scale cloud systems prevailed at Kototabang. The convergences of local circulations, which are generally dominant under weak background winds, are considered as the major cause of local-scale cloud systems."
"55745955800;8859530100;7005513582;","Bias of atmospheric shortwave absorption in the NCAR Community Climate Models 2 and 3: comparison with monthly ERBE/GEBA measurements",1998,"10.1029/98JD00343","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032571727&doi=10.1029%2f98JD00343&partnerID=40&md5=6cdee7bc47563fc2bf1088a7ca930c45","A direct comparison is made of collocated shortwave reflection at the top of the atmosphere and insolation at the surface between the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Models 2 and 3 (CCM2 and CCM3) and monthly Earth RAdiation Budget Experiment/Global Energy Balance Archive (ERBE/GEBA) measurements. It is shown that atmospheres in the models are brighter at the top of the atmosphere than ERBE measurements and meanwhile transmit more solar radiation to the surface than GEB measurements. As a consequence, the models underestimate atmospheric shortwave absorption. The amount of this underestimation is about 20 W m-2 in CCM2 and 17 W m-2 in CCM3. It is emphasized that regardless of whether the bias is in clear sky or in clouds, this underestimation has important implications for the intensity of the hydrological cycle and thus circulation in the models."
"7406071589;7101825844;","The impact of Indian Ocean SST on the large-scale Asian summer monsoon and the hydrological cycle",1996,"10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199606)16:6<617::AID-JOC32>3.0.CO;2-I","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0029810131&doi=10.1002%2f%28SICI%291097-0088%28199606%2916%3a6%3c617%3a%3aAID-JOC32%3e3.0.CO%3b2-I&partnerID=40&md5=9d7319bc963ed9bc509beb40ddde4d30","Relationships among UK large-scale hydrological cycle, Asian summer monsoon and Indian Ocean sea-surface temperature (SST) anomalies are investigated in a series of numerical experiments. Ensembles of integrations with the National Center for Atmospheric Research community climate model, CCM1, focusing on the summer months (June, July, and August) provide the basic information for analysis. Impacts of SST anomalies in the southern Indian Ocean are evaluated by intercomparison of experiments with and without these anomalies. Systematic changes in the hydrological cycle and monsoon circulation are demonstrated and summarized in the context of a three-dimensional framework consisting of the basic elements of the Asian summer monsoon system. In the negative SST anomaly case, both the hydrological cycle and circulation processes are enhanced by virtue of their close relationship and especially the inherent coupling between the large-scale water vapour transport and the low-level monsoon flow. The overall intensity of the broad-scale monsoon, in mis case, is enhanced. In the positive SST anomaly case, the model response is essentially opposite to that of the negative case and the intensity of the broad-scale monsoon is reduced. These enhanced/weakened monsoon scenarios share many similar features to observed interannual variations of the Asian summer monsoon."
"57030797300;11839146600;57195037820;57111001300;7202048112;36908840200;","Thermodynamic and dynamic mechanisms for hydrological cycle intensification over the full probability distribution of precipitation events",2019,"10.1175/JAS-D-18-0067.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85061001122&doi=10.1175%2fJAS-D-18-0067.1&partnerID=40&md5=8ee2a30dd8c1a531b91a21dcc20ecaf8","Precipitation changes in a warming climate have been examined with a focus on either mean precipitation or precipitation extremes, but changes in the full probability distribution of precipitation have not been well studied. This paper develops a methodology for the quantile-conditional column moisture budget of the atmosphere for the full probability distribution of precipitation. Analysis is performed on idealized aquaplanet model simulations under 3-K uniform SST warming across different horizontal resolutions. Because the covariance of specific humidity and horizontal mass convergence is much reduced when conditioned onto a given precipitation percentile range, their conditional averages yield a clear separation between the moisture (thermodynamic) and circulation (dynamic) effects of vertical moisture transport on precipitation. The thermodynamic response to idealized climate warming can be understood as a generalized ''wet get wetter'' mechanism, in which the heaviest precipitation of the probability distribution is enhanced most from increased gross moisture stratification, at a rate controlled by the change in lower-tropospheric moisture rather than column moisture. The dynamic effect, in contrast, can be interpreted by shifts in large-scale atmospheric circulations such as the Hadley cell circulation or midlatitude storm tracks. Furthermore, horizontal moisture advection, albeit of secondary role, is important for regional precipitation change. Although similar mechanisms are at play for changes in both mean precipitation and precipitation extremes, the thermodynamic contributions of moisture transport to increases in high percentiles of precipitation tend to be more widespread across a wide range of latitudes than increases in the mean, especially in the subtropics. © 2019 American Meteorological Society."
"57111514400;55386046200;57056609200;","Responses of the hydrological regime to variations in meteorological factors under climate change of the Tibetan plateau",2018,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.08.008","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85051793641&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2018.08.008&partnerID=40&md5=37166364d7950b109e331f6576a83584","Meteorological factors and the hydrologic cycle of the Tibetan plateau (TP) significantly influence the water resource supply, ecology, and social economy of wide downstream areas in Asia. This study evaluates changes in meteorological factors (e.g., precipitation, air temperature, and snowfall) and corresponding responses in the hydrological regime under future climate change scenarios in both the TP and the downstream areas. The Lancang River basin (LRB), located in the southeast TP and known as the upper Mekong River basin, is selected as the case study area. Future climate change projections are derived from five independent GCMs of CMIP5 and their multi-model ensemble. The variable infiltration capacity (VIC) distributed hydrological model is used to generate streamflow projections in future scenarios. Results show that precipitation and air temperature in both the lower LRB (representing the downstream area of TP) and upper LRB (representing the area in TP) are expected to increase substantially in the future, with higher increments in air temperature found in the upper LRB under high-emission scenarios. Snowfall, snow water equivalent (SWE), and snowmelt are commonly found to decrease with increasing air temperature, and the snow melt time tends to be earlier. Significantly increasing mean and extreme streamflow caused by increasing precipitation are anticipated in the future. The low flow shows much higher relative increments at the upstream of TP, which is mainly caused by changes in snow regulating (decreased snowfall and earlier snowmelt). However, those effects show weak influence on the streamflow in the downstream area, which would be more largely impact by the local precipitation change. In the future, irrigation, hydropower, and navigation in the TP could benefit from increased low flow in the TP, but the consistently increasing extreme high flow may indicate greater flood risk in the TP and downstream areas. © 2018 Elsevier B.V."
"57204024490;23004282800;","Assessment of ecosystem resilience to hydroclimatic disturbances in India",2018,"10.1111/gcb.13874","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85041348646&doi=10.1111%2fgcb.13874&partnerID=40&md5=207d564a02c19fae1c33562ca5abddf0","Recent studies have shown an increasing trend in hydroclimatic disturbances like droughts, which are anticipated to become more frequent and intense under global warming and climate change. Droughts adversely affect the vegetation growth and crop yield, which enhances the risks to food security for a country like India with over 1.2 billion people to feed. Here, we compared the response of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP) to hydroclimatic disturbances in India at different scales (i.e., at river basins, land covers, and climate types) to examine the ecosystems’ resilience to such adverse conditions. The ecosystem water use efficiency (WUEe: NPP/Evapotranspiration) is an effective indicator of ecosystem productivity, linking carbon (C) and water cycles. We found a significant difference (p &lt;.05) in WUEe across India at different scales. The ecosystem resilience analysis indicated that most of the river basins were not resilient enough to hydroclimatic disturbances. Drastic reduction in WUEe under dry conditions was observed for some basins, which highlighted the cross-biome incapability to withstand such conditions. The ecosystem resilience at land cover and climate type scale did not completely relate to the basin-scale ecosystem resilience, which indicated that ecosystem resilience at basin scale is controlled by some other ecohydrological processes. Our results facilitate the identification of the most sensitive regions in the country for ecosystem management and climate policy making, and highlight the need for taking sufficient adaptation measures to ensure sustainability of ecosystems. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd"
"7005081455;","Anthropogenic hydrological cycle disturbance at a regional scale: State-wide evapotranspiration trends (1979–2015) across Nebraska, USA",2018,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.12.062","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85039776470&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2017.12.062&partnerID=40&md5=dccc249e65f1a5d96015e413d84e1724","Trends in monthly evapotranspiration (ET) rates across Nebraska, the most intensely irrigated state within the US, were calculated by the calibration-free version of the nonlinear complementary relationship of evaporation over the 1979–2015 period utilizing North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) net radiation, 10-m wind velocity, as well as Parameter Regression Independent Slope Model (PRISM) air- and dew-point temperature data. State-averaged modeled ET rates rose by 5.5 mm decade−1 due to the presence of wide-spread large-scale irrigation projects in accordance with a 2.4 mm decade−1 increase in PRISM precipitation (P) and a simultaneous −2.8 mm decade−1 drop in United States Geological Survey's state-averaged annual streamflow rates, raising the state-wide ET to P ratio from 0.89 to 0.91 over the modeled time-period. ET rates over irrigated crops increased by 7 mm decade−1 despite a −4.4 mm decade−1 drop in precipitation rates. A similar increase in ET rates (6 mm decade−1) required 8.1 mm decade−1 increase in precipitation rates across the non-irrigated Sand Hills of Nebraska. Published NARR ET rates are unable to pick up this unusual regional trend. Since an increase in precipitation rates should normally decrease the ET ratio, as predicted by the Budyko curve, this study yields evidence on how dramatically sustained large-scale irrigation can alter the regional hydrologic cycle not only through a) trivially depleting streamflow rates and/or lowering groundwater table levels; b) suppressing precipitation locally (while enhancing it a long distance downwind), but also; c) reversing the trajectory of the regional ET ratio under generally increasing trends of precipitation. © 2017 Elsevier B.V."
"25931139100;6701481007;6602176524;23017945100;17433981300;","Severe convection in the Mediterranean from microwave observations and a convection-permitting model",2016,"10.1002/qj.2611","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84941286827&doi=10.1002%2fqj.2611&partnerID=40&md5=e30275abd5db7076a75059ff2e47d2d6","This study investigates severe convection in the Mediterranean during the first Special Observation Period (SOP-1; 5 September to 6 November 2012) of the Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX) with the objectives of providing novel information about severe convection on its vertical structure, spatio-temporal variability as well as evaluating the ability of a convection-permitting model to reproduce this variability. Two criteria, namely deep convection (DC) and convective overshooting (COV), are computed using the water vapour channels of the Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS). Special attention is paid to the COV as it is associated with particularly severe weather. For the first time, the COV criterion was assessed in the Mediterranean, using two case-studies conjointly observed by the airborne RASTA radar and MHS. COV is characterised by high ice water content (up to 2 g m−3) in the mid and upper troposphere (up to 12.5 km in the stratosphere). During the SOP-1, DC and COV occurred about 0.1 and 0.03% of the total observation time, respectively. The Atlantic weather regimes appear to affect the temporal distribution of these convective events. Most of the DC and COV occurrences were found along the western coasts of Italy and Greece, mainly during the 10–15 October and 25 October–3 November episodes. These two episodes, for which severe meteorological events (e.g. tornadoes) were reported, are significant when compared with the 2002–2013 climatology (above the 75th percentile). Both criteria are also employed to assess the current ability of the Meso-NH model to forecast severe convection using a model-to-satellite approach. The forecast DC and COV are found to be highly correlated in time with the observations, but are strongly underestimated. This suggests that the model missed a significant part of the most intense convective events and their associated hazards, and underlines the need for better characterisation of model uncertainties associated with severe convection. © 2015 Royal Meteorological Society"
"7103000184;26424509000;7202948585;56914807500;57148154300;57146708400;7004095525;6701659248;57155075700;6603344318;16416454400;","Atmospheric Chemistry measurements at Whiteface Mountain, NY: Cloud water chemistry, precipitation chemistry, and particulate matter",2016,"10.4209/aaqr.2015.05.0344","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84959335473&doi=10.4209%2faaqr.2015.05.0344&partnerID=40&md5=f00aa66a39adb7f88e6781fe0f6476bf","Long-term records of condensed-phase chemical data are presented from the Adirondack Mountain region of northern New York, USA. These data records are particularly valuable due to the combinations of aerosol, cloud, and precipitation measurements. Objectives of the research and this overview paper include the evaluation of emission reductions of regulated air pollutants and the observed effects on measured deposition, as well as the implications of changing pollutant concentration levels on human health and climate. Summer season cloud chemistry and year-round wet deposition and particulate matter data from two stations on Whiteface Mountain are presented to highlight some of the research and monitoring activities at this mountain location. Clear decreases in the anion concentrations and increases in pH over the past two decades have been observed in cloud and precipitation results. Large decreases in aerosol sulfate (&gt; 80%) and aerosol optical black carbon (&gt; 60%) have been observed for these species over the nearly 40 year summit observatory data record for these measurements, and decreases in PM2.5 mass, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium have also been recorded over the shorter 15 year period of measurement at the Marble Mountain Lodge level. The studies cited here highlight some of the past successes of air pollution regulation under the Clean Air Act and Amendments and pave the way for future progress in reducing air pollution. © Taiwan Association for Aerosol Research."
"55614112000;7003283811;7005802462;7006791463;36712188700;14119511400;38461550200;56767720000;55613684600;22036874400;35329368900;35331137500;55614596500;","The NASA High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler",2016,"10.1109/TGRS.2015.2456501","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84947017474&doi=10.1109%2fTGRS.2015.2456501&partnerID=40&md5=87f06c697966625364b536fb7b7cc095","The High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler (HIWRAP) is a dual-frequency (Ka-and Ku-bands), dual-beam (30° and 40° incidence angles), and conical scanning Doppler radar designed for operation on the NASA high-altitude (∼19 km) Global Hawk Unmanned Aerial System. HIWRAP was developed under the support of the NASA Instrument Incubator Program for studies of tropical storms and severe weather events. It utilizes solid-state transmitters along with a novel transmit and receive waveform scheme that results in a system with compact size, light weight, less power consumption, and lower cost compared to radars currently in use for precipitation and Doppler wind measurements. By combining volume backscattering measurements at Ku-and Ka-bands, HIWRAP is capable of imaging radar reflectivity and 3-D wind fields in clouds and precipitation. In addition, HIWRAP is also capable of measuring surface winds in an approach similar to SeaWinds on QuikSCAT. HIWRAP operating frequencies are similar to those used by the NASA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar, making it suitable for providing airborne validation data for the GPM mission. This paper describes the scientific motivation for the development of HIWRAP as well as the system hardware, aircraft integration, and recent flight activities. Data from recent science flights are also presented. © 2015 IEEE."
"56809430400;27367498300;40561933100;22980062300;26321427300;","Changes in runoff in two neighbouring catchments in the Bohemian Forest related to climate and land cover changes",2015,"10.1515/johh-2015-0037","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84945941642&doi=10.1515%2fjohh-2015-0037&partnerID=40&md5=53cf8de521d12baec60422541ff93f53","There is public concern that large-scale disturbances to forest cover caused by insects and storm winds in the Bohemian Forest could intensify high water flows and enhance the expected flooding risks predicted in current regional climate change scenarios. We analysed stream discharge in Upper Vydra and Große Ohe, neighbouring catchments in the Bohemian Forest, the largest contiguous forested area in Central Europe. Upper Vydra, in the Šumava National Park, and Große Ohe (including the Upper Große Ohe headwater catchment in the Bavarian Forest National Park) are similar in size, but differ in land use cover and the extent of disturbed Norway spruce stands. Publicly available runoff and meteorological data (1978-2011) were examined using non-parametric trend and breakpoint analysis. Together with mapped vegetation cover changes, the results were used to address the following questions: 1) are there significant changes in the hydrological cycle and, if so, do these changes relate to 2) the extent and expansion of disturbance in forests stands and/or 3) altered precipitation dynamics and thermal conditions? We found no marked overall change in annual runoff or in annual or seasonal precipitation, but a significant increase in high flows in March. This overall trend related to the marked warming in late winter and early spring (+~4 K in April, p < 0.01), irrespective of altitude and slope position. It significantly shifted the end of the snow cover period by more than three weeks to the beginning/middle of April depending on altitude, and intensified snow melt. In the Upper Große Ohe catchment, a significant decrease in catchment balance, the difference between the long term precipitation and runoff (-72 mm, 11%) was found when the loss of tree cover reached 30% of catchment area. Diminished evapotranspiration losses from severely disturbed stands increased groundwater recharge during summer and caused a significant rise in low flows in autumn. However, observed increases in late winter high flows were due to warming only. They could be further intensified by the increasing winter precipitation predicted under present climate change scenarios, and would therefore increase the risk of flooding at lower elevations. © 2015 Jana Bernsteinová et al., published by De Gruyter Open."
"56376328800;36127012800;55516045300;","Hydrological changes in the U.S. Northeast using the Connecticut River Basin as a case study: Part 2. Projections of the future",2015,"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.08.011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84940021665&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloplacha.2015.08.011&partnerID=40&md5=9b95f0ca3a54ee8b04166e42eec6f881","The focus of this study is on whether the recent warming-induced hydrologic changes in the U.S. Northeast will continue in the future (2046-2065) and how future changes of precipitation characteristics may influence other hydrological processes in the Connecticut River Basin (CRB). Our previous study (Parr and Wang 2014) examines the impact of climate changes during 1950-2011 on hydrological processes in the Northeast using the CRB as a case study. Our results showed a clear increase of precipitation intensity and suggested that the basin is entering a wetter regime more subject to meteorological flood conditions than to drought conditions. For this future analysis, three North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) models are used to derive the meteorological forcing for the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrological model, using both present day and the future projected A1B scenario climate. Our future projections indicate wetter winters including significantly greater precipitation, runoff, and soil moisture, decreases to spring runoff, and enhanced ET for all four seasons. We also find a shift toward earlier and faster snow melting and an earlier date of peak discharge. Future precipitation extremes show a decreased amount compared to the early 21st Century, but increased when compared to our entire historic period or the late 20th Century, as well as a consistently increasing mean intensity throughout the past and future. Analyses of extreme hydrologic events reveals changing characteristics of flooding involving increasing duration but decreasing frequency of flood events as well as a reduction of drought risk. © 2015 Elsevier B.V."
"57188636414;6602352859;7003950601;7005419655;7004710107;","Regional rainfall measurements: Using the passive aquatic listener during the SPURS field campaign",2015,"10.5670/oceanog.2015.10","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84925340167&doi=10.5670%2foceanog.2015.10&partnerID=40&md5=69f2e91f803418529d776e19c6898638","Knowledge of the intensity and spatial-temporal distribution of rainfall over the ocean is critical in understanding the global hydrological cycle. However, rain has proven difficult to measure over the ocean due to problems associated with platform motion and flow distortion combined with the spatial and temporal variability of rainfall itself. Underwater acoustical rain gauges avoid these issues by using the loud and distinctive underwater sound generated by raindrops on the ocean surface to detect and quantify rainfall. Here, the physics and operation of and results from an instrument that uses underwater ambient sound to measure rainfall rate and wind speed are presented. Passive Aquatic Listener (PAL) instruments were mounted on a buoy deployed at Ocean Station P and on 13 Argo profilers that were deployed as part of the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration-sponsored Salinity Processes in the Upper-ocean Regional Study (SPURS) field experiment in the North Atlantic Ocean. The PALs provide near-continuous measurements of rain rate and wind speed during the two-year period over the SPURS study region defined by the Argo profilers. Comparisons of PAL data with rain and wind measured by other techniques, including direct in situ observations and satellite measurements, show good agreement for both rain rate and wind speed. © 2015 by The Oceanography Society. All rights reserved."
"55598469400;8629285200;55599190600;55598577900;","Convective rainfall estimation from MSG/SEVIRI data based on different development phase duration of convective systems (growth phase and decay phase)",2014,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.04.019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84901417199&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2014.04.019&partnerID=40&md5=e535104c8290bad18ad04bb319f4fd6f","Convective precipitation events from Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) in northern Algeria during April 2006 to October 2006 are analyzed. This manuscript puts forward an improved method of precipitation estimation, named Cold Cloud Phase Duration (CCPD), which is based on different development phase duration (growth and decay phases) of convective cloud cluster to overcome the obvious deficiency of the present commonly used CCD (Cold Cloud Duration) method for satellite remote sensing estimation of convective precipitation. The life cycle phase of a given convective cloud (growth-decay) is evaluated through the different internal dynamics of cloud. The CCPD analyzes the evolution of three parameters; namely the average of cloud top temperature, the vertical extent of cloud and cloud water path to identify different phases of life cycle of convective clouds. Then, rain rates are assigned to each phase type by using rain gauge data. The evaluation of the CCPD method was performed by comparison with rain gauge data collected during April 2010 to October 2010. The results reveal that CCPD performs better compared to the original CCD method. © 2014 Elsevier B.V."
"7101957947;35592744300;7202218898;7005412971;26532553500;36470432200;","Use of multiple oxygen isotope proxies for elucidating Arctic Cretaceous palaeo-hydrology",2013,"10.1144/SP382.3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84890018507&doi=10.1144%2fSP382.3&partnerID=40&md5=f08bf150816548e2e0422167b941c631","Stable oxygen isotope analysis of siderite and dinosaur tooth enamel phosphate from the Campanian-Maastrichtian Prince Creek Formation, Alaska, USA, are analysed to determine the palaeohydrology of the ancient Colville Basin north of the Ancestral Brooks Range. δ18O of freshwater siderites relative to V-PDB ranges between -14.86 and -16.21%. Dinosaur tooth enamel δ18O from three different sites (Kikak-Tegoseak, Pediomys Point, Liscomb) range between +3.9% and +10.2.0%. δ18Ometeoric water are calculated from δ18Osiderite that formed at seasonal temperatures ranging from -2 to 14.5°C, with a mean annual temperature of 6.3°C. At 6.3°C, the δ18Ow calculated from siderite ranged between -22.23 and -20.89% V-SMOW. Ingested water compositions are estimated from dinosaur teeth assuming body temperatures of 37°C and local relative humidity of 77.5%, resulting in values ranging from -28.7 to -20.4% V-SMOW, suggesting consumption of meteoric water and orographically depleted runoff from the Brooks Range. The ranges in calculated δ18Ometeoric water are compatible between the two proxies, and are mutually corroborating evidence of extremely 18O-depleted precipitation at high latitudes during the Late Cretaceous relative to those generated using general circulation models. This depletion is proposed to result from increased rainout effects from an intensified hydrological cycle, which probably played a role in sustaining polar warmth. © The Geological Society of London 2013."
"35209660400;35232873900;7501956187;","Regional perspective on mechanisms for tropical precipitation frequency and intensity under global warming",2012,"10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00096.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84871907899&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-12-00096.1&partnerID=40&md5=c6d4f48f3cf1bb46159a93efa814cf8e","From a global point of view, a shift toward more intense precipitation is often found in observations and global warming simulations. However, similar to changes in mean precipitation, these changes associated with precipitation characters, such as intensity and frequency, should vary with space. Based on the classification of the subregions for the tropics in Chou et al., changes in precipitation frequency and intensity and their association with changes in mean precipitation are analyzed on a regional basis in 10 coupled global climate models. Furthermore, mechanisms for these changes are also examined, via the thermodynamic and dynamic contributions. In general, the increase (decrease) of mean precipitation is mainly attributed to increases (decreases) in the frequency and intensity of almost all strengths of precipitation: that is, light to heavy precipitation. The thermodynamic contribution, which is associated with increased water vapor, is positive to both precipitation frequency and intensity, particularly for precipitation extremes, and varies littlewith space. On the other hand, the dynamic contribution, which is related to changes in the tropical circulation, is themain process for inducing the spatial variation of changes in precipitation frequency and intensity. Among mechanisms that induce the dynamic contribution, the rich-get-richer mechanism (the dynamic part), ocean feedback, and warm horizontal advection increase precipitation frequency and intensity, while the upped-ante mechanism, the deepening of convection,longwave radiation cooling, and cold horizontal advection tend to reduce precipitation frequency and intensity. © 2012 American Meteorological Society."
"35218912400;6507651304;7201554889;","Modifiers and Amplifiers of High and low Flows on the Ping River in Northern Thailand (1921-2009): The Roles of Climatic Events and Anthropogenic Activity",2012,"10.1007/s11269-012-0140-z","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84867556548&doi=10.1007%2fs11269-012-0140-z&partnerID=40&md5=2e6d6b4778c7f2dc918126f1107a82af","We analyse an 89-year streamflow record (1921-2009) from the Upper Ping River in northern Thailand to determine if anomalous flows have increased over time (Trenberth, Clim Res 47:123-138, 1999; Trenberth, Clim Chang 42:327-339, 2011). We also relate the temporal behavior of high and low flows to climatic phenomena and anthropogenic activities. Peak flows have not increased significantly since 1921. However, minimum flows showed a very significant downward trend over the study period (α = 0. 01). Annual and wet season discharge show significant downward trends (α = 0. 05). All flow variables appear to be more variable now than 90 years ago especially annual peak flows. Both annual peak and minimum flows are correlated with annual and wet season rainfall totals. Minimum flow is also sensitive to the length of the monsoon season and number of rainy days in the previous monsoon season. Peak flow activity is driven predominantly by climate phenomena, such as tropical storm activity and monsoon anomalies, but the relationship between peak flows and ENSO phenomena is unclear. In general, annual discharge variables did not correspond unequivocally with El Ninõ or La Ninã events. Minimum flows show a major decline from the mid-1950s in line with major anthropogenic changes in the catchment. The plausible intensification of the hydrological cycle that may accompany global warming is of concern because of the potential to affect tropical storm activity and monsoon anomalies, phenomena that are linked with very high flows in this river system. The obvious effect of human activities such as reservoir management on low flows calls for careful management to prevent droughts in the future. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V."
"35095032000;36197042100;24169018300;","Change-point detection of long-duration extreme precipitation and the effect on hydrologic design: A case study of south Taiwan",2012,"10.1007/s00477-012-0566-0","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84871509255&doi=10.1007%2fs00477-012-0566-0&partnerID=40&md5=c31cefdcb6a19bc838b8ea449ba8b017","An increase in the global temperature has intensified the hydrologic cycle, which affects the temporal patterns of precipitation. This study analyzed a long-term annual dataset measuring maximum precipitation in south Taiwan, and identified the change point of the time series using the cumulative sum technique. The result reveals a clear change point of the annual maximum rainfall for 24-h durations in 2004 at most observations. The average 24-h-duration precipitation depth in the study area increased by 27 and 36% for 20-year and 100-year extreme events compared with and without data after 2004, respectively. The long-duration precipitation depth demonstrates a significant positive trend following the change point. Furthermore, this study assesses the changes of hydrologic design while precipitation data are updated annually. The designed 20- and 100-year storm will decrease abruptly when the observed data are subsequently updated until 2004. Because of climate change, this issue is worthy of attention in hydrologic designs. © 2012 Springer-Verlag."
"29967563700;24923820700;36196416200;35114379400;7003327647;","Transport of polychlorinated biphenyls in urban cascade reservoirs: Levels, sources and correlation to environmental conditions",2010,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77952571324&partnerID=40&md5=9fa48655a6f6401f6fb733f61cb5c01d","Intensified human impact in urban catchments is reflected through degradation of hydrological cycles and acceleration of matter, energy and pollutants flows. In this study the comparative analysis of occurrence, concentrations and transfer of twelve dioxin-like PCBs in the bottom sediment collected from five cascade reservoirs located on the Sokołówka River (in the northwestern part of the city of Łódź, central Poland) were determined using isotopically labelled internal standards and HRGC/HRMS. The total concentration of analyzed PCBs ranged from 79.75 to 3,741.34 ng/kg d.w. with maximum concentrations in the last two reservoirs (3,741.34 and 2,594.36 ng/kg d.w., respectively). Reservoirs situated at the beginning of the cascade system showed concentrations several times lower: 694.32 in the first, 292.15 in the second and 79.75 ng/kg d.w. in the third reservoir. The obtained data showed moderate or strong correlations between PCB concentration in sediments and environmental conditions of the water column: pH (-0.81), conductivity (0.94), mineral suspended solids (0.82), total and organic suspended solids (0.61), total phosphorus (-0.83) and total nitrogen (0.67). Furthermore, these parameters could have played an indirect role in PCB reduction through the stimulation of phytoplankton production. This in consequence might have influenced PCB pathways in reservoirs through changes in their sedimentation, transport and degradation processes as significant relations between PCBs and chlorophyll a content was found (0.64)."
"7401526171;6603504366;7005052907;","LMODEL: A satellite precipitation methodology using cloud development modeling. Part II: Validation",2009,"10.1175/2009JHM1092.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77952614208&doi=10.1175%2f2009JHM1092.1&partnerID=40&md5=6f983d12652ddb085aea42ddd8c17a02","Anew satellite-based rainfall monitoring algorithm that integrates the strengths of both low Earth-orbiting (LEO) and geostationary Earth-orbiting (GEO) satellite information has been developed. The Lagrangian Model (LMODEL) algorithm combines a 2D cloud-advection tracking system and a GEO data-driven cloud development and rainfall generation model with procedures to update model parameters and state variables in near-real time. The details of the LMODEL algorithm were presented in Part I. This paper describes a comparative validation against ground radar rainfall measurements of 1- and 3-h LMODEL accumulated rainfall outputs. LMODEL rainfall estimates consistently outperform accumulated 3-h microwave (MW)-only rainfall estimates, even before the more restricted spatial coverage provided by the latter is taken into account. In addition, the performance of LMODEL products remains effective and consistent between MW overpasses. Case studies demonstrate that the LMODEL provides the potential to synergize available satellite data to generate useful precipitation measurements at an hourly scale. © 2009 American Meteorological Society."
"7404925844;55664151400;7003498424;7403125342;","Water recycling between the land surface and atmosphere on the Northern Tibetan Plateau - A case study at flat observation sites",2007,"10.1657/1523-0430(07-509)[YANG]2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34547817807&doi=10.1657%2f1523-0430%2807-509%29%5bYANG%5d2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=bc1a4fd2923e5f643a88f434e9ce661d","High-resolution soil moisture, temperature, and precipitation data from the northern part of the Tibetan Plateau provide the basis for analyzing the cycling of water between the land surface and atmosphere. Data analyzed come from the Intensive Observation Period (IOP) of the GEWEX (Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment) Asian Monsoon Experiment (GAME) on the Tibetan Plateau (GAME-Tibet). Observations from July to August 1998 show that evaporation from flat land surfaces was 177 mm on the south side of the Tanggula Mountains, and 73 mm on the north side. These represent about 73% and 58%, respectively, of the precipitation in the same period. Evaporation not only transports considerable water but also considerable energy from the land surface to the atmosphere, which can slow the rising of soil temperatures. Differences in the evaporation between the south and north sides of Tanggula Mountains is mainly caused by differences in precipitation. © 2007 Regents of the University of Colorado."
"21735071800;57203199846;16481049400;7102011703;","An initial intercomparison of atmospheric and oceanic climatology for the ICE-5G and ICE-4G models of LGM paleotopography",2006,"10.1175/JCLI3603.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33845649796&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI3603.1&partnerID=40&md5=5b908f848e69052bd17898eb989236bb","This paper investigates the impact of the new ICE-5G paleotopography dataset for Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) conditions on a coupled model simulation of the thermal and dynamical state of the glacial atmosphere and on both land surface and sea surface conditions. The study is based upon coupled climate simulations performed with the ocean-atmosphere-sea ice model of intermediate-complexity Climate de Bilt-coupled large-scale ice-ocean (ECBilt-Clio) model. Four simulations focusing on the Last Glacial Maximum [21 000 calendar years before present (BP)] have been analyzed: a first simulation (LGM-4G) that employed the original ICE-4G ice sheet topography and albedo, and a second simulation (LGM-5G) that employed the newly constructed ice sheet topography, denoted ICE-5G, and its respective albedo. Intercomparison of the results obtained in these experiments demonstrates that the LGM-5G simulation delivers significantly enhanced cooling over Canada compared to the LGM-4G simulation whereas positive temperature anomalies are simulated over southern North America and the northern Atlantic. Moreover, introduction of the ICE-5G topography is shown to lead to a deceleration of the subtropical westerlies and to the development of an intensified ridge over North America, which has a profound effect upon the hydrological cycle. Additionally, two flat ice sheet experiments were carried out to investigate the impact of the ice sheet albedo on global climate. By comparing these experiments with the full LGM simulations, it becomes evident that the climate anomalies between LGM-5G and LGM-4G are mainly driven by changes of the earth's topography. © 2006 American Meteorological Society."
"6701840054;7003332823;7004468723;7801353453;","Impact of climate warming on the hydrological cycle [Impact du réchauffement climatique sur le cycle hydrologique]",2005,"10.1016/j.crte.2004.10.003","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-11944262987&doi=10.1016%2fj.crte.2004.10.003&partnerID=40&md5=d6dc9ff6198e753d1ed3a947d27e4653","At the planetary scale, the models consistently simulate an intensification of the hydrological cycle in a future climate, warmer than the present-day one. However, this intensification might be accompanied by its slowing down due to an increase of the residence time of water vapour in the atmosphere. The impact of climate change on extreme events is even more difficult to evaluate, as results are dependent on methods, emission scenarios and, above all, on models. However, the increase of extreme winter precipitation over northern Europe is a common feature of these evaluations. The hydrological cycle, through the geographical distribution of continental surface humidity, seems to play a key role on the possibility to detect the warming in France. © 2004 Académie des sciences. Publié par Elsevier SAS. Tous droits résérves."
"7402717381;7003376335;7004484970;7102291050;6602835531;8319623900;56055650500;","Weather systems occurring over Fort Simpson, Northwest Territories, Canada, during three seasons of 1998-1999: 2. Precipitation features",2004,"10.1029/2004JD004929","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-14344257331&doi=10.1029%2f2004JD004929&partnerID=40&md5=ad290812e32096df7f88ce5846f698a5","Precipitation events were examined at Fort Simpson, Northwest Territories, Canada, during the autumn and winter of 1998 and during the spring of 1999 with a variety of observational tools, including a polarimetric radar. This location is characterized by a relatively small amount of precipitation (annual average of 450 mm), with approximately half being in the form of snow. During the observational periods, precipitation was produced within multilayered cloud systems with heights ranging up to 10 km, and instances of light snow were associated with either low (<2.5 km) or high (up to 10 km) clouds. Precipitation over the observational periods was typically produced in banded structures, was sometimes reduced because of subcloud evaporation or sublimation, and in the winter was often in the form of individual crystals. A state-of-the-art weather forecasting model was often poor at simulating some of the critical features of the precipitation events, such as cloud top height and precipitation amount. In addition, it was shown that with the sensitive CloudSat radar, ∼ 17% of overpasses will be associated with the occurrence of detectable precipitation at Fort Simpson, but with the less sensitive Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) radar, much of the precipitation will be undetected. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union."
"57190531316;6506679005;7005117153;6505911830;","A regional model study of synoptic features over West Africa",2001,"10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<1564:ARMSOS>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035359678&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0493%282001%29129%3c1564%3aARMSOS%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=0fe9ff3817fff444ea683195981f6da8","Synoptic weather features over West Africa were studied in simulations by the regional simulation model (RM) at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. These pioneering simulations represent the beginning of an effort to adapt regional models for weather and climate prediction over West Africa. The RM uses a Cartesian grid with 50-km horizontal resolution and 15 vertical levels. An ensemble of four simulations was forced with lateral boundary conditions from ECMWF global analyses for the period 8-22 August 1988. The simulated midtropospheric circulation includes the skillful development and movement of several African wave disturbances. Wavelet analysis of midtropospheric winds detected a dominant periodicity of about 4 days and a secondary periodicity of 5-8 days. Spatial distributions of RM precipitation and precipitation time series were validated against daily rain gauge measurements and International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project satellite infrared cloud imagery. The time-space distribution of simulated precipitation was made more realistic by combining the ECMWF initial conditions with a 24-h spinup of the moisture field and also by damping high-frequency gravity waves by dynamic initialization. Model precipitation ""forecasts"" over the central Sahel were correlated with observations for about 3 days, but reinitializing with observed data on day 5 resulted in a dramatic improvement in the precipitation validation over the remaining 9 days. Results imply that information via the lateral boundary conditions is not always sufficient to minimize departures between simulated and actual precipitation patterns for more than several days. In addition, there was some evidence that the new initialization may increase the simulations' sensitivity to the quality of lateral boundary conditions."
"24599390800;6701844833;","Studies of the effects of changes in land use on the hydrological cycle in east africa by means of experimental catchment areas",1965,"10.1080/02626666509493424","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70349156895&doi=10.1080%2f02626666509493424&partnerID=40&md5=e98c4b555c61147d16ace1bfc9f0578d","The urgent need for planning information on the effect of changes in land use on water resources in East Africa has necessitated the use of intensive methods of experimental catchment area research in order to produce data on the water balance of different vegetation covers in a matter of years rather than decades.Quantitative water balance studies require an intensive network of raingauges to estimate the volumetric water input with an accuracy comparable with the measurement of outflow. Observations of the soil moisture status and energy balance, in addition to those of rainfall and streamflow are necessary to provide independent checks for “leaks” from the catchments. The successful application of these methods is illustrated from the results of three catchment area experiments in Kenya and Tanzania. The water use of each vegetational complex is characterized by the ratio of the transpiration, to the evaporative demand from an open water surface. This ratio is shown to vary little from year to year despite considerable variation in An intensive method of analysis of stormflow response, based on the construction of a prediction equation relating stormflow to rainfall quantity and intensity and to antecedent surface soil moistrue condition, is described. Results from the application of the method in one of the catchments are presented in detail. © 1965 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC."
"56537237200;14325919500;57202388328;14325652800;","Effect of the surface wind flow and topography on precipitating cloud systems over the Andes and associated Amazon basin: GPM observations",2019,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.03.027","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85064458939&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2019.03.027&partnerID=40&md5=ef6420f8f823cd5da468e19a77c4a0af","The characteristics of the precipitation under the influence of topography and surface wind flow is investigated over South America. Here the precipitating cloud systems (PCSs) are identified using the Global Precipitation Measurement Precipitation Radar (GPM-PR) data, which provides the three dimensional radar reflectivity factor (Ze), rain rate, drop size and droplet concentration. For each PCSs the surface wind properties are estimated using European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast Interim data. Based on the direction of surface flow the PCSs are classified into five categories. Over the South America the near surface wind flow transports the moisture from Amazon basin to east flank of Andes and validated here. The directional surface flow decides the occurrences of the PCSs, as upslope consists of the higher and larger PCSs at the peak of Andes compared to downslope flow. The directional flow suggests that northern Andes consists of pronounced bright band characteristics compared to southern Andes, and upslope and easterly flow have higher probability of rain at the eastern slope of Andes compared to westerly and downslope flow in northern Andes. The results show that orography also modulates the precipitation characteristics under different directional flow over and near the Andes. Eastern slope of Andes has higher rain rate compared to western slope of Andes in most of the directional flow. Orographically forced moisture loaded flow, over the eastern slope of Andes causing the higher rain rate, drop radius and droplet concentration in northern Andes. At the low lands, effective drop radius and droplet concentration show the opposite characteristics, and effective drop radius (concentration) is least (highest) except for the downslope flow over the northern Andes. The results of DSD parameters along with rainfall intensity show the microphysical evolution of the precipitation under the complex orography over the Andes mountain. The present study suggests that in future, surface flow must be considered for studying the orographic precipitation in numerical modeling. © 2019"
"57164855800;57209226888;7402846689;","Effects of Deforestation on the Onset of the Rainy Season and the Duration of Dry Spells in Southern Amazonia",2019,"10.1029/2018JD029537","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85066899661&doi=10.1029%2f2018JD029537&partnerID=40&md5=5dae7e14e1ec36b22705f5f169c5c8d9","Amazonian deforestation is causing notable changes in the hydrological cycle by altering important precipitation characteristics. This study uses daily rainfall time series data from 112 rain gauges and a recent yearly 1-km land use data set covering the period from 1974 to 2012 to evaluate the effects of the extent of deforestation at different spatial scales on the onset of the rainy season and on the duration of dry spells in southern Amazonia. Correlation analyses indicate a delay in the onset of 0.12–0.17 days per percent increase in deforestation. Analysis of cumulative probability density functions emphasizes that the likelihood of rainy season onset occurring earlier than normal decreases as the local deforestation fraction increases. In addition, the probability of occurrence of dry spells in the early and late rainy season is higher in areas with greater deforestation. The delayed onset and longer dry spell events in highly deforested areas increase the climate risk to agriculture in the region. ©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"34874947500;57211529795;57188741915;57193706644;8448178500;57195598103;","Rainfall spatial estimations: A review from spatial interpolation to multi-source data merging",2019,"10.3390/w11030579","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85065011825&doi=10.3390%2fw11030579&partnerID=40&md5=163200f4fab8726d68d5f1bc2bd5f781","Rainfall is one of the most basic meteorological and hydrological elements. Quantitative rainfall estimation has always been a common concern in many fields of research and practice, such as meteorology, hydrology, and environment, as well as being one of the most important research hotspots in various fields nowadays. Due to the development of space observation technology and statistics, progress has been made in rainfall quantitative spatial estimation, which has continuously deepened our understanding of the water cycle across different space-time scales. In light of the information sources used in rainfall spatial estimation, this paper summarized the research progress in traditional spatial interpolation, remote sensing retrieval, atmospheric reanalysis rainfall, and multi-source rainfall merging since 2000. However, because of the extremely complex spatiotemporal variability and physical mechanism of rainfall, it is still quite challenging to obtain rainfall spatial distribution with high quality and resolution. Therefore, we present existing problems that require further exploration, including the improvement of interpolation and merging methods, the comprehensive evaluation of remote sensing, and the reanalysis of rainfall data and in-depth application of non-gauge based rainfall data. © 2019 by the authors."
"23983423100;35095461100;18133256900;57201733749;7003995144;57201737833;6504524263;57201733954;57194385572;57194393470;57203217480;35863893500;","Analysis of Livorno heavy rainfall event: Examples of satellite-based observation techniques in support of numericalweather prediction",2018,"10.3390/rs10101549","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85055442438&doi=10.3390%2frs10101549&partnerID=40&md5=39da2bac9682538bf9347cc4ee77b21a","This study investigates the value of satellite-based observational algorithms in supporting numerical weather prediction (NWP) for improving the alert and monitoring of extreme rainfall events. To this aim, the analysis of the very intense precipitation that affected the city of Livorno on 9 and 10 September 2017 is performed by applying three remote sensing techniques based on satellite observations at infrared/visible and microwave frequencies and by using maps of accumulated rainfall from the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model. The satellite-based observational algorithms are the precipitation evolving technique (PET), the rain class evaluation from infrared and visible observations (RainCEIV) technique and the cloud classification mask coupling of statistical and physics methods (C-MACSP). Moreover, the rain rates estimated by the ItalianWeather Radar Network are also considered to get a quantitative evaluation of RainCEIV and PET performance. The statistical assessment shows good skills for both the algorithms (for PET: bias = 1.03, POD = 0.76, FAR = 0.26; for RainCEIV: bias = 1.33, POD = 0.77, FAR = 0.41). In addition, a qualitative comparison among the three technique outputs, rain rate radar maps, and WRF accumulated rainfall maps is also carried out in order to highlight the advantages of the different techniques in providing real-time monitoring, as well as quantitative characterization of rainy areas, especially when rain rate measurements fromWeather Radar Network and/or from rain gauges are not available. © 2018 by the authors."
"56319668000;57196187689;36706756700;23492940800;55808070437;56488820300;","Effects of land cover on variations in stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in karst groundwater: A comparative study of three karst catchments in Guizhou Province, Southwest China",2018,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.08.037","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85052082650&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2018.08.037&partnerID=40&md5=b569e585241711e23f1984ff7d35b42c","Studying the spatial and temporal variations of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopic values (δD and δ18O, respectively) in precipitation and groundwater in catchments with different land cover is of great significance to understanding the hydrologic cycles within the catchments. This study is focused on three karst catchments, Banzhai, Chenqi and Dengzhanhe, in Guizhou Province, Southwest China, a region with a subtropical humid monsoon climate. We analyzed the spatial and temporal variations in the δD and δ18O of precipitation and groundwater in these areas from September 2007 to September 2009. Local meteoric water lines (LMWLs) for the study areas and their relationships with groundwater were established. The seasonal variations of δD and δ18O for both precipitation and groundwater were similar, being depleted in the heavier isotopomer in the rainy season and enriched in the heavier isotopomer in the dry season. The similarity of patterns between groundwater and precipitation indicates short groundwater residence times in the three catchments, typical of karst terrains. The isotopic values of the Banzhai catchment, which is covered by a thin soil layer beneath virgin forest floor, had the largest variation among the three catchments. The isotopic compositions of the Banzhai catchment groundwater were close to those of precipitation in the rainy season and responded rapidly to it, indicating that precipitation quickly recharges groundwater in this area. In comparison, in the Chenqi and Dengzhanhe catchments, the thicker soil layers and large numbers of paddy fields and dry lands in the catchments resulted in more intense evaporation, and therefore relatively higher isotopic values in the infiltration water. Consequently, the isotopic values of spring water in these two areas were higher and varied to a lesser extent in the rainy season than those of precipitation. The Rayleigh fractionation model based on the correlation between the deuterium excess (d) and evaporation was employed in this study. The model calculation results showed that the catchment evaporation was more intense in Dengzhanhe than in Chenqi, with 14 ± 1% and 6 ± 4% of the water evaporated in Dengzhanhe and Chenqi, respectively. The higher percentage of evaporation in Dengzhanhe was mainly due to the larger percentage of paddy fields in the catchment. In contrast, the effects of evaporation from free water surfaces or soil surfaces on groundwater in the virgin forest-covered Banzhai catchment were extremely weak. Based on the isotopic and high-resolution continuous meteorological and discharge data, the transpiration rates were estimated to be 78% for Banzhai, 10 ± 4% for Chenqi, and 24 ± 1% for Dengzhanhe, and the differences among these values are mainly attributed to differences in vegetation types in those areas. These results show that the variation in stable isotopes in groundwater can be used as a key index in evaluating the effects of different land cover changes and environmental changes on the water cycle in a catchment. © 2018 Elsevier B.V."
"55598577900;55598469400;8629285200;","Improvement of rainfall estimation from MSG data using Random Forests classification and regression",2018,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.05.001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85047260176&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2018.05.001&partnerID=40&md5=a445924ddd1331bed78cb5a59fbfe30d","In this study, a new rainfall estimation technique on 3 h and 24 h scales applied in Northern Algeria is presented. The proposed technique is based on Random Forests (RF) algorithm using data retrieved from Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI). Because the rain rate depended on the precipitation type: convective or stratiform, the RF technique is divided into two stages. The first is the classification of rainfall into three classes (no-rain, convective and stratiform) using RF classification and the second consists in assigning rain rate to the pixels belonging to the two classes (convective and stratiform) using RF regression. In classification step, spectral, textural and temporal features of clouds are used as predictor variables and the results are validated against co-located rainfall classes observed by radar. The statistical parameters score shows stronger rainfall classification performance for RF compared to the ANN and SVM. The RF regression model is validated by comparison with against co-located rainfall rates measured by a rain gauge. The results show rain rates estimated by the developed scheme are in good correlation with those observed by rain gauges. © 2018 Elsevier B.V."
"25931139100;6602865544;40661753400;35234662000;7102432430;7006203051;6602544698;","SLALOM: An all-surface snow water path retrieval algorithm for the GPM microwave imager",2018,"10.3390/rs10081278","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85050497203&doi=10.3390%2frs10081278&partnerID=40&md5=b2bf1f9083c337e11e4b13b5cb86f0ab","This paper describes a newalgorithmthat is able to detect snowfall and retrieve the associated snow water path (SWP), for any surface type, using the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI). The algorithm is tuned and evaluated against coincident observations of the Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) onboard CloudSat. It is composed of three modules for (i) snowfall detection, (ii) supercooled droplet detection and (iii) SWP retrieval. This algorithm takes into account environmental conditions to retrieve SWP and does not rely on any surface classification scheme. The snowfall detection module is able to detect 83% of snowfall events including light SWP (down to 1 × 10-3 kg·m-2) with a false alarm ratio of 0.12. The supercooled detection module detects 97% of events, with a false alarm ratio of 0.05. The SWP estimates show a relative bias of -11%, a correlation of 0.84 and a root mean square error of 0.04 kg·m-2. Several applications of the algorithm are highlighted: Three case studies of snowfall events are investigated, and a 2-year high resolution 70°S-70°N snowfall occurrence distribution is presented. These results illustrate the high potential of this algorithm for snowfall detection and SWP retrieval using GMI. © 2018 by the authors."
"56135196400;7401526171;6507378331;7403872687;7005052907;","A two-stage deep neural network framework for precipitation estimation from bispectral satellite information",2018,"10.1175/JHM-D-17-0077.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042644755&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-17-0077.1&partnerID=40&md5=19c9be33f301231ab06f0f26d9ebf9ce","Compared to ground precipitation measurements, satellite-based precipitation estimation products have the advantage of global coverage and high spatiotemporal resolutions. However, the accuracy of satellitebased precipitation products is still insufficient to serve many weather, climate, and hydrologic applications at high resolutions. In this paper, the authors develop a state-of-the-art deep learning framework for precipitation estimation using bispectral satellite information, infrared (IR), and water vapor (WV) channels. Specifically, a two-stage framework for precipitation estimation from bispectral information is designed, consisting of an initial rain/no-rain (R/NR) binary classification, followed by a second stage estimating the nonzero precipitation amount. In the first stage, the model aims to eliminate the large fraction of NR pixels and to delineate precipitation regions precisely. In the second stage, the model aims to estimate the pointwise precipitation amount accurately while preserving its heavily skewed distribution. Stacked denoising autoencoders (SDAEs), a commonly used deep learning method, are applied in both stages. Performance is evaluated along a number of common performance measures, including both R/NR and real-valued precipitation accuracy, and compared with an operational product, Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information Using Artificial Neural Networks-Cloud Classification System (PERSIANN-CCS). For R/NR binary classification, the proposed two-stage model outperforms PERSIANN-CCS by 32.56% in the critical success index (CSI). For real-valued precipitation estimation, the two-stage model is 23.40% lower in average bias, is 44.52% lower in average mean squared error, and has a 27.21% higher correlation coefficient. Hence, the two-stage deep learning framework has the potential to serve as a more accurate and more reliable satellite-based precipitation estimation product. The authors also provide some future directions for development of satellite-based precipitation estimation products in both incorporating auxiliary information and improving retrieval algorithms. © 2018 American Meteorological Society."
"54790225900;55459816900;57155494200;57155366300;55717469400;37019776600;57155717200;","Using the wavelet transform to detect temporal variations in hydrological processes in the Pearl River, China",2017,"10.1016/j.quaint.2016.02.043","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84959886374&doi=10.1016%2fj.quaint.2016.02.043&partnerID=40&md5=35ac4d50561e1a8d0f6f567f3882b1f5","In this study, we updated the hydrological data from the 1950s to 2012 and analysed the temporal variations in the hydrological series of the Pearl River using the wavelet transform method. Furthermore, we quantified the climatic and anthropogenic effects on the changes in the hydrological processes in the Pearl River. The results of the combined methods of the wavelet transform method and the Mann-Kendall (MK) trend test (i.e., wavelet trend test) reveal that the water discharge series exhibited a statistically insignificant changing trend since the 1950s; however, the sediment load series displayed a statistically significant decreasing trend. Comparisons of the results of the MK trend test and the wavelet trend test indicate that annual and inter-annual periodic oscillations affect the trend changes in the hydrological series. Statistical analysis and the double mass curve indicate that climatic change dominates changes in water discharge, such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and human activities were mainly responsible for the phase changes in the sediment load. From 1973 to 1986, deforestation in the basin dominated the sediment variability and caused 83.2% of the increase in the sediment load compared to the reference period of 1957–1972. Even though water and soil conservation projects have been carried out since the early 1990s, the vegetation cover in the catchment area decreased by 6.5 × 104 km2 from the late 1980s to the late 2000s, as detected by Landsat TM images, and water and soil conservation projects had little effect on the sediment reduction. Since the 1990s, dam construction has dominated sediment variability. Compared to the reference period, the sediment load due to dam construction decreased by 83.4 kg/s and 993.3 kg/s in the periods of 1987–1998 and 1998–2006, respectively, and the reduction in the sediment load increased to 1329.5 kg/s in the period of 2007–2012, indicating the intensifying impact of dam construction on the sediment reduction. The sediment sources in the Pearl River basin have changed, and scouring of the river channel has become a new sediment source in response to dam construction. The alteration of hydrological processes in the Pearl River will continue to occur in the future in the context of global climatic change, which is becoming increasingly important for river management in the Pearl River basin. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA"
"27171116700;57191343862;57193326310;57056609200;57169126600;57211219633;","Inter- and intra- annual environmental flow alteration and its implication in the Pearl River Delta, South China",2017,"10.1016/j.jher.2017.01.002","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85012964628&doi=10.1016%2fj.jher.2017.01.002&partnerID=40&md5=09df7cd716dc43bd31de80417b4ee2a8","Environmental flow is fundamental to ecological health and integrity of a riverine environment. River delta systems have become more and more complicated due to climate change and human activities and these have made a significant impact on significant changes in hydrological processes and the ecological environment. Highly intense human activities and most economically developed regions in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China, was selected as case study. Based on observed daily flow data with a length of 50 years from seven control stations, inter-annual and intra-annual streamflow alterations in this region were analyzed by using the indicators of hydrologic alteration (IHA) method, the range of variability approach (RVA), and the histogram matching approach (HMA), and quantitative impact of main factors on inter- and intra-annual streamflow alterations were derived. Results showed the following: (1) Combination of RVA and HMA can better reveal changes of IHAs, so as to more comprehensively evaluate environmental flow alteration of river systems. (2) Discharge diversion due to changes in river channel geometry is the main factor causing inter-annual streamflow alteration in the Northwest River of PRD, whose contributions were 122.35% and 90.08% at Makou and Sanshui stations, respectively. (3) Change in upstream flow is the main factor causing intra-annual streamflow alteration in the Northwest River of PRD, while reservoir operation is the main factor causing intra-annual streamflow alteration in the East River of PRD. (4) Climate change and reservoir operation can make intra-annual distribution of monthly discharge more concentrate and even, respectively. This study contributes to an improved understanding of environmental flow alteration and associated underlying causes of flow regime variations in the river delta region. © 2017"
"55841594900;23017898000;56507358300;","Climate change scenarios of convective and large-scale precipitation in the Czech Republic based on EURO-CORDEX data",2017,"10.1002/joc.4857","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84981308218&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.4857&partnerID=40&md5=6710e1b30202f6ecd413243a5f3d6c77","There is growing evidence that the hydrological cycle is affected by climate change. Many studies have dealt with evaluation of precipitation characteristics in regional climate models (RCMs) and their projected changes. However, little attention has been given to possible differences between scenarios of convective and stratiform precipitation and changes in their proportions on total amounts, although climate models simulate convective (subgrid) and stratiform (large-scale) precipitation separately through deep (precipitating) convection and large-scale precipitation parameterizations. In this study, we analyse outputs of four RCMs (CCLM, HIRHAM, RACMO2, and RCA4) from the EURO-CORDEX project. The RCM simulations for 1989–2008 driven by ERA-Interim reanalysis with two horizontal resolutions (0.44° and 0.11°) are evaluated against observed data in Central Europe, and projected changes of precipitation characteristics (2071–2100 vs 1971–2000) simulated by the RCMs with 0.11° horizontal resolution driven by the EC-EARTH global climate model are then examined. We find that mean convective and large-scale precipitation amounts tend to increase in all seasons except summer when large-scale precipitation amounts decrease. Extreme precipitation is projected to increase in the late 21st century time slice for both convective and large-scale precipitation. The changes of precipitation characteristics are more pronounced in simulations driven by the RCP8.5 scenario, with a larger increase of temperature, and these changes are larger for precipitation with higher intensity. Increasing proportion of convective precipitation in summer and generally increasing intensity of precipitation may have important consequences, e.g. for soil erosion, replenishment of soil moisture, and occurrence of flash floods and droughts. © 2016 Royal Meteorological Society"
"56200956100;55598469400;8629285200;","Novel SVM-based technique to improve rainfall estimation over the Mediterranean region (north of Algeria) using the multispectral MSG SEVIRI imagery",2017,"10.1016/j.asr.2016.11.042","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85008712514&doi=10.1016%2fj.asr.2016.11.042&partnerID=40&md5=32fd8823c6235c56cc8a38f3b9efa3af","In this work, a new rainfall estimation technique based on the high spatial and temporal resolution of the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infra Red Imager (SEVIRI) aboard the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) is presented. This work proposes efficient scheme rainfall estimation based on two multiclass support vector machine (SVM) algorithms: SVM_D for daytime and SVM_N for night time rainfall estimations. Both SVM models are trained using relevant rainfall parameters based on optical, microphysical and textural cloud proprieties. The cloud parameters are derived from the Spectral channels of the SEVIRI MSG radiometer. The 3-hourly and daily accumulated rainfall are derived from the 15 min-rainfall estimation given by the SVM classifiers for each MSG observation image pixel. The SVMs were trained with ground meteorological radar precipitation scenes recorded from November 2006 to March 2007 over the north of Algeria located in the Mediterranean region. Further, the SVM_D and SVM_N models were used to estimate 3-hourly and daily rainfall using data set gathered from November 2010 to March 2011 over north Algeria. The results were validated against collocated rainfall observed by rain gauge network. Indeed, the statistical scores given by correlation coefficient, bias, root mean square error and mean absolute error, showed good accuracy of rainfall estimates by the present technique. Moreover, rainfall estimates of our technique were compared with two high accuracy rainfall estimates methods based on MSG SEVIRI imagery namely: random forests (RF) based approach and an artificial neural network (ANN) based technique. The findings of the present technique indicate higher correlation coefficient (3-hourly: 0.78; daily: 0.94), and lower mean absolute error and root mean square error values. The results show that the new technique assign 3-hourly and daily rainfall with good and better accuracy than ANN technique and (RF) model. © 2016 COSPAR"
"36701462300;55180482600;57202301596;","Climatological relationship between warm season atmospheric rivers and heavy rainfall over east asia",2017,"10.2151/jmsj.2017-027","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85034420115&doi=10.2151%2fjmsj.2017-027&partnerID=40&md5=7e5af4183806b58422beab31bbc17a34","Eddy transport of atmospheric water vapor from the tropics is important for rainfall and related natural disasters in the middle latitudes. Atmospheric rivers (ARs), intense moisture plumes that are typically associated with extratropical cyclones, often produce heavy precipitation upon encountering topography on the west coasts of mid-latitude North America and Europe. ARs also occur over the northwestern Pacific and sometimes cause floods and landslides over East Asia, but the climatological relationship between ARs and heavy rainfall in this region remains unclear. Here we evaluate the contribution of ARs to the hydrological cycle over East Asia using high-resolution daily rainfall observations and an atmospheric reanalysis during 1958-2007. Despite their low occurrence, ARs account for 14-44 % of the total rainfall and 20-90 % of extreme heavy-rainfall events during spring, summer, and autumn. AR-related extreme rainfall is especially pronounced over western-to-southeastern slopes of terrains over the Korean Peninsula and Japan, owing to strong orographic effects and a stable direction of low-level moisture flows. A strong relationship between warm-season AR heavy rainfall and preceding-winter El Niño is identified since the 1970s, suggesting the potential of predicting heavy-rainfall risk over Korea and Japan at seasonal leads. © 2017, Meteorological Society of Japan."
"7405431519;7401526171;7005052907;55644003021;35975568000;55937227700;56148670500;","Merging high-resolution satellite-based precipitation fields and point-scale rain gauge measurements-A case study in Chile",2017,"10.1002/2016JD026177","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85019937963&doi=10.1002%2f2016JD026177&partnerID=40&md5=efca0d10850572ba9b9448816d994410","With high spatial-temporal resolution, Satellite-based Precipitation Estimates (SPE) are becoming valuable alternative rainfall data for hydrologic and climatic studies but are subject to considerable uncertainty. Effective merging of SPE and ground-based gauge measurements may help to improve precipitation estimation in both better resolution and accuracy. In this study, a framework for merging satellite and gauge precipitation data is developed based on three steps, including SPE bias adjustment, gauge observation gridding, and data merging, with the objective to produce high-quality precipitation estimates. An inverse-root-mean-square-error weighting approach is proposed to combine the satellite and gauge estimates that are in advance adjusted and gridded, respectively. The model is applied and tested with the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks-Cloud Classification System (PERSIANN-CCS) estimates (daily, 0.04° × 0.04°) over Chile, for the 6 year period of 2009-2014. Daily observations from about 90% of collected gauges over the study area are used for model calibration; the rest of the gauged data are regarded as ground “truth” for validation. Evaluation results indicate high effectiveness of the model in producing high-resolution-precision precipitation data. Compared to reference data, the merged data (daily) show correlation coefficients, probabilities of detection, root-mean-square errors, and absolute mean biases that were consistently improved from the original PERSIANN-CCS estimates. The cross-validation evidences that the framework is effective in providing high-quality estimates even over nongauged satellite pixels. The same method can be applied globally and is expected to produce precipitation products in near real time by integrating gauge observations with satellite estimates. © 2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"6602879417;57190126006;7004415966;6701413579;","Regional hydrological cycle over the Red Sea in ERA-Interim",2017,"10.1175/JHM-D-16-0048.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85009476320&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-16-0048.1&partnerID=40&md5=a89ee674a343c031f8aa9bc0004ecfc5","The major sources of atmospheric moisture over the Red Sea are analyzed using ERA-Interim for the 1979-2013 period. The vertical structure of moisture transports across the coastlines has been computed separately for the western and eastern coasts of the Red Sea. The vertical structure of the moisture transport from the Red Sea to the continents is dominated by a breeze-like circulation in the near-surface layer and the Arabian high above 850 hPa. The lower-layer, breeze-like circulation is acting to export the moisture to the northwest of Africa and to the Arabian Peninsula and contributes about 80% of the moisture exports from the Red Sea, dominating over the transport in the upper layer, where the moisture is advected to the Arabian Peninsula in the northern part of the sea and to the African continent in the southern part. Integrated moisture divergence over the Red Sea decreased from the early 1980s to 1997 and then increased until the 2010s. Associated changes in the moisture export were provided primarily by the increasing intensity of the breeze-associated transports. The transports above the boundary layer, while being strong across the western and the eastern coasts, have a smaller effect on the net moisture export. The interannual variability of the moisture export in the near-surface layer was found to be closely correlated with the variability in sea surface temperature, especially in summer. Implications of the observed changes in the moisture advection for the hydrological cycle of the Middle East are discussed. © 2017 American Meteorological Society."
"57188992221;6603446872;7006301675;","River-discharge dynamics in the Southern Central Andes and the 1976–77 global climate shift",2016,"10.1002/2016GL070868","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85002839894&doi=10.1002%2f2016GL070868&partnerID=40&md5=fa3a2e1950a606969ce1b7eb417042a4","Recent studies have shown that the 1976–77 global climate shift strongly affected the South American climate. In our study, we observed a link between this climate shift and river-discharge variability in the subtropical Southern Central Andes. We analyzed the daily river-discharge time series between 1940 and 1999 from small to medium mountain drainage basins (102–104 km2) across a steep climatic and topographic gradient. We document that the discharge frequency distribution changed significantly, with higher percentiles exhibiting more pronounced trends. A change point between 1971 and 1977 marked an intensification of the hydrological cycle, which resulted in increased river discharge. In the upper Rio Bermejo basin of the northernmost Argentine Andes, the mean annual discharge increased by 40% over 7 years. Our findings are important for flood risk management in areas impacted by the 1976–77 climate shift; discharge frequency distribution analysis provides important insights into the variability of the hydrological cycle in the Andean realm. ©2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"6701895937;6602777467;7005744599;","Characteristics and predictability of a supercell during HyMeX SOP1",2016,"10.1002/qj.2872","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84983394712&doi=10.1002%2fqj.2872&partnerID=40&md5=bdcfc2b1ed978120b4ce9878d140fa61","An analysis is presented here of intense convection affecting the Friuli Venezia Giulia region (FVG, northeastern Italy) during the Intensive Observation Period 2b (IOP2b) in the first Special Observation Period (SOP1) of HyMeX (HYdrological cycle in Mediterranean EXperiment). The present study focuses on the first of three severe-convection episodes that affected FVG on the morning of 12 September 2012. In the first episode, a supercell, which produced hail and severe damage to trees and buildings, was observed on the plain of FVG. The available observations are analysed together with a high-resolution mesoscale model, in order to identify the relevant mechanisms for the formation and development of the cell. Six different simulations were performed starting at three different initial times, using respectively two different analysis/forecasts as initial/boundary conditions. A large spread in forecast precipitation is found among the six simulations. Only a few of the simulations were able to reproduce intense rainfall on the plain of FVG during the morning, although with significant differences in the rainfall distribution among them. One of the six simulations well reproduces the observed elongated distribution of the intense rainfall maximum; the characteristics of the cell responsible for this distribution are consistent with those expected for a supercell and its simulated evolution near the Adriatic coast agrees well with the other observations. Some instability parameters over the FVG plain and offshore (over the northern Adriatic Sea) are analysed every 5 min, showing that during this event the potential instability varies significantly over small space and time intervals and among the simulations. The best simulations have the best match to the observed potential instability calculated using the mean characteristics of the lowest 500 m layer. © 2016 Royal Meteorological Society"
"36177823900;35551238800;7004135527;36337783200;6507605950;6602644004;","Convective initiation and maintenance processes of two back-building mesoscale convective systems leading to heavy precipitation events in Southern Italy during HyMeX IOP 13",2016,"10.1002/qj.2851","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84978715925&doi=10.1002%2fqj.2851&partnerID=40&md5=7a37b0085382dc070b8257f1770adfb6","During Intensive Observation Period 13 (15 to 16 October 2012) of the first Special Observing Period of the Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX), Southern Italy (SI) was affected by two consecutive heavy precipitation events (HPEs). Both HPEs were associated with multi-cell V-shaped retrograde regeneration mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). The life cycle of two MCSs in connection with their dynamic and thermodynamic environments were analysed using a combination of ground-based, airborne and spaceborne observations and numerical simulations. Rain gauges revealed that heavy precipitation occurred in two phases: the first one from 1300 to 1700 UTC (35 mm h−1) was caused by a V-shaped system initiating over the Tyrrhenian Sea in the early morning of 15 October. Convection was triggered by the low-level convergence between the southwesterlies ahead of an upper-level trough positioned over southeastern France and very moist southerlies from the Strait of Sicily. The convection was favoured by high convective available potential energy (1500 J kg−1) resulting from warm and moist conditions at low levels associated with high sea surface temperatures in the Strait of Sicily. In addition, humidity at mid-level was enriched by the presence of an elevated moisture plume from tropical Africa, favouring the efficiency of the convection to produce more precipitation. The second phase of heavy precipitation (2300 UTC on 15 October to 0200 UTC on 16 October, 34 mm h−1) was caused by a MCS initiating over Algeria around 1300 UTC, which subsequently travelled over the Strait of Sicily toward Sicily and SI. Convection was maintained by the combination of large low-level moisture contents and a marked convergence ahead of the cold front. Unlike other MCSs forming in the same region earlier on that day, this huge V-shaped system did affect SI because the strong upper-level flow progressively backed from southwesterly to south southwesterly. © 2016 Royal Meteorological Society"
"57188989662;23984671400;","Artificial intelligence systems for rainy areas detection and convective cells' delineation for the south shore of Mediterranean Sea during day and nighttime using MSG satellite images",2016,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.04.013","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84964452566&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2016.04.013&partnerID=40&md5=f6145466b90aa917b4cd8371cf950cea","The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of cloud classification by means of support vector machines using high resolution images from northern Algeria. The images were taken from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) on board of the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite. An automatic system was developed to operate during both day and nighttime by following two steps of data processing. The first aims to detect rainy areas in cloud systems, whereas the second delineates convective cells from stratiform ones. A set of 12 spectral parameters was selected to extract information about cloud properties, which are different from day to night. The training and validation steps of this study were performed by in-situ rainfall measurement data, collected during the rainy season of years 2011 and 2012 via automatic rain gauge stations distributed in northern Algeria. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) and support vector machine (SVM) were explored, by combining spectral parameters derived from MSG images. Better performances were obtained by the SVM classifier, in terms of Critical Success Index and Probability of Detection for rainy areas detection (CSI = 0.81, POD = 91%), and also for convective/stratiform delineation (CSI = 0.55, POD = 74%). © 2016 Elsevier B.V."
"56177439000;6602848822;","Urban irrigation effects on WRF-UCM summertime forecast skill over the Los Angeles metropolitan area",2015,"10.1002/2015JD023239","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84945480803&doi=10.1002%2f2015JD023239&partnerID=40&md5=366b2c99ca5a1444252006b717abedfd","In the current study, we explicitly address the impacts of urban irrigation on the local hydrological cycle by integrating a previously developed irrigation scheme within the coupled framework of the Weather Research and Forecasting-Urban Canopy Models (WRF-UCM) over the semiarid Los Angeles metropolitan area. We focus on the impacts of irrigation on the urban water cycle and atmospheric feedback. Our results demonstrate a significant sensitivity of WRF-UCM simulated surface turbulent fluxes to the incorporation of urban irrigation. Introducing anthropogenic moisture, vegetated pixels show a shift in the energy partitioning toward elevated latent heat fluxes. The cooling effects of irrigation on daily peak air temperatures are evident over all three urban types, with the largest influence over low-intensity residential areas (average cooling of 1.64°C). The evaluation of model performance via comparison against CIMIS (California Irrigation Management Information System) evapotranspiration (ET) estimates indicates that WRF-UCM, after adding irrigation, performs reasonably during the course of the month of July, tracking day-to-day variability of ET with notable consistency. In the nonirrigated case, CIMIS-based ET fluctuations are significantly underestimated by the model. Our analysis shows the importance of accurate representation of urban irrigation in modeling studies, especially over water-scarce regions such as the Los Angeles metropolitan area. We also illustrate that the impacts of irrigation on simulated energy and water cycles are more critical for longer-term simulations due to the interactions between irrigation and soil moisture fluctuations. © 2015. American Geophysical Union. All rights reserved."
"57194662612;6603834291;","Signatures of hydrometeor species from airborne passive microwave data for frequencies 10-183 GHz",2015,"10.1175/JAMC-D-14-0145.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84944069548&doi=10.1175%2fJAMC-D-14-0145.1&partnerID=40&md5=ef348267c37677d8d678a11d8dd8df45","Passive microwave brightness temperatures (BTs) collected above severe thunderstorms using the Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer and Conical Scanning Millimeter-Wave Imaging Radiometer during the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment are compared with a hydrometeor identification applied to dual-polarimetric Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler radar data collected at Vance Air Force Base, Oklahoma (KVNX). The goal of this work is to determine the signatures of various hydrometeor species in terms of BTs measured at frequencies used by the Global Precipitation Measurement mission Microwave Imager. Results indicate that hail is associated with an ice-scattering signature at all frequencies examined, including 10.7 GHz. However, it appears that frequencies ≤ 37.1 GHz are most useful for identifying hail. Low-level (below 2.5 km) hail becomes probable for a BT below 240 K at 19.4 GHz, 170 K at 37.1 GHz, 90 K at 85.5 GHz, 80 K at 89.0 GHz, 100 K at 165.5 GHz, and 100 K at 183.3 ± 7 GHz. Graupel may be distinguished from hail and profiles without any hydrometeor species by its strong scattering signature at higher frequencies (e.g., 165.5 GHz) and its relative lack of scattering at frequencies ≤ 19.4 GHz. There is a clearer distinction between profiles that contain liquid precipitation and profiles without any hydrometeors when the liquid is associated above with hail and/or graupel (i.e., a hydrometeor category with a strong scattering signature) than when the liquid is associated with smaller ice. Near-surface precipitation is much more likely for a 19.4-GHz BT < 250 K, 37.1-GHz BT < 240 K, 89.0-GHz BT < 220 K, and 165.5-GHz BT < 140 K. © 2015 American Meteorological Society."
"53981717900;18038788200;57204258731;35074755700;55880548200;24174098300;11140076400;","From pointwise testing to a regional vision: An integrated statistical approach to detect nonstationarity in extreme daily rainfall. Application to the Sahelian region",2013,"10.1002/jgrd.50340","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84884139797&doi=10.1002%2fjgrd.50340&partnerID=40&md5=e173ee9fb4b12d191ff25d8052794885","Global warming is expected to intensify the hydrologic cycle. Documenting whether significant changes in the extreme precipitation regimes have already happened is consequently one of the challenging topics in climatic research. The high natural variability of extreme precipitation often prevents from obtaining significant results when testing changes in the empirical distribution of extreme rainfall at regional scale. A regional integrated approach is proposed here as one possible answer to this complex methodological problem. Three methods are combined in order to detect regionally significant trends and/or breakpoints in series of annual maximum daily rainfall: (1) individual stationarity tests applied to the raw point series of maxima, (2) a maximum likelihood testing of time-dependent generalized extreme value (GEV) distributions fitted to these series, and (3) a heuristic testing of a regional time-dependent GEV distribution. This approach is applied to a set of 126 daily rain gauges covering the Sahel over the period 1950-1990. It is found that only a few stations are tested as nonstationary when applying classical tests on the raw series, while the two GEV-based models converge to show that the extreme rainfall series indeed underwent a negative breakpoint around 1970. The study evidences the limits of the widely used classical stationarity tests to detect trends in noisy series affected by sampling uncertainties, while using a parametric space and time-dependent GEV efficiently reduces this effect. Showing that the great Sahelian drought was accompanied by a significant decrease of extreme rainfall events is the other main result of this study. Key Points Three methods tested to detect non-stationarity in extreme rainfall over Sahel Local and regional trend and change-point detection tested on annual maxima Methodological development to detect non-stationarity at the regional scale ©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"36611625000;6603451222;55907630500;55175705900;7005978899;15729895500;","Controls of caribbean surface hydrology during the mid-to late holocene: Insights from monthly resolved coral records",2013,"10.5194/cp-9-841-2013","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84881123180&doi=10.5194%2fcp-9-841-2013&partnerID=40&md5=8440fd9cd978557d4b53e9eabc4bf7cc","Several proxy-based and modeling studies have investigated long-term changes in Caribbean climate during the Holocene, however, very little is known on its variability on short timescales. Here we reconstruct seasonality and interannual to multidecadal variability of sea surface hydrology of the southern Caribbean Sea by applying paired coral Sr/Ca and 18O measurements on fossil annually banded Diploria strigosa corals from Bonaire. This allows for better understanding of seasonal to multidecadal variability of the Caribbean hydrological cycle during the mid-to late Holocene. The monthly resolved coral 1 18O records are used as a proxy for the oxygen isotopic composition of seawater (18Osw) of the southern Caribbean Sea. Consistent with modern day conditions, annual 18Osw cycles reconstructed from three modern corals reveal that freshwater budget at the study site is influenced by both net precipitation and advection of tropical freshwater brought by wind-driven surface currents. In contrast, the annual 18Osw cycle reconstructed from a mid-Holocene coral indicates a sharp peak towards more negative values in summer, suggesting intense summer precipitation at 6 ka BP (before present). In line with this, our model simulations indicate that increased seasonality of the hydrological cycle at 6 ka BP results from enhanced precipitation in summertime. On interannual to multidecadal timescales, the systematic positive correlation observed between reconstructed sea surface temperature and salinity suggests that freshwater discharged from the Orinoco and Amazon rivers and transported into the Caribbean by wind-driven surface currents is a critical component influencing sea surface hydrology on these timescales. © 2013 Author(s)."
"7102745183;","Orographic Precipitation, Freshwater Resources, and Climate Vulnerabilities in Mountainous Regions",2013,"10.1016/B978-0-12-384703-4.00504-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84899768496&doi=10.1016%2fB978-0-12-384703-4.00504-9&partnerID=40&md5=215b0072385d7f60a519769514d46235","About half the world's freshwater resources come from precipitation (rain and snow) in mountainous regions. Understanding how climate and environmental change can impact monsoon rainfall, which is the dominant freshwater source on mountain slopes and adjacent lowlands in the tropics and subtropics, is therefore an important question of global implications. The diurnal cycle of orographic rainfall (e.g., where it rains, how much it rains, how fast it rains, how long it rains, and at what time of day it rains) varies from one mountain region to another, and in the same region it can vary greatly with elevation and landform. Heavy rainfall is associated with landslides and flash flooding that cause short-term landform and vegetation disturbances and often loss of life and property. By contrast, because of its ubiquity and space-time persistence independently of the variability in large-scale forcing, light rainfall (&lt;2-5 mm h-1) is de facto water lifeline of mountain environments. The vulnerability of headwater catchments and cloud forests to aridification presents a key challenge to the sustainability of mountain environments and freshwater resources. Changes in fog and rainfall intensities affect canopy harvesting and interception of precipitation, infiltration, and runoff processes, and consequently evapotranspiration, surface energy balance, and boundary layer conditions, which ultimately feedback into cloud formation and rainfall processes.Mountains remain among the least observed environments of the planet. Improving observing systems of the water cycle in mountainous regions at the global scale, and in particular the measurement of fog, clouds, and rainfall, both on the ground and from satellites, is essential to improve our understanding of the water cycle and our ability to address climate vulnerabilities toward sustainable water management. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved."
"24479033900;7201443624;","Climate warming-related strengthening of the tropical hydrological cycle",2013,"10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00222.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84872901472&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-12-00222.1&partnerID=40&md5=3da5af4642cc83bfdfb495149974dd38","The authors estimate climate warming-related twenty-first-century changes of moisture transports from the descending into the ascending regions in the tropics. Unlike previous studies that employ time and space averaging, here homogeneous high horizontal and vertical resolution data from an Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4) climate model are used. This allows for estimating changes in much greater detail (e.g., the estimation of the distribution of ascending and descending regions, changes in the vertical profile, and separating changes of the inward and outward transports). Low-level inward and midlevel outward moisture transports of the convective regions in the tropics are found to increase in a simulated anthropogenically warmed climate as compared to a simulated twentieth-century atmosphere, indicating an intensification of the hydrological cycle. Since an increase of absolute inward transport exceeds the absolute increase of outward transport, the resulting budget is positive, meaning that more water is projected to converge in the moist tropics. The intensification is found mainly to be due to the higher amount of water in the atmosphere, while the contribution of weakening wind counteracts this response marginally. In addition the changing statistical properties of the vertical profile of the moisture transport are investigated and the importance of the substantial outflow of moisture from the moist tropics at midlevels is demonstrated. © 2013 American Meteorological Society."
"35345247500;23768365900;6701895937;56094601600;55999772700;","Satellite and numerical model investigation of two heavy rain events over the Central Mediterranean",2011,"10.1175/2011JHM1257.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79957933599&doi=10.1175%2f2011JHM1257.1&partnerID=40&md5=3111f0848a11268809b69f12b20fc540","Two heavy rain events over the Central Mediterranean basin, which are markedly different by genesis, dimensions, duration, and intensity, are analyzed. Given the relative low frequency of this type of severe storms in the area, a synoptic analysis describing their development is included. A multispectral analysis based on geostationary multifrequency satellite images is applied to identify cloud type, hydrometeor phase, and cloud vertical extension. Precipitation intensity is retrieved from (i) surface rain gauges, (ii) satellite data, and (iii) numerical model simulations. The satellite precipitation retrieval algorithm 183-Water vapor Strong Lines (183-WSL) is used to retrieve rain rates and cloud hydrometeor type, classify stratiform and convective rainfall, and identify liquid water clouds and snow cover from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B (AMSU-B) sensor data. Rainfall intensity is also simulated with theWeatherResearch and Forecasting (WRF) numerical model over two nested domains with horizontal resolutions of 16 km (comparable to that of the satellite sensor AMSU-B) and 4 km. The statistical analysis of the comparison between satellite retrievals and model simulations demonstrates the skills of both methods for the identification of the main characteristics of the cloud systems with a suggested overall bias of the model toward very low rain intensities. WRF (in the version used for the experiment) seems to classify as low rain intensity regions those areas where the 183-WSL retrieves no precipitation while sensing amixture of freshly nucleated cloud droplets and a large amount ofwater vapor; in these areas, especially adjacent to the rain clouds, large amounts of cloud liquid water are detected. The satellite method performs reasonably well in reproducing the wide range of gauge-detected precipitation intensities. A comparison of the 183-WSL retrievalswith gauge measurements demonstrates the skills of the algorithm in discriminating between convective and stratiform precipitation using the scattering and absorption of radiation by the hydrometeors. © 2011 American Meteorological Society."
"57209902351;24398775800;","Climate-change impact assessment using GIS-based hydrological modelling",2011,"10.1080/02508060.2011.586761","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79960671077&doi=10.1080%2f02508060.2011.586761&partnerID=40&md5=315c090e6ee0d339271234b2abee86d5","A GIS-based Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model is used to assess the impacts of climate change on the hydrological regime of the Cauvery river basin. First, the impact of changes in land-management practices on water availability under present conditions is modelled. Then, the same analysis is carried out under the future climatic scenarios. Finally, annual and monthly precipitation variability is compared under present, as well as future, climate-change scenarios. The results indicate an intensification of the hydrological cycle in the future climate-change scenario that appears to be significant on an annual basis. © 2011 International Water Resources Association."
"36177823900;24831990600;7202346909;35207112500;7004086472;55510783800;","Enhancement mechanism of the 30 June 2006 precipitation system observed over the northwestern slope of Mt. Halla, Jeju Island, Korea",2010,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.04.008","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77954177626&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2010.04.008&partnerID=40&md5=05249d790f15f6b2e7d7e44054f06cba","Doppler radar analysis and a cloud-resolving storm simulator (CReSS) are used to investigate the enhancement mechanism of a localized intense precipitation system that occurred over Jeju Island, Korea, on 30 June 2006. Rain gauge data revealed intensive rainfall (&gt;80mm in 100min) over northwest of Jeju Island, and relatively low rainfall (≤20mm) over the northeast of the island. The environment of the precipitation system consisted of near-saturated air (relative humidity (RH): ~95%) from the surface to 700hPa and a low lifting condensation level of 951hPa. Doppler radar analysis revealed enhancement of the precipitation system on the northwestern lateral side (in this study, the term 'lateral side' refers to the sides of the mountain other than the lee-side and windward side) of Mt. Halla, the central mountain on the island (1950m). In the region of enhancement, low-level convergence (7×10-4s-1) induced by orographic blocking with a relatively low Froude number (0.55) was observed. These observations were well simulated by a control run (CNTL) using CReSS. The simulated precipitation system was enhanced over the northwestern part of the island due to wind passing around Jeju Island, low-level convergence (1.6×10-3s-1) due to orographic blocking, and high RH (~95%). In order to clarify the influence of topography and the low-level moist environment on enhancement of the precipitation system, numerical sensitivity experiments were conducted. The NOTR (no terrain) experiment produced straightforward wind without low-level convergence over the topography. Associated with these features, the CNTL rainfall amount on the northwestern lateral side of the island was 30.6% more than that produced in NOTR. A comparison of RH-controlled experiments and CNTL revealed that increasing moisture in the low-level environment resulted in greater intensity of the precipitation system. A reduction in low-level RH by as little as 2% could result in a 20.8% reduction in rainfall amount. Therefore, land areas with small, narrow, but steep topographic features, such as Jeju Island, could determine the intensity and location of the precipitation system under a moist environment during the rainy season. © 2010 Elsevier B.V."
"7402871350;7401729813;7006661408;7202569516;","Evaluating sulfur dynamics during storm events for three watersheds in the northeastern USA: A combined hydrological, chemical and isotopic approach",2008,"10.1002/hyp.7033","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-61849123647&doi=10.1002%2fhyp.7033&partnerID=40&md5=407be133361d2d2a5a13e29ec13de6cd","Concerns related to climate change have resulted in an increasing interest in the importance of hydrological events such as droughts in affecting biogeochemical responses of watersheds. The effects of an unusually dry summer in 2002 had a marked impact on the biogeochemistry of three watersheds in the north-eastern USA. Chemical, isotopic and hydrological responses with particular emphasis on S dynamics were evaluated for Archer Creek (New York), Sleepers River (Vermont) and Cone Pond (New Hampshire) watersheds. From 1 August to 14 September 2002, all three watersheds had very low precipitation (48 to 69 mm) resulting in either very low or no discharge (mean 0.015, 0.15 and 0.000 mm day-1 for Archer Creek, Sleepers River and Cone Pond, respectively). From 15 September to 31 October 2002, there was a substantial increase in precipitation totals (212, 246 and 198 mm, respectively) with increased discharge. Archer Creek was characterized by a large range of SO42- concentrations (152 to 389 μeq L-1, mean = 273 μeq L-1) and also exhibited the greatest range in δ34S values of SO42- (-1.4 to 8.8 ‰). Sleepers River's SO42- concentrations ranged from 136 to 243 μeq L-1 (mean = 167 μeq L-1) and δ 34S values of SO42- ranged from 4.0 to 9.0 ‰. Cone Pond's SO42- concentrations (126-187 μeq L-1, mean = 154 μeq L-1) and δ34S values (2.4 to 4.3 ‰) had the smallest ranges of the three watersheds. The range and mean of δ18O-SO42- values for Archer Creek and Cone Pond were similar (3.0 to 8.9 ‰, mean = 4.5 ‰; 3.9 to 6.3 ‰, mean = 4.9 ‰; respectively) while δ18O-SO42- values for Sleepers River covered a larger range with a lower mean (1.2 to 10.0 ‰, mean = 2.5). The difference in Sleepers River chemical and isotopic responses was attributed to weathering reactions contributing SO42-. For Archer Creek wetland areas containing previously reduced S compounds that were reoxidized to SO4 2- probably provided a substantial source of S. Cone Pond had limited internal S sources and less chemical or isotopic response to storms. Differences among the three watersheds in S biogeochemical responses during these storm events were attributed to differences in S mineral weathering contributions, hydrological pathways and landscape features. Further evaluations of differences and similarities in biogeochemical and hydrological responses among watersheds are needed to predict the impacts of climate change. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd."
"55214930400;57208360232;7402947281;7402840927;57203505164;","Flood frequency and routing processes at a confluence of the middle Yellow River in China",2007,"10.1002/rra.983","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34248633128&doi=10.1002%2frra.983&partnerID=40&md5=6c4a2ec30743f66876a28be78a9fc162","Floods cause environmental hazards and influence on socio-economic activities. In this study, we evaluated the historic flood frequency at a confluence in the middle Yellow River, China. A non-parametric, multivariate, empirical, orthogonal function matrix model, which consists of time correlation coefficients of flood discharge at different gauge stations and flood events was used for the analysis of flood frequency. The model addresses the characteristics of confluent floods such as frequency and the probability in multiple tributary rivers. Flood frequency analysis is often coupled with studies of hydrological routing processes that reduce the flood capacity of the rivers. Flood routing to the confluence were simulated using kinematic wave theory. Results of this flood frequency analysis showed that flooding frequency has intensified in the past 500 years, especially during the 19th century. Flooding in stream above the confluence was more frequent than in streams below the confluence. Over the last 2000 years, concurrent flooding in multiple tributary rivers accounted for 67.5% of the total flooding in the middle Yellow River. Simulation of flood routing processes shows that the decreased flooding capacity and elevated river bed of the shrunken main channel leads to an increased flood wave propagation time (24-52.3 h) in the study area after 1995. The model indicates that human activities, such as constructions of the Sanmenxia Dam, have changed flood routing boundary conditions and have contributed to the increased flood frequency at the confluence. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."
"56250119900;8636336800;7103099160;7201612937;6505648419;","The effect of precipitation on wind-profiler clear air returns",2004,"10.5194/angeo-22-3959-2004","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-11844293496&doi=10.5194%2fangeo-22-3959-2004&partnerID=40&md5=68468c001de622faa5668c6fa51c4d26","A small number of studies have indicated that reductions in the signal strength of clear air returns can be observed at low altitudes in regions of precipitation. This study uses data from the NERC MST radar facility in Aberystwyth (52.4°N, 4.1°W) and co-located tipping bucket rain gauge data to determine whether this effect can be observed for all periods where high rainfall rates were observed at the ground. The period selected for examination includes all of the days where a peak rainfall rate of 6 mm h-1 was exceeded in 2001. A statistical examination of VHF radar signal power during periods with and without surface rainfall suggests that the returned power is reduced by the presence of precipitating clouds. The corrected spectral width of the Doppler spectra is also significantly wider during periods of precipitation. The process which causes the decrease in the VHF signal power seems to be associated with a reduction in Fresnel reflection within precipitating clouds. This, in turn, may be due to a reduction of humidity gradients in clouds. UHF wind profiler data is also used to show that there is a relationship between enhanced UHF returns (signifying precipitation) and reduced VHF returns. To clarify the processes and effects observed we examine three case studies which show typical relationships between the VHF signal power and surface rainfall or enhanced UHF signal-to-noise ratios. The effect of precipitation on the signal processing scheme's derivation of signal power and spectral width is explored using individual Doppler spectra. © European Geosciences Union 2004."
"7003376335;7402717381;","The sublimation of falling snow over the Mackenzie River Basin",1998,"10.1016/S0169-8095(98)00084-2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032215794&doi=10.1016%2fS0169-8095%2898%2900084-2&partnerID=40&md5=9e9cda2a664c9231cd93db009acb44da","The sublimation of falling snow may be an important component of the atmospheric water budget of the Mackenzie River Basin and many parts of the Arctic. To investigate this issue, a simple sublimation model is used along with surface precipitation observations and sonde data obtained during the autumn 1994 Beaufort and Arctic Storms Experiment (BASE). Model results are then compared with actual precipitation measurements at Inuvik and Tuktoyaktuk, sites in Northern Canada, to approximate mass loss due to sublimation. The sublimation results are found to vary in concert with cloud base height, precipitation intensity aloft and the nature of the precipitation. Atmospheric conditions are furthermore examined over a wide range of the Arctic, especially the Mackenzie River Basin, to assess to what degree the results can be generalized. The presence of a relatively dry near-surface layer, a favourable environment for sublimation, is a key feature of most sites during the early autumn storm period. Estimates of sublimational mass losses are found over Inuvik and Tuktoyaktuk using sonde derived cloud base heights and temperature and humidity profiles. Sublimation losses for such sites are found to be of the order of 40-60%, which shows that sublimation is indeed a significant process over the Mackenzie Basin and needs to be well handled in climate models. However, increasing the vertical resolution of the sublimation model to that of climate scales can dramatically affect predicted sublimation amounts; how to properly account for sublimation then remains a difficult task."
"7005746204;7201527458;57154391900;","Comparisons of Precipitation Measurements by the Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer and Multiparameter Radar",1993,"10.1109/36.239909","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027635314&doi=10.1109%2f36.239909&partnerID=40&md5=dcfa3089e2514cb1592afb236b4ad2ea","Multiparameter microwave radar measurements are based on dual-polarization and dual-frequency techniques and are well suited for microphysical inferences of complex precipitating clouds, since they depend upon the size, shape, composition, and orientation of a collection of discrete random scatterers. Passive microwave radiometer observations represent path integrated scattering and absorption phenomena of the same scatterers. The response of the upwelling brightness temperatures TB to the precipitation structure depends on the vertical distribution of the various hydrometeors and gases, and the surface features. As a result, combinations of both active and passive techniques contain great potential to markedly improve the longstanding issue of precipitation measurement from space. The NASA airborne Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer (AMPR) and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) CP-2 multiparameter radar were jointly operated during the 1991 Convection and Precipitation/Electrification experiment (CaPE) in central Florida. The AMPR is a four channel, high resolution, across-track scanning total power radiometer system using the identical multifrequency feedhorn as the widely utilized Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) satellite system. Surface and precipitation features are separable based on the Tb behavior as a function of the AMPR channels. The radar observations are presented in a remapped format suitable for comparison with the multifrequency AMPR imagery. Striking resemblances are noted between the AMPR imagery and the radar reflectivity at successive heights, while vertical profiles of the CP-2 products along the nadir trace suggest a storm structure consistent with the viewed AMPR Tb. Directly over the storm cores, the difference between the 37 and 85 GHz Tb was noted to approach (and in some cases fall below) zero. Microwave radiative transfer computations show that this is theoretically possible for hail regions suspended aloft in the core of strong convective storms. © 1993 IEEE"
"57211121256;37118067300;56277793100;56346174400;57201688521;57210789856;57191498670;55832812000;56843972300;55917068900;57214671511;","Climate change-induced drought evolution over the past 50 years in the southern Chinese Loess Plateau",2019,"10.1016/j.envsoft.2019.104519","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85072713886&doi=10.1016%2fj.envsoft.2019.104519&partnerID=40&md5=2d182c7a16af719f3ee4d34deb9a6954","Understanding the spatiotemporal evolution of drought is vital for effective water resources management especially in arid and semi-arid regions and under climate change. In this study, we developed the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)-based drought evaluation tool and used it to investigate the spatiotemporal change of drought and its driving factors over the past 50 years (1965–2014) in a typical semi-arid area, the Wei River Basin, in the Loess Plateau. The temporal trend analysis of precipitation showed an intensified hydrological cycle with a longer dry interval, and the substantially decreased wind speed resulted in a significant decrease in the evapotranspiration and a slight increase in the soil water content. The spatiotemporal analysis of drought identified the vulnerable areas and indicated that spring drought was exacerbating. Overall, this study can be informative and valuable for the drought assessment and disaster alleviation in the Loess Plateau area. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd"
"56604110300;7003446882;7006219454;6603676575;7005630206;6602892382;","Global versus local processes during the Pliensbachian–Toarcian transition at the Peniche GSSP, Portugal: A multi-proxy record",2019,"10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102932","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85071043809&doi=10.1016%2fj.earscirev.2019.102932&partnerID=40&md5=5713bac56925c54e008e98e5e7ffe188","The Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE, ~ 183 Ma) was an episode of extreme warmth, environmental changes and carbon cycle perturbation. We present a high-resolution study of the Peniche section (Lusitanian Basin, Portugal), recently defined as the Toarcian Global Stratotype Section and Point, to provide a review of the Pliensbachian–Toarcian (Pl–To) environmental and climatic changes. A large ~7‰-negative carbon-isotope excursion (CIE) is recorded within the T-OAE interval in bulk organic matter. Distinct small-scale δ13C negative shifts, modulating the T-OAE carbon isotope signal, are correlated across different European basins, which have implications on the estimation of the T-OAE duration. The increase in kaolinite content and chemical index of alteration from the Pl–To boundary up to the T-OAE interval is interpreted as reflecting a shift towards warmer and wetter climate conditions. The common occurrence of coarse-grained turbidites within the T-OAE interval is possibly linked with changes of the hydrological cycle and storm intensity. Low total organic carbon contents together with the absence of redox-sensitive trace element enrichments indicate oxygen-deficient conditions unfavourable for organic matter preservation. Mercury data show a clear increase at the base of the T-OAE CIE followed by a return to background values, providing further evidence that Karoo-Ferrar volcanism might have triggered the series of environmental disturbances during the early Toarcian. However, the highest mercury values are recorded in samples containing abundant pyritized wood fragments, highlighting the influence of local chemical processes on mercury enrichments, which should be considered before any interpretation of the Hg records. © 2019 Elsevier B.V."
"56652490600;56249280600;57190069259;57205882675;56498372200;55859701000;56988066900;","Partitioning climate and human contributions to changes in mean annual streamflow based on the Budyko complementary relationship in the Loess Plateau, China",2019,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.386","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85061550406&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2019.01.386&partnerID=40&md5=f37a5095cc107c9e8d94d18236658593","Reliable attribution of changes in streamflow is fundamental to our understanding of the hydrological cycle and is needed to enable decision makers to manage water resources in a sustainable way. Here, we used a new attribution method based on the Budyko framework (complementary method) to quantify the contributions of climate change and human activities to the changes in annual streamflow in 22 catchments on China's Loess Plateau during the past three decades. Our results showed that after the Grain-for-Green (GFG) project, the annual streamflow decreased by 36% on average (3–72%), with reductions being more intense in northern catchments. The sensitivity of streamflow to precipitation and potential evapotranspiration also decreased, with a mean rate of −0.7 mm yr −1 /mm yr −1 and −0.2 mm yr −1 /mm yr −1 , respectively. Using the upper and lower bounds of the human effects on streamflow from the complementary method as a reference, we found that these effects at half of the stations were under- or over-estimated by the total differential method. The contribution analysis from the complementary method showed that although human activities decreased streamflow by 26% (or 54% as a relative value) on average, the contribution of potential evapotranspiration alone to the decrease in streamflow was 9% (42%), highlighting the important role of increasing atmospheric moisture demand in the water cycle. In addition, the 5-year incremental analysis showed that the impacts of climate and human activities on streamflow had strong spatiotemporal variability. © 2019 Elsevier B.V."
"57195297887;6602296455;6603623135;","Downscaling Satellite Precipitation Estimates With Multiple Linear Regression, Artificial Neural Networks, and Spline Interpolation Techniques",2019,"10.1029/2018JD028795","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85060732314&doi=10.1029%2f2018JD028795&partnerID=40&md5=5b3ac850e6b6666cfecaf7f8a138c1f0","Satellite precipitation estimates (SPEs) have been widely used in various applications. However, when applied to small basins and regions, the spatial resolution of SPEs is too coarse. In this study, we present three downscaling algorithms based upon the relationships between SPEs and cloud optical and microphysical properties in northeast Austria. Different downscaling techniques, namely, multiple linear regression, artificial neural networks, and spline interpolation, were adopted for the downscaling of Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) precipitation data. In this respect, linear and nonlinear relationship among IMERG data and different cloud variables, such as cloud effective radius, cloud optical thickness, and cloud water path, was evaluated. Downscaled SPEs, as well as the original IMERG product, were subsequently validated using 54 rain gauges at a daily timescale. According to the results, all downscaled products were more accurate than the original IMERG data. Furthermore, all downscaling techniques captured the spatial patterns of precipitation reasonably well with more detailed information when compared with the original IMERG precipitation. However, the spline interpolation slightly outperformed the other techniques, followed by multiple linear regression and artificial neural network, respectively. Moreover, the proposed methods, which consistently showed increased correlation (e.g., from 0.30 to 0.56 for spline interpolation) and reduced mean absolute error and root-mean-square error (e.g., from 10.14 to 6.55 mm and 13.5 to 8.76 mm, respectively) for average of all events, can more accurately produce downscaled precipitation data. ©2019. The Authors."
"57219174679;35078778700;57201792243;36664412400;26632509500;8342351000;8342350800;8342350900;14619874200;","Simulating the hydrological response of a small tropical forest watershed (Mata Atlantica, Brazil) by the ANNAGNPS model",2018,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.339","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85046156451&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2018.04.339&partnerID=40&md5=19e7c3a1f6caa97584beba81d9a04097","Given the intrinsic hydrological cycle made of large input of water vapour and intense precipitation producing large volumes of water and sediment, modelling runoff and water losses in humid tropical watersheds is important for forest and water resources management. For instance, reliable simulations of the water cycle in such environments are a prerequisite for predictions of water quality, soil erosion and the climate change effects on water resources. The distributed parameter, physically based, continuous simulation, daily time step AnnAGNPS model, was implemented in almost completely forested (98% of its area, 0.56 km2) Cunha watershed (Brazil) to assess its capability to simulate hydrological processes under tropical conditions. The simulated surface runoff was compared to 4-year observations with statistical indices on several time scales. The model, running with default CN of forest, showed poor predictions of runoff. After increasing CN from 63 to 72 by calibration, the runoff prediction capability of AnnAGNPS was satisfactory on annual, seasonal and monthly scales, while daily runoff predictions were less accurate. Modelling water losses at event scale showed that the effect of forest vegetation on water retention during a single precipitation was more limited than for longer periods (months, seasons and years), since evapo-transpiration and interception account for small shares (&gt;20%) of total precipitation. This study demonstrated that the AnnAGNPS model has reliable runoff prediction capacity in tropical forest watersheds at the annual and seasonal scales (E &gt; 0.73), whereas daily runoff simulations are less accurate (E = 0.44). The use of this model may prove an important tool for water resource and territory management in tropical rainforests. © 2018"
"55871244200;25221918000;6507225439;36006243700;6603340246;","Reconstruction of precipitation variability in Estonia since the eighteenth century, inferred from oak and spruce tree rings",2018,"10.1007/s00382-017-3862-z","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85027973055&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-017-3862-z&partnerID=40&md5=d5161a51689e8fb61c9b3a54300d711d","There is plenty of evidence for intensification of the global hydrological cycle. In Europe, the northern areas are predicted to receive more precipitation in the future and observational evidence suggests a parallel trend over the past decades. As a consequence, it would be essential to place the recent trend in precipitation in the context of proxy-based estimates of reconstructed precipitation variability over the past centuries. Tree rings are frequently used as proxy data for palaeoclimate reconstructions. Here we use deciduous (Quercus robur) and coniferous (Picea abies) tree-ring width chronologies from western Estonia to deduce past early-summer (June) precipitation variability since 1771. Statistical model transforming our tree-ring data into estimates of precipitation sums explains 42% of the variance in instrumental variability. Comparisons with products of gridded reconstructions of soil moisture and summer precipitation illustrate robust correlations with soil moisture (Palmer Drought Severity Index), but lowered correlation with summer precipitation estimates prior to mid-nineteenth century, these instabilities possibly reflecting the general uncertainties inherent to early meteorological and proxy data. Reconstructed precipitation variability was negatively correlated to the teleconnection indices of the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Scandinavia pattern, on annual to decadal and longer scales. These relationships demonstrate the positive precipitation anomalies to result from increase in zonal inflow and cyclonic activity, the negative anomalies being linked with the high pressure conditions enhanced during the atmospheric blocking episodes. Recently, the instrumental data have demonstrated a remarkable increase in summer (June) precipitation in the study region. Our tree-ring based reconstruction reproduces this trend in the context of precipitation history since eighteenth century and quantifies the unprecedented abundance of June precipitation over the recent years. © 2017, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany."
"55647804800;23029267900;","Recent advance in earth observation big data for hydrology",2018,"10.1080/20964471.2018.1435072","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85057764755&doi=10.1080%2f20964471.2018.1435072&partnerID=40&md5=6846d2507148841723b72964d6dd3d61","In the past three decades, breakthroughs in satellites and remote sensing have highly demonstrated their potential to characterize and model the various components of the hydrological cycle. A wealth of satellite missions are launched and some of the missions are specifically designed for hydrological research. Given the massive big data for hydrology, it is time for hydrology to embrace the fourth paradigm, data intensive science. This paper aims to highlight available and emergent technologies and missions in the field of Earth observation that have contributed greatly to hydrological science, the current status of those technologies and their improvements in our understanding of hydrological components, and to identify the important and emerging issues in Earth observation data applications in hydrology. This review will provide the readers with detail of Earth observation progress applications in hydrology. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Taylor & Francis Group and Science Press on behalf of the International Society for Digital Earth, supported by the CASEarth Strategic Priority Research Programme."
"55345946200;55672545600;57191223500;57199509365;8538154900;7005191854;57188570624;","Behavior of predicted convective clouds and precipitation in the high-resolution Unified Model over the Indian summer monsoon region",2017,"10.1002/2016EA000242","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85038124033&doi=10.1002%2f2016EA000242&partnerID=40&md5=90211980972113286c62b99902308b92","National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting high-resolution regional convective-scale Unified Model with latest tropical science settings is used to evaluate vertical structure of cloud and precipitation over two prominent monsoon regions: Western Ghats (WG) and Monsoon Core Zone (MCZ). Model radar reflectivity generated using Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project Observation Simulator Package along with CloudSat profiling radar reflectivity is sampled for an active synoptic situation based on a new method using Budyko's index of turbulence (BT). Regime classification based on BT-precipitation relationship is more predominant during the active monsoon period when convective-scale model's resolution increases from 4 km to 1.5 km. Model predicted precipitation and vertical distribution of hydrometeors are found to be generally in agreement with Global Precipitation Measurement products and BT-based CloudSat observation, respectively. Frequency of occurrence of radar reflectivity from model implies that the low-level clouds below freezing level is underestimated compared to the observations over both regions. In addition, high-level clouds in the model predictions are much lesser over WG than MCZ. ©2017. The Authors."
"36717011200;55917068900;55714768200;55916801200;","Snowmelt runoff analysis under generated climate change scenarios for the Juntanghu River Basin, in Xinjiang, China",2016,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85030454547&partnerID=40&md5=2ac0674df36f33b22370ddbbcfe02e23","Assessing snowmelt runoff in catchments without conducting intensive observations for water resource management is very important. This paper presents the modeling results of meltwater runoff in the Juntanghu River basin, where the river flow is dominated by glacier and snow meltwater from above the mid-altitude of the north central Tian Shan Mountains in Northwest China. The soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model is used to assess the effects of potential climate change on the Juntanghu River basin. The model uses meteorological data, which include precipitation, temperature, wind, and solar radiation, to depict the impact of climate change on the river discharge in the Juntanghu watershed. The SWAT model is validated and verified against the observed discharge at the Hongshan reservoir at the outlet of the watershed from 1995 to 2010. The SWAT model can well differentiate between meltwater runoff from snow and that from glaciers in the basin. The R2 and Nash-Sutcliffe simulation efficiency values computed for the daily comparisons are 0.92 and 0.85 for the calibration period and 0.83 and 0.81 for the validation period, respectively. Experiments show that the hydrological cycle in the Juntanghu River basin may be altered under changing climatic scenarios. The mean annual stream flow changes in response to climate change projections are simulated using SWAT model. A rising mean temperature (T + 1 °C) in early spring results in a 2.14 times increase in the average daily stream flow (on February 27), whereas a higher rising temperature (T + 3 °C) results in an earlier snowmelt phenomenon. However, the snowmelt runoff from the preliminary to interim stages has less influence in relation to changes in the precipitation. The average daily flow changes of 1.07 times are predicted for precipitation change scenarios of 10%. The climate change scenarios show a large degree of uncertainty in terms of current climate change forecasts for the Juntanghu basin. The simulated Juntanghu hydrological cycle is also very sensitive to current forecasted climate changes under climate change conditions."
"55719072500;55703869700;57203768684;","The verification of millennial-scale monsoon water vapor transport channel in northwest China",2016,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.03.006","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84960863040&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2016.03.006&partnerID=40&md5=a22a3da465a364e34ffb868800b4e360","Long-term changes of the Asian summer monsoon water vapor transport play a pivotal role in the variability of monsoon precipitation. Paleo-climate simulations have shown that there is an important monsoon vapor transport channel in western China. Previous studies mostly focused on the correlation between monsoon precipitation and intensity. Little research has been done on the verification of the water vapor channel. Compared with speleothem and lacustrine systems, the hydrological cycle of land surface sediments is more directly related to the monsoon water vapor. In this study, we used carbonate δ18O and organic matter δ13C of the surface eolian sediments from the piedmont of the northern Qilian Mountains to verify the monsoon water vapor on the Holocene millennial-scale. Two surface sedimentary sections were selected to study paleo-monsoon water vapor transport. Proxy data, including carbonate δ18O and organic matter δ13C of surface eolian sediments, as well as total organic matter and carbonate content were obtained from the two eolian sections. We also synthesized transient simulations of the CCSM3 and the Kiel climate models. The PMIP 3.0 project and TRACE isotopic simulations were also compared with the reconstructed monsoon water vapor transport. Our findings indicate that the strength of the Holocene Asian summer monsoon is consistent with the water vapor transport in western China that has significant impacts to long-term monsoon precipitation in northern China. This study verifies a significant millennial-scale correlation between the monsoon strength and monsoon water vapor transport intensity along the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. © 2016 Elsevier B.V."
"55416203700;15623255900;7003446882;6602892382;7006219454;6701464520;6701525105;57203245082;","Eccentricity paced monsoon-like system along the northwestern Tethyan margin during the Valanginian (Early Cretaceous): New insights from detrital and nutrient fluxes into the Vocontian Basin (SE France)",2016,"10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.11.027","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84949883176&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2015.11.027&partnerID=40&md5=bdf0209840a3488e5d3e45f30f27873b","High-resolution changes in terrigenous and nutrient fluxes into the Vocontian Basin (northwestern Tethyan margin) were investigated for the Late Berriasian-Late Valanginian time interval, in order to assess the precipitation patterns in the source areas and to evaluate the effect of orbital forcing on the strength of the hydrological cycle. In this study, new high-resolution mineralogical (bulk-rock and clay fraction) and geochemical (phosphorus and oxygen isotope) data are used from the astronomically calibrated Orpierre section. For the first time, kaolinite, detrital, and phosphorus accumulation rates (KAR, DAR and PAR) are calculated and compared to a set of 547 geochemical, and 260 mineralogical published data from other Vocontian sections. It appears that three regional increases in the KAR document three successive humid episodes during the Valanginian. This is confirmed by contemporaneous increases in DAR and partly also in PAR, which highlight higher terrigenous and nutrient fluxes to the Vocontian Basin during these episodes. Concomitant decreases in the δ18Owhole-rock signals may reflect higher sea-surface temperatures during the early Valanginian and the early-late Valanginian transition. The occurrence of the three humid episodes is interpreted to relate to an orbital-paced monsoonal circulation pattern through seasonally reversing movements of air mass heat and precipitation over the northwestern Tethyan margin. In particular, based on the correlation between the 405kyr eccentricity cycles and the KAR signal obtained at Orpierre, an eccentricity influenced monsoonal circulation is proposed as the possible forcing factor behind these climatic patterns. The average duration between the climaxes of the three regional wetter episodes is approximately 2.43Myr. The wetter and likely also warmer episode at the early-late Valanginian transition is in step with the onset of the Weissert episode. In this regard, the intensification of monsoonal-driven precipitations appears as a possible external forcing factor leading or at least accelerating the important perturbation in the global Carbon cycle associated with the Weissert episode. © 2015 Elsevier B.V."
"56767933000;7102942024;7006504350;7101791295;","Evaluation of hydrologic influence on water quality variation in a coastal lagoon through numerical modeling",2015,"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.07.021","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84938795395&doi=10.1016%2fj.ecolmodel.2015.07.021&partnerID=40&md5=def481f9499d8f97e0b131222e5abedc","The present study was developed for the Patos Lagoon, a coastal lagoon located in southern Brazil. Due to operational limitations, most of water quality studies in Brazilian coastal lagoons are conducted through field sampling at specific stations, providing limited spatial and temporal resolution. Particularly in the Patos Lagoon, studies were conducted through sampling at specific stations at the northern area of the lagoon and/or focusing on its estuarine area. The lagoon has a major importance for the south of Brazil in both environmental and economic aspects, being subject to several human activities, which affect its water quality. Studies indicate that hydrological variations at different spatial scales could affect the Patos Lagoon dynamics, especially those variations resulting from El Niño and La Niña events, promoting wet and dry conditions, respectively. This work presents the spatial and temporal variability of chlorophyll-a and dissolved inorganic nutrients (ammonium, nitrate and phosphate) throughout the Patos Lagoon in two distinct situations: one typical of La Niña event (represented by the 2006 year), and the other, typical of El Niño event (represented by the 2011 year), in order to evaluated if the hydrological variability affects water quality variables throughout the system. Differences between the two situations are concentrated on the main physical forcing, the river flow discharge at the north of the system (Guaiba River) and wind magnitude, being both more intense in 2011 than in 2006. The study was conducted using the MOHID2D numerical model, since it overcomes the field and costs limitations. Results showed that the analyzed concentrations of the main variables were higher in wet condition (2011), with exception of phosphate. The spatial and temporal variations of all water quality variables, however, were similar in both conditions. Thus, different hydrological conditions could affect the magnitude of the concentration of the main water quality variables, but that does not affect significantly its spatial and temporal variability. In addition, it is evident that the numerical modeling application provides a systematic evaluation of a complex coastal system, as the Patos Lagoon, becoming an important tool for its environmental management. © 2015 Elsevier B.V."
"55759626500;55962367100;55949126400;35145340000;17340729200;","Sensitivity analysis and implications for surface processes from a hydrological modelling approach in the Gunt catchment, high Pamir Mountains",2015,"10.5194/esurf-3-333-2015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84941367663&doi=10.5194%2fesurf-3-333-2015&partnerID=40&md5=7707b4af085ee9199b2896a3906b7a69","A clear understanding of the hydrology is required to capture surface processes and potential inherent hazards in orogens. Complex climatic interactions control hydrological processes in high mountains that in their turn regulate the erosive forces shaping the relief. To unravel the hydrological cycle of a glaciated watershed (Gunt River) considered representative of the Pamir Mountains' hydrologic regime, we developed a remote-sensing-based approach. At the boundary between two distinct climatic zones dominated by the Westerlies and Indian summer monsoon, the Pamir Mountains are poorly instrumented and only a few in situ meteorological and hydrological data are available. We adapted a suitable conceptual distributed hydrological model (J2000g). Interpolations of the few available in situ data are inadequate due to strong, relief-induced, spatial heterogeneities. Instead of these we use raster data, preferably from remote sensing sources depending on availability and validation. We evaluate remote-sensing-based precipitation and temperature products. MODIS MOD11 surface temperatures show good agreement with in situ data, perform better than other products, and represent a good proxy for air temperatures. For precipitation we tested remote sensing products as well as the HAR10 climate model data and the interpolation-based APHRODITE data set. All products show substantial differences both in intensity and seasonal distribution with in situ data. Despite low resolutions, the data sets are able to sustain high model efficiencies (NSE ≥ 0.85). In contrast to neighbouring regions in the Himalayas or the Hindu Kush, discharge is dominantly the product of snow and glacier melt, and thus temperature is the essential controlling factor. Eighty percent of annual precipitation is provided as snow in winter and spring contrasting peak discharges during summer. Hence, precipitation and discharge are negatively correlated and display complex hysteresis effects that allow for the effect of interannual climatic variability on river flow to be inferred. We infer the existence of two subsurface reservoirs. The groundwater reservoir (providing 40 % of annual discharge) recharges in spring and summer and releases slowly during autumn and winter, when it provides the only source for river discharge. A not fully constrained shallow reservoir with very rapid retention times buffers meltwaters during spring and summer. The negative glacier mass balance (-0.6 m w.e. yr-1) indicates glacier retreat, which will ultimately affect the currently 30 % contribution of glacier melt to annual stream flow. The spatiotemporal dependence of water release from snow and ice during the annual cycle likewise implies spatiotemporally restricted surface processes, which are essentially confined to glaciated catchments in late summer, when glacier runoff is the only source of surface runoff. Only this precise constraint of the hydrologic cycle in this complex region allows for unravelling of the surface processes and natural hazards such as floods and landslides as well as water availability in the downstream areas. The proposed conceptual model has a tremendous importance for the understanding of the denudation processes in the region. In the Pamirs, large releases of running water that control erosion intensity are primarily controlled by temperature and the availability of snow and glaciers, thus making the region particularly sensitive to climatic variations. © 2015 Author(s)."
"24439045900;55008979700;6602892023;57115057400;7006855645;","Recent trends in seasonal and annual precipitation indices in Tuscany (Italy)",2014,"10.1007/s00704-013-1053-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84958052181&doi=10.1007%2fs00704-013-1053-3&partnerID=40&md5=d75573593f4bfaf2bb8d400fa5ab8e92","Global warming alters the hydrological cycle since a rise in temperature leads to an increase in the moisture-holding capacity of the atmosphere at a rate of about 7 %/°C. This fact can influence the global, but also local characteristics of precipitation, such as total amount and intensity. Therefore, it is important to study changes in rainfall regime in regions with complex orography, like Tuscany, where there are strong spatial gradients in precipitation amounts. The aim of this study is to look for temporal change in precipitation from 1955 to 2007 searching for spatial differences. Daily data of 21 meteorological stations were analyzed to identify trends in seasonal and annual precipitation indices. Cluster analysis applied to principal components was applied to identify homogeneous groups of stations. A decrease in precipitation was observed at annual time scale, during winter and spring, especially in northwestern areas. Wet days highlighted a decrease in all of Tuscany, due to the same seasons. In northern Tuscany, the decrease in rainfall amount was mainly determined by a lower frequency of rainy events which in turn caused a decrease in the occurrence of extreme daily precipitation events (75th, 90th, and 95th percentile). In central-southern Tuscany, no significant changes were observed except for an increase in precipitation fraction, due to extreme events and in mean daily total amount for wet days. These results are consistent with recent findings for the Mediterranean area and confirm the usefulness of cluster analysis for the analysis of the spatial distribution of precipitation. © 2013, Springer-Verlag Wien."
"55516458200;36955834300;7004570456;","Hydrological appraisal of operational weather radar rainfall estimates in the context of different modelling structures",2014,"10.5194/hess-18-257-2014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84893126274&doi=10.5194%2fhess-18-257-2014&partnerID=40&md5=1c25b2a60d3c22859946ca5e8a2338d0","Radar rainfall estimates have become increasingly available for hydrological modellers over recent years, especially for flood forecasting and warning over poorly gauged catchments. However, the impact of using radar rainfall as compared with conventional raingauge inputs, with respect to various hydrological model structures, remains unclear and yet to be addressed. In the study presented by this paper, we analysed the flow simulations of the upper Medway catchment of southeast England using the UK NIMROD radar rainfall estimates, using three hydrological models based upon three very different structures (e.g. a physically based distributed MIKE SHE model, a lumped conceptual model PDM and an event-based unit hydrograph model PRTF). We focused on the sensitivity of simulations in relation to the storm types and various rainfall intensities. The uncertainty in radar rainfall estimates, scale effects and extreme rainfall were examined in order to quantify the performance of the radar. We found that radar rainfall estimates were lower than raingauge measurements in high rainfall rates; the resolutions of radar rainfall data had insignificant impact at this catchment scale in the case of evenly distributed rainfall events but was obvious otherwise for high-intensity, localised rainfall events with great spatial heterogeneity. As to hydrological model performance, the distributed model had consistent reliable and good performance on peak simulation with all the rainfall types tested in this study. © 2014 Author(s)."
"56463248400;56637491400;8885347000;35195151300;23389751900;56447476300;57014496500;7004382796;","Spatial and temporal scale effect in simulating hydrologic processes in a watershed",2014,"10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000762","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907308213&doi=10.1061%2f%28ASCE%29HE.1943-5584.0000762&partnerID=40&md5=cae9b66f4ec982f975fffaded8604e94","Small-scale variations of hydrologic processes both in space and time have a significant impact on the simulation of hydrologic processes at different scales in the watershed. The objectives of this study were to investigate: (1) how the spatial and temporal grid scales affect the results of hydrologic process simulations; and (2) how the variability of input driving parameters (e.g., elevation and precipitation intensity) at different grid scales is related to the simulated discharge response. A hydrologic model system (HMS) was used to simulate hydrologic processes at different spatial and temporal grid scales in a small watershed. The spatial distributions of various hydrologic properties, such as soil and land-use/land-cover data, were included in the simulations along with a digital elevation model (DEM) and precipitation data. 5-min precipitation records collected from four gauge stations within the watershed were used to drive fifty model simulations, which were designed to examine the effects of grid size change and different parameterization schemes on hydrologic responses. Simulation results showed that small-scale variations in elevation and precipitation both in space and time have significant impacts on the streamflow hydrograph and the discharge volume. Results illustrated that the grid scale effect on the hydrologic response is highly correlated to the variability of elevation and precipitation at the corresponding scales; and therefore, the variations in elevation and precipitation are strong indications of the hydrologic response in the watershed. © 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers."
"8621378900;36945025900;7003667635;7004390586;","Strengthening of the hydrological cycle in future scenarios: Atmospheric energy and water balance perspective",2012,"10.5194/esd-3-199-2012","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84870608959&doi=10.5194%2fesd-3-199-2012&partnerID=40&md5=50be7b7ea21e4449776ffa9399752f48","Future climate scenarios experiencing global warming are expected to strengthen the hydrological cycle during the 21st century (21C). We analyze the strengthening of the global-scale increase in precipitation from the perspective of changes in whole atmospheric water and energy balances. By combining energy and water equations for the whole atmosphere, we obtain constraints for the changes in surface fluxes and partitioning at the surface between sensible and latent components. We investigate the differences in the strengthening of the hydrological cycle in two centennial simulations performed with an Earth system model forced with specified atmospheric concentration pathways. Alongside the Special Report on Emissions Scenario (SRES) AlB, which is a medium-high non-mitigation scenario, we consider a new aggressive-mitigation scenario (El) with reduced fossil fuel use for energy production aimed at stabilizing global warming below 2 K. Our results show that the mitigation scenario effectively constrains the global warming with a stabilization below 2 K with respect to the 1950-2000 historical period. On the other hand, the El precipitation does not follow the temperature field toward a stabilization path but continues to increase over the mitigation period. Quite unexpectedly, the mitigation scenario is shown to strengthen the hydrological cycle even more than SRES AlB till around 2070. We show that this is mostly a consequence of the larger increase in the negative radiative imbalance of atmosphere in El compared to AlB. This appears to be primarily related to decreased sulfate aerosol concentration in El, which considerably reduces atmospheric absorption of solar radiation compared to AlB. The last decades of the 21C show a marked increase in global precipitation in AlB compared to El, despite the fact that the two scenarios display almost the same overall increase of radiative imbalance with respect to the 20th century. Our results show that radiative cooling is weakly effective in AlB throughout the 21C. Two distinct mechanisms characterize the diverse strengthening of the hydrological cycle in the middle and end- 2IC. It is only through a very large perturbation of surface fluxes that AlB achieves a larger increase in global precipitation in the last decades of the 21C. Our energy/water budget analysis shows that this behavior is ultimately due to a bifurcation in the Bowen ratio change between the two scenarios. This work warns that mitigation policies that promote aerosol abatement, may lead to an unexpected stronger intensification of the hydrological cycle and associated changes that may last for decades after global warming is effectively mitigated. On the other hand, it is also suggested that predictable components of the radiative forcing by aerosols may have the potential to effectively contribute to the decadalscale predictability of changes in the hydrological strength. ©Author(s)2012."
"24376259800;35581026600;35099514000;7202268917;7004170368;","Climate change and development impacts on the sustainability of spring-fed water supply systems in the Alto Beni region of Bolivia",2012,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.08.023","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84867097075&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2012.08.023&partnerID=40&md5=2a2f16cdb43b6817098db63f2a8405d7","In the Alto Beni region of Bolivia, as in other locations of the developing world, gravity-fed water supply systems provide a significant portion of domestic water needs. However, sustainability of these sources depends on whether discharge can be sustained to accommodate future water needs. There is a perception that agricultural expansion in the region is resulting in reduced spring discharge. To investigate this claim, we incorporate low-cost field methods for hydrologic data collection and evaluate two satellite-derived precipitation data products (CMORPH and TRMM-3B42) for input to a hydrological model used to predict recharge rates in eleven watersheds under scenarios of climate change and agricultural expansion. The stressors on the local water supply examined in this study are changes in land use and climate, along with increases in population and consumption, and improvements in water and sanitation coverage. Although predicted changes in runoff range from -69% to +137%, depending on the climate and land use scenario, recharge is predicted to decrease under all scenarios (by 28% to nearly 100%) between the periods of 1970-1999 and 2070-2099. The predicted impacts from climate change are considerably larger than those from agricultural expansion, calling into question local perceptions that spring flow has declined because of changes in land use from agricultural growth. The ratio of water use to availability under most scenarios of climate change and water and sanitation service expansion suggests that use of groundwater is sustainable in the region when considering the entire recharge to the watersheds. However, the small recharge areas of the springs may result in insufficient recharge to support planned water and sanitation expansion unless new water supplies are developed. © 2012 Elsevier B.V."
"35213726000;57203049177;6603236154;57203479688;","A parametric sensitivity study of entropy production and kinetic energy dissipation using the FAMOUS AOGCM",2012,"10.1007/s00382-011-0996-2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84857440377&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-011-0996-2&partnerID=40&md5=6db734e0b925e21b4e0ea8445346b3d8","The possibility of applying either the maximum entropy production conjecture of Paltridge (Q J R Meteorol Soc 101:475-484, 1975) or the conjecture of Lorenz (Generation of available potential energy and the intensity of the general circulation. Pergamon, Tarrytown, 1960) of maximum generation of available potential energy (APE) in FAMOUS, a complex but low-resolution AOGCM, is explored by varying some model parameters to which the simulated climate is highly sensitive, particularly the convective entrainment rate, ε, and cloud droplet-to-rain-conversion rate, cT. The climate response is analysed in terms of its entropy production and the strength of the Lorenz energy cycle. If either conjecture is true, the parameter values which yield the most realistic climate will also maximise the relevant quantity. No maximum is found in the total material entropy production, which is dominated by the hydrological cycle and tends to increase monotonically with global-mean temperature, which is not constant because the parameter variations affect the net input of solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). In contrast, there is a non-monotonic, peaked behaviour in the generation of APE and entropy production associated with kinetic energy dissipation, with the standard FAMOUS values for ε and cT occurring nearly at the maximising ones. The maximum states are shown to be states of vigorous baroclinic activity. The peak in the generation of APE appears to be related to a trade-off between the mean vertical stability and horizontal stratification. Experiments are repeated for a simplified setup in which the net solar input at TOA is fixed. Again a peak in the generation of APE is found in association with the maximum baroclinic activity, but no trade-off of the kind shown by simple climate models is found between meridional heat transport and the meridional temperature gradient. We conclude that the maximum entropy production conjecture does not hold within the climate system when the effects of the hydrological cycle and radiative feedbacks are taken into account, but our experiments provide some evidence in support of the conjecture of maximum APE production (or equivalently maximum dissipation of kinetic energy). © 2011 Springer-Verlag."
"22935683600;36183144000;24766022200;6602369966;","Stochastic bias-correction of daily rainfall scenarios for hydrological applications",2011,"10.5194/nhess-11-2497-2011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80053286090&doi=10.5194%2fnhess-11-2497-2011&partnerID=40&md5=bdcbad3fde7288c0ba35db95b39aed10","The accuracy of rainfall predictions provided by climate models is crucial for the assessment of climate change impacts on hydrological processes. In fact, the presence of bias in downscaled precipitation may produce large bias in the assessment of soil moisture dynamics, river flows and groundwater recharge. In this study, a comparison between statistical properties of rainfall observations and model control simulations from a Regional Climate Model (RCM) was performed through a robust and meaningful representation of the precipitation process. The output of the adopted RCM was analysed and re-scaled exploiting the structure of a stochastic model of the point rainfall process. In particular, the stochastic model is able to adequately reproduce the rainfall intermittency at the synoptic scale, which is one of the crucial aspects for the Mediterranean environments. Possible alteration in the local rainfall regime was investigated by means of the historical daily time-series from a dense rain-gauge network, which were also used for the analysis of the RCM bias in terms of dry and wet periods and storm intensity. The result is a stochastic scheme for bias-correction at the RCM-cell scale, which produces a realistic representation of the daily rainfall intermittency and precipitation depths, though a residual bias in the storm intensity of longer storm events persists. © Author(s) 2011."
"7003603377;","Forest, climate and water issues in Europe",2011,"10.1002/eco.203","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79953049058&doi=10.1002%2feco.203&partnerID=40&md5=338ca4030617f8a8ad225d99905caa94","The particular European perspective on current forest and water issues is outlined in three focal areas: water supply, water quality, and water-related hazards. Much of the synopsis relies on contributions brought together within the European COST consortium 'Forest management and the water cycle', which is operating from 2007 to 2011. Under the currently projected climate change (CC) scenarios for Europe, the humidity gradient across the sub-continent from moist Northwest to dry Southeast will probably intensify, bringing about potentially more flooding problems at the 'wet end', and more drought and related problems (wildfires, salination) at the 'dry end'. Careful planning of management is essential wherever tradeoff situations between forest growth and water yield emerge. The water quality issue in Europe is not as pressing as it was a few decades ago. Much has been achieved on account of successful water- and air-pollution control. Particularly, the acidification pressure on forest soils and their water-related systems was much relieved, due to strongly declining acidic deposition over the past 30 years. Forests and their appropriate management for optimizing water retention can support flood control, but with clear limitations under very strong and catastrophic events. The contribution to flood control is more important under 'normal' conditions than under extremes. Important controls are infiltration capacity and the status of water saturation prior to the rain event, i.e. the still available storage capacity. The safeguarding of water quality is seen as the most important single aspect among forest-water relations. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."
"55917012600;7003740717;","Vibo Valentia flood and MSG rainfall evaluation",2009,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.10.027","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-67349185856&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2008.10.027&partnerID=40&md5=9d621d28f3000fb11986ecc6803e088e","In the Mediterranean area, flash-floods in small catchments are mainly due to deep convective rainfalls which show both large spatial and temporal variability. For this reason the reconstruction of the ground rainfall field is difficult and the use of rain gauges can prove poor to depict convective events from a hydrological point of view. The geostationary satellite MSG is a very important tool for monitoring the dynamic evolution of cloud structures above the European area. In the infrared window many algorithms have been proposed to relate the brightness temperature of the top of the convective cloud with rainfall. To explore more possible applications of Meteosat image analysis, in evaluating areal rainfall in small basins, a very deep convective event was analysed, which hit Vibo Valentia on 3 July 2006. Starting from this deep convective event, the paper explores new possible relations between some characteristics of infrared isotherm images and rainfall. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"7202715936;7005441425;26431458500;23011455500;","Synoptic variability of rainfall and cloudiness along the coasts of northern Peru and Ecuador during the 1997/98 El Niño event",2009,"10.1175/2008MWR2191.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-64149127257&doi=10.1175%2f2008MWR2191.1&partnerID=40&md5=c4506352daa60d3d030f803ca5ac7617","This paper describes the meteorological conditions associated with large fluctuations in rainfall over the coastal regions of northern Peru and Ecuador during the 1997/98 El Niño event. Using data from a network of routine rain gauges and special gauges established just prior to the onset of heavy rains, it is shown that large variations in the daily rainfall on quasi-weekly time scales occurred during the period January-April 1998. These rainfall fluctuations were approximately in phase along the coast from near the equator to ∼7°S. The daily rainfall data was averaged to develop a subset of wet and dry days, and then these dates were used as the basis for compositing. Special pilot balloon observations were composited with respect to the wet and dry days, showing that westerly and northerly wind anomalies are associated with wet spells. Composites of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR) reanalysis and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data support a modest association of anomalous westerly wind events with enhanced rainfall. The relationship observed between westerly zonal wind anomalies and rainfall west of the Andes during 1998 suggested using the NCEP reanalysis to develop composites based on westerly wind events observed during other years. Zonal wind anomalies at 700 hPa were used as the primary criterion for stratifying ""wet"" and ""dry"" days, despite reservations about the association between rainfall and zonal wind. Compositing Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) and OLR data for 220 west wind anomaly events from the months of January-April for the years 1990-2005 showed that they are associated with enhanced cloudiness that propagates eastward at ∼10 m s-1. The composites using NCEP reanalyses show the evolution of the wind field associated with the wet days and suggest a link between extratropical wave passages across North America and anomalous westerly wind events off the coast of Ecuador and northern Peru. © 2009 American Meteorological Society."
"24359199600;7102029309;6701874937;7004154626;16052866300;7801642681;57217333649;55748076700;","Mobile lidar profiling of tropical aerosols and clouds",2008,"10.1175/2007JTECHA995.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-65949123570&doi=10.1175%2f2007JTECHA995.1&partnerID=40&md5=ef03e57b05d425f257583ab32aea3337","Lidar profiling of atmospheric aerosols and clouds in the lower atmosphere has been in progress at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune (18°32aN, 73°52aE, 559 m MSL), India, for more than two decades. To enlarge the scope of these studies, an eye-safe new portable dual polarization micropulse lidar (DPMPL) has been developed and installed at this station. The system utilizes a diodepumped solid-state (DPSS) neodymium-yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser second harmonic, with either parallel polarization or alternate parallel and perpendicular polarization, as a transmitter and a Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope, with a high-speed detection and data acquisition and processing system, as a receiver. This online system in real-time mode provides backscatter intensity profiles up to about 75 km at every minute in both parallel and perpendicular polarization channels, corresponding to each state of polarization of the transmitted laser radiation. Thus, this versatile lidar system is expected to play a vital role not only in atmospheric aerosol and cloud physics research and environmental monitoring but also in weather and climate modeling studies of the impact of radiative forcing on the earth-atmosphere radiation balance and hydrological cycle. This paper provides a detailed description of Asia's only lidar facility and presents initial observations of space-time variations of boundary layer structure from experiments carried out during winter 2005/06. © 2008 American Meteorological Society."
"57201696235;23568163400;57201177267;","Shape parameter analysis using cloud spectra and gamma functions in the numerical modeling RAMS during LBA Project at Amazonian region, Brazil",2008,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2007.12.005","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-44649143254&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2007.12.005&partnerID=40&md5=534afbbfce87004568d5aedc3d237137","The microphysical variable shape parameters have been investigated considering a numerical simulation based on RAMS (Regional Atmospheric Modeling System), with focus on southwest Amazon Basin during the transition from dry to wet seasons within the scope of LBA (The Large Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia). All data were obtained during the dry-to-wet campaign from September to October 2003. Three precipitation events were chosen during the campaign, classified as polluted, intermediary and clean events. The dataset, for the description of the observed convective systems, includes airborne observations with a microphysics airplane. The variables were cloud droplet contents and spectra, in several flights; radiosonde launches; a 10 cm Doppler radar; visible and IR satellite maps and rain gauge network. The preliminary results have shown that over polluted areas, shape parameters with higher values, from 5 to 7 are better fitted to cloud spectra observations, than the usual shape parameter 2 used in RAMS microphysics default table. For its turn, shape parameter 2 is related to the cleaner areas, i.e., without biomass burning. On the other hand, the numerical simulations, reproducing as close as possible the microphysical variable spatial distributions in the observed dataset, have shown that the average total rainfall precipitation at the surface generally decreases as the CCN concentration and shape parameter increases. CCN vertical and temporal profiles support that result, emphasizing that the higher CCN concentrations are related to biomass burning, where higher shape parameters are better fitted. Additionally, it is possible to conclude that different shape parameters and CCN concentrations may influence directly the maximum and average amount of precipitation and cloud water, implying that different regions should have each the proper specification characteristics. Shape parameters and CCN concentrations are quite useful tools in order to evaluate the spatial and temporal cloud patterns as well as, the rainfall amount with regional implications. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"7006096860;","Weather modification - A scenario for the future",2004,"10.1175/BAMS-85-1-51","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1442337877&doi=10.1175%2fBAMS-85-1-51&partnerID=40&md5=cb987ec9ce2303ef4a4de95c30e31d6b","The ever-increasing severe economic damage imposed on national and world wide economies by severe weather, the need for sufficient and safe water resources for an increasing world population, and the threat of adverse climate change led to this critical assessment of the state-of-the-art of weather modification (WM) and to a proposal of a road map for the future. Special attention is given to rain enhancement because it is further developed than snowpack augmentation, hail suppression, tornado and hurricane modification, and other weather-related disaster control ideas. The question of what makes a rain enhancement experiment acceptable to the scientific community is answered by the World Meteorological Organization's (WMO) criteria, which address statistical evaluation, the measurement of rain, the understanding of nature's precipitation processes with the underlying physics and dynamics of clouds and cloud systems, and the transferability of experiment design. These criteria are no longer specific enough or satisfactory and will have to be reconsidered. An actual WM experiment also involves a variety of techniques and technologies, aspects that need to be complemented by numerical modeling of clouds and cloud responses to seeding. Modeling also allows assessment of the extra-area effects, that is, detrimental effects of precipitation on adjacent areas. Assimilation models maybe giving better estimates of the rain at the ground because they can integrate restricted information from radar and rain gauges with mesoscale meteorological and remote sensing, as well as hydrological, data. However, massive improvements in computer capacity are required to handle these problems. Weather modification has been progressing very slowly in the past because of the enormity of the problem and the fact that the precipitation process is far from being understood. Considering that rain increases are attempted within a range of 10%-20%, the lack of knowledge at corresponding accuracy is particularly evident in the fields of cloud physics, cloud and cloud systems dynamics, weather forecasting, numerical modeling, and measuring technology. Benefits of new intensive studies of precipitation processes will not be limited to WM; they are also vital to improving weather forecasting and climate change modeling. There is one additional aspect of WM; WM can also be used to test newly developed precipitation physics and models by studying if the clouds react to seeding in the predicted manner. This article is a wake-up call to put more intellectual and financial resources into the exploration and modification of the precipitation processes in all their forms. All these points lead to the suggestion of an outline of a national precipitation research and weather modification program."
"56250117600;6701394887;56999946500;6602327614;7006894989;","A physical-statistical approach to match passive microwave retrieval of rainfall to Mediterranean climatology",2002,"10.1109/TGRS.2002.803625","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036821970&doi=10.1109%2fTGRS.2002.803625&partnerID=40&md5=17cf5d1bde1b3472cc5dd8edc811b30b","A physical-statistical approach to simulate cloud structures and their upward radiation over the Mediterranean is described. It aims to construct a synthetic database of microwave passive observations matching the climatological conditions of this geographical region. The synthetic database is conceived to train a Bayesian maximum a posteriori probability inversion scheme to retrieve precipitating cloud parameters from spaceborne microwave radiometric data. The initial microphysical a priori information on vertical profiles of cloud parameters is derived from a mesoscale cloud-resolving model. In order to complement information from cloud models and to match simulations to the conditions of the area of interest, a new approach is proposed. Climatological constraints over the Mediterranean are derived on a monthly basis from available radiosounding profiles, rain-gauge network measurements, and colocated METEOSAT infrared measurements. In order to introduce the actual surface background in the radiative-transfer simulations, a further constraint is represented by the monthly average and variance maps of surface emissivity derived from Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) clear-air observations. A validation of the forward model is carried out by comparing a large set of brightness temperatures measured by the SSM/I with the synthetic cloud radiative database to asses its representativeness and range of variability. The marginal contribution of each constraint source, used in the matching process, is also evaluated. Finally, surface rain rates, retrieved from SSM/I data using the new synthetic database, are compared with colocated rain rates measured by a rain-gauge network along the Tiber River basin in Italy throughout 1995. This comparison is performed both for selected case studies and in a statistical way, discussing the major advantages and limitations of the proposed approach."
"7006096860;7006623679;7101647919;7003886299;6602537415;","The rain enhancement experiment in Puglia, Italy: Statistical evaluation",1999,"10.1175/1520-0450(1999)038<0281:TREEIP>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032698014&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0450%281999%29038%3c0281%3aTREEIP%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=24cec829f88811306403d09ce1da6c7b","A randomized rain enhancement experiment was carried out during 1988-94 in the area of Bari and Canosa, Italy, on the Adriatic coast. It was commissioned by the Italian Department of Agriculture and Forestry and the region of Puglia, with TECNAGRO, a nonprofit Italian company, as overall manager, and with EMS, an Israeli company, as field operator. The original purpose was to study rain-producing weather systems in southern Italy, establish similarities with Israel, and transfer Israeli technology. The experiment was a cross-over design with two alternating target areas, a buffer in between, and two additional control areas. Seeding was by injection of silver iodide into clouds by aircraft flying near the bases of clouds along predetermined tracks upwind of the target area. The experimental units were rainy days. Based on historical rain gauge data, it was estimated that 303 rainy days were required to establish a 15% rain increase at a significance level of 0.05 and 90% power. In 1995, TECNAGRO asked the Scientific Committee for a statistical evaluation to investigate if a seeding effect could be established before the original goal of 303 seeding days was reached. The results of the analysis of the 260 available rainy days were that no discernable seeding effect could be found. This was evident from the root double ratio (RDR) and root regression ratio (RRR), which yielded RDR - 1 = -0.083 ± 0.089 and RRR - 1 = -0.004 ± 0.057, respectively (the ± sign represents the standard error of the estimate). Based on that result, it was decided to terminate the Puglia seeding experiment. Preliminary exploratory studies suggest that the two target areas might have been affected differently by seeding and that an apparent substantial seeding effect occurred in the Bari area under conditions of moderate precipitable water between 700 and 850 mb. If these findings are confirmed by the recommended meteorological analyses and airflow studies, a new experiment with an appropriate design might be justified."
"6603471661;11438963500;7004933393;","Incoherent Scatter Radar Observations of Ionospheric Signatures of Cusp-Like Electron Precipitation",1992,"10.5636/jgg.44.1195","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85011139836&doi=10.5636%2fjgg.44.1195&partnerID=40&md5=7c6386f60b0d36b2d0ee3fb4dd174509","We present a case study of spatially and temporally coincident DMSP-F7 electron and ion precipitation measurements and Sondrestrom incoherent scatter radar observations of ionospheric plasma parameters. The particle flux data allow us to determine the boundaries between the magnetospheric regions central plasma sheet (CPS), plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL), cusp proper, and plasma mantle (PM), mapped down to the DMSP orbit (835km altitude). The PSBL, cusp, and the equatorward section of the PM are characterized by intense low energy (<400eV) electron precipitation. The radar measured enhanced plasma density and elevated electron temperature at 350km altitude at the same invariant latitude interval where DMSP-F7 detected the intense low-energy electron flux. The ion temperature was unaffected, as were plasma density and electron and ion temperatures at 200km altitude. The plasma convection pattern inferred from radar Doppler shift measurements suggests that the heated electron cloud observed in the F region was locally produced by the soft electron precipitation in and near the cusp proper rather than convected into the radar field of view. This study demonstrates that soft electron precipitation, which is typical for magnetosheath-like plasma entry observed in particular in the cusp, can under certain conditions be identified by its thermal ionospheric plasma signatures. © 1992, Society of Geomagnetism and Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences. All rights reserved."
"16477177600;6603651131;","Orographic rainfall over low hills and associated corrections to radar measurements",1992,"10.1016/0022-1694(92)90198-5","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027007592&doi=10.1016%2f0022-1694%2892%2990198-5&partnerID=40&md5=9fd6eeee724c29014e5e49204badf77a","The horizontal and vertical distribution of orographic rainfall over ridges of height approximately 150 m was resolved by a dense rain gauge network and rainfall radar. Orographic enhancements of up to about 2 mm h-1 were found in conditions typical of wintertime warm fronts and warm sectors in the UK. The enhancement magnitude (averaged over a few hours) was found to depend partly upon the surface wind and the average background rainfall rate. The growth of orographic precipitation was observed in cloud layers of varying depth; in one case, significant enhancement occurred within cloud with a total depth of no more than 1500 m. Doubt is cast upon the applicability of some existing models of the seeder-feeder mechanism to cases such as this. In this and other respects, our conclusions differ from earlier findings. The observations highlight the difficulty in estimation of surface rainfall rate by radar if the beam is several hundred metres or more above the surface. If no attempt is made to correct for precipitation growth beneath the beam, serious underestimation of rainfall is likely, even in lowland regions with hills of about 100 m height. © 1992."
"56158622800;57194692778;23970605900;57207039852;56073100500;","Progress in Semi-arid Climate Change Studies in China",2019,"10.1007/s00376-018-8200-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068680625&doi=10.1007%2fs00376-018-8200-9&partnerID=40&md5=b05e6ccaf08204445bf919beb5480e0a","This article reviews recent progress in semi-arid climate change research in China. Results indicate that the areas of semi-arid regions have increased rapidly during recent years in China, with an increase of 33% during 1994–2008 compared to 1948–62. Studies have found that the expansion rate of semi-arid areas over China is nearly 10 times higher than that of arid and sub-humid areas, and is mainly transformed from sub-humid/humid regions. Meanwhile, the greatest warming during the past 100 years has been observed over semi-arid regions in China, and mainly induced by radiatively forced processes. The intensity of the regional temperature response over semi-arid regions has been amplified by land-atmosphere interactions and human activities. The decadal climate variation in semi-arid regions is modulated by oceanic oscillations, which induce land-sea and north-south thermal contrasts and affect the intensities of westerlies, planetary waves and blocking frequencies. In addition, the drier climates in semi-arid regions across China are also associated with the weakened East Asian summer monsoon in recent years. Moreover, dust aerosols in semi-arid regions may have altered precipitation by affecting the local energy and hydrological cycles. Finally, semi-arid regions in China are projected to continuously expand in the 21st century, which will increase the risk of desertification in the near future. © 2019, Institute of Atmospheric Physics/Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Science Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature."
"25629070800;56376447200;57191445864;55293780600;7005257933;49261252100;8705999100;55102340600;57193718981;","Contrasting climates at both sides of the Andes in Argentina and Chile",2019,"10.3389/fenvs.2019.00069","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85066783626&doi=10.3389%2ffenvs.2019.00069&partnerID=40&md5=c14e1eafeadffa00d09153d6ebb8898d","The prominent Andes cordillera induces significant differences in climates between its eastern and western slopes. These climatic differences are largely reflected by contrasting vegetation and ice coverages but remain poorly documented. This study quantifies the abrupt changes of precipitation and cloud properties at both sides of the Andes south of 20°S by using surface daily precipitation and satellite (CloudSat and MODIS) data during the 2006-2016 period. Results show that the precipitation changes drastically and precipitating clouds can be of very different nature on each side of the Andes. In the tropical Andes (20-25°S), precipitation normally falls from a sole layer of thick stratiform and convective precipitating clouds during the warm semester, but the annual mean accumulation is about 10-100 times larger on the eastern than on the western slopes. A sole layer of low stratus clouds dominates over the Pacific coast, occasionally producing light rains, whereas high, thin, and non-precipitating clouds dominate most of the time over the continent. In the subtropical Andes (25-35°S), annual mean precipitation is similar on both sides, however, it falls from convective and stratiform precipitating clouds in the warm semester on the eastern slopes, and from stratiform precipitating clouds in the cold semester, mostly as frozen particles, on the western slopes. These different features on both slopes denote a climatic transition between the tropics and extratropics. In the extratropical Andes (south of 35°S), stratiform cloud types produces precipitation on both sides during all the year, but the annual mean precipitation and cloud frequency are enhanced on the western slopes and strongly reduced on the eastern slopes of the Andes. Cloud frequencies are higher than in the subtropics and evenly distributed as single- or multi-layers of low, middle and high clouds. Frozen particles become important in precipitating clouds over the mountains and on the lee side. These findings demonstrate the significant influence of the Andes cordillera on the climate all along southwestern South America, and constitute an excellent example of how the simple dependence of climate on latitude can be substantially altered by the topography. © 2019 Viale, Bianchi, Cara, Ruiz, Villalba, Pitte, Masiokas, Rivera and Zalazar."
"55416203700;25228527400;7006219454;7003446882;6602892382;26643627900;","Obliquity pacing of the hydrological cycle during the Oceanic Anoxic Event 2",2018,"10.1016/j.epsl.2018.07.029","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85051007116&doi=10.1016%2fj.epsl.2018.07.029&partnerID=40&md5=cb0a4d19194398149099b568a64e5b7c","The Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2, ca. ∼93.5 Ma) represents a major phase of environmental change during the Mesozoic, and is associated with a pronounced positive excursion in the carbon-isotope record. Short-term climate oscillations within the OAE2 are recorded as Milankovitch cycles, which have been used to establish a precise temporal framework for the OAE2. However, few studies discuss the sedimentary expression of Milankovitch cycles during the OAE2, and its paleoenvironmental implications. Here we present carbonate and organic-carbon isotope data from a biostratigraphically well-dated, organic-rich OAE2 interval in a sedimentary succession outcropping in the Briançonnais Domain at Roter Sattel (Fribourg Prealps, Switzerland). We sampled the OAE2 interval (4.28 m) for proxies of detrital sediment quantification (Al, Ti, magnetic susceptibility) at ultra-high resolution (1 cm). Time-series analysis of multiple detrital proxies permits the construction of an orbital timescale for the OAE2 based, for the first time, on the stable 173 kyr (s3–s6) obliquity modulation cycle. The resulting OAE2 orbital timescale at Roter Sattel is consistent with previous timescales obtained in the Western Interior Basin, and in southern Tibet (China). Our cyclostratigraphic results show an unusually strong obliquity signal during the initiation of OAE2. Previous studies have demonstrated that the onset of OAE2 was associated with magmatic pulses coupled with increases in atmospheric pCO2, followed by an overall, gradual drawdown of CO2. Accordingly, we suggest that detrital input during the OAE2 was the result of intensified continental weathering related to magmatic activity, the substantially release of greenhouse gases, and an accelerated hydrological cycle modulated by obliquity cycles. © 2018 Elsevier B.V."
"57189696799;34876674300;15822266400;","Implications of future climate change for event-based hydrologic models",2018,"10.1016/j.advwatres.2018.07.004","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85050194289&doi=10.1016%2fj.advwatres.2018.07.004&partnerID=40&md5=079a97acd8db9ac1ecfeaea4290be50d","Event-based hydrologic models are frequently used for flood design and assessment. These models generally require the specification of loss values that should relate to antecedent conditions in the catchment. The loss values are key calibration parameters, usually defined by matching model output with recorded or derived streamflow information. It is now widely recognized that climate change will impact the hydrologic cycle and affect catchment conditions. Therefore, loss values calibrated using historical observations may not be appropriate for simulating future flooding. We use the method of bottom-up climate change assessment to understand the potential for future performance changes in a calibrated event-based model due to changing antecedent conditions. This is achieved by comparing the results against those of a continuous hydrologic model that accounts for differences in antecedent catchment storages. We find that event-based model performance diverges substantially from the continuous model results under the climate change scenarios, which account for increased dryness and greater extreme rainfall intensities. The results indicate that there is greater uncertainty in event-based model results when simulating drier climatic states, attributed to greater variability in antecedent conditions. However, when simulating increased extreme rainfall intensity (giving rise to larger rainfall events and generally wetter antecedent conditions), the impact of changing antecedent conditions was less important than the models’ representations of catchment nonlinearity. This suggests that changing antecedent conditions are not always the key source of potential model performance degradation. Therefore, applying continuous simulation will not necessarily offer an advantage in characterizing future floods. This study highlights the uncertainty facing practicing engineers and hydrologists wanting to account for climate change in flood modelling and design. Large scale changes in engineering practice may be required to ensure that the robustness of flood modelling is maintained in a changing climate. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd"
"22236015300;6602515941;7202504983;7102643810;6602084783;7005071296;","Validation of GMI snowfall observations by using a combination of weather radar and surface measurements",2018,"10.1175/JAMC-D-17-0176.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85047305863&doi=10.1175%2fJAMC-D-17-0176.1&partnerID=40&md5=9b177df67e5eff2d3717c3dcdd1082f9","Currently, there are several spaceborne microwave instruments suitable for the detection and quantitative estimation of snowfall. To test and improve retrieval snowfall algorithms, ground validation datasets that combine detailed characterization of snowfall microphysics and spatial precipitation measurements are required. To this endpoint, measurements of snow microphysics are combined with large-scale weather radar observations to generate such a dataset. The quantitative snowfall estimates are computed by applying eventspecific relations between the equivalent reflectivity factor and snowfall rate to weather radar observations. The relations are derived using retrieved ice particle microphysical properties from observations that were carried out at the University of Helsinki research station in Hyytiälä, Finland, which is about 64 km east of the radar. For each event, the uncertainties of the estimate are also determined. The feasibility of using this type of data to validate spaceborne snowfall measurements and algorithms is demonstrated with the NASA GPM Microwave Imager (GMI) snowfall product. The detection skill and retrieved surface snowfall precipitation of the GPROF detection algorithm, versions V04A and V05A, are assessed over southern Finland. On the basis of the 26 studied overpasses, probability of detection (POD) is 0.90 for version V04A and 0.84 for version V05A, and corresponding false-alarm rates are 0.09 and 0.10, respectively. A clear dependence of detection skill on cloud echo top height is shown: PODincreased from0.8 to 0.99 (V04A) and from0.61 to 0.94 (V05A) as the cloud echo top altitude increased from 2 to 5 km. Both versions underestimate the snowfall rate by factors of 6 (V04A) and 3 (V05A). © 2018 American Meteorological Society."
"55902110300;6507283537;","Rainfall–runoff responses on Arctic hillslopes underlain by continuous permafrost, North Slope, Alaska, USA",2017,"10.1002/hyp.11294","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85030107439&doi=10.1002%2fhyp.11294&partnerID=40&md5=7e8f89d54027671b9d84f9216c9be70e","The Arctic hydrologic cycle is intensifying, as evidenced by increased rates of precipitation, evapotranspiration, and riverine discharge. However, the controls on water fluxes from terrestrial to aquatic systems in upland Arctic landscapes are poorly understood. Upland landscapes account for one third of the Arctic land surface and are often drained by zero-order geomorphic flowpath features called water tracks. Previous work in the region attributed rapid runoff response at larger stream orders to water tracks, but models suggest water tracks are hydrologically disconnected from the surrounding hillslope. To better understand the role of water tracks in upland landscapes, we investigated the surface and subsurface hydrologic responses of 6 water tracks and their hillslope watersheds to natural patterns of rainfall, soil thaw, and drainage. Between storms, both water track discharge and the water table in the hillslope watersheds exhibited diel fluctuations that, when lagged by 5 hr, were temporally correlated with peak evapotranspiration rate. Water track soils remained saturated for more of the summer season than soils in their surrounding hillslope watersheds. When rainfall occurred, the subsurface response was nearly instantaneous, but the water tracks took significantly longer than the hillslopes to respond to rainfall, and longer than the responses previously observed in nearby larger order Arctic streams. There was also evidence for antecedent soil water storage conditions controlling the magnitude of runoff response. Based on these observations, we used a broken stick model to test the hypothesis that runoff production in response to individual storms was primarily controlled by rainfall amount and antecedent water storage conditions near the water track outlet. We found that the relative importance of the two factors varied by site, and that water tracks with similar watershed geometries and at similar landscape positions had similar rainfall–runoff model relationships. Thus, the response of terrestrial water fluxes in the upland Arctic to climate change depends on the non-linear interactions between rainfall patterns and subsurface water storage capacity on hillslopes. Predicting these interactions across the landscape remains an important challenge. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."
"56321122100;25624545600;7102128820;35331137500;","Improved rain rate and drop size retrievals from airborne Doppler radar",2017,"10.5194/acp-17-11567-2017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85030479795&doi=10.5194%2facp-17-11567-2017&partnerID=40&md5=acceb14a2c92c48c350ce4f6d1a4c3ac","Satellite remote sensing of rain is important for quantifying the hydrological cycle, atmospheric energy budget, and cloud and precipitation processes; however, radar retrievals of rain rate are sensitive to assumptions about the raindrop size distribution. The upcoming EarthCARE satellite will feature a 94GHz Doppler radar alongside lidar and radiometer instruments, presenting opportunities for enhanced retrievals of the raindrop size distribution. We demonstrate the capability to retrieve rain rate as a function of drop size and drop number concentration from airborne 94GHz Doppler radar measurements using CAPTIVATE, the variational retrieval algorithm developed for EarthCARE. For a range of rain regimes observed during the Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling field campaign, we explore the contributions of mean Doppler velocity and path-integrated attenuation (PIA) measurements to the retrieval of rain rate, and the retrievals are evaluated against independent measurements from an independent 9.6GHz Doppler radar. The retrieved drop number concentrations vary over 5 orders of magnitude between very light rain from melting ice and warm rain from liquid clouds. In light rain conditions mean Doppler velocity facilitates estimates of rain rate without PIA, suggesting the possibility of EarthCARE rain rate estimates over land; in moderate warm rain, drop number concentration can be retrieved without mean Doppler velocity, with possible applications to CloudSat. © Author(s) 2017."
"56604235300;57192924209;26533940100;56194699000;","Changes in event number and duration of rain types over Mongolia from 1981 to 2014",2017,"10.1007/s12665-016-6380-0","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85009179753&doi=10.1007%2fs12665-016-6380-0&partnerID=40&md5=79594a55204a8b1aa3e463f90d4d3267","In addition to the total amount of precipitation, the number, type and duration of rain events play a critical role in hydrological cycle, land surface processes, vegetation and land cover dynamics in such semi-arid regions as Mongolia where water availability is the main determinant of ecosystem functioning and services. However, only a limited number of studies have so far focused on certain aspects of changes in rain types and durations for Mongolia as a whole, while a relatively large number of studies have examined trends observed in total annual precipitation for the country. In the present study, we evaluated changes in not only the amount, but also in the number and total duration of rain types using the data on start-to-end times of all rain events from 55 meteorological stations scattered throughout Mongolia between 1981 and 2014, a period for which this type of analysis was made possible for the first time. Our study confirms that there has been no significant change in the amount of mean summer precipitation for almost all parts of the country for the last 34 years, with only a few stations showing a significant decreasing trend. In terms of rain types, the number and duration of convective rains have increased, while those of stratiform rain events have decreased over Mongolia, a trend that is more pronounced around Khangai mountain area in central Mongolia and south-eastern desert steppe and eastern steppe, suggesting a possible transition from stratiform rains to convective rains. The findings of this research imply that increasing temperature and altered rain type ratios may affect each other as the decreasing number and duration of stratiform rain events allow for progressively longer sunshine period, possibly feeding back to the increased temperature. The release of this latent heat fuelling the upward movement of moisture and producing the convective rains could be one of the reasons of the significant rise in convective rain frequency for the study period. The observed changes in rain patterns have significant implications in ecosystem functioning and resource management. © 2017, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg."
"22953390300;9534827700;56123889200;6602644004;35546188200;7004135527;7006329266;6602715030;18133885100;7005030035;7004330067;","A seamless weather–climate multi-model intercomparison on the representation of a high impact weather event in the western Mediterranean: HyMeX IOP12",2016,"10.1002/qj.2700","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84958719229&doi=10.1002%2fqj.2700&partnerID=40&md5=7751e06875669b9885e5c5968a5d228e","High Impact Weather (HIW), particularly Heavy Precipitation Events (HPE), are common phenomena affecting the western Mediterranean (WMED) especially in the autumn period. Understanding and evaluating the capability to adequately represent such events in model simulations is one of the main goals of the Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX) and the main motivation of this investigation. In order to gain a better knowledge of the model representation of HPE and related processes we perform a seamless multi-model intercomparison at the event scale. Limited-area model runs (grid spacing from 2 to 20 km) at weather and climate time-scales are considered, four with parametrized and five with explicit convection. The performance of the nine models is compared by analysing precipitation, as well as convection-relevant parameters. An Intensive Observation Period (IOP12) from the HyMeX-SOP1 (Special Observation Period) is used to illustrate the results. During IOP12, HPE affected the northwestern Mediterranean region, from Spain to Italy, as a consequence of Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs) which initiated and intensified in the area of investigation. Results show that: (i) the timing of the maximum precipitation seems to be linked to the representation of large-scale conditions rather than differences among models; (ii) Convection Permitting Models (CPMs) exhibit differences among each other, but better represent the short-intense convective events. All four convection-parametrized models produce a large number of weak and long-lasting events. Regional Climate Models (RCMs) capture the occurrence of the event but produce notably lower precipitation amounts and hourly intensities than CPMs and Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models with parametrized convection; (iii) these differences do not seem to come from mean moisture or Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) which are in the same range for all models, but rather from differences in the variability and vertical distribution of moisture and the triggering of deep convection. © 2015 Royal Meteorological Society"
"37121418800;56611764700;35171427200;7404942217;56715127900;56215182700;56611476800;56610852600;","Relationship between sub-cloud secondary evaporation and stable isotope in precipitation in different regions of China",2016,"10.1007/s12665-016-5590-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84984804389&doi=10.1007%2fs12665-016-5590-9&partnerID=40&md5=5e7767e4e73bf427b009fd4c54e1a605","Falling to the ground from the bottom of clouds, rain experiences evaporation process, which has a very important role for accurate analysis of isotope water cycle information and the improvement of isotope hydrology system. As an integral part of the water cycle research, this evaporation process gradually arise people’s attention. Based on the precipitation isotope data obtained from GNIP site or some observation and literature, the existence and influence factors of secondary evaporation effects are studied in different regions of China. The study areas are divided into four regions (northwest arid region, southeast monsoon region, southwest monsoon region, and the Tibetan Plateau region), and the results show that the four regions exist the secondary evaporation effect. The seasonal change is obvious in the northwest arid areas and the north of the southeast monsoon region, and it is strong in summer and weak in winter. In the northwest arid areas and the monsoon region in dry season, it has a strong secondary evaporation effect when rainfall is less, and there is no significant correlation between monsoon rainfall and the secondary evaporation effect during the rainy season. The relationship between temperature and secondary evaporation is not obvious in the north of the southeast monsoon region during rainy season, while the sub-cloud secondary evaporation is more intense in high temperatures in other areas. In addition to the northwest arid region and north of the southeast monsoon region in the dry season, the relationship between the secondary evaporation effect and the relative humidity is significant. In high relative humidity, the secondary evaporation effect gradually weakens with the increase in the relative humidity. © 2016, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg."
"57217558825;6603718837;16202352000;6701843355;7003467276;","Resolution dependence of circulation forced future central European summer drying",2015,"10.1088/1748-9326/10/5/055002","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84930225129&doi=10.1088%2f1748-9326%2f10%2f5%2f055002&partnerID=40&md5=17d781df4c027ac6d707f1b7670a0067","Climate model based projections suggest a drying of the central European summer climate toward the end of the century. In this study we investigate the influence of the spatial resolution of an atmosphere-only climate model (EC-Earth at two resolutions, ∼25 and ∼112 km horizontal) on the simulated summer drying in this area. High resolution models have a more realistic representation of circulation in the current climate and could provide more confidence on future projections of circulation forced drying. We find that the high resolution model is characterized by a stronger drying in spring and summer, mainly forced by circulation changes. The initial spring drying intensifies the summer drying by a positive soil moisture feedback. The results are confirmed by finding analogs of the difference between the high and medium-resolution model circulation in the natural variability in another ensemble of climate model simulations. In the current climate, these show the same precipitation difference pattern resulting from the summer circulation difference. In the future climate the spring circulation also plays a key role. We conclude that the reduction of circulation biases due to increased resolution gives higher confidence in the strong drying trend projected for central Europe by the high-resolution version of the model. © 2015 IOP Publishing Ltd."
"55757782428;56991693700;","Runoff and sediment yield variations in response to precipitation changes: A case study of Xichuan Watershed in the Loess Plateau, China",2015,"10.3390/w7105638","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84949232832&doi=10.3390%2fw7105638&partnerID=40&md5=9977dd95485a6f2cba493af9a75faffe","The impacts of climate change on hydrological cycles and water resource distribution is particularly concerned with environmentally vulnerable areas, such as the Loess Plateau, where precipitation scarcity leads to or intensifies serious water related problems including water resource shortages, land degradation, and serious soil erosion. Based on a geographical information system (GIS), and using gauged hydrological data from 2001 to 2010, digital land-use and soil maps from 2005, a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was applied to the Xichuan Watershed, a typical hilly-gullied area in the Loess Plateau, China. The relative error, coefficient of determination, and Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient were used to analyze the accuracy of runoffs and sediment yields simulated by the model. Runoff and sediment yield variations were analyzed under different precipitation scenarios. The increases in runoff and sediment with increased precipitation were greater than their decreases with reduced precipitation, and runoff was more sensitive to the variations of precipitation than was sediment yield. The coefficients of variation (CVs) of the runoff and sediment yield increased with increasing precipitation, and the CV of the sediment yield was more sensitive to small rainfall. The annual runoff and sediment yield fluctuated greatly, and their variation ranges and CVs were large when precipitation increased by 20%. The results provide local decision makers with scientific references for water resource utilization and soil and water conservation. © 2015 by the authors."
"7102177029;","Modelling stream sediment concentration: An assessment of enhanced rainfall and storm frequency",2012,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.01.022","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84858294333&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2012.01.022&partnerID=40&md5=42fef1d36fd676a70e20230d65cb451c","Rainfall patterns have a well recognised effect on erosion, sediment transport and water quality. In recent years, there has been a focus on understanding the impact of changing climate on rainfall and storm patterns both globally and in Australia with research directed to examine how the global hydrological cycle will respond to climate change. This study investigates the effect of different rainfall patterns on erosion and resultant water quality in a small study catchment in the Northern Territory, Australia. Rainfall projections for the study area indicate an increase in storm activity but there has been little assessment of this variability and its impact on resultant water quality. Numerical modelling studies are an essential means of assessing hydrological and geomorphological impacts of changing rainfall patterns resulting from climate variability. Here, a numerical model that simulates erosion, deposition and water quality (CAESAR) is used to assess several different rainfall scenarios over a 1000. year modelled period. The model results reveal that increased rainfall amount and intensity increases sediment transport rates but predicted annual sediment concentration (total load) was variable and non-linear but within predicted ranges for the catchment and region. In terms of impact of increased rainfall and storms on sediment output, the more frequent returns of high intensity rainfall increases sediment output but average concentration may reduce as a result of the increased discharge. Subtle thresholds may operate as a result of both external and internal forcings where differences in rainfall events and resultant sediment delivery produce rapid change in erosion rates and patterns producing autogenic adjustments within the catchment. The study provides a sensitivity analysis of both model parameterisation and differing rainfall scenarios on long-term water quality as well as a method for assessing the impact of rainfall variability on catchment scale hydrology. © 2012."
"7403119519;37019252000;6506592395;39262607000;","Extended warming of the northern high latitudes due to an overshoot of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation",2011,"10.1029/2011GL049998","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84055182915&doi=10.1029%2f2011GL049998&partnerID=40&md5=5edd3f9a68291bb3ab6db4b9ccd9fb43","The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is an important component of the climate system because of the associated heat and freshwater transports. Global warming is projected to weaken the AMOC by up to 50% towards the end of the 21st century. Here we show a delayed aspect of climate change, linked to AMOC changes, in an idealised scenario of greenhouse-gas-increase and subsequent mitigation as projected by two comprehensive coupled climate models. Under an imposed increase in CO<inf>2</inf>, there is a reduction in meridional exchange of ocean waters due to the associated weakening AMOC, and an intensification of the hydrological cycle, which result in a tendency to increase salinity in the subtropics and to freshen the northern latitudes. The AMOC and meridional ocean transports recover during the subsequent mitigation phase. As the reservoir of very warm and saline water previously built up in the subtropics is transported northwards, a consequent massive increase of salinity in the Arctic/subpolar North Atlantic results in large density increases in the deep water formation regions. This drives an overshoot in the strength of the AMOC by 30-100% relative to its pre-industrial strength. This AMOC overshoot gives an extended period of anomalously strong northward heat transport, maintaining warmer northern high latitudes for decades after the atmospheric CO<inf>2</inf> concentration returns to preindustrial values. This work demonstrates the important role of coupling between the hydrological cycle and large scale ocean dynamics in future climate change, and that some aspects of currently committed climate change have yet to be revealed. Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union."
"55723019900;35305163600;12804997800;57216306494;","Wetland monitoring, characterization and modelling under changing climate in the Canadian Subarctic",2011,"10.3808/jei.201100199","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84455174813&doi=10.3808%2fjei.201100199&partnerID=40&md5=6ed5cca2f12aff7f77a1f3777da7712e","Subarctic wetlands that exist as bogs, fens, swamps, marshes and shallow water, comprise 3% of the Canadian landscape. They have been recognized as important ecotones between the arctic tundra and boreal forest. Recently, there has been growing research interest in the hydrological characteristics of arctic and subarctic wetland systems in the need for more efficiently conserving wetlands and assessing climate change related impacts. This research targets the Deer River watershed near Churchill, Manitoba, which represents a typical subarctic wetland system in the Hudson Bay Lowlands. An extensive field investigation was first conducted during the summer from 2006 to 2008 to facilitate in-depth understanding of the wetland hydrology. The results provided evidence to indicate a strong relationship between air temperature and evapotranspiration. Permafrost table, soil moisture and streamflow were monitored and analyzed to advance the acknowledgement of the climatic, geographical and hydrological characteristics of subarctic wetlands. To quantify the water cycle and further validate the findings from field investigation, a Canadian distributed hydrological model, WATFLOOD, was employed to simulate the hydrologic processes in the targeted watershed. The results demonstrated that snowmelt in the spring season (April-June) was the major source of water supplement of subarctic wetlands. Most light and moderate rainfall events in summer (July-September) generated relatively small amounts of runoff which can be related to canopy interception, depression storage, porous soil layers, impermeable permafrost and intensive evapotranspiration. A lag of 2-8 days between the peaks of rainfall and stream runoff was observed in both summer and fall. This study is expected to benefit wetland conservation and the assessment of climate change related impacts in the Canadian northern regions. © 2011 ISEIS All rights reserved."
"24340241400;7004307308;15726335100;","Evaluation of rainfall retrievals from SEVIRI reflectances over West Africa using TRMM-PR and CMORPH",2011,"10.5194/hess-15-437-2011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79551695707&doi=10.5194%2fhess-15-437-2011&partnerID=40&md5=eda1b47c794639054dbaa34e6758e24b","This paper describes the evaluation of the KNMI Cloud Physical Properties - Precipitation Properties (CPP-PP) algorithm over West Africa. The algorithm combines condensed water path (CWP), cloud phase (CPH), cloud particle effective radius (re), and cloud-top temperature (CTT) retrievals from visible, near-infrared and thermal infrared observations of the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) onboard the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellites to estimate rain occurrence frequency and rain rate. For the 2005 and 2006 monsoon seasons, it is investigated whether the CPP-PP algorithm is capable of retrieving rain occurrence frequency and rain rate over West Africa with sufficient accuracy, using Tropical Monsoon Measurement Mission Precipitation Radar (TRMM-PR) as reference. As a second goal, it is assessed whether SEVIRI is capable of monitoring the seasonal and daytime evolution of rainfall during the West African monsoon (WAM), using Climate Prediction Center Morphing Technique (CMORPH) rainfall observations. The SEVIRI-detected rainfall area agrees well with TRMM-PR, with the areal extent of rainfall by SEVIRI being ∼10% larger than from TRMM-PR. The mean retrieved rain rate from CPP-PP is about 8% higher than from TRMM-PR. Examination of the TRMM-PR and CPP-PP cumulative frequency distributions revealed that differences between CPP-PP and TRMM-PR are generally within +/-10%. Relative to the AMMA rain gauge observations, CPP-PP shows very good agreement up to 5 mm h-1. However, at higher rain rates (5-16 mm h-1) CPP-PP overestimates compared to the rain gauges. With respect to the second goal of this paper, it was shown that both the accumulated precipitation and the seasonal progression of rainfall throughout the WAM is in good agreement with CMORPH, although CPP-PP retrieves higher amounts in the coastal region of West Africa. Using latitudinal Hovmüller diagrams, a fair correspondence between CPP-PP and CMORPH was found, which is reflected by high correlation coefficients (∼0.7) for both rain rate and rain occurrence frequency. The daytime cycle of rainfall from CPP-PP shows distinctly different patterns for three different regions in West Africa throughout the WAM, with a decrease in dynamical range of rainfall near the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The dynamical range as retrieved from CPP-PP is larger than that from CMORPH. It is suggested that this results from both the better spatio-temporal resolution of SEVIRI, as well as from thermal infrared radiances being partly used by CMORPH, which likely smoothes the daytime precipitation signal, especially in case of cold anvils from convective systems. The promising results show that the CPP-PP algorithm, taking advantage of the high spatio-temporal resolution of SEVIRI, is of added value for monitoring daytime precipitation patterns in tropical areas. © Author(s) 2011."
"57200223360;14424313000;6602143379;56134907400;","The use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) for the forecast of precipitation levels of lake doirani (N. Greece)",2010,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77958140823&partnerID=40&md5=c97a18759d4063a9248f31b9ab3a120c","Precipitation is a main part of the hydrologie cycle and constitutes the major source of the freshwater on the earth. Some of the most common and frequent natural hazards, such as droughts and floods, are related to the precipitation level. The knowledge of the precipitation's magnitude and the prediction of future values in an area are essential in order to plan and construct the appropriate hydraulic works. In this paper we make an effort to forecast the level of precipitation at the transboundary natural Lake Doirani which is situated at the borders of Greece and FYROM. In order to estimate future precipitation levels, we train an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) which will be able to predict future values, based on a time series of past precipitation, temperatures and lake levels. The forecast of the precipitation level can be used in order to prepare an effective management plan concerning the water resources of the lake. © by PSP."
"35609833400;7005921461;","Analysis of convective precipitation in the western Mediterranean Sea through the use of cloud-to-ground lightning",2003,"10.1016/S0169-8095(02)00160-6","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0037389845&doi=10.1016%2fS0169-8095%2802%2900160-6&partnerID=40&md5=a386537d5197b7c687faaa87c408324c","The monthly convective precipitation (CP) and convective precipitation rate (CPR) over the western Mediterranean Sea are estimated using cloud-to-ground lightning flashes for the June to October period using data of 3 years (1992-1994). Rain yield was computed using the precipitation data from seven observing stations (all equipped with rain gauges) located on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula and in the Balearic Islands. The values obtained were 0.93 × 108 kg/fl for the negative flashes and 20.63 × 108 kg/fl for the positive flashes. Convective precipitation over sea was estimated from the rain yield using the cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning activity detected by a lightning detection network. Because no measured data on precipitation over sea are available, the estimated convective precipitation was compared with the monthly diagnostic surface convective precipitation data from the NOAA NCEP/NCAR climate data assimilation system. Analysis of the results revealed that convective precipitation over the western Mediterranean Sea is maximum in the months September and October and near the northeastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula (maximum in the order of 240 mm/month). The convective precipitation rate exhibits less time variability than convective precipitation, although its spatial distribution is similar. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved."
"6603433614;","Meteorological and earth observation remote sensing data for mass movement preparedness",2002,"10.1016/S0273-1177(01)00621-4","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036162562&doi=10.1016%2fS0273-1177%2801%2900621-4&partnerID=40&md5=453871d8b77f39897dca029b607e0c87","One of the major problems of the efficient synergetic use of remote sensing data for natural disaster mitigation is the fusion of various meteo- and geodata sets of significantly different spatial resolution. On the other hand, different morphological types of mass movements are based on alternate concepts i.e. of generation which, again has to be initially reflected in differing methodological approaches. The unifying idea and stronghold, however, of the presented approach is the precipitation parameters which trigger the debris flows. Albeit, frequently there are no relevant precipitation climatic data available. Despite significant drawbacks in the integration of Landsat and/or SPOT data sound hazard zonation maps can be generated. For a test area in the French Alps it has been shown that remote sensing data can be used to predict potential debris flow events. High temporal frequency remote sensing data from the Meteosat series of satellites allow the identification of cloud clusters most likely to result in intense rainfall which are, in turn, likely to initiate debris flow activity. Video evidence, field observations and an empirical debris flow model linked to an instantaneous rain gauge were used to ascertain the exact times of debris flow initiation. Due to the high spatial and temporal variability of rainfall in mountainous regions and the large areas vulnerable to debris flows compared to the coverages of these observations, there are, however, restrictions on the use of these data for large regions to provide early warning of debris flow events operationally. Additionally, the possible timeliness of warnings using such observations is restricted to the relatively short interval between the onset of the triggering phenomena and the hazard event. The remote sensing techniques developed in this study, allow warning of potential debris flow events to be derived before the triggering phenomenon occurs, by attempting to recognise the evolution if intense rain-bearing clouds. In this role the meteorological remote sensing data are not used to retrieve rainfall amounts but, instead, to derive rain cloud properties that produce debris flow triggering conditions. © 2002 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved."
"57208351983;55701421800;","Landscape patterns regulate non-point source nutrient pollution in an agricultural watershed",2019,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85064578642&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2019.03.014&partnerID=40&md5=ae13e52cf3e09140df59cc1ef38cd1b4","Landscape pattern critically affects hydrological cycling and the processes of non-point source nutrients pollution. However, little is known about the quantitative relationship between landscape characteristics and the river water quality, and very few studies have addressed the abrupt changes in river water quality with the gradient of landscape metrics. The present study was conducted in a typically intensive agriculture watershed of eastern China including 13 sub-watersheds with different landscape pattern metrics. We adopted redundancy analysis, nonparametric deviance reduction approach, bootstrap sampling and other statistical methods to reveal the quantitative relationship between landscape pattern metrics and water quality variables; then, the phenomenon of an abrupt change in river water quality was explored with different landscape pattern gradients. The results show that landscape pattern significantly affects river water quality, and this effect was quite different in dry and rainy seasons. In the studied watershed, landscape pattern metrics could respectively explain 71.1% and 55.3% of the total variance in the river water quality in dry and rainy seasons. The configuration metrics of landscape pattern had a stronger ability than their composition metrics to explain the variance in water quality. In the dry season, largest patch index of forestland (LPIfor), the most important landscape index, explained 37.9% of the total variance in water quality. While, in the rainy season, the most important landscape index was the largest patch index of farmland (LPIfar), and it could explain 32.4% of that variance. In the studied watershed, when the LPIfor was &lt;35% or LPIfar was over than 50%, water quality would typically change abruptly, at which the probability of a change in river water would suddenly rise substantially. © 2019 Elsevier B.V."
"57193380749;55868743000;56158622800;57204704440;55729815300;57192423530;54911821400;57205561278;57203288004;57001698800;","Influence of dynamic and thermal forcing on the meridional transport of Taklimakan Desert dust in spring and summer",2019,"10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0361.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85060522508&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-18-0361.1&partnerID=40&md5=f838f020d801d19ebe62e4cf0811585f","The Weather Research and Forecasting Model coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) associated with in situ measurements and satellite retrievals was used to investigate the meridional transport of Taklimakan Desert (TD) dust, especially in summer. Both satellite observations and simulations reveal that TD dust particles accumulate over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and the Tianshan Mountains in summer, resulting in higher dust concentration up to 85 μg m -3 here. The proportions of meridional transport of TD dust in summer increase up to 30% of the total output dust over the TD. Further, the impacts of thermal and dynamic forcing on the meridional transport of TD dust to the TP and Tianshan Mountains are investigated based on composite analysis and numerical modeling. It is found that the weakness of the westerly jet over East Asia significantly decreases the eastward transport of TD dust. More TD dust particles lifted to higher altitude reach up to 8 km induced by the enhanced sensible heating in summer. Under the influence of the northerly airflow over the TD regions, the TD dust particles are strengthened southward and transported to the northern slope of the TP through topographic forcing. Moreover, the cyclonic circulation raises dust particles to higher altitude over the TP. It can further intensify the TP heat source by direct radiative forcing of dust aerosols, which may have a positive feedback to the southward transport of TD dust. This research provides confidence for the investigation of the role of TP dust with regard to the radiation balance and hydrological cycle over East Asia. © 2019 American Meteorological Society."
"7005729142;6506385754;7202962414;55386235300;6603768446;22986726400;6602550636;57196115458;","Toward improving ice water content and snow-rate retrievals from Radars. Part II: Results from three wavelength radar-collocated in-situ measurements and CloudSat-GPM-TRMM radar data",2018,"10.1175/JAMC-D-17-0164.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042448518&doi=10.1175%2fJAMC-D-17-0164.1&partnerID=40&md5=1dc9dac1a75165447d8bfa6b8fc00ebd","Two methods for deriving relationships between the equivalent radar reflectivity factor (Ze) and the snowfall rate (S) at three radar wavelengths are described. The first method uses collocations of in situ aircraft (microphysical observations) and overflying aircraft (radar observations) from two field programs to develop Ze-S relationships. In the second method, measurements of Ze at the top of the melting layer (ML), from radars on the Tropical Rain Measuring Mission (TRMM), Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM), and CloudSat satellites, are related to the retrieved rainfall rate R at the base of the ML, assuming that the mass flux through the ML is constant. Retrievals of R are likely to be more reliable than S because far fewer assumptions are involved in the retrieval and because supporting ground-based validation data are available. The Ze-S relationships developed here for the collocations and the mass-flux technique are compared to those derived from level 2 retrievals from the standard satellite products and to a number of relationships developed and reported by others. It is shown that there are substantial differences among them. The relationships developed here promise improvements in snowfall-rate retrievals from satellite-based radar measurements. © 2018 American Meteorological Society."
"22936284300;6602356570;7006823868;","Long-term variability of air temperature and precipitation conditions in the Polish Carpathians",2018,"10.1007/s11629-017-4374-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042108044&doi=10.1007%2fs11629-017-4374-3&partnerID=40&md5=5e4a72c309dde5013b526f259409a418","Mountain regions are sensitive to climate changes, which make them good indicators of climate change. The aim of this study is to investigate the spatial and temporal variability of air temperature and precipitation in the Polish Carpathians. This study consists of climatological analyses for the historical period 1851-2010 and future projections for 2021-2100. The results confirm that there has been significant warming of the area and that this warming has been particularly pronounced over the last few decades and will continue in the oncoming years. Climate change is most evident in the foothills; however, these are the highest summits which have experienced the most intensive increases in temperature during the recent period. Precipitation does not demonstrate any substantial trend and has high year-to-year variability. The distribution of the annual temperature contour lines modelled for selected periods provides evidence of the upward shift of vertical climate zones in the Polish Carpathians, which reach approximately 350 meters, on average, what indicates further ecological consequences as ecosystems expand or become extinct and when there are changes in the hydrological cycle. © 2018, Science Press, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, CAS and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature."
"57190880220;7006621313;7004114883;","Global multiscale evaluation of satellite passive microwave retrieval of precipitation during the TRMM and GPM eras: Effective resolution and regional diagnostics for future algorithm development",2017,"10.1175/JHM-D-17-0087.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85035798165&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-17-0087.1&partnerID=40&md5=ec01a6b289d4c58dc2c39cee0d03f036","The constellation of spaceborne passive microwave (MW) sensors, coordinated under the framework of the Precipitation Measurement Missions international agreement, continuously produces observations of clouds and precipitation all over the globe. The Goddard profiling algorithm (GPROF) is designed to infer the instantaneous surface precipitation rate from the measured MW radiances. The last version of the algorithm (GPROF-2014)-the product of more than 20 years of algorithmic development, validation, and improvement-is currently used to estimate precipitation rates from the microwave imager GMI on board the GPM core satellite. The previous version of the algorithm (GPROF-2010) was used with the microwave imager TMI on board TRMM. In this paper, TMI-GPROF-2010 estimates and GMI-GPROF-2014 estimates are compared with coincident active measurements from the Precipitation Radar on board TRMM and the Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar on board GPM, considered as reference products. The objective is to assess the improvement of the GPM-era microwave estimates relative to the TRMM-era estimates and diagnose regions where continuous improvement is needed. The assessment is oriented toward estimating the ""effective resolution"" of the MW estimates, that is, the finest scale at which the retrieval is able to accurately reproduce the spatial variability of precipitation. A wavelet-based multiscale decomposition of the radar and passive microwave precipitation fields is used to formally define and assess the effective resolution. It is found that the GPM-era MW retrieval can resolve finer-scale spatial variability over oceans than the TRMM-era retrieval. Over land, significant challenges exist, and this analysis provides useful diagnostics and a benchmark against which future retrieval algorithm improvement can be assessed. © 2017 American Meteorological Society."
"57194171291;56048613800;57199903513;","Similarities and improvements of GPM dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) upon TRMM precipitation radar (PR) in global precipitation rate estimation, type classification and vertical profiling",2017,"10.3390/rs9111142","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85034785411&doi=10.3390%2frs9111142&partnerID=40&md5=320fae9068bb693d07133f29082b1139","Spaceborne precipitation radars are powerful tools used to acquire adequate and highquality precipitation estimates with high spatial resolution for a variety of applications in hydrological research. The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, which deployed the first spaceborne Ka- and Ku-dual frequency radar (DPR), was launched in February 2014 as the upgraded successor of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). This study matches the swath data of TRMM PR and GPM DPR Level 2 products during their overlapping periods at the global scale to investigate their similarities and DPR's improvements concerning precipitation amount estimation and type classification of GPM DPR over TRMM PR. Results show that PR and DPR agree very well with each other in the global distribution of precipitation, while DPR improves the detectability of precipitation events significantly, particularly for light precipitation. The occurrences of total precipitation and the light precipitation (rain rates < 1 mm/h) detected by GPM DPR are ~1.7 and ~2.53 times more than that of PR. With regard to type classification, the dual-frequency (Ka/Ku) and single frequency (Ku) methods performed similarly. In both inner (the central 25 beams) and outer swaths (1-12 beams and 38-49 beams) of DPR, the results are consistent. GPM DPR improves precipitation type classification remarkably, reducing the misclassification of clouds and noise signals as precipitation type ""other"" from 10.14% of TRMM PR to 0.5%. Generally, GPM DPR exhibits the same type division for around 82.89% (71.02%) of stratiform (convective) precipitation events recognized by TRMM PR. With regard to the freezing level height and bright band (BB) height, both radars correspond with each other very well, contributing to the consistency in stratiform precipitation classification. Both heights show clear latitudinal dependence. Results in this study shall contribute to future development of spaceborne radar precipitation retrievals and benefit hydrological and meteorological research. © 2017 by the authors."
"7004517530;7003298801;","In search of fingerprints of the recent intensification of the ocean water cycle",2017,"10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0626.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85021064239&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-16-0626.1&partnerID=40&md5=7af4b1397dcf89a8d6adbbec010c2643","Unprecedented changes in Earth's water budget and a recent boom in salinity observations prompted the use of long-term salinity trends to fingerprint the amount of freshwater entering and leaving the oceans (the ocean water cycle). Here changes in the ocean water cycle in the past two decades are examined to evaluate whether the rain-gauge notion can be extended to shorter time scales. Using a novel framework it is demonstrated that there have been persistent changes (defined as significant trends) in both salinity and the ocean water cycle in many ocean regions, including the subtropical gyres in both hemispheres, low latitudes of the tropical Pacific, the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre, and the Arctic Ocean. On average, the ocean water cycle has amplified by approximately 5% since 1993, but strong regional variations exist (as well as dependency on the surface freshwater flux products chosen). Despite an intensified ocean water cycle in the last two decades, changes in surface salinity do not follow expected patterns of amplified salinity contrasts, challenging the perception that if it rains more the seas always get fresher and if it evaporates more the seas always get saltier. These findings imply a time of emergence of anthropogenic hydrological signals shorter in surface freshwater fluxes than in surface salinity and point to the importance of ocean circulation, salt transports, and natural climate variability in shaping patterns of decadal change in surface salinity. Therefore, the use of salinity measurements in conjunction with ocean salt fluxes can provide a more meaningful way of fingerprinting changes in the global water cycle on decadal time scales. © 2017 American Meteorological Society."
"56956001600;16040380900;14015090300;6603937716;55613701600;7501689274;7202153399;","Impacts of land use on climate and ecosystem productivity over the Amazon and the South American continent",2017,"10.1088/1748-9326/aa6fd6","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85019613890&doi=10.1088%2f1748-9326%2faa6fd6&partnerID=40&md5=5beee6f2a932b94737bc96b419492b8a","The Amazon basin is characterized by a strong interplay between the atmosphere and vegetation. Anthropogenic land use and land cover change (LULCC) affects vegetation and the exchange of energy and water with the atmosphere. Here we have assessed potential LULCC impacts on climate and natural vegetation dynamics over South America with a regional Earth system model that also accounts for vegetation dynamics. The biophysical and biogeochemical impacts from LULCC were addressed with two simulations over the CORDEX-South America domain. The results show that LULCC imposes local and remote influences on South American climate. These include significant local warming over the LULCC-affected area, changes in circulation patterns over the Amazon basin during the dry season, and an intensified hydrological cycle over much of the LULCC-affected area during the wet season. These changes affect the natural vegetation productivity which shows contrasting and significant changes between northwestern (around 10% increase) and southeastern (up to 10% decrease) parts of the Amazon basin caused by mesoscale circulation changes during the dry season, and increased productivity in parts of the LULCC-affected areas. We conclude that ongoing deforestation around the fringes of the Amazon could impact pristine forest by changing mesoscale circulation patterns, amplifying the degradation of natural vegetation caused by direct, local impacts of land use activities. © 2017 The Authors. Published by IOP Publishing Ltd."
"55941331900;6505458894;6603331887;6603640403;","A siliciclastic braid delta within a lower Paleogene carbonate platform (Ordesa-Monte Perdido National Park, southern Pyrenees, Spain): Record of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum perturbation",2016,"10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.07.029","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84979888027&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2016.07.029&partnerID=40&md5=7a46e59e0ebdfb1cf580c0a531ba2674","The La Pardina Formation is a siliciclastic-dominated unit up to 26 m thick intercalated within a 300 m thick Danian–lower Ilerdian succession of shallow marine carbonates in the southern Pyrenees. The unit is composed of four interdigitated facies, three of them of a coarse-grained siliciclastic character (Sf1, Sf2, Sf3), and the fourth one composed of bioclastic packstones with argillaceous matrix (calcareous facies, Cf). The siliciclastic facies make up the bulk of the La Pardina Formation in the Ordesa-Monte Perdido National Park, while the Cf is subordinate in the Park but widespread throughout the southern Pyrenees. Biostratigraphic and isotopic data suggest that the Cf pertains to the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). No isotopic or biostratigraphic information could be obtained from the siliciclastic facies, but they are also assigned to the PETM because of their interfingering with the Cf. The siliciclastic facies were accumulated in a braid delta system fed by either a major river or by several minor rivers draining the Ebro Massif. The Sf3, Sf2 and Sf1 respectively represent the top-set, foreset and bottomset parts of the braid delta, whereas the Cf correspond to the prodelta. In proximal parts of the braid delta the Sf3 overlies a subaerial surface carved into upper Thanetian marine carbonates, a proof of a pre-PETM sea-level fall. In the remainder of the braid delta, the La Pardina Formation exhibits an overall thickening-coarsening-up trend that attests to rapid progradation. The development of the braid delta implies a dramatic increase in the influx of both coarse- and fine-grained siliciclastics, which temporarily halted a long-lasting period of carbonate-dominated sedimentation. This abrupt change demonstrates that the environmental impact caused by the intensification of the hydrological cycle during the PETM was particularly severe at middle latitudes. © 2016 Elsevier B.V."
"56212055700;35551238800;16444949400;35621058500;56237539400;","Tropical moisture enriched storm tracks over the Mediterranean and their link with intense rainfall in the Cevennes-Vivarais area during HyMeX",2016,"10.1002/qj.2674","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84946098042&doi=10.1002%2fqj.2674&partnerID=40&md5=04ae5b26e629157a04ade79cdad4e431","During the Intensive Observing Period 15b of the first Special Observation Period of the Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX), a variety of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) impacted the Cevennes-Vivarais (CV) target area leading to over 100 mm of 24 h accumulated rainfall on 20 and 21 October 2012. The CV area was first impacted by a V-shaped MCS developing over the Cevennes mountains, then by a MCS initiated on the eastern foothills of the Pyrenees and finally by three MCSs initiating over the sea. The MCSs initiated and propagated along a well-defined storm track ahead of an approaching upper-level trough, as observed with the 15 min resolution Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager. The storm track was characterized by strong southeasterly winds over the Mediterranean and high integrated water vapour content (IWVC), as derived from observations from the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). The ground-based Water-vapour Raman Lidar, located in the Balearic Islands, captured the increasing moistening of the free troposphere, up to 5 km, associated with the eastward propagation of the surface low from Gibraltar to a location west of the Balearic Islands. MODIS and AIRS observations, together with Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations, revealed the tropical origin of the high moisture content characterizing the storm track, with IWVC values on the order of 35 kg m−2, and enhanced moisture being observed below 500 hPa. The WRF simulations also showed that the MCS initiation offshore was very likely caused by low-level wind convergence and conditionally unstable air along the storm track, between North Africa and southern France. Low-level convergence resulted from the interaction between a strong southwesterly swirling flow around the low-pressure centre and an easterly low-level jet present along the southern France coastline. © 2015 Royal Meteorological Society"
"57189216137;7501793055;12794036300;55720588700;","Life cycle characteristics of MCSs in Middle East China tracked by geostationary satellite and precipitation estimates",2016,"10.1175/MWR-D-15-0197.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84978036126&doi=10.1175%2fMWR-D-15-0197.1&partnerID=40&md5=9cae99938486250c7adfc120653310a8","By combining high temporal and spatial resolution Multifunctional Transport Satellite-1R (MTSAT-1R) infrared (IR) images and precipitation data from the Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH), this study tracked mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) from May to August in 2008 and 2009 in the middle of east China with an automatic tracking algorithm based on an areal overlapping methodology. This methodology is adjusted to include those MCSs with a relative weak intensity before formation. The unique advantage of combining high temporal and spatial resolution geostationary satellite brightness temperature images and the precipitation measurements for tracking MCSs is that the cloud-top height along with the coverage and the precipitation intensity can be well identified. Results showed that the MCSs formed most frequently in the southwest Henan Province and at the border of four provinces-Shandong, Henan, Anhui, and Jiangsu-which is east of the convergence zone near the terrain's edge. Locations of the highest cloud tops and of the heaviest precipitation rates did not always match. In addition, the MCSs in the study region tended to first reach the maximum precipitation rate, followed soon by the minimum brightness temperature, then the maximum associated precipitation area, and finally the maximum in system area. © 2016 American Meteorological Society."
"35726091800;55135332600;33567777500;6701799430;","Effect of catchment-scale green roof deployment on stormwater generation and reuse in a tropical city",2016,"10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000643","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84975078652&doi=10.1061%2f%28ASCE%29WR.1943-5452.0000643&partnerID=40&md5=ea738890f4582721d3d08658662c570b","Low-impact development (LID) comprises a broad spectrum of stormwater management technologies for mitigating the impacts of urbanization on hydrological processes. Among these technologies, green roofs are one of the most adopted solutions, especially in densely populated metropolitan areas, where roofs take up a significant portion of the impervious surfaces and land areas are scarce. While the in situ hydrological performance of green roofs-i.e., reduction of runoff volume and peak discharge-is well addressed in literature, less is known about their impact on stormwater management and reuse activities at a catchment or city scale. This study developed an integrated urban water cycle model (IUWCM) to quantitatively assess the effect of uniform green roof deployment (i.e., 25, 50, and 100% conversion of traditional roofs) over the period 2009-2011 in the Marina Reservoir catchment, a 100-km2, highly urbanized area located in the heart of Singapore. The IUWCM consists of two components: (1) a physically based model for extensive green roofs integrated within a one-dimensional numerical hydrological-hydraulic catchment model linked with (2) an optimization-based model describing the operation of the downstream, stormwaterfed reservoir. The event-based hydrological performance of green roofs varied significantly throughout the simulation period with a median of about 5% and 12% for the catchment scale reduction of runoff volume and peak discharge (100% conversion of traditional roofs). The high variability and lower performance (with respect to temperate climates) are strongly related to the tropical weather and climatic conditions-e.g., antecedent dry weather period and maximum rainfall intensity. Average annual volume reductions were 0.6, 1.2, and 2.4% for the 25, 50, and 100% green roof scenarios, respectively. The reduction of the stormwater generated at the catchment level through green roof implementation had a positive impact on flood protection along Marina Reservoir shores and the energy costs encountered when operating the reservoir. Vice versa, the drinking water supply, which depends on the amount of available stormwater, decreased due to the evapotranspiration losses from green roofs. Better performance in terms of stormwater reuse could only be obtained by increasing the time of concentration of the catchment. This may be achieved through the combination of green roofs with other LID structures. © 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers."
"6602611209;6508268565;56249837700;","On the stability and spatiotemporal variance distribution of salinity in the upper ocean",2016,"10.1002/2015JC011523","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84979074021&doi=10.1002%2f2015JC011523&partnerID=40&md5=53e3c9bc7506cfeae6ef6b28bbe2f466","Despite recent advances in ocean observing arrays and satellite sensors, there remains great uncertainty in the large-scale spatial variations of upper ocean salinity on the interannual to decadal timescales. Consonant with both broad-scale surface warming and the amplification of the global hydrological cycle, observed global multidecadal salinity changes typically have focussed on the linear response to anthropogenic forcing but not on salinity variations due to changes in the static stability and or variability due to the intrinsic ocean or internal climate processes. Here, we examine the static stability and spatiotemporal variability of upper ocean salinity across a hierarchy of models and reanalyses. In particular, we partition the variance into time bands via application of singular spectral analysis, considering sea surface salinity (SSS), the Brunt Väisälä frequency (N2), and the ocean salinity stratification in terms of the stabilizing effect due to the haline part of N2 over the upper 500m. We identify regions of significant coherent SSS variability, either intrinsic to the ocean or in response to the interannually varying atmosphere. Based on consistency across models (CMIP5 and forced experiments) and reanalyses, we identify the stabilizing role of salinity in the tropics—typically associated with heavy precipitation and barrier layer formation, and the role of salinity in destabilizing upper ocean stratification in the subtropical regions where large-scale density compensation typically occurs. © 2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"36538367600;23095132700;55797286900;55762529700;8288673400;7404346129;","Seasonally chemical hydrology and ecological responses in frontal zone of the central southern Yellow Sea",2016,"10.1016/j.seares.2016.02.004","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84959367969&doi=10.1016%2fj.seares.2016.02.004&partnerID=40&md5=da70b49d61b417ac611926efa06a2c1d","Based on annual-cycle survey data collected in 2006-2007 in the southern Yellow Sea (SYS) and analyses on the seasonally chemical hydrologic characteristics of the boundary front of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (YSCWM) and Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC), the seasonal variations in upwelling along the frontal zone were determined, and the ecological impacts of the front were investigated. During the generation and dissipation of the YSCWM, the implied upwelling along its western front exhibited seasonal variation. The upwelling first shifted westward from the deep-water region to its westernmost point in summer then returned eastward. The intensity of the upwelling gradually increased from spring to summer and decreased in autumn. In spring, the existence of cold water west of the YSWC was not conducive to the reproduction of phytoplankton. Additionally, the front to the east of this cold water mass also made the western boundary of the phytoplankton bloom region in the central SYS more obvious, forming a prominent chlorophyll a (Chl-a) front. During the entire stratified season (summer and autumn), the upwelling in the frontal zone of the YSCWM played an essential role in maintaining the relatively high concentrations of Chl-a. In winter, the front that formed at the intersection of the YSWC and coastal cold water was also favorable for the formation of the high-Chl-a region. The distribution of anchovy biomass was closely related to the seasonal variations in the position of the frontal zone. In winter and spring, the tongue-shaped warm water and front associated with the intrusion of the YSWC into the SYS had a significant impact on anchovy. During the stratified season in summer and autumn, the development of a front near the boundary of the YSCWM was an important physical driving mechanism for the dense distribution of anchovy. This work enhanced the study of the seasonal relationships between the physical, chemical and biological processes in the frontal zone of the central SYS and deepened our understanding of the ecological significance of this front. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.."
"57207726694;55418682000;57190122534;","Regional changes in the interannual variability of U.S. warm season precipitation",2016,"10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00803.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84977473324&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-14-00803.1&partnerID=40&md5=171188f0dab4db52b184448a0b91dde7","Intensification of regional springtime precipitation variability over the United States and the role of North American low-level jets (NALLJs) are investigated for the 1950-2010 period. The analysis reveals that the primary modes of NALLJ fluctuations are related to the strengthening of AMJ precipitation variability over the northern Great Plains and southeastern United States during the last 60 years. Examination of the epochal change in NALLJ variations shows a stronger connectivity to SST variability during 1980-2010 than in the 1950-79 period. In the context of the first three NALLJ variability modes it appears that the role of decadal SST variations (NALLJ mode 1) and the recent emergence of tropical Pacific connectivity (NALLJ modes 1 and 2) via SST-induced atmospheric heating and large-scale circulation changes may act to strengthen and spatially shift the NALLJ variability modes southward and/or eastward, intensifying regional precipitation variability in the recent epoch. Although notable NALLJ variability also exists in the earlier epoch, the upper-level height field is significantly lacking in meridional gradients, leading to weak upper-level zonal wind anomalies over the United States and diminished NALLJ variability. Conversely, the intensified and spatially shifted upper-level height anomaly in the recent epoch produces enhanced meridional height gradients in all three modes, strengthening NALLJ variability-highlighting that seemingly subtle shifts in hemispheric-scale atmospheric circulation changes can have important impacts on regional climate variability and change. © 2016 American Meteorological Society."
"56439778100;7401796996;8629713500;34881780600;6603420709;","Improving satellite quantitative precipitation estimation using GOES-retrieved cloud optical depth",2016,"10.1175/JHM-D-15-0057.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84958025703&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-15-0057.1&partnerID=40&md5=052e50342b45f706628757b615c47d0b","To address gaps in ground-based radar coverage and rain gauge networks in the United States, geostationary satellite quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) such as the Self-Calibrating Multivariate Precipitation Retrieval (SCaMPR) can be used to fill in both spatial and temporal gaps of ground-based measurements. Additionally, with the launch of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite R series (GOES-R), the temporal resolution of satellite QPEs may be comparable to Weather Surveillance Radar- 1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) volume scans as GOES images will be available every 5 min. However, while satellite QPEs have strengths in spatial coverage and temporal resolution, they face limitations, particularly during convective events. Deep convective systems (DCSs) have large cloud shields with similar brightness temperatures (BTs) over nearly the entire system, but widely varying precipitation rates beneath these clouds. Geostationary satellite QPEs relying on the indirect relationship between BTs and precipitation rates often suffer from large errors because anvil regions (little or no precipitation) cannot be distinguished from rain cores (heavy precipitation) using only BTs. However, a combination of BTs and optical depth t has been found to reduce overestimates of precipitation in anvil regions.Anew rain mask algorithm incorporating both t and BTs has been developed, and its application to the existing SCaMPR algorithm was evaluated. The performance of the modified SCaMPR was evaluated using traditional skill scores and a more detailed analysis of performance in individual DCS components by utilizing the Feng et al. classification algorithm. SCaMPR estimates with the new rain mask benefited from significantly reduced overestimates of precipitation in anvil regions and overall improvements in skill scores. © 2016 American Meteorological Society."
"57198902153;8835568200;57197488258;","Classification and correction of the bright band using an operational C-band polarimetric radar",2015,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.06.011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84943011981&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2015.06.011&partnerID=40&md5=1e16cf7fab9c9718beea1af5ea939cd2","The Bright Band (BB) is a region of enhanced reflectivity in weather radar scans associated with frozen hydrometeors forming a liquid coating as they fall through the melting layer. This enhancement can cause the radar to overestimate precipitation quantities at the surface. The main objective of this study is to develop a hydrometeor classification algorithm that can use dual-polarisation measurements as the only input to classify the BB area. An effort has been made to replicate the current UK Met Office operational method for BB classification. This involves the use of Numerical Weather Prediction outputs of freezing level heights with an assumption of a constant BB thickness. Vertical Profiles of Reflectivity (VPR) can then be used to correct for the reflectivity enhancement. A mean apparent VPR computed from reflectivity measurements at multiple elevation angles is compared to two idealised VPR methods. For validation the corrected 1.5° elevation scans are compared to surface rain gauge observations and lower elevation scans over the course of 7 events. The hydrometeor classification methods showed the greatest error reductions, with the freezing level forecast method performing well when the BB thickness was within 700 m, but poorly when there was more variation. Overall the idealised VPRs allowed for the greatest BB corrections in comparison to the mean profile. © 2015 Elsevier B.V."
"26321221600;","Regional climate change scenarios over South Asia in the CMIP5 coupled climate model simulations",2015,"10.1007/s00703-015-0379-z","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84941998192&doi=10.1007%2fs00703-015-0379-z&partnerID=40&md5=f539355348193ae78d6ea74486687d02","This paper evaluates the performance of a suite of state-of-art coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) in their representation of regional characteristics of hydrological cycle and temperature over South Asia. Based on AOGCM experiments conducted for two types of future greenhouse gas emission scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) extending up to the end of 21st century, scenarios of temperature and hydrological cycle are presented. The AOGCMs, despite their relatively coarse resolution, have shown a reasonable skill in depicting the hydrological cycle over the South Asian region. However, considerable biases do exist with reference to the observed hydrological cycle and also inter-model differences. The regional climate change scenarios of temperature (T), atmospheric water balance components, precipitation, moisture convergence and evaporation (P, C and E) up to the end of the 21st century based on CMIP5 modeling experiments conducted for (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) indicate marked increase in both rainfall and temperature into the 21st century, particularly becoming conspicuous after the 2050s. The monsoon rainfall and atmospheric water balance changes under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios are discussed in detail in this paper. Spatial patterns of rainfall change projections indicate maximum increase over South Asia in most of the models. Model simulations under scenarios of increased greenhouse gas concentrations suggests that the intensification of the hydrological cycle is driven mainly by the increased moisture convergence due to increase in the water holding capacity of the atmosphere in a warmer environment, the intensification of the hydrological cycle is greater for RCP8.5 compared to RCP4.5, also fewer models indicate increased variance of temperature and rainfall in a warmer environment. While the scenarios presented in this study are indicative of the expected range of rainfall and water balance changes, it must be noted that the quantitative estimates still have large uncertainties associated with them. Five best model mean reveals the general consensus among the AOGCM results and gives the best estimate of the future projection over the South Asian monsoon region. © 2015, Springer-Verlag Wien."
"55883052800;7801433494;","Moisture recycling and the maximum of precipitation in spring in the Iberian Peninsula",2014,"10.1007/s00382-013-1971-x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84902005461&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-013-1971-x&partnerID=40&md5=da179d965c053b31ec46b734b3d63b65","In the semiarid interior of the Iberian Peninsula, the topographic insulation from the surrounding seas promotes the role of internal sources of moisture and water recycling in the rainfall regime. In inland Iberia, the annual cycle of precipitation often has a distinctive peak in the springtime, when evapotranspiration (ET) is the highest, in contrast to the coastal areas, where it is more closely related to the external moisture availability and synoptic forcing, with a maximum in winter-autumn and a pronounced minimum in the summer. In this work we investigate the role of land surface water fluxes in the intensification of the hydrological cycle in the Iberian spring. We used data from 5 km resolution WRF-ARW model simulations over the Iberian Peninsula for eleven months of May (2000-2010). To bring out the effect of ET fluxes, we conducted experiments where ET water over land was removed from the system. Our findings indicate that the impact of ET on precipitation is on average very large (37 % increase). The impact is particularly strong in the interior north and northeast areas where the observed annual rainfall cycle has a peak in May, suggesting that the role of surface water fluxes is very important there. To investigate whether this role is as a water source or to amplify precipitation dynamics, we computed the recycling ratio analytically from the model data. In addition, we developed a procedure to quantify the amplification impact by comparing the recycling ratio and the relative change in precipitation between control and experiments with ET removed. Results show that the role of surface water fluxes on precipitation depends on large-scale forcing and moisture advection. When the synoptic forcing and moisture advection are strong, such as in fronts associated to Atlantic storms, the impact of ET fluxes is small. When there is potential for convection, as is commonly the case of late spring in the Iberian Peninsula, ET fluxes have a significant impact. Surface moisture fluxes moisten the boundary layer and increase moist static energy, strengthening convective processes, and their role goes from being a primary water source for precipitation (recycling) to have mostly an amplification effect as external moisture availability increases. Our findings show that for the eleven simulated May cases over the Iberian Peninsula, the role of ET fluxes in activating recycling is important and explains 27-58 % of their total impact on precipitation, depending on the method used to calculate the recycling ratio. This indicates that the complementary effect of ET on amplifying rainfall from external sources of moisture is comparable in magnitude to the recycling mechanism and important as well. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg."
"55601838200;7005206585;7401742385;","Quantifying surface energy fluxes in the vicinity of inland-tracking tropical cyclones",2013,"10.1175/JAMC-D-13-035.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84890810067&doi=10.1175%2fJAMC-D-13-035.1&partnerID=40&md5=f0cff3a01d3e221d53efb0c808322991","Tropical cyclones (TCs) typically weaken or transition to extratropical cyclones after making landfall. However, there are cases of TCs maintaining warm-core structures and intensifying inland unexpectedly, referred to as TC maintenance or intensification events (TCMIs). It has been proposed that wet soils create an atmosphere conducive to TC maintenance by enhancing surface latent heat flux (LHF). In this study, ""HYDRUS-1D"" is used to simulate the surface energy balance in intensification regions leading up to four different TCMIs. Specifically, the 2-week magnitudes and trends of soil temperature, sensible heat flux (SHF), and LHF are analyzed and compared across regions. While TCMIs are most common over northern Australia, theoretically linked to large fluxes from hot sands, the results revealed that SHF and LHF are equally large over the south-central United States. Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) 3-hourly LHF data were obtained for the same HYDRUS study regions as well as nearby ocean regions along the TC path 3 days prior (prestorm) to the TC appearance. Results indicate that the simulated prestorm meanLHF is similar in magnitude to that obtained fromMERRA, with slightly lower values overall. The modeled 3-day mean fluxes over land are less than those found over the ocean; however, the maximum LHF over the 3-day period is greater over land (HYDRUS) than over the ocean (MERRA) for three of four cases. It is concluded that LHF inland can achieve similar magnitudes to that over the ocean during the daytime and should be pursued as a potential energy source for inland TCs. © 2013 American Meteorological Society."
"7101827324;","A diabatic lagrangian technique for the analysis of convective storms. part II: Application to a radar-observed storm",2013,"10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00036.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84886619889&doi=10.1175%2fJTECH-D-13-00036.1&partnerID=40&md5=4b37299df78c3c28714b2bef9c9ab894","Anew diabatic Lagrangian analysis (DLA) technique that derives predicted fields of potential temperature, water vapor and cloud water mixing ratios, and virtual buoyancy from three-dimensional, time-dependent wind and reflectivity fields (see Part I) is applied to the radar-observed 9 June 2009supercell storm during the Second Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX2). The DLA diagnoses fields of rain and graupel content from radar reflectivity and predicts the evolution of analysis variables following radar-inferred air trajectories in the evolving storm with application of the diagnosed precipitation fields to calculate Lagrangian-frame microphysical processes. Simple damping and surface flux terms andinitialization of trajectories from heterogeneous, parametric mesoscale analysis fields are also included in the predictive Lagrangian calculations. The DLA output compares favorably with observations of surface in situ temperature and water vapor mixing ratio and accumulated rainfall from a catchment rain gauge in the 9 June 2009 storm."
"15923905400;7103075487;8603242500;26028076100;","Characterizing the water extremes of the new century in the US South-west: A comprehensive assessment from state-of-the-art climate model projections",2013,"10.1080/07900627.2012.721717","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84878781286&doi=10.1080%2f07900627.2012.721717&partnerID=40&md5=895a1327815a97f80c7f6262c5b412de","The impact of climate change scenarios in the hydrology of the Verde River basin (Arizona) is analyzed using an ensemble of downscaled climate model results, SPI analysis, and two hydrologic models of different complexity. To assess model uncertainty, 47 ensemble members combining simulations from 16 global climate models and 3 emission scenarios were used to provide an uncertainty envelope in the hydrologic variables. The analysis shows that simple lumped models and more complex distributed runoff models can yield similar results. Results show that under all scenarios, the distribution functions of hydrologic states will shift towards lower values and droughts will progressively become more frequent, longer and more intense. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC."
"25926762100;6701895637;56455165800;6701333444;","The role of precipitation size distributions in km-scale NWP simulations of intense precipitation: Evaluation of cloud properties and surface precipitation",2012,"10.1002/qj.1933","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84871630164&doi=10.1002%2fqj.1933&partnerID=40&md5=42b454bc13f66168fc8c9f8a1aac944a","We investigate the sensitivity of simulated cloud properties and surface precipitation to assumptions regarding the size distributions of the precipitating hydrometeors in a one-moment bulk microphysics scheme. Three sensitivity experiments were applied to two composites of 15 convective and 15 frontal stratiform intense precipitation events observed in a coastal midlatitude region (Belgium), which were evaluated against satellite-retrieved cloud properties and radar-rain-gauge derived surface precipitation. It is found that the cloud optical thickness distribution was well captured by all experiments, although a significant underestimation of cloudiness occurred in the convective composite. The cloud-top-pressure distribution was improved most by more realistic snow size distributions (including a temperature-dependent intercept parameter and non-spherical snow for the calculation of the slope parameter), due to increased snow depositional growth at high altitudes. Surface precipitation was far less sensitive to whether graupel or hail was chosen as the rimed ice species, as compared to previous idealized experiments. This smaller difference in sensitivity could be explained by the stronger updraught velocities and higher freezing levels in the idealized experiments compared to typical coastal midlatitude environmental conditions. © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society."
"52263976500;6603880269;57197588319;7006151875;","The freshwater balance of polar regions in transient simulations from 1500 to 2100 AD using a comprehensive coupled climate model",2012,"10.1007/s00382-011-1199-6","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84863002601&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-011-1199-6&partnerID=40&md5=a65a43b7446cb4c5ae8a774063ee27f8","The ocean and sea ice in both polar regions are important reservoirs of freshwater within the climate system. While the response of these reservoirs to future climate change has been studied intensively, the sensitivity of the polar freshwater balance to natural forcing variations during preindustrial times has received less attention. Using an ensemble of transient simulations from 1500 to 2100 AD we put present-day and future states of the polar freshwater balance in the context of low frequency variability of the past five centuries. This is done by focusing on different multi-decadal periods of characteristic external forcing. In the Arctic, freshwater is shifted from the ocean to sea ice during the Maunder Minimum while the total amount of freshwater within the Arctic domain remains unchanged. In contrast, the subsequent Dalton Minimum does not leave an imprint on the slow-reacting reservoirs of the ocean and sea ice, but triggers a drop in the import of freshwater through the atmosphere. During the twentieth and twenty-first century the build-up of freshwater in the Arctic Ocean leads to a strengthening of the liquid export. The Arctic freshwater balance is shifted towards being a large source of freshwater to the North Atlantic ocean. The Antarctic freshwater cycle, on the other hand, appears to be insensitive to preindustrial variations in external forcing. In line with the rising temperature during the industrial era the freshwater budget becomes increasingly unbalanced and strengthens the high latitude's Southern Ocean as a source of liquid freshwater to lower latitude oceans. © 2011 The Author(s)."
"12797783300;7102458291;6701358938;57207820931;6701520671;","Evidence of Suess solar-cycle bursts in subtropical Holocene speleothem δ 18O records",2012,"10.1177/0959683611427331","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84859341262&doi=10.1177%2f0959683611427331&partnerID=40&md5=5dde0f47fc19e83444863e83bb5a70ab","Several studies indicate that changes in solar activity may have driven Holocene subtropical monsoon variability on decadal and centennial timescales, but the strength and nature of this link remains debated. In this study, we combine a recent mapping of the Holocene solar-cycle activity with four subtropical speleothem δ 18O records, which allows a strong test of the link between solar activity, monsoon activity (or intensity), and the hydrological cycle. This is possible because the speleothem δ 18O records mainly reflect changes in local rainfall composition, which is controlled by changes in total moisture loss along the atmospheric transport path and monsoon intensity. We find that the spectral density distributions of the speleothem records exhibit particularly significant ~210 yr cyclicities that tend to coincide in time with the three Suess solar-cycle bursts, i.e. intervals around 1850-3200 BP, 4500-5700 BP, and 7750-8850 BP when the ~210 yr solar cycle was particularly strong. The speleothems from Dongge Cave (China) and Sofular Cave (Turkey) appear to have recorded all three Suess bursts, whereas the speleothems from Heshang Cave (China) and Pink Panther Cave (southwestern USA) only recorded the first and last Suess bursts, and the middle Suess burst, respectively. The temporal relationship between the Suess solar cycle and particularly significant 210 yr oscillations in the speleothem δ 18O records therefore supports the notion that solar variability played a significant role in driving centennial-scale changes in the hydrological cycle in the subtropics during the Holocene. © The Author(s) 2011."
"56157800800;57203859138;57201726470;7201832531;8329897000;7201560039;7102071179;6602375917;36573991900;6701754792;6506416572;57198033295;35274616700;6503858685;6508229753;24758014200;8854080900;24484626100;57211072326;","Coastal observations of weather features in Senegal during the African monsoon multidisciplinary analysis special observing period 3",2010,"10.1029/2009JD013022","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77957559038&doi=10.1029%2f2009JD013022&partnerID=40&md5=02b8adeca0086db3e2d3739f33bc0357","During 15 August through 30 September 2006 (Special Observing Period 3, SOP3), key weather measurements are obtained from ground and aircraft platforms during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis campaign. Key measurements are aimed at investigating African easterly waves (AEWs) and mesoscale convective systems in a coastal environment as they transition to the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Ground and aircraft instruments include polarimetric radar, a coarse and a high-density rain gauge network, surface chemical measurements, 12 m meteorological measurement, broadband IR, solar and microwave measurements, rawinsonde, aircraft dropsonde, lidar, and cloud radar measurements. Ground observations during SOP3 show that Senegal was influenced by 5 squall lines, 6 Saharan air layer intrusions, and 10 AEWs. Downstream tropical cyclones developed were associated with the passage of four AEWs. FA-20 aircraft measurements of microphysical aspects of 22 September squall line and several nondeveloping AEWs over the extreme eastern Atlantic Ocean are presented. © 2010 by the American Geophysical Union."
"6701652286;","Changes of variability in response to increasing greenhouse gases. Part II: Hydrology",2009,"10.1175/2009JCLI2834.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77649286817&doi=10.1175%2f2009JCLI2834.1&partnerID=40&md5=6428f1b0919a68c80c0962c9687e8639","This paper examines hydrological variability and its changes in two different versions of a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model developed at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory and forced with estimates of future increases of greenhouse gas and aerosol concentrations. This paper is the second part, documenting potential changes in variability as greenhouse gases increase. The variance changes are examined using an ensemble of 8 transient integrations for an older model version and 10 transient integrations for a newer model. Monthly and annual data are used to compute the mean and variance changes. Emphasis is placed on computing and analyzing the variance changes for the middle of the twenty-first century and compared with those found in the respective control integrations. The hydrologic cycle intensifies because of the increase of greenhouse gases. In general, precipitation variance increases in most places. This is the case virtually everywhere the mean precipitation rate increases and many places where the precipitation decreases. The precipitation rate variance decreases in the subtropics, where the mean precipitation rate also decreases. The increased precipitation rate and variance, in middle to higher latitudes during late fall, winter, and early spring leads to increased runoff and its variance during that period. On the other hand, the variance changes of soil moisture are more complicated, because soil moisture has both a lower and upper bound that tends to reduce its fluctuations. This is particularly true in middle to higher latitudes during winter and spring, when the soil moisture is close to its saturation value at many locations. Therefore, changes in its variance are limited. Soil moisture variance change is positive during the summer, when the mean soil moisture decreases and is close to the middle of its allowable range. In middle to high northern latitudes, an increase in runoff and its variance during late winter and spring plus the decrease in soil moisture and its variance during summer lend support to the hypothesis stated in other publications that a warmer climate can cause an increasing frequency of both excessive discharge and drier events, depending on season and latitude. © 2009 American Meteorological Society."
"15078626200;56627437400;","Considerations for interpolating rain gauge precipitation onto a regular grid",2006,"10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0156","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-37849189590&doi=10.1127%2f0941-2948%2f2006%2f0156&partnerID=40&md5=57b61a445fc191321bdf7905b63f89f8","The aim of this study is to used heavy precipitation data from Slovenia to find the highest resolution from the Numerical Weather Prediction model where the model cell averaged interpolated fields of 24hour rain gauge precipitation which was independent of the interpolation method. 20 out of 104 observed heavy precipitation cases from the period of 1995-2002 in Slovenia were selected, in which 10 were convective and 10 stratiform. Three different interpolation methods were used: Universal Kriging, Inverse Distance Weighted and Radial Basis Functions. Each method was aggregated and direct interpolation was performed. The cross-validation results showed that the interpolation errors were as large as 50 % of the observed precipitation maximum (in our case from 50 to 110 mm). This indicates that an interpolation into high resolution or into a point is not reliable. Also, the interpolation cross-validation errors, the Root Mean Squared Error and Mean Absolute Error, were larger for stratiform precipitation than for convective precipitation. The reason for these errors seems to be that for the convective cases there was a smaller area with heavy precipitation and a large area with weak or no precipitation. The smaller area with spatially very variable precipitation contributed significantly to errors while the larger did not. Conversely, this was not the case for stratiform precipitation cases where precipitation and corresponding errors occurred all over the domain. Model grids were interpolated with three different resolutions of 4, 8 and 16 km. The condition for a method-independent interpolation entitled that every model grid cell had to have at least one to two rain gauges inside and possibly more in the very near vicinity. The highest possible model resolution should therefore be close or lower as the double of average distance to the closest neighbor in the rain gauge network, which in our case occurred at 16 km. Also, a certain procedure for interpolation was followed: first, the interpolation into high resolution and secondly, aggregation into the final resolution. A simple interpolation into a point in the middle of the model grid cell did not produce interpolation independent results even at a lower resolution. When using the right procedure at 16 km, the maximum differences between interpolation methods were usually less than 15 % of the observed precipitation maxinum. © by Gebrüder Borntraeger 2006."
"12765389800;6701659989;6507118937;","West African monsoon response to greenhouse gas and sulphate aerosol forcing under two emission scenarios",2006,"10.1007/s00382-005-0083-7","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33644666208&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-005-0083-7&partnerID=40&md5=4dd655b50aff9595c0654a74f348552c","The impact of increased greenhouse gases (GHG) and aerosols concentrations upon the West African monsoon (WAM) is investigated for the late twenty-first century period using the Météo-France ARPEGE-IFS high-resolution atmospheric model. Perturbed (2070-2100) and current (1961-2000) climates are compared using the model in time-slice mode. The model is forced by global sea surface temperatures provided by two transient scenarios performed with low-resolution coupled models and by two GHG evolution scenarios, SRES-A2 and SRES-B2. Comparing to reanalysis and observed data sets, the model is able to reproduce a realistic seasonal cycle of WAM despite a clear underestimation of the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) during the boreal summer. Mean temperature change indicates a global warming over the continent (stronger over North and South Africa). Simulated precipitation change at the end of the twenty-first century shows an increase in precipitation over Sudan-Sahel linked to a strong positive feedback with surface evaporation. Along Guinea Gulf coast, rainfall regimes are driven by large-scale moisture advection. Moreover, results show a mean precipitation decrease (increase) in the most (less) enhanced GHG atmosphere over this region. Modification of the seasonal hydrological cycle consists in a rain increase during the monsoon onset. There is a significant increase in rainfall variance over the Sahel, which extends over the Guinea coast region in the moderate emission scenario. Enhanced precipitation over Sahel is linked to large-scale circulation changes, namely a weakening of the AEJ and an intensification of the Tropical Easterly Jet. © Springer-Verlag 2006."
"9239400200;9239400400;6603168350;","Destabilization of the thermohaline circulation by transient changes in the hydrological cycle",2005,"10.1007/s00382-004-0484-z","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-16344393014&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-004-0484-z&partnerID=40&md5=94339b401dcf6cc32343b6f56eb15b4f","We reconsider the problem of the stability of the thermohaline circulation as described by a two-dimensional Boussinesq model with mixed boundary conditions. We determine how the stability properties of the system depend on the intensity of the hydrological cycle. We define a two-dimensional parameters' space descriptive of the hydrology of the system and determine, by considering suitable quasi-static perturbations, a bounded region where multiple equilibria of the system are realized. We then focus on how the response of the system to finite-amplitude changes in the surface freshwater forcings depends on their rate of increase. We show that it is possible to define a robust separation between slow and fast regimes of forcing. Such separation between slow and fast regimes is obtained by singling out an estimate of the critical rate of increase for the anomalous forcing. The critical rate of increase is of the same order of magnitude of the ratio between the typical intensity of the hydrological cycle and the advective time scale of the system. Basically, if the change of the forcing is faster than the estimated critical rate, the system responds similarly to the case of instantaneous changes of the same amplitude. Specularly, if the change of the forcing is slower than the critical rate, the behavior of the system resembles the response to quasi-static changes of the same amplitude. Furthermore, since the advective time scale is proportional to the square root of the vertical diffusivity, our analysis supports the conjecture that the efficiency of the vertical mixing might also be one of the key factors determining the response of the THC system to transient changes in the surface forcings. These results should be taken into account when engineering global warming scenario and paleoclimatic experiments with GCMs. © Springer-Verlag 2005."
"55993750800;6506206705;7402579146;6701706067;","Validation and intercomparison of three mesoscale models on three FASTEX cloud systems: Comparison with coarse-resolution simulations",2003,"10.1256/qj.01.113","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0038346393&doi=10.1256%2fqj.01.113&partnerID=40&md5=eaee646375453388ddb11f3edcb108b7","Taking advantage of the observations collected during the Fronts and Atlantic Storm-Track EXperiment (FASTEX), three FASTEX midlatitude cloud systems are simulated with three state-of-the-art, mesoscale, limited-area models (the Met Office's Unified Model (UM), Met Éireann's High Resolution Limited Area Model (HIRLAM), and the French Laboratoire d'Aérologie research modèle de Méso-échelle Non-Hydrostatique (Méso-NH), at an 11 km horizontal resolution and with about 50 vertical levels. The dynamical, thermodynamic, cloud and precipitation fields obtained from these numerical integrations are then intercompared and validated against various observational sources, including radio- and dropsondes, satellite radiometer, and rain-gauges. The similarities and the deficiencies of the three models are summarized in the paper. After this validation work, the mesoscale fields are degraded in resolution, so that they can be directly compared with the outputs of 300 km resolution simulations, run with Météo-France's atmospheric general-circulation model (AGCM) Action de Recherche Petite Echelle et Grande Echelle (ARPEGE). The deviations between the upscaled mesoscale models and the coarse AGCM turn out to be significant and highly dependent on the location relative to the storm, with, in particular, a large contrast between the trailing cold region and the warm sector with thick layer clouds, suggesting the existence of some deficiencies in the AGCM."
"7403499852;6507872804;19035343000;","A revised version of PnET-II to simulate the hydrologic cycle in southeastern forested areas",2002,"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb01536.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036202122&doi=10.1111%2fj.1752-1688.2002.tb01536.x&partnerID=40&md5=21574d2bd30631682047ff4d6249da90","The PnET-II model uses hydroclimatic data on maximum and minimum temperatures, precipitation, and solar radiation, together with vegetation and soil parameters, to produce estimates of net primary productivity, evapotranspiration (ET), and runoff on a monthly time step for forested areas. In this study, the PnET-II model was employed to simulate the hydrologic cycle for 17 Southeastern eight-digit hydrologic unit code (HUC) watersheds dominated by evergreen or deciduous tree species. Based on these control experiments, model biases were quantified and tentative revision schemes were introduced. Revisions included: (1) replacing the original single soil layer with three soil layers in the water balance routine; (2) introducing calibrating factors to rectify the phenomenon of overestimation of ET in spring and early summer months; (3) parameterizing proper values of growing degree days for trees located in different climate zones; and (4) adjusting the parameter of fast-flow (overland flow) fraction based on antecedent moisture condition and precipitation intensity. The revised PnET-II model, called PnET-II3SL in this work, substantially improved runoff simulations for the 17 selected experimental sites, and therefore may offer a more powerful tool to address issues in water resources management."
"7401711350;","The stability of NADWF under mixed boundary conditions with an improved diagnosed freshwater flux",1996,"10.1175/1520-0485(1996)026<1081:TSONUM>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0029854511&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0485%281996%29026%3c1081%3aTSONUM%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=e60fd2b58262ea1322379d7c5a750731","Ocean general circulation models can be run using Haney boundary conditions (BCs) for both temperature and salinity, or using mixed boundary conditions, which consists of a Haney BC for temperature and a flux BC for salinity. A switch from Haney BCs to mixed BCs often causes the model North Atlantic Deep Water Formation (NADWF) to either collapse or intensify. Recently, Tziperman et al. found that the collapse was due to an unrealistic freshwater flux field diagnosed from a spinup using a too short relaxation timescale for salinity. They replaced the unrealistic freshwater flux with a more realistic freshwater flux diagnosed from a spinup using a longer relaxation timescale for salinity and found that NADWF stabilized. In this study, the author shows that mixed BCs are not suitable for studying the stability of the present ocean climate, regardless whether a realistic freshwater flux is realistic or not. Further, the instability associated with mixed BCs is due more to the use of a Haney BC for temperature than to an unrealistic freshwater flux. This is shown in a series of numerical experiments using a global Bryan-Cox ocean general circulation model. In these experiments, although a more realistic freshwater flux is used, NADWF is still very sensitive to a perturbation in high-latitude freshwater flux and to an enhancement of the implied hydrological cycle. This is because a Haney BC for temperature, when used with a flux BC for salinity, promotes a positive feedback between surface salinity and overturning. When the Haney BC for temperature is replaced by a Schopf BC, the overturning circulation associated with NADWF is quite stable."
"7003487458;7004151485;57190933183;6508030192;7004149770;","Rainfall over oceans: Remote sensing from satellite microwave radiometers",1992,"10.1007/BF01025616","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027071433&doi=10.1007%2fBF01025616&partnerID=40&md5=33ff9516ee15a7f15cffd87f6d280182","Microwave radiometer brightness temperature (Tb) measurements obtained from satellites over the oceans in dual polarization, at frequencies ranging from 6.6 to 85 GHz, reveal information about the rain and precipitation sized ice. These multifrequency measurements are composited from observations made by the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) and the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I). The Tb measurements at 37 GHz, having a field of view (fov) of about 30 km, show relatively strong emissions due to rain, reaching values as large as 260 K over the tropical and mid-latitude rainbelts. Only marginal effects due to scattering by ice above the rain clouds are revealed. At frequencies below 37 GHz, where the fov is much larger than 30 km and the extinction is weaker, Tb is significantly smaller than 260 K. Additional information content about rain, at these low frequencies, is not appreciable. On the other hand, at 85 GHz (fov ≅15 km), where the extinction is very strong, the sea surface below the clouds is often masked and scattering due to ice above the rain clouds is vividly noticed. However, these high frequency measurements do not yield direct information about rain below the clouds. Recognizing the above merits inherent in the 37 GHz observations the SMMR and SSM/I data at this frequency are utilized to develop and empirical method to retrieve rain rate over oceans. In this method it is assumed that over an oceanic area, the statistics of the observed Tb must be derivable from the statistics of the corresponding rain rates. Furthermore, the underestimation of rain rate, arising from the inability of the radiometer to respond sensitively to rain above a given threshold is empirically rectified with the help of two parameters that depend on the total water vapor content in the atmosphere. Rain rates deduced over the oceans around Japan using the SSM/I data, when compared with those measured by radars that are calibrated against rain gauges, show a good correlation; there is, however, a systematic overestimation. Seasonal mean maps of the rainfall over the global oceans based on SMMR data compare favorably with climatological rain maps over the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans developed by Dorman and Bourke (1979, 1981). © 1992 Springer-Verlag."
"57190245783;57202083853;","Nonstationary frequency analysis of the recent extreme precipitation events in the United States",2019,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.05.090","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85067252832&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2019.05.090&partnerID=40&md5=818d73054747b1e29201ffb3660499e9","The intensification of the hydrologic cycle due to climate change is likely to influence the extreme precipitation characteristics (i.e., intensity, duration and frequency). These precipitation characteristics are integrated to construct Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves that are widely used to design civil infrastructure systems. These IDF curves are typically derived based on the stationary assumption, however, the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events likely to become nonstationary as a consequence of climate change. During the past decades, unusual extreme precipitation events with more than thousand-year return periods were recorded in the United States. This study investigates the nonstationary nature of the most recent extreme precipitation events occurred over different durations (1-, 3- and 5-days) by incorporating time-varying covariates, such as time, maximum temperature, mean temperature, and the El Niño Southern Oscillation cycle (ENSO). The nonstationary frequency analysis for these extreme events was conducted using nonstationary Generalized Extreme Value distribution by incorporating the time-varying covariates. It was observed that most of the temporal evolution of extreme precipitation events follow the nonstationary pattern, which may be due to the increase in the magnitude of recent extreme precipitation events, especially during hurricane events. Different combination of covariates can potentially influence the nonstationary frequency analysis, and the type of covariate may differ when the accumulated period of extreme precipitation event increased. Based on the Nonstationary Extreme Value Analysis, the return periods associated with extreme precipitation events significantly reduced compared to the stationary approach. © 2019 Elsevier B.V."
"57194217280;6603425077;57192685438;15757187000;56165408700;24559136600;6701806265;57209045965;55705861200;57194210497;","Analysis of an extreme weather event in a hyper-arid region using WRF-Hydro coupling, station, and satellite data",2019,"10.5194/nhess-19-1129-2019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85067275992&doi=10.5194%2fnhess-19-1129-2019&partnerID=40&md5=5209cc075d14b9ba77017e39ae0a6ec7","This study investigates an extreme weather event that impacted the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in March 2016, using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model version 3.7.1 coupled with its hydrological modeling extension package (WRF-Hydro). Six-hourly forecasted forcing records at 0.5 spatial resolution, obtained from the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS), are used to drive the three nested downscaling domains of both standalone WRF and coupled WRF-WRF-Hydro configurations for the recent flood-triggering storm. Ground and satellite observations over the UAE are employed to validate the model results. The model performance was assessed using precipitation from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission (30&thinsp;min, 0.1 product), soil moisture from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2; daily, 0.1 product) and the NOAA Soil Moisture Operational Products System (SMOPS; 6-hourly, 0.25 product), and cloud fraction retrievals from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Atmosphere product (MODATM; daily, 5&thinsp;km product). The Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC), relative bias (rBIAS), and root-mean-square error (RMSE) are used as performance measures. Results show reductions of 24&thinsp;% and 13&thinsp;% in RMSE and rBIAS measures, respectively, in precipitation forecasts from the coupled WRF-WRF-Hydro model configuration, when compared to standalone WRF. The coupled system also shows improvements in global radiation forecasts, with reductions of 45&thinsp;% and 12&thinsp;% for RMSE and rBIAS, respectively. Moreover, WRF-Hydro was able to simulate the spatial distribution of soil moisture reasonably well across the study domain when compared to AMSR2-derived soil moisture estimates, despite a noticeable dry and wet bias in areas where soil moisture is high and low. Temporal and spatial variabilities of simulated soil moisture compare well to estimates from the NOAA SMOPS product, which indicates the model's capability to simulate surface drainage. Finally, the coupled model showed a shallower planetary boundary layer (PBL) compared to the standalone WRF simulation, which is attributed to the effect of soil moisture feedback. The demonstrated improvement, at the local scale, implies that WRF-Hydro coupling may enhance hydrological and meteorological forecasts in hyper-arid environments.. © Author(s) 2019."
"55670345400;7101600167;6603221149;6603357071;","IMERG V06: Changes to the morphing algorithm",2019,"10.1175/JTECH-D-19-0114.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85077873087&doi=10.1175%2fJTECH-D-19-0114.1&partnerID=40&md5=f5f658c0f22d3d5b7077e13c8315fb07","As the U.S. Science Team’s globally gridded precipitation product from the NASA–JAXA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, the Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) estimates the surface precipitation rates at 0.18 every half hour using spaceborne sensors for various scientific and societal applications. One key component of IMERG is the morphing algorithm, which uses motion vectors to perform quasi-Lagrangian interpolation to fill in gaps in the passive microwave precipitation field using motion vectors. Up to IMERG V05, the motion vectors were derived from the large-scale motions of infrared observations of cloud tops. This study details the changes introduced in IMERG V06 to derive motion vectors from large-scale motions of selected atmospheric variables in numerical models, which allow IMERG estimates to be extended from the 608N–608S latitude band to the entire globe. Evaluation against both instantaneous passive microwave retrievals and ground measurements demonstrates the general improvement in the precipitation field of the new approach. Most of the model variables tested exhibited similar performance, but total precipitable water vapor was chosen as the source of the motion vectors for IMERG V06 due to its competitive performance and global completeness. Continuing assessments will provide further insights into possible refinements of this revised morphing scheme in future versions of IMERG. © 2019 American Meteorological Society."
"7203055935;7202640224;","Precipitation intensity changes in the tropics from observations and models",2018,"10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0550.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85045315112&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-17-0550.1&partnerID=40&md5=4292933027c0ebb34307e67eb7003b4a","Tropical (30°N-30°S) interdecadal precipitation changes and trends are explored for the satellite era using GPCP monthly analyses and CMIP5 outputs and focusing on precipitation intensity distributions represented by percentiles (Pct) and other parameters. Positive trends occur for the upper percentiles (Pct ≥ 70th), and become statistically significant for Pct ≥ 80th. Negative trends appear for the middle one-half percentiles (~20th-65th) and are statistically significant for the 20th-40th percentiles. As part of these trends there is a decadal shift around 1998, indicating the presence of an interdecadal [Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO)] signal. For the lower percentiles (Pct ≥ 10th), positive trends occur, although weakly. The AMIP-type simulations generally show similar trend results for their respective time periods. Precipitation intensity changes are further examined using four precipitation categories based on the climatological percentiles: Wet (Pct ≥ 70th), Intermediate (70th > Pct ≥ 30th), Dry (30th > Pct ≥ 5th), and No Rain (5th > Pct ≥ 0th). Epoch differences of occurrence frequency between 1988-97 and 1998-2015 have spatial features generally reflecting the combined effect of the PDO and external forcings, specifically the anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG)-related warming based on comparisons with both AMIP and CMIP results. Furthermore, precipitation intensity over Wet zones shows much stronger changes than mean precipitation including a more prominent change around 1998 associated with the PDO phase shift. Trends also appear in the sizes of Intermediate and Dry zones, especially over ocean. However, changes in the sizes of Wet and No Rain zones are generally weak. AMIP simulations reproduce these changes relatively well. Comparisons with the CMIP5 historical experiments further confirm that the observed changes and trends are a combination of the effect of the PDO phase shift and the impact of anthropogenic GHG-related warming. © 2018 American Meteorological Society."
"38662501200;57200636950;57189372704;37029969100;7006644082;6602908613;55194366200;","Inverse estimation of soil hydraulic properties and water repellency following artificially induced drought stress",2018,"10.2478/johh-2018-0002","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042005291&doi=10.2478%2fjohh-2018-0002&partnerID=40&md5=05c7bb80b23d8c21a9bdcef33c3dd5df","Global climate change is projected to continue and result in prolonged and more intense droughts, which can increase soil water repellency (SWR). To be able to estimate the consequences of SWR on vadose zone hydrology, it is important to determine soil hydraulic properties (SHP). Sequential modeling using HYDRUS (2D/3D) was performed on an experimental field site with artificially imposed drought scenarios (moderately M and severely S stressed) and a control plot. First, inverse modeling was performed for SHP estimation based on water and ethanol infiltration experimental data, followed by model validation on one selected irrigation event. Finally, hillslope modeling was performed to assess water balance for 2014. Results suggest that prolonged dry periods can increase soil water repellency. Inverse modeling was successfully performed for infiltrating liquids, water and ethanol, with R2 and model efficiency (E) values both &gt; 0.9. SHP derived from the ethanol measurements showed large differences in van Genuchten-Mualem (VGM) parameters for the M and S plots compared to water infiltration experiments. SWR resulted in large saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) decrease on the M and S scenarios. After validation of SHP on water content measurements during a selected irrigation event, one year simulations (2014) showed that water repellency increases surface runoff in non-structured soils at hillslopes. © 2018 Vilim Filipović et al., published by De Gruyter Open."
"57201212402;57191288318;6506030277;","Shifting scarcities? The energy intensity of water supply alternatives in the mass tourist resort of Benidorm, Spain",2018,"10.3390/su10030824","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85043998030&doi=10.3390%2fsu10030824&partnerID=40&md5=726d459dd92a28c305e94de96261095f","The energy intensity of water-'energy (electricity)-for-water'-is calculated for Benidorm, a mass tourism resort in the Spanish Mediterranean coast, where the urban water cycle has evolved in response to a series of episodes of water stress. The analysis is based on primary data compiled from various actors involved in the urban water cycle encompassing water extraction, end uses, and wastewater treatment, including tertiary treatment. The results provide one of the first analyses of the relations between energy and water in a mass tourist center, which may be of potential interest for other tourist areas. It is estimated that a total of 109 GWh/year of electricity is required to operate the water cycle of Benidorm. About 4% of total energy use in Benidorm is dedicated to extracting, transporting, and treating water. The most energy-intensive stage is represented by end uses, which accounts for 20% of the total energy use in Benidorm when the energy required for water pumping and hot water use is considered. Additionally, energy intensity for water extraction was estimated for normal, wet, and two dry year scenarios. In comparison with the normal scenario, energy intensity is six times larger when desalinated water is incorporated during a dry year, whereas the emergency interbasin water transfer resulted in a more moderate increase in energy intensity. While treated wastewater and emergency water transfers appear to be a more convenient solution in energy terms, the strong impulse given to desalination in Spain is forcing local water authorities towards the use of a resource that is much more energy intensive, although, on the other hand, much less dependent on the vagaries of climate. In light of recent technological and managerial developments, the Benidorm case illuminates the challenges appearing in the analysis of the water-energy nexus, especially the fact that scarcity may be transferred from water to energy. © 2018 by the authors."
"56401951400;36451279000;55073323400;54409993600;7202743837;57203089555;57203101858;","The potential utility of satellite soil moisture retrievals for detecting irrigation patterns in China",2018,"10.3390/W10111505","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85065090416&doi=10.3390%2fW10111505&partnerID=40&md5=433048d04c20a42eee93555319bd2b0d","Climate change and anthropogenic activities, including agricultural irrigation have significantly altered the global and regional hydrological cycle. However, human-induced modification to the natural environment is not well represented in land surface models (LSMs). In this study, we utilize microwave-based soil moisture products to aid the detection of under-represented irrigation processes throughout China. The satellite retrievals used in this study include passive microwave observations from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) and its successor AMSR2, active microwave observations from the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT), and the blended multi-sensor soil moisture product from the European Space Agency (i.e., ESA CCI product). We first conducted validations of the three soil moisture retrievals against in-situ observations (collected from the nationwide agro-meteorological network) in irrigated areas in China. It is found that compared to the conventional Spearman's rank correlation and Pearson correlation coefficients, entropy-based mutual information is more suitable for evaluating soil moisture anomalies induced by irrigation. In general, around 60% of uncertainties in the anomaly of ""ground truth"" time series can be resolved by soil moisture retrievals, with ASCAT outperforming the others. Following this, the potential utility of soil moisture retrievals in mapping irrigation patterns in China is investigated by examining the difference in probability distribution functions (detected by two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) between soil moisture retrievals and benchmarks of the numerical model ERA-Interim without considering the irrigation process. Results show that microwave remote sensing provides a promising alternative to detect the under-represented irrigation process against the reference LSM ERA-Interim. Specifically, the highest performance in detecting irrigation intensity is found when using ASCAT in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, followed by advanced microwave scanning radiometer (AMSR) and ESA CCI. Compared to ASCAT, the irrigation detection capabilities of AMSR exhibit higher discrepancies between descending and ascending orbits, since the soil moisture retrieval algorithm of AMSR is based on surface temperature and, thus, more affected by irrigation practices. This study provides insights into detecting the irrigation extent using microwave-based soil moisture with aid of LSM simulations, which has great implications for numerical model development and agricultural managements across the country. © 2018 by the authors."
"56781409400;23992921200;57195588865;9233045100;16245391700;6602321641;","Evaluation of Rainfall Products Derived from Satellites and Microwave Links for the Netherlands",2017,"10.1109/TGRS.2017.2735439","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85028965860&doi=10.1109%2fTGRS.2017.2735439&partnerID=40&md5=192abf65fcd23e0f990a06cac5e9f762","High-resolution inputs of rainfall are important in hydrological sciences, especially for urban hydrology. This is mainly because heavy rainfall-induced events such as flash floods can have a tremendous impact on society given their destructive nature and the short time scales in which they develop. With the development of technologies such as radars, satellites and (commercial) microwave links (CMLs), the spatiotemporal resolutions at which rainfall can be retrieved are becoming higher and higher. For the land surface of The Netherlands, we evaluate here four rainfall products, i.e., link-derived rainfall maps, Integrated Multisatellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) Final Run (IMERG-Global Precipitation Measurement mission), Meteosat Second Generation Cloud Physical Properties (CPP), and Nighttime Infrared Precipitation Estimation (NIPE). All rainfall products are compared against gauge-adjusted radar data, considered as the ground truth given its high quality, resolution, and availability. The evaluation is done for seven months at 30 min and 24h. Overall, we found that link-derived rainfall maps outperform the satellite products and that IMERG outperforms CPP and NIPE. We also explore the potential of a CML network to validate satellite rainfall products. Usually, satellite derived products are validated against radar or rain gauge networks. If data from CMLs would be available, this would be highly relevant for ground validation in areas with scarce rainfall observations, since link-derived rainfall is truly independent of satellite-derived rainfall. The large worldwide coverage of CMLs potentially offers a more extensive platform for the ground validation of satellite estimates over the land surface of the Earth. © 2017 IEEE."
"6603263640;7404970050;","Reconstruction of thermodynamic cycles in a high-resolution simulation of a hurricane",2017,"10.1175/JAS-D-16-0353.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85031099704&doi=10.1175%2fJAS-D-16-0353.1&partnerID=40&md5=66283407b3e184098cf960387c324b9a","The relationship between energy transport and kinetic energy generation in a hurricane is analyzed. The hydrological cycle has a negative impact on the generation of kinetic energy. First, in a precipitating atmosphere, mechanical work must also be expended in order to lift water. Second, the injection of water vapor at low relative humidity and its removal through condensation and precipitation reduces the ability of a thermodynamic cycle to generate work. This reduction can be directly quantified in terms of the change in the Gibbs free energy between the water added and removed. Anewly developed approach-namely, themean airflow as Lagrangian dynamics approximation-is used to extract thermodynamic cycles from the standard output of a numerical simulation of a hurricane. While convection in the outer rainbands is inefficient at producing kinetic energy, the deepest overturning circulation associated with the rising air within the eyewall is an efficient heat engine that produces about 70% as much kinetic energy as a comparable Carnot cycle. This confirms that thermodynamic processes play a central role in hurricane formation and intensification and that the thermodynamic cycles in a hurricane are characterized by high generation of kinetic energy that differ significantly from those found in atmospheric convection. © 2017AmericanMeteorological Society."
"54420868300;14019342100;57196115458;6701718885;56900961300;","A TRMM/GPM retrieval of the total mean generator current for the global electric circuit",2017,"10.1002/2016JD026336","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85031088154&doi=10.1002%2f2016JD026336&partnerID=40&md5=07d20268416e582aa4e79a9dbc27cbde","A specialized satellite version of the passive microwave electric field retrieval algorithm (Peterson et al., 2015) is applied to observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellites to estimate the generator current for the Global Electric Circuit (GEC) and compute its temporal variability. By integrating retrieved Wilson currents from electrified clouds across the globe, we estimate a total mean current of between 1.4 kA (assuming the 7% fraction of electrified clouds producing downward currents measured by the ER-2 is representative) to 1.6 kA (assuming all electrified clouds contribute to the GEC). These current estimates come from all types of convective weather without preference, including Electrified Shower Clouds (ESCs). The diurnal distribution of the retrieved generator current is in excellent agreement with the Carnegie curve (RMS difference: 1.7%). The temporal variability of the total mean generator current ranges from 110% on semi-annual timescales (29% on an annual timescale) to 7.5% on decadal timescales with notable responses to the Madden-Julian Oscillation and El Nino Southern Oscillation. The geographical distribution of current includes significant contributions from oceanic regions in addition to the land-based tropical chimneys. The relative importance of the Americas and Asia chimneys compared to Africa is consistent with the best modern ground-based observations and further highlights the importance of ESCs for the GEC. ©2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"25639717000;7004139974;","Paltry past-precipitation: Predisposing prairie dogs to plague?",2017,"10.1002/jwmg.21281","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85021835452&doi=10.1002%2fjwmg.21281&partnerID=40&md5=12a9410c2fa80d7a9d458baa3fd76765","The plague bacterium Yersinia pestis was introduced to California in 1900 and spread rapidly as a sylvatic disease of mammalian hosts and flea vectors, invading the Great Plains in the United States by the 1930s to 1940s. In grassland ecosystems, plague causes periodic, devastating epizootics in colonies of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus), sciurid rodents that create and maintain subterranean burrows. In doing so, plague inhibits prairie dogs from functioning as keystone species of grassland communities. The rate at which fleas transmit Y. pestis is thought to increase when fleas are abundant. Flea densities can increase during droughts when vegetative production is reduced and herbivorous prairie dogs are malnourished and have weakened defenses against fleas. Epizootics of plague have erupted frequently in prairie dogs during years in which precipitation was plentiful, and the accompanying cool temperatures might have facilitated the rate at which fleas transmitted Y. pestis. Together these observations evoke the hypothesis that transitions from dry-to-wet years provide conditions for plague epizootics in prairie dogs. Using generalized linear models, we analyzed a 24-year dataset on the occurrence of plague epizootics in 42 colonies of prairie dogs from Colorado, USA, 1982–2005. Of the 33 epizootics observed, 52% erupted during years with increased precipitation in summer. For the years with increased summer precipitation, if precipitation in the prior growing season declined from the maximum of 502 mm to the minimum of 200 mm, the prevalence of plague epizootics was predicted to increase 3-fold. Thus, reduced precipitation may have predisposed prairie dogs to plague epizootics when moisture returned. Biologists sometimes assume dry conditions are detrimental for plague. However, 48% of epizootics occurred during years in which precipitation was scarce in summer. In some cases, an increased abundance of fleas during dry years might compensate for other conditions that become less favorable for plague transmission. Global warming is forecasted to amplify the hydrological cycle in the Great Plains, causing an increased occurrence of prolonged droughts interceded by brief periods of intense precipitation. Results herein suggest these changes might affect plague cycles in prairie dogs. Both negative and positive consequences of dry conditions should be considered when managing plague. © 2017 The Wildlife Society. © The Wildlife Society, 2017"
"57195235059;7102080550;55940931500;57033288300;","Explicit prediction of hail using multimoment microphysics schemes for a hailstorm of 19 march 2014 in eastern China",2017,"10.1002/2017JD026747","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85026416749&doi=10.1002%2f2017JD026747&partnerID=40&md5=41d20729ac0766a6ad9efc37a23b03b0","In the late afternoon of 19 March 2014, a severe hailstorm swept through eastern central Zhejiang province, China. The storm produced golf ball-sized hail, strong winds, and lighting, lasting approximately 1 h over the coastal city of Taizhou. The Advanced Regional Prediction System is used to simulate the hailstorm using different configurations of the Milbrandt-Yau microphysics scheme that predict one, two, or three moments of the hydrometeor particle size distribution. Simulated fields, including accumulated precipitation and maximum estimated hail size (MESH), are verified against rain gauge observations and radar-derived MESH, respectively. For the case of the 19 March 2014 storms, the general evolution is better predicted with multimoment microphysics schemes than with the one-moment scheme; the three-moment scheme produces the best forecast. Predictions from the three-moment scheme qualitatively agree with observations in terms of size and amount of hail reaching the surface. The life cycle of the hailstorm is analyzed, using the most skillful, three-moment forecast. Based upon the tendency of surface hail mass flux, the hailstorm life cycle can be divided into three stages: developing, mature, and dissipating. Microphysical budget analyses are used to examine microphysical processes and characteristics during these three stages. The vertical structures within the storm and their link to environmental shear conditions are discussed; together with the rapid fall of hailstones, these structures and conditions appear to dictate this pulse storm’s short life span. Finally, a conceptual model for the life cycle of pulse hailstorms is proposed. © 2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"25924727700;8882641700;6603581315;23493268700;24722339600;","Detecting shifts in tropical moisture imbalances with satellite-derived isotope ratios in water vapor",2017,"10.1002/2016JD026222","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85020454954&doi=10.1002%2f2016JD026222&partnerID=40&md5=90d10dc36b4403fd4537243cef6adf8e","As global temperatures rise, regional differences in evaporation (E) and precipitation (P) are likely to become more disparate, causing the drier E-dominated regions of the tropics to become drier and the wetter P-dominated regions to become wetter. Models suggest that such intensification of the water cycle should already be taking place; however, quantitatively verifying these changes is complicated by inherent difficulties in measuring E and P with sufficient spatial coverage and resolution. This paper presents a new metric for tracking changes in regional moisture imbalances (e.g., E-P) bydefining δDq—the isotope ratio normalized to a reference water vapor concentration of 4 mmol mol-1—and evaluates its efficacy using both remote sensing retrievals and climate model simulations in the tropics. By normalizing the isotope ratio with respect to water vapor concentration, δDq isolates the portion of isotopic variability most closely associated with shifts between E- and P-dominated regimes. Composite differences in δDq between cold and warm phases of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) verify that δDq effectively tracks changes in the hydrological cycle when large-scale convective reorganization takes place. Simulated δDq also demonstrates sensitivity to shorter-term variability in E-P at most tropical locations. Since the isotopic signal of E-P in free tropospheric water vapor transfers to the isotope ratios of precipitation, multidecadal observations of both water vapor and precipitation isotope ratios should provide key evidence of changes in regional moisture imbalances now and in the future. © 2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"36177823900;35551238800;7004135527;36337783200;6507605950;23017945100;7004870145;","Initiation and development of a mesoscale convective system in the Ebro River Valley and related heavy precipitation over northeastern Spain during HyMeX IOP 15a",2017,"10.1002/qj.2978","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85011629412&doi=10.1002%2fqj.2978&partnerID=40&md5=e1e9718c2f54f96e6363800079ae0bee","During Intensive Observation Period 15a (20 October 2012) of the first Special Observation Period of the Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment, northeastern Spain experienced heavy precipitation (130 mm in 24 h) associated with a retrograde regeneration mesoscale convective system (MCS) developing in the exit region of the Ebro River Valley (ERV). The life cycle of the MCS that brought intense hourly rainfall (34 mm) from the foothills of the Iberian Plateau to the central Pyrenees, as well as the detailed structure of the moist marine flow upstream, were analysed using a combination of ground-based, airborne and space-borne observations as well as model analyses. Over the Balearic Sea, the southwesterlies along the northeastern flank of a surface low converged with southeasterlies from North Africa, creating a near-surface moisture tongue in the region of the Balearic Islands, and a southeast–northwest oriented convergence line within a cloud cluster advecting from northern Africa. Airborne lidar measurements, acquired upstream of the ERV, evidenced water vapour mixing ratios in excess of 15 g kg−1 in the marine atmospheric boundary layer. In the mid-level (700 hPa), the presence of an elevated moisture plume from tropical Africa contributed about one third to the large moisture content present over the western Mediterranean Sea. In this moist environment, the MCS was initiated over the orography of the northeastern tip of the Iberian plateau, due to the combined influence of the approaching convergence line ahead of the surface low and the convergence resulting from weak northwesterlies channelled in the ERV and the easterlies impinging on the coastal range. After the initiation phase, the MCS further developed over the foothills of the Iberian Plateau and moved into the ERV and along the southern flank of the Pyrenees, thanks to the penetration of the warm and moist maritime southeasterly flow through the narrow gap between the northeastern part of the Iberian Plateau and the Catalan coastal range. © 2016 Royal Meteorological Society"
"57190165792;7004202450;","Past and future trends of hydroclimatic intensity over the Indian monsoon region",2017,"10.1002/2016JD025301","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85011317401&doi=10.1002%2f2016JD025301&partnerID=40&md5=9d15a04dff18f4af8f9f65acae747b97","The hydroclimatic intensity index (HY-INT) is a single index that quantitatively combines measures of precipitation intensity and dry spell length, thus providing an integrated response of the hydrological cycle to global warming. The HY-INT index is a product of the precipitation intensity (PINT, intensity during wet days) and dry spell length (DSL). Using the observed gridded rainfall data sets of 1951–2010 period, the changes in HY-INT, PINT, and DSL over the Indian monsoon region have been examined in addition to changes in maximum consecutive dry days (MCD). We have also considered 10 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) climate models for examining the changes in these indices during the present-day and future climate change scenarios. For climate change projections, the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 scenario was considered. The analysis of observational data during the period 1951–2010 suggested an increase in DSL and MCD over most of central India. Further, statistically significant (95% level) increase in HY-INT is also noted during the period of 1951–2010, which is mainly caused due to significant increase in precipitation intensity. The CMIP5 model projections of future climate also suggest a statistically significant increase in HY-INT over the Indian region. Out of the 10 models considered, seven models suggest a consistent increase in HY-INT during the period of 2010–2100 under the RCP4.5 scenario. However, the projected increase in HY-INT is mainly due to increase in the precipitation intensity, while dry spell length (DSL) showed little changes in the future climate. © 2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"18437931500;8436290800;55126659400;6701732228;","Selection of reference lakes and adaptation of a fish multimetric index of biotic integrity to six amazon floodplain lakes",2016,"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.10.046","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84992535815&doi=10.1016%2fj.ecoleng.2016.10.046&partnerID=40&md5=271f046eeba358efad1f2bf439bf12ec","This study seeks to define a bioassessment tool for the floodplain lakes of the lower Solimões River (Amazonas, Brazil). We defined lakes in pristine condition as reference lakes and adapted a fish multimetric index of biotic integrity. The floodplain lakes analyzed were Baixio, Preto, Ananá, Araçá, Maracá and Poraqué, located 30–400 km from Manaus, the state capital. To select the reference lakes we adapted a rapid bioassessment protocol that analyzes satellite imagines from Google Earth. Landscape characteristics were investigated in two different screening phases: preliminary (presence/absence) and final (semi-quantitative). Each screening phase used two landscape scales: buffer-zone (a 6 km-diameter circle around each lake) and local (an area extending 500 m from the lake's shoreline). The landscape attributes selected in these screening phases allowed us to define an Environmental Gradient Index (EGI) that represented the effect of the human presence on the lakes. Lakes Araçá and Ananá, which had no or very few signs of anthropogenic disturbance, were classified in the high EGI category and selected as reference lakes. A floodplain-lake index of biotic integrity (FL-IBI) was developed from twenty candidate fish assemblage metrics, of which four were selected after range, sensitivity, responsiveness and redundancy tests for inclusion in the final index (total number of species, total number of individuals, total number of individuals with moderate-high vulnerability and percentage of carnivores). Metrics were scored continuously from 0 to 10. Final FL-IBI scores were calculated by adding the scores for each selected metric and dividing the result by the number of metrics. To facilitate comparison with other indices, this was weighted to range from 0 to 100. The FL-IBI proved to be able to distinguish well between reference and non-reference lakes. Index scores had wide seasonal and temporal variability, largely because of the major changes in habitat caused by the intensity, duration, frequency and occurrence of the Solimões flooding cycle. For the reference lakes, the lowest seasonal index variability (CV < 5%) was observed in the receding-water period, allowing us to consider this as the best index period for biomonitoring purposes. The greatest annual variability for the study period (2004–2007) was observed in 2005 (CV > 20%) and was associated with the severe drought occurred in that year. These results show that the fish assemblages in the lakes studied are highly resilient and perfectly adapted to the hydrological cycle of the Solimões River. © 2016 Elsevier B.V."
"37097698700;16475714800;","A mechanism for the response of the zonally asymmetric subtropical hydrologic cycle to global warming",2016,"10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0826.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84995387927&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-15-0826.1&partnerID=40&md5=d34d41128361ec7cf5e27296b619ee84","Time-mean, zonally asymmetric circulations (hereafter referred to as stationary circulations) maintain intense hydrologic contrasts in Earth's subtropics in the present climate, especially between monsoon regions and deserts during local summer. Such zonal contrasts in hydrology generally increase in comprehensive GCM simulations of a warming climate, yet a full understanding of stationary circulations and their contribution to the hydrologic cycle in present and future climates is lacking. This study uses an idealized moist GCM to investigate the response of subtropical stationary circulations to global warming. Stationary circulations are forced by a prescribed subtropical surface heat source, and atmospheric infrared opacity is varied to produce a wide range of climates with global-mean surface temperatures between 267 and 319 K. The strength of stationary circulations varies nonmonotonically with global mean temperature in these simulations. Zonal asymmetries in precipitation increase with temperature in climates colder than or comparable to that of Earth but remain steady or weaken in warmer climates. A novel mechanism is proposed in which this behavior is caused by the changes in tropopause height and zonal SST gradients expected to occur with global warming. Casting this mechanism in terms of the first-baroclinic mode of the tropical troposphere produces a theory that quantitatively captures the nonmonotonic dependence of stationary circulation strength on global mean temperature. Zonally asymmetric changes in precipitation minus surface evaporation (P - E) are predicted by combining this dynamical theory with the tropospheric moisture changes expected if relative humidity remains constant. © 2016 American Meteorological Society."
"56276584900;10042470700;","Sensitivity of simulated climate to latitudinal distribution of solar insolation reduction in solar radiation management",2014,"10.5194/acp-14-7769-2014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84905460069&doi=10.5194%2facp-14-7769-2014&partnerID=40&md5=f268c96af47d2b7fa36744360c3452ec","Solar radiation management (SRM) geoengineering has been proposed as a potential option to counteract climate change. We perform a set of idealized geoengineering simulations using Community Atmosphere Model version 3.1 developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research to investigate the global hydrological implications of varying the latitudinal distribution of solar insolation reduction in SRM methods. To reduce the solar insolation we have prescribed sulfate aerosols in the stratosphere. The radiative forcing in the geoengineering simulations is the net forcing from a doubling of CO 2 and the prescribed stratospheric aerosols. We find that for a fixed total mass of sulfate aerosols (12.6 Mt of SO4), relative to a uniform distribution which nearly offsets changes in global mean temperature from a doubling of CO2, global mean radiative forcing is larger when aerosol concentration is maximum at the poles leading to a warmer global mean climate and consequently an intensified hydrological cycle. Opposite changes are simulated when aerosol concentration is maximized in the tropics. We obtain a range of 1 K in global mean temperature and 3% in precipitation changes by varying the distribution pattern in our simulations: this range is about 50% of the climate change from a doubling of CO2. Hence, our study demonstrates that a range of global mean climate states, determined by the global mean radiative forcing, are possible for a fixed total amount of aerosols but with differing latitudinal distribution. However, it is important to note that this is an idealized study and thus not all important realistic climate processes are modeled. © 2014 Author(s)."
"22735910700;56242136900;36239353200;12240170600;","Revisiting Continental U.S. Hydrologic Change in the Latter Half of the 20th Century",2013,"10.1007/s11269-013-0411-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84883778425&doi=10.1007%2fs11269-013-0411-3&partnerID=40&md5=48b0cf6a570a55553cad7257a24d67d1","An intensified hydrologic cycle and a large amount of monitoring flow data in the latter half of the 20th century attracted a lot of research on the continental U.S. hydrologic change. However, most previous studies are based on HCDN (Hydro-Climate Data Network) dataset with a period of ~1950s -1988. This study analyzed hydrologic change in continental U.S. based on MOPEX (international Model Parameter Estimation Experiment) hydrology dataset with a period of ~1950s -2000 for 302 watersheds (gages) across diverse climate, vegetation and soil conditions. This dataset is more representative of the latter half of the 20th century than HCDN. In contrast with previous studies, this study shows that only 20-30 % of watersheds present increasing trends in flow (streamflow, Q; baseflow, Qbf; baseflow index, BFI), and most (&gt; 65 %) watersheds presents non-significant trends. Similar to previous studies, the watersheds with increasing trends in Q and Qbf are concentrated in Midwest and high plain (North-Central area) of USA. Climate contributes more to Q change (61 ± 25 % vs. 39 ± 25 %) but slightly less to Qbf change than human activity (49 ± 26 % vs. 51 ± 26 %) and much less to BFI change than human activity (-5 ± 61 % vs. 105 ± 61 %). A step change at ~1971 in Q and Qbf was found for 35-45 % but not for a large proportion of watersheds (50 % or more was reported by previous studies). This study provides new insights on the latter half of the 20th century's hydrologic cycle for the continental U.S. with a more representative dataset of this period. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht."
"55556735800;55555715100;6602991332;7006367524;35495958000;","Global runoff anomalies over 1993-2009 estimated from coupled Land-Ocean-Atmosphere water budgets and its relation with climate variability",2012,"10.5194/hess-16-3647-2012","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84882763486&doi=10.5194%2fhess-16-3647-2012&partnerID=40&md5=9eeee5fe20f7ad6b908f6a17b6bb048c","Whether the global runoff (or freshwater discharge from land to the ocean) is currently increasing and the global water cycle is intensifying is still a controversial issue. Here we compute land-atmosphere and ocean-atmosphere water budgets and derive two independent estimates of the global runoff over the period 1993-2009. Water storage variations in the land, ocean and atmosphere reservoirs are estimated from different types of data sets: atmospheric reanalyses, land surface models, satellite altimetry and in situ ocean temperature data (the difference between altimetry based global mean sea level and ocean thermal expansion providing an estimate of the ocean mass component). These data sets are first validated using independent data, and then the global runoff is computed from the two methods. Results for the global runoff show a very good correlation between both estimates. More importantly, no significant trend is observed over the whole period. Besides, the global runoff appears to be clearly impacted by large-scale climate phenomena such as major ENSO events. To infer this, we compute the zonal runoff over four latitudinal bands and set up for each band a new index (combined runoff index) obtained by optimization of linear combinations of various climate indices. Results show that, in particular, the intertropical and northern mid-latitude runoffs are mainly driven by ENSO and the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) with opposite behavior. Indeed, the zonal runoff in the intertropical zone decreases during major El Niño events, whereas it increases in the northern mid-latitudes, suggesting that water masses over land are shifted northward/southward during El Niño/La Niña. In addition to this study, we propose an innovative method to estimate the global ocean thermal expansion. The method is based on the assumption that the difference between both runoff estimates is mainly due to the thermal expansion term not accounted for in the estimation of the ocean mass. We find that our reconstructed thermal expansion time series compares well with two existing data sets in terms of year-to-year fluctuations but somewhat differs on longer (multi-year) time scales. Possible explanations include non negligible steric variations from the deep ocean. © Author(s) 2013."
"35742922300;7202271749;","An artificial neural network approach to multispectral rainfall estimation over Africa",2012,"10.1175/JHM-D-11-081.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84864772263&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-11-081.1&partnerID=40&md5=e6ef70793f6bb9a671f574f325bf1556","Multispectral Spinning Enhanced Visible and IR Interferometer (SEVIRI) data, calibrated with daily rain gauge estimates, were used to produce daily high-resolution rainfall estimates over Africa.An artificial neural network (ANN) approach was used, producing an output of satellite pixel-scale daily rainfall totals. This product, known as the Rainfall Intensity Artificial Neural Network African Algorithm (RIANNAA), was calibrated and validated using gauge data from the highland Oromiya region of Ethiopia. Validation was performed at a variety of spatial and temporal scales, and results were also compared against Tropical Applications of Meteorology Using Satellite Data (TAMSAT) single-channel IR-based rainfall estimates. Several versions of RIANNAA, with different combinations of SEVIRI channels as inputs, were developed. RIANNAA was an improvement over TAMSAT at all validation scales, for all versions of RIANNAA. However, the addition of multispectral data to RIANNAA only provided a statistically significant improvement over the single-channel RIANNAA at the highest spatial and temporal-resolution validation scale. It appears that multispectral data add more value to rainfall estimates at high-resolution scales than at averaged time scales, where the cloud microphysical information that they provide may be less important for determining rainfall totals than larger-scale processes such as total moisture advection aloft. © 2012 American Meteorological Society."
"36458535100;7202671706;13805883800;7006328089;","Implications of the permanent El Niño teleconnection ""blueprint"" for past global and North American hydroclimatology",2011,"10.5194/cp-7-723-2011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79960347530&doi=10.5194%2fcp-7-723-2011&partnerID=40&md5=9f16c21354cbb77ad67c6d6e50b27015","Substantial evidence exists for wetter-than-modern continental conditions in North America during the pre-Quaternary warm climate intervals. This is in apparent conflict with the robust global prediction for future climate change of a northward expansion of the subtropical dry zones that should drive aridification of many semiarid regions. Indeed, areas of expected future aridification include much of western North America, where extensive paleoenvironmental records are documented to have been much wetter before the onset of Quaternary ice ages. It has also been proposed that climates previous to the Quaternary may have been characterized as being in a state with warmer-than-modern eastern equatorial sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Because equatorial Pacific SSTs exert strong controls on midlatitude atmospheric circulation and the global hydrologic cycle, the teleconnected response from this permanent El Niño-like mean state has been proposed as a useful analogue model, or ""blueprint"", for understanding global climatological anomalies in the past. The present study quantitatively explores the implications of this blueprint for past climates with a specific focus on the Miocene and Pliocene, using a global climate model (CAM3.0) and a nested high-resolution climate model (RegCM3) to study the hydrologic impacts on global and North American climate of a change in mean SSTs resembling that which occurs during modern El Niño events. We find that the global circulation response to a permanent El Niño resembles a large, long El Niño event. This state also exhibits equatorial super-rotation, which would represent a fundamental change to the tropical circulations. We also find a southward shift in winter storm tracks in the Pacific and Atlantic, which affects precipitation and temperature over the mid-latitudes. In addition, summertime precipitation increases over the majority of the continental United States. These increases in precipitation are controlled by shifts in the subtropical jet and secondary atmospheric feedbacks. Based on these results and the data proxy comparison, we conclude that a permanent El Niño like state is one potential explanation of wetter-than-modern conditions observed in paleoclimate-proxy records, particularly over the western United States."
"25228265200;25228570800;25228443100;36769514400;54884839100;","Evaluating the climatic changes in the hydrological flow regime of the Moldavian areas",2011,"10.30638/eemj.2011.263","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84855447060&doi=10.30638%2feemj.2011.263&partnerID=40&md5=b2836f8b2d2b556e6a9752464465fe4b","Increased intensity of precipitation events in a future climate provide result in a number of regions with improved, more detailed models. Many mathematical models include this part of hydrological cycle with implications regarding the climatic changes. The case study shows aspects regarding the climatic changes and its impact on designing the hydraulic structures and the hydrotechnical constructions behaviour in the case of extreme hydro-meteorological phenomena."
"56126864500;7004279859;","Scale-decomposed atmospheric water budget over North America as simulated by the Canadian Regional Climate Model for current and future climates",2011,"10.1007/s00382-009-0695-4","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78650992118&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-009-0695-4&partnerID=40&md5=7bed8cccbb16ca1d13cdadf72806ab00","Through its various radiative effects and latent heat release, water plays a major role in the maintenance of climate. Therefore a better understanding of climate and climate changes requires a better understanding of the hydrological cycle. In this study we investigate the scale-decomposed atmospheric water budget over North America as simulated by the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) driven by the Canadian Coupled Global Climate Model (CGCM) under current conditions for 1961-1990 and the SRES A2 scenario for 2041-2070. A discrete cosine transform is applied to the atmospheric water budget variables in order to separate small scales that are resolved exclusively by the high-resolution CRCM, from larger scales resolved by both the CRCM and low-resolution driving CGCM. The moisture flux divergence is alternatively decomposed in terms of three scales of wind and humidity to provide nine interaction terms. Statistics of these fields are calculated for winter and summer seasons, and the local statistical significance of climate-change projections is tested. The contributions of each scale band to the water budget current climatology and to its evolution in a warmer climate are investigated, addressing the issue of the potential added value of smaller scales. Results show a time variability larger than the time mean for all variables, and a significant small-scale contribution to time variability, which is even dominant in summer, both in the current and future climates. Future climate exhibits an overall intensification of the hydrological cycle in winter, and more mixed changes in summer. Relative changes in the time mean and time variability appear comparable, and the contribution of each scale band to variability changes remains overall very consistent with their contribution to current climate variability. © 2009 Springer-Verlag."
"6505586651;6603407062;","Factors influencing the occurrence of water stress at field scale",2010,"10.1002/eco.182","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78649645167&doi=10.1002%2feco.182&partnerID=40&md5=d5fd7e01121a660cd60c62cb3239b186","Across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, the soil water content (SWC) can be perceived as an integral component of the hydrological cycle. The concept of field capacity is insufficient to characterize the limits of ideal moisture conditions for plants and the concept of SWC of limited plant availability (θla) has been introduced to characterize the available SWC threshold value, below which the relative transpiration drops under 1 θla is not a stable property of soil but also depends on the actual evapotranspiration demand of the atmosphere (potential evapotranspiration, Ep). To avoid water stress and ensure high biomass production, water should be supplied to vegetation in order to maintain the optimal range of SWC above θla during important ontogenetic phases. The influence of two factors, one of which is pedological (soil texture) and another is biological (8-m high hedgerow) on field-scale fluctuations of θla, was studied in western Slovakia near Moravskỳ Svätỳ Ján (MSJ) village and in north-eastern Austria near the village Rutzendorf, respectively. In the MSJ-field θla values reflected the textural heterogeneity of soil. The intrapopulation range Δθla was 0.15 m3 m-3 in a clay loam Mollic Gleysol, but only 0.08 m3 m-3 in a loamy sand Arenic Regosol. The interpopulation differences in mean θla between two textural classes were 0.06-0.09 m3 m-3. The maximum Δθla caused by changes in textural composition over the 4.5 ha field was 0.18 m3 m-3. It was found during two SWC measurement campaigns with different boundary conditions [Ep and ground water (GW) table] that the loamy sand soil is much more susceptible to the occurrence of water stress than the clay loam. The actual SWC falls below the θla threshold more frequently in loamy sand because of its small water retention capacity, rapid drainage and poorer hydraulic connection with GW. The seasonal variability of θla in 2002 reached 0.06-0.09 m3 m-3, depending on textural class. The hedgerow at Field-Rutzendorf had a small effect on the spatial variation in θla during days with low Ep rates Δθla was less then 0.01 m3 m-3 when potential evapotranspiration was less then 1 mm day-1. However, during days with great atmospheric demand for evapotranspiration (6 mm day-1) Δθla reached 0.19 m3 m-3 during the 2004 growing season. The results illustrate that both evapotranspiration intensity and soil texture influence the occurrence of soil water stress. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd."
"9239676900;7408519295;","A MODIS dual spectral rain algorithm",2007,"10.1175/JAM2541.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-35548936858&doi=10.1175%2fJAM2541.1&partnerID=40&md5=4d10514d74f96f3a0e97620360cc88eb","The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiameter (MODIS) dual spectral rain algorithm (MODRA) is developed for rain retrievals over the northern midlatitudes. The reflectance of the MODIS water vapor absorption channel at 1.38 μm (R1.38μm) has a potential to represent the cloud-top height displayed by the brightness temperature (TB) of the MODIS channel at 11 μm, because of an excellent negative relationship (correlation coefficient ≤-0.9) between R1.38μm and TB11 μm for optically thick clouds with reflectance (R0.65 μm) greater than 0.75. With a training rainfall dataset from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) aboard the same Aqua satellite platform, two MODIS channels (R1.38 μm and R0.65 μm) are applied to form multiregression curves to estimate daytime rainfall. Results demonstrate that the instantaneous rain rates from MODRA, independent AMSR-E rainfall products, and surface rain gauge measurements are consistent. This study explores a new way to estimate rainfall from MODIS water vapor and cloud channels. The resulting technique could be applied to other similar satellite instruments for rain retrievals. © 2007 American Meteorological Society."
"7101794572;7003727030;","An overview of the meteorology and climatology of the humid tropics",2005,"10.1017/CBO9780511535666.016","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84896734764&doi=10.1017%2fCBO9780511535666.016&partnerID=40&md5=acce8622edbeefa28f4738e9ec0acce2","Introduction Because of the positive net radiation received in the tropics, this energy is the driver of the hydrological cycle, as is reflected in the frequency of some of the highest rainfall intensities (by global standards) found across the duration spectrum. There remains, however, considerable spatial and temporal variability in rainfall across the humid tropics. Such variability is partly a consequence of the different synoptic-scale, rain-producing meteorological phenomena which occur in this climatic region. Moreover, the link between synoptic climatology/rainfall characteristics/storm runoff hydrology, for example, is insufficiently represented within the hydrological literature, especially that pertaining to tropical forest hydrology. Consequently, it will be necessary to go into some detail both within this chapter as we introduce the main features of the tropical atmosphere circulation and also in the subsequent one, where the focus is on particular synoptic- and meso-scale rain-producing systems, in an attempt to highlight the important linkage between synoptic climatology and rainfall characteristics. Later, varying responses in the storm runoff hydrology of tropical forests will be cross-referenced with material presented here. Within the meteorological and climatological literature, there is no consensus on the terminology used to describe the various meteorological systems affecting the tropics. Commonly, many such rain-producing systems are ‘lumped’ under the phenomenon, the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). As this chapter (and the one following) will outline, the term ITCZ incorporates several phenomena between the synoptic (say 10° latitude by 40° longitude, Davidson et al., 1983) and mesoscale (length scale, 2-2000 km; Orlanski, 1975) © UNESCO 2005 and Cambridge University Press, 2009."
"7201659718;57217145556;","A comparison of Meteosat rainfall estimation techniques in Kenya",2001,"10.1017/S1350482701001098","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0041368482&doi=10.1017%2fS1350482701001098&partnerID=40&md5=98b57df4239fe91c390d3a34d63b952d","Two methods for estimating ten-day rainfall totals from Meteosat infra-red imagery were compared for the April-June 1996 'long rains' of Kenya in an area covering the eastern highlands and the Tana and Athi river basins. One of these (the Bristol 'B4' method) was then used for rainfall estimation for the whole of Kenya, for November 1996 and the other, the TAMSAT 'Cold Cloud Duration' (CCD) method was used to estimate rainfall for the whole of Kenya for November 1997 to April 1998. April-June 1996 was an unusual season with very few large rainstorms. For this comparison period the B4 method gave better estimates of actual rainfall than the TAMSAT method because it used a variable cold cloud threshold temperature and ongoing calibration against rain gauge data. Comparison of ten-day CCD totals with rainfall for the 1997-1998 period indicated that using the TAMSAT method gave best rainfall estimates for the arid and semi-arid areas of eastern and northern Kenya and for months other than the main rainy season months of November and April. Both methods could be used successfully to identify periods with well below or well above average rainfall even over highland areas, and they are therefore useful for providing food security early warnings."
"7007109759;7005505609;7005401705;","Hydrological applications of satellite data 1. Rainfall estimation",1996,"10.1029/96jd01654","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-3743143833&doi=10.1029%2f96jd01654&partnerID=40&md5=ab67b9b282f0696f72fd31b6251dd0cb","In this study we investigate the ability of satellite visible and infrared data to produce reliable rainfall amount estimates that could be used by hydrological models to predict streamflow for large basins. Rainfall estimates are obtained by (1) classification of clouds to raining and nonraining clouds and (2) applying a multivariate statistical model between rainfall and indices derived from the satellite observations. Satellite data corresponding to 180 randomly selected days in the period May-September 1982-1988 are used in this study that focuses on the estimation of daily rainfall. The Des Moines River basin in the midwestern United States is the application area. The correlation coefficient between model-predicted and rain gauge-observed mean areal precipitation over areas of order 10,000 km2 is found to be about 0.85. In an example application the satellite rainfall estimates are used to force the operational National Weather Service hydrologic forecast model for a subbasin of the Des Moines River basin. The model has been calibrated with rain gauge data. The results show that differences between rain gauge and satellite rainfall input generate differences in flow forecasts and upper soil water model estimates, which are a function of the antecedent soil water conditions. A companion paper [Guetter et al., this issue] quantifies the effects that the differences between rain gauge and satellite rainfall estimates have on flow and upper soil water model predictions for various spatial scales and for hydrologic models calibrated with and without satellite data."
"7003750861;7202162685;55386235300;","Satellite retrieval of tropical precipitation using combined International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project DX and SSM/I data",1996,"10.1029/96jd01771","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030437265&doi=10.1029%2f96jd01771&partnerID=40&md5=a8586d5d7573f1c9d1926bed259ab278","A new precipitation retrieval scheme for use in the tropics is developed using a combination of visible (VIS)/IR and microwave satellite observations. The new scheme combines the advantages of both the ample coverage of VIS/IR sampling and the physical directness between precipitation and microwave radiances. A VIS/IR algorithm is ""trained"" using Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) derived values of precipitation. Cloud top temperatures and visible optical depths provided by the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) level DX analyses are ""binned"" by every 10 K and every 10 unit optical depth, respectively. Lookup tables for the probability of rain and mean rainfall rate are constructed for each cloud top temperature/optical depth cell whenever the optical depth is available (daytime). For the nighttime, the tables are based only on cloud top temperature. The instantaneous rainfall rates are obtained by multiplying the mean rainfall rate by the probability of rain, both characterized by the cloud top temperature and/or visible optical depth associated with the satellite pixel. The satellite retrieval always retains results from optimal parameters, which means SSM/I results are used whenever SSM/I samplings are available; otherwise, VIS/IR results are used during daytime, while IR-only results are used during nighttime. The final precipitation product can have resolution as high as 3 hours in time and about 0.3° in space. However, averaging in space and/or time improves the statistics of the derived rainfall rates, since the statistics of the algorithm are more fully utilized. The satellite-derived rainfall product compares well with ship rain gauge data in terms of rain/no rain determination, and agrees well with daily rainfall accumulation derived from a large-scale moisture budget. The satellite retrieved rainfall rates are biased high relative to radar observations. In the absence of satisfactory data with which to validate the satellite-derived rainfall rates, it can be concluded that there is useful information in the ISCCP data set that relates to precipitation and that the inclusion of visible optical depth information improves the daytime retrieval of precipitation relative to IR-only methods."
"55618308300;13607362000;55461610600;55461267500;13606751000;7404181575;36619287400;","A new approach to separating the impacts of climate change and multiple human activities on water cycle processes based on a distributed hydrological model",2019,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124096","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85072042692&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2019.124096&partnerID=40&md5=d68a95534d8811d3faf525e58535fecf","The impacts of human activities on the natural water cycle have become increasingly severe due to population growth and economic development. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the contributions of different human activities (e.g., land-use change, industrial water use, and domestic water use) on different hydrological variables. However, existing attribution methods have shortcomings when attributing the impacts of different human activities; for instance, human activities may only be considered as one impact factor, and the total impact of all factors may not be guaranteed to equal 100% of the total change. A new approach, using multiple scenario simulations from a distributed model, was developed in this study to overcome these shortcomings. All potential contributions for one impact factor were calculated by fixing the other impact factors at different statuses, and the arithmetic mean of all potential contributions was presented as the final result. This method ensures that the sum of the contributions of all impact factors equals the total change in hydrological variables between two periods, which was demonstrated mathematically. A case study of the Wei River Basin was used to evaluate the proposed methodology, which attributed four impact factors (climate change, land-use change, industrial and domestic water use, and agricultural irrigation water use) to three hydrological variables (evapotranspiration, rainfall infiltration, and streamflow drainage into the Yellow River). The results showed that the new method could attribute the impacts of the four factors to the changes of the three annual average hydrological variables between the period 1956–1980 and the period 1981–2005; these four factors accounted for 373.3%, −33.3%, −133.3%, and −106.7% of the change in evapotranspiration, 129.8%, −2.2%, −3.5%, and −24.1% of the change in rainfall infiltration, and 75.2%, 4.4%, 13.4%, and 7.0% of the change in streamflow drainage into the Yellow River, respectively. Moreover, the sum of the relative contributions of the four impact factors to the three hydrological variables was equal to 100% at an annual time scale. To avoid the limitations of existing methods, we recommend adopting the newly proposed method for evaluating the impacts of climate change and multiple human activities on water cycle processes. © 2019 Elsevier B.V."
"57189439781;6701313416;9239400200;","TheDiaTo (v1.0)-A new diagnostic tool for water, energy and entropy budgets in climate models",2019,"10.5194/gmd-12-3805-2019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85071773635&doi=10.5194%2fgmd-12-3805-2019&partnerID=40&md5=352a2a3780461ee6a8be967d3d97d8fb","This work presents the Thermodynamic Diagnostic Tool (TheDiaTo), a novel diagnostic tool for investigating the thermodynamics of climate systems with a wide range of applications, from sensitivity studies to model tuning. It includes a number of modules for assessing the internal energy budget, the hydrological cycle, the Lorenz energy cycle and the material entropy production. The routine takes as inputs energy fluxes at the surface and at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), which allows for the computation of energy budgets at the TOA, the surface and in the atmosphere as a residual. Meridional enthalpy transports are also computed from the divergence of the zonal mean energy budget from which the location and intensity of the maxima in each hemisphere are calculated. Rainfall, snowfall and latent heat fluxes are received as inputs for computation of the water mass and latent energy budgets. If a land-sea mask is provided, the required quantities are separately computed over continents and oceans. The diagnostic tool also computes the annual Lorenz energy cycle (LEC) and its storage and conversion terms by hemisphere and as a global mean. This is computed from three-dimensional daily fields of horizontal wind velocity and temperature in the troposphere. Two methods have been implemented for the computation of the material entropy production: one relying on the convergence of radiative heat fluxes in the atmosphere (indirect method) and the other combining the irreversible processes occurring in the climate system, particularly heat fluxes in the boundary layer, the hydrological cycle and the kinetic energy dissipation as retrieved from the residuals of the LEC (direct method). A version of these diagnostics has been developed as part of the Earth System Model eValuation Tool (ESMValTool) v2.0a1 in order to assess the performances of CMIP6 model simulations, and it will be available in the next release. The aim of this software is to provide a comprehensive picture of the thermodynamics of the climate system, as reproduced in the state-of-The-Art coupled general circulation models. This can prove useful for better understanding anthropogenic and natural climate change, paleoclimatic climate variability, and climatic tipping points. © Author(s) 2019."
"57201984518;56522444900;56522768500;6603442521;55806727200;","A new and flexible rainy season definition: Validation for the Greater Horn of Africa and application to rainfall trends",2019,"10.1002/joc.5856","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054495225&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.5856&partnerID=40&md5=4c586ffe024141eaf136c7055b51f7cd","Previous studies on observed or projected rainfall trends for the Greater Horn of Africa (GHA) generally focus on calendric 3-month periods, and thus partly neglect the complexity of rainfall seasonality in this topographically heterogeneous region. This study introduces a novel and flexible methodology to identify the rainfall seasonality, the onset, cessation and duration of the rainy seasons and the associated uncertainties from rainfall time series. The definition is applied to the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) satellite product and an extensive rain gauge data set. A strong agreement with known seasonal dynamics in the region and the commonly used calendric rainy seasons is demonstrated. Compared to the latter definition, a clear added value is found for the new approach as it captures the local rainfall features (associated with, for example, the sea breeze), thus facilitating evaluations across rainfall seasonality borders. While previously known trends are qualitatively confirmed, trends are amplified in some regions using the flexible definition method. Notably, a drying trend in Tanzania and Democratic Republic of Congo and a wetting trend in central Sudan and parts of eastern Ethiopia and Kenya can be detected. The trends are regionally associated with changes in rainy season cessation. CHIRPS and station trend patterns are consistent over larger regions of the GHA, but differ in regions with known rainfall contributions from warmer cloud tops. Discrepancies are found in coastal and topographically complex areas, and regions with an unstable seasonality of rainfall. As expected, CHIRPS shows spatially more homogeneous trends compared to station data. The more precise definition of the rainy season facilitates the assessment of rainfall characteristics like intensity, rainfall amounts or temporal shifts of rainy seasons. This novel methodology could also provide a more adequate calibration of climate model simulations thus potentially enabling more realistic climate change projections for the GHA. © 2018 The Authors. International Journal of Climatology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the Royal Meteorological Society."
"56047655300;7801640137;35616517300;57188739487;6603460877;","Perturbations in the carbon cycle during the carnian humid episode: Carbonate carbon isotope records from southwestern China and Northern Oman",2019,"10.1144/jgs2017-170","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85059895332&doi=10.1144%2fjgs2017-170&partnerID=40&md5=fd9ecd9e121a39034ec71af5ac44f97c","The Carnian Humid Episode is an interval of prominent climatic changes in the Late Triassic. We studied the carbon isotope (δ 13 C) geochemistry of carbonates from sections in southwestern China and northern Oman. δ 13 C records from the Yongyue section (western Guizhou, South China) show a progressive positive shift from 1.4 to 2.8‰ in the early to middle Julian 1 substage. This positive trend is followed by a swift negative shift of c. 4.2‰ from 2.8 to −1.4‰ in the Julian 2 substage. δ 13 C from the Wadi Mayhah section (northern Oman) shows a positive shift from 2.2 to 2.8‰ in the Julian 1 substage, followed by a negative shift of c. 3.2‰ from 2.8 to −0.3‰ in the Julian 2 substage. The δ 13 C records from the two study sections generally correlate well with each other as well as with published records, pointing to a considerable input of isotopically light carbon starting in the late Julian 1 substage. Such a large amount of light carbon probably derived from direct degassing and the sediment–sill contact metamorphism of the Panthalassan Wrangellia Large Igneous Province and contemporary Tethyan volcanism. The voluminous volcanogenic greenhouse gases probably contributed to the warming pulse in the middle Carnian. Thus the dry–wet climatic transition during the Carnian Humid Episode is best interpreted as a warm climate-driven intensification of the activities of the atmospheric circulation and hydrological cycle. © 2018 The Author(s)."
"57197331111;21743354900;6507565257;57204425627;7006216880;","The schilfsandstein and its flora; arguments for a humid mid-carnian episode?",2019,"10.1144/jgs2018-053","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85056592600&doi=10.1144%2fjgs2018-053&partnerID=40&md5=8857730e2bd9e1c9f3d5b390f5309d51","Recently intensified research on the mid-Carnian episode stimulated discussions about the mid-Carnian climate and a supposed humid climate shift. This basin-scale study on the Schilfsandstein, the type-example of the mid-Carnian episode, applied sedimentological, palynological and palaeobotanical proxies of the palaeoclimate to a large dataset of cored wells and outcrops. The results demonstrate the primary control of circum-Tethyan eustatic cycles on the Central European Basin where transgressions contributed to basin-scale facies shifts. The palaeoclimate proxies point to a uniform arid to semi-arid Carnian climate with low chemical weathering and high evaporation. Consequently, transgressions into the Central European Basin led to increased evaporation forcing the hydrological cycle. The increased runoff from source areas resulted in high-groundwater stages on lowlands characterized by hydromorphic palaeosols and intrazonal vegetation with hygrophytic elements. During lowstands, reduced evaporation and runoff led to increased drainage and desiccation of lowlands characterized by formation of vertisols, calcisols and gypsisols and zonal vegetation with xerophytic elements. The proposed model of sea-level control on the hydrological cycle integrates coeval and subsequent occurrences of wet and dry lowlands, hydromorphic and well-drained palaeosols, and intrazonal and zonal vegetations. Thus, the Schilfsandstein does not provide arguments for a humid mid-Carnian episode. © 2018 The Author(s)."
"56149846700;56381839400;55644003021;55450092500;35751178100;","Development of a landscape indicator to evaluate the effect of landscape pattern on surface runoff in the Haihe River Basin",2018,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.09.045","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054092101&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2018.09.045&partnerID=40&md5=b26dcdb9e368e63d5a0316ae4ffb3afe","The Haihe River Basin has become a watershed that suffers from intensive interference from human activities, as landscape patterns and runoff processes have significantly changed in recent decades. Investigating the effect of landscape patterns on surface runoff is helpful for establishing the synergistic evolution relationship between the landscape and the hydrological cycle, providing a theoretical basis and effective way for the future management of water resources. In this study, a landscape metrics approach is used to describe the spatial patterns of landscapes, measure changes in landscape patterns, and relate spatial patterns to surface runoff processes of water resources at a watershed scale. Given that commonly used landscape metrics not considering undulating terrain characteristics, soil properties and landcover conditions, which have significant effects on the surface runoff, a Runoff Landscape Index (RLI) is developed to evaluate the effect of watershed landscape factors on surface runoff. Factors relating to landcover, soil and topography are analyzed, weighed, and integrated during the indicator development. Then, correlation between landscape indicators (RLI and commonly used indicators) and surface runoff is examined. The results show a significant positive correlation between RLI and surface runoff, and the average correlation coefficient is 0.831, much greater than the correlation coefficients for commonly used landscape indices. With potential applications for remote sensing and GIS technology, RLI could be used to efficiently predict annual runoff in ungauged basins even in future land cover scenarios and possibly provide a new perspective for water resource management at the river basin scale. © 2018 Elsevier B.V."
"56276584900;10042470700;7004807312;35301550500;","Does shortwave absorption by methane influence its effectiveness?",2018,"10.1007/s00382-018-4102-x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85041127369&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-018-4102-x&partnerID=40&md5=b1bc28dfb4c3a0751e300af5d966d3a7","In this study, using idealized step-forcing simulations, we examine the effective radiative forcing of CH4 relative to that of CO2 and compare the effects of CH4 and CO2 forcing on the climate system. A tenfold increase in CH4 concentration in the NCAR CAM5 climate model produces similar long term global mean surface warming (~ 1.7 K) as a one-third increase in CO2 concentration. However, the radiative forcing estimated for CO2 using the prescribed-SST method is ~ 81% that of CH4, indicating that the efficacy of CH4 forcing is ~ 0.81. This estimate is nearly unchanged when the CO2 physiological effect is included in our simulations. Further, for the same long-term global mean surface warming, we simulate a smaller precipitation increase in the CH4 case compared to the CO2 case. This is because of the fast adjustment processes—precipitation reduction in the CH4 case is larger than that of the CO2 case. This is associated with a relatively more stable atmosphere and larger atmospheric radiative forcing in the CH4 case which occurs because of near-infrared absorption by CH4 in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Within a month after an increase in CH4, this shortwave heating results in a temperature increase of ~ 0.8 K in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere. In contrast, within a month after a CO2 increase, longwave cooling results in a temperature decrease of ~ 3 K in the stratosphere and a small change in the upper troposphere. These fast adjustments in the lower stratospheric and upper tropospheric temperature, along with the adjustments in clouds in the troposphere, influence the effective radiative forcing and the fast precipitation response. These differences in fast climate adjustments also produce differences in the climate states from which the slow response begins to evolve and hence they are likely associated with differing feedbacks. We also find that the tropics and subtropics are relatively warmer in the CH4 case for the same global mean surface warming because of a larger longwave clear-sky and shortwave cloud forcing over these regions in the CH4 case. Further investigation using a multi-model intercomparison framework would permit an assessment of the robustness of our results. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature."
"36552332100;13402718100;6603377859;6701653010;7006508160;","Comparison of GPM core observatory and ground-based radar retrieval of mass-weighted mean raindrop diameter at midlatitude",2018,"10.1175/JHM-D-18-0002.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85055637298&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-18-0002.1&partnerID=40&md5=c76ab7ba8d8067e5a7d1e545c63f7b5f","One of the main goals of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is to retrieve parameters of the raindrop size distribution (DSD) globally. As a standard product of the Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) on board the GPM Core Observatory satellite, the mass-weighted mean diameter Dm and the normalized intercept parameter Nw are estimated in three dimensions at the resolution of the radar. These are two parameters of the three-parameter gamma model DSD adopted by the GPM algorithms. This study investigates the accuracy of the Dm retrieval through a comparative study of C-band ground radars (GRs) and GPM products over Italy. The reliability of the ground reference is tested by using two different approaches to estimate Dm. The results show good agreement between the ground-based and spaceborne-derived Dm, with an absolute bias being generally lower than 0.5mm over land in stratiform precipitation for the DPR algorithm and the combined DPR-GMI algorithm. For the DPR-GMI algorithm, the good agreement extends to convective precipitation as well. Estimates of Dm from the DPR high-sensitivity (HS) Ka-band data show slightly worse results. A sensitivity study indicates that the accuracy of the Dm estimation is independent of the height above surface (not shown) and the distance from the ground radar. On the other hand, a nonuniform precipitation pattern (interpreted both as high variability and as a patchy spatial distribution) within the DPR footprint is usually associated with a significant error in the DPR-derived estimate of Dm. © 2018 American Meteorological Society."
"24456455100;57033142300;56990670900;","Rainfall-induced landslide susceptibility using a rainfall-runoff model and logistic regression",2018,"10.3390/w10101354","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054098315&doi=10.3390%2fw10101354&partnerID=40&md5=60cbb2ea83dbb84a2b6bedf4d051090e","Conventional landslide susceptibility analysis adopted rainfall depth or maximum rainfall intensity as the hydrological factor. However, using these factors cannot delineate temporal variations of landslide in a rainfall event. In the hydrological cycle, runoff quantity reflects rainfall characteristics and surface feature variations. In this study, a rainfall-runoff model was adopted to simulate the runoff produced by rainfall in various periods of a typhoon event. To simplify the number of factors in landslide susceptibility analysis, the runoff depth was used to replace rainfall factors and some topographical factors. The proposed model adopted the upstream area of the Alishan River in southern Taiwan as the study area. The landslide susceptibility analysis of the study area was conducted by using a logistic regression model. The results indicated that the overall accuracy of predicted events exceeded 80%, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) closed to 0.8. The results revealed that the proposed landslide susceptibility simulation performed favorably in the study area. The proposed model could predict the evolution of landslide susceptibility in various periods of a typhoon and serve as a new reference for landslide hazard prevention. © 2018 by the authors."
"56638280100;9537045600;7202119915;6603768446;57204495328;","Global precipitation measuring dual-frequency precipitation radar observations of hailstorm vertical structure: Current capabilities and drawbacks",2018,"10.1175/JAMC-D-18-0020.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85053438811&doi=10.1175%2fJAMC-D-18-0020.1&partnerID=40&md5=2c50692bd1aa74c0a7a600ab681bb8ea","A statistical analysis of simultaneous observations of more than 800 hailstorms over the continental United States performed by the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) and the ground-based Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) network has been carried out. Several distinctive features of DPR measurements of hail-bearing columns, potentially exploitable by hydrometeor classification algorithms, are identified. In particular, the height and the strength of the Ka-band reflectivity peak show a strong relationship with the hail shaft area within the instrument field of view (FOV). Signatures of multiple scattering (MS) at the Ka band are observed for a range of rimed particles, including but not exclusively for hail. MS amplifies uncertainty in the effective Ka reflectivity estimate and has a negative impact on the accuracy of dual-frequency rainfall retrievals at the ground. The hydrometeor composition of convective cells presents a large inhomogeneity within the DPR FOV. Strong nonuniform beamfilling (NUBF) introduces large ambiguities in the attenuation correction at Ku and Ka bands, which additionally hamper quantitative retrievals. The effective detection of profiles affected by MS is a very challenging task, since the inhomogeneity within the DPR FOV may result in measurements that look remarkably like MS signatures. The shape of the DPR reflectivity profiles is the result of the complex interplay between the scattering properties of the different hydrometeors, NUBF, and MS effects, which significantly reduces the ability of the DPR system to detect hail at the ground. © 2018 American Meteorological Society."
"7102329065;34882043200;7004114883;57203360051;","Fundamental Climate Data Records of microwave brightness temperatures",2018,"10.3390/RS10081306","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85057075120&doi=10.3390%2fRS10081306&partnerID=40&md5=1b6a41863a816401ef6640db3e20b642","An intercalibrated Fundamental Climate Data Record (FCDR) of brightness temperatures (Tb) has been developed using data from a total of 14 research and operational conical-scanning microwave imagers. This dataset provides a consistent 30+ year data record of global observations that is well suited for retrieving estimates of precipitation, total precipitable water, cloud liquid water, ocean surface wind speed, sea ice extent and concentration, snow cover, soil moisture, and land surface emissivity. An initial FCDR was developed for a series of ten Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS) instruments on board the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program spacecraft. An updated version of this dataset, including additional NASA and Japanese sensors, has been developed as part of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. The FCDR development efforts involved quality control of the original data, geolocation corrections, calibration corrections to account for cross-track and time-dependent calibration errors, and intercalibration to ensure consistency with the calibration reference. Both the initial SSMI(S) and subsequent GPM Level 1C FCDR datasets are documented, updated in near real-time, and publicly distributed. © 2019 by the authors."
"57214124127;7404433688;","Life cycle effects on the vertical structure of precipitation in East China measured by Himawari-8 and GPM DPR",2018,"10.1175/MWR-D-18-0085.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85050121739&doi=10.1175%2fMWR-D-18-0085.1&partnerID=40&md5=6399c0fd247008c1c940bb19fe53a91e","We identified precipitating systems from May to August 2016 using data from the Global Precipitation Measurement mission Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar instrument. Then, using this set of cases, Himawari-8 10.4-μm brightness temperature data from before and after each precipitation event were used to identify three life stages of clouds: a developing stage, a mature stage, and a dissipating stage. Using statistical analysis and two case studies, we show that the precipitating systems at different life stages of the clouds have different systematic properties, including the area of precipitation, the convective ratio, the rain-top height, and the brightness temperature. The developing systems had the largest convective ratio, whereas the dissipating systems had the largest area of precipitation. The life stage of the cloud also influenced the vertical structure of the precipitation. The microphysical processes within each stage were unique, leading to various properties of the droplets in precipitation. The developing systems had large, but sparse, droplets; the mature systems had large and dense droplets; and the dissipating systems had small and sparse droplets. Our results suggest that the different properties of precipitating systems in each life cycle stage of clouds are linked to the cloud water content and the upward motion of air. © 2018 American Meteorological Society."
"57189381839;57196115458;","Synoptic environments and characteristics of convection reaching the tropopause over northeast China",2018,"10.1175/MWR-D-17-0245.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85044516592&doi=10.1175%2fMWR-D-17-0245.1&partnerID=40&md5=5029556dc6270fc654cc67fbe1c9e23d","Overshooting convection that penetrates the lapse rate tropopause is defined globally using 3 years of Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) observations and ERA-Interim data. Overshooting convection in the subtropics is mainly found over a few hot spot regions, including central North America and Argentina.A relatively high density of events with overshooting convection is also found over northeast China in the summer months, where 203 events are identified during 2014-16. These convective events extending above the tropopause occur under various synoptic conditions. The synoptic conditions during these events are categorized into three different types, namely, trough, cutoff low, and ridge types, with a subjective analysis based on the wind and pressure fields at 500 hPa. The precipitation systems with overshooting convection ahead of a deep trough have larger sizes than other types. Those in the cutoff low environment are mostly embedded within a large precipitation system. The ridge-type systems have a stable midtroposphere and a high moist instability at low levels and are mostly isolated convective systems, characterized by smaller sizes, higher radar echo top, and larger convective area and precipitation fraction than the other two types. © 2018 American Meteorological Society."
"56646265500;23009343400;6701404949;6602134507;56919292400;6603231929;57196354642;7004838931;","The Chilean Coastal Orographic Precipitation Experiment: Observing the influence of microphysical rain regimes on coastal orographic precipitation",2017,"10.1175/JHM-D-17-0005.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85032729694&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-17-0005.1&partnerID=40&md5=c8972691c34c1a23754d066679322075","The Chilean Coastal Orographic Precipitation Experiment (CCOPE) was conducted during the austral winter of 2015 (May-August) in the Nahuelbuta Mountains (peak elevation 1.3 km MSL) of southern Chile (38°S). CCOPE used soundings, two profiling Micro Rain Radars, a Parsivel disdrometer, and a rain gauge network to characterize warm and ice-initiated rain regimes and explore their consequences for orographic precipitation. Thirty-three percent of foothill rainfall fell during warm rain periods, while 50% of rainfall fell during ice-initiated periods. Warm rain drop size distributions were characterized by many more and relatively smaller drops than ice-initiated drop size distributions. Both the portion and properties of warm and ice-initiated rainfall compare favorably with observations of coastal mountain rainfall at a similar latitude in California. Orographic enhancement is consistently strong for rain of both types, suggesting that seeding from ice aloft is not a requisite for large orographic enhancement. While the data suggest that orographic enhancement may be greater during warm rain regimes, the difference in orographic enhancement between regimes is not significant. Sounding launches indicate that differences in orographic enhancement are not easily explainable by differences in low-level moisture flux or nondimensional mountain height between the regimes. © 2017 American Meteorological Society."
"35739529800;7004060399;","Recent trends in extreme precipitation and temperature over Southeastern South America: The dominant role of stratospheric ozone depletion in the CESM large ensemble",2017,"10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0124.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85025687925&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-17-0124.1&partnerID=40&md5=2ff60a10ff2eec8da0e8309b2078fff6","Observations show an increase in maximum precipitation extremes and a decrease in maximum temperature extremes over southeastern South America (SESA) in the second half of the twentieth century. The Community Earth System Model (CESM) Large Ensemble (LE) experiments are able to successfully reproduce the observed trends of extreme precipitation and temperature over SESA. Careful analysis of a smaller ensemble of CESM-LE single forcing experiments reveals that the trends of extreme precipitation and temperature over SESA are mostly caused by stratospheric ozone depletion. The underlying dynamical mechanism is investigated and it is found that, as a consequence of stratospheric ozone depletion and the resulting southward shift of tropospheric jet streams, anomalous easterly flow and more intense cyclones have occurred over SESA, which are favorable for heavier rainfall extremes and milder heat extremes. © 2017 American Meteorological Society."
"56402112700;57188729460;9036557400;15725936000;57190583856;57196405343;","Downscaling GLDAS Soil moisture data in East Asia through fusion of Multi-Sensors by optimizing modified regression trees",2017,"10.3390/w9050332","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85018406958&doi=10.3390%2fw9050332&partnerID=40&md5=e220ef42ff757b3206d798944a164af9","Soil moisture is a key part of Earth's climate systems, including agricultural and hydrological cycles. Soil moisture data from satellite and numerical models is typically provided at a global scale with coarse spatial resolution, which is not enough for local and regional applications. In this study, a soil moisture downscaling model was developed using satellite-derived variables targeting Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) soil moisture as a reference dataset in East Asia based on the optimization of a modified regression tree. A total of six variables, Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) and Advanced SCATterometer (ASCAT) soil moisture products, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products, including Land Surface Temperature, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, and land cover, were used as input variables. The optimization was conducted through a pruning approach for operational use, and finally 59 rules were extracted based on root mean square errors (RMSEs) and correlation coefficients (r). The developed downscaling model showed a good modeling performance (r = 0.79, RMSE = 0.056 m3·m−3, and slope = 0.74). The 1 km downscaled soil moisture showed similar time series patterns with both GLDAS and ground soil moisture and good correlation with ground soil moisture (average r = 0.47, average RMSD = 0.038 m3·m−3) at 14 ground stations. The spatial distribution of 1 km downscaled soil moisture reflected seasonal and regional characteristics well, although the model did not result in good performance over a few areas such as Southern China due to very high cloud cover rates. The results of this study are expected to be helpful in operational use to monitor soil moisture throughout East Asia since the downscaling model produces daily high resolution (1 km) real time soil moisture with a low computational demand. This study yielded a promising result to operationally produce daily high resolution soil moisture data from multiple satellite sources, although there are yet several limitations. In future research, more variables including Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) precipitation, Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) soil moisture, and other vegetation indices will be integrated to improve the performance of the proposed soil moisture downscaling model. © 2017 by the authors."
"56734938700;56996271000;","Quantifying the sensitivity of precipitation to the long-term warming trend and interannual-decadal variation of surface air temperature over China",2017,"10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0515.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85018947057&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-16-0515.1&partnerID=40&md5=170c3d3d27f8e82416ad5cc21a4d1062","Precipitation is expected to increase under global warming. However, large discrepancies in precipitation sensitivities to global warming among observations and models have been reported, partly owing to the large natural variability of precipitation, which accounts for over 90% of its total variance in China. Here, the authors first elucidated precipitation sensitivities to the long-term warming trend and interannual-decadal variations of surface air temperature Ta over China based on daily data from approximately 2000 stations from 1961 to 2014. The results show that the number of dry, trace, and light precipitation days has stronger sensitivities to the warming trend than to the Ta interannual-decadal variation, with 14.1%, -35.7%, and -14.6% K-1 versus 2.7%, -7.9%, and -3.1% K-1, respectively. Total precipitation frequency has significant sensitivities to the warming trend (-18.5% K-1) and the Ta interannual-decadal variation (-3.6% K-1) over China. However, very heavy precipitation frequencies exhibit larger sensitivities to the Ta interannual-decadal variation than to the long-term trend over Northwest and Northeast China and the Tibetan Plateau. A warming trend boosts precipitation intensity, especially for light precipitation (9.8% K-1). Total precipitation intensity increases significantly by 13.1% K-1 in response to the warming trend and by 3.3% K-1 in response to the Ta interannual-decadal variation. Very heavy precipitation intensity also shows significant sensitivity to the interannual-decadal variation of Ta (3.7% K-1), particularly in the cold season (8.0% K-1). Combining precipitation frequency and intensity, total precipitation amount has a negligible sensitivity to the warming trend, and the consequent trend in China is limited. Moderate and heavy precipitation amounts are dominated by their frequencies. © 2017 American Meteorological Society."
"56080832500;55968152000;6508087716;6602676600;6507534010;51863152600;55795480200;37035650100;","Dynamics of water vapor and energy exchanges above two contrasting Sudanian climate ecosystems in Northern Benin (West Africa)",2016,"10.1002/2016JD024749","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84991277535&doi=10.1002%2f2016JD024749&partnerID=40&md5=49560f4cbc89a62c354b7ce7e0183405","Natural ecosystems in sub-Saharan Africa are experiencing intense changes that will probably modify land surface feedbacks and consequently the regional climate. In this study, we have analyzed water vapor (QLE) and sensible heat (QH) fluxes over a woodland (Bellefoungou, BE) and a cultivated area (Nalohou, NA) in the Sudanian climate of Northern Benin, using 2 years (from July 2008 to June 2010) of eddy covariance measurements. The evaporative fraction (EF) response to environmental and surface variables was investigated at seasonal scale. Soil moisture was found to be the main environmental factor controlling energy partitioning. During the wet seasons, EF was rather stable with an average of 0.75 ± 0.07 over the woodland and 0.70 ± 0.025 over the cultivated area. This means that 70-75% of the available energy was changed into actual evapotranspiration during the investigated wet seasons depending on the vegetation type. The cumulative annual actual evapotranspiration (AET) varied between 730 ± 50 mm yr-1 at theNAsite and 1040 ± 70 mm yr-1 at the BE site. Withsimilar weatherconditions at the two sites, the BE siteshowed 30% higher AET valuesthan the NA site. The sensible heat flux QH at the cultivated site was always higher than that of the woodland site, but observed differences were much less than those of QLE. In a land surface conversion context, these differences are expected to impact both atmospheric dynamics and the hydrological cycle. © 2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57189377535;7005030035;55524267300;","A highly localized high-precipitation event over Corsica",2016,"10.1002/qj.2795","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84969951346&doi=10.1002%2fqj.2795&partnerID=40&md5=f4a59e3d1dde690d30da45507a466920","In the framework of the Hydrological Cycle of the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX), the high precipitation event (HPE) of 23 October 2012 is investigated. In the morning, a highly localized convective system developed over the southeast of Corsica, close to Porto-Vecchio. Its precipitation maximum is estimated at over 100 mm within 6 h. The Meso-NH model is used with a horizontal grid spacing of 2.5 km to simulate the HPE. Different input datasets and starting times are used to assess the predictability of the event and the large spread of this initial condition ensemble indicates low predictability. Among the nine ensemble members only one captures the timing and location of the event. When the horizontal grid spacing is reduced to 500 m, precipitation is more widespread, maximum values are lower, and individual convective cells are smaller. Random perturbations to model physics are used to obtain a second ensemble, which shows less spread than the initial condition ensemble. The HPE over Porto-Vecchio is present in all members of the physics ensemble with varying intensity while precipitation away from orography is more sensitive. Flattening the Corsican orography removes the HPE while blocking the cold northerly inflow into the Mediterranean basin increases its duration and intensity. From the analyses and simulations it is shown that the HPE of 23 October 2012 was located over a convergence line resulting from flow splitting and lee-side convergence of the northerly boundary-layer flow impinging the Corsican mountains. Moist air located east of the island was fed into this convergence line by northerly low-level winds and southeasterly winds aloft advected the cells inland along the stationary convergence line, allowing large precipitation accumulations over a relatively small area. © 2016 Royal Meteorological Society"
"6508333712;6602644004;","Mechanisms initiating heavy precipitation over Italy during HyMeX Special Observation Period 1: a numerical case study using two mesoscale models",2016,"10.1002/qj.2630","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84942284216&doi=10.1002%2fqj.2630&partnerID=40&md5=6664ae9b430cb3189163e0de425ee1ac","This study focuses on the initiation of deep convection during a heavy precipitation episode, which occurred during the first Special Observation Period (SOP 1) of the Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX). In the course of 14 and 15 October 2012 (Intensive Observation Period 13), intense convective events affected southern France, Corsica and several regions of Italy. Numerical simulations are performed with two state-of-the-art numerical weather prediction models (COSMO and MOLOCH), driven by the same initial and boundary data and operated on an identical domain. With this set-up, the sensitivity of the model results to horizontal grid spacing and terrain elevation is assessed. Furthermore, model outputs are compared with observations from rain-gauges, radars and radiosondes made during the campaign. Although the higher resolution runs show a higher correlation with observed precipitation, the influence of model grid spacing on total precipitation amount or timing is rather weak. Since the overall performance of both mesoscale models is fairly good, they are used together to investigate the physical processes characterizing IOP 13. In particular, the differences in the location and timing of convection between the simulations are used to identify and explore those processes that need to be well represented in order to reproduce the mechanisms initiating heavy precipitation in the Mediterranean region adequately. © 2015 Royal Meteorological Society"
"22935673400;6602176524;7005030035;","Vortex–vortex interaction between Hurricane Nadine (2012) and an Atlantic cut-off dropping the predictability over the Mediterranean",2016,"10.1002/qj.2635","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84941254107&doi=10.1002%2fqj.2635&partnerID=40&md5=5ff238b8b537d6f5e2f35f2c1e67dfe1","Operational ensemble forecasts for the western Mediterranean exhibited high uncertainty while Hurricane Nadine was moving slowly over the eastern North Atlantic in September 2012. The forecasts showed a bifurcation in the track of Nadine—a significant fraction predicting its landfall over the Iberian Peninsula—and a high spread in the synoptic conditions downstream. The forecast uncertainty was a major issue for planning observations during the first special observation period (SOP1) of the Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean eXperiment (HyMeX). Clustering the ensemble forecast of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reveals two scenarios for interaction between Nadine and an Atlantic cut-off, which controls both the track of Nadine and the synoptic conditions downstream. The observed scenario of weak interaction is characterized by Nadine moving westward and the cut-off moving eastward. The cut-off then triggers precipitation over the Cévennes in southeastern France. The contrasting scenario of strong interaction is characterized by Nadine and the cut-off rotating around each other over the Atlantic. Nadine then either merges with the cut-off or makes landfall over the Iberian Peninsula. The interaction between Nadine and the cut-off mimics the vortex–vortex interaction previously observed between two tropical cyclones or two upper-level vortices. It differs from the usual interaction between a tropical cyclone and a larger trough during extratropical transition. A critical distance of about 1000 km between Nadine and the cut-off distinguishes between the cases of weak and strong interaction in the ensemble forecast. Shifting the initial position of Nadine in Meso-NH numerical experiments confirms the critical distance and suggests a bifurcation point in the relative position of Nadine and the cut-off. The high forecast sensitivity to the vortex–vortex interaction resulted in the lowest predictability over the Mediterranean during the whole HyMeX SOP1. © 2015 Royal Meteorological Society"
"26424130900;14019543900;7004167838;6602497877;6506594339;","Precipitation and microphysical processes observed by three polarimetric X-band radars and ground-based instrumentation during HOPE",2016,"10.5194/acp-16-7105-2016","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84974803107&doi=10.5194%2facp-16-7105-2016&partnerID=40&md5=9172ff810d9a072f0b4acf16a165dc27","This study presents a first analysis of precipitation and related microphysical processes observed by three polarimetric X-band Doppler radars (BoXPol, JuXPol and KiXPol) in conjunction with a ground-based network of disdrometers, rain gauges and vertically pointing micro rain radars (MRRs) during the High Definition Clouds and Precipitation for advancing Climate Prediction (HD(CP)2) Observational Prototype Experiment (HOPE) during April and May 2013 in Germany. While JuXPol and KiXPol were continuously observing the central HOPE area near Forschungszentrum Jülich at a close distance, BoXPol observed the area from a distance of about 48.5km. MRRs were deployed in the central HOPE area and one MRR close to BoXPol in Bonn, Germany. Seven disdrometers and three rain gauges providing point precipitation observations were deployed at five locations within a 5km × 5km region, while three other disdrometers were collocated with the MRR in Bonn. The daily rainfall accumulation at each rain gauge/disdrometer location estimated from the three X-band polarimetric radar observations showed very good agreement. Accompanying microphysical processes during the evolution of precipitation systems were well captured by the polarimetric X-band radars and corroborated by independent observations from the other ground-based instruments. © Author(s) 2016."
"24528108000;44061090200;35547807400;","An intensified hydrological cycle in the simulation of geoengineering by cirrus cloud thinning using ice crystal fall speed changes",2016,"10.1002/2015JD024304","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84977501539&doi=10.1002%2f2015JD024304&partnerID=40&md5=5b4d5b59e4dbe8ab9577b5ab5466fb0c","Proposals to geoengineer Earth’s climate by cirrus cloud thinning (CCT) potentially offer advantages over solar radiation management schemes: amplified cooling of the Arctic and smaller perturbations to global mean precipitation in particular. Using an idealized climate model implementation of CCT in which ice particle fall speeds were increased 2×, 4×, and 8× we examine the relationships between effective radiative forcing (ERF) at the top of atmosphere, near-surface temperature, and the response of the hydrological cycle. ERF was nonlinear with fall speed change and driven by the trade-off between opposing positive shortwave and negative longwave radiative forcings. ERF was-2.0Wm-2 for both 4× and 8× fall speeds. Global mean temperature decreased linearly with ERF, while Arctic temperature reductions were amplified compared with the global mean change. The change in global mean precipitation involved a rapid adjustment (~ 1%/Wm2), which was linear with the change in the net atmospheric energy balance, and a feedback response (~2%/°C). Global mean precipitation and evaporation increased strongly in the first year of CCT. Intensification of the hydrological cycle was promoted by intensification of the vertical overturning circulation of the atmosphere, changes in boundary layer climate favorable for evaporation, and increased energy available at the surface for evaporation (from increased net shortwave radiation and reduced subsurface storage of heat). Such intensification of the hydrological cycle is a significant side effect to the cooling of climate by CCT. Any accompanying negative cirrus cloud feedback response would implicitly increase the costs and complexity of CCT deployment. © 2016. The Authors."
"6602002140;8305074200;57189577602;","Enhancing groundwater governance by making the linkage with multiple uses of the subsurface space and other subsurface resources",2016,"10.3390/w8060222","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84973130307&doi=10.3390%2fw8060222&partnerID=40&md5=8bdedcb514e1f2a47a4dfb4c69e5895e","One of the aspects highlighted in the Framework for Action and other key documents produced by the Groundwater Governance Project (funded by GEF and implemented by UNESCO, FAO, World Bank and IAH) is the interdependence between groundwater and human activities related to other physical components of the real world. Consequently, it is important in groundwater governance to make essential linkages with other components of the water cycle (IWRM), with sanitation and wastewater management, with land use and land use practices, with energy and with the uses of subsurface space and other subsurface resources. This paper presents an overall description of the multiple uses of the subsurface space and of the exploitation and management of subsurface resources. It attempts to give an impression of intensities and trends in use and exploitation, of the possible interactions and of current and potential efforts to control negative impacts of such interactions. It concludes by briefly summarizing in three simple steps how to improve groundwater governance by making appropriate linkages with uses of the subsurface space and subsurface resources. © 2016 by the authors."
"56329646700;56610867500;7102089343;56081877000;","Indications for protracted groundwater depletion after drought over the Central Valley of California",2016,"10.1175/JHM-D-15-0105.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84961392204&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-15-0105.1&partnerID=40&md5=222a94b2927036f3677d141b49abe5c5","Ongoing (2014-16) drought in the state of California has played a major role in the depletion of groundwater. Within California's Central Valley, home to one of the world's most productive agricultural regions, drought and increased groundwater depletion occurs almost hand in hand, but this relationship appears to have changed over the last decade. Data derived from 497 wells have revealed a continued depletion of groundwater lasting a full year after drought, a phenomenon that was not observed in earlier records before the twenty-first century. Possible causes include 1) lengthening of drought associated with amplification in the 4-6-yr drought and El Niño frequency since the late 1990s and 2) intensification of drought and increased pumping that enhances depletion. Altogether, the implication is that current groundwater storage in the Central Valley will likely continue to diminish even further in 2016, regardless of the drought status. © 2016 American Meteorological Society."
"55671958500;6506030494;6603555144;","Net precipitation of Antarctica: Thermodynamical and dynamical parts of the climate change signal",2016,"10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00787.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84957837652&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-14-00787.1&partnerID=40&md5=8f6d4f82b6ac2936d4a0c26863e23e08","This paper investigates climate change signals of Southern Hemisphere (SH) moisture flux simulated by three members of one CMIP3 coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) and a multimodel ensemble of CMIP5 simulations. Generally, flux changes are dominated by increased atmospheric moisture due to temperature increase in the future climate projections. An approach is presented to distinguish between thermodynamical and dynamical influences on moisture flux. Furthermore, a physical interpretation of the transport changes due to dynamics is investigated by decomposing atmospheric waves into different length scales and temporal variations. Signals of moisture flux are compared with fluctuations of geopotential height fields as well as climate signals of extratropical cyclones. Moisture flux variability in the synoptic length scale with temporal variations shorter than 8 days can be assigned to the SH storm track. Climate change signals of these atmospheric waves show a distinctive poleward shift. This can be attributed to the climate change signal of extratropical cyclones. Furthermore, the climate change signal of atmospheric waves can be better understood if strong cyclones that intensify especially on the Eastern Hemisphere are taken into account. Antarctic net precipitation is calculated by means of the vertically integrated moisture flux. Future projections show increasing signals of net precipitation, whereas the dynamical part of net precipitation decreases. This can be understood by means of the low-variability component of synoptic-scale waves, which show a decreasing signal, especially off the coast of West Antarctica. This is shown to be due to changing variability of the Amundsen-Bellingshausen Seas low. © 2016 American Meteorological Society."
"57191717041;24335081200;7404137146;","Spatial coherence of variations in seasonal extreme precipitation events over Northwest Arid Region, China",2015,"10.1002/joc.4313","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84959524295&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.4313&partnerID=40&md5=89c7bd5995236176d2c629ff5f1fb810","Daily precipitation data covering the period of 1961-2009 from 72 stations in Northwest Arid Region, China, are analysed to investigate coherent subregions of variations in extreme precipitation events. First, four extreme precipitation indices, i.e. number of heavy precipitation days (DPh), precipitation intensity above heavy precipitation (IPh), number of torrential precipitation days (DPt), and precipitation intensity above torrential precipitation (IPt), were defined and analysed seasonally. Then rotated empirical orthogonal function (REOF) technique is used to identify the coherent subregions of these seasonal extreme precipitation indices and related trends. The results indicate that the number of coherent subregions of DPh, IPh, DPt, and IPt is 6, 5, 14, and 10 for spring; 4, 18, 6, and 6 for summer; 15, 8, 10, and 8 for autumn; and 7, 7, 2, and 5 for winter, respectively. Attribute shifts of underlying surfaces should be an important driving factor behind changes of extreme precipitation events. Intensity variations of heavy and torrential precipitation are the main reason behind significant changes of extreme precipitation, especially intensity variations of the heavy precipitation. The highest increasing magnitude of IPh is 584% (10a)-1 which is found in summer in the west parts of the Southern Xinjiang, the middle Tianshan Mountains, and the west parts of the Junggar Basin in the Northern Xinjiang. The findings of this study are potentially relevant for the development of human understanding of hydrological cycle responses in arid regions to regional and global climate changes, particularly in terms of extreme weather extremes. © 2015 Royal Meteorological Society."
"56150764500;57192999681;19933461800;8353426200;","Episodes of intensified biological productivity in the subtropical Atlantic Ocean during the termination of the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO)",2015,"10.1002/2014PA002673","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84941732080&doi=10.1002%2f2014PA002673&partnerID=40&md5=fc648d4c677c4e5fc6507c7e0d9d8aa9","The Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO) is an ~500 kyr interval of pronounced global warming from which the climate system recovered in <50 kyr. The deep-sea sedimentary record can provide valuable insight on the marine ecosystem response to this protracted global warming event and consequently on the ecological changes during this time. Here we present new benthic foraminiferal assemblage data from Ocean Drilling Program Site 1051 in the subtropical North Atlantic, spanning the MECO and post-MECO interval (41.1 to 39.5 Ma). We find little change in the species composition of benthic foraminiferal assemblages during the studied interval, suggesting that the rate of environmental change was gradual enough that these organisms were able to adapt. However, we identify two transient intervals associated with peak warming (higher-productivity interval (HPI)-1; 40.07-39.96 Ma) and shortly after the MECO (HPI-2; 39.68-39.55 Ma), where benthic foraminiferal accumulation rates increase by an order of magnitude. These HPIs at Site 1051 appear to coincide with intervals of strengthened productivity in the Tethys, Southern Ocean, and South Atlantic, and we suggest that an intensified hydrological cycle during the climatic warmth of the MECO was responsible for eutrophication of marine shelf and slope environments. ©2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"37085583300;15839673600;","Modelling stable water isotopes in monsoon precipitation during the previous interglacial",2014,"10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.12.006","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84891453089&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2013.12.006&partnerID=40&md5=c1c7a4d6c0ff2892607bdb06abdb810c","Changes in the tropical hydrological cycle have been recorded world wide in speleothem records dating back more than 200,000 years for some areas. Numerous empirical and modelling studies have demonstrated a strong link between the intensity of the northern hemisphere monsoon and the precessional insolation cycle (~23ka (thousand years)). Here we present simulations of the climate conditions of the previous interglacial, the Eemian (115-130ka BP), using a general circulation model. We focus on changes in the tropical hydrological cycle and in the monsoon in particular. The model is equipped with a module for computing the water isotopic composition of all water reservoirs represented by the model. Our analysis of the simulated water isotope signals indicates that this key palaeo-proxy, i.e. the 18O or Deuterium signal in precipitation, is controlled by varying factors in different tropical areas: The main control on 18O for the Indian summer monsoon is the local precipitation amount, in accordance with the traditional interpretation, while the main control of 18O for East Asia is downwind depletion of 18O in vapour along the transport path. Over Africa the model simulates a strong gradient in the 18O anomalies during the Eemian climatic optimum, with depleted values in the east and relatively enriched 18O content in the west. This pattern is the result of a combination of the local ""amount effect"" and an anomalous zonal moisture transport. The influence of the SSTs anomalies on the placement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is found to be of major importance for the precipitation amount in the coastal regions of tropical South America. For the western part of South America a decrease in precipitation is seen for the Eemian climatic optimum, while an increase is seen for the eastern part. Our results underline the importance of reviewing the mechanisms causing isotopic changes in proxy records and further investigating the causes for past shifts in the ITCZ. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd."
"55260750600;6507119581;6601999985;","Applicability of satellite rainfall estimates for erosion studies in small offshore areas: A case study in Cape Verde Islands",2014,"10.1016/j.catena.2014.05.029","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84902976923&doi=10.1016%2fj.catena.2014.05.029&partnerID=40&md5=805a064c06b9436f2a5e5b61753758f0","To assess the usability of satellite rainfall estimates for erosion studies in Cape Verde, the 3B42 and 3B43 products from TRMM, and the Multi-Sensor Precipitation Estimate MPE from Meteosat are compared to daily and monthly ground rainfall measured between 1998 and 2010. TRMM estimates from 1998 and MPE from 2009 were studied and it was found that they detect the general trend and direction of rainy clouds but underestimate the amount of rainfall compared to rain gauges. To obtain an improved rainfall estimate from Meteosat data, the cloud top temperature derived from the 10.8. μm infrared channel was correlated to rainfall intensity measured at a 3-minute interval between 2008 and 2010 by a Parsivel optical disdrometer. A modified exponential equation of daily rainfall intensity as a function of cloud top temperature was obtained. The equation was applied to 15-minute intervals from the infrared channel to obtain 15-minute rainfall and summed up as daily rainfall. The daily rainfall depths estimated from cloud top temperature showed a better correspondence with the amounts measured by ground gauges on the island ( r= 0.75), and are a first approach to cope with lack of short duration rainfall data for erosion studies in island states such as Cape Verde. © 2014 Elsevier B.V."
"24479033900;7201443624;","Quantifying present and projected future atmospheric moisture transports onto land",2013,"10.1002/2012WR013209","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84887151021&doi=10.1002%2f2012WR013209&partnerID=40&md5=e176d6d5ca945e23611f02abaf0713e1","Changing properties of the landward moisture transports play a key role in assessing water availability in a warmed future world. Here the ocean-land moisture transports and their projected changes in a warmed atmosphere are investigated using high space and time resolution ECHAM5-model data representative for the current and future atmosphere. The water budgets are estimated from four-times daily instantaneous moisture transports across the shore-lines marking the boundaries of the land areas and from accumulated precipitation-evaporation over land. The transports are presented in very high detail with vertical profiles for each boundary segment. The results indicate land- and seaward moisture transports to intensify with warming. Generally, the landward transports increase stronger than the seaward transports resulting in increased moisture budgets too. This means a higher future average availability of water for land areas. Comparison of the budgets from moisture transports and precipitation-evaporation reveals a systematic bias. This has been linked to numerical issues in previous studies, but we here show that it is connected to the high variability over the diurnal cycle and the maxima of landward transports are likely not considered for many of the regions. © 2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"11239927300;55660519000;7102338591;57213066463;50461407800;55208052700;","Stable isotopes in precipitation in Xilin River Basin, Northern China and their implications",2012,"10.1007/s11769-012-0543-z","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84871495571&doi=10.1007%2fs11769-012-0543-z&partnerID=40&md5=6aabfa494bc835116248d732fa8797d5","Under the increasing pressure of water shortage and steppe degradation, information on the hydrological cycle in steppe region in Inner Mongolia, China is urgently needed. An intensive investigation of the temporal variations of δD and δ18O in precipitation was conducted in 2007-2008 in the Xilin River Basin, Inner Mongolia in the northern China. The δD and δ18O values for 54 precipitation samples range from +1.1‰ to -34.7‰ and -3.0‰ to -269‰, respectively. This wide range indicates that stable isotopes in precipitation are primarily controlled by different condensation mechanisms as a function of air temperature and varying sources of vapor. The relationship between δD and δ18O defined a well constrained line given ven byδD=7.89δ18O+9.5, which is nearly identical to the Meteoric Water Line in the northern China. The temperature effect is clearly displayed in this area. The results of backward trajectory of each precipitation day show that the vapor of the precipitation in cold season (October to March) mainly originates from the west while the moisture source is more complicated in warm season (April to September). A light precipitation amount effect existes at the precipitation event scale in this area. The vapor source of precipitation with higher d-excesses are mainly from the west wind or neighboring inland area and precipitation with lower d-excesses from a monsoon source from the southeastern China. © 2012 Science Press, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg."
"55624487819;56438104400;57211219633;44861328200;","Scaling and clustering effects of extreme precipitation distributions",2012,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.06.015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84863872134&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2012.06.015&partnerID=40&md5=11c162dddf1242732239db547c0d1958","One of the impacts of climate change and human activities on the hydrological cycle is the change in the precipitation structure. Closely related to the precipitation structure are two characteristics: the volume (m) of wet periods (WPs) and the time interval between WPs or waiting time (t). Using daily precipitation data for a period of 1960-2005 from 590 rain gauge stations in China, these two characteristics are analyzed, involving scaling and clustering of precipitation episodes. Our findings indicate that m and t follow similar probability distribution curves, implying that precipitation processes are controlled by similar underlying thermo-dynamics. Analysis of conditional probability distributions shows a significant dependence of m and t on their previous values of similar volumes, and the dependence tends to be stronger when m is larger or t is longer. It indicates that a higher probability can be expected when high-intensity precipitation is followed by precipitation episodes with similar precipitation intensity and longer waiting time between WPs is followed by the waiting time of similar duration. This result indicates the clustering of extreme precipitation episodes and severe droughts or floods are apt to occur in groups. © 2012 Elsevier B.V."
"7006329828;","Thermodynamic dissipation theory for the origin of life",2011,"10.5194/esd-2-37-2011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84865113295&doi=10.5194%2fesd-2-37-2011&partnerID=40&md5=19b34667684eb8b5911b005db0b1a2c5","Understanding the thermodynamic function of life may shed light on its origin. Life, as are all irreversible processes, is contingent on entropy production. Entropy production is a measure of the rate of the tendency of Nature to explore available microstates. The most important irreversible process generating entropy in the biosphere and, thus, facilitating this exploration, is the absorption and transformation of sunlight into heat. Here we hypothesize that life began, and persists today, as a catalyst for the absorption and dissipation of sunlight on the surface of Archean seas. The resulting heat could then be efficiently harvested by other irreversible processes such as the water cycle, hurricanes, and ocean and wind currents. RNA and DNA are the most efficient of all known molecules for absorbing the intense ultraviolet light that penetrated the dense early atmosphere and are remarkably rapid in transforming this light into heat in the presence of liquid water. From this perspective, the origin and evolution of life, inseparable from water and the water cycle, can be understood as resulting from the natural thermodynamic imperative of increasing the entropy production of the Earth in its interaction with its solar environment. A mechanism is proposed for the reproduction of RNA and DNA without the need for enzymes, promoted instead through UV light dissipation and diurnal temperature cycling of the Archean sea-surface. © 2011 Author(s)."
"8407160800;57201809600;36015299300;7003278104;8525144100;36645970800;","GRACE and AMSR-E-based estimates of winter season solid precipitation accumulation in the Arctic drainage region",2010,"10.1029/2009JD013504","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78149306926&doi=10.1029%2f2009JD013504&partnerID=40&md5=daeddaa334e56f4a8032c7af656fc0d0","Solid precipitation plays a major role in controlling the winter hydrological cycle and spring discharge in the Arctic region. However, it has not been well documented due to sharply decreasing numbers of precipitation gauges, gauge measurement biases, as well as limitations of conventional satellite methods in high latitudes. In this study, we document the winter season solid precipitation accumulation in the Arctic region using the latest new satellite measurements from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System (AMSR-E). GRACE measures the winter total water (mainly from snow water equivalent (SWE)) storage change through gravity changes while AMSR-E measures the winter SWE through passive microwave measurements. The GRACE and AMSR-E measurements are combined with in situ and numerical model estimates of discharge and evapotranspiration to estimate the winter season solid precipitation accumulation in the Arctic region using the water budget equation. These two satellite-based estimates are then compared to the conventional estimates from two global precipitation products, such as the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) and Climate Prediction Center's Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP), and three reanalyses, the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts' ERA-Interim, and the Japan Meteorological Agency's Climate Data Assimilation System (JCDAS) reanalysis. The GRACE-based estimate is very close to the GPCP and ERA-Interim estimates. The AMSR-E-based estimate is the most different from the other estimates. This GRACE-based measurement of winter season solid precipitation accumulation can provide a new valuable benchmark to understand the hydrological cycle, to validate and evaluate the model simulation, and to improve data assimilation in the Arctic region. Copyright 2010 by the American Geophysical Union."
"7405716588;26667807600;","Ocean climate change fingerprints attenuated by salt fingering?",2009,"10.1029/2009GL040697","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-72049106358&doi=10.1029%2f2009GL040697&partnerID=40&md5=738e9a7c10e7fc49cfb8adba685aa82e","Intensified double diffusive mixing may attenuate changes in ocean temperature and salinity patterns from global-warming induced increases in the Earth's hydrological cycle. Increasingly fresher Antarctic Intermediate Water and saltier subtropical waters would tend to increase destabilizing vertical salinity stratification compared to the stabilizing temperature stratification. Destabilization would increase salinity (and temperature) fluxes through double-diffusive salt fingering. These fluxes could in turn act to reduce widely recognized climate change fingerprints, potentially leading to underestimates of ocean changes in climate studies that do not account for double-diffusive mixing. Data from a subtropical trans-Indian Ocean survey occupied in 1987, 1995, 2002, and 2009 are used to investigate temperature-salinity changes and to estimate the variations of double diffusive mixing driven by these changes. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union."
"6507975139;21734641500;57191954932;7004234960;55505923400;","Classification of tropical precipitating systems using wind profiler spectral moments. Part II: Statistical characteristics of rainfall systems and sensitivity analysis",2008,"10.1175/2007JTECHA1032.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-51749113328&doi=10.1175%2f2007JTECHA1032.1&partnerID=40&md5=d7576cc53b1f6dd984af604eb29b2696","An automated precipitation algorithm to classify tropical precipitating systems has been described in a companion paper (Part I). In this paper, the algorithm has been applied to 18 months of lower atmospheric wind profiler measurements to study the vertical structure and statistical features of different types of tropical precipitating systems over Gadanki, India. The shallow precipitation seems to be an important component of tropical precipitation, because it is prevalent for about 23% of the observations, with a rainfall fraction of 16%. As expected, the deep convective systems contribute maximum (60%) to the total rainfall, followed by transition and stratiform precipitation. Nonprecipitating clouds (clouds associated with no surface rainfall) are predominant in transition category, indicating that evaporation of precipitation is significant in this region. The quantitative rainfall statistics in different precipitation regimes are compared and contrasted between themselves and also with those reported at different geographical locations obtained with a, wide spectrum of instruments, from rain gauges to profilers and scanning radars. The results herein agree with the reports based on scanning radar measurements but differ from profiler-based statistics. The discrepancies are discussed in light of differences in classification schemes, variation in geographical conditions, etc. The sensitivity of the algorithm on the choice of thresholds for identifying different types of precipitating systems is also examined. © 2008 American Meteorological Society."
"7005071296;7006957668;7408612236;57154391900;7005461477;7003844316;7102643810;8618226200;","Potential role of dual-polarization radar in the validation of satellite preci measurements: Rationale and opportunities",2008,"10.1175/2008BAMS2177.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-51549097331&doi=10.1175%2f2008BAMS2177.1&partnerID=40&md5=2e42766cefe811d90b98517b62f8cbbe","Dual-polarization weather radars have evolved significantly in the last three decades culminating in operational deployment by the National Weather Service. In addition to operational applications in the weather service, dual-polarization radars have shown significant potential in contributing to the research fields of ground-based remote sensing of rainfall microphysics, the study of precipitation evolution, and hydrometeor classification. Microphysical characterization of precipitation and quantitative precipitation estimation are important applications that are critical in the validation of satellite-borne precipitation measurements and also serve as valuable tools in algorithm development. This paper presents the important role played by dual-polarization radar in validating spaceborne precipitation measurements. Examples of raindrop size distribution retrievals and hydrometeor-type classification are discussed. The quantitative precipitation estimation is a product of direct relevance to spaceborne observations. During the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) program substantial advancement was made with ground-based polarization radars collecting unique observations in the tropics, which are noted. The scientific accomplishments of relevance to spaceborne measurements of precipitation are summarized. The potential of dual-polarization radars and opportunities in the era of the global precipitation measurement mission is also discussed. © 2008 American Meteorological Society."
"24491985100;7005449794;","Modeling the hydroclimatology of Kuwait: The role of subcloud evaporation in semiarid climates",2008,"10.1175/2007JCLI2123.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-48749094700&doi=10.1175%2f2007JCLI2123.1&partnerID=40&md5=7660914ebdc476f9f42a8111d944e76c","A new subcloud layer evaporation scheme is incorporated into Regional Climate Model, version 3. (RegCM3), to better simulate the rainfall distribution over a semiarid region around Kuwait. The new scheme represents subcloud layer evaporation of convective as well as large-scale rainfall. Model results are compared to observations from rain gauge data networks and satellites. The simulations show significant response to the incorporation of subcloud layer evaporation as a reduction by as much as 20% in annual rainfall occurs over the region. As a result, the new model simulations of annual rainfall are within 15% of observations. In addition, results indicate that the interannual variability of rainfall simulated by RegCM3 is sensitive to the specification of boundary conditions. For example, forcing RegCM3's lateral boundary conditions with the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data, instead of NCEP-NCAR's Reanalysis Project 2 (NNRP2), reduces interannual variability by over 25%. Moreover, with subcloud layer evaporation incorporated and ERA-40 boundary conditions implemented, the model's bias and root-mean-square error are significantly reduced. Therefore, the model's ability to reproduce observed annual rainfall and the year-to-year variation of rainfall is greatly improved. Thus, these results elucidate the critical role of this natural process in simulating the hydroclimatology of semiarid climates. Last, a large discrepancy between observation datasets over the region is observed. It is believed that the inherent characteristics that are used to construct these datasets explain the differences observed in the annual and interannual variability of Kuwait's rainfall. © 2008 American Meteorological Society."
"24436549800;6701389719;55724852700;57218315286;","Impacts of absorbing aerosols on South Asian rainfall: A modeling study",2007,"10.1007/s10584-006-9184-5","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-35148866738&doi=10.1007%2fs10584-006-9184-5&partnerID=40&md5=9f8cacb389628a09265cef40a3e41b05","Anthropogenic aerosols in the lower troposphere increase the absorption and scattering of solar radiation by air and clouds, causing a warmer atmosphere and a cooler surface. It is suspected that these effects contribute to slow down the hydrological cycle. We conducted a series of numerical experiments using a limited area atmospheric model to understand the impacts of aerosol radiative forcing on the rainfall process. Experiments with different radiative conditions under an idealized setting revealed that increasing atmospheric forcing and decreasing surface forcing of radiation causes reductions in rainfall. There was no relationship of top of the atmosphere forcing to the rainfall yield. The model was then used to simulate a domain covering southern part of Sri Lanka, over for the period from November 2002 to July 2003. For a given radiative forcing, instances with lower rainfall yields showed larger fractional reductions in rainfall. The trends in seasonal rainfall observed over the site in past 30 years in a different study confirms this finding. We conclude that the negative impact of increase of anthropogenic aerosols on rainfall would be more severe on regions and seasons with lower rainfall yields. The consequences of this problem on the industries that critically depend on well-distributed rainfall like non-irrigated agriculture and on the general livelihood of societies in low-rain areas can be serious. © 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc."
"7402892039;7006432091;","Sensitivity of monthly three-dimensional radar-echo characteristics to sampling frequency",1998,"10.2151/jmsj1965.76.1_73","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0040585043&doi=10.2151%2fjmsj1965.76.1_73&partnerID=40&md5=b0339439a9161b750279b350e4be89c8","Estimates of any precipitation characteristics based on temporally sparse observations entail uncertainty because of the natural variability of rainfall in space and time. This study measures the sampling-related uncertainties of monthly mean reflectivity profile and surface rainfall distribution. Radar and rain gauge data collected during the 1993/94 monsoon season at Darwin, Australia, are used to show the sensitivity of monthly three-dimensional radar-echo and precipitation characteristics to the frequency of observation. The data are partitioned into convective, stratiform, and anvil components according to the horizontal and vertical structure of the echoes. The analyses of this study reveal the expected trend that the uncertainties of estimated precipitation characteristics using infrequent observations scale with rainfall amount. The results have implications for climatological studies using spaceborne observation platforms revisiting a given area intermittently. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite radar, which will revisit a given 500 km by 500 km region approximately twice daily, will likely encounter significant problems in estimating the vertical profile of radar reflectivity in the tropics. Monthly mean reflectivity statistics (based on observations within 150 km of the Darwin radar) exhibit a sampling-related uncertainty of about 20 % in both rain and snow. In addition, the radar signal of the TRMM satellite will be highly attenuated below the 0°C level, and the precipitation radar will be insensitive to reflectivity less than about 20 dBZ. Therefore, the spaceborne radar will have an obscured view of the vertical precipitation structure. Reliable reflectivity statistics based on TRMM satellite radar data may be obtained primarily within an altitude range of about 5-7.5 km - an altitude range though that is important for cloud electrification because of the mixed-phase precipitation processes taking place there. The sampling uncertainty, signal attenuation, and radar sensitivity vary with precipitation type. Moreover, estimation of the convective rain fraction will be compromised by uncertainties in the echo classification as well as a choice of Z - R relation. These results imply the importance of information collected by ground validation site radars to improve upon TRMM satellite estimates of precipitation characteristics and the derived vertical profile of latent heating."
"7401433183;7006698633;55630942900;24172307500;56083589500;7403252967;","Paleogene global cooling-induced temperature feedback on chemical weathering, as recorded in the northern Tibetan Plateau",2019,"10.1130/G46422.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85072704761&doi=10.1130%2fG46422.1&partnerID=40&md5=c5958c77e791e2d84ae9db91eb6143b1","Plate-tectonic processes have long been thought to be the major cause of the Cenozoic global carbon cycle, and global cooling by uplift of the Tibetan Plateau through enhancing silicate weathering and organic carbon burial and/or by weathering of obducted ophiolites during the closure of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. However, the imbalance resulting from accelerated CO2 consumption and a relatively stable CO2 input from volcanic degassing during the Cenozoic should have depleted atmospheric CO2 within a few million years; therefore, a negative feedback mechanism must have stabilized the carbon cycle. Here, we present the first almost-complete Paleogene silicate weathering intensity (SWI) records from continental rocks in the northern Tibetan Plateau showing that silicate weathering in this tectonically inactive area was modulated by global temperature. These findings suggest that Paleogene global cooling was also strongly influenced by a temperature feedback mechanism, which regulated silicate weathering rates and hydrological cycles and maintained a nearly stable carbon cycle. It acted as a negative feedback by decreasing CO2 consumption resulting from the lower SWI and the kinetic limitations in tectonically inactive areas. © 2019 Geological Society of America."
"7202542476;7006508160;","Physical evaluation of GPM DPR single- and dual-wavelength algorithms",2019,"10.1175/JTECH-D-18-0210.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85066284706&doi=10.1175%2fJTECH-D-18-0210.1&partnerID=40&md5=1116cdc656a7b93166fd982ad4e4712c","A physical evaluation of the rain profiling retrieval algorithms for the Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) on board the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory satellite is carried out by applying them to the hydrometeor profiles generated from measured raindrop size distributions (DSD). The DSD-simulated radar profiles are used as input to the algorithms, and their estimates of hydrometeors' parameters are compared with the same quantities derived directly from the DSD data (or truth). The retrieval accuracy is assessed by the degree to which the estimates agree with the truth. To check the validity and robustness of the retrievals, the profiles are constructed for cases ranging from fully correlated (or uniform) to totally uncorrelated DSDs along the columns. Investigation into the sensitivity of the retrieval results to the model assumptions is made to characterize retrieval uncertainties and identify error sources. Comparisons between the single- and dual-wavelength algorithm performance are carried out with either a single- or dual-wavelength constraint of the path integral or differential path integral attenuation. The results suggest that the DPR dual-wavelength algorithm generally provides accurate range-profiled estimates of rainfall rate and mass-weighted diameter with the dual-wavelength estimates superior in accuracy to those from the single-wavelength retrievals. © 2019 American Meteorological Society."
"55227373200;56055066200;16195492300;16403380100;6603295853;7402854775;9278980900;7003956416;","Flooding of the Caspian Sea at the intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciations",2019,"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.01.007","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85060519269&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloplacha.2019.01.007&partnerID=40&md5=e25b68c4ae0dc4a50181a9d52253d0f6","The semi-isolated epicontinental Paratethys Sea in the Eurasian continental interior was highly sensitive to changes in basin connectivity and hydrological budget. The Caspian Sea, the easternmost basin experienced a five-fold increase in surface area during the Plio-Pleistocene climate transition, but a basic process-based understanding is severely hampered by a lack of high-resolution age constraints. Here, we present a magnetostratigraphic age model supported by 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating of volcanic ash layers for the 1600 m thick Jeirankechmez section in Azerbaijan that comprises a sedimentary rock succession covering this so-called Akchagylian flooding. We establish the age of this major change in Caspian paleohydrology at around 2.7 Ma. The presence of cold water foraminifera, rising strontium isotope ratios and the possible arrival of the enigmatic Caspian seal in the basin hints at an Arctic marine source for the Akchagylian waters. The new age model indicates a direct link to the intensification of northern hemisphere glaciations at the end of the Pliocene and to concurrent hydrological shifts across Eurasia, such as the onset of cyclic Chinese Loess deposits. The transformation of the Paratethys region around 2.7 Ma from a series of small Pliocene endorheic lake basins to a large Early Pleistocene epicontinental water mass coincides with a more positive hydrological budget for the Eurasian continental interior. The drainage of additional high latitude, low salinity water to the Mediterranean, may have contributed towards variability in global paleoceanography, and could potentially provide a positive feedback towards Pleistocene climate cooling. © 2019 Elsevier B.V."
"55535867400;6603173653;24285852300;14037965000;","Rainfall interception by six urban trees in San Juan, Puerto Rico",2019,"10.1007/s11252-018-0768-4","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85048367163&doi=10.1007%2fs11252-018-0768-4&partnerID=40&md5=c20963e6e08925b9e17c6c775f9d86ea","Rainfall interception is an important part of the urban hydrological cycle. Understanding is limited about the role of urban trees and other vegetation in the interception process. This study quantified interception losses by six trees in the Caribbean coastal city of San Juan, Puerto Rico, three representing a broadleaf evergreen, and three representing a broadleaf deciduous species. Rainfall was partitioned into throughfall for 13 storms to compare the results between tree types. Total rainfall ranged from 2.9 to 72.4 mm, and storm duration spanned 1 h to several days. Six of the storms analyzed were characterized by maximum hourly intensity rainfall rates categorized as heavy (> 7.6 mm/h). Strong northeasterly winds brought rain in sustained gusts up to 35 km/h. Average interception losses totaled 19.7% for both tree types, 22.7% for the deciduous trees, and 16.7% for the evergreen trees. Throughfall exceeded 90% of total rainfall for each of the six trees on one or more occasions, and heavy intensity storms produced negative interception losses in one individual. The effect of tree type on interception was significant for storms of low and moderate intensity, but not heavy intensity. Differences in interception losses between storms of similar intensity and between the two tree types were influenced by leaf area and wind. Results suggest that individual urban tree canopies function as spatio-temporally dynamic storage reservoirs whose interception capacity can vary as micro-meteorological conditions change. These findings help advance understanding about interception processes in humid tropical urban settings. © 2018, The Author(s)."
"7003717604;7404087896;7201978222;7102242175;7101658600;6506630170;16199172000;6602812419;35461763400;57219248011;","Radiance-based retrieval bias mitigation for the MOPITT instrument: The version 8 product",2019,"10.5194/amt-12-4561-2019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85071761713&doi=10.5194%2famt-12-4561-2019&partnerID=40&md5=f742611772fd8d827de2095f00c58ef1","The MOPITT (Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere) satellite instrument has been making nearly continuous observations of atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) since 2000. Satellite observations of CO are routinely used to analyze emissions from fossil fuels and biomass burning, as well as the atmospheric transport of those emissions. Recent enhancements to the MOPITT retrieval algorithm have resulted in the release of the version 8 (V8) product. V8 products benefit from updated spectroscopic data for water vapor and nitrogen used to develop the operational radiative transfer model and exploit a new method for minimizing retrieval biases through parameterized radiance bias correction. In situ datasets used for algorithm development and validation include the NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) and HIPPO (HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations) datasets used for earlier MOPITT validation work in addition to measurements from the ACRIDICON-CHUVA (Aerosol, Cloud, Precipitation, and Radiation Interactions and Dynamics of Convective Cloud Systems-Cloud processes of the main precipitation systems in Brazil: A contribution to cloud resolving modeling and to the GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement)), KORUS-AQ (The Korea-United States Air Quality Study), and ATom (The Atmospheric Tomography Mission) programs. Validation results illustrate clear improvements with respect to long-term bias drift and geographically variable retrieval bias. For example, whereas bias drift for the V7 thermal-infrared (TIR)-only product exceeded 0.5%yr-1 for levels in the upper troposphere (e.g., at 300hPa), bias drift for the V8 TIR-only product is found to be less than 0.1%yr-1 at all levels. Also, whereas upper-tropospheric (300hPa) retrieval bias in the V7 TIR-only product exceeded 10% in the tropics, corresponding V8 biases are less than 5% (in terms of absolute value) at all latitudes and do not exhibit a clear latitudinal dependence. © Author(s) 2019."
"56158925300;57200702127;56158523800;55258548500;7401435616;7102423967;15821766200;7404829395;7005973015;7404865816;","Impacts of Saharan dust on Atlantic regional climate and implications for tropical cyclones",2018,"10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0776.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85052926009&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-16-0776.1&partnerID=40&md5=f8684749e009ae1eaea3462cf0314a67","The radiative and microphysical properties of Saharan dust are believed to impact the Atlantic regional climate and tropical cyclones (TCs), but the detailed mechanism remains uncertain. In this study, atmosphereonly simulations are performed from 2002 to 2006 using the Community Atmospheric Model, version 5.1, with and without dust emission from the Sahara Desert. The Saharan dust exhibits noticeable impacts on the regional longwave and shortwave radiation, cloud formation, and the convective systems over West Africa and the tropical Atlantic. The African easterly jet and West African monsoon are modulated by dust, leading to northward shifts of the intertropical convergence zone and the TC genesis region. The dust events induce positive midlevel moisture and entropy deficit anomalies, enhancing the TC genesis. On the other hand, the increased vertical wind shear and decreased low-level vorticity and potential intensity by dust inhibit TC formation in the genesis region. The ventilation index shows a decrease in the intensification region and an increase in the genesis region by dust, corresponding to favorable and unfavorable TC activities, respectively. The comparison of nondust scenarios in 2005 and 2006 shows more favorable TC conditions in 2005 characterized by higher specific humidity and potential intensity, but lower ventilation index, wind shear, and entropy deficit. Those are attributable to the observed warmer sea surface temperature (SST) in 2005, in which dust effects can be embedded. Our results imply significant dust perturbations on the radiative budget, hydrological cycle, and large-scale environments relevant to TC activity over the Atlantic. © 2018 American Meteorological Society."
"57188992221;6603446872;7006301675;","Oscillations and trends of river discharge in the southern Central Andes and linkages with climate variability",2017,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.10.001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85031501198&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2017.10.001&partnerID=40&md5=88c2500036e57a3ecc4356f6c73c928a","This study analyzes the discharge variability of small to medium drainage basins (102–104 km2) in the southern Central Andes of NW Argentina. The Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) was applied to evaluate non-stationary oscillatory modes of variability and trends, based on four time series of monthly-normalized discharge anomaly between 1940 and 2015. Statistically significant trends reveal increasing discharge during the past decades and document an intensification of the hydrological cycle during this period. An Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) analysis revealed that discharge variability in this region can be best described by five quasi-periodic statistically significant oscillatory modes, with mean periods varying from 1 to ∼20 y. Moreover, we show that discharge variability is most likely linked to the phases of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) at multi-decadal timescales (∼20 y) and, to a lesser degree, to the Tropical South Atlantic SST anomaly (TSA) variability at shorter timescales (∼2–5 y). Previous studies highlighted a rapid increase in discharge in the southern Central Andes during the 1970s, inferred to have been associated with the global 1976–77 climate shift. Our results suggest that the rapid discharge increase in the NW Argentine Andes coincides with the periodic enhancement of discharge, which is mainly linked to a negative to positive transition of the PDO phase and TSA variability associated with a long-term increasing trend. We therefore suggest that variations in discharge in this region are largely driven by both natural variability and the effects of global climate change. We furthermore posit that the links between atmospheric and hydrologic processes result from a combination of forcings that operate on different spatiotemporal scales. © 2017 Elsevier B.V."
"57194167959;16425497600;15071907100;","Models are likely to underestimate increase in heavy rainfall in the extratropical regions with high rainfall intensity",2017,"10.1002/2017GL074530","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85024498771&doi=10.1002%2f2017GL074530&partnerID=40&md5=506697724082da6339626d5f8ca14b11","Model projections of regional changes in heavy rainfall are uncertain. On timescales of few decades, internal variability plays an important role and therefore poses a challenge to detect robust model response in heavy rainfall to rising temperatures. We use spatial aggregation to reduce the major role of internal variability and evaluate the heavy rainfall response to warming temperatures with observations. We show that in the regions with high rainfall intensity and for which gridded observations exist, most of the models underestimate the historical scaling of heavy rainfall and the land fraction with significant positive heavy rainfall scalings during the historical period. The historical behavior is correlated with the projected heavy rainfall intensification across models allowing to apply an observational constraint, i.e., to calibrate multimodel ensembles with observations in order to narrow the range of projections. The constraint suggests a substantially stronger intensification of future heavy rainfall than the multimodel mean. ©2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"56236862900;57193891595;56245564400;55227362900;15050908200;56053988300;","Sustainable ecosystem services framework for tropical catchment management: A review",2017,"10.3390/su9040546","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85017381431&doi=10.3390%2fsu9040546&partnerID=40&md5=e25a9aa99ebff817b588a08b78aab426","The monsoon season is a natural phenomenon that occurs over the Asian continent, bringing extra precipitation which causes significant impact on most tropical watersheds. The tropical region's countries are rich with natural rainforests and the economies of the countries situated within the region are mainly driven by the agricultural industry. In order to fulfill the agricultural demand, land clearing has worsened the situation by degrading the land surface areas. Rampant land use activities have led to land degradation and soil erosion, resulting in implications on water quality and sedimentation of the river networks. This affects the ecosystem services, especially the hydrological cycles. Intensification of the sedimentation process has resulted in shallower river systems, thus increasing their vulnerability to natural hazards (i.e., climate change, floods). Tropical forests which are essential in servicing their benefits have been depleted due to the increase in human exploitation. This paper provides an overview of the impact of land erosion caused by land use activities within tropical rainforest catchments, which lead to massive sedimentation in tropical rivers, as well as the effects of monsoon on fragile watersheds which can result in catastrophic floods. Forest ecosystems are very important in giving services to regional biogeochemical processes. Balanced ecosystems therefore, play a significant role in servicing humanity and ultimately, may create a new way of environmental management in a cost-effective manner. Essentially, such an understanding will help stakeholders to come up with better strategies in restoring the ecosystem services of tropical watersheds. © 2017 by the authors."
"56003433300;6603431141;35565770000;35621390100;7004114883;6701573532;","The GSI capability to assimilate TRMM and GPM hydrometeor retrievals in HWRF",2016,"10.1002/qj.2867","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84983754973&doi=10.1002%2fqj.2867&partnerID=40&md5=6e7b8ba07514782fbf0cc70e98ff47e8","Hurricane forecasting skills may be improved by utilizing increased precipitation observations available from the Global Precipitation Measurement mission (GPM). This study adds to the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) capability to assimilate satellite-retrieved hydrometeor profile data in the operational Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) system. The newly developed Hurricane Goddard Profiling (GPROF) algorithm produces Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)/GPM hydrometeor retrievals specifically for hurricanes. Two new observation operators are developed and implemented in GSI to assimilate Hurricane GPROF retrieved hydrometeors in HWRF. They are based on the assumption that all water vapour in excess of saturation with respect to ice or liquid is immediately condensed out. Two sets of single observation experiments that include assimilation of solid or liquid hydrometeor from Hurricane GPROF are performed. Results suggest that assimilating single retrieved solid or liquid hydrometeor information impacts the current set of control variables of GSI by adjusting the environment that includes temperature, pressure and moisture fields toward saturation with respect to ice or liquid. These results are explained in a physically consistent manner, implying satisfactory observation operators and meaningful structure of background error covariance employed by GSI. Applied to two real hurricane cases, Leslie (2012) and Gonzalo (2014), the assimilation of the Hurricane GPROF data in the innermost domain of HWRF shows a physically reasonable adjustment and an improvement of the analysis compared to observations. However, the impact of assimilating the Hurricane GPROF retrieved hydrometeors on the subsequent HWRF forecasts, measured by hurricane tracks, intensities, sizes, satellite-retrieved rain rates, and corresponding infrared images, is inconclusive. Possible causes are discussed. © 2016 Royal Meteorological Society"
"8413672100;23017945100;7801624094;","Evaluation of 3D wind observations inferred from the analysis of airborne and ground-based radars during HyMeX SOP-1",2016,"10.1002/qj.2710","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84958719473&doi=10.1002%2fqj.2710&partnerID=40&md5=37ae316be9dac0250ff206cc07effaca","Radial velocity measurements collected by the airborne radar RASTA during Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX) Special Observation Period (SOP) 1 are used to assess the quality of real-time multiple-Doppler winds produced in southern France from six ground-based radars of the French operational radar network ARAMIS. An original verification procedure based upon the exploitation of RASTA radial velocities is proposed and applied to 10 h of data collected during HyMeX Intensive Observing Periods (IOPs) 6, 8 and 15. The statistical evaluation of multiple-Doppler winds produced in a variety of weather situations shows that errors in ARAMIS-derived horizontal wind components are generally comprised between 0.5 and 2 m s−1 through most of the troposphere. Secondly, multiple-Doppler winds are used to evaluate the performance of three-dimensional (3D) wind retrieval inferred from the analysis of RASTA radial velocities collected during HyMeX IOP 8. The mean difference between the two datasets is close to zero for all three wind components suggesting that errors on multiple-Doppler and RASTA-derived 3D cloud winds should be very similar. © 2015 Royal Meteorological Society"
"7201443624;36343527200;47661059600;","Diagnosing links between atmospheric moisture and extreme daily precipitation over the UK",2016,"10.1002/joc.4547","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84947447774&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.4547&partnerID=40&md5=bb67ea13f3d71ed9f4b97cea6d987997","Atmospheric moisture characteristics associated with the heaviest 1% of daily rainfall events affecting regions of the British Isles are analysed over the period 1997–2008. A blended satellite/rain-gauge data set (GPCP-1DD) and regionally averaged daily rain-gauge observations (HadUKP) are combined with the ERA Interim reanalysis. These are compared with simulations from the HadGEM2-A climate model which applied observed sea surface temperature and realistic radiative forcings. Median extreme daily rainfall across the identified events and locations is larger for GPCP (32 mm day−1) than HadUKP and the simulations (∼25 mm day−1). The heaviest observed and simulated daily rainfall events are associated with increased specific humidity and horizontal transport of moisture (median 850 hPa specific humidity of ∼6 g kg−1 and vapour transport of ∼150 g kg− 1m s− 1 for both observed and simulated events). Extreme daily rainfall events are less common during spring and summer across much of the British Isles, but in the south east region, they contribute up to 60% of the total number of distinct extreme daily rainfall events during these months. Compared to winter events, the summer events over south east Britain are associated with a greater magnitude and more southerly location of moisture maxima and less spatially extensive regions of enhanced moisture transport. This contrasting dependence of extreme daily rainfall on moisture characteristics implies a range of driving mechanisms that depend upon location and season. Higher spatial and temporal resolution data are required to explore these processes further, which is vital in assessing future projected changes in rainfall and associated flooding. © 2015 The Authors. International Journal of Climatology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the Royal Meteorological Society."
"8716952600;55946567900;16643471600;57189713427;","Experimental assimilation of the GPM core observatory DPR reflectivity profiles for Typhoon Halong (2014)",2016,"10.1175/MWR-D-15-0399.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84974782892&doi=10.1175%2fMWR-D-15-0399.1&partnerID=40&md5=1f196b804a383966e5b248088b059b89","Space-based precipitation radar data have been underused in data assimilation studies and operations despite their valuable information on vertically resolved hydrometeor profiles around the globe. The authors developed direct assimilation of reflectivities (Ze) from the Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) on board the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory to improve mesoscale predictions. Based on comparisons with Ze observations, this cloud resolving model mostly reproduced Ze but produced overestimations of Ze induced by excessive snow with large diameter particles. With an ensemble-based variational scheme and preprocessing steps to properly treat reflectivity observations including conservative quality control and superobbing procedures, the authors assimilated DPR Ze and/or rain-affected radiances of GPM Microwave Imager (GMI) for the case of Typhoon Halong in July 2014. With the vertically resolving capability of DPR, the authors effectively selected Ze observations most suited to data assimilation, for example, by removing Ze above the melting layer to avoid contamination due to model bias. While the GMI radiance had large impacts on various control variables, the DPR made a fine delicate analysis of the rain mixing ratio and updraft. This difference arose from the observation characteristics (coverage width and spatial resolution), sensitivities represented in the observation operators, and structures of the background error covariance. Because the DPR assimilation corrected excessive increases in rain and clouds due to the radiance assimilation, the combined use of DPRand GMI generated more accurate analysis and forecast than separate use of them with respect to the agreement of observations and tropical cyclone position errors. © 2016 American Meteorological Society."
"57008129800;12809714700;","Changes in the south Asian monsoon low level jet during recent decades and its role in the monsoon water cycle",2016,"10.1016/j.jastp.2015.12.009","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84951116859&doi=10.1016%2fj.jastp.2015.12.009&partnerID=40&md5=4b2c80c963f486f1607d5e0f06dd41c3","June-September mean wind at 850. hPa from ERA-Interim, MERRA and NCEP2 reanalyses shows an increasing trend in the south Asian monsoon Low Level Jet (LLJ) during 1980-2014. In the sub-seasonal scale, the LLJ during July and September exhibits increasing trend, while August shows a decreasing trend. Lesser changes in surface pressure over heat low region and weaker Bay of Bengal convection lead to weakening of LLJ during August while an intense heat low during September results stronger LLJ. The associated moisture transport changes affect the monsoon hydrological cycle with decreasing precipitation during August and increasing precipitation during September. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd."
"55855280900;35230836400;6701596076;7003416148;","Rainfall estimation with a commercial tool for satellite internet in KA band: Model evolution and results",2015,"10.1109/IGARSS.2015.7325908","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84962593156&doi=10.1109%2fIGARSS.2015.7325908&partnerID=40&md5=a8e353bd955f9818a756e4eb75357ae0","This paper introduces additional results to those concerning the quasi-real-time estimation of rain rate through an opportunistic Ka-band satellite link, which has been recently presented. The focus of the present work is on the dependence of the proposed method from some model's parameters such as the clouds base height and the integration time for the received signal. The upgrade of the model is presented and its employment with a new set of collected data is presented. The results are interpreted through a comparison with measurements from a small network of rain gauges. © 2015 IEEE."
"8961965800;8961966100;20733527100;6701521854;","New high-resolution BOLAM-MOLOCH suite for the SIMM forecasting system: Assessment over two HyMeX intense observation periods",2015,"10.5194/nhess-15-1-2015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85006058397&doi=10.5194%2fnhess-15-1-2015&partnerID=40&md5=5d74e4b299b18365822458e891967eb5","High-resolution numerical models can be effective in monitoring and predicting natural hazards, especially when dealing with Mediterranean atmospheric and marine intense/severe events characterised by a wide range of interacting scales. The understanding of the key factors associated to these Mediterranean phenomena, and the usefulness of adopting high-resolution numerical models in their simulation, are among the aims of the international initiative HyMeX - HYdrological cycle in Mediterranean EXperiment. At the turn of 2013, two monitoring campaigns (SOPs - Special Observation Periods) were devoted to these issues. For this purpose, a new high-resolution BOlogna Limited Area Model-MOdello LOCale (BOLAM-MOLOCH) suite was implemented in the Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA) hydro-meteo-marine forecasting system (SIMM - Sistema Idro-Meteo-Mare) as a possible alternative to the operational meteorological component based on the BOLAM model self-nested over two lower-resolution domains. The present paper provides an assessment of this new configuration of SIMM with respect to the operational one that was also used during the two SOPs. More in details, it investigates the forecast performance of these SIMM configurations during two of the Intense Observation Periods (IOPs) declared in the first SOP campaign. These IOPs were characterised by high precipitations and very intense and exceptional high waters over the northern Adriatic Sea (acqua alta). Concerning the meteorological component, the high-resolution BOLAM-MOLOCH forecasts are compared against the lower-resolution BOLAM forecasts over three areas - mostly corresponding to the Italian HyMeX hydrometeorological sites - using the rainfall observations collected in the HyMeX database. Three-month categorical scores are also calculated for the MOLOCH model. Despite the presence of a slight positive bias of the MOLOCH model, the results show that the precipitation forecast turns out to improve with increasing resolution. In both SIMM configurations, the sea storm surge component is based on the same version of the Shallow water HYdrodynamic Finite Element Model (SHYFEM). Hence, it is evaluated the impact of the meteorological forcing provided by the two adopted BOLAM configurations on the SHYFEM forecasts for six tidegauge stations. A benchmark for this part of the study is given by the performance of the SHYFEM model forced by the ECMWF IFS forecast fields. For this component, both BOLAM-SHYFEM configurations clearly outperform the benchmark. The results are, however, strongly affected by the predictability of the weather systems associated to the IOPs, thus suggesting the opportunity to develop and test a time-lagged multi-model ensemble for the prediction of high storm surge events. © Author(s) 2015. CC Attribution 3.0 License."
"6602644004;7006329266;7006263526;8961966100;7003995144;56342802100;18133256900;6506385284;56362626800;6602777467;8961965800;7801366400;56999946500;6701895937;6603924776;6602865544;6602117896;18133885100;15837796500;6504168821;","The role of the Italian scientific community in the first HyMeX SOP: An outstanding multidisciplinary experience",2015,"10.1127/metz/2015/0624","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84937211833&doi=10.1127%2fmetz%2f2015%2f0624&partnerID=40&md5=0c98240643d9f3435f93f3c41e1d3a9c","The first Special Observation Period (SOP1) field campaign of the HyMeX (HYdrological cycle in the Mediterranean EXperiment) program was held in fall 2012 and was devoted to the investigation of heavy precipitation and floods in the Western Mediterranean. Both the Italian research and operational meteorological communities actively participated by providing a valuable contribution through the organization of an ad hoc national Operational Centre. The paper presents an overview of this participation, resulting in a fruitful multidisciplinary experience able to build a bridge between academia, researchers, forecasters, end-users and decision makers. The benefits provided by the wide national involvement and the consequent possible national impacts and progress are discussed within the context of the complex organization of meteorology in Italy. © 2015 The authors."
"7003950601;7006484268;7005523706;7101944752;","Monitoring Greek Seas using passive underwater acoustics",2015,"10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00264.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84922998423&doi=10.1175%2fJTECH-D-13-00264.1&partnerID=40&md5=26abf99add444a2a5595832847e28101","The Hellenic Center for Marine Research POSEIDON ocean monitoring and forecasting system has included passive underwater acoustic measurements as part of its real-time operations. Specifically, low-dutycycle long-term passive acoustic listeners (PALs) are deployed on two operational buoys, one off Pylos in the Ionian Sea and the second off Athos in the northern Aegean Sea. The first step toward the quantitative use of passive ambient sound is the classification of the geophysical sources-for example, wind speed and rain rate-from the noise of shipping, from other anthropogenic activities, and from the natural sounds of marine animals. After classification, quantitative measurements of wind speed and precipitation are applied to the ambient sound data. Comparisons of acoustic quantitative measurements of wind speed with in situ buoy anemometer measurements were shown to be within 0.5ms-1. The rainfall detection and quantification was also confirmed with collocated measurements of precipitation from a nearby coastal rain gauge and operational weather radar rainfall observations. The complicated condition of high sea states, including the influence of ambient bubble clouds, rain, and sea spray under high winds, was sorted acoustically, and shows promise for identifying and quantifying such conditions from underwater sound measurements. Long-term data were used in this study to derive sound budgets showing the percent occurrence of dominant sound sources (ships, marine mammals, wind, and rain), their relative intensity as a function of frequency, and statistical summaries of the retrieved rainfall amounts and wind speeds at the two buoy locations in the Aegean and Ionian Seas. © 2015 American Meteorological Society."
"25648525300;24537421700;","Aerosol-precipitation interactions over India: Review and future perspectives",2013,"10.1155/2013/649156","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84893798743&doi=10.1155%2f2013%2f649156&partnerID=40&md5=7fcb733954e3efb29f38664858802116","Atmospheric aerosols can interact with clouds and influence the hydrological cycle by acting as cloud condensation nuclei. The current study reviews the results obtained on aerosol-precipitation interactions over India and the surrounding oceanic regions. An analysis of aerosol and cloud characteristics over the Arabian Sea, India, and the Bay of Bengal during summer monsoon in the last decade reveals large regional, intraseasonal, and interannual variations. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) and aerosol absorbing index (AAI) in 2002 (a drought year) are higher over India when compared to normal monsoon years. Cloud effective radius (CER) and cloud optical thickness exhibit a negative correlation with AOD over India, which agrees well with the indirect radiative effects of aerosols. Over Bay of Bengal CER is positively correlated with AOD suggesting an inverse aerosol indirect effect. In future, observatories to measure aerosol characteristics (amount, size, type, chemical composition, mixing, vertical and horizontal distributions), and cloud properties (number and size) over several locations in India, and intense observational campaigns involving aircraft and ships are crucial to unravel the quantitative impact that aerosols have on Indian monsoon. Satellite remote sensing of aerosol distribution, their chemical composition, microphysical properties of clouds, solar irradiance, and terrestrial longwave radiation is important. © 2013 S. Ramachandran and S. Kedia."
"8511298300;35233901600;56161226300;8663468800;","Late Holocene flooding records from the floodplain deposits of the Yugu River, South Korea",2013,"10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.09.010","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84870296270&doi=10.1016%2fj.geomorph.2012.09.010&partnerID=40&md5=d4adbbd12da473fadf08ca3262584b2b","Predicting responses of regional hydrological cycles to global warming requires an understanding of past hydrological events on various timescales. This study investigated the variability of flooding as recorded in fluvial floodplain deposits. The percentage of sand-sized material in two cores collected from the floodplain of the Yugu River, one of the tributaries of the Keum River, central South Korea, has been tested as a proxy for the occurrence and magnitude of past flooding. The sand fraction of the floodplain deposits in cores KL28 and KL29, which record deposition over the last 3500. years, varied on multicentury timescales and suggests several past episodes of higher frequency large floods. These clusters of large floods seem to correlate well with Northern Hemisphere temperature anomalies and suggest that more frequent large floods occurred during the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) than during the Little Ice Age (LIA). The occurrence of more frequent large floods on the Keum River tributary may have been driven by intensified northerly winds over East Asia and resultant moisture convergence over Korea and/or a weakened thermal gradient between the tropical ocean and Asian continent. Furthermore, the centennial-scale changes in the sand fraction of the floodplain deposits were partly similar to remote El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) activity, implying a possible link between flooding in central South Korea and ENSO activity. This study has demonstrated that floodplain deposits have much potential for recording paleofloods though floodplains can be, and quite often are, very complex places in terms of their depositional history. In regions where natural lakes suitable for the study of paleohydrology and paleoclimate are lacking, well-controlled time-series data for the sand content at multiple sites in fluvial floodplains may be used to understand paleoflooding and extreme precipitation variability in the past. © 2012 Elsevier B.V."
"57193580157;6507506306;23981063100;55429556800;35766145000;8937991200;6701735773;7006861646;6602080773;6701747681;","An analysis of the diurnal cycle of precipitation over Dakar using local rain-gauge data and a general circulation model",2012,"10.1002/qj.1932","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84871627812&doi=10.1002%2fqj.1932&partnerID=40&md5=f68b86ebc9b6de4e10a4509af8f09f29","The representation of the diurnal cycle of local deep convection in two versions of the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique-Zoom (LMDZ) General Circulation Model is evaluated using rainfall observations of a rain-gauge network in Senegal. An interpretation of the observed rainfall diurnal modes is attempted by partitioning rainfall as a function of rain-rate intensities and the origin, age and size of associated cloud systems. Our analysis shows a complex multipeak diurnal cycle and a large spatial variability over the rain-gauge domain of typically 100 km. Our results are consistent with the picture of a diurnal cycle of high convective rain rates associated with young and small cloud systems generated in the vicinity of the rain gauges, peaking in late afternoon and superimposed with precipitation associated with long propagative mesoscale convective systems or squall lines with no preferential time over the rain-gauge network. It is shown that these local observations of convection and rain can be used to evaluate the representation of the diurnal cycle of precipitation in a general circulation model with a typical horizontal resolution of 100 km. Two versions of the LMDZ model, including different parametrizations of boundary-layer turbulence, convection and clouds, are compared with observations. In the new parametrization, considering the role of boundary-layer thermals in deep convection preconditioning and the role of cold pools in its sustainment allows us realistically to shift the maximum of precipitation and cloud cover to late afternoon. © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society."
"6506056264;55728284400;7005132811;7006689582;24167396300;","Tropical circulation and hydrological cycle response to orbital forcing",2012,"10.1029/2012GL052482","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84865414377&doi=10.1029%2f2012GL052482&partnerID=40&md5=444488d0120f4ec1cfa179893cc41fd5","The intensity of the two major atmospheric tropical circulations, the Hadley and Walker circulation, has been analyzed in simulations with the Kiel Climate Model (KCM) of the early Eemian and the early Holocene, both warmer climate epochs compared to the late Holocene, or pre-industrial era. The KCM was forced by changes in orbital parameters corresponding to the early and late Holocene (9.5kyr BP and pre-industrial) and the early Eemian (126kyr BP). An intensification of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) winter Hadley cell and a northward extension of its rising branch, the Intertropical Convergence Zone, relative to pre-industrial are simulated for both warm periods. The Walker circulation's rising branch is shifted westward towards the Indian Ocean due to an increased zonal tropical sea surface temperature (SST) gradient across the Indo-Pacific Ocean, which drives enhanced easterlies over this region. The simulated vertically-integrated water vapor transport across the Equator shows the strongest response for the SH winter (boreal summer) Hadley cell over the Pacific Ocean due to an enhanced cross-equatorial SST gradient in the tropical Pacific during the early Holocene and the early Eemian. The orbitally-induced increase of the cross-equatorial insolation gradient in the tropical Pacific leads to a strengthening (weakening) of the wind speed and enhanced (reduced) evaporative cooling over the southern (northern) tropical Pacific, which reinforces the initial radiatively-forced meridional SST gradient change. The increased cross-equatorial insolation gradient in combination with the strong wind-evaporation-SST feedback and changing humidity are important mechanisms to enhance the SH winter Hadley circulation response to orbital forcing. © 2012. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"56093712900;","Evaluation of the water resource reproducible ability on Tarim River Basin in south of Xinjiang, northwest China",2012,"10.1007/s12665-011-1396-y","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84864094068&doi=10.1007%2fs12665-011-1396-y&partnerID=40&md5=139f4f07deff074851922dd0fd8c557a","With the over-exploitation of water resources, water pollution and poor management of water infrastructures are exacerbated. Ecosystem degradation is apparent at the basin level. The Tarim River Basin in northwest China has seen intensive confrontation between environmental protection and economic development over the past five decades. Ambitious agricultural development and land reclamation projects implemented by the Chinese government in the early 1960s led to several influences. For example, the construction of dams like the Daxihaizi Reservoir disrupted the stream-flow to the lower reaches. Water resource reproducible ability (WRRA) refers to the ability of water resources to be continually added by the natural water cycle. It includes the supplementation of water quantity and the self-purification of water quality in the natural cycle of water resources. This study discusses the WRRA index and introduces the computational method for calculating the WRRA index for the Tarim River Basin. The following conclusions are observed: (1) from 1956 to 2005, the indices of WRRA in the Hotan River Basin, Yarkand and Aksu River Basin are 0.26, 0.55, 0.58, respectively, which are between 0 and 1. The results indicate that the hydrological cycle in these three sub-basins is in a reproducible state. (2) The WRRA index in the Kaidu-Kong River Basin is 1.23 > 1, which indicates that floods may occur in the Kaidu-Kong River Basin. (3) The index of WRRA in the main stream is 0, which indicates that the WRRA is very weak at this location, and zero-flow may occur. Calculating the WRRA of a basin can provide a basis for corresponding basin water resources management. © 2011 Springer-Verlag."
"17135970400;55388515800;7003498424;57145869600;35737115500;55871244200;","Analysis of reconstructed annual precipitation from tree-rings for the past 500 years in the middle Qilian Mountain",2012,"10.1007/s11430-012-4375-6","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84860689751&doi=10.1007%2fs11430-012-4375-6&partnerID=40&md5=4786ee486866ea28d232249e31d47178","The ring-width chronology of a Juniperus przewalskii tree from the middle of the Qilian Mountain was constructed to estimate the annual precipitation (from previous August to current July) since AD 1480. The reconstruction showed four major alternations of drying and wetting over the past 521 years. The rainy 16th century was followed by persistent drought in the 17th century. Moreover, relatively wet conditions persisted from the 18th to the beginning of 20th century until the recurrence of a drought during the 1920s and 1930s. Based on the Empirical Mode Decomposition method, eight Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) were extracted, each representing unique fluctuations of the reconstructed precipitation in the time-frequency domain. The high amplitudes of IMFs on different timescales were often consistent with the high amount of precipitation, and vice versa. The IMF of the lowest frequency indicated that the precipitation has undergone a slow increasing trend over the past 521 years. The 2-3 year and 5-8 year time-scales reflected the characteristics of inter-annual variability in precipitation relevant to regional atmospheric circulation and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), respectively. The 10-13 year scale of IMF may be associated with changing solar activity. Specifically, an amalgamation of previous and present data showed that droughts were likely to be a historically persistent feature of the Earth's climate, whereas the probability of intensified rainfall events seemed to increase during the course of the 19th and 20th centuries. These changing characteristics in precipitation indicate an unprecedented alteration of the hydrological cycle, with unknown future amplitude. Our reconstruction complements existing information on past precipitation changes in the Qilian Mountain, and provides additional low-frequency information not previously available. © 2012 Science China Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg."
"16317592400;7005650812;7004114883;55417853000;7003553324;","Rain-rate characteristics over the Korean Peninsula and improvement of the Goddard profiling (GPROF) database for TMI rainfall retrievals",2012,"10.1175/JAMC-D-11-094.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84861728203&doi=10.1175%2fJAMC-D-11-094.1&partnerID=40&md5=732bb8f453c52428e4850edcc8a403ee","Summer rainfall characteristics over the Korean Peninsula are examined using six years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) measurements and surface rain measurements from the densely populated rain gauges spread across South Korea. A comparison of the TMI brightness temperature at 85 GHz with the measured surface rain rate reveals that a significant portion of rainfall over the peninsula occurs at warmer brightness temperatures than would be expected from the Goddard profiling (GPROF) database. By incorporating the locally observed rain characteristics into the GPROF algorithm, efforts are made to test whether locally appropriate hydrometeor profiles may be used to improve the retrieved rainfall. Profiles are obtained by simulating rain cases using the cloud-resolving University of Wisconsin Nonhydrostatic Modeling System (UW-NMS) model and matching the calculated radar reflectivities to TRMM precipitation radar (PR) reflectivities. Selected profiles and the corresponding simulated TMI brightness temperatures (limited in this study to values that are larger than 235 K) are added to the GPROF database to form a modified database that is considered to be more suitable for local application over the Korean Peninsula. The rainfall retrieved from the new database demonstrates that heavy-rainfall events-in particular, those associated with warmer clouds-are better captured by the new algorithm as compared with the official TRMM GPROF version-6 retrievals. The results suggest that a more locally suitable rain retrieval algorithm can be developed if locally representative rain characteristics are included in the GPROF algorithm. © 2012 American Meteorological Society."
"35182211000;37123014300;56097323700;","Rainfall retrieval and nowcasting based on multispectral satellite images. Part I: Retrieval study on daytime 10-minute rain rate",2011,"10.1175/2011JHM1373.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84863293602&doi=10.1175%2f2011JHM1373.1&partnerID=40&md5=dd8c681a4af301ed15aa80b5146af081","This study develops a method for both precipitation area and intensity retrievals based on multispectral geostationary satellite images.Thismethod can be applied to continuous observation of large-scale precipitation so as to solve the problem from the measurements of rainfall radar and rain gauge. Satellite observation is instantaneous, whereas the rain gauge records accumulative data during a time interval. For this reason, collocated 10-min rain gauge measurements and infrared (IR) and visible (VIS) data from the FengYun-2C (FY-2C) geostationary satellite are employed to improve the accuracy of satellite rainfall retrieval. First of all, the rainfall probability identification matrix (RPIM) is used to distinguish rainfall clouds from nonrainfall clouds. This RPIM is more efficient in improving the retrieval accuracy of rainfall area than previous threshold combination screening methods. Second, the multispectral segmented curve-fitting rainfall algorithm (MSCFRA) is proposed and tested to estimate the 10-min rain rates. Rainfall samples taken from June to August 2008 are used to assess the performance of the rainfall algorithm. Assessment results show that theMSCFRA improves the accuracy of rainfall estimation for both stratiform cloud rainfall and convective cloud rainfall. These results are practically consistent with rain gauge measurements in both rainfall area division and rainfall intensity grade estimation. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that the temporal resolution of satellite detection is important and necessary in improving the precision of satellite rainfall retrieval. © 2011 American Meteorological Society."
"6602529422;","Effects of area under-estimations of sloped mountain terrain on simulated hydrological behaviour: A case study using the ACRU model",2011,"10.1002/hyp.7886","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79953268508&doi=10.1002%2fhyp.7886&partnerID=40&md5=eab9e48dbd6750c1a7d56b15cb25b215","Sloped areas calculated from a GIS raster file, such as a digital elevation model, are smaller than the true surface area, because they are projected to a planimetric plane. In mountainous regions this sloped area under-estimation (SAUE) can have significant consequences on hydrological calculations. A sensitivity analysis is conducted, using the ACRU agro-hydrological modelling system in a small watershed in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA, to investigate the sensitivity of the SAUE on key elements of the hydrological cycle, including precipitation depth, April snow depth, August soil moisture deficit, actual evapotranspiration depth, and runoff depth. The sensitivity analysis is based on 224 unique combinations of slope, soil and land cover types, elevation with associated precipitation depths, and north and south facing radiation regimes. Results revealed an increasing influence of the SAUE on all hydrological processes with increasing slope steepness. Distinct differences and magnitudes between different land cover types, different elevations, and, in particular, different exposition were quantified. Actual evapotranspiration increases with SAUE, while runoff decreases. April soil water is simulated to decrease with an increase in SAUE. Finally, a comparison of a streamflow simulation of a small and steep alpine watershed with and without consideration of the SAUE is carried out. The sloped area of the small watershed is under-estimated by 20·9%, and the difference in simulated runoff is 12·3%. When the SAUE was not considered, runoff was simulated to be higher, the associated coefficient of determination was slightly lower, and the slope of the regression line was flatter. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."
"9537045600;10144312200;7202530955;7004167838;","Understanding three-dimensional effects in polarized observations with the ground-based ADMIRARI radiometer during the CHUVA campaign",2011,"10.1029/2010JD015335","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79957494843&doi=10.1029%2f2010JD015335&partnerID=40&md5=1f8f10044eddd3b872ea22ade079f046","Measurements of down-welling microwave radiation from raining clouds performed with the Advanced Microwave Radiometer for Rain Identification (ADMIRARI) radiometer at 10.7-21-36.5 GHz during the Global Precipitation Measurement Ground Validation ""Cloud processes of the main precipitation systems in Brazil: A contribution to cloud resolving modeling and to the Global Precipitation Measurement"" (CHUVA) campaign held in Brazil in March 2010 represent a unique test bed for understanding three-dimensional (3D) effects in microwave radiative transfer processes. While the necessity of accounting for geometric effects is trivial given the slant observation geometry (ADMIRARI was pointing at a fixed 30 elevation angle), the polarization signal (i.e., the difference between the vertical and horizontal brightness temperatures) shows ubiquitousness of positive values both at 21.0 and 36.5 GHz in coincidence with high brightness temperatures. This signature is a genuine and unique microwave signature of radiation side leakage which cannot be explained in a 1D radiative transfer frame but necessitates the inclusion of three-dimensional scattering effects. We demonstrate these effects and interdependencies by analyzing two campaign case studies and by exploiting a sophisticated 3D radiative transfer suited for dichroic media like precipitating clouds. Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union."
"6701551871;6602301713;57197703326;","Dependence of accumulated precipitation on cloud drop size distribution",2010,"10.1007/s00704-010-0332-5","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78249272319&doi=10.1007%2fs00704-010-0332-5&partnerID=40&md5=d93085a8e872cfcb043f7dca0039c95c","Convective precipitation is the main cause of extreme rainfall events in small areas. Its primary characteristics are both large spatial and temporal variability. For this reason, the monitoring of accumulated precipitation fields (liquid and solid components) at the surface is difficult to carry out through the use of rain gauge networks or remote-sensing observations. Alternatively, numerical models seem to be the most powerful tool in simulating convective precipitation for various analyses and predictions. Due to a lack of comparisons between modelled and observed precipitation characteristics over a long period of time, we focus our research on comparisons between observations and three model samples of accumulated convective precipitation over a particular study area. We use a numerical cloud model with two model schemes involving the unified Khrgian-Mazin size distribution of cloud drops and a model scheme involving a monodisperse cloud droplet spectrum and the Marshall-Palmer size distribution for raindrops, respectively. For comparison, we have selected a study area with a sounding site. Our analysis shows that the model version with the Khrgian-Mazin size distribution exhibits a better agreement with the observed mean, median and range of extreme values of accumulated convective precipitation. Model simulations with the Khrgian-Mazin size distribution most closely match observations, with a correlation coefficient of 0.91. Use of the Marshall-Palmer size distribution, on the other hand, systemically underestimates the observed precipitation and has the lowest correlation coefficient among the methods, 0.83. Such an investigation is crucial to improve predictions of accumulated convective precipitation for various climatological and hydrological analyses and predictions. © 2010 Springer-Verlag."
"35198774300;24174158300;15080750100;7004015391;","Satellite-based prediction of rainfall interception by tropical forest stands of a human-dominated landscape in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia",2009,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.10.024","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-58149288066&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2008.10.024&partnerID=40&md5=64a11797069c6016eafcee7f0ad2722a","Rainforest conversion to other land use types drastically alters the hydrological cycle in which changes in rainfall interception contribute significantly to the observed differences. However, little is known about the effects of more gradual changes in forest structure and at regional scales. We studied land use types ranging from natural forest over selectively-logged forest to cacao agroforest in a lower montane region in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, and tested the suitability of high-resolution optical satellite imagery for modeling observed interception patterns. Investigated characteristics indicating canopy structure were mean and standard deviation of reflectance values, local maxima, and self-similarity measures based on the grey level co-occurrence matrix and geostatistical variogram analysis. Previously studied and published rainfall interception data comprised twelve plots and median values per land use type ranged from 30% in natural forest to 18% in cacao agroforests. A linear regression model with local maxima, mean contrast and normalized digital vegetation index (NDVI) as regressors was able to explain more than 84% (Radj2) of the variation encountered in the data. Other investigated characteristics did not prove significant in the regression analysis. The model yielded stable results with respect to cross-validation and also produced realistic values and spatial patterns when applied at the landscape level (783.6 ha). High values of interception were rare and localized in natural forest stands distant to villages, whereas low interception characterized the intensively used sites close to settlements. We conclude that forest use intensity significantly reduced rainfall interception and satellite image analysis can successfully be applied for its regional prediction, and most forest in the study region has already been subject to human-induced structural changes. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"7006790175;7005246513;6701534440;","Impacts of a new solar radiation parameterization on the CPTEC AGCM climatological features",2008,"10.1175/2007JAMC1760.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-57649183359&doi=10.1175%2f2007JAMC1760.1&partnerID=40&md5=4733a632e3a9ea88989b31621a98abc3","The impacts of improved atmospheric absorption on radiative fluxes, atmospheric circulation, and hydrological cycle for long-term GCM integrations are investigated. For these runs the operational version of the Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CPTEC) AGCM and its enhanced version with a new solar radiation scheme are used. There is an 8% increase in the annual mean global average atmospheric absorption in the enhanced integration as compared with the operational model integration. The extra absorption is due to gases (0.5%), the water vapor continuum (1.5%), and background aerosols (6%), which were not considered in the operational solar radiation scheme. Under clear-sky conditions the enhanced model atmospheric absorption is in agreement with observations to within ±3 W m-2, while for all-sky conditions the remaining errors are related to unaccounted-for cloud absorption. There is a general warm-up of the atmosphere in the enhanced model with temperatures increasing up to ∼3 K in the troposphere and ∼5-8 K in the stratosphere, bringing the model closer to the reference values. The intensities of the tropospheric jets are reduced by 7%-8%, while that of the polar night stratospheric jet is increased by 5%-10%, reducing the model systematic error. The reduced availability of latent energy for the saturated convective processes weakens the meridional circulation and slows down the hydrological cycle. The model overestimation of December-February precipitation over the South pacific convergence zone (SPCZ) and the South Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ) is reduced by 0.5-1.0 mm day-1, and that over the Northern Hemisphere storm-tracks region is reduced by 0.5 mm day-1. On a monthly time scale, the changes in the precipitation distribution over the SACZ are found to be much larger ±2-3 mm day-1. © 2008 American Meteorological Society."
"6507460147;6507187540;6506845386;56635269100;","Rainfall interpolation using a remote sensing CCD data in a tropical basin - A GIS and geostatistical application",2007,"10.1016/j.pce.2007.07.002","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34548580185&doi=10.1016%2fj.pce.2007.07.002&partnerID=40&md5=adc74261e3709e17e90adf448b0d086b","This paper is aimed at developing a geostatistical model to improve interpolated annual and monthly rainfall variation using remotely-sensed cold cloud duration (CCD) data as a background image. The data set consists of rainfall data from a network of 704 rain gauges in the Rufiji drainage basin in Tanzania. We found ordinary kriging to be a robust estimator due mainly to its inherent nature of including the non-stationary local mean during estimation. Parameter sensitivity analysis and examination of the residuals revealed that the parameter values of the variogram viz., the nugget effect, the range, sill value and maximum direction of continuity, as long as they are in acceptable ranges, and any different combination of these parameters, have low effect on model efficiency and accuracy. Rather, the use of remotely-sensed CCD data as a background image is found to improve the interpolation as compared to the estimation based on observed point rainfall data alone. The study revealed the improvement in terms of Nash-Sutcliffe model performance index (R2) by using CCD as external drift with kriging provided an R2 of 64.5% compared to the simple kriging and ordinary kriging, which performed with efficiency of 60.0% and 61.4%, respectively. For each case, parameter sensitivity analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of the change in the parameters on the model performance and the spatio-temporal interpolation results. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved."
"7004170814;7003568823;7102051256;6507851048;","Long-term, wintertime aerosol, cloud and precipitation measurements in the Northern Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA",2006,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2005.10.006","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33749146131&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2005.10.006&partnerID=40&md5=5d7138a5f7c8f1846c430aac5d8f781e","At Storm Peak Laboratory (SPL) in the northern Colorado Rocky Mountains during the winters of 1983/1984 through 2003/2004, significant trends occurred of decreasing cloud droplet concentrations and initially increasing cloud and snow pH values then more recent decreasing values. The decrease in cloud droplet concentrations and a corresponding increase in mean droplet diameters are consistent with liquid water content trends in the long-term record. Decreased condensation nucleus concentrations, and most likely cloud-condensation nucleus concentrations as well, caused the decrease in droplet concentrations. An inverse relationship between cloud pH and condensation nucleus concentrations was identified. However, no relationship between condensation nucleus concentrations and precipitation rates was identified. Thus, the inverse relationship between aerosol concentration and precipitation rate reported by Borys et al. [Borys, R.D., Lowenthal, D.H., Cohn, S.A., Brown, W.O.J., 2003. Mountaintop and radar measurements of anthropogenic aerosol effects on snow growth and snowfall rate. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 1538] for SPL was not confirmed. This aerosol effect may be important for only a small subset of winter storms at SPL. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"56067325100;7005360728;6507174567;55952855700;6602415954;","Experimental analysis of microscale rain cells and their dynamic evolution",2005,"10.1029/2004RS003119","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-23844554314&doi=10.1029%2f2004RS003119&partnerID=40&md5=9a8ef608c92b1c10d68d430068bca72c","This paper presents a detailed space-time analysis of rainfall rate using two dense networks of rain gauges covering two microscale areas of some 100 km2 each and located in two distinct climatic areas in the United Kingdom and Spain. The study has been carried out with the main objective of addressing dynamic fade mitigation techniques and scatter interference problems in terrestrial and satellite communication systems. The two databases, using a total of 49 and 23 rain gauges, respectively, are described, and the continuous interpolated field used for the subsequent analyses is explained in detail. The suitability of the networks in terms of density, correlation distance, and fractal dimension are briefly addressed. A to-scale comparison grid of the networks is also given. It has been found that when the maximum intensity reached during a rain event surpasses a certain threshold, different for each of the two areas, rainfall rates exhibit a spatial structure in the form of closed contours of thresholds referred to as cells. In statistical terms, the most probable diameter found is about 3.5 km, and distributions are presented. They are similar for the two sites but not so for the maxima reached inside the cells. Using cross-correlation techniques, displacement and velocities are analyzed in detail. Cells ""zigzag"" around a dominant trend because of the global cloud movements (driven by winds at heights of about 700 hPa). Local topography strongly affects local behavior. Analytical approximations to the experimental statistical distributions and selected histograms of the results are presented. Copyright 2005 by the American Geophysical Union."
"6701394887;56250117600;56999946500;7005320660;7003877842;7006894989;","Intercomparison of inversion algorithms to retrieve rain rate from SSM/I by using an extended validation set over the mediterranean area",2004,"10.1109/TGRS.2004.834651","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-7044222057&doi=10.1109%2fTGRS.2004.834651&partnerID=40&md5=2ec0344b20eb465f2c80ea6db478deb4","The capability of some inversion algorithms to estimate surface rain rate at the midlatitude basin scale from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) data is analyzed. For this purpose, an extended database has been derived from coincident SSM/I images and half-hourly rain rate data obtained from a rain gauge network, placed along the Tiber River basin in Central Italy, during nine years (from 1992 to 2000). The database has been divided in a training set, to calibrate the empirical algorithms, and in a validation one, to compare the results of the considered techniques. The proposed retrieval methods are based on both empirical and physical approaches. Among the empirical methods, a regression, an artificial feedforward neural network, and a Bayesian maximum a posteriori (MAP) inversion have been considered. Three algorithms available in the literature are also included as benchmarks. As physical algorithms, the MAP method and the minimum mean square estimator have been used. Moreover, in order to test the behavior of the algorithms with different kinds of precipitation, a classification of rainy events, based on some statistical parameters derived from rain gauge measurements, has been performed. From this classification, an attempt to identify the type of event from radiometric data has been carried out. The purposes of this paper are to determine whether the use of an extended training set, referred to a limited geographical area, can improve the SSM/I skill in rain detection and estimation and, mainly, to confirm the validity of the physical approach adopted in previous works. It will be shown that, among all the estimators, the neural network presents the best performances and that the physical techniques provide results only slightly worse than those given by empirical methods, but with the well-known advantage of an easy application to different geographical zones and different sensors."
"7004024734;7401736453;7404310287;","Detecting fog deposition to tussock by lysimetry at Swampy Summit near Dunedin, New Zealand",1996,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030424838&partnerID=40&md5=7d64b595c3eb32bb354298c5427c31c9","Fog deposition on narrow leaved snow tussock canopy has been suggested as an important component of the water balance and therefore as a reason for retaining this species as cover in water supply catchments in southern New Zealand. The objective of this study was to identify fog deposition periods and amounts using a large weighing lysimeter at a fog-prone tussock grassland site at 736 m elevation near the city of Dunedin on the east coast of the South Island. The lysimeter water balance was solved for the sum of the unknown fog deposition (F) and evaporation (E), using measured rainfall (P), storage change (AS), and drainage outflow (Q): (F + E) = ΔS - P - Q Periods when the sum of these two unknowns is positive were considered as possible periods of fog deposition. There were 40 such days in 3 years of record and 70mm of apparent fog deposition. This is less than 2% of measured rainfall, and we cannot discount the possibility that the amount calculated could be the result of undercatching by the rain gauges. The weather on the 40 days is, however, indicative of cloud-ground intersection at the site. The median fog deposition rate was 0.05+/-0.03 mm hr-1 which is similar to measurements elsewhere over forest, pasture, and moorland. We conclude that fog deposition is not important in terms of water supply from tussock catchments in southern New Zealand."
"6603587735;7005523706;35586645100;7102024878;7405501049;","Physically based satellite retrieval of precipitation using a 3D passive microwave radiative transfer model",1996,"10.1175/1520-0426(1996)013<0832:PBSROP>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0000054239&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0426%281996%29013%3c0832%3aPBSROP%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=078d61982a595ca61501ad42c1e8d638","A precipitation retrieval algorithm based on the application of a 3D radiative transfer model to a hybrid physical-stochastic 3D cloud model is described. The cloud model uses a statistical rainfall clustering scheme to generate 3D cloud structures while ensuring that the stochastically generated quantities remain physically plausible. The radiative transfer model is applied to the cloud structures to simulate satellite remotely sensed upwelling microwave brightness temperatures TB's. Regression-derived relationships between model TB's and surface rainfall rates for Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) frequencies are used as the foundation of the retrieval algorithm, which is valid over oceans. A case study calibrates the retrieval algorithm to the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) numerical weather prediction model and applies the algorithm to SSM/I data obtained during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment. Comparisons between the satellite-derived precipitation amounts and radar-derived amounts, at a spatial resolution of approximately 55 km, give correlations of about 0.7 for instantaneous rain rates and 0.634 for monthly accumulations. Although the satellite-derived totals are reasonably well correlated with the radar totals, they also appear to contain a relatively large positive bias, which may in part be due to the ECMWF tuning. However, optical rain gauge measurements are larger than both the satellite- and radar-derived amounts, casting uncertainty into the level of bias of the satellite algorithm. Finally, an important aspect of 3D radiative transfer in precipitating systems is illustrated by demonstrating that satellite viewing angle effects realized in the simulation framework also appear to be present in empirical relations between SSM/I TB's and radar-derived surface rainfall rates."
"57215186704;7003650034;57205738545;7101676100;12039367000;55220380900;","Seasonal variability of forest sensitivity to heat and drought stresses: A synthesis based on carbon fluxes from North American forest ecosystems",2020,"10.1111/gcb.14843","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85074647173&doi=10.1111%2fgcb.14843&partnerID=40&md5=846633769e60a0612861921a2dda050a","Climate extremes such as heat waves and droughts are projected to occur more frequently with increasing temperature and an intensified hydrological cycle. It is important to understand and quantify how forest carbon fluxes respond to heat and drought stress. In this study, we developed a series of daily indices of sensitivity to heat and drought stress as indicated by air temperature (Ta) and evaporative fraction (EF). Using normalized daily carbon fluxes from the FLUXNET Network for 34 forest sites in North America, the seasonal pattern of sensitivities of net ecosystem productivity (NEP), gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) and ecosystem respiration (RE) in response to Ta and EF anomalies were compared for different forest types. The results showed that warm temperatures in spring had a positive effect on NEP in conifer forests but a negative impact in deciduous forests. GEP in conifer forests increased with higher temperature anomalies in spring but decreased in summer. The drought-induced decrease in NEP, which mostly occurred in the deciduous forests, was mostly driven by the reduction in GEP. In conifer forests, drought had a similar dampening effect on both GEP and RE, therefore leading to a neutral NEP response. The NEP sensitivity to Ta anomalies increased with increasing mean annual temperature. Drier sites were less sensitive to drought stress in summer. Natural forests with older stand age tended to be more resilient to the climate stresses compared to managed younger forests. The results of the Classification and Regression Tree analysis showed that seasons and ecosystem productivity were the most powerful variables in explaining the variation of forest sensitivity to heat and drought stress. Our results implied that the magnitude and direction of carbon flux changes in response to climate extremes are highly dependent on the seasonal dynamics of forests and the timing of the climate extremes. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd"
"35175962500;57190222424;7006253645;","Assessing the potential impacts of climate and land use change on water fluxes and sediment transport in a loosely coupled system",2019,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123955","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85069672761&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2019.123955&partnerID=40&md5=7aebc0369c1ca42bb18a133807938d84","Climate and land use change are the two primary factors that affect different components of hydrological cycle as well as sediment transport in the watershed. Quantifying potential impact of these two stressors enables decision makers to formulate better water resource management strategies to adapt to the changing environment. To that end, we have developed an integrated modeling framework employing an Agent-based approach to simulate land use conversion that then serves as input to the Soil and Water Assessment tool (SWAT) in a loosely coupled fashion. The modeling framework was tested on the Neshanic River Watershed (NRW), 142 km2 area in central New Jersey that contains mix of urban, agricultural and forested lands. An ensemble of 10 different global climate models (GCMs) for two different greenhouse gas emission scenarios including representative concentration pathways-4.5 and 8.5 (RCP-4.5 and 8.5) were employed to model future climate from 2020 to 2045. Land use conversion for 2040 was developed based on six driving factors including distance to residential lands, agricultural lands, roads, streams, train stations, and forest using three land use transition potential models and further, the best transition potential model accompanied with some local land use restrictions. The study evaluated various components of hydrological cycle and sediment transport for the three different scenarios one-at-a-time including climate change alone, land use change alone, and combined climate and land use change. Results indicate that the changing climate will have a larger effect on the hydrologic cycle than intensifying urban land uses in the study watershed. The climate change scenarios, either alone or in composite with land use change, predict higher streamflow (32% and 36% increase over baseline, respectively), overriding the effect of land use change which predicts a decline of 5% in streamflow. The increase in streamflow results in an increase in sediment loading, presumably due to an increase stream downcutting. Conversely, the effect of land use change (in this case the conversion of agricultural land to low density residential uses), is predicted to decrease sediment load. When modelled in composite, the effect of changing land use (in this case the conversion of erodible agricultural fields to suburban development) appears to override the adverse effect of climate change, enhancing watershed resiliency by reducing sediment load and thereby improving health of the downstream aquatic ecosystems. © 2019 Elsevier B.V."
"7006432091;56612092200;8511991900;6507809414;34881780600;","Extreme Convective Storms Over High-Latitude Continental Areas Where Maximum Warming Is Occurring",2019,"10.1029/2019GL082414","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85064534730&doi=10.1029%2f2019GL082414&partnerID=40&md5=69bcbdd7b227bb00407decbdca1d4326","Deep convective storms play a key role in severe weather, the hydrological cycle, and the global atmospheric circulation. Historically, little attention has been paid to the intense convective storms in the high latitudes. These regions have been experiencing the largest increases of mean surface temperature over the last century. The Global Precipitation Measurement core satellite, which features a space-borne Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar providing near-global coverage (65°S to 65°N), has made it possible to establish the occurrence of convective storms at high latitudes. Analysis of the three-dimensional radar echoes seen by Global Precipitation Measurement over a 5-year period (2014–2018) shows that extremely intense deep convective storms do occur often during the warm season (April–September) in the high-latitude continents where the increase of surface temperature has been greatest. The associated thermodynamical environments suggest that high-latitude extreme convection could be more common in a continually warming world. ©2019. The Authors."
"6701548158;35556072200;6505580906;57196802138;10140927300;","Tree ring-based reconstruction of the long-term influence of wildfires on permafrost active layer dynamics in Central Siberia",2019,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.124","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85055181475&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2018.10.124&partnerID=40&md5=5e66686af6c3087fcb535f689e005b21","Although it has been recognized that rising temperatures and shifts in the hydrological cycle affect the depth of the seasonally thawing upper permafrost stratum, it remains unclear to what extent the frequency and intensity of wildfires, and subsequent changes in vegetation cover, influence the soil active layer on different spatiotemporal scales. Here, we use ring width measurements of the subterranean stem part of 15 larch trees from a Sphagnum bog site in Central Siberia to reconstruct long-term changes in the thickness of the active layer since the last wildfire occurred in 1899. Our approach reveals a three-step feedback loop between above- and belowground ecosystem components. After all vegetation is burned, direct atmospheric heat penetration over the first ~20 years caused thawing of the upper permafrost stratum. The slow recovery of the insulating ground vegetation reverses the process and initiates a gradual decrease of the active layer thickness. Due to the continuous spreading and thickening of the peat layer during the last decades, the upper permafrost horizon has increased by 0.52 cm/year. This study demonstrates the strength of annually resolved and absolutely dated tree-ring series to reconstruct the effects of historical wildfires on the functioning and productivity of boreal forest ecosystems at multi-decadal to centennial time-scale. In so doing, we show how complex interactions of above- and belowground components translate into successive changes in the active permafrost stratum. Our results are particularly relevant for improving long-term estimates of the global carbon cycle that strongly depends on the source and sink behavior of the boreal forest zone. © 2018"
"55345317800;26539017200;55715512300;8042408300;57190698968;56574840600;","Implications of water management representations for watershed hydrologic modeling in the Yakima River basin",2019,"10.5194/hess-23-35-2019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85059583436&doi=10.5194%2fhess-23-35-2019&partnerID=40&md5=04deea2edf7157d9013d44a725c21056","Water management substantially alters natural regimes of streamflow through modifying retention time and water exchanges among different components of the terrestrial water cycle. Accurate simulation of water cycling in intensively managed watersheds, such as the Yakima River basin (YRB) in the Pacific Northwest of the US, faces challenges in reliably characterizing influences of management practices (e.g., reservoir operation and cropland irrigation) on the watershed hydrology. Using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model, we evaluated streamflow simulations in the YRB based on different reservoir operation and irrigation schemes. Simulated streamflow with the reservoir operation scheme optimized by the RiverWare model better reproduced measured streamflow than the simulation using the default SWAT reservoir operation scheme. Scenarios with irrigation practices demonstrated higher water losses through evapotranspiration (ET) and matched benchmark data better than the scenario that only considered reservoir operations. Results of this study highlight the importance of reliably representing reservoir operations and irrigation management for credible modeling of watershed hydrology. The methods and findings presented here hold promise to enhance water resources assessment that can be applied to other intensively managed watersheds. © 2019 Author(s)."
"16744387000;57208928504;55729812300;35517567400;","Short-term and long-term surface soil moisture memory time scales are spatially anticorrelated at global scales",2019,"10.1175/JHM-D-18-0141.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85070518651&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-18-0141.1&partnerID=40&md5=f3448635a3b791521dc7ee86d5e949cb","Land-atmosphere feedbacks occurring on daily to weekly time scales can magnify the intensity and duration of extreme weather events, such as droughts, heat waves, and convective storms. For such feedbacks to occur, the coupled land-atmosphere system must exhibit sufficient memory of soil moisture anomalies associated with the extreme event. The soil moisture autocorrelation e-folding time scale has been used previously to estimate soil moisture memory. However, the theoretical basis for this metric (i.e., that the land water budget is reasonably approximated by a red noise process) does not apply at finer spatial and temporal resolutions relevant tomodern satellite observations and models. In this study, two memory time scale metrics are introduced that are relevant to modern satellite observations andmodels: the ''long-termmemory'' τL and the ''short-term memory'' τS. Short- and long-term surface soil moisture (SSM) memory time scales are spatially anticorrelated at global scales in both a model and satellite observations, suggesting hot spots of land-atmosphere couplingwill be located in different regions, depending on the time scale of the feedback. Furthermore, the spatial anticorrelation between τS and τL demonstrates the importance of characterizing these memory time scales separately, rather than mixing them as in previous studies. © 2019 American Meteorological Society."
"40561267400;55656380800;8284622100;56326399100;","Decadal transition of the leading mode of interannual moisture circulation over east Asia-western North Pacific: Bonding to different evolution of ENSO",2019,"10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0356.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85059612824&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-18-0356.1&partnerID=40&md5=6a101965cd95b91b0b165a19a917b6ec","The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle has a great impact on the summer moisture circulation over East Asia (EA) and the western North Pacific [WNP (EA-WNP)] on an interannual time scale, and its modulation is mainly embedded in the leading mode. In contrast to the stable influence of the mature phase of ENSO, the impact of synchronous eastern Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) on summer moisture circulation is negligible during the 1970s-80s, while it intensifies after 1991. In response, the interannual variation ofmoisture circulation exhibits a muchmore widespread anticyclonic/cyclonic pattern over the subtropical WNP and a weaker counterpart to the north after 1991. Abnormal moisture moves farther northward with the enhancedmoisture convergence, and thus precipitation shifts from theYangtze River to the Huai River valley. The decadal shift in the modulation of ENSO on moisture circulation arises from a more rapid evolution of the bonding ENSO cycle and its stronger coupling with circulation over the Indian Ocean after 1991. The rapid development of cooling SSTAs over the central-eastern Pacific, andwarming SSTAs to the west over the eastern Indian Ocean-Maritime Continent (EIO-MC) in summer, stimulates abnormal descending motion over the western-central Pacific and ascending motion over the EIO-MC. The former excites an anticyclone over theWNP as a Rossby wave response, sustaining and intensifying theWNP anticyclone; the latter helps anchor the anticyclone over the tropical-subtropical WNP via an abnormal southwest-northeast vertical circulation between EIO-MC and WNP. © 2018 American Meteorological Society."
"55969140000;41763136800;6602544698;","Global Virga Precipitation Distribution Derived From Three Spaceborne Radars and Its Contribution to the False Radiometer Precipitation Detection",2018,"10.1029/2018GL077891","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85046678311&doi=10.1029%2f2018GL077891&partnerID=40&md5=7ac5371c6dc6dfb3053acabf529d2a9a","This study first quantifies the virga precipitation occurrence percentage using three spaceborne radar observations, including Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Precipitation Radar (PR), Global Precipitation Measurement dual-frequency PR (Ku-band PR/Ka-band PR [KuPR/KaPR]), and CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR). PR and KuPR/KaPR show that virga occurrence percentage is over 30% in arid regions (e.g., Sahara desert and deserts of Australia). CPR reveals similar virga geospatial distribution. However, the virga percentage based on CPR is about twice as large as that based on PR and KuPR/KaPR due to better detection sensitivity. Results also show that the majority of the virga clouds are altostratus and cirrus. Second, we investigate the virga precipitation contribution to the passive microwave radiometer false precipitation detection. Virga precipitation accounts for as much as 50% (30%) of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager (Global Precipitation Measurement Microwave Imager) false detection results in arid regions. The underlying reason is because precipitation detection over land primarily relies on the ice scattering signature, while virga and light precipitation (e.g., 1 mm/hr) have similar amounts of ice water path in arid regions. ©2018. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"7004893330;8378783200;12645767500;6701669739;","Observational constraint for precipitation in extratropical cyclones: Sensitivity to data sources",2018,"10.1175/JAMC-D-17-0289.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85047328582&doi=10.1175%2fJAMC-D-17-0289.1&partnerID=40&md5=64aaa3f60a94885be01764903964a79b","Using cyclone-centered compositing and a database of extratropical-cyclone locations, the distribution of precipitation frequency and rate in oceanic extratropical cyclones is analyzed using satellite-derived datasets. The distribution of precipitation rates retrieved using two new datasets, theGlobal Precipitation Measurement radar- microwave radiometer combined product (GPM-CMB) and the Integrated Multisatellite Retrievals for GPM product (IMERG), is compared with CloudSat, and the differences are discussed. For reference, the composites of AMSR-E, GPCP, and two reanalyses are also examined. Cyclone-centered precipitation rates are found to be the largest with the IMERGand CloudSat datasets and lowest withGPM-CMB. A series of tests is conducted to determine the roles of swath width, swath location, sampling frequency, season, and epoch. In all cases, these effects are less than ~0.14mmh-1 at 50-km resolution. Larger differences in the composites are related to retrieval biases, such as ground-clutter contamination in GPM-CMB and radar saturation in CloudSat. Overall the IMERGproduct reports precipitationmore often, with larger precipitation rates at the center of the cyclones, in conditions of high precipitable water (PW). The CloudSat product tends to report more precipitation in conditions of dry or moderate PW. The GPM-CMB product tends to systematically report lower precipitation rates than the other two datasets. This intercomparison provides 1) modelers with an observational uncertainty and range (0.21-0.36mmh-1 near the cyclone centers) when using composites of precipitation for model evaluation and 2) retrieval-algorithm developers with a categorical analysis of the sensitivity of the products to PW. © 2018 American Meteorological Society."
"7004412006;7801599779;6701763216;7006820544;","A new indicator framework for quantifying the intensity of the terrestrial water cycle",2018,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.02.048","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042481826&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2018.02.048&partnerID=40&md5=96739e12d103efb8839e2dce3eebcb0a","A quantitative framework for characterizing the intensity of the water cycle over land is presented, and illustrated using a spatially distributed water-balance model of the conterminous United States (CONUS). We approach water cycle intensity (WCI) from a landscape perspective; WCI is defined as the sum of precipitation (P) and actual evapotranspiration (AET) over a spatially explicit landscape unit of interest, averaged over a specified time period (step) of interest. The time step may be of any length for which data or simulation results are available (e.g., sub-daily to multi-decadal). We define the storage-adjusted runoff (Q′) as the sum of actual runoff (Q) and the rate of change in soil moisture storage (ΔS/Δt, positive or negative) during the time step of interest. The Q′ indicator is demonstrated to be mathematically complementary to WCI, in a manner that allows graphical interpretation of their relationship. For the purposes of this study, the indicators were demonstrated using long-term, spatially distributed model simulations with an annual time step. WCI was found to increase over most of the CONUS between the 1945 to 1974 and 1985 to 2014 periods, driven primarily by increases in P. In portions of the western and southeastern CONUS, Q′ decreased because of decreases in Q and soil moisture storage. Analysis of WCI and Q′ at temporal scales ranging from sub-daily to multi-decadal could improve understanding of the wide spectrum of hydrologic responses that have been attributed to water cycle intensification, as well as trends in those responses. © 2018"
"7102669677;56158584500;","Recent Acceleration of the Terrestrial Hydrologic Cycle in the U.S. Midwest",2018,"10.1002/2017JD027706","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85044260909&doi=10.1002%2f2017JD027706&partnerID=40&md5=1910e87f08cdfe87f914ed78c3e3d80c","Most hydroclimatic trend studies considered only a subset of water budget variables; hence, the trend consistency and a holistic assessment of hydrologic changes across the entire water cycle cannot be evaluated. Here we use a unique 31 year (1983–2013) observed data set in Illinois (a representative region of the U.S. Midwest), including temperature (T), precipitation (P), evaporation (E), streamflow (R), soil moisture, and groundwater level (GWL), to estimate the trends and their sensitivity to different data periods and lengths. Both the Mann-Kendall trend test and the least squares linear method identify trends in close agreement. Despite no clear trends during 1983–2013, increasing trends are found in P (8.73–9.05 mm/year), E (6.87–7.47 mm/year), and R (1.57–3.54 mm/year) during 1992–2013, concurrently with a pronounced warming trend of 0.029–0.037 °C/year. However, terrestrial water storageis decreased by −2.0 mm/year (mainly due to declining GWL), suggesting that the increased R is caused by increased surface runoff rather than baseflow. Monthly analyses identify warming trends for all months except winter. In summer, P (E) exhibits an increasing (decreasing) trend, leading to increasing R, soil moisture, GWL, and terrestrial water storage. Most trends estimated for different subperiods are found to be sensitive to data lengths and periods. Overall, this study provides an internally consistent observed evidence on the intensification of the hydrologic cycle in response to recent climate warming in U.S. Midwest, in agreement with and well supported by several recent studies consistently reporting the increased P, R and E over the Midwest and Mississippi River basin. ©2018. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57201152567;6602359977;","The role of tropical cyclones in precipitation over the tropical and subtropical North America",2018,"10.3389/feart.2018.00019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85043583765&doi=10.3389%2ffeart.2018.00019&partnerID=40&md5=a0ff67d0bb522702084a5f0726b279cc","Tropical cyclones (TCs) are essential elements of the hydrological cycle in tropical and subtropical regions. In the present study, the contribution of TCs to seasonal precipitation around the tropical and subtropical North America is examined. When TC activity over the tropical eastern Pacific (TEP) or the Intra Americas Seas (IAS) is below (above-normal), regional precipitation may be below (above-normal). However, it is not only the number of TCs what may change seasonal precipitation, but the trajectory of the systems. TCs induce intense precipitation over continental regions if they are close enough to shorelines, for instance, if the TC center is located, on average, less than 500 km-distant fromthe coast. However, if TCs are more remote than this threshold distance, the chances of rain over continental regions decrease, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. In addition, a distant TCmay induce subsidence or produce moisture divergence that inhibits, at least for a few days, convective activity farther away than the threshold distance. An analysis of interannual variability in the TCs that produce precipitation over the tropical and subtropical North America shows that some regions in northern Mexico, which mostly depend on this effect to undergo wet years, may experience seasonal negative anomalies in precipitation if TCs trajectories are remote. Therefore, TCs (activity and trajectories) are important modulators of climate variability on various time scales, either by producing intense rainfall or by inhibiting convection at distant regions from their trajectory. The impact of such variations on water availability in northern Mexico may be relevant, since water availability in dams recovers under the effects of TC rainfall. Seasonal precipitation forecasts or climate change scenarios for these regions should take into account the effect of TCs, if regional adaptation strategies are implemented. © 2018 Dominguez and Magaña."
"11939617300;47062093000;11939306500;57196471736;11539480900;","Impact of SST on heavy rainfall events on eastern Adriatic during SOP1 of HyMeX",2018,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.09.019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85033442387&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2017.09.019&partnerID=40&md5=b09ea4f01a3c48932b424316b238b569","The season of late summer and autumn is favourable for intensive precipitation events (IPE) in the central Mediterranean. During that period the sea surface is warm and contributes to warming and moistening of the lowest portion of the atmosphere, particularly the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Adriatic sea is surrounded by mountains and the area often receives substantial amounts of precipitation in short time (24 h). The IPEs are a consequence of convection triggered by topography acting on the southerly flow that has brought the unstable air to the coastline. Improvement in prediction of high impact weather events is one of the goals of The Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean eXperiment (HyMeX). This study examines how precipitation patterns change in response to different SST forcing. We focus on the IPEs that occurred on the eastern Adriatic coast during the first HyMeX Special observing period (SOP1, 6 September to 5 November 2012). The operational forecast model ALADIN uses the same SST as the global meteorological model (ARPEGE from Meteo France), as well as the forecast lateral boundary conditions (LBCs). First we assess the SST used by the operational atmospheric model ALADIN and compare it to the in situ measurements, ROMS ocean model, OSTIA and MUR analyses. Results of this assessment show that SST in the eastern Adriatic was overestimated by up to 10 K during HyMeX SOP1 period. Then we examine the sensitivity of 8 km and 2 km resolution forecasts of IPEs to the changes in the SST during whole SOP1 with special attention to the intensive precipitation event in Rijeka. Forecast runs in both resolutions are performed for the whole SOP1 using different SST fields prescribed at initial time and kept constant during the model forecast. Categorical verification of 24 h accumulated precipitation did not show substantial improvement in verification scores when more realistic SST was used. Furthermore, the results show that the impact of introducing improved SST in the analysis on the precipitation forecast varies for different cases. There is generally a larger sensitivity to the SST in high resolution than in the lower one, although the forecast period of the latter is longer. © 2017 Elsevier B.V."
"55552442000;7004114883;6603479783;13405658600;56682032300;","Improving the quality of heavy precipitation estimates from satellite passive microwave rainfall retrievals",2018,"10.1175/JHM-D-17-0069.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85041064758&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-17-0069.1&partnerID=40&md5=8b1d586c838b60174a228397bb4e3ef5","Prominent achievements made in addressing global precipitation using satellite passive microwave retrievals are often overshadowed by their performance at finer spatial and temporal scales, where large variability in cloud morphology poses an obstacle for accurate precipitation measurements. This is especially true over land, with precipitation estimates being based on an observed mean relationship between high-frequency (e.g., 89 GHz) brightness temperature depression (i.e., the ice-scattering signature) and surface precipitation rate. This indirect relationship between the observed (brightness temperatures) and state (precipitation) vectors often leads to inaccurate estimates, with more pronounced biases (e.g.,230% over the United States) observed during extreme events. This study seeks to mitigate these errors by employing previously established relationships between cloud structures and large-scale environments such as CAPE, wind shear, humidity distribution, and aerosol concentrations to form a stronger relationship between precipitation and the scattering signal. The GPM passive microwave operational precipitation retrieval (GPROF) for the GMI sensor is modified to offer additional information on atmospheric conditions to its Bayesian-based algorithm. The modified algorithm is allowed to use the large-scale environment to filter out a priori states that do not match the general synoptic condition relevant to the observation and thus reduces the difference between the assumed and observed variability in the ice-to-rain ratio. Using the ground Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) network over the United States, the results demonstrate outstanding potential in improving the accuracy of heavy precipitation over land. It is found that individual synoptic parameters can remove 20%-30% of existing bias and up to 50% when combined, while preserving the overall performance of the algorithm. © 2018 American Meteorological Society."
"7202153399;6603937716;6602504047;55817344400;57197980876;","Contributions of soil moisture interactions to future precipitation changes in the GLACE-CMIP5 experiment",2017,"10.1007/s00382-016-3408-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84992392049&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-016-3408-9&partnerID=40&md5=d32a795c3068dbf347b99e63e55a8618","Changes in soil moisture are likely to contribute to future changes in latent heat flux and various characteristics of daily precipitation. Such contributions during the second half of the twenty-first century are assessed using the simulations from the GLACE-CMIP5 experiment, applying a linear regression analysis to determine the magnitude of these contributions. As characteristics of daily precipitation, mean daily precipitation, the frequency of wet days and the intensity of precipitation on wet days are considered. Also, the frequency and length of extended wet and dry spells are studied. Particular focus is on the regional (for nine selected regions) as well as seasonal variations in the magnitude of the contributions of the projected differences in soil moisture to the future changes in latent heat flux and in the characteristics of daily precipitation. The results reveal the overall tendency that the projected differences in soil moisture contribute to the future changes in response to the anthropogenic climate forcing for all the meteorological variables considered here. These contributions are stronger and more robust (i.e., there are smaller deviations between individual climate models) for the latent heat flux than for the characteristics of daily precipitation. It is also found that the contributions of the differences in soil moisture to the future changes are generally stronger and more robust for the frequency of wet days than for the intensity of daily precipitation. Consistent with the contributions of the projected differences in soil moisture to the future changes in the frequency of wet days, soil moisture generally contributes to the future changes in the characteristics of wet and dry spells. The magnitude of these contributions does not differ systematically between the frequency and the length of such extended spells, but the contributions are generally slightly stronger for dry spells than for wet spells. Distinguishing between the nine selected regions and between the different seasons, it is found that the strength of the contributions of the differences in soil moisture to the future changes in the various meteorological variables varies by region and, in particular, by season. Similarly, the robustness of these contributions varies between the regions and in the course of the year. The importance of soil moisture changes for the future changes in various aspects of daily precipitation and other aspects of the hydrological cycle illustrates the need for a comprehensive and realistic representation of land surface processes and of land surface conditions in climate models. © 2016, The Author(s)."
"57191907103;57194025709;55491170900;6602654423;","Distribution of economically important fish larvae (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae) in the Central Amazonia, Brazil",2017,"10.1111/fme.12222","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85018338774&doi=10.1111%2ffme.12222&partnerID=40&md5=76bc80b6719c4489e3945eee7417fc88","The spatio-temporal patterns of three species of Prochilodontidae larvae that are intensely used as fishery resources in Central Amazonia are analysed. Sampling was conducted during 2011 at four stages of the hydrological cycle (flood, high water, falling and low water phases). Sixteen collecting stations were located in different habitats (mouths of lake channels, “barrancos,” sandbars and the main river channel) along the Solimões and Japurá rivers. A total of 4,322 Prochilodontidae larvae were collected during this investigation, with most captures occurring in the Japurá River (76.3% of larvae), while only 23.7% of the samples were caught in the Solimões River. Most captures occurred during rising water, indicating a strong reproductive seasonality in these three species. Rainfall and water level, along with dissolved oxygen, water temperature and electric conductivity, determined the larvae's spatio-temporal distribution. These results confirm the importance of várzea areas along white water rivers for the conservation, preservation and maintenance of heavily used fishery resources in the Brazilian Central Amazonia. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd"
"57194157154;56000924900;56242669500;","Itzï (version 17.1): An open-source, distributed GIS model for dynamic flood simulation",2017,"10.5194/gmd-10-1835-2017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85018939199&doi=10.5194%2fgmd-10-1835-2017&partnerID=40&md5=2d7d1de50ec995f42cce99afddbf29eb","Worldwide, floods are acknowledged as one of the most destructive hazards. In human-dominated environments, their negative impacts are ascribed not only to the increase in frequency and intensity of floods but also to a strong feedback between the hydrological cycle and anthropogenic development. In order to advance a more comprehensive understanding of this complex interaction, this paper presents the development of a new open-source tool named <q>Itzï</q> that enables the 2-D numerical modelling of rainfall-runoff processes and surface flows integrated with the open-source geographic information system (GIS) software known as GRASS. Therefore, it takes advantage of the ability given by GIS environments to handle datasets with variations in both temporal and spatial resolutions. Furthermore, the presented numerical tool can handle datasets from different sources with varied spatial resolutions, facilitating the preparation and management of input and forcing data. This ability reduces the preprocessing time usually required by other models. Itzï uses a simplified form of the shallow water equations, the damped partial inertia equation, for the resolution of surface flows, and the Green-Ampt model for the infiltration. The source code is now publicly available online, along with complete documentation. The numerical model is verified against three different tests cases: firstly, a comparison with an analytic solution of the shallow water equations is introduced; secondly, a hypothetical flooding event in an urban area is implemented, where results are compared to those from an established model using a similar approach; and lastly, the reproduction of a real inundation event that occurred in the city of Kingston upon Hull, UK, in June 2007, is presented. The numerical approach proved its ability at reproducing the analytic and synthetic test cases. Moreover, simulation results of the real flood event showed its suitability at identifying areas affected by flooding, which were verified against those recorded after the event by local authorities. © Author(s) 2017. CC Attribution 3.0 License."
"56531367400;55628589750;56735478500;57192064467;","Global observations of cloud-sensitive aerosol loadings in low-levelmarine clouds",2016,"10.1002/2016JD025614","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84996567106&doi=10.1002%2f2016JD025614&partnerID=40&md5=6c552d86e65c40f47c9983b0af4d04d0","Aerosol-cloud interaction is a key component of the Earth’s radiative budget and hydrological cycle, but many facets of its mechanisms are not yet fully understood. In this study, global satellite-derived aerosol and cloud products are used to identify at what aerosol loading cloud droplet size shows the greatest sensitivity to changes in aerosol loading (ACSmax). While, on average, cloud droplet size is most sensitive at relatively low aerosol loadings, distinct spatial and temporal patterns exist. Possible determinants for these are identified with reanalysis data. The magnitude of ACSmax is found to be constrained by the total columnar water vapor. Seasonal patterns of water vapor are reflected in the seasonal patterns of ACSmax. Also, situations with enhanced turbulent mixing are connected to higher ACSmax, possibly due to intensified aerosol activation. Of the analyzed aerosol species, dust seems to impact ACSmax the most, as dust particles increase the retrieved aerosol loading without substantially increasing the concentration of cloud condensation nuclei. © 2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"55043951100;57189897125;57189891123;57213011639;7102648080;","Chemostratigraphic age model for the Tornillo Group: A possible link between fluvial stratigraphy and climate",2016,"10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.06.023","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84975687718&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2016.06.023&partnerID=40&md5=a513c8cd1e6d1a2c438560007cb838ef","The expression of global climate trends (106 to 107 years) and events (105 years) in terrestrial sedimentary sections can only be assessed from long, continuous continental records. Such records are rare due to the paucity of well-dated terrestrial deposits covering millions of years. This study uses isotope chemostratigraphy to develop an age model for fluvial sedimentary rocks of the Tornillo Group (Tornillo Basin, TX) and to decipher the potential expression of global climate variations in this sub-tropical paleo-fluvial system. The carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) of Tornillo Group pedogenic carbonate correlates well with δ13C variations from benthic foraminifera and suggests deposition between ˜ 69 Ma and ˜ 52 Ma for the studied stratigraphic interval. Higher sediment accumulation rates occurred in the greenhouse period of the early Eocene than during the cooler middle Paleocene. Carbon isotope excursions associated with Eocene hyperthermals were not identified, but their predicted stratigraphic positions coincide with thick sand bodies. We interpret the long-term sediment accumulation rates and rapid shifts in facies distribution as reflecting change in sediment supply in the basin, possibly driven by fluctuations in precipitation seasonality and intensity driven associated with global temperature changes. Carbon and oxygen isotope ratios from pedogenic carbonates display a strong correlation throughout the section, interpreted as an expression of coupling between the hydrological cycle and soil processes. Those observations suggest that global climate variations, along with tectonic and eustatic sea-level changes, may be an important control of stratigraphic variations of the Tornillo Group at multiple timescales. © 2016"
"8408994300;7005123385;41763136800;","Estimating nonraining surface parameters to assist GPM constellation radiometer precipitation algorithms",2016,"10.1175/JTECH-D-15-0229.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84981163103&doi=10.1175%2fJTECH-D-15-0229.1&partnerID=40&md5=327387f05750ca37ea473d1407b6b097","The joint National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) is a constellation mission, centered upon observations from the core satellite dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) and its companion passive microwave (MW) GPM Microwave Imager (GMI). One of the key challenges for GPM is how to link the information from the single DPR across all passive MW sensors in the constellation, to produce a globally consistent precipitation product. Commonly, the associated surface emissivity and environmental conditions at the satellite observation time are interpolated from ancillary data, such as global forecast models and emissivity climatology, and are used for radiative transfer simulations and cataloging/indexing the brightness temperature (TB) observations and simulations within a common MW precipitation retrieval framework. In this manuscript, the feasibility of an update to the surface emissivity state at or near the satellite observation time, regardless of surface type, is examined for purposes of assisting these algorithms with specification of the surface and environmental conditions. Since the constellation MW radiometers routinely observe many more nonprecipitating conditions than precipitating conditions, a principal component analysis is developed from the noncloud GMI-DPR observations as a means to characterize the emissivity state vector and to consistently track the surface and environmental conditions. The method is demonstrated and applied over known complex surface conditions to probabilistically separate cloud and cloud-free scenes. The ability of the method to globally identify ""self-similar"" surface locations from the TB observations without requiring any ancillary knowledge of geographical location or time is demonstrated. © 2016 American Meteorological Society."
"56376328800;36127012800;35975857100;","Understanding evapotranspiration trends and their driving mechanisms over the NLDAS domain based on numerical experiments using CLM4.5",2016,"10.1002/2015JD024398","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84979073747&doi=10.1002%2f2015JD024398&partnerID=40&md5=b6e2a228b8b5198cef69f94cc5bea5c6","Previous studies documented a recent decline of the global terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) trend, of which the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Based on experiments using the Community Land Model version 4.5 driven with the North American Land Data Assimilation System phase-2 (NLDAS-2) forcing data, this study investigates the variation and changes of ET trends at the continental scale and the mechanisms underlying these changes. Simulations are conducted over the NLDAS domain including the contiguous U.S. and part of Mexico for the period of 1980-2014. Changes of ET trend are derived based on the two subperiods 1982-1997 and 1998-2008. The strongest signals of trend change, of either sign, are primarily located in dry regimes, where ET is limited by water rather than energy. Sensitivity experiments were performed to isolate the impact of some of the most influential factors on the changing ET trends. Results indicate that trends in wind speed and surface air temperature had negligible impact on the ET trend and its changes within the study domain, and the ET trend and its changes are dominated by changes in precipitation amount. Changes in precipitation characteristics including the frequency and intensity are suggested to have a secondary effect on the ET trend changes through modifying the partitioning of water between infiltration and runoff. These findings are further supported by correlation coefficients between ET and various driving factors. Results from this study may be region specific and therefore may not hold for ET trend changes over the rest of the globe. © 2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"55881613100;56651400900;6601915829;54389227300;36717709300;8425157000;","An economic valuation of groundwater management for Agriculture in Luancheng county, North China",2016,"10.1016/j.agwat.2015.08.027","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84941308905&doi=10.1016%2fj.agwat.2015.08.027&partnerID=40&md5=efcfbf9f2d6cd991ef22519a15d2f2b8","The North China Plain (NCP) is one of the most productive and intensively cultivated agricultural regions in China but it experiences severe water shortages; thus field irrigation relies heavily on groundwater. The extraction of groundwater for irrigation has sustained increased grain yield, although the value of the irrigation water has not been estimated. Here, we propose an evaluation model for underground water used for irrigation, which took into account the infrastructure price, resource price and environment price based on monetary values. We classified underground water into total extracted, actual consumption and over-exploited water according to the hydrological cycle. We then performed a benefit-cost analysis of three underground water irrigation scenarios-actual irrigation, equilibrium irrigation and maximum water productivity (WP) irrigation-using the proposed model and Luancheng County of NCP as a case study. The results showed that (1) the volume of irrigation water varied in the order of actual irrigation scenario > equilibrium irrigation scenario > maximum WP irrigation scenario. The amount of different components of water-extracted groundwater, actually consumed groundwater and over-exploited groundwater- varied similarly, although the yearly variations in extracted groundwater were smaller; (2) the total water price should include the infrastructure price, resource price and environment price, although farmers merely pay for the infrastructure price; the resource price constituted the largest proportion of the total water price, especially in the dry years; (3) equilibrium irrigation was the most suitable scenario based on net benefits by our valuation method of underground irrigation water. © 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V."
"56640600000;35546188200;6507896695;","Impact of wildfire-induced land cover modification on local meteorology: A sensitivity study of the 2003 wildfires in Portugal",2015,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.04.016","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84929155446&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2015.04.016&partnerID=40&md5=db405c48e453d448758534a8264318f7","Wildfires alter land cover creating changes in dynamic, vegetative, radiative, thermal and hydrological properties of the surface. However, how so drastic changes induced by wildfires and how the age of the burnt scar affect the small and meso-scale atmospheric boundary layer dynamics are largely unknown. These questions are relevant for process analysis, meteorological and air quality forecast but also for regional climate analysis. Such questions are addressed numerically in this study on the case of the Portugal wildfires in 2003 as a testbed. In order to study the effects of burnt scars, an ensemble of numerical simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting modeling system (WRF) have been performed with different surface properties mimicking the surface state immediately after the fire, few days after the fire and few months after the fire. In order to investigate such issue in a seamless approach, the same modelling framework has been used with various horizontal resolutions of the model grid and land use, ranging from 3.5. km, which can be considered as the typical resolution of state-of-the art regional numerical weather prediction models to 14. km which is now the typical target resolution of regional climate models.The study shows that the combination of high surface heat fluxes over the burnt area, large differential heating with respect to the preserved surroundings and lower surface roughness produces very intense frontogenesis with vertical velocity reaching few meters per second. This powerful meso-scale circulation can pump more humid air from the surroundings not impacted by the wildfire and produce more cloudiness over the burnt area. The influence of soil temperature immediately after the wildfire ceases is mainly seen at night as the boundary-layer remains unstably stratified and lasts only few days. So the intensity of the induced meso-scale circulation decreases with time, even though it remains until full recovery of the vegetation. Finally all these effects are simulated whatever the land cover and model resolution and there are thus robust processes in both regional climate simulations and process studies or short-time forecast. However, the impact of burnt scars on the precipitation signal remains very uncertain, especially because low precipitation is at stake. © 2015 Elsevier B.V."
"55894590300;23981451700;8935871600;","Scale-dependence of temporal stability of surface-soil moisture in a desert area in northwestern China",2015,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.05.015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84931261905&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2015.05.015&partnerID=40&md5=d35ae02459278c2fa607a347beb7b933","Soil moisture is an important component in hydrological cycles but is highly variable in space and time. As a tool for optimal soil and water management and effective field monitoring, the analysis of temporal stability has recently received increasing interest. The scale dependence of temporal stability, however, has received little attention. We measured surface-soil (0-6cm) moisture at 187 sampling locations in a desert region (40km2) in northwestern China approximately every two weeks from April to October 2012 with a Theta Probe, for a total of 13 sampling campaigns. We grouped the samples by re-sampling analysis under six sampling spacings and six different sizes of sampling area (extents) to analyse the changes in the characteristics of temporal stability at the various sampling scales and to test the accuracy of the field-mean moisture content estimated by measurements at a limited number of locations at each sampling scale. Increasing the spacing had little influence on the temporal stability of both the overall spatial pattern and the individual locations, whereas increasing the extent tended to increase the temporal stability of the overall spatial pattern but to decrease the temporal stability at the individual locations. The characteristics of temporal stability were susceptible to changes in scale when extent was small. Exponential and power equations could well express the relationships between most of the parameters of temporal stability and sampling scale. The number of identified representative locations (RLs) was influenced by sample size and was more sensitive to changes in sample size caused by extent than by spacing. At all sampling scales, the sets of selected RLs accurately estimated the field mean for the entire study period by using offset estimates, and the estimate accuracy was not affected by sampling scale. Increasing the spacing did not change the influence of topography and soil properties on temporal stability, whereas increasing the extent tended to intensify the influence of relative elevation and soil organic carbon content but to weaken the influence of saturated hydraulic conductivity on temporal stability. This study contributes to our understanding of the dependence of temporal stability of soil moisture in desert ecosystems on sampling scale and will help the integration of information from different spatial scales and the design of optimal sampling sizes and strategies for similar studies. © 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V.."
"56047463300;7004154797;","Investigation of the potential surface–groundwater relationship using automated base-flow separation techniques and recession curve analysis in Al Zerba region of Aleppo, Syria",2015,"10.1007/s12517-015-1965-6","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84949108629&doi=10.1007%2fs12517-015-1965-6&partnerID=40&md5=5b12f9160cdc80fd9bca3674cbe519a3","The management of water resources requires an adequate understanding of the relationship between the various components of the hydrological cycle. The accelerated urbanization and agricultural development impose the concern about the sustainability of water resources, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. In such environments, water scarcity and drought often lead to intensive groundwater abstraction which can adversely affect the hydrological system. Severe over-exploitation of groundwater has been observed on the Aleppo basin of the Al Qweek River. The Al Qweek valley constitutes the central part of the study area (southwestern parts of the Aleppo basin). The region is characterized by a semi-arid climate with an average annual precipitation of 325 mm. The intensive exploitation of the upper aquifer in the catchment is responsible for a continuous decline of the piezometric levels with an average of 1.8 m/year. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the upper aquifer and the Al Qweek River within the catchment boundary using streamflow and hydrograph separation techniques by means of daily discharge data for both the Al Qweek and Al Qwaak rivers. HydroOffice was used for the base-flow separation, flow duration curves (FDC), and recession curve displacement analysis. Furthermore, groundwater recharge was estimated by means of RECESS and RORA. This is the first study using the hydrograph separation method in this region to our knowledge. The results indicate a proportional relationship between the surface and groundwater with an average discharge fluctuation that ranged from 0.30 to 0.20 m for the Al Qweek and Al Qwaak rivers, respectively. The results also revealed a dominant base flow in the catchment that ranged from 86.3 to 88.2 % of the total flow with a computed base-flow index that varied from 0.85 to 0.90 in all gauge stations, indicating a stable flow regime in the region. Furthermore, the high base flow is resulting in high permeability conditions of the upper aquifer and low direct surface runoff. The visual interpretation of the FDC suggests sustained base flow from groundwater storage. The low-flow index indicates an average contribution of groundwater storage of 45 to 58 %. The result of recession curve analysis shows a recession constant from 0.8 to 0.9 indicating a dominant interflow and low overland runoff. Furthermore, the results also show that estimation of groundwater recharge using RORA is inappropriate for the region of interest. © Saudi Society for Geosciences 2015."
"57203285659;7004202210;6701808552;55733306300;7003651067;35183284200;7003330033;57203082758;7402489842;","Constraints on surface seawater oxygen isotope change between the Last Glacial Maximum and the Late Holocene",2014,"10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84908229580&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2014.09.020&partnerID=40&md5=043789b9609d86e1abaffaa0ef50a4e2","Estimates of the change in surface seawater δ18O (δ18Osw) between the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and Late Holocene (LH) are derived from homogenous data sets with rigorous age control, namely MARGO sea surface temperature (SST) estimates and oxygen isotopic ratios (δ18O) of planktonic foraminifers. Propagation of uncertainties associated with each proxy allows the identification of robust patterns of change in δ18Osw. Examination of these patterns on a regional scale highlights which changes in surface currents and hydrological cycle are consistent with both planktonic isotopic data and reconstructed SST. Positive local annual mean LGM-LH δ18Osw anomalies characterize the glacial tropical Indian Ocean, portions of the western and eastern margins of the North Pacific, the Iberian margin and the tropical North Atlantic, as well as the South African margin. Although reduced precipitation during the LGM with respect to the LH may have contributed to some extent to these local enrichments in surface seawater 18O, the largest positive anomalies appear to be related to changes in ocean circulation. Large local negative annual mean LGM-LH δ18Osw anomalies are found in the South Pacific and North Atlantic, reflecting the equatorward migration of surface temperature fronts during the LGM with respect to the LH. In the northern North Atlantic, a region characterized by large discrepancies between SST estimates based on different proxies, only SST estimates based on planktonic foraminifer counts yield annual mean LGM-LH δ18Osw anomalies consistent with a southward shift of the polar front at the LGM relative to the LH. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd."
"55243605800;8276846000;7202893963;23035775700;","Spatial and temporal variations in rainfall characteristics in mountainous and lowland areas in Taiwan",2013,"10.1002/hyp.9416","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84881024131&doi=10.1002%2fhyp.9416&partnerID=40&md5=6e098bf9c6d0479125395fcc980edfbc","Although changes in rainfall characteristics have been noted across the world, few studies have reported those in mountainous areas. This study was undertaken to clarify spatial and temporal variations in rainfall characteristics such as annual rainfall amount (Pr), mean daily rainfall intensity (η), and ratio of rain days (λ) in mountainous and lowland areas in Taiwan. To this aim, we examined spatial and year-to-year variations and marginal long-term trends in Pr, η, and λ, based on rainfall data from 120 stations during the period 1978-2008. The period mean rainfall (Pr-) at the lowland stations had strong relationships with the period mean daily rainfall intensity (η-) and the period mean ratio of rain days (λ-) during those 31 years. Meanwhile, Pr- was only strongly related to η- at mountainous stations, indicating that influences on spatial variations in Pr- were different between lowland and mountainous stations. Year-to-year variations in Pr at each station were primarily determined from the variation in η at most stations for both lowland and mountainous stations. Long-term trend analysis showed that Pr and η increased significantly at 10% and 31% of the total 120 stations, respectively, and λ decreased significantly at 6% of the total. The increases in Pr were mostly accompanied by increases in η. Although stations with significant η increases were slightly biased toward the western lowland area, increases or decreases in Pr and λ were not common. These results contribute to understanding the impacts of possible climate changes on terrestrial hydrological cycles. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."
"55489380000;55198893200;36165729500;55198893000;6602097797;7003512900;7005415993;","Correcting the radar rainfall forcing of a hydrological model with data assimilation: Application to flood forecasting in the Lez catchment in Southern France",2012,"10.5194/hess-16-4247-2012","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84869480418&doi=10.5194%2fhess-16-4247-2012&partnerID=40&md5=b94386703143e9018ce6a62f08202951","The present study explores the application of a data assimilation (DA) procedure to correct the radar rainfall inputs of an event-based, distributed, parsimonious hydrological model. An extended Kalman filter algorithm was built on top of a rainfall-runoff model in order to assimilate discharge observations at the catchment outlet. This work focuses primarily on the uncertainty in the rainfall data and considers this as the principal source of error in the simulated discharges, neglecting simplifications in the hydrological model structure and poor knowledge of catchment physics. The study site is the 114 km2 Lez catchment near Montpellier, France. This catchment is subject to heavy orographic rainfall and characterised by a karstic geology, leading to flash flooding events. The hydrological model uses a derived version of the SCS method, combined with a Lag and Route transfer function. Because the radar rainfall input to the model depends on geographical features and cloud structures, it is particularly uncertain and results in significant errors in the simulated discharges. This study seeks to demonstrate that a simple DA algorithm is capable of rendering radar rainfall suitable for hydrological forecasting. To test this hypothesis, the DA analysis was applied to estimate a constant hyetograph correction to each of 19 flood events. The analysis was carried in two different modes: by assimilating observations at all available time steps, referred to here as reanalysis mode, and by using only observations up to 3 h before the flood peak to mimic an operational environment, referred to as pseudo-forecast mode. In reanalysis mode, the resulting correction of the radar rainfall data was then compared to the mean field bias (MFB), a corrective coefficient determined using rain gauge measurements. It was shown that the radar rainfall corrected using DA leads to improved discharge simulations and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency criteria compared to the MFB correction. In pseudo-forecast mode, the reduction of the uncertainty in the rainfall data leads to a reduction of the error in the simulated discharge, but uncertainty from the model parameterisation diminishes data assimilation efficiency. While the DA algorithm used is this study is effective in correcting uncertain radar rainfall, model uncertainty remains an important challenge for flood forecasting within the Lez catchment. © 2012 Author(s)."
"56101623800;7406316768;7404920253;35885646000;","Characteristics of rainfall interception for four typical shrubs in Qilian Mountain",2012,"10.5846/stxb201012211822","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84859131310&doi=10.5846%2fstxb201012211822&partnerID=40&md5=02b1333630ae3fbfe63f8490a5cb0f43","Rainfall intercepting by vegetation plays an important role affecting the water balance at local and catchment scale due to the control that vegetation canopy exert by modifying both evaporation and the redistribution of incident rainfall. Qilian Mountain is source regions of Heihe River, Shiyang River and Shule River inland river basin. In consideration of widespread shrubs which account for 68% of the whole forest area of Qilian Mountain, the research on rainfall interception process of shrubs for understanding the impact of rainfall characteristics on alpine shrubs and revealing the mechanism of hydrologic cycle and water resources with the impact of the shrub canopy, especially in the mountainous regions of an inland river basin, is very important and necessary. This paper taked the four typical alpine shrubs Potentilla fruticosa, Salix cupularis, Hippophae rhamnoides, and Caragana jubata in Qilian Mountain as test objects, based on the field experimental data from June to October 2010, characteristics of rainfall interception and rainfall redistribution of four typical alpine shrubs in Qilian Mountain was investigated by permanent plot method, and impact of rainfall characteristics on rainfall redistribution of shrubs was analyzed by statistical method. The results indicated that the gross rainfall was 298. 6 mm during the experimental period. Rainfall was intercepted entirely by shrubs when rainfall is less than 2. 1 mm, gross rainfall which observed throughfall and stemflow was 283. 1 mm. The amount of throughfall of P. fruticosa, S. cupularis, H. rhamnoides and C.jubata was 175.8 mm, 179.8 mm, 148. 1mm, and 170.4 mm. Throughfall percentages of P. fruticosa, S. cupularis, H. rhamnoides and C.jubata was 62. 0%, 63. 5% 52. 3%, and 60. 2%, respectively. Stemflow was 9. 5 mm, 9. 1 mm, 22. 5 mm, and 11.8 mm for P. fruticosa, S. cupularis, H. rhamnoides, and C. jubata, and averaged 3.4%, 3. 2%, 8. 0%, and 4. 2% of the gross rainfall, respectively. Interception was 62. 0 mm, 63. 5 mm, 52. 3 mm, and 60. 2 mm for P. fruticosa, S. cupularis, H. rhamnoides, and C.jubata, and accounted for 34. 6%, 33. 3%, 39. 7%, and 35. 6% of the gross rainfall, respectively. The amount of thoughfall, stemflow and interception of P. fruticosa, S. cupularis, H. rhamnoides and C.jubata increased in a significant positive linear correlation with increasing rainfall depth(P<0.001). The relationship of throughfall percentage, stemflow percentage and interception percentage of shrubs with rainfall could be fitted with exponential curve (P<0.05). Throughfall percentage and stemflow percentage showed an increase trend with the increasing rainfall, while interception percentage decreased with the increasing rainfall depth. Moreover, interception percentage of shrubs decreased in exponential function correlation with increasing rain intensity (P<0.05). Interception percentage decreased with increasing rainfall intensity, when the rainfall intensity is less than 4 mm/h, the interception percentage was significantly decreased, and then the trend is becoming stable values with increasing rainfall intensity. Interception characteristics of each shrubs was different with others when rainfall characteristics were similar during the experimental period. According to field plot observation, the height, branch angle, canopy morphology and crown projection area all affected canopy interception process of alpine shrubs in Qilian Mountain. In order to analyze intercept capability per leaf area of shrubs, some morphology characteristics parameters, such as leaf area index (LAI), freedom throughfall coefficient, biomass, canopy hold water ability, should be measurement in the next experiment."
"15137510400;15846603500;23991111500;55258609700;57213760023;55258100600;","Simulation of rainfall interception of canopy and litter in eucalyptus plantation in tropical climate",2012,"10.5849/forsci.09-120","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84862638659&doi=10.5849%2fforsci.09-120&partnerID=40&md5=6e564558ba3b00a77dfeb94469b6f0dc","The interception of rainfall by vegetation is an important process in the hydrological cycle and has been the subject of research for several decades. Researchers have intensified investigations of the contribution of the water balance components in eucalyptus productivity. There are few reports of modeling canopy and litter rainfall interception in eucalyptus plantations. The objectives of this work were to measure and to simulate canopy and litter rainfall interception in an eucalyptus plantation located in a tropical climate area. The Rutter model was used for simulating the canopy rainfall interception, and the tank model was applied for simulating the litter rainfall interception. The estimated interception values were compared with measured values. The results showed that the maximum accumulated difference between the measured canopy rainfall interception and that estimated by the Rutter model was 6.2 mm, corresponding to 1.1% of the gross rainfall. The litter rainfall interception presented a maximum accumulated difference between the measured and estimated values of 0.8 mm, equivalent to 0.2% of the gross rainfall. The Rutter and tank models were efficient for simulating canopy and litter rainfall interception, respectively, for eucalyptus plantations in the tropical study area. © 2012 by the Society of American Foresters."
"7202174891;14819302400;37027799900;36065490500;7103220530;","The changing rainfall-runoff dynamics and sediment response of small mountainous rivers in Taiwan under a warming climate",2011,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84860557066&partnerID=40&md5=0c8620471cd6f932093015f67bf35186","A warming climate increases tropical cyclone intensity, causing more intense rainfall. This creates problems for soil and water conservation and management, particularly for countries in the western tropical-subtropical Pacific region, where cyclones (typhoons) frequently occur. Taiwan is located on a typhoon track and frequently suffers from devastating floods and landslides generated by typhoons. Here we present qualitative and quantitative evidence from Taiwan for the changing characteristics of rainfall-runoff patterns and the associated geomorphic response under a changing climate. We speculate regarding the impact of global warming on the hydrological cycle and associated processes and the threats posed to the inhabitants of the mountainous island of Taiwan. Copyright © 2011 IAHS Press."
"36106779900;7005861295;57210379777;6602575298;","Characterizing subdiurnal extreme precipitation in the midwestern United States",2010,"10.1175/2009JHM1129.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77953348092&doi=10.1175%2f2009JHM1129.1&partnerID=40&md5=a29c79d8d9b706f02afb5d0c666fbfbe","This research establishes a methodology to quantify the characteristics of convective cloud systems that produce subdiurnal extreme precipitation. Subdiurnal extreme precipitation events are identified by examining hourly precipitation data from 48 rain gauges in the midwestern United States during the period 1956- 2005. Time series of precipitation accumulations for 6-h periods are fitted to the generalized Pareto distribution to determine the 10-yr return levels for the stations. An extreme precipitation event is one in which precipitation exceeds the 10-yr return level over a 6-h period. Return levels in the Midwest vary between 54 and 93 mm for 6-h events. Most of the precipitation contributing to these events falls within 1-2 h. Characteristics of the precipitating systems responsible for the extremes are derived from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction stage II and stage IV multisensor precipitation data. The precipitating systems are treated as objects that are identified using an automated procedure. Characteristics considered include object size and the precipitation mean, variance, and maximum within each object. For example, object sizes vary between 96 and 34 480 km2, suggesting that a wide variety of convective precipitating systems can produce subdiurnal extreme precipitation. © 2010 American Meteorological Society."
"54910485600;6602529422;35234916700;","Estimating increased evapotranspiration losses caused by irrigated agriculture as part of the water balance of the orari catchment, Canterbury, New Zealand",2009,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77953008409&partnerID=40&md5=ebbdba4b4204b32b812e5cd18a36f8fd","A case study was conducted in the Orari catchment near Timaru, New Zealand, to assess the potential hydrological impacts of irrigated agriculture on catchmentscale hydrological processes. Impacts on catchment hydrology are quantified as the additional evapotranspiration losses caused by irrigated agriculture in comparison to dryland evapotranspiration. Different land-use scenarios with varying irrigation intensities are investigated with the ACRU agro-hydrological modeling system (Agricultural Catchments Research Unit (ACRU), Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Republic of South Africa (http://www.beeh. unp.ac.za/acru/). ACRU was applied to calculate components of the water balance at a daily time step for hydrological response units delineated for the lower, irrigated part of the Orari catchment. Irrigation water demand and application were simulated using a soil-moisture-driven demand model and compared with a dataset of observed irrigation takes. Simulations based on current irrigation demand indicated that irrigation resulted in a 17% increase of average annual evapotranspiration over the whole lower Orari catchment, compared to dryland (non-irrigated) agriculture. This figure could go up to 37% if all crop and dryland pastoral areas in the lower Orari catchment were to be be converted to irrigated dairy farms. These increases show large spatial and temporal variations. For a complete dairy conversion, the catchment total peak summer monthly irrigation application rate could go as high as 20% of the total (rainfall and upstream) input into the catchment water balance. The related changes in evapotranspiration due to land-use intensification can be as high as 20% of the total monthly water balance, equivalent to a 60% increase of total catchment evapotranspiration when compared to dryland evapotranspiration. For the most intensely irrigated areas, evapotranspiration could increase to as high as 200% when compared to dryland farming. Irrigation and evaporative irrigation losses play significant roles in the Orari catchment water balance under current irrigation and even more so under intensified future irrigation scenarios. Man-made changes to the catchment water balance affect downstream groundwater and lowland surfacewater systems and related ecosystem services. This highlights the need for prudent management of Canterbury's intensively used hydrological systems to balance the costs and benefits of land-use intensification. © New Zealand Hydrological Society (2009)."
"6602177985;6603297364;7003708056;7003880283;7401522856;26634569400;35867442600;","Precipitation and microphysical studies with a low cost high resolution X-band radar: An innovative project prospective",2009,"10.5194/adgeo-20-25-2009","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77950349546&doi=10.5194%2fadgeo-20-25-2009&partnerID=40&md5=4c2b2551a5f7ac884277446f505d8c0d","This paper describes an innovative project which has just been launched at the ""Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique"" (LaMP) in Clermont-Ferrand in collaboration with the ""Meteorologische Institut"" in Hamburg, where a low cost X-band high resolution precipitation radar is combined with supporting measurements and a bin microphysical cloud resolving model in order to develop adapted Z-R relationships for accurate rain rate estimates over a local area such as a small catchment basin, an urban complex or even an agriculture domain. In particular, the use of K-band micro rain radars which can retrieve vertical profiles of drop size distribution and the associated reflectivity will be used to perform direct comparisons with X-band radar volume samples while a network of rain-gauges provides ground truth to which our rain estimates will be compared. Thus, the experimental suite of instrumentation should provide a detailed characterization of the various rain regimes and their associated Z-R relationship. Furthermore, we will make use of the hilly environment of the radar to test the use of novel attenuation methods in order to estimate rainfall rates. A second important aspect of this work is to use the detailed cloud modeling available at LaMP. Simulations of precipitating clouds in highly resolved 3-D dynamics model allow predicting the spectra of rain drops and precipitating ice particles. Radar reflectivity determined from these model studies will be compared with the observations in order to better understand which raindrop size spectrum shape factor should be applied to the radar algorithms as a function of the type of precipitating cloud. Likewise, these comparisons between the modeled and the observed reflectivity will also give us the opportunity to further improve our model microphysics and the parameterizations for meso-scale models."
"8687996600;57201772099;57209089997;","Role of the hydrological cycle in regulating the planetary climate system of a simple nonlinear dynamical model",2005,"10.5194/npg-12-741-2005","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-24144456256&doi=10.5194%2fnpg-12-741-2005&partnerID=40&md5=fe51995930091afb3441801b7439ccaf","We present the construction of a dynamic area fraction model (DAFM), representing a new class of models for an earth-like planet. The model presented here has no spatial dimensions, but contains coupled parameterizations for all the major components of the hydrological cycle involving liquid, solid and vapor phases. We investigate the nature of feedback processes with this model in regulating Earth's climate as a highly nonlinear coupled system. The model includes solar radiation, evapotranspiration from dynamically competing trees and grasses, an ocean, an ice cap, precipitation, dynamic clouds, and a static carbon greenhouse effect. This model therefore shares some of the characteristics of an Earth System Model of Intermediate complexity. We perform two experiments with this model to determine the potential effects of positive and negative feedbacks due to a dynamic hydrological cycle, and due to the relative distribution of trees and grasses, in regulating global mean temperature. In the first experiment, we vary the intensity of insolation on the model's surface both with and without an active (fully coupled) water cycle. In the second, we test the strength of feedbacks with biota in a fully coupled model by varying the optimal growing temperature for our two plant species (trees and grasses). We find that the negative feedbacks associated with the water cycle are far more powerful than those associated with the biota, but that the biota still play a significant role in shaping the model climate. third experiment, we vary the heat and moisture transport coefficient in an attempt to represent changing atmospheric circulations. © 2005 Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License."
"35586645100;7005401705;","Microphysical and large-scale dependencies of temporal rainfall variability over a tropical ocean",1999,"10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<0724:MALSDO>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033098647&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0469%281999%29056%3c0724%3aMALSDO%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=745df588accbfebf3e1c14344a2805ef","The focus of this paper is the elucidation of the physical origins of the observed extreme rainfall variability over tropical oceans. A simple statistical-dynamical model, suitable for use in repetitive Monte Carlo experiments, is formulated as a diagnostic tool for this purpose. The model is based on three partial differential equations that describe airmass, water substance, and vertical momentum conservation in a column of air extending from the ocean surface to the top of the storm clouds. Tropospheric conditions are specified for the model state variables (such as updraft-downdraft velocity, precipitation water and cloud content, or saturation vapor deficit) in accordance with past observations in oceanic convection, to allow for vertical integration of the model equations and the formulation of a computationally efficient diagnostic tool. Large-scale forcing is represented by stochastic processes with temporal structure and parameters estimated from observed large-scale data. This model formulation allows for sensitivity studies of surface rainfall temporal variability as it is affected by microphysical processes and variability in large-scale forcing. Dependence of the results on model-simplifying assumptions is quantified. Data from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment are used to validate the formulation statistically and to produce forcing parameters for the sensitivity studies. On the basis of Monte Carlo simulations that resulted in the generation of 10-min rainfall rates averaged over 4 km × 4 km, it is found that (a) the probability distribution function of model-generated rainfall resembles that of observed rainfall obtained by rain gauges and radar; (b) the power spectra of the model-generated rain time series, while reproducing the power-law character of the observed spectra for high rain rates, have generally steeper slopes than those of the radar-observed ones; (c) the character and magnitude of the model-generated rainfall variability are substantially influenced by the model microphysical parameterization and, to a lesser extent, by the shape of the vertical profiles of the state variables; and (d) while the probability of local rain is substantially influenced by both thermal buoyancy and water vapor availability, the exceedance probability of high rain rates (&gt;10 mm h-1) is much more sensitive to changes in the former than in the latter large-scale forcing. The quantitative results of this work may be used to establish links between deterministic models of the mesoscale and synoptic scale with statistical descriptions of the temporal variability of local tropical oceanic rainfall. In addition, they may be used to quantify the influence of measurement error in large-scale forcing and cloud-scale observations on the accuracy of local rainfall variability inferences, important for hydrologic studies."
"7007175473;7801440352;","Incorporating satellite observations of 'no rain' in an Australian daily rainfall analysis",1999,"10.1175/1520-0450(1999)038<0044:ISOONR>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032599691&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0450%281999%29038%3c0044%3aISOONR%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=208c0ca225ad85cc660703595b254362","Geostationary satellite observations can be used to distinguish potential rain-bearing clouds from nonraining areas, thereby providing surrogate observations of 'no rain' over large areas. The advantages of including such observations are the provision of data in regions void of conventional rain gauges or radars, as well as the improved delineation of raining from nonraining areas in gridded rainfall analyses. This paper describes a threshold algorithm for delineating nonraining areas using the difference between the daily minimum infrared brightness temperature and the climatological minimum surface temperature. Using a fixed difference threshold of -13 K, the accuracy of 'no rain' detection (defined as the percentage of no-rain diagnoses that was correct) was 98%. The average spatial coverage was 45%, capturing about half of the observed space-time frequency of no rain over Australia. By delineating cool, moderate, and warm threshold areas, the average spatial coverage was increased to 54% while maintaining the same level of accuracy. The satellite no-rain observations were sampled to a density consistent with the existing gauge network, then added to the real-time gauge observations and analyzed using the Bureau of Meteorology's operational three-pass Barnes objective rainfall analysis scheme. When verified against independent surface rainfall observations, the mean bias in the satellite-augmented analyses was roughly half of bias in the gauge-only analyses. The most noticeable impact of the additional satellite observations was a 66% reduction in the size of the data-void regions."
"7007025149;","Evaluation of precipitation records in weather modification experiments",1971,"10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60301-5","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77957025009&doi=10.1016%2fS0065-2687%2808%2960301-5&partnerID=40&md5=a5f4a523383370d272aa4ab9adad5ee3","One of the key problems encountered in precipitation modification experiments has been the evaluation of their results. Evaluation of modest increases or decreases in surface precipitation resulting from cloud seeding operations is exceedingly difficult because of the great natural variation of precipitation in space and time. This problem has been compounded by the lack of adequate statistical data to define the natural variability characteristics quantitatively. This chapter presents an appraisal of the problems involved in weather modification experiments that result from the space and time distribution characteristics of natural precipitation and the measurement thereof. It focuses on the use of comprehensive studies of precipitation climatology in assessing the magnitude of the verification problem, estimating the potential output from cloud seeding operations, defining in quantitative terms the space and time variability of precipitation, and determining precipitation measurement requirements. An appraisal of several statistical evaluation techniques is made through use of natural precipitation data. Finally, the application of knowledge accumulated from various precipitation studies in the design of a specific precipitation modification experiment is illustrated. © 1971, Academic Press Inc."
"57120126800;57201904428;57203043665;7003278104;","Global Climate Model Ensemble Approaches for Future Projections of Atmospheric Rivers",2019,"10.1029/2019EF001249","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85074343354&doi=10.1029%2f2019EF001249&partnerID=40&md5=6b0e2e69ae3f00a868e1f79465e11cc6","Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are narrow jets of integrated water vapor transport that are important for the global water cycle and also have large impacts on local weather and regional hydrology. Uniformly weighted multi-model averages have been used to describe how ARs will change in the future, but this type of estimate does not consider skill or independence of the climate models of interest. Here, we utilize information from various model averaging approaches, such as Bayesian model averaging (BMA), to evaluate 21 global climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5. Model ensemble weighting strategies are based on model independence and AR performance skill relative to ERA-Interim reanalysis data and result in higher accuracy for the historic period, for example, root mean square error for AR frequency (in % of time steps) of 0.69 for BMA versus 0.94 for the multi-model ensemble mean. Model weighting strategies also result in lower uncertainties in the future estimates, for example, only 20–25% of the total uncertainties seen in the equal weighting strategy. These model averaging methods show, with high certainty, that globally the frequency of ARs is expected to have average relative increases of ~50% (and ~25% in AR intensity) by the end of the century. ©2019. The Authors."
"56453272300;26631776300;","Quantitative precipitation estimation with weather radar using a data- and information-based approach",2019,"10.5194/hess-23-3711-2019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85072544266&doi=10.5194%2fhess-23-3711-2019&partnerID=40&md5=1fcda24c304deb44f03e97bb79319550","In this study we propose and demonstrate a data-driven approach in an ""information-theoretic"" framework to quantitatively estimate precipitation. In this context, predictive relations are expressed by empirical discrete probability distributions directly derived from data instead of fitting and applying deterministic functions, as is standard operational practice. Applying a probabilistic relation has the benefit of providing joint statements about rain rate and the related estimation uncertainty. The information-theoretic framework furthermore allows for the integration of any kind of data considered useful and explicitly considers the uncertain nature of quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE). With this framework we investigate the information gains and losses associated with various data and practices typically applied in QPE. To this end, we conduct six experiments using 4 years of data from six laser optical disdrometers, two micro rain radars (MRRs), regular rain gauges, weather radar reflectivity and other operationally available meteorological data from existing stations. Each experiment addresses a typical question related to QPE. First, we measure the information about ground rainfall contained in various operationally available predictors. Here weather radar proves to be the single most important source of information, which can be further improved when distinguishing radar reflectivity-ground rainfall relationships (<span classCombining double low line""inline-formula""><i>Z</i></span>-<span classCombining double low line""inline-formula""><i>R</i></span> relations) by season and prevailing synoptic circulation pattern. Second, we investigate the effect of data sample size on QPE uncertainty using different data-based predictive models. This shows that the combination of reflectivity and month of the year as a two-predictor model is the best trade-off between robustness of the model and information gain. Third, we investigate the information content in spatial position by learning and applying site-specific <span classCombining double low line""inline-formula""><i>Z</i></span>-<span classCombining double low line""inline-formula""><i>R</i></span> relations. The related information gains are only moderate; specifically, they are lower than when distinguishing <span classCombining double low line""inline-formula""><i>Z</i></span>-<span classCombining double low line""inline-formula""><i>R</i></span> relations according to time of the year or synoptic circulation pattern. Fourth, we measure the information loss when fitting and using a deterministic <span classCombining double low line""inline-formula""><i>Z</i></span>-<span classCombining double low line""inline-formula""><i>R</i></span> relation, as is standard practice in operational radar-based QPE applying, e.g., the standard Marshall-Palmer relation, instead of using the empirical relation derived directly from the data. It shows that while the deterministic function captures the overall shape of the empirical relation quite well, it introduces an additional 60&thinsp;% uncertainty when estimating rain rate. Fifth, we investigate how much information is gained along the radar observation path, starting with reflectivity measured by radar at height, continuing with the reflectivity measured by a MRR along a vertical profile in the atmosphere and ending with the reflectivity observed by a disdrometer directly at the ground. The results reveal that considerable additional information is gained by using observations from lower elevations due to the avoidance of information losses caused by ongoing microphysical precipitation processes from cloud height to ground. This emphasizes both the importance of vertical corrections for accurate QPE and of the required MRR observations. In the sixth experiment we evaluate the information content of radar data only, rain gauge data only and a combination of both as a function of the distance between the target and predictor rain gauge. The results show that station-only QPE outperforms radar-only QPE up to a distance of 7 to 8&thinsp;km from the nearest station and that radar-gauge QPE performs best, even compared with radar-based models applying season or circulation pattern. © Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License."
"56449146900;7102745183;","Improving quantitative precipitation estimates in mountainous regions by modelling low-level seeder-feeder interactions constrained by Global Precipitation Measurement Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar measurements",2019,"10.1016/j.rse.2019.111213","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85066620201&doi=10.1016%2fj.rse.2019.111213&partnerID=40&md5=d59dce767b4adffa780d5df81b060ac6","A physically-based framework to address the underestimation and missed detection errors in Quantitative Precipitation Estimates (QPE) from Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Precipitation Radar (PR) in regions of complex terrain is presented. The framework is demonstrated using GPM Ku-PR because of its wider swath. GPM Ku-PR precipitation estimates are evaluated against ground validation (GV) observations from the long-term ground-based rain-gauge network in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. The detection and estimation errors exhibit a diurnal cycle consistent with the diurnal cycle of low-level clouds and fog (LLCF), thus suggesting the importance of low-level orographic microphysical processes. Contamination of near-surface reflectivity profiles due to ground-clutter is the major source of error in the Ku-PR QPE with spatial features that mirror landform. In particular, GPM Ku-PR drop size distribution (DSD) retrieval algorithms systematically overestimate Dm (mass-weighted mean diameter), and underestimate Nw (normalized DSD intercept) and the precipitation-rate when low-level multilayer clouds and fog are present. Second, column simulations of rainfall dynamics constrained by reflectivity measurements show an emergent relationship in Dm-Nw phase-space that explains an increase in the frequency of Dm &lt; 1 mm in disdrometer observations due to seeder-feeder interactions (SFI) not captured by current retrieval microphysical products. To resolve ambiguity in the detection and characterization of SFI regimes, we demonstrate a physically-based framework to improve GPM Ku-PR orographic QPE that relies on a coupled microphysics-radar rainfall forward model to estimate DSD parameters using initial and boundary conditions from Ku-PR DSD estimates (Method-1), Ku-PR corrected reflectivity measurements (Method-2), and LLCF microphysics from GV observations. Model simulations using Method-2 produce realistic surface DSDs confirming that representation of SFI processes is critical. Application of the framework to GPM overpasses shows potential for robust improvement in QPE and elucidates the physical basis for improved retrievals against ground observations corresponding to which Nw increases by 3–5 dBNw, Dm decreases by approximately 0.03 mm, and rain-rate increases up to ten-fold in the presence of SFI. © 2019 Elsevier Inc."
"7005663525;9734202400;7005641619;7102929475;7102800070;55597089579;","Interplay between freshwater discharge and oceanic waters modulates phytoplankton size-structure in fjords and channel systems of the Chilean Patagonia",2019,"10.1016/j.pocean.2019.02.012","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85062426587&doi=10.1016%2fj.pocean.2019.02.012&partnerID=40&md5=cbdb299b04d717b9df2acae7ebf608a6","Here, we participated in five independent research cruises that spanned almost the entire Patagonian fjords region (from 41.5 to 56.0°S) in order to determine the importance of the physical/chemical factors that influence phytoplankton size structure triggered by freshwater discharge and oceanic water intrusion. Throughout the Patagonian region phytoplankton biomass varies in association with freshwater discharge and mineral nutrient load, and to a lesser extent with surface solar radiation and photosynthesis. These correlations and the spatial domains changed depending on which size fraction was analyzed. Fresh water discharge negatively correlated with salinity and density, positively correlated with stratification and silicic acid concentration, and represents the primary influence on phytoplankton populations. More than 40% of the sites characterized as discharge-intensive locations exhibited lower total chlorophyll-a concentrations (chl-a) and phytoplankton size-structure that was dominated by small cells (&lt;20 µm). Oceanic nutrients (nitrate and phosphate input) are the second-most important factor that control total chl-a, favoring total chlorophyll-a concentration in the southern half of the Patagonian region. Microphytoplankton contribute to more than 75% of the total community in high productivity waters with chl-a concentrations higher than 2 µg L −1 and picophytoplankton dominate when chl-a is lower than 1 µg L −1 . Thus, in this extensive area, the relative success of different phytoplankton size classes may be sensitive to changes in hydrological cycles, continental runoffs, and potential anthropogenic eutrophication, modifying important ecological processes and the fate of organic matter. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd"
"35099355900;54401002500;7006621313;8277424000;8408994300;","A prognostic nested k-nearest approach for microwave precipitation phase detection over snow cover",2019,"10.1175/JHM-D-18-0021.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063590901&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-18-0021.1&partnerID=40&md5=237b89a5ece309e28743716d336e4bc4","Monitoring changes of precipitation phase from space is important for understanding the mass balance of Earth's cryosphere in a changing climate. This paper examines a Bayesian nearest neighbor approach for prognostic detection of precipitation and its phase using passive microwave observations from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite. The method uses the weighted Euclidean distance metric to search through an a priori database populated with coincident GPM radiometer and radar observations as well as ancillary snow-cover data. The algorithm performance is evaluated using data from GPM official precipitation products, ground-based radars, and high-fidelity simulations from the Weather Research and Forecasting Model. Using the presented approach, we demonstrate that the hit probability of terrestrial precipitation detection can reach to 0.80, while the probability of false alarm remains below 0.11. The algorithm demonstrates higher skill in detecting snowfall than rainfall, on average by 10%. In particular, the probability of precipitation detection and its solid phase increases by 11% and 8%, over dry snow cover, when compared to other surface types. The main reason is found to be related to the ability of the algorithm in capturing the signal of increased liquid water content in snowy clouds over radiometrically cold snow-covered surfaces. © 2019 American Meteorological Society."
"57204945689;16644497500;57197644239;57203897566;57203898054;57205423427;","Extended dependence of the hydrological regime on the land cover change in the Three-North region of China: An evaluation under future climate conditions",2019,"10.3390/rs11010081","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85059949240&doi=10.3390%2frs11010081&partnerID=40&md5=cb59b11b39b30221eba9b4642e5e9958","The hydrological regime in arid and semi-arid regions is quite sensitive to climate and land cover changes (LCC). The Three-North region (TNR) in China experiences diverse climate conditions, from arid to humid zones. In this region, substantial LCC has occurred over the past decades due to ecological restoration programs and urban expansion. At a regional scale, the hydrological effects of LCC have been demonstrated to be less observable than the effects of climate change, but it is unclear whether or not the effects of LCC may be intensified by future climate conditions. In this study, we employed remote sensing datasets and a macro-scale hydrological modeling to identify the dependence of the future hydrological regime of the TNR on past LCC. The hydrological effects over the period from 2020-2099 were evaluated based on a Representative Concentration Pathway climate scenario. The results indicated that the forest area increased in the northwest (11,691 km 2 ) and the north (69 km 2 ) of China but declined in the northeast (30,042 km 2 ) over the past three decades. Moreover, the urban area has expanded by 1.3% in the TNR. Under the future climate condition, the hydrological regime will be influenced significantly by LCC. Those changes from 1986 to 2015 may alter the future hydrological cycle mainly by promoting runoff(3.24 mm/year) and decreasing evapotranspiration (3.23 mm/year) over the whole region. The spatial distribution of the effects may be extremely uneven: the effects in humid areas would be stronger than those in other areas. Besides, with rising temperatures and precipitation from 2020 to 2099, the LCC may heighten the risk of dryland expansion and flooding more than climate change alone. Despite uncertainties in the datasets and methods, the regional-scale hydrological model provides new insights into the extended impacts of ecological restoration and urbanization on the hydrological regime of the TNR. © 2019 by the authors."
"56447884900;7004206177;15044199700;","Comparative study of TRMM satellite predicted rainfall data with rain gauge data over Himalayan basin",2018,"10.1109/IGARSS.2018.8651413","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85064175332&doi=10.1109%2fIGARSS.2018.8651413&partnerID=40&md5=ecc04a6bd1933deb8172f5761f3655de","Hilly regions are characterized by high spatio-temporal variations in climatic characteristic such as rainfall due to variations in the topography. Himalayan basin is very susceptible to flooding and cloud burst occasions like one happened at Kedarnath area in June 2013. Estimation of rainfall over a hilly region is a challenging task due to scarcity of rain gauge network. Due to the existing gaps and uncertainty in the rainfall data, these regions are susceptible to disasters such as cloud burst and flash floods. Proper understanding of the precipitation patterns of these regions is required so that disaster mitigation plans can be made and implemented accordingly. Remotely sensed and improved, high-resolution rainfall data derived from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite can be used as an alternative to the rain gauge observed rainfall data. However, a proper validation of the satellite-derived products is necessary before using it for various applications. This study aims to compare monthly and monsoon season precipitation derived product from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) with the rain gauge analysis from January 1998 to December 2012. Statistical investigation was done for computing relationship of the TMPA product with the rain gauge station data. Statistical indices showing good agreements with the rain gauge data on monthly as well as monsoon season time scales. It was observed that the TRMM 3B43 rainfall estimates were much closer to the rain gauge data, with minimal biases. © 2018 IEEE."
"56011231200;6701581547;6603783890;55399842300;57213268296;56183412100;25651961100;36057416500;57204698418;56582989700;","Changing the retention properties of catchments and their influence on runoff under climate change",2018,"10.1088/1748-9326/aadd32","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85055803614&doi=10.1088%2f1748-9326%2faadd32&partnerID=40&md5=21d5f6efe13547932226c3c340722835","Many studies on drought consider precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PET) impacts. However, catchment water retention is a factor affecting the interception of precipitation and slowing down runoff which also plays a critical role in determining the risks of hydrological drought. The Budyko framework links retention to the partitioning of precipitation into runoff or evapotranspiration. Applied worldwide, we demonstrate that retention changes are the dominant contribution to measured runoff changes in 21 of 33 major catchments. Similarly, assessing climate simulations for the historical period suggests that models substantially underestimate observed runoff changes due to unrepresented water management processes. Climate models show that water retention (without direct water management) generally decreases by the end of the 21st century, except in dry central Asia and northwestern China. Such decreases raise runoff, mainly driven by precipitation intensity increases (RCP4.5 scenario) and additionally by CO2-induced stomata closure (RCP8.5). This mitigates runoff deficits (generally from raised PET under warming) by increasing global mean runoff from -2.77 mm yr-1 to +3.81 mm yr-1 (RCP4.5), and -6.98 mm yr-1 to +5.11 mm yr-1 (RCP8.5). © 2018 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd."
"56946806800;8573340700;","From model to radar variables: A new forward polarimetric radar operator for COSMO",2018,"10.5194/amt-11-3883-2018","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85049632613&doi=10.5194%2famt-11-3883-2018&partnerID=40&md5=82e53d7cfbb09a7042568715a686d90b","<p>In this work, a new forward polarimetric radar operator for the COSMO numerical weather prediction (NWP) model is proposed. This operator is able to simulate measurements of radar reflectivity at horizontal polarization, differential reflectivity as well as specific differential phase shift and Doppler variables for ground based or spaceborne radar scans from atmospheric conditions simulated by COSMO. The operator includes a new Doppler scheme, which allows estimation of the full Doppler spectrum, as well a melting scheme which allows representing the very specific polarimetric signature of melting hydrometeors. In addition, the operator is adapted to both the operational one-moment microphysical scheme of COSMO and its more advanced two-moment scheme. The parameters of the relationships between the microphysical and scattering properties of the various hydrometeors are derived either from the literature or, in the case of graupel and aggregates, from observations collected in Switzerland. The operator is evaluated by comparing the simulated fields of radar observables with observations from the Swiss operational radar network, from a high resolution X-band research radar and from the dual-frequency precipitation radar of the Global Precipitation Measurement satellite (GPM-DPR). This evaluation shows that the operator is able to simulate an accurate Doppler spectrum and accurate radial velocities as well as realistic distributions of polarimetric variables in the liquid phase. In the solid phase, the simulated reflectivities agree relatively well with radar observations, but the simulated differential reflectivity and specific differential phase shift upon propagation tend to be underestimated. This radar operator makes it possible to compare directly radar observations from various sources with COSMO simulations and as such is a valuable tool to evaluate and test the microphysical parameterizations of the model.</p>. © Author(s) 2018."
"57202358309;37062135300;55636866000;23033150900;23017945100;57202357696;7004135527;18134195800;6603624776;6602922400;","Evaluation of the two-moment scheme LIMA based on microphysical observations from the HyMeX campaign",2018,"10.1002/qj.3283","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85052965991&doi=10.1002%2fqj.3283&partnerID=40&md5=f50bfe246b83e0837f51b25ef9b69b09","The goal of this paper is to present and evaluate the new LIMA (Liquid Ice Multiple Aerosols) microphysical scheme, which predicts six water species (water vapour, cloud water, rainwater, primary ice crystals, snow aggregates, and graupel). LIMA uses a two-moment parametrization for three hydrometeor species (ice crystals, cloud droplets, and raindrops), and is derived from the one-moment scheme ICE3 used daily in the AROME cloud-resolving operational model at Météo-France. In addition, it integrates a prognostic representation of the aerosol population. To evaluate the scheme, we simulate two well-documented Heavy Precipitation Events from the HyMeX (Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment) campaign. The LIMA simulations are compared to ICE3 simulations and to a large variety of observations, such as rainfall accumulation from rain gauges, particle size distributions from disdrometers, airborne in situ measurements of ice particles, and dual-polarization radar variables. The evaluation suggests that the rain mixing ratio prognosed by LIMA is more realistic than that prognosed by ICE3. Comparisons with disdrometers and dual-polarization radars highlight the better representation of the rain microphysical variability when using LIMA and also its overprediction of raindrops with large diameters. The vertical composition of the convective cells is also improved by the two-moment ice parametrization in the LIMA scheme, which impacts the contents of the one-moment parametrized snow and graupel species. This evaluation of LIMA suggests ways to improve the hydrometeor representation, focusing especially on the description of the particle size distributions for different water species. © 2018 Royal Meteorological Society"
"55815878800;36641896200;6506901550;","Assessment of satellite and radar quantitative precipitation estimates for real time monitoring of meteorological extremes over the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula",2018,"10.3390/rs10071023","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85050510329&doi=10.3390%2frs10071023&partnerID=40&md5=e4fa39aa2da5c8c1937d348f60e2bc41","Quantitative Precipitation Estimates (QPEs) obtained from remote sensing or ground-based radars could complement or even be an alternative to rain gauge readings. However, to be used in operational applications, a validation process has to be carried out, usually by comparing their estimates with those of a rain gauges network. In this paper, the accuracy of three QPEs are evaluated for three extreme precipitation events in the last decade in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula. The first QPE is PERSIANN-CCS (Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks - Cloud Classification System), a satellite-based QPE. The second and the third are QPEs from a meteorological radar with Doppler capabilities that works in the C band. Pixel-to-point comparisons are made between the values offered by the QPEs and those obtained by two networks of rain gauges. The results obtained indicate that all the QPEs were well below the rain gauge values in extreme rainfall time slots. There seems to be a weak linear association between the value of the discrepancies and the precipitation value of the QPEs. The main conclusion, assuming the information from the rain gauges as ground truth, is that neither PERSIANN-CCS nor radar, without empirical calibration, are acceptable QPEs for the real-time monitoring of meteorological extremes in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula. © 2018 by the authors."
"55317177900;56329646700;36899513900;56688775400;","Concurrent increases in wet and dry extremes projected in Texas and combined effects on groundwater",2018,"10.1088/1748-9326/aab96b","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85048085738&doi=10.1088%2f1748-9326%2faab96b&partnerID=40&md5=d640ca07c1238a5f5be1e2ddc7f741f9","The US state of Texas has experienced consecutive flooding events since spring 2015 with devastating consequences, yet these happened only a few years after the record drought of 2011. Identifying the effect of climate variability on regional water cycle extremes, such as the predicted occurrence of La Niña in winter 2017-2018 and its association with drought in Texas, remains a challenge. The present analyses use large-ensemble simulations to project the future of water cycle extremes in Texas and assess their connection with the changing El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnection under global warming. Large-ensemble simulations indicate that both intense drought and excessive precipitation are projected to increase towards the middle of the 21st century, associated with a strengthened effect from ENSO. Despite the precipitation increase projected for the southern Great Plains, groundwater storage is likely to decrease in the long run with diminishing groundwater recharge; this is due to the concurrent increases and strengthening in drought offsetting the effect of added rains. This projection provides implications to short-term climate anomaly in the face of the La Niña and to long-term water resources planning. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd."
"57213182419;23044186900;7410053163;6602348198;","Climate change impacts on nutrient losses of two watersheds in the Great Lakes region",2018,"10.3390/w10040442","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85047520305&doi=10.3390%2fw10040442&partnerID=40&md5=74e1f838dc020e2529c8595ff1767000","Non-point sources (NPS) of agricultural chemical pollution are one major reason for the water quality degradation of the Great Lakes, which impacts millions of residents in the states and provinces that are bordering them. Future climate change will further impact water quality in both direct and indirect ways by influencing the hydrological cycle and processes of nutrient transportation and transformation, but studies are still rare. This study focuses on quantifying the impacts of climate change on nutrient (Nitrogen and Phosphorus) losses from the two small watersheds (Walworth watershed and Green Lake watershed) within the Great Lakes region. Analysis focused on changes through this century (comparing the nutrient loss prediction of three future periods from 2015 to 2099 with 30 years for each period against the historical nutrient estimation data from 1985 to 2008). The effects on total phosphorus and nitrate-nitrogen losses due to changes in precipitation quantity, intensity, and frequency, as well as air temperature, are evaluated for the two small watersheds, under three special report emission scenarios (SRES A2, A1B, B1). The newly developed Water Erosion Prediction Project-Water Quality (WEPP-WQ) model is utilized to simulate nutrient losses with downscaled and bias corrected future climate forcing from two General Circulation Models (GFDL, HadCM3). For each watershed, the observed runoff and nutrient loads are used to calibrate and validate the model before the application of the WEPP-WQ model to examine potential impacts from future climate change. Total phosphorus loss is projected to increase by 28% to 89% for the Green Lake watershed and 25% to 108% for theWalworth watershed mainly due to the combined effects of increase of precipitation quantity, extreme storm events in intensity and frequency, and air temperature. Nitrate-nitrogen losses are projected to increase by 1.1% to 38% for the Green Lake watershed and 8% to 95% for the Walworth watershed with the different major influencing factors in each future periods. © 2018 by the authors."
"6603432911;","Implications of a decrease in the precipitation area for the past and the future",2018,"10.1088/1748-9326/aab375","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85047469591&doi=10.1088%2f1748-9326%2faab375&partnerID=40&md5=2d05966d26bc856937da08dd6bd469fb","The total area with 24 hrs precipitation has shrunk by 7% between 50°S-50°N over the period 1998-2016, according to the satellite-based Tropical Rain Measurement Mission data. A decrease in the daily precipitation area is an indication of profound changes in the hydrological cycle, where the global rate of precipitation is balanced by the global rate of evaporation. This decrease was accompanied by increases in total precipitation, evaporation, and wet-day mean precipitation. If these trends are real, then they suggest increased drought frequencies and more intense rainfall. Satellite records, however, may be inhomogeneous because they are synthesised from a number of individual missions with improved technology over time. A linear dependency was also found between the global mean temperature and the 50°S-50°N daily precipitation area with a slope value of-17 × 106 km 2°C. This dependency was used with climate model simulations to make future projections which suggested a continued decrease that will strengthen in the future. The precipitation area evolves differently when the precipitation is accumulated over short and long time scales, however, and there has been a slight increase in the monthly precipitation area while the daily precipitation area decreased. An increase on monthly scale may indicate more pronounced variations in the rainfall patterns due to migrating rain-producing phenomena. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd."
"55537426400;6603196127;6603370049;10240710000;35762238200;","The importance of ocean dynamical feedback for understanding the impact of mid-high-latitude warming on tropical precipitation change",2018,"10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0402.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85043677914&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-17-0402.1&partnerID=40&md5=0cb87d798d3c748714b25b09f34b6eb0","It has been shown that asymmetric warming between the Northern and Southern Hemisphere extratropics induces a meridional displacement of tropical precipitation. This shift is believed to be due to the extra energy transported from the differentially heated hemisphere through changes in the Hadley circulation. Generally, the column-integrated energy flux in the mean meridional overturning circulation follows the direction of the upper, relatively dry branch, and tropical precipitation tends to be intensified in the hemisphere with greater warming. This framework was originally applied to simulations that did not include ocean dynamical feedback, but was recently extended to take the ocean heat transport change into account. In the current study, an atmosphere-ocean general circulation model applied with a regional nudging technique is used to investigate the impact of extratropical warming on tropical precipitation change under realistic future climate projections. It is shown that warming at latitudes poleward of 40° causes the northward displacement of tropical precipitation from October to January. Warming at latitudes poleward of 60° alone has a much smaller effect. This change in the tropical precipitation is largely explained by the atmospheric moisture transport caused by changes in the atmospheric circulation. The larger change in ocean heat transport near the equator, relative to the atmosphere, is consistent with the extended energy framework. The current study provides a complementary dynamical framework that highlights the importance of midlatitude atmospheric eddies and equatorial ocean upwelling, where the atmospheric eddy feedback modifies the Hadley circulation resulting in the northward migration of precipitation and the ocean dynamical feedback damps the northward migration from the equator. © 2018 American Meteorological Society."
"24491752100;11839267100;7404297096;55718206700;","Diurnal Variation of Tropical Ice Cloud Microphysics: Evidence from Global Precipitation Measurement Microwave Imager Polarimetric Measurements",2018,"10.1002/2017GL075519","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85041187338&doi=10.1002%2f2017GL075519&partnerID=40&md5=103aed93f48918b598fb99b9d34a7ed3","The diurnal variation of tropical ice clouds has been well observed and examined in terms of the occurring frequency and total mass but rarely from the viewpoint of ice microphysical parameters. It accounts for a large portion of uncertainties in evaluating ice clouds' role on global radiation and hydrological budgets. Owing to the advantage of precession orbit design and paired polarized observations at a high-frequency microwave band that is particularly sensitive to ice particle microphysical properties, 3 years of polarimetric difference (PD) measurements using the 166 GHz channel of Global Precipitation Measurement Microwave Imager (GPM-GMI) are compiled to reveal a strong diurnal cycle over tropical land (30°S–30°N) with peak amplitude varying up to 38%. Since the PD signal is dominantly determined by ice crystal size, shape, and orientation, the diurnal cycle observed by GMI can be used to infer changes in ice crystal properties. Moreover, PD change is found to lead the diurnal changes of ice cloud occurring frequency and total ice mass by about 2 h, which strongly implies that understanding ice microphysics is critical to predict, infer, and model ice cloud evolution and precipitation processes. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA."
"57197876145;36863982200;7003344568;22955406200;","Analysis of hydrological drought characteristics using copula function approach",2018,"10.1007/s10333-017-0626-7","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85035773738&doi=10.1007%2fs10333-017-0626-7&partnerID=40&md5=66cc971dea3d6a4a75bafc1ca6307b81","Drought is a natural phenomenon which starts with decreased precipitation and can disrupt the environmental systems by changing the hydrological cycle. This is more conspicuous in hydrological drought. In analysis of hydrological drought, two factors of severity (intensity) and duration play eminent role. These characteristics are highly related and therefore their combined analysis contributes to better understanding of the drought situation. In this research, by using 40-year (1974–2014) daily discharge data of Tajan River, located in Mazandaran province, Iran, and low-flow indices, the best evaluation index of hydrological drought was determined and 10 past hydrological drought events in the region were identified. Then, the best statistical distribution of both drought variables (duration and severity) was selected, based on the goodness-of-fit tests. Five copula functions were fitted to the data. Results showed that Galambos function with the highest maximum log-likelihood (− 8.934) was selected as the best copula function. Results of the bivariate (duration and severity) statistical distribution could be used to analyze the probability of hydrological drought in the region. This bivariate and conditional probability for the worst drought, with duration of 5 months and severity of 0.32, was 6.1 and 28.5%, respectively. © 2017, The International Society of Paddy and Water Environment Engineering and Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature."
"57192700389;8277424000;7004011998;35262555900;7005434178;7006484268;","Toward a polarimetric radar classification scheme for coalescence-dominant precipitation: Application to complex terrain",2017,"10.1175/JHM-D-17-0016.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85044532158&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-17-0016.1&partnerID=40&md5=9ae5a959dd28581fb4114f51ecde87a3","Accurate quantitative precipitation estimation over mountainous basins is of great importance because of their susceptibility to natural hazards. It is generally difficult to obtain reliable precipitation information over complex areas because of the scarce coverage of ground observations, the limited coverage from operational radar networks, and the high elevation of the study sites. Warm-rain processes have been observed in several flash flood events in complex terrain regions. While they lead to high rainfall rates from precipitation growth due to collision-coalescence of droplets in the cloud liquid layer, their characteristics are often difficult to identify. X-band mobile dual-polarization radars located in complex terrain areas provide fundamental information at high-resolution and at low atmospheric levels. This study analyzes a dataset collected in North Carolina during the 2014 Integrated Precipitation and Hydrology Experiment (IPHEx) field campaign over a mountainous basin where the NOAA/National Severe Storm Laboratory's X-band polarimetric radar (NOXP) was deployed. Polarimetric variables are used to isolate collision-coalescence microphysical processes. This work lays the basis for classification algorithms able to identify coalescence-dominant precipitation by merging the information coming from polarimetric radar measurements. The sensitivity of the proposed classification scheme is tested with different rainfall-rate retrieval algorithms and compared to rain gauge observations. Results show the inadequacy of rainfall estimates when coalescence identification is not taken into account. This work highlights the necessity of a correct classification of collision-coalescence processes, which can lead to improvements in quantitative precipitation estimation. Future studies will aim at generalizing this scheme by making use of spaceborne radar data. © 2017 American Meteorological Society."
"29467691000;7003997130;36059844000;","Evaluation of cloud microphysical schemes for a warm frontal snowband during the GPM Cold Season Precipitation Experiment (GCPEx)",2017,"10.1175/MWR-D-17-0081.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85034655470&doi=10.1175%2fMWR-D-17-0081.1&partnerID=40&md5=203e9f97541d0fb0c305e1fcf0ef5c5b","Detailed observations from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission Cold Season Precipitation Experiment (GCPEx) of an intense warm frontal band on 18 February 2012 were used to evaluate several bulk microphysical parameterizations within the NASA-Unified Weather Research and Forecasting (NU-WRF) Model. These included the Predicted Particle Properties (P3), Morrison (MORR), Stony Brook University (SBU), and Goddard four-class ice (4ICE) microphysics schemes. All schemes were able to predict the snowband, but the simulated intensities varied because of various assumptions in these schemes. The saturation adjustment scheme within MORR promoted excessive amounts of cloud water evaporational cooling in the warm sector, which contributed to a decrease in midlevel instability approaching the frontal band and thus a weaker band. In contrast, the explicit calculation of cloud water condensation/evaporation in the P3 scheme produced limited amounts of evaporational cooling, which allowed for greater midlevel instability to support band development. The P3 and SBU schemes produced moderate rime/graupel mass within the band that was confirmed by observations, while the MORR and 4ICE schemes drastically underpredicted the graupel mass. The high-density, fast-falling rimed particles in P3 underwent weak sublimation and melting, which helped promote a stronger horizontal temperature gradient and greater low-level instability along the frontal band compared to the other schemes. Overall, the schemes that use specified thresholds for converting between the predefined ice-phase categories of cloud ice, snow, and graupel had the most unrepresentative hydrometeor types. These results highlight the advantage of predicting ice particle properties and explicitly calculating cloud water condensation/evaporation in the P3 scheme. © 2017 American Meteorological Society."
"36247180100;25228997600;54906223000;14829703200;55355051000;","Observational evidence on the effects of mega-fires on the frequency of hydrogeomorphic hazards. The case of the Peloponnese fires of 2007 in Greece",2017,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.070","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85015672239&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2017.03.070&partnerID=40&md5=425ebe956e3d2fbd8250b19ec0d2b93b","Even though rare, mega-fires raging during very dry and windy conditions, record catastrophic impacts on infrastructure, the environment and human life, as well as extremely high suppression and rehabilitation costs. Apart from the direct consequences, mega-fires induce long-term effects in the geomorphological and hydrological processes, influencing environmental factors that in turn can affect the occurrence of other natural hazards, such as floods and mass movement phenomena. This work focuses on the forest fire of 2007 in Peloponnese, Greece that to date corresponds to the largest fire in the country's record that burnt 1773 km2, causing 78 fatalities and very significant damages in property and infrastructure. Specifically, this work examines the occurrence of flood and mass movement phenomena, before and after this mega-fire and analyses different influencing factors to investigate the degree to which the 2007 fire and/or other parameters have affected their frequency. Observational evidence based on several data sources collected during the period 1989–2016 show that the 2007 fire has contributed to an increase of average flood and mass movement events frequency by approximately 3.3 and 5.6 times respectively. Fire affected areas record a substantial increase in the occurrence of both phenomena, presenting a noticeably stronger increase compared to neighbouring areas that have not been affected. Examination of the monthly occurrence of events showed an increase even in months of the year were rainfall intensity presented decreasing trends. Although no major land use changes has been identified and chlorophyll is shown to recover 2 years after the fire incident, differences on the type of vegetation as tall forest has been substituted with lower vegetation are considered significant drivers for the observed increase in flood and mass movement frequency in the fire affected areas. © 2017 Elsevier B.V."
"7402267104;56508739000;7402327199;55770526100;34872191600;55931035900;57191659150;","Coupled modeling of land hydrology–regional climate including human carbon emission and water exploitation",2017,"10.1016/j.accre.2017.05.001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85019854310&doi=10.1016%2fj.accre.2017.05.001&partnerID=40&md5=2b50ac41fb32fb79192a553740c288fd","Carbon emissions and water use are two major kinds of human activities. To reveal whether these two activities can modify the hydrological cycle and climate system in China, we conducted two sets of numerical experiments using regional climate model RegCM4. In the first experiment used to study the climatic responses to human carbon emissions, the model were configured over entire China because the impacts of carbon emissions can be detected across the whole country. Results from the first experiment revealed that near-surface air temperature may significantly increase from 2007 to 2059 at a rate exceeding 0.1 °C per decade in most areas across the country; southwestern and southeastern China also showed increasing trends in summer precipitation, with rates exceeding 10 mm per decade over the same period. In summer, only northern China showed an increasing trend of evapotranspiration, with increase rates ranging from 1 to 5 mm per decade; in winter, increase rates ranging from 1 to 5 mm per decade were observed in most regions. These effects are believed to be caused by global warming from human carbon emissions. In the second experiment used to study the effects of human water use, the model were configured over a limited region—Haihe River Basin in the northern China, because compared with the human carbon emissions, the effects of human water use are much more local and regional, and the Haihe River Basin is the most typical region in China that suffers from both intensive human groundwater exploitation and surface water diversion. We incorporated a scheme of human water regulation into RegCM4 and conducted the second experiment. Model outputs showed that the groundwater table severely declined by ∼10 m in 1971–2000 through human groundwater over-exploitation in the basin; in fact, current conditions are so extreme that even reducing the pumping rate by half cannot eliminate the groundwater depletion cones observed in the area. Other hydrological and climatic elements, such as soil moisture, runoff generation, air humidity, precipitation, wind field, and soil and air temperature, were also significantly affected by anthropogenic water withdrawal and consumption, although these effects could be mitigated by reducing the amount of water drawn for extraction and application. © 2017 National Climate Center (China Meteorological Administration)"
"57192555519;57192174363;22980766300;8727832400;","A comparison of ensemble strategies for flash flood forecasting: The 12 October 2007 case study in Valencia, Spain",2017,"10.1175/JHM-D-16-0281.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85017365422&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-16-0281.1&partnerID=40&md5=9ba9286036fe5dee3239742609be3672","On 12 October 2007, several flash floods affected the Valencia region, eastern Spain, with devastating impacts in terms of human, social, and economic losses. An enhanced modeling and forecasting of these extremes, which can provide a tangible basis for flood early warning procedures and mitigation measures over the Mediterranean, is one of the fundamental motivations of the international Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX) program. The predictability bounds set by multiple sources of hydrological and meteorological uncertainty require their explicit representation in hydrometeorological forecasting systems. By including local convective precipitation systems, short-range ensemble prediction systems (SREPSs) provide a state-of-the-art framework to generate quantitative discharge forecasts and to cope with different sources of external-scale (i.e., external to the hydrological system) uncertainties. The performance of three distinct hydrological ensemble prediction systems (HEPSs) for the small-sized Serpis River basin is examined as a support tool for early warning and mitigation strategies. To this end, the Flash-Flood Event-Based Spatially Distributed Rainfall-RunoffTransformation-Water Balance (FEST-WB) model is driven by ground stations to examine the hydrological response of this semiarid and karstic catchment to heavy rains. The use of a multisite and novel calibration approach for the FEST-WB parameters is necessary to cope with the high nonlinearities emerging from the rainfall-runofftransformation and heterogeneities in the basin response. After calibration, FEST-WB reproduces with remarkable accuracy the hydrological response to intense precipitation and, in particular, the 12 October 2007 flash flood. Next, the flood predictability challenge is focused on quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs). In this regard, three SREPS generation strategies using the WRF Model are analyzed. On the one side, two SREPSs accounting for 1) uncertainties in the initial conditions (ICs) and lateral boundary conditions (LBCs) and 2) physical parameterizations are evaluated. An ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is also designed to test the ability of ensemble data assimilation methods to represent key mesoscale uncertainties from both IC and subscale processes. Results indicate that accounting for diversity in the physical parameterization schemes provides the best probabilistic high-resolution QPFs for this particular flash flood event. For low to moderate precipitation rates, EnKF and pure multiple physics approaches render undistinguishable accuracy for the test situation at larger scales. However, only the multiple physics QPFs properly drive the HEPS to render the most accurate flood warning signals. That is, extreme precipitation values produced by these convective-scale precipitation systems anchored by complex orography are better forecast when accounting just for uncertainties in the physical parameterizations. These findings contribute to the identification of ensemble strategies better targeted to the most relevant sources of uncertainty before flash flood situations over small catchments. © 2017 American Meteorological Society."
"56535974400;9243607800;55498128600;35886076900;55658913100;56819137300;56967639800;","Hybrid method for assessing the multi-scale periodic characteristics of the precipitation–runoff relationship: A case study in the weihe river Basin, China",2017,"10.2166/wcc.2016.003","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85015106148&doi=10.2166%2fwcc.2016.003&partnerID=40&md5=fe853b01ee5082d8873d877cd646ed69","Fully elucidating the precipitation–runoff relationship (PRR) is of great significance for better water resources planning and management and understanding hydrological cycle processes. For investigating the multi-scale PRR variability in the Weihe River basin in 1960–2010, a new hybrid method is proposed in which ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) and cross wavelet transform and wavelet transform coherence are used in combination. With the application of mutual information entropy, monthly precipitation and runoff are decomposed into two parts: high- (HFC) and low-frequency components (LFC). The results show that HFCs are characterized by inter- and intra-annual variations in precipitation and runoff, whereas LFCs display approximately two-year periodicity and contain abundant abnormal information of the raw data. Therefore, the PRR between HFCs exhibited significant correlations at the 95% confidence level over the whole time period. However, the correlations of the PRR between LFCs are not significant for many of the time-frequency domains. Additionally, the phase relations are disordered in these time-frequency domains, and no certain trend in phase angle variations can be identified. Through comparative analysis of the anthropogenic activities and climatic events with PRR variations, it can be concluded that the hybrid method can efficiently capture the PRR in various time-frequency domains. © IWA Publishing 2017."
"57192095447;23090720300;","Footprints of El Niño Southern Oscillation on rainfall and NDVI-based vegetation parameters in river basin in central India",2016,"10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0001440","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84997107217&doi=10.1061%2f%28ASCE%29HE.1943-5584.0001440&partnerID=40&md5=444d0cfd569e8b1c2efe7ac3087d9287","Assessing the impacts of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on hydrological cycle is critical for irrigation scheduling and water resources management. The ENSO-rainfall teleconnections in Venna River Basin in Maharashtra, India, and its impacts on vegetation have been identified in this study by using rainfall data, moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and geographic information system (GIS) techniques. Spatiotemporal analysis indicates correlation of rainfall with ENSO. Spatial variation in rainfall harmonizes with topography of the region, and a respective decrement and increment of 200-400 mm of rainfall at higher and lower elevations are seen to be associated with El Niño and La Niña events. This study also records the impacts of varying intensities of ENSO, causing inconsistencies in parameters, namely, premonsoon and postmonsoon vegetation growth, phenological parameters, and crop water requirements. The correlation of NDVI-precipitation studied by mean square error (MSE) and lagged correlation analyses shows a time-lag effect of 2 months. It is estimated that the percentage area of dense vegetation is maximum in La Niña (15.6% in 2011) and minimum in El Niño (1.2% in 2009). A ""20% threshold graphical method"" introduced in the study reveals that El Niño and La Niña are associated with late (July) and early (June) start of season (Ss), respectively. This study also reveals that crop coefficient and water requirements are more for the ENSO cold phase than for the warm phase. © 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers."
"55505937600;57191623379;7006511139;","Hysteresis effects in organic matter turnover in a tropical floodplain during a flood cycle",2016,"10.1007/s10533-016-0263-z","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84992160336&doi=10.1007%2fs10533-016-0263-z&partnerID=40&md5=a92e81575b102b0ed03e249f30534851","Tropical inland waters are increasingly recognized for their role in the global carbon cycle, but uncertainty about the effects of such systems on the transported organic matter remains. The seasonal interactions between river, floodplain, and vegetation result in highly dynamic systems, which can exhibit markedly different biogeochemical patterns throughout a flood cycle. In this study, we determined rates and governing processes of organic matter turnover. Multi-probes in the Barotse Plains, a pristine floodplain in the Upper Zambezi River (Zambia), provided a high-resolution data set over the course of a hydrological cycle. The concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide, dissolved organic carbon, and suspended particulate matter in the main channel showed clear hysteresis trends with expanding and receding water on the floodplain. Lower oxygen and suspended matter concentrations prevailed at longer travel times of water in the floodplain, while carbon dioxide and dissolved organic carbon concentrations were higher when the water spent more time on the floodplain. Maxima of particulate loads occurred before highest water levels, whereas the maximum in dissolved organic carbon load occurred during the transition of flooding and flood recession. Degradation of terrestrial organic matter occurred mainly on the floodplain at increased floodplain residence times. Our data suggest that floodplains become more intense hotspots at prolonged travel time of the flood pulse over the floodplain. © 2016, The Author(s)."
"55796665100;36984071300;55796676700;55373045100;","Addressing the local aspects of global change impacts on stream metabolism using frequency analysis tools",2016,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.178","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84978944144&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2016.06.178&partnerID=40&md5=d465e2844959fd1c18a41f616acf1908","Global change, as a combination of climate change, human activities on watersheds and the river flow regulation, causes intense changes in hydrological cycles and, consequently, threatens the good ecological status of freshwater biological communities. This study addresses how and whether the combination of climatic drivers and local human impacts may alter the metabolism of freshwater communities. We identified a few factors modulating the natural water flow and quality in 25 point spread within the Ebro river Basin: waste water spills, industrial spills, reservoir discharges, water withdrawals, agricultural use, and the presence of riparian forests. We assessed their impacts on the freshwater metabolism as changes in the annual cycle of both gross primary production—GPP – and ecosystem respiration—ER –. For this purpose, daily data series were analyzed by continuous wavelet transformation, allowing for the assessment of the metabolic ecosystem Frequency Spectrum Patterns (FSPs). Changes in the behavior of ecosystem metabolism were strongly associated with local characteristics at each sampling point, however in 20 out of 25 studied points, changes in metabolic ecosystem FSP were related to climatic change events (the driest period of the last 140 years). The changes in FSP indicate that severe impacts on how biological communities use carbon sources occur as a result of the human water management – too much focus on human needs – during intense climatic events. Results show that local factors, and specially the flow regulation, may modulate the impact of global change. As example those points exposed to a more intense anthropization showed a clear disruption – and even disappearance – of the annual FSP. This information may help managers to understand the action mechanisms of non-climatic factors at ecosystem level, leading to better management policies based on the promotion of ecosystem resilience. The method here presented may help on improving the calculation of ecological flows to maintain the river metabolic annual cycles as close as possible to the natural ones. © 2016 Elsevier B.V."
"31367668800;23479842700;57195195518;","Impact of climate indicators on continental-scale potential groundwater recharge in Africa",2016,"10.1002/hyp.10869","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84973468794&doi=10.1002%2fhyp.10869&partnerID=40&md5=585423465bbdc62398871277bd06e6e2","In the last decades, human activity has been contributing to climate change that is closely associated with an increase in temperatures, increase in evaporation, intensification of extreme dry and wet rainfall events, and widespread melting of snow and ice. Understanding the intricate linkage between climate warming and the hydrological cycle is crucial for sustainable management of groundwater resources, especially in a vulnerable continent like Africa. This study investigates the relationship between climate-change drivers and potential groundwater recharge (PGR) patterns across Africa for a long-term record (1960–2010). Water-balance components were simulated by using the PCR-GLOBWB model and were reproduced in both gridded maps and latitudinal trends that vary in space with minima on the Tropics and maxima around the Equator. Statistical correlations between temperature, storm occurrences, drought, and PGR were examined in six climatic regions of Africa. Surprisingly, different effects of climate-change controls on PGR were detected as a function of latitude in the last three decades (1980–2010). Temporal trends observed in the Northern Hemisphere of Africa reveal that the increase in temperature is significantly correlated to the decline of PGR, especially in the Northern Equatorial Africa. The climate indicators considered in this study were unable to explain the alarming negative trend of PGR observed in the Sahelian region, even though the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) values report a 15% drought stress. On the other hand, increases in temperature have not been detected in the Southern Hemisphere of Africa, where increasing frequency of storm occurrences determine a rise of PGR, particularly in southern Africa. Time analysis highlights a strong seasonality effect, while PGR is in-phase with rainfall patterns in the summer (Northern Hemisphere) and winter (Southern Hemisphere) and out-of-phase during the fall season. This study helps to elucidate the mechanism of the processes influencing groundwater resources in six climatic zones of Africa, even though modelling results need to be validated more extensively with direct measurements in future studies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."
"25226875800;7401436524;53980452600;","A new method to compare hourly rainfall between station observations and satellite products over central-eastern China",2016,"10.1007/s13351-016-6002-5","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84992727812&doi=10.1007%2fs13351-016-6002-5&partnerID=40&md5=962043bcede9773bd97a6d952354b951","This study employs a newly defined regional-rainfall-event (RRE) concept to compare the hourly characteristics of warm-season (May-September) rainfall among rain gauge observations, China merged hourly precipitation analysis (CMPA-Hourly), and two commonly used satellite products (TRMM 3B42 and CMORPH). By considering the rainfall characteristics in a given limited area rather than a single point or grid, this method largely eliminates the differences in rainfall characteristics among different observations or measurements over central-eastern China. The results show that the spatial distribution and diurnal variation of RRE frequency and intensity are quite consistent among different datasets, and the performance of CMPA-Hourly is better than the satellite products when compared with station observations. A regional rainfall coefficient (RRC), which can be used to classify local rain and regional rain, is employed to represent the spatial spread of rainfall in the limited region defining the RRE. It is found that rainfall spread in the selected grid box is more uniform during the nocturnal to morning hours over central-eastern China. The RRC tends to reach its diurnal maximum several hours after the RRE intensity peaks, implying an intermediate transition stage from convective to stratiform rainfall. In the afternoon, the RRC reaches its minimum, implying the dominance of local convections on small spatial scale in those hours, which could cause large differences in rain gauge and satellite observations. Since the RRE method reflects the overall features of rainfall in a limited region rather than at a fixed point or in a single grid, the widely recognized overestimation of afternoon rainfall in satellite products is not obvious, and thus the satellite estimates are more reliable in representing sub-daily variation of rainfall from the RRE perspective. This study proposes a reasonable method to compare satellite products with rain gauge observations on the sub-daily scale, which also has great potential to be used in evaluating the spatiotemporal variation of cloud and rainfall in numerical models. © 2016, The Chinese Meteorological Society and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg."
"7801453516;8521495900;7402273281;57210514842;56221105200;6602843948;15732895300;","Climate change effects on lowland stream flood regimes and riparian rich fen vegetation communities in Denmark",2016,"10.1080/02626667.2014.990965","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84958922605&doi=10.1080%2f02626667.2014.990965&partnerID=40&md5=1c45a1d84e0b7bf4ede17ce782ee63bb","There is growing awareness that an intensification of the hydrological cycle associated with climate change in many parts of the world will have profound implications for river ecosystem structure and functions. In the present study we link an ensemble of regional climate model projections to a hydrological model with the aim to predict climate driven changes in flooding regimes in lowland riparian areas. Our specific aims were to (1) predict effects of climate change on flood frequencies and magnitudes in riparian areas by using an ensemble of six climate models and (2) combine the obtained predictions with the distribution of rich fen communities to explore whether these are likely to be subjected to increased flooding by a climate change induced increase in river runoff. We found that all regional climate models in the ensemble showed increases in mean annual runoff and that the increase continued through the two scenario periods, i.e. 2035–2065 and 2070–2099. We found concomitant increases in flood levels and flood frequencies. Flood levels and frequencies increased at sites both where the maximum water level was governed directly by river water runoff and where it was governed by river flow roughness (weed cover). We did not find evidence that the present flooding regime was an overall key factor determining the distribution of fen vegetation. However, with the predicted changes in flooding frequencies in the investigated areas we expect to see changes in species compositional patterns within the fen areas under a future climate that may affect the conservation value of these. EDITOR Z.W. Kundzewicz ASSOCIATE EDITOR T. Okruszko © 2016 IAHS."
"56000281400;7101699632;56037439800;6603025800;","Light Snow Precipitation and Effects on Weather and Climate",2016,"10.1016/bs.agph.2016.09.001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84998694408&doi=10.1016%2fbs.agph.2016.09.001&partnerID=40&md5=11963c156b1de5ba8f94161cf6bd54e1","The objective of this work is to better understand light snow (LSN) precipitation measurements (precipitation rate (PR) < 0.5 mm/h) collected by optical present weather sensors (OPWS), weighing gauges, and spectral probes that are important for meteorological and hydrometeorological applications. Observations collected during the Satellite Applications for Arctic Weather and Search andrescue (SAR) Operations (SAAWSO) project that took place over Goose Bay, Newfoundland (NFL), Canada were studied to assess LSN characteristics and instrument sensitivities. Two case studies representing extreme environmental conditions temperature between 0 and −35°C, and snow occurrence for the SAAWSO project are presented. The ice crystal size and shape of LSN using a new platform called Ground Cloud Imaging Probe (GCIP) were obtained between 7.5 and 930 μm over 60 channels at 15 μm intervals. The measurements from the GCIP, Laser Precipitation Monitor (LPM), weighing gauges, and OPWS were used in the analysis. The results suggested the following: (1) LSN occurs at about 80% of time over the Arctic regions; (2) LSN can play a significant role in cooling at the surface and dehydration of the upper levels; and (3) OPWS can respond to LSN conditions better than weighing gauges. It is concluded that OPWS and spectral probes can improve measurement of LSN, including snow particle shape and size distribution with sizes <0.5 mm. Further research on LSN impact on weather and climate simulations is needed. © 2016 Elsevier Inc."
"56044817200;7005902717;7402991874;","Tropical circulation intensification and tectonic extension recorded by Neogene terrestrial δ18O records of the western United States",2016,"10.1130/G38212.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84994655842&doi=10.1130%2fG38212.1&partnerID=40&md5=63c1e2d2e61f75a1d100b355bad01277","Terrestrial water isotope records preserve a history of hydrological cycling that is influenced by past climate and surface topography. δ18O and δD records from authigenic minerals of the western United States display a long-term increase during the Neogene in the vicinity of the Sierra Nevada and the central Rocky Mountains (Rockies), but a smaller increase or decrease in the northern Great Basin. Interpretations of these isotopic trends require quantitative estimates of the influence of climatic and environmental changes on δ18O and δD of soil water. Here we use a coupled atmosphere-land model with water-isotopologue tracking capabilities, ECHAM5-JSBACH-wiso, to simulate precipitation and δ18O responses to elevation-independent changes in Neogene geography, equator to pole temperature gradient (EPGRAD), grassland expansion, and tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures. Both precipitation and soil water δ18O (δ18Osw) respond strongly to Neogene strengthening of the EPGRAD, but weakly to other forcings. An increase in EPGRAD leads to significant drying and 18O enrichment (3‰-5‰) of soil water over the northern Sierra Nevada and central Rockies as a result of Hadley circulation strengthening and enhanced coastal subtropical subsidence. These large-scale circulation changes reduce inland moisture transport from the Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Our simulated δ18Osw responses could explain 50%- 100% of the proxy δ18O increases over the Sierra Nevada and central Rockies, suggesting that climate change rather than surface subsidence may have been the dominant climate signal in δ18O records in these regions. On the contrary, δ18O responses to climate changes are small in the Great Basin, indicating that the observed δ18O increase over this region was likely a direct response to surface subsidence with elevation losses of 1-1.5 km. Adding this elevation loss to current Great Basin elevations reveals the former existence of a uniformly high plateau extending from the Sierra Nevada to the central Rockies prior to Neogene extension. This revised elevation history brings Neogene δ18O and δD paleoaltimetry of the western United States in accordance with independent lines of structural evidence and early Cenozoic elevation reconstructions. © 2016 Geological Society of America."
"55818008100;26027910400;57204885850;55473169700;7405524900;52365051000;7005803643;","Isotopic signature of extreme precipitation events in the western U.S. and associated phases of Arctic and tropical climate modes",2016,"10.1002/2016JD025524","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84981313280&doi=10.1002%2f2016JD025524&partnerID=40&md5=7512206aa26c94c73da23b7405fa9ac0","Extreme precipitation events, commonly associated with “Atmospheric Rivers,” are projected to increase in frequency and severity in western North America; however, the intensity and landfall position are difficult to forecast accurately. As the isotopic signature of precipitation has been widely utilized as a tracer of the hydrologic cycle and could potentially provide information about key physical processes, we utilize both climate and precipitation isotope data to investigate these events in California from 2001 to 2011. Although individual events have extreme isotopic signatures linked to associated circulation anomalies, the composite across all events unexpectedly resembles the weighted mean for the entire study period, reflecting diverse moisture trajectories and associated teleconnection phases. We document that 90% of events reaching this location occurred during the negative Arctic Oscillation, suggesting a possible link with higher-latitude warming. We also utilize precipitation data of extreme precipitation events across the entire western U.S. to investigate the relationships between key tropical and Arctic climate modes known to influence precipitation in this region. Results indicate that the wettest conditions occur when the negative Arctic Oscillation, negative Pacific/North American pattern, and positive Southern Oscillation are in sync and that precipitation has increased in the southwestern U.S. and decreased in the northwestern U.S. relative to this phase combination’s 1979-2011 climatology. Furthermore, the type of El Niño-Southern Oscillation event, Central Pacific or Eastern Pacific, influences the occurrence, landfall location, and isotopic composition of precipitation. © 2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"6507876686;14012469200;16040613400;55064085000;","Combined Use of Electrical Resistivity Tomography and Hydrochemical Data to Assess Anthropogenic Impacts on Water Quality of a Karstic Region: A Case Study from Querença-Silves, South Portugal",2014,"10.1007/s40710-014-0002-1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84950312575&doi=10.1007%2fs40710-014-0002-1&partnerID=40&md5=e7bade9d50a29248dadc36ead92e5343","The presence of highly vulnerable karstic systems in areas of intense human activities often results in the degradation of existing surface- and groundwater quality status. Water quality protection and improvement, as required by the Water Framework Directive (WFD), depends on correct identification and prioritisation of the most relevant pollution sources within complex multi-stressor conditions. This paper presents a methodology that combines the use of hydrogeology, water quality and quantity data, and electrical resistivity tomography methods to access different anthropogenic impacts upon the water cycle, focusing on the water quality of a section of the Portuguese karstic Querença-Silves aquifer. During this study an interpretation of the possible interconnections between pollutant sources, their pathways and local surface-groundwater connections was made, based on data obtained from field campaigns. As a result of this study, the areas with more interconnection between surface- and groundwater were identified, namely the influent sites from the local stream into the aquifer. The impact of the diffuse pollution sources was verified at the monitoring points, especially those located downstream of large farming plots. Pollution in this karst aquifer results from seepage through agricultural areas and infiltration at the influent points of the stream. This aspect of stream influence upon the aquifer means that pollution sources located upstream of the area of the aquifer (e.g., a WWTP - Wastewater Treatment Plant) can also contribute to the aquifer pollution. © 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland."
"54986305400;57188840008;15072960300;6603199875;57201455802;","Projecting current and potential future distribution of the Fire-bellied toad Bombina bombina under climate change in north-eastern Germany",2014,"10.1007/s10113-013-0468-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84900870268&doi=10.1007%2fs10113-013-0468-9&partnerID=40&md5=8eee8ed264a85e7702ff87edb08080eb","Environmental change is likely to have a strong impact on biodiversity, and many species may shift their distribution in response. In this study, we aimed at projecting the availability of suitable habitat for an endangered amphibian species, the Fire-bellied toad Bombina bombina, in Brandenburg (north-eastern Germany). We modelled a potential habitat distribution map based on (1) a database with 10,581 presence records for Bombina from the years 1990 to 2009, (2) current estimates for ecogeographical variables (EGVs) and (3) the future projection of these EGVs according to the statistical regional model, respectively, the soil and water integrated model, applying the maximum entropy approach (Maxent). By comparing current and potential future distributions, we evaluated the projected change in distribution of suitable habitats and identified the environmental variables most associated with habitat suitability that turned out to be climatic variables related to the hydrological cycle. Under the applied scenario, our results indicate increasing habitat suitability in many areas and an extended range of suitable habitats. However, even if the environmental conditions in Brandenburg may change as predicted, it is questionable whether the Fire-bellied toad will truly benefit, as dispersal abilities of amphibian species are limited and strongly influenced by anthropogenic disturbances, that is, intensive agriculture, habitat destruction and fragmentation. Furthermore, agronomic pressure is likely to increase on productive areas with fertile soils and high water retention capacities, indeed those areas suitable for B. bombina. All these changes may affect temporary pond hydrology as well as the reproductive success and breeding phenology of toads. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg."
"6602835531;7005619103;57191504846;55772857900;","Surface rainfall and cloud-to-ground lightning relationships in Canada",2013,"10.1080/07055900.2013.780154","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84879284293&doi=10.1080%2f07055900.2013.780154&partnerID=40&md5=6797f826cc130b1b03523224915652d8","The relationship between cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning and convective precipitation across Canada is examined. A database of coincident 6-hourly rain-gauge and lightning data, constructed from 64 weather stations spanning Canada's ecozones, from April to October 1999 to 2003, was used to calculate rainfall yields (defined as the ratio of the total volume of precipitation to the total CG flash count, in units of kilograms per flash (kg fl-1)). Warm season rain yields have been found to vary between 1.06 × 108 kg fl-1 and 21.8 × 108 kg fl-1 over the ecozones of eastern Canada and between 1.05 × 108 kg fl-1 and 41.5 × 108 kg fl-1 over western ecozones. The rainfall yields derived from station data were used to predict convective precipitation in 2004 and 2010. Overall, the warm season correlation coefficients between predicted and gauge-measured precipitation were 0.65 and 0.77 for 2004 and 2010, respectively, and 0.71 for both years combined. Regional differences reflecting the complexity of convective activity were found. Correlation coefficients of 0.69, 0.75, and 0.71 were obtained for 2004, 2010, and both years combined, respectively, for ecozones in eastern Canada and 0.50, 0.87, and 0.68, respectively, for ecozones in western Canada. A predictive capability to estimate convective rainfall using lightning information may be feasible in data-sparse regions without radar coverage, but the predictions exhibit greater uncertainty in some ecozones than in others and over the western region of Canada than over the eastern region, when ecozone-averaged rainfall yield relationships are used."
"6603570450;","ECOMAG: A distributed model of runoff formation and pollution transformation in river basins",2013,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84900429851&partnerID=40&md5=288e672ff42279d35d2a735689063bf5","The ECOMAG model consists of hydrological and water quality submodels, which operate at a daily time step. The hydrological submodel describes the main processes of the terrestrial hydrological cycle: snow accumulation and melting, soil freezing and thawing, water infiltration into unfrozen and frozen soil, evapotranspiration, the thermal and water regime of soil, and the lateral surface, subsurface, groundwater and channel flow. The water quality submodel describes the processes of pollutant accumulation on the surface, dissolution of pollutants by rain or snowmelt waters, penetration of soluble pollutants into soil, interaction with the soil solution and soil matrix, and biochemical degradation of pollutants. The transfer and transformation of pollutants in the river system are described, taking into account the lateral diffusive inflow of pollutants by surface, subsurface and groundwater flows, the load from point sources of pollutants discharged to the rivers, the exchange of pollutants between the river water and river bed. An application of the hydrological and water quality submodels is shown for simulating water quality dynamics in river basins of the Kola Peninsula which is exposed to intensive pollution from the Pechenganickel Industrial Complex. Simulated nickel concentrations in river water are compared with the corresponding observed data. Results of modelling experiments are presented to illustrate the impact of Pechenganickel on water quality in river channels. Copyright © 2013 IAHS Press."
"6507405807;6701624040;26423584000;55871951400;57202410843;7007031850;35767871900;","The 2009-2010 El Niño: Hydrologic relief to U.S. Regions?",2009,"10.1029/2009EO500001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77749305017&doi=10.1029%2f2009EO500001&partnerID=40&md5=7d056630780b0fe2fc1578a9b816bb8f",[No abstract available]
"11141902100;7005523706;","The effect of storm life cycle on satellite rainfall estimation error",2009,"10.1175/2008JTECHA1129.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70349173547&doi=10.1175%2f2008JTECHA1129.1&partnerID=40&md5=dd1efb482d3ee4d1b19e98e247966302","The study uses storm tracking information to evaluate error statistics of satellite rain estimation at different maturity stages of storm life cycles. Two satellite rain retrieval products are used for this purpose: (i) NASA's Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis - Real Time product available at 25-km/hourly resolution (3B41-RT) and (ii) the University of California (Irvine) Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN) product available at 4-km - hourly resolution. Both algorithms use geostationary satellite infrared (IR) observations calibrated to an array of passive microwave (PM) earth-orbiting satellite sensor rain retrievals. The techniques differ in terms of algorithmic structure and in the way they use the PM rainfall to calibrate the IR rain algorithms. The satellite retrievals are evaluated against rain gauge - calibrated radar rainfall estimates over the continental United States. Error statistics of hourly rain volumes are determined separately for thunderstorm and shower-type convective systems and for different storm life durations and stages of maturity. The authors show distinct differences between the two satellite retrieval error characteristics. The most notable difference is the strong storm life cycle dependence of 3B41-RT relative to the nearly independent PERSIANN behavior. Another is in the algorithm performance between thunderstorms and showers; 3B41-RT exhibits significant bias increase at longer storm life durations. PERSIANN exhibits consistently improved correlations relative to the 3B41-RT for all storm life durations and maturity stages. The findings of this study support the hypothesis that incorporating cloud type information into the retrieval (done by the PERSIANN algorithm) can help improve the satellite retrieval accuracy. © 2009 American Meteorological Society."
"6603120892;56315374800;35198136900;56316023600;35198029100;","Morphodynamics in the confluence of large regulated rivers: The case of Paraná and Paranapanema Rivers",2009,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84905690052&partnerID=40&md5=26d393122fa841ae41ba2a3013f40322","The confluence of the Paraná and Paranapanema Rivers is studied according to morphology and dynamics. It is probably the only example of this type of fluvial environment involving a large, tropical and intensive regulated river. Confluence channels were monitored along a hydrological cycle (high-low water level) in terms of morphology, flow velocity, magnitude, structure, and bedload dynamics. In this case, hydrology is controlled by the flow of the tributary, which develops a continuous and well-defined thalweg since the collector channel (a secondary channel of the Paraná River) that presents relatively large bedforms that reduce stream power by increasing roughness. Although significant differences in channel morphology were not observed along the hydrological year, bed material texture indicates that the channel bottom is suffering a slight armoring process. This is probably the reason for the large asymmetry of channel confluence where the depth of the tributary channel is larger than that of the main collector channel (the Paraná left branch). The Rosana Dam, closed in 1987 and located 26 km upstream from the confluence, is the cause of the changes in sediment transport and the generation of the channel pavement. With the closing of the Porto Primavera Dam (2000) in the Paraná River (27 km upstream from the confluence) a new morphodynamics is foreseen for this environment, and this paper can be seen a relevant pioneer reference for environmental monitoring and management."
"57202409199;13402908200;13402807300;35866911800;","In search for relationships between lightning and rainfall with a rectangular grid-box methodology",2009,"10.5194/adgeo-20-51-2009","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77950359588&doi=10.5194%2fadgeo-20-51-2009&partnerID=40&md5=0b4c4099d6dc67268f5646e66368effc","The rainfall and lightning activity associated with three depressions which affected the area of Cyprus were studied in order to identify possible relationships between them. The lightning data were provided by the National Observatory of Athens, Greece, and were spatially and statistically related to the corresponding rainfall measurements from the rain gauge network of the Cyprus Meteorological Service. The study was carried out by using a rectangular grid-box methodology and various combinations of lightning and rainfall data filtering and time-lags were tested."
"35247827200;37262042900;","Vulnerability to climate change and water management: Hydropower generation in Brazil",2009,"10.2495/RM090201","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-71649105478&doi=10.2495%2fRM090201&partnerID=40&md5=03c3e036faf1835ecfec092dd844c51d","Brazil has the largest reserve of surface water on the planet, approximately 19.4%, of the world total, and one of the greatest hydraulic potentials. This does not however mean that it is in a comfortable position in terms of water availability and the location of consumptive and non-consumptive demand. In fact, around 90% of the water is to be found in the low demographic density hydrographic basins of the Amazonas and Tocantins rivers. Around 90% of the population relies on the remaining water resources. Given the major role of hydroelectric plants in the Brazilian Electricity System, power generation in the country is highly dependent on the hydrologic regimes of the hydrographic basins. Given that there is regional imbalance in water availability - as evidenced by recurrent droughts in the North-eastern region and by the degradation of rivers and soil in the South East, the socio-environmental risks to each region and the rapid increase in the demand for water and energy throughout country - new and existing hydroelectric energy plants are vulnerable, to a lesser or greater extent, to climate change. The risk of future global climate change i.e. further warming of the planet, may alter the hydrologic cycle, and, consequently, the regime and hydric availability of the hydrologic cycle. In fact, differentiated changes in temperature lead to alterations in the range of atmospheric pressure and wind patterns. Changes in rainfall pattern are therefore to be expected. The forecast rise in sea levels by 2099 indicates, in various scenarios of greenhouse gas emission, a range of between 18 cm and 59 cm. The occurrence of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has been more frequent, longer and more intense during the last twenty-three years, in relation to the previous 100 years. There is, therefore, an urgent need for study focused on the forecast and analysis of the climatic vulnerability of electric energy generation in Brazil, particularly in terms of the expected inflow into hydroelectric reservoirs based on climate and hydrological forecasts. Such studies are fundamental for the definition of scenario in order to enable advance recognition of the risks to hydrology and, consequently, to energy systems. © 2009 WIT Press."
"7005613154;7003898174;","Conservation of moisture in a hybrid Kuo-type cumulus parameterization",2003,"10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<0771:COMIAH>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0038660146&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0493%282003%29131%3c0771%3aCOMIAH%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=9585e712cec3529fe6fe55c66e5ab76f","The conservation of moisture requirement used in a hybrid Kuo-type cumulus parameterization scheme is generalized so that the source of moisture for the cumulus process originates from all layers below the level of condensation, including the subcloud layer(s). This conservation scheme is distinctly different than those used with the traditional Kuo-type cumulus parameterizations, which do not include convective-scale vertical transport involving the subcloud layer(s). Numerical forecasts with the modified conservation scheme are compared with those obtained using the conventional approach that extracts the moisture from the grid-scale moisture field at the level of condensation. Radiosonde observations and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) observed brightness temperatures for water vapor channel 3 (6.7 μm) are used to verify the lower- and upper-tropospheric moisture fields, respectively. Forecast statistics, including precipitation as measured against rain gauge reports, are all improved by using the generalized moisture conservation approach. Removing moisture from the subcloud layer(s) helps stabilize the sounding and promotes self-regulation of the convection. Including the subcloud layer(s) also alters the evolution and duration of some moist convective events. In contrast, an unregulated subcloud layer encourages the moist parameterization to produce excessive precipitation."
"7004904829;","Hydrologic dynamics and ecosystem structure",2003,"10.2166/wst.2003.0347","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0038754949&doi=10.2166%2fwst.2003.0347&partnerID=40&md5=da6dbae9ce937da1b4d22bc9a9be3df4","Ecohydrology is the science that studies the mutual interaction between the hydrological cycle and ecosystems. Such an interaction is especially intense in water-controlled ecosystems, where water may be a limiting factor, not only because of its scarcity, but also because of its intermittent and unpredictable appearance. Hydrologic dynamics is shown to be a crucial factor for ecological patterns and processes. The probabilistic structure of soil moisture in time and space is presented as the key linkage between soil, climate and vegetation dynamics. Nutrient cycles, vegetation coexistence and plant response to environmental conditions are all intimately linked to the stochastic fluctuation of the hydrologic inputs driving an ecosystem."
"6701578275;6603858313;","SSM/I-derived total water vapour content over the Baltic Sea compared to independent data",2000,"10.1127/metz/9/2000/117","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0001192355&doi=10.1127%2fmetz%2f9%2f2000%2f117&partnerID=40&md5=aa54516a24a89d428857c4804fae0713","In order to investigate the energy and water balance of the Baltic Sea and its catchment area, the commonly used regional models have to be validated against observation data. One of the most important parameters of the hydrological cycle is the vertically integrated atmospheric water vapour content. Satellite observations from SSM/I (Special Sensor Microwave/Imager) can help to provide data over the sea. The accuracy of these results are tested with observations of radiosondes, which are launched from RV Alkor cruising in the Baltic Sea. The bias of both data sets is negligibly small. However, due to the low spatial resolution, problems occur in coastal regions, arising problems in particular in the small-scaled Baltic Sea. Thus, a correcting scheme for disturbing land influences is presented. This satellite-derived data set is compared with REMO-DWD results (Regional Model using physical package of DWD) for the PIDCAP period (Pilot Study for Intensive Data Collection and Analysis of Precipitation) from August to October 1995. Effects of the different temporal and spatial data resolutions on the variance are quantified and eliminated. For this purpose the water vapour content is used, which is derived from the GPS (Global Positioning System) network over Sweden and Finland by ELGERED et al. (1997). SSM/I and GPS data indicate that REMO overestimates the total water vapour content by about 2 kgm-2. © Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin, Stuttgart 2000."
"24604916700;57202079342;52763088600;57215828650;7005455226;36129814400;33667454000;7004356192;35931965900;57215204582;57215831933;7004010954;","Spatio-temporal patterns of energy exchange and evapotranspiration during an intense drought for drylands in Brazil",2020,"10.1016/j.jag.2019.101982","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85080980184&doi=10.1016%2fj.jag.2019.101982&partnerID=40&md5=94ffe25f1174ac2f2965d87fe746bd77","The Caatinga biome, located in the northeastern region of Brazil, is the most populated dryland region on the planet and extremely vulnerable to land degradation due to climatological and anthropogenic factors. Energy partitioning substantially influences the local climate and affects the water cycle, which is of utmost importance for the economy and livelihood of the region. Recently, eddy covariance (EC) towers were installed in the area; thus, the scientific community can thoroughly assess the water and energy fluxes over this unique biome. While EC towers have a high degree of accuracy, they only measure energy fluxes over a small land footprint. Given the biome spatial heterogeneity, the use of EC-based techniques has the limitation of not comprehensively representing water and energy fluxes profiles over the entire region. Incorporating remote sensing (RS) data into the landscape analysis is a feasible solution to overcome this issue, given that satellite data can capture the phenomena represented by the EC measurements across large spatial scales. Our research studied the capability of the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) and MOD16-ET products to represent the EC measurements regarding energy and mass exchange, with an ultimate objective of applying the best approach to assess these fluxes regionally. We applied the SEBAL model using only remote sensing data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. The MOD16-ET model uses a different approach but is also based on MODIS data. Our analysis was based on three years (2014–2016) of data, which was limited to the availability of the EC tower data. We found that for the EC-based measurements, energy balance closure (EBC) achieved an average of 0.84, which is considerably high for the region. This is possibly due to the EC tower being installed on a preserved Caatinga plot, with reduced heterogeneity and higher plant density. When analyzing RS-based products to represent ET profiles in the region, we found that the SEBAL model accurately represented water fluxes during the wet season but not the dry season, whereas the MOD16-ET showed a better agreement with EC-based water fluxes throughout all the seasons. SEBAL inaccuracy in drylands is partially due to the narrow range between the cold and hot pixels in an image, as the algorithm relies on this range for input parameters, especially in the dry season. Therefore, we concluded that MOD16-ET is capable of better-representing water fluxes in the Caatinga region. We analyzed the fluxes regionally and quantified annual ET for the three years. These results are especially relevant for local policymakers on dealing with water and landscape issues in a region where the livelihood and well-being of the population is inextricably bound to water availability. © 2019 Elsevier B.V."
"57208669957;56083175200;55498128600;55073323400;36619287400;57201026835;57191637540;57193224171;57201655622;57210931510;","Propagation dynamics from meteorological to groundwater drought and their possible influence factors",2019,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124102","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85071937907&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2019.124102&partnerID=40&md5=49168947bbd52334eb90c870ca3a30f5","The propagation of meteorological drought in a complete water cycle is not limited to hydrological and agricultural droughts, but also involves groundwater drought. Moreover, the intensification of water cycle under the background of global warming may also affect the time of drought propagation. Therefore, studying the dynamic propagation and possible influence factors from meteorological to groundwater drought is helpful to monitor and assess the risk of groundwater drought. Here we use terrestrial water storage anomalies observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellites and simulated soil moisture and runoff variations from the Global Land Data Assimilation System to show that the groundwater storage anomalies in the Pearl River Basin (PRB). The standardized precipitation index and drought severity index were used to characterize meteorological and groundwater drought, respectively. Results indicated that: (1) the propagation time of meteorological to groundwater drought in the PRB during 2002–2015 was 8 months, and that in spring and summer was shorter than that in autumn and winter; (2) the time of drought propagation has a significant deceasing trend (p < 0.01), indicating that the water cycle in the PRB was accelerating; (3) increasing soil moisture accelerates the response of groundwater to precipitation in the surplus period due to the stored-full runoff mechanism, whilst intensifying evapotranspiration rate and heat wave facilitate the drought propagation in the deficit period; (4) compared with Arctic Oscillation and El-Niño Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation is the main driving force to accelerate drought propagation in the PRB. © 2019 Elsevier B.V."
"56818398100;56249280600;","What is the main driving force of hydrological cycle variations in the semiarid and semi-humid Weihe River Basin, China?",2019,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.333","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85066289366&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2019.05.333&partnerID=40&md5=e6332141cf0e9ed702d59d3b1b5e1f43","Climate change is often cited as the main driver of changes in the hydrological cycle; however, this idea has been challenged in recent years for areas where human activities are frequent and intensive. Western China has experienced significant land use/cover change (LUCC)and human activities have intensified since the 1980s, with important consequences on the hydrological cycle. In this study, we focused on the Weihe River Basin (western China)and aimed at detecting the main driving forces acting on the hydrological cycle of this area among climate changes, LUCC, and direct human activities. Six scenarios were designed to evaluate the impacts of LUCC and climate factors on the hydrological cycle through the Soil Water and Assessment Tool (SWAT)model; moreover, we quantified the contributions of changes in the meteorological factors, direct human activities, and LUCC on the streamflow. We found that streamflow and soil moisture (SM)decreased at rates of −6.52 m3/s/10a and −17.78 mm/10a, respectively, while evapotranspiration (ET)increased at a rate of 38.83 mm/10a between 1989 and 2015. Among these factors, precipitation apparently had the major impact on ET and SM, while direct human activities were the main cause of streamflow reduction; on the other hand, the influence of LUCC on the hydrological variables was less than that of climate changes and direct human activities. Interestingly, the effect of temperature on the hydrological cycle has strengthened since year 2000, suggesting that climate changes (i.e., global warming)will have an increasingly important impact on the hydrological cycle of the Weihe River Basin. © 2019"
"56764351000;6506377918;7003354341;","Detection and attribution of hydrological changes in a large Alpine river basin",2019,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.06.020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85067684457&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2019.06.020&partnerID=40&md5=2196d75a1ed061fe94633cc1e3f9a92a","The Alpine region is a particularly sensitive environment rich in water resources nurturing delicate freshwater ecosystems, which are however threatened by intensive exploitation for hydropower production and irrigated agriculture. The impact of water uses on the hydrological cycle is intimately intertwined with changes of the climatic forcing, which operate over a wide range of temporal and spatial scales. In the present study historical time series of streamflow, precipitation and temperature, recorded in the Adige River Basin, a large Alpine watershed in northeastern Italy, are analyzed in order to quantify alterations of the main hydrological fluxes due to changes in climate and water uses. Spatial and temporal patterns of change are detected by comparing annual and seasonal components of the water budget performed in four representative sub-catchments (with size ranging from 207 to 9852km2) characterized by different climatic and water use conditions. Afterwards, a multi-method approach is applied for attributing the observed changes to their main drivers. Summer streamflow depletion affects the Adige lowlands since the ’70s, which is attributed to both the reduction of winter precipitation and the development of irrigated agriculture. Conversely, winter streamflow increased in headwater catchments due to the increase of aquifers recharge in autumn, which is consistent with the increase of precipitation in the same period. These results reveal that the impact of climate change on the Adige Basin is multifaceted, scale-dependent and intertwined with the effects of changes in water resources exploitation. © 2019 Elsevier B.V."
"49661238200;8554472500;57209852763;14626695500;7005242447;","Performance of bias-correction schemes for CMORPH rainfall estimates in the Zambezi River basin",2019,"10.5194/hess-23-2915-2019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068912940&doi=10.5194%2fhess-23-2915-2019&partnerID=40&md5=87b331e9c8547309741173d2699a6f54","Satellite rainfall estimates (SREs) are prone to bias as they are indirect derivatives of the visible, infrared, and/or microwave cloud properties, and hence SREs need correction. We evaluate the influence of elevation and distance from large-scale open water bodies on bias for Climate Prediction Center-MORPHing (CMORPH) rainfall estimates in the Zambezi basin. The effectiveness of five linear/non-linear and time space-variant/-invariant bias-correction schemes was evaluated for daily rainfall estimates and climatic seasonality. The schemes used are spatio-temporal bias (STB), elevation zone bias (EZ), power transform (PT), distribution transformation (DT), and quantile mapping based on an empirical distribution (QME). We used daily time series (1998 2013) from 60 gauge stations and CMORPH SREs for the Zambezi basin. To evaluate the effectiveness of the bias-correction schemes spatial and temporal crossvalidation was applied based on eight stations and on the 1998 1999 CMORPH time series, respectively. For correction, STB and EZ schemes proved to be more effective in removing bias. STB improved the correlation coefficient and Nash Sutcliffe efficiency by 50% and 53 %, respectively, and reduced the root mean squared difference and relative bias by 25% and 33 %, respectively. Paired t tests showed that there is no significant difference (p>0:05) in the daily means of CMORPH against gauge rainfall after bias correction. ANOVA post hoc tests revealed that the STB and EZ bias-correction schemes are preferable. Bias is highest for very light rainfall (>2:5mmd1), for which most effective bias reduction is shown, in particular for the wet season. Similar findings are shown through quantile quantile (q q) plots. The spatial cross-validation approach revealed that most bias-correction schemes removed bias by <28 %. The temporal cross-validation approach showed effectiveness of the bias-correction schemes. Taylor diagrams show that station elevation has an influence on CMORPH performance. Effects of distance <10 km from large-scale open water bodies are minimal, whereas effects at shorter distances are indicated but are not conclusive for a lack of rain gauges. Findings of this study show the importance of applying bias correction to SREs. © 2019 by ASME."
"57211811048;56662710300;56712001000;57193382378;57203898312;7003482642;","Atmospheric moisture transport and the decline in Arctic Sea ice",2019,"10.1002/wcc.588","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85066045347&doi=10.1002%2fwcc.588&partnerID=40&md5=75632c474e6d6415fa7e84e1966a005b","This article contains a review of the transport of moisture to the Arctic and its effect on Arctic Sea Ice Extent (SIE). The review includes a synthesis of our knowledge regarding the main sources supplying moisture to the Arctic, the changes experienced over the last few decades due to variations in the transport of moisture, the factors that control interannual variability, and the inherent contrast in the mechanisms related to the effect of changes in moisture transport on SIE in the Arctic. We note that the precise identification of the moisture sources for the Arctic depends both on the definition of the Arctic region itself and on the approach used to identify the sources, with the remote regions over the extratropical Atlantic and Pacific Oceans being universally important, as are some continental areas over Siberia and North America. This review also reaffirms the absence of any clear agreement regarding the trends in atmospheric moisture transport to the Arctic, and highlights discrepancies between different data sets and approaches in the quantification of moisture transport, implying that its long-term impact on the intensification of the hydrological cycle in the Arctic remains unclear. We confirm the influence of the major modes of climate variability, planetary circulation patterns, and the changes in cyclonic activity in the variability of moisture transport to the Arctic. We reaffirm that the effect of moisture transport on the Arctic SIE through changes in humidity, cloud cover, and precipitation over the Arctic is a complex scientific problem that requires further detailed study over the decades to come, and we propose some important challenges for future research. This article is categorized under: Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Modern Climate Change. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc."
"55245816400;57201431282;6603646841;6603577285;57206128696;","Groundwater nitrate contamination integrated modeling for climate and water resources scenarios: The case of Lake Karla over-exploited aquifer",2019,"10.3390/w11061201","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068573971&doi=10.3390%2fw11061201&partnerID=40&md5=2b36bca79e75566b8c28cdbc540e6b36","Groundwater quantity and quality degradation by agricultural practices is recorded as one of the most critical issues worldwide. This is explained by the fact that groundwater is an important component of the hydrological cycle, since it is a source of natural enrichment for rivers, lakes, and wetlands and constitutes the main source of potable water. The need of aquifers simulation, taking into account water resources components at watershed level, is imperative for the choice of appropriate restoration management practices. An integrated water resources modeling approach, using hydrological modeling tools, is presented for assessing the nitrate fate and transport on an over-exploited aquifer with intensive and extensive agricultural activity under various operational strategies and future climate change scenarios. The results indicate that climate change affects nitrates concentration in groundwater, which is likely to be increased due to the depletion of the groundwater table and the decrease of groundwater enrichment in the future water balance. Application of operational agricultural management practices with the construction and use of water storage infrastructure tend to compensate the groundwater resources degradation due to climate change impacts. © 2019 by the authors."
"56114639400;55624487819;44861328200;57211219633;56174611700;56678244400;7402284848;56840894700;","Intensification and Expansion of Soil Moisture Drying in Warm Season Over Eurasia Under Global Warming",2019,"10.1029/2018JD029776","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063790052&doi=10.1029%2f2018JD029776&partnerID=40&md5=9e423bbcce28cecdd5433d9f6f05001f","Soil moisture (SM) is a key hydrological component regulating the net ecosystem energy exchange at the land-atmosphere boundary layer over the continents via heat fluxes and relevant feedback on precipitation. Due to its ecological and meteor-hydrological implications, SM change is of great significance in Eurasia that has the highest population density and fragile ecological environment. Using monthly data from the Global Land Data Assimilation System, this study investigated SM changes over Eurasia during the warm season (May–September). It was found that recent 63 years witnessed widespread decreasing SM across Eurasia during the warm season. Regions with a drying SM tendency kept expanding till the 1990s. Specifically, the largest decreasing magnitude of SM with the aridity index ranging 0.5–0.6 and 1.0–1.1 was found along the semi-arid and dry-humid transition regions, respectively. In addition, more significant drying SM was observed in Sahel, northern Asia, northeastern Asia, and western Europe. Weakening West African monsoon (WAM)/East Asia summer monsoon did not benefit the propagation of water vapor flux to the Sahel regions/northeastern and northern Asia, and hence decreased SM in these regions. Besides, results by the maximum covariance analysis highlighted the roles of warming climate in SM variations over Eurasia during the warm season. Global climate models also indicate decreased SM due to global warming and projects continuously decreasing SM in the warm season over the 21st century under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP)2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5 scenarios. Decreasing SM across the Eurasia and related ecological and environmental implications should cause international concern. ©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"55357516200;15319055900;57203852023;35346106500;26423853600;","The water cycle of the mid-Holocene West African monsoon: The role of vegetation and dust emission changes",2019,"10.1002/joc.5924","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058425627&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.5924&partnerID=40&md5=ceb258dd1499d3741fbb1d803e84dfc8","During the mid-Holocene (6 kyr BP), West Africa experienced a much stronger and geographically extensive monsoon than in the present day. Changes in orbital forcing, vegetation and dust emissions from the Sahara have been identified as key factors driving this intensification. Here, we analyse how the timing, origin and convergence of moisture fluxes contributing to the monsoonal precipitation change under a range of scenarios: orbital forcing only; orbital and vegetation forcings (Green Sahara); orbital, vegetation and dust forcings (Green Sahara-reduced dust). We further compare our results to a range of reconstructions of mid-Holocene precipitation from palaeoclimate archives. In our simulations, the greening of the Sahara leads to a cyclonic water vapour flux anomaly over North Africa with an anomalous westerly flow bringing large amounts of moisture into the Sahel from the Atlantic Ocean. Changes in atmospheric dust under a vegetated Sahara shift the anomalous moisture advection pattern northwards, increasing both moisture convergence and precipitation recycling over the northern Sahel and Sahara and the associated precipitation during the boreal summer. During this season, under both the Green Sahara and Green Sahara-reduced dust scenarios, local recycling in the Saharan domain exceeds that of the Sahel. This points to local recycling as an important factor modulating vegetation-precipitation feedbacks and the impact of Saharan dust emissions. Our results also show that temperature and evapotranspiration over the Sahara in the mid-Holocene are close to Sahelian pre-industrial values. This suggests that pollen-based paleoclimate reconstructions of precipitation during the Green Sahara period are likely not biased by possible large evapotranspiration changes in the region. © 2018 Royal Meteorological Society"
"56905378300;8582655100;25031297200;56905466000;56624512700;","Stable H and O isotope-based investigation of moisture sources and their role in river and groundwater recharge in the NE Carpathian Mountains, East-Central Europe †",2019,"10.1080/10256016.2019.1588895","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063100417&doi=10.1080%2f10256016.2019.1588895&partnerID=40&md5=51b42096901fbb4aaf271bcc2d91a99d","The region situated between the mountain area and the lowlands in NE Romania (East-Central Europe) is experiencing increased competition for water resources triggered by a growing population, intensification of agriculture, and industrial development. To better understand hydrological cycling processes in the region, a study was conducted using stable isotopes of water and atmospheric trajectory data to characterize regional precipitation and vapour sources derived from the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean and Black Seas, as well as recycled continental moisture, and to assess and partition these contributions to recharge of surface and groundwater. Atmospheric moisture in the lowlands is found to be predominantly delivered along easterly trajectories, while mountainous areas appear to be dominated by North Atlantic Ocean sources, with moisture transported along mid-latitude, westerly storm tracks. Large-scale circulation patterns affect moisture delivery, the North Atlantic Oscillation being particularly influential in winter and the East Atlantic pattern in summer. Winter precipitation is the main contributor to river discharge and aquifer recharge. As winter precipitation amounts are projected to decrease over the next decades, and water abstraction is expected to steadily increase, a general reduction in water availability is projected for the region. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group."
"57195639311;43161360000;","A Recursive Approach to Long-Term Prediction of Monthly Precipitation Using Genetic Programming",2019,"10.1007/s11269-018-2169-0","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058619897&doi=10.1007%2fs11269-018-2169-0&partnerID=40&md5=d42843793b1a6e0aea83be090f2620a0","Precipitation is regarded as the basic component of the global hydrological cycle. This study develops a recursive approach to long-term prediction of monthly precipitation using genetic programming (GP), taking the Three-River Headwaters Region (TRHR) in China as the study area. The daily precipitation data recorded at 29 meteorological stations during 1961–2014 are collected, among which the data during 1961–2000 are for calibration and the remaining data are for validation. To develop this approach, first, the preliminary estimations of annual precipitation are computed based on a statistical method. Second, the percentage of the monthly precipitation for each month of a year is calculated as the mean monthly precipitation divided by the mean annual precipitation during the study period, and then the preliminary estimation of monthly precipitation for each month of a year is obtained. Third, since GP can be used to improve the prediction results through establishing the relationship of the observations with the preliminary estimations at the past and current times, it is adopted to improve the preliminary estimations. The calibration and validation results reveal that the recursive approach involving GP can provide the more accurate predictions of monthly precipitation. Finally, this approach is used to predict the monthly precipitation over the TRHR till 2050. Overall, the proposed method and the obtained results will enhance our understanding and facilitate future studies regarding the long-term prediction of precipitation in such regions. © 2018, Springer Nature B.V."
"6507223114;12902598300;57194900607;","Secular variation of rainfall regime in the central region of Argentina",2018,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.06.009","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85048573476&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2018.06.009&partnerID=40&md5=4296a4443e3a2ee6e4ff308bf6e5039f","Apart from modifying the total amount of rain, another emerging impact of global warming on the rainfall regime could be an increase in the frequency and intensity of events, as well as their greater variability over time and space. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the long-term climatic variation of the precipitation regime in the central region of Argentina, determining the intensity and nature of the changes, and also examining the two typical modalities of representing the trend of change: linear and periodic models. Rainfall records were analyzed of the Córdoba Observatorio and Pilar Observatorio weather stations, as from 1910 and 1925 respectively, which belong to the Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (SMN) official network, and from a rain gauge located in Colonia Caroya, with data available as from 1929, that were selected by extension criteria, temporal integrity and geographical proximity. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall test (M-K) was used to identify the nature of the change, and the Theil-Sen (T-S) to evaluate intensity. These determine a significant linear trend (P < 0.05) in the region for total amount (PP) of rainfall, number of events (DPP), proportion of warm semester rainfall with respect to annual value, intensity (INT and PPmax) and variability, both annually and for the warm semester, when most of the annual rainfall occurs. However, adjusting these rainfall series to a simple sine function reveals a periodic behavior that explains a greater proportion of the observed variability with respect to the linear model, showing a negative phase of PP, DPP and PPmax during the period 1930–1950, which subsequently becomes positive between 1970 and 2000. Rainfall variability presents great dispersion in the region so neither the sine function nor the third-degree polynomial were appropriate to represent its long-term behavior. The linear trend loses statistical significance when the periodic behavior is incorporated into the analysis, leaving open the question about the influence of global warming on changes in the hydrological cycle and particularly on the rainfall regime in the central territory of Argentina. © 2018 Elsevier B.V."
"56612092200;7401796996;8629713500;","Investigation of Liquid Cloud Microphysical Properties of Deep Convective Systems: 2. Parameterization of Raindrop Size Distribution and its Application for Convective Rain Estimation",2018,"10.1029/2018JD028727","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85055542966&doi=10.1029%2f2018JD028727&partnerID=40&md5=0f8cfae4cc942da25a1a948a3aabcaf0","The liquid cloud microphysical properties for stratiform rain (SR) have been investigated in Part 1 of this series. Since convective rain (CR) has characteristics in raindrop size distribution (DSD) and precipitation that are distinct from SR, we investigate the CR properties in this study by using 20 hr of CR samples collected by 17 Automatic Parsivel Units disdrometers during the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment over the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains site. A full spectrum of DSD is constructed based on a total of 23 size channels (0.321 to 9.785 mm), and both Gamma and Exponential fitted functions are applied to extract the DSD shape parameters. Compared to SR properties, CR has distinct features including broader size range and narrower exponential slope parameter (λE). These results indicate that the assumption of constant exponential intercept parameter (N0E) is inappropriate for CR rain rate estimates. Additionally, the subsetting scheme of the CR DSD spectra also has a strong impact on the Gamma/Exponential functions. Therefore, a new CR DSD parameterization scheme is developed by choosing the appropriate spectra subset with the constraint of rain rate and using the constant λE instead of constant N0E. With the input of the radar reflectivity at the lowest observed height, the newly calculated CR rain rates match well with the collocated surface rain gauge measurements (127 Mesonet stations and 17 Automatic Parsivel Units), while the rain rates calculated using traditional Z-R relationship are 3–4 times larger, indicating that constant λE is a better assumption for CR DSD. ©2018. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"55287000900;55781880600;7404925844;49061563400;57194388170;","Precipitation changes in the Qilian Mountains associated with the shifts of regional atmospheric water vapour during 1960–2014",2018,"10.1002/joc.5673","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85050473980&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.5673&partnerID=40&md5=127304af9b2066a0d73c593d2b9963e0","Precipitation plays an essential role in hydrological cycle, water resource availability, and ecological economics sustainable development both within the Qilian Mountains (QM) and its surrounding. On the basis of meteorological station records and reanalysis data sets, we investigate the variations of precipitation in the QM during 1960–2014 and their connection to the shifts of regional atmospheric water vapour. Results show that precipitation in the QM as a whole has experienced pronounced wetting at an annual rate of 6.95 mm/decade. Significant (at 95% confidence level) precipitation increase mainly occurs in JJA (June–August) and slightly in DJF (December–February). The evident increase of precipitation appears in the mid-east of the QM. Furthermore, the increasing rates of annual, JJA, and SON (September–November) precipitation increase with elevation, indicating obvious elevation-dependent precipitation increase in the QM. The atmospheric precipitable water (PW) for annual, JJA, and SON time series over the targeted region generally shows significant increasing trends, especially during 1979–2014. The meridional and zonal water vapour budgets positively and negatively contribute to the regional net water vapour budget, respectively. Moreover, we demonstrate that the zonal water vapour budgets are strongly intensified and meanwhile the meridional ones except in transitional seasons are weakened. Thus, regional net water vapour budgets for annual and seasonal time series are increased. All in all, the shifts of the regional atmospheric water vapour, such as the increases of PW and water vapour budget (referring to the zonal and regional net water vapour budgets), agree with the result that the QM precipitation increases from 1960 to 2014, which suggests the QM wetting trend is in connection with the changes of the atmospheric water vapour. © 2018 Royal Meteorological Society"
"57190034745;57203904410;","Assessing forecasting models on prediction of the tropical cyclone Dineo and the associated rainfall over Botswana",2018,"10.1016/j.wace.2018.07.004","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85053463343&doi=10.1016%2fj.wace.2018.07.004&partnerID=40&md5=98813d7393b3ed06b1b950d1411ea5f6","The tropical cyclone Dineo made landfall over southern Mozambique on 15 February 2017. It weakened to a remnant low on 17 February, which hit Botswana on the same day and triggered heavy rainfall that resulted in flooding over the country. This study assesses the performance of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Forecast System (GFS) and the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) models in forecasting the locations and intensity of the tropical cyclone and its remnant low, the associated cloud cover and rainfall over Botswana. The assessment includes comparison of the amount of predicted rainfall (areal-averaged rainfall) with rain gauge data, locations of predicted maximum rainfall with observed maximum rainfall and estimation of root mean square errors, forecast track and intensity errors. Data used in the performance assessment of the models are rainfall observations, best track data and Meteosat satellite visible images. The study period was 12–19 February 2017, which covered the lifespan of the weather system. Comparing model errors in forecasting the track and intensity of the tropical cyclone, both models had average forecast intensity errors greater than 17 mb while their average forecast track errors were 1.4 km or less. ECMWF performed better than GFS in three aspects: maximum rainfall values, location and intensity of the storm; and GFS performed better than ECMWF in three aspects: location of maximum rainfall, cloud band associated with the storm and overall rainfall amount (generally had lower root mean square errors). The relative performance of both models suggest that the models should be used to complement each other in forecasting tropical cyclone events in Botswana. © 2018"
"7401701196;7202772927;","The next-generation Goddard convective-stratiform heating algorithm: New tropical and warm-season retrievals for GPM",2018,"10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0224.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85049733709&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-17-0224.1&partnerID=40&md5=97aadf93489bef78565a0f648243995f","The Goddard convective-stratiform heating (CSH) algorithm, used to estimate cloud heating in support of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), is upgraded in support of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. The algorithm's lookup tables (LUTs) are revised using new and additional cloud-resolving model (CRM) simulations from the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (GCE) model, producing smoother heating patterns that span a wider range of intensities because of the increased sampling and finer GPM product grid. Low-level stratiform cooling rates are reduced in the land LUTs for a given rain intensity because of the rain evaporation correction in the new four-class ice (4ICE) scheme. Additional criteria, namely, echo-top heights and low-level reflectivity gradients, are tested for the selection of heating profiles. Those resulting LUTs show greater and more precise variation in their depth of heating as well as a tendency for stronger cooling and heating rates when low-level dBZ values decrease toward the surface. Comparisons versus TRMM for a 3-month period show much more low-level heating in the GPM retrievals because of increased detection of shallow convection, while upper-level heating patterns remain similar. The use of echo tops and low-level reflectivity gradients greatly reduces midlevel heating from ~2 to 5 km in the mean GPM heating profile, resulting in a more top-heavy profile like TRMM versus a more bottom-heavy profile with much more midlevel heating. Integrated latent heating rates are much better balanced versus surface rainfall for the GPM retrievals using the additional selection criteria with an overall bias of +4.3%. © 2018 American Meteorological Society."
"57189596892;7005395283;7102353782;","Vertical precipitation estimation using microwave links in conjunction with weather radar",2018,"10.3390/environments5070074","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85082296749&doi=10.3390%2fenvironments5070074&partnerID=40&md5=e06da1b9f4779c41733e627904cb7ff4","When monitoring rain rates by weather radar in semi-arid regions and when measuring precipitation at an arid region; precipitation particles, rain, or snowflakes may evaporate before reaching the ground. This evaporation is regarded as the Virga phenomenon and may cause a false representation of the precipitation amount that actually reaches the ground. The Virga occurs naturally when the air below the cloud is relatively dry, and continues until humidity below the base of the cloud is high enough to decrease the evaporation. This paper suggests a method of combining near ground Commercial Microwave Links (CMLs) attenuation measurements, in conjunction with data from several weather radar beams, observing different heights, in order to produce estimates of the vertical profile of the rain-rate values and of the Cloud Base level (ClB). We propose an estimation method and demonstrate it using real-data measurements of two major storm events in the dead-sea area. We verify the validity of the estimation near ground by comparing the results with Rain Gauges’ (RGs) actual measurements in addition to comparing the estimated ClB with real ClB observations of a nearby weather station. While the storm events selected indeed show great evaporation, the suggested method provides excellent results, with a correlation of up to 0.9615, when correlated with real measurements of RGs of two storms from 2014 to 2016. © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland."
"56916020400;57201494888;21233601100;","Analysis of the long-term precipitation trend in Illinois and its implications for agricultural production",2018,"10.3390/w10040433","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85045082779&doi=10.3390%2fw10040433&partnerID=40&md5=4eccc28771c95789ed9348b08e026801","Climate change is expected to modify the hydrological cycle resulting in a change in the amount, frequency, and intensity of surface precipitation. How the future hydrological pattern will look is uncertain. Climate change is expected to bring about intense periods of dryness and wetness, and such behavior is expected to be difficult to predict. Such uncertainty does not bode well for the agricultural systems of the United States (US) Midwest that are reliant on natural precipitation systems. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the behavior of precipitation during the cropping period. The manifestation of global-warming-related changes has already been reported for the last couple of decades and more so in the current decade. Thus, precipitation data from the recent past can provide vital information on what is about to come. In this study, the precipitation data of Illinois, a Midwestern state of the US with rain-fed agriculture, was analyzed with a focus on the climate dynamics during the cropping period. It was observed that even though there has been some increase in the annual precipitation amount (+1.84 mm/year) due to the increase in precipitation frequency and intensity, such change happened outside of the cropping period, thereby ensuring that climate change has not manifested itself during the cropping period. © 2018 by the authors."
"57192169899;57190209035;7103204204;6603382350;56363987000;57189215242;7005941217;57191750766;55942083800;35461763400;7004944088;7102866124;","Comparing airborne and satellite retrievals of cloud optical thickness and particle effective radius using a spectral radiance ratio technique: Two case studies for cirrus and deep convective clouds",2018,"10.5194/acp-18-4439-2018","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85045000765&doi=10.5194%2facp-18-4439-2018&partnerID=40&md5=b543f151daf504dda5d42b888a19fc37","<p>Solar radiation reflected by cirrus and deep convective clouds (DCCs) was measured by the Spectral Modular Airborne Radiation Measurement System (SMART) installed on the German High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft (HALO) during the Mid-Latitude Cirrus (ML-CIRRUS) and the Aerosol, Cloud, Precipitation, and Radiation Interaction and Dynamic of Convective Clouds System - Cloud Processes of the Main Precipitation Systems in Brazil: A Contribution to Cloud Resolving Modelling and to the Global Precipitation Measurement (ACRIDICON-CHUVA) campaigns. On particular flights, HALO performed measurements closely collocated with overpasses of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard the Aqua satellite. A cirrus cloud located above liquid water clouds and a DCC topped by an anvil cirrus are analyzed in this paper. Based on the nadir spectral upward radiance measured above the two clouds, the optical thickness and particle effective radius r eff of the cirrus and DCC are retrieved using a radiance ratio technique, which considers the cloud thermodynamic phase, the vertical profile of cloud microphysical properties, the presence of multilayer clouds, and the heterogeneity of the surface albedo. For the cirrus case, the comparison of and r eff retrieved on the basis of SMART and MODIS measurements yields a normalized mean absolute deviation of up to 1.2 % for and 2.1 % for r eff. For the DCC case, deviations of up to 3.6 % for and 6.2 % for r eff are obtained. The larger deviations in the DCC case are mainly attributed to the fast cloud evolution and three-dimensional (3-D) radiative effects. Measurements of spectral upward radiance at near-infrared wavelengths are employed to investigate the vertical profile of r eff in the cirrus. The retrieved values of r eff are compared with corresponding in situ measurements using a vertical weighting method. Compared to the MODIS observations, measurements of SMART provide more information on the vertical distribution of particle sizes, which allow reconstructing the profile of r eff close to the cloud top. The comparison between retrieved and in situ r eff yields a normalized mean absolute deviation, which ranges between 1.5 and 10.3 %, and a robust correlation coefficient of 0.82. © Author(s) 2018."
"57202072291;","Role of Eastern Ghats orography and cold pool in an extreme rainfall event over Chennai on 1 December 2015",2018,"10.1175/MWR-D-16-0473.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85047084654&doi=10.1175%2fMWR-D-16-0473.1&partnerID=40&md5=97a670a077a120bd5bf1b01aeb6fd026","Chennai and its surrounding region received extreme rainfall on 1 December 2015. A rain gauge in the city recorded 494 mm of rainfall within a span of 24 h-at least a 100-yr event. The convective system was stationary over the coast during the event. This study analyzes how the Eastern Ghats orography and moist processes localized the rainfall. ERA-Interim data show a low-level easterly jet (LLEJ) over the adjacent ocean and a barrier jet over the coast during the event. A control simulation with the nonhydrostatic Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model shows that the Eastern Ghats obstructed the precipitation-driven cold pool from moving downstream, resulting in the cold pool piling up and remaining stationary in the upwind direction. The cold pool became weak over the ocean. It stratified the subcloud layer and decelerated the flow ahead of the orography; hence, the flow entered a blocked regime. Maximum deceleration of the winds and uplifting happened at the edge of the cold pool over the coast. Therefore, a stationary convective system and maximum rainfall occurred at the coast. As a result of orographic blocking, propagation of a low pressure system (LPS) was obstructed. Because of the topographic β effect, the LPS subsequently traveled a southward path. In a sensitivity experiment without the orography, the cold pool was swept downstream by the winds; clouds moved inland. In the second experiment with no evaporative cooling of rain, the cold pool did not form; flow, as well as clouds, moved over the orography. © 2018 American Meteorological Society."
"57193838680;57195754671;57200494571;57200504591;57200495690;57193826720;6603384840;35812440600;6602173192;23566350000;","Preferential flow in the vadose zone and interface dynamics: Impact of microbial exudates",2018,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.12.065","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85041420011&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2017.12.065&partnerID=40&md5=6a46ecfb8e7bba3ea1d7a1b022f354aa","In the hydrological cycle, the infiltration process is a critical component in the distribution of water into the soil and in the groundwater system. The nonlinear dynamics of the soil infiltration process yield preferential flow which affects the water distribution in soil. Preferential flow is influenced by the interactions between water, soil, plants, and microorganisms. Although the relationship among the plant roots, their rhizodeposits and water transport in soil has been the subject of extensive study, the effect of microbial exudates has been studied in only a few cases. Here the authors investigated the influence of two artificial microbial exudates–catechol and riboflavin–on the infiltration process, particularly unstable fingered flow, one form of preferential flow. Flow experiments investigating the effects of types and concentrations of microbial exudates on unstable fingered flow were conducted in a two-dimensional tank that was filled with ASTM C778 graded silica sand. The light transmission method (LTM) which is based on capturing the light intensity transmitted through a sand-water system and then converting it into degree of water saturation was used to visualize and characterize the flow of water in porous media as well as to image and measure the spatial and temporal distribution of water in porous media. Flow patterns, vertical and horizontal profiles of the degree of water saturation of the fingers, as well as measurements of the fingers dimension (width), number, and velocity were determined using the light transmission method. Interfacial experiments exploring the influence of microbial exudates on the wettability behavior of water were performed by measuring the contact angle and the interfacial tension of the (solid)-gas-microbial exudate solution systems. Unstable wetting front generating fingered flow was observed in all infiltration experiments. The experimental results showed that the microbial exudate addition affected the infiltration process, as the measurements of the degree of saturation profiles and widths of the fingers differed from those of the control NaCl solution. These differences may be due to an improved water holding capacity in the presence of the microbial exudates. The lowest catechol solution concentration (10 μM) produced the largest finger width (9.69 cm) among the tested catechol solution concentrations and all the other solutions including the control solution (7.24 cm). Moreover, the wettability of the medium for the catechol solution increased with an increase in concentration. The highest riboflavin solution concentration (1000 μM) generated the highest finger width (7.75 cm) among the tested riboflavin solution concentrations. However, the wettability of the medium for the riboflavin solution decreased with an increase in concentration. Our study demonstrated that the microbial exudates which are biochemical compounds produced and released by microbes in the environment are capable of influencing the soil infiltration process. The results of this study also demonstrated that the influence of the contact angle expressed as (cosθ)1/2 should be integrated in the scaling of the finger dimension, i.e., finger width, when the Miller and Miller (1956) scaling theory is applied for the hydrodynamic scaling in porous media. © 2018 Elsevier B.V."
"36337783200;36177823900;7004135527;35551238800;56212055700;7004881313;","Role of moisture patterns in the backbuilding formation of HyMeX IOP13 heavy precipitation systems",2018,"10.1002/qj.3201","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042306829&doi=10.1002%2fqj.3201&partnerID=40&md5=941f166b3274da0ff1fe80d9dad60aca","Mediterranean regions are regularly affected by heavy convective precipitation. During the Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment Intensive Observation Period 13 (HyMeX-IOP13), the multi-platform observation strategy allowed analysis of the backbuilding convective systems that developed on 14 October 2012, as well as the associated moisture structures in the environment upstream of convection. The numerical simulation at 2.5 km horizontal resolution succeeds in reproducing the location and time evolution of the observed heavy precipitation systems and the main characteristics of the marine air mass. Convection develops in Southeastern France over the foothills closest to the coast when a moist conditionally unstable marine boundary layer topped by particularly dry air masses is advected inland. Cold air formed by evaporative cooling under the precipitating cells flows down the valleys, slowly shifting the location of the backbuilding convective cells from the mountainsides to the coast and over the sea. Surface observations confirm that these simulated backbuilding mechanisms describe the processes involved in maintenance of the heavy precipitation event realistically. A Lagrangian analysis shows that the moisture supply to the convective system is provided by the moist conditionally unstable marine boundary layer, while the dry air masses above are involved in cold-pool formation. Four days before the event, both dry and moist air masses come from the Atlantic Ocean in the lower half of the troposphere. The dry air mass involved in cold-pool formation results from both the advection of mid-level air masses and the drying of low-level air masses lifted up over Spain. For the moist air mass feeding the backbuilding convective systems, most of the air parcels overpass France before travelling almost 48 h in the lowest 1000 m above the Mediterranean. About 50% of the moisture supply to the precipitating system originates from evaporation over the sea. © 2017 Royal Meteorological Society"
"55322802900;34978363800;57062971200;57188753099;7103355833;","Accounting for water formation from hydrocarbon fuel combustion in life cycle analyses",2017,"10.1088/1748-9326/aa8390","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85030780986&doi=10.1088%2f1748-9326%2faa8390&partnerID=40&md5=6ea85b471f58a44de2a0bfaedc435b55","Hydrocarbon fuel production and utilization are considered water intensive processes due to the high volumes of water used in source development and fuel processing. At the same time, there is significant water formed during combustion. However, this water is not currently widely harvested at the site of production. Instead, it is added to the hydrologic cycle, often in a different location from the fuel production site. This study quantifies the water formed from combustion of these fuels and analyzes the magnitudes of formation in the context of other hydrologic sources and sinks in order to facilitate future assessments of water harvesting technology and/or atmospheric impacts of combustion. Annual water formation from stoichiometric combustion of hydrocarbon fuels, including natural gas, oil-and natural gas liquid-derived products, and coal, in the United States and worldwide are presented and compared with quantities of water sequestered, evaporated, and stored in the atmosphere. Water production factors in terms of mass and energy of fuel consumed, WPFm and WPFe, respectively, are defined for the comparison of fuels and incorporation into future life cycle analyses (LCAs). Results show that water formation from combustion has increased worldwide from 2005 to 2015, with the largest increase coming from growth in combustion of natural gas. Water formation from combustion of hydrocarbon fuels equals or exceeds water sequestered from the hydrologic cycle through deep well injection in the US annually. Overall, water formation is deemed significant enough to warrant consideration by LCAs of water intensity in fuel production and use, and should be included in future analyses. © 2017 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd."
"35767566800;8866821900;23082420800;30967646900;","Sensitivities of the hydrologic cycle to model physics, grid resolution, and ocean type in the aquaplanet Community Atmosphere Model",2017,"10.1002/2016MS000891","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85020132447&doi=10.1002%2f2016MS000891&partnerID=40&md5=7dbdd1f531418e591739ccf0c3f52490","Precipitation distributions and extremes play a fundamental role in shaping Earth's climate and yet are poorly represented in many global climate models. Here, a suite of idealized Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) aquaplanet simulations is examined to assess the aquaplanet's ability to reproduce hydroclimate statistics of real-Earth configurations and to investigate sensitivities of precipitation distributions and extremes to model physics, horizontal grid resolution, and ocean type. Little difference in precipitation statistics is found between aquaplanets using time-constant sea-surface temperatures and those implementing a slab ocean model with a 50 m mixed-layer depth. In contrast, CAM version 5.3 (CAM5.3) produces more time mean, zonally averaged precipitation than CAM version 4 (CAM4), while CAM4 generates significantly larger precipitation variance and frequencies of extremely intense precipitation events. The largest model configuration-based precipitation sensitivities relate to choice of horizontal grid resolution in the selected range 1–2°. Refining grid resolution has significant physics-dependent effects on tropical precipitation: for CAM4, time mean zonal mean precipitation increases along the Equator and the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) narrows, while for CAM5.3 precipitation decreases along the Equator and the twin branches of the ITCZ shift poleward. Increased grid resolution also reduces light precipitation frequencies and enhances extreme precipitation for both CAM4 and CAM5.3 resulting in better alignment with observational estimates. A discussion of the potential implications these hydrologic cycle sensitivities have on the interpretation of precipitation statistics in future climate projections is also presented. © 2017. The Authors."
"57190175575;55716840000;","Temporal distribution characteristics of alpine precipitation and their vertical differentiation: A case study from the upper Shule River",2017,"10.3390/w9040284","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85018494547&doi=10.3390%2fw9040284&partnerID=40&md5=822ae96be6c1f21809373511156f2b74","Alpine precipitation is an important component of the mountain hydrological cycle and may also be a determinant of water resources in inland river basins. In this study, based on field observation data of the upper Shule River and daily precipitation records of the Tuole weather station during 2009-2015, temporal distribution characteristics of alpine precipitation and their vertical differentiation were evaluated mainly using percentages of precipitation anomalies (Pa), coefficient of variation (Cv), precipitation concentration degree (PCD) and concentration period (PCP). The results indicated that the inter-annual variability of annual precipitation was generally small, with a Pa that was only somewhat larger in low altitude zones for individual years; the inter-annual fluctuation of monthly precipitation increased noticeably, but the Cv and precipitation can be described as a power function. Annual distribution was basically consistent; more than 85.6% of precipitation was concentrated during the period from May to September; PCD ranged between 0.71 and 0.83 while the PCP was located within the 37th-41st pentads. Diurnal variation of precipitation was defined, mainly occurring from 1500 to 0100 Local Standard Time, and displayed a vertical change that was dominated by precipitation intensity or precipitation frequency. The temporal distribution of alpine precipitation has a noticeable vertical differentiation, and this is likely to originate from the diversity of precipitation mechanisms in mountainous terrain areas. © 2017 by the authors."
"7003997130;29467691000;36059844000;","Structure and evolution of a warm frontal precipitation band during the GPM cold season precipitation experiment (GCPEx)",2017,"10.1175/MWR-D-16-0072.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85011655510&doi=10.1175%2fMWR-D-16-0072.1&partnerID=40&md5=3237f7d63be5dafccd79b23265f16ecd","This paper describes the evolution of an intense precipitation band associated with a relatively weak warm front observed during the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Mission Cold Season Precipitation Experiment (GCPEx) over southern Ontario, Canada, on 18 February 2012. The warm frontal precipitation band went through genesis, maturity, and decay over a 5-6-h period. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model nested down to 1-km grid spacing was able to realistically predict the precipitation band evolution, albeit somewhat weaker and slightly farther south than observed. Band genesis began in an area of precipitation with embedded convection to the north of the warm front in a region of weak frontogenetical forcing at low levels and a weakly positive to slightly negative moist potential vorticity (MPV*) from 900 to 650 hPa. A midlevel dry intrusion helped reduce the midlevel stability, while the precipitation band intensified as the low-level frontogenesis intensified in a sloping layer with the warm front. Aggregates of unrimed snow occurred within the band during early maturity, while more supercooled water and graupel occurred as the upward motion increased because of the frontogenetical circulation. As the low-level cyclone moved east, the low-level deformation decreased and the column stabilized for vertical and slantwise ascent, and the warm frontal band weakened. A WRF experiment turning off latent heating resulted in limited precipitation band development and a weaker warm front, while turning off latent cooling only intensified the frontal precipitation band as additional midlevel instability compensated for the small decrease in frontogenetical forcing. © 2017 American Meteorological Society."
"36552332100;56780353200;6603377859;6603663168;6701653010;","Capabilities of the Johnson SB distribution in estimating rain variables",2016,"10.1016/j.advwatres.2016.09.017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84992053173&doi=10.1016%2fj.advwatres.2016.09.017&partnerID=40&md5=9a580e39764bf833b4638a11f292c74b","Numerous fields of atmospheric and hydrological sciences require the parametric form of the raindrop size distribution (DSD) to estimate the rainfall rate from radar observables as well as in cloud resolving and weather forecasting models. This study aims to investigate the capability of the Johnson SB distribution (JSB) in estimating rain integral parameters. Specifically, rainfall rate (R), reflectivity factor (Z) and mean mass diameter (Dmass) estimated by JSB are compared with those estimated by a three-parameter Gamma distribution, widely used by radar meteorologists and atmospheric physicists to model natural DSD. A large dataset consisting of more than 155,000 one-minute DSD, from six field campaigns of Ground Validation (GV) program of NASA/JAXA Global Precipitation Measurement mission (GPM), is used to test the performance of both JSB and Gamma distribution. The available datasets cover a wide range of rain regimes because of the field campaigns were carried out in different seasons and locations. Correlation coefficient, bias, root mean square error (RMSE) and fractional standard error (FSE) between estimated and measured integral parameters are calculated to compare the performances of the two distributions. The capability of JSB in estimating the integral parameters, especially R and Z, resulted very close to that of Gamma distribution. In particular, for light precipitation, JSB is superior to Gamma distribution in estimating R with FSE of 11% with respect to values ranging between 25% and 37% about for Gamma. Comparison of the estimated and measured DSDs shows that the JSB distribution reproduces the natural DSD quite accurately. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd"
"24376965000;36093966500;57189637020;56095414700;6505588595;","Mesoscale extreme rainfall events in West Africa: The cases of Niamey (Niger) and the Upper Ouémé Valley (Benin)",2016,"10.1016/j.wace.2016.05.001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84973577781&doi=10.1016%2fj.wace.2016.05.001&partnerID=40&md5=a751ca9856aefb52695354300f579285","In West Africa, a sharp decrease in rainfall has occurred in conjunction with an increase in flood damage since 1970. The material damage and loss of life resulting from floods highlights the undeniable vulnerability of populations to this threat and illustrates the importance of addressing the evolution of hazardous precipitation caused by intense rainstorms. This work aims to improve our knowledge of the behaviour of extreme rainfall in West Africa by studying the sub-hourly, hourly and daily evolution of the most extreme rainfall events, a topic that is especially important to those interested in studying the links between heavy rainfall and flash flooding or inundation. This study analyses the classes of extreme rainfall events in two distinct climatic areas within West Africa using the meteorological scales relevant to rainfall processes. The study is based on two precipitation datasets recorded by dense networks of rain gauges set up within the meso-sites of Niamey (Niger, Sahelian area) and the Upper Ouémé Valley (Northern Benin, Soudanian zone) from 2000 to 2010 and 1998 to 2010, respectively. The Gumbel distribution was used to analyse the frequency of the maximum rainfall series for durations varying from 5 min to 24 h. The reliability of this model was examined, and the Intensity-Density-Frequency (IDF) curves derived from it were used to estimate the critical rainfall intensities at each site. The results returned exceeded frequencies that were useful for the isolation and classification of extreme rainfall cases using temporal characteristics. The climatological results confirm the existence of a latitudinal gradient in the mean annual rainfall and number of extreme events at the mesoscale. The classification methods illustrate clear distinctions between local, meso and synoptic scale events derived from convective systems over the Sahel. In contrast, Soudanian climate conditions lead to a nesting of the phenomena involved in the formation of cloud systems, making it difficult to classify rain events in that area. However, we were able to utilize the duration of rainfall events within this zone to discriminate between types of convective systems that cause extreme rainfall. For both areas, the proportion of precipitation in an extreme event compared to total yearly precipitation served as a suitable additional criterion used to objectively identify extreme precipitation event types. © 2016 The Authors"
"25626246000;8703963700;56042289500;7404210314;57188825113;","Investigation of riming within mixed-phase stratiform clouds using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model",2016,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.04.007","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84963705994&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2016.04.007&partnerID=40&md5=2d3be6393335ae81d9a98f132bbaeef2","In this study, we investigated stratiform precipitation associated with an upper-level westerly trough and a cold front over northern China between 30 Apr. and 1 May 2009. We employed the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (version 3.4.1) to perform high-resolution numerical simulations of rainfall. We also conducted simulations with two microphysics schemes and sensitivity experiments without riming of snow and changing cloud droplet number concentrations (CDNCs) to determine the effect of snow riming on cloud structure and precipitation. Then we compared our results with CloudSat, Doppler radar and rain gauge observations. The comparison with the Doppler radar observations suggested that the WRF model was quite successful in capturing the timing and location of the stratiform precipitation region. Further comparisons with the CloudSat retrievals suggested that both microphysics schemes overestimated ice and liquid water contents. The sensitivity experiments without riming of snow suggested that the presence or absence of riming significantly influenced the precipitation distribution, but only slightly affected total accumulated precipitation. Without riming of snow, the changes of updrafts from the two microphysics schemes were different due to a different consideration of ice particle capacitance and latent heat effect of riming on deposition. While sensitivity experiments with three different CDNC values of 100, 250 and 1000 cm-3 suggested variations in snow riming rates, changing CDNC had little impact on precipitation. © 2016 Elsevier B.V."
"55417853000;57190585266;6701669739;16317592400;55386235300;6506948406;55436052900;7005123385;57190583856;","Optimization of cloud-radiation databases for passive microwave precipitation retrievals over ocean",2016,"10.1175/JTECH-D-15-0198.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84981344722&doi=10.1175%2fJTECH-D-15-0198.1&partnerID=40&md5=208a76d6759dec5aa04502d45b05659b","Using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) observations from storms collected over the oceans surrounding East Asia, during summer, a method of creating physically consistent cloud-radiation databases to support satellite radiometer retrievals is introduced. In this method, vertical profiles of numerical modelsimulated cloud and precipitation fields are optimized againstTRMMradar and radiometer observations using a hybrid empirical orthogonal function (EOF)-one-dimensional variational (1DVAR) approach. The optimization is based on comparing simulated to observed radar reflectivity profiles and the corresponding passive microwave observations at the frequencies of the TRMMMicrowave Imager (TMI) instrument. To minimize the discrepancies between the actual and the synthetic observations, the simulated cloud and precipitation profiles are optimized by adjusting the contents of the hydrometeors. To reduce the dimension of the hydrometeor content profiles in the optimization, multivariate relations among hydrometeor species are used. After applying the optimization method to modify the simulated clouds, the optimized cloud-radiation database has a joint distribution of reflectivity and associated brightness temperatures that is considerably closer to that observed by TRMM PR and TMI, especially at 85 GHz. This implies that the EOF-1DVAR approach can generate profiles with realistic distributions of frozen hydrometeors, such as snow and graupel. This approach may be similarly adapted to operate with the variety and capabilities of the passive microwave radiometers that compose the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) constellation. Furthermore, it can be extended to other oceanic regions and seasons. © 2016 American Meteorological Society."
"54983317400;36899513900;35232873900;57030874000;","Terrestrial water flux responses to global warming in tropical rainforest areas",2016,"10.1002/2015EF000350","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85001515012&doi=10.1002%2f2015EF000350&partnerID=40&md5=2bcacb88c529cdf749441bd5f130ae4e","Precipitation extremes are expected to become more frequent in the changing global climate, which may considerably affect the terrestrial hydrological cycle. In this study, Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 archives have been examined to explore the changes in normalized terrestrial water fluxes (precipitation minus evapotranspiration minus total runoff, divided by the precipitation climatology) in three tropical rainforest areas: Maritime Continent, Congo, and Amazon. Results show that a higher frequency of intense precipitation events is predicted for the Maritime Continent in the future climate than in the present climate, but not for the Amazon or Congo rainforests. Nonlinear responses to extreme precipitation lead to a reduced groundwater recharge and a proportionately greater amount of direct runoff, particularly for the Maritime Continent, where both the amount and intensity of precipitation increase under global warming. We suggest that the nonlinear response is related to the existence of a higher near-surface soil moisture over the Maritime Continent than that over the Amazon and Congo rainforests. The wetter soil over the Maritime Continent also leads to an increased subsurface runoff. Thus, increased precipitation extremes and concomitantly reduced terrestrial water fluxes lead to an intensified hydrological cycle for the Maritime Continent. This has the potential to result in a strong temporal heterogeneity in soil water distribution affecting the ecosystem of the rainforest region and increasing the risk of flooding and/or landslides. © 2016 The Authors."
"7202667312;55431132700;6701915969;7102063144;7102021223;","Rain detection and measurement from Megha-Tropiques microwave sounder-SAPHIR",2016,"10.1002/2016JD024907","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84981308207&doi=10.1002%2f2016JD024907&partnerID=40&md5=e1ba58b01303651081e8413d0ee2e32b","The Megha-Tropiques, an Indo-French satellite, carries on board a microwave sounder, Sondeur Atmosphérique du Profil d’Humidité Intertropical par Radiométrie (SAPHIR), and a microwave radiometer, Microwave Analysis and Detection of Rain and Atmospheric Structures (MADRAS), along with two other instruments. Being a Global Precipitation Measurement constellation satellite MT-MADRAS was an important sensor to study the convective clouds and rainfall. Due to the nonfunctioning of MADRAS, the possibility of detection and estimation of rain from SAPHIR is explored. Using near-concurrent SAPHIR and precipitation radar (PR) onboard Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) observations, the rain effect on SAPHIR channels is examined. All the six channels of the SAPHIR are used to calculate the average rain probability (PR) for each SAPHIR pixel. Further, an exponential rain retrieval algorithm is developed. This algorithm explains a correlation of 0.72, RMS error of 0.75 mm/h, and bias of 0.04 mm/h. When rain identification and retrieval algorithms are applied together, it explains a correlation of 0.69 with an RMS error of 0.47 mm/h and bias of 0.01 mm/h. On applying the algorithm to the independent SAPHIR data set and compared with TRMM-3B42 rain on monthly scale, it explains a correlation of 0.85 and RMS error of 0.09 mm/h. Further distribution of rain difference of SAPHIR with other rain products is presented on global scale as well as for the climatic zones. For examining the capability of SAPHIR to measure intense rain, instantaneous rain over Phailin cyclone from SAPHIR is compared with other standard satellite-based rain products such as 3B42, Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation, and Precipitation Estimation from Remote Sensing Information using Artificial Neural Network. © 2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"6602848409;","Bauxites: Feedbacks of system earth at greenhouse times",2016,"10.4154/gc.2016.07","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84959422270&doi=10.4154%2fgc.2016.07&partnerID=40&md5=4a622f23f79693446e472ec474d7b206","The sedimentary record is an inexhaustible repository of information on global climates. The study of documents of past climate change may help us to understand not only the causes and presumable effects of the current change, but also to reveal the often complex and subtle mechanisms regulating the system. Ferrallitic soils and soil-derived sediments (=bauxites) are generally considered as best climate-indicators on dry-land. Their frequency distribution through geologic time shows pronounced positive anomalies coincident with greenhouse periods of Earths’ history. It is proposed that intense ferrallitic weathering instead of being simply the passive product of the greenhouse could be also one of the negative feedbacks of the system counteracting warming by contributing to the pump-down of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. In this way it helped to decelerate both the carbon-cycle and the hydrological-cycle. The mass-transfer of oxygen from the atmosphere to the lithosphere is tentatively considered as an additional negative feedback acting to slow down oxidative weathering on land. It is suggested that the study of bauxites and correlative anoxic sediments in the oceans should be used to reveal details of the above complex regulation mechanism. © 2016, Institute of Geology. All rights reserved."
"7102998392;55803438700;","Numerical simulation and analysis of the April 2013 Chicago Floods",2015,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.09.004","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84941578325&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2015.09.004&partnerID=40&md5=ce0c3b6d2eed31ba6640a74d97c58341","The weather event associated to record Chicago floods on April 2013 is investigated by using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Observations at Argonne National Laboratory and multi-sensor (weather radar and rain gauge) precipitation data from the National Weather Service were employed to evaluate the model's performance. The WRF model captured the synoptic-scale atmospheric features well, but the simulated 24-h accumulated precipitation and short-period temporal evolution of precipitation over the heavy-rain region were less successful. To investigate the potential reasons for the model bias, four supplementary sensitivity experiments using various microphysics schemes and cumulus parameterizations were designed. Of the five tested parameterizations, the WRF Single-Moment 6-class (WSM6) graupel scheme and Kain-Fritsch (KF) cumulus parameterization outperformed the others, such as Grell-Dévényi (GD) cumulus parameterization, which underestimated the precipitation by 30-50% on a regional-average scale. Morrison microphysics and KF outperformed the others for the spatial patterns of 24-h accumulated precipitation. The spatial correlation between observation and Morrison-KF was 0.45, higher than those for other simulations. All of the simulations underestimated the precipitation over northeastern Illinois (especially at Argonne) during 0400-0800 UTC 18 April because of weak ascending motion or small moisture. All of the simulations except WSM6-GD also underestimated the precipitation during 1200-1600 UTC 18 April because of. © 2015 UChicago Argonne, LLC, Operator of Argonne National Laboratory."
"56647481100;56647730800;23096443800;7202530955;","Evaluation of GPROF-SSMI/S rainfall estimates over land during the Brazilian CHUVA-VALE campaign",2015,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.11.010","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84929472562&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2014.11.010&partnerID=40&md5=5b71975fb2b23766555a6d399b9cbaa3","One of the major goals of the CHUVA project (Cloud processes of tHe main precipitation systems in Brazil: A contribUtion to cloud resolVing modeling and to the GPM [GlobAl Precipitation Measurement]) is to collect information about the cloud processes of the main precipitating systems over Brazil in order to evaluate and improve the quality of satellite-based precipitation estimates. Thus, this paper evaluates the performance of the Goddard Profiling Algorithm (GPROF) version 2004 for the Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS) sensor, carried onboard the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F16, F17 and F18 satellites, for instantaneous rain rates over land by comparing with other remote sensing based estimates such as X-band dual polarization rainfall retrievals from the CHUVA Project (named here X-band CHUVA radar) and TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission) Precipitation Radar - version 7 (PR-V7) precipitation estimates (named here the 2A25_V7 product) for the CHUVA-VALE campaign. The analyses were performed on an area within a radius of 60 km from the X-band CHUVA radar, located at São José dos Campos, SP - Brazil (centered at 23.2°S and 45.95°W) and another delimited by 41°W-51°W and 18°S-28°S (10° x 10° box). GPROF showed an overestimate of light/moderate rain rate intensities, while underestimating the rainfall rates above 10 mm h-1, considering the X-band CHUVA radar as reference. The same behavior was observed when compared with the 2A25_V7 database. Through a PDF analysis, GPROF was found to overestimate the frequencies of moderate rain rates (between 2 and 10 mm h-1, above 15%), and underestimate the frequencies of light and high rain rates (<2 mm h-1 and >10 mm h-1, respectively) when compared to both the X-band CHUVA radar and 2A25_V7 reference databases. The results for the studied region suggest that GPROF has a relatively good agreement (spatial distribution and accumulated rainfall), especially for convective rain cases, due the significant presence of ice scattering. However, the intensity of light/moderate rains is overestimated. © 2014 Elsevier B.V."
"55668091800;7202372004;56169008600;55185058900;57211094657;36835217600;","Effects of precipitation and potential evaporation on actual evapotranspiration over the Laohahe basin, northern China",2015,"10.5194/piahs-371-173-2015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84954496761&doi=10.5194%2fpiahs-371-173-2015&partnerID=40&md5=f330a30eff14aaedf190f9ec37fe5fbe","Problems associated with water scarcity are facing new challenges under the climate change. As one of main consumptions in water cycle on the Earth, evapotranspiration plays a crucial role in regional water budget. In this paper, we employ two methods, i.e. hydrological sensitivity analysis and hydrological model simulation, to investigate the effect of climate variability and climatic change on actual evapotranspiration (Ea) within the Laohahe basin during 1964-2009. Calibrations of the two methods are firstly conducted during the baseline period (1964-1979), then with the two benchmarked models, simulations in climatic change duration (1980-2009) are further conducted and quantitative assessments on climatic change-induced variation of Ea are analysed accordingly. The results show that affected by combined impacts of decreased precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, variation of annual Ea in most sub-catchments suffer a downward trend during 1980-2009, with a higher descending rate in northern catchments. At decadal scale, Ea shows significant oscillation in accordance with precipitation patterns. Northern catchments generally suffer more decadal Ea changes than southern catchments, implying the impact of climatic change on decadal Ea is more intense in semi-arid areas than that in semi-humid regions. For whole changed durations, a general 0-20 mm reduction of Ea is found in most parts of studied region. For this water-limited region, Ea shows higher sensitivity to precipitation than to potential evaporation, which confirms the significant role of precipitation in controlling Ea patterns, whereas the impact of potential evapotranspiration variation would be negligible. © Author(s) 2015."
"23567652200;56237745100;23566595200;23568563600;","The hydrological performance of a green roof: An experimental study in the university of Calabria, Italy",2014,"10.2495/SC141412","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84925446157&doi=10.2495%2fSC141412&partnerID=40&md5=399cfa51d4db625a358cb2f3dd386ec1","In an urban environment, the progressive increase of impermeable surfaces has produced drastic changes in the natural hydrological cycle. Heavy rainfall-runoff events may overwhelm urban drainage systems, causing consequent flooding, which may be dangerous to human life and urban infrastructures. The reduction of green areas and the surface sealing do not only produce negative effects from a hydrological-hydraulic perspective, but also from an energy point of view, contributing to modifying the urban microclimate. In the urban environment the use of green roofs may represent a sustainable solution to abate urban runoff quantity and quality, by retaining a portion of drained rainwater, and to reduce a heated island effect. The innovative green roof at the University of Calabria consists of light-weight layers and is covered by Mediterranean plant species. The green roof is monitored with an intensive system to retrieve hydrological and hydraulic parameters across the stratigraphy and in the surrounding environment. The objective of this study is to show the hydraulic response of a green roof in the Mediterranean climate during dry and wet weather conditions. The hydrological performance evaluation was based on water content data monitored across the entire stratigraphy and the flow rates released at the outflow for three rainfall-runoff events and for three dry weather events. The study shows the advanced monitoring system and the temporal distribution of effluent flow rate and water content for the investigated green roof and the bar roof. © 2014 WIT Press."
"55773982900;7003512303;7003494572;","The Arctic freshwater cycle during a naturally and an anthropogenically induced warm climate",2014,"10.1007/s00382-013-1849-y","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84897572741&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-013-1849-y&partnerID=40&md5=0cfb5eb2336bfda08b573653242f143a","The Arctic freshwater cycle plays an important role in regulating regional and global climate. Current observations suggest that an intensification of the high-northern latitude hydrological cycle has caused a freshening of the Arctic and sub-Arctic seas, increasing the potential of weakening overturning strength in the Nordic seas, and reducing temperatures. It is not known if this freshening is a manifestation of the current anthropogenic warming and if the Arctic freshwater cycle has exhibited similar changes in the past, in particular as a response to naturally induced periods of warming, for example during the mid-Holocene hypsithermal. Thus, we have used an earth model of intermediate complexity, LOVECLIM, to investigate the response of the Arctic freshwater cycle, during two warm periods that evolved under different sets of forcings, the mid-Holocene and the twenty-first century. A combination of proxy reconstructions and modelling studies have shown these two periods to exhibit similar surface temperature anomalies, compared to the pre-industrial period, however, it has yet to be determined if the Arctic freshwater cycle and thus, the transport and redistribution of freshwater to the Arctic and the sub-Arctic seas, during these two warm periods, is comparable. Here we provide an overview that shows that the response of the Arctic freshwater cycle during the first half of the twenty-first century can be interpreted as an 'extreme' mid-Holocene hydrological cycle. Whilst for the remainder of the twenty-first century, the Arctic freshwater cycle and the majority of its components will likely transition into what can only be described as truly anthropogenic in nature. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg."
"16554436500;56076245300;7004389152;","Improvement to the Thornthwaite Method to Study the Runoff at a Basin Scale Using Temporal Remote Sensing Data",2014,"10.1007/s11269-014-0564-8","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84897572602&doi=10.1007%2fs11269-014-0564-8&partnerID=40&md5=490b770f7b48c53fa74e9b7764c01216","Most of the popular hydrological models are intensive data driven hence, it has become a constraint in computing runoff of river basins where the meteorological data availability is scant. Studying environmental impact assessment on runoff has also become complex in many basins due to non-availability of sufficient historic meteorological data. Directly or indirectly, major components of hydrological cycle such as evapotranspiration and soil moisture are dependent on land use pattern at basin scale. Keeping in view of this, in this paper, an attempt was made to propose modification to simple monthly water balance model by integrating potential evapotranspiration with land use coefficients that were derived from the temporal satellite remote sensing data to compute runoff at basin scale. Godavari Basin, India was selected as study basin to demonstrate the approach. Monthly land use coefficients of all land use classes were computed during the calibration process of the model by matching the computed runoff with field runoff. Runoff during the last 18 years (1990-91 to 2007-08) was computed using the developed methodology. Four years datasets were used for model calibration and the rest of the data for model validation. Spatial annual groundwater flux, reservoir flux and domestic water consumption grids were computed using the field data and integrated with the model in computing runoff. From the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient, it is found that computed runoff is very well matching the field runoff. The demonstrated approach is found to be more accurate and simple in computing runoff at basin scale in absence of high intensity meteorological data. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht."
"55946401600;7405972102;","The role of gps precipitable water vapor and atmosphere stability index in the statistically based rainfall estimation using MTSAT data",2013,"10.1175/JHM-D-12-0128.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84888870950&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-12-0128.1&partnerID=40&md5=3bade5cbc9db019930718e27b156040c","A rainfall estimation method was developed based on the statistical relationships between cloud-top temperature and rainfall rates acquired by both the 10.8-μm channel of the Multi-Functional Transport Satellite (MTSAT) series and the Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System (AMeDAS) C-band radar, respectively. The method focused on cumulonimbus (Cb) clouds and was developed in the period of June-September 2010 and 2011 over the landmass of Japan and its surrounding area. Total precipitable water vapor (PWV) and atmospheric vertical instability were considered to represent the atmospheric environmental conditions during the development of statistical models. Validations were performed by comparing the estimated values with the observed rainfall derived from the AMeDAS rain gauge network and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 rainfall estimation product. The results demonstrated that the models that considered the combination of total PWV and atmospheric vertical instability were relatively more sensitive to heavy rainfall than were the models that considered no atmospheric environmental conditions. The use of such combined information indicated a reasonable improvement, especially in terms of the correlation between estimated and observed rainfall. Intercomparison results with the TRMM 3B42 confirmed that MTSAT-based rainfall estimations made by considering atmospheric environmental conditions were more accurate for estimating rainfall generated by Cb cloud. © 2013 American Meteorological Society."
"55585052300;35201884700;55585720400;57201062262;55585538500;","Hydrologic regime of interception for typical forest ecosystem at subalpine of Western Sichuan, China",2013,"10.5846/stxb201111301828","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84873544866&doi=10.5846%2fstxb201111301828&partnerID=40&md5=4259f3b56224f550f96a850fa86eacd4","Interception loss is a key process for hydrological cycle. Hydrological function is one of the most important aspects of forest ecosystem function. Canopy and forest litter can enforce rainfall to be re-distributed spatially. Canopy interception is that proportion of rainfall stored and later evaporated from canopy during and after rainfall. Forest litter interception is the rainfall or throughfall stored and evaporated from forest litter directly. Canopy interception can account for 25% -50% of total precipitation in coniferous forests and 10% -35% in broadleaved forests respectively. It is influenced by canopy characteristics, forest age and climatic conditions and so on. Throughfall does not transfer to soil water or runoff completely because of forest litter interception, which can account for 20% of throughfall. The rainfall intercepted is useless for plant growth. However, rainfall is re-distributed by canopy and forest litter, which is significantly important for the balance of soil water. To obtain a thorough understanding of canopy and forest litter interception and their hydrological effects, in-situ experiment for canopy interception and rainfall simulation experiment for litter interception were conducted from May to October during 2008 and 2009. Middle-aged Abies fabri, mature Abies fabri, coniferous and broadleaf mixed forest were chosen for our study, which consist of the main forest types in subalpine Mountain Gongga. Large troughs, which were 305×24cm in size, were used to collect throughfall. Many researches indicated that large troughs can reduce observation errors. Forest litter interception was obtained by method of artificially simulated rainfall. The rainfall intensity was 0. 35 mm/h. Forest litter interception was calculated as the difference between rainfall and water outflowed. The result showed that canopy interception was 20.9% for middle-aged Abies fabri during 2008, 23.0% and 23.6% for mixed forest in 2008 and 2009, respectively. Canopy interception was almost invariable between years. Canopy interception was controlled mainly by rainfall characteristic, especially rainfall density and rainfall amount. Wind speed seemed to have no effect on rainfall intercepted by canopy, because of the low wind speed and hard twigs in our study area. Forest litter had a larger water holding capacity than did canopy. The saturated litter interception was 5.1, 5.1 and 5.7 mm for middle-aged Abies fabri, mature Abies fabri, coniferous and broadleaf mixed forest respectively, while the corresponding saturated canopy interception was about 1.21, 3.15 and 1.23 mm. The fully decomposed forest litter had the largest water holding capacity. To reduce the lag time effect, the experimental scale for artificially simulated forest litter interception should be larger than 4 m2. Although forest litter had a larger water holding capacity than did canopy, evaporation rate was significantly higher in the canopy than on forest floor. This was because the wind speed was low under the canopy, and forest ground received less radiation energy due to high canopy coverage. These two factors resulted in a weaker driving force of evaporation on forest floor. Therefore, the main component of the evaporation due to interception was from the canopy."
"6701674643;","Old wine in new skins - eutrophication reloaded: Global perspectives of potential amplification by climate warming, altered hydrological cycle and human interference",2013,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84893415996&partnerID=40&md5=dc127c20221a54d7d3aaef1ea1e5323c","Natural or anthropogenic enrichment of surface waters through input of nutrients, commonly referred to as Eutrophication, is essentially a catchment related process. The relative importance of different hydrological pathways in the water shed are therefore of crucial significance. Although eutrophication has a rather long history, the problem and its implications became particularly apparent in the mid-20th century as a consequence of population density, urban development, tourism, industry and agricultural practices. To maintain sustainable human societies profound water management was and is required including concepts to restore or rehabilitate surface waters and to prevent further deterioration. Mitigation of nutrient input was successful in many regions but failed or responded slowly in others, often as a result of inlake processes. The growing water demand and the lack of clean water in large parts of the world necessitate elaborate models in the near future particularly under warmer climate scenarios. In a warmer world many consequences of eutrophication will potentially be amplified. Interaction of climate change with eutrophication will proliferate harmful algal blooms (HABS), spread infectious diseases, changes pathogen communities and favours microparasites among several other abiotic and biotic components affecting ecosystems. Persistent eutrophication may exceed ecological thresholds and lead to regime shifts. The symptoms of cultural eutrophication will certainly worsen when global temperatures increase and human impact intensifies further. Concepts and models are needed for future mitigation specifically for developing countries of the inter-tropical zone because initial attempts at applying temperate zone control measures in these regions have been largely unsuccessful. © 2014 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved."
"36975921700;55802386000;7004259608;6603728963;7103375356;55907056900;","On the sub-decadal variability of South Atlantic Antarctic Intermediate Water",2012,"10.1029/2012GL051270","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84861350229&doi=10.1029%2f2012GL051270&partnerID=40&md5=8ed8a197456ee9db74cc720317fc8602","Variability of Antarctic Intermediate Water salinity in the South Atlantic is investigated on interannual and intradecadal timescales. Novel observations of slow, westward propagating salinity anomalies in Argo data are presented. The features have no corresponding signal in temperature and are anomalous in density. Analysis of 40 years of model output supports the existence of these westward propagating salinity anomalies and indicates that they are typical occurrences in time. The features are intensified in a latitude band around 30S associated with the propagation of Agulhas rings. However, the features are much larger than Agulhas rings and occur on decadal timescales in the model. They propagate westward with speeds of 2.3 cm/s in observations, and 1.7 cm/s in model data. They are more consistent with planetary waves than with the advection of large-scale salinity anomalies. The observation of these features has implications for the interpretation of salinity anomalies, such as the linking of hydrological cycle changes to salinity changes. © Copyright 2012 by the American Geophysical Union."
"26643204600;57205347106;35371612300;18038294000;7201482255;","Aquatic Ecosystems, Human Health, and Ecohydrology",2012,"10.1016/B978-0-12-374711-2.01015-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84897582106&doi=10.1016%2fB978-0-12-374711-2.01015-9&partnerID=40&md5=9410c6ce3018ac9bd7d48feb1c2df787","This chapter treats two main topics: the relationship between human health, aquatic ecosystems, and water use; and the necessity of interdisciplinary approaches for the development of water management policies and disease control. Main waterborne diseases, mostly affecting developing countries and relevant in terms of water management and changes in land use, such as malaria, schistosomiasis, or cholera, are discussed stressing links to the global water crisis. Also, the role of artificial and natural wetlands in influenza epidemics is treated. The effects of increasing water use and scarcity on human health are discussed considering historical and contemporary incidence of diarrheal diseases in European and South Asian megacities, relationships between dams and on waterborne diseases in Asia and Africa, and intensive agri-and aquaculture resulting in man-made ecotones, fragmented aquatic ecosystems, and pathogen mutations. It is emphasized that the comprehension of the multiple interactions among changes in environmental settings, land use, and human health requires a new synthesis of ecohydrology, biomedical sciences, and water management for surveillance and control of waterborne diseases in basin-based, transboundary health systems. Surveillance systems should monitor changes in water management, ecotones, and hydrological cycles and shifts in, for example, the outbreak timing of strongly seasonal diseases. These indicators would provide criteria for the development of innovative water management policies, combining methods of vector control and the safe creation of water reservoirs, irrigation systems, and wetland habitats. © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved."
"57201879484;7003427413;56235203600;","Canopy and forest floor interception and transpiration measurements in a mountainous beech forest in Luxembourg",2009,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-71849099273&partnerID=40&md5=024cc53bc57f8a00f3e06b6818074270","Evaporation from interception and transpiration are important processes in the water balance of a forest. They determine to a large extent the amount of water which is available as soil moisture and hence impact on runoff. Both interception and transpiration strongly depend on vegetation cover. Therefore both processes were intensively measured in a beech forest in the Huewelerbach catchment (Luxembourg) during the summer of 2006. Canopy interception is determined by subtracting the measured throughfall and stemflow from the open field precipitation. Forest floor interception is measured with a newly developed device and transpiration is estimated by sapflow measurements (thermal dissipation method). From the results it can be concluded that evaporation of intercepted water and transpiration strongly reduce the amount of water that can percolate to the groundwater (only 54% of the rainfall) depending on the season. Copyright © 2009 IAHS Press."
"15846218400;6602359977;7003415997;7003367411;6506722922;","Analysis of daily precipitation based on weather radar information in México City",2009,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70349733020&partnerID=40&md5=013350452b007779f16b4479d627ea3c","In México, there is a network of 12 meteorological radars to monitor intense convective systems. Data from Cerro de la Catedral Doppler radar, 40 km northwest of México City, have been used to obtain precipitation rates estimates during intense precipitation events. Results show that although estimates are close to the observed precipitation in surface stations, a new coniguration of the radar system is necessary to better capture the characteristics of intense storms, particularly at the foothills of the western mountains. The comparison between the estimate from the radar and a dense network of rain gauges shows that such deiciency may be related to systematic errors due to blockage (radar), but also to sampling problems (radar and rain gauge). The calibration by itself may not be enough since there is signiicant blockage with the radar at the peak of a high elevation but relatively distant mountain. Such location limits the scan capacity from making a good vertical coverage. The present characteristics of the elevation of the radar beam prevent the radar from estimating the amount of precipitation in the lowest part of the clouds, near the cloud base. A new configuration of the radar system for México City is proposed taking into account spatial coverage and propagation effects upon a standard atmosphere in a horizontally constant relectivity field."
"13606201700;55880544900;24332783300;","A reappraisal of the terrestrial nitrogen cycle: What can we learn by extracting concepts from Gaia theory?",2008,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.06.047","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-54149115872&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2008.06.047&partnerID=40&md5=8b479277b2951714dafbe18640ef1c1f","Although soil scientists and most environmental scientists are acutely aware of the interactions between the cycling of carbon and nitrogen, for conceptual convenience when portraying the nitrogen cycle in text books the N cycle tends to be considered in isolation from its interactions with the cycling of other elements and water, usually as a snap shot at the current time; the origins of dinitrogen are rarely considered, for example. The authors suggest that Lovelock's Gaia hypothesis provides a useful and stimulating framework for consideration of the terrestrial nitrogen cycle. If it is used, it suggests that urbanization and management of sewage, and intensive animal rearing are probably bigger global issues than nitrogen deposition from fossil fuel combustion, and that plant evolution may be driven by the requirement of locally sustainable and near optimal soil mineral N supply dynamics. This may, in turn, be partially regulating global carbon and oxygen cycles. It is suggested that pollutant N deposition may disrupt this essential natural plant and terrestrial ecosystem evolutionary process, causing biodiversity change. Interactions between the Earth and other bodies in the solar system, and possibly beyond, also need to be considered in the context of the global N cycle over geological time scales. This is because of direct potential impacts on the nitrogen content of the atmosphere, potential long-term impacts of past boloid collisions on plate tectonics and thus on global N cycling via subduction and volcanic emissions, and indirect effects upon C, O and water cycling that all may impact upon the N cycle in the long term. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"8336600800;6603129131;","Modelling regional climate change and the impact on surface and sub-surface hydrology in the volta basin (West Africa)",2007,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-55849140928&partnerID=40&md5=7c57dae5f73a692ef4e848e0be6bd5cd","In order to estimate the effect of an anthropogenic influence on the water balance in the Volta Basin, located in West Africa, joint regional climate-hydrology simulations were performed using the mesoscale meteorological model MM5 and the hydrological model WaSiM. The regional climate simulations show a decrease in rainfall at the beginning of the rainy season, an increase at the height of the rainy season and a clear increase in temperature. A mean delay in the onset of the rainy season accompanied with an increase in inter-annual variability of precipitation in the early stage of the rainy season was delineated. Due to the increase in potential evaporation, following the increase in temperature, most of the surplus rainfall evaporates. The highest sensitivity of the hydrological model to changing meteorological input conditions is found for direct runoff. Changes in the components of the hydrological cycle only seldom exceed the simulated present-day inter-annual variability. Copyright © 2007 IAHS Press."
"16241942600;7003930724;","Separation of convective and stratiform precipitation for a precipitation analysis of the local model of the German Weather Service",2007,"10.5194/adgeo-10-159-2007","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34247519686&doi=10.5194%2fadgeo-10-159-2007&partnerID=40&md5=0d51a54b807c1873cebf1d58cbb56862","An improved independent precipitation data set with the horizontal resolution of 7×7km grid over central Europe was generated (Free University of Berlin (FUB)-precipitation analysis). For scale dependent evaluation of the Local model (LM) of the German Weather service, the precipitation data were separated into convective and stratiform fractions. To analyse precipitation amounts an interpolation scheme is used which contains the data set of ""present weather"" (ww), rain gauges and cloud types from the WMO-network in hourly resolution from the year 1992 until 2004 together with satellite cloud types derived from Meteosat-7 data. The structural analyses of cloud classes from satellite data as well as clouds from the synoptic observations were used to develop a statistical interpolation procedure to build up an independent precipitation analysis in resolution corresponding to the LM grid."
"13403703400;13402952800;24554390300;36796969000;7102615193;","A case of severe flood over Albania: A rainfall analysis from a satellite perspective",2006,"10.5194/adgeo-7-65-2006","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33646369942&doi=10.5194%2fadgeo-7-65-2006&partnerID=40&md5=6b54c4759b68fe26dbb9fe56f1853713","This paper presents results of daily rainfall estimates for the flood event in Albania occurred during the end of September 2002 (from the 21 until the 23). Estimated precipitations based on Meteosat-7 data and computed using various techniques, are compared with surface based observations. The two techniques, developed for convective clouds, were employed to screen the Albanian Flood. On one hand a single Infrared band technique known as Auto-estimator and on the other hand a three-channel Convective Rainfall Rate technique known as CRR. Secondly, for both methods, a number of corrections, such as, moisture, cloud growth rate, cloud top temperature gradient, parallax and orographic corrections were, also, performed and tested during the flood case. Preliminary results show that auto-estimator over-measure significantly daily rainfall with respect to the observed while CRR gives much closer rain quantities. The Auto-estimator power law curve was adjusted to the specific conditions using all the available rain rate gauge measurements. Satellite daily rainfall estimated by the two methods, corrected and calibrated were finally evaluated using the Albanian rain gauge network as ground true."
"26643193200;7201362573;55807701500;","The soil moisture of China in a high resolution climate-vegetation model",2005,"10.1007/bf02918715","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-26644467694&doi=10.1007%2fbf02918715&partnerID=40&md5=0d4b0382efe65ada5af0d29643389214","The spatial distribution of soil moisture, especially the temporal variation at seasonal and interannual scales, is difficult for many land surface models (LSMs) to capture partly due to the deficiencies of the LSMs and the highly spatial variability of soil moisture, which makes it problematic to simulate the moisture for climate studies. However the soil moisture plays an important role in influencing the energy and hydrological cycles between the land and air, so it should be considered in land surface models. In this paper, a soil moisture simulation in China with a T213 resolution (about 0.5625° × 0.5625°) is compared to the observational data, and its relationship to precipitation is explored. The soil moisture distribution agrees roughly with the observations, and the soil moisture pattern reflects the variation and intensity of the precipitation. In particular, for the 1998 summer catastrophic floods along the Yangtze River, the soil moisture remains high in this region from July to August and represents the flood well. The seasonal cycle of soil moisture is roughly consistent with the observed data, which is a good calibration for the ground simulation capacity of the Atmosphere-Vegetation Interaction Model (AVIM) with respect to this tough problem for land surface models."
"7801427775;","Measurement of global precipitation",2004,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-15944421475&partnerID=40&md5=028e3259918d393c76383cbc2b82dc50","The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Program is an international cooperative effort whose objectives are to (a) obtain increased understanding of clouds and rainfall processes, and (b) make frequent rainfall measurements on a global basis. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Japanese Aviation Exploration Agency have entered into a cooperative agreement for the formulation and development of GPM. This agreement is a continuation of the partnership that developed the highly successful Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). NASA has taken lead responsibility for the planning and formulation of GPM. Key elements of the Program are discussed in this paper."
"7004167838;","Contribution of microwave remote sensing from satellites to studies on the earth energy budget and the hydrological cycle",1999,"10.1016/S0273-1177(99)00365-8","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033380427&doi=10.1016%2fS0273-1177%2899%2900365-8&partnerID=40&md5=268079e1a2ad8747d8267b133df0ac2f","Microwaves contribute less than marginally to the energy budget of the Earth-atmosphere system. However, the special interaction properties of atmospheric constituents and of the Earth surface in this remote frequency range renders microwaves a valuable tool to obtain information about several components of and important parameters for the Earth-atmosphere energy budget and its hydrological cycle. Similar to the thermal infrared, passive microwave measurements at the wings of strong absorption lines of homogeneously mixed gases and water vapor enable the retrieval of temperature and humidity profiles. Unlike in the infrared and visible wavelengths the cloudy atmosphere is mostly transparent in the microwave spectral range, giving microwave sensors a nearly all-weather sensing capability. Over the oceans the surface longwave radiation balance, total water vapor content, liquid water content of non-precipitating clouds, rain intensity, surface wind speed, wind direction, and wave spectra can be retrieved from passive and active microwave sensors. Over continental areas surface properties, which influence heat and water exchange with the atmosphere, like vegetation and soil moisture, can be estimated with some accuracy in addition to precipitation. In combination with other sensors synergistic effects extend the use of microwaves to ocean surface latent heat fluxes and possibly cloud type information."
"7103054576;7102024878;","A point process model for tropical rainfall",1993,"10.1029/93jd01499","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027838977&doi=10.1029%2f93jd01499&partnerID=40&md5=7bac9cf93653e5ebc663d6591eff3c75","Two recently developed point process models for temporal rainfall are tested using 7 years of hourly rain gauge data obtained from Majuro and Truk stolls in the northern equatorial Pacific. The models were fit to data from two seasons, winter (January-March) and summer (June-August). The results indicate that neither model can adequately reproduce the observed statistics for both seasons. A new model is proposed which characterizes the random nature of small convective events and the event like occurrences of large tropical convective cloud clusters. The model is shown to be superior to the previous models in reproducing the first- and second-order moments of tropical rainfall as well as occurrence statistics such as the probability of rainfall and the expected rainfall conditional on rain. -Authors"
"56315378000;7003736731;","Projecting the future of rainfall extremes: Better classic than trendy",2020,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125005","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85084591721&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2020.125005&partnerID=40&md5=2c078b60b3d430130d0af7c94fc677fc","Non-stationarity approaches have been increasingly popular in hydrology, reflecting scientific concerns regarding intensification of the water cycle due to global warming. A considerable share of relevant studies is dominated by the practice of identifying linear trends in data through in-sample analysis. In this work, we reframe the problem of trend identification using the out-of-sample predictive performance of trends as a reference point. We devise a systematic methodological framework in which linear trends are compared to simpler mean models, based on their performance in predicting climatic-scale (30-year) annual rainfall indices, i.e. maxima, totals, wet-day average and probability dry, from long-term daily records. The models are calibrated in two different schemes: block-moving, i.e. fitted on the recent 30 years of data, obtaining the local trend and local mean, and global-moving, i.e. fitted on the whole period known to an observer moving in time, thus obtaining the global trend and global mean. The investigation of empirical records spanning over 150 years of daily data suggests that a great degree of variability has been ever present in the rainfall process, leaving small potential for long-term predictability. The local mean model ranks first in terms of average predictive performance, followed by the global mean and the global trend, in decreasing order of performance, while the local trend model ranks last among the models, showing the worst performance overall. Parallel experiments from synthetic timeseries characterized by persistence corroborated this finding, suggesting that future long-term variability of persistent processes is better captured using parsimonious features of the past. In line with the empirical findings, it is shown that, prediction-wise, simple is preferable to trendy. © 2020 Elsevier B.V."
"6506939784;55943395000;57189714560;","Analysis of changes in hydrological cycle of a pristine mountain catchment. 2. Isotopic data, trend and attribution analyses",2020,"10.2478/johh-2020-0011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086273552&doi=10.2478%2fjohh-2020-0011&partnerID=40&md5=895e6afbb30623c36fc027dbccfcaa61","δ18O in precipitation at station Liptovský Mikuláš (about 8.5 km south from the outlet of the Jalovecký Creek catchment) remains constantly higher since 2014 that might be related to greater evaporation in the region of origin of the air masses bringing precipitation to the studied part of central Europe. Increased δ18O values are reflected also in the Jalovecký Creek catchment runoff. Seasonality of δ18O in the Jalovecký Creek became less pronounced since 2014. The most significant trends found in annual hydrological data series from the catchment in the study period 1989-2018 have the correlation coefficients 0.4 to 0.7. These trends are found in the number of flow reversals (change from increasing to decreasing discharge and vice versa), June low flow, number of simple runoff events in summer months (June to September) and the flashiness index. The attribution analysis suggests that drivers responsible for the changes in these data series include the number of periods with precipitation six and more days long, total precipitation amount in February to June, number of days with precipitation in June to September and total precipitation in May on days with daily totals 10 mm and more, respectively. The coefficients of determination show that linear regressions between the drivers and supposedly changed data series explain only about 31% to 36% of the variability. Most of the change points detected in the time series by the Wild Binary Segmentation method occur in the second and third decades of the study period. Both hydrometric and isotopic data indicate that hydrological cycle in the catchment after 2014 became different than before. © 2020 Ladislav Holko et al., published by Sciendo 2020."
"36984127300;8836278700;57205102498;35577097300;56335415900;35387611100;55730541100;56919576300;24537168200;57208529131;7201787800;7006837187;","Seasonal contrast in size distributions and mixing state of black carbon and its association with PM1.0 chemical composition from the eastern coast of India",2020,"10.5194/acp-20-3965-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85083107923&doi=10.5194%2facp-20-3965-2020&partnerID=40&md5=6b8cbb91a9ef8b266df8b546fc285d14","Over the Indian region, aerosol absorption is considered to have a potential impact on the regional climate, monsoon and hydrological cycle. Black carbon (BC) is the dominant absorbing aerosol, whose absorption potential is determined mainly by its microphysical properties, including its concentration, size and mixing state with other aerosol components. The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) is one of the regional aerosol hot spots with diverse sources, both natural and anthropogenic, but still the information on the mixing state of the IGP aerosols, especially BC, is limited and a significant source of uncertainty in understanding their climatic implications. In this context, we present the results from intensive measurements of refractory BC (rBC) carried out over Bhubaneswar, an urban site in the eastern coast of India, which experiences contrasting air masses (the IGP outflow or coastal/marine air masses) in different seasons. This study helps to elucidate the microphysical characteristics of BC over this region and delineates the IGP outflow from the other air masses. The observations were carried out as part of South West Asian Aerosol Monsoon Interactions (SWAAMI) collaborative field experiment during July 2016-May 2017, using a single-particle soot photometer (SP2) that uses a laser-induced incandescence technique to measure the mass and mixing state of individual BC particles and an aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM) to infer the possible coating material. Results highlighted the distinctiveness in aerosol microphysical properties in the IGP air masses. BC mass concentration was highest during winter (December-February) ( &amp;tild; 1:94±1:58 μgm-3), when the prevailing air masses were mostly of IGP origin, followed by post-monsoon (October- November) (mean &amp;tild; 1:34±1:40 μgm-3). The mass median diameter (MMD) of the BC mass size distributions was in the range 0.190-0.195 μm, suggesting mixed sources of BC, and, further, higher values (&amp;tild;1.3-1.8) of bulk relative coating thickness (RCT) (ratio of optical and core diameters) were seen, indicating a significant fraction of highly coated BC aerosols in the IGP outflow. During the pre-monsoon (March-May), when marine/coastal air masses prevailed, BC mass concentration was lowest (&amp;tild; 0:82±0:84 μgm-3), and larger BC cores (MMD&gt;0.210 μm) were seen, suggesting distinct source processes, while RCT was &amp;tild;1.2- 1.3, which may translate into higher extent of absolute coating on BC cores, which may have crucial regional climate implications. During the summer monsoon (July- September), BC size distributions were dominated by smaller cores (MMD0.185 μm), with the lowest coating indicating fresher BC, likely from fossil fuel sources. A clear diurnal variation pattern of BC and RCT was noticed in all the seasons, and daytime peak in RCT suggested enhanced coating on BC due to the condensable coating material originating from photochemistry. Examination of submicrometre aerosol chemical composition highlighted that the IGP outflow was dominated by organics (47 %-49 %), and marine/coastal air masses contained higher amounts of sulfate (41 %-47 %), while ammonium and nitrate were seen in minor amounts, with significant concentrations only during the IGP air mass periods. The diurnal pattern of sulfate resembled that of the RCT of rBC particles, whereas organic mass showed a pattern similar to that of the rBC mass concentration. Seasonally, the coating on BC showed a negative association with the mass concentration of sulfate during the pre-monsoon season and with organics during the post-monsoon season. These are the first experimental data on the mixing state of BC from a long time series over the Indian region and include new information on black carbon in the IGP outflow region. These data help in improving the understanding of regional BC microphysical characteristics and their climate implications. © Author(s) 2020."
"9537045600;56638280100;57195575437;8699708300;","GPM-Derived Climatology of Attenuation Due to Clouds and Precipitation at Ka-Band",2020,"10.1109/TGRS.2019.2949052","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85080956930&doi=10.1109%2fTGRS.2019.2949052&partnerID=40&md5=8c8368c6e21ac692d3380924007cb536","Attenuation from clouds and precipitation hinders the use of Ka-band in SARs, radar altimeters and in satellite link communications. The NASA-JAXA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, with its core satellite payload including a dual-frequency (13.6 and 35.5 GHz) radar and a multifrequency passive microwave radiometer, offers an unprecedented opportunity for better quantifying such attenuation effects. Based on four years of GPM products, this article presents a global climatology of Ka-band attenuation caused by clouds and precipitation and analyses the impact of the precipitation diurnal cycle. As expected, regions of high attenuation mirror precipitation patterns. Clouds and precipitation cause two-way attenuation at 35.5 GHz in excess of 3 dB about 1.5% of the time in the regions below 65°, peaking at as much as 10% in the tropical rain belt and the South Pacific Convergence Zone and at circa 5% along the storm tracks of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Confirming previous findings, the diurnal cycle is particularly strong over the land and during the summer period; while over the ocean, the diurnal cycle is generally weaker some coherent features emerge in the tropical oceans and in the northern hemisphere. Results are useful for estimating data loss from (sun-synchronous) satellite adopting active instruments/links at a frequency close to 35 GHz. © 1980-2012 IEEE."
"57211345747;55075228200;12770094900;57215141564;","Spatial and temporal assessment of the extreme and daily precipitation of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite in Northeast Brazil",2020,"10.1080/01431161.2019.1643940","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85073576847&doi=10.1080%2f01431161.2019.1643940&partnerID=40&md5=f805bf8e7540592f62f71c6d72535f1b","This study assesses the ability of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) 3B42 Version 7 (3B42 V7) product to estimate the occurrence and intensity of daily precipitation events, emphasizing extreme events, over a 16 year period (2000 to 2015) in the Northeast region of Brazil (NEB), which is characterized by different climatic conditions and high seasonal and spatial variability of rainfall. Statistical techniques such as the paired Student t-test, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), sensitivity analysis, cluster analysis and density graphing, along with descriptive statistics such as bias, standard deviation, mean square error and root mean square error were used. The results indicate that the quality of the satellite estimates depends on the seasonal period and the location and time scale in which the precipitation events occur. In general, the daily precipitation estimates of the satellite are statistically equal (p-value > 0.05) to those observed by rain gauges, except in the NEB east coast, where the observed precipitation values are associated with the occurrence of warm clouds. Regarding the extreme events, the satellite did not provide good estimates of extreme daily precipitation. However, rain accumulated in two days is enough to obtain better results for the quality of the extreme precipitation estimates coming from the satellite. Thus, the study provides users of the TMPA 3B42 V7 with prior knowledge regarding the quality of the estimates regarding the occurrence and intensity of precipitation events, especially extreme ones, by seasonal period in different areas of NEB. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group."
"36704070300;55339531700;16479754400;","Interactions of epiphytes with precipitation partitioning",2020,"10.1007/978-3-030-29702-2_9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85082948538&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-030-29702-2_9&partnerID=40&md5=e0c0843cfb80f1e3dae7d424807c43b6","Epiphytes are structurally-dependent plants which grow on other plants without taking nourishment from them. Phylogenetic and ecophysiological differences divide them into non-vascular epiphytes (e.g. mosses and lichens), which are distributed worldwide, and vascular epiphytes (e.g. orchids and bromeliads), which are restricted to the tropics and subtropics. Within their distributional ranges, their abundance is strongly influenced by atmospheric water availability, since they have no access to soil water and are strongly coupled to the atmosphere. Epiphytes are most conspicuous in the tropics, in particular in cloud forests, but they can also be very abundant in cool-temperate wet forests. Their importance for precipitation partitioning rises from their widespread distribution, their location at the atmosphere-biosphere interface, and their adaptations specifically aimed at capturing and retaining atmospheric inputs. The interaction of epiphytes and precipitation partitioning is bidirectional: they deliberately contribute to partitioning and they depend on this partitioning (capture and retention of water and nutrients) for their survival. Additionally, they may be affected by partitioning by other canopy elements, taking advantage of throughfall and stemflow. Stemflow has been shown to be particularly important for non-vascular epiphytes on tree trunks, providing both water and nutrients. The presence of epiphytes increases the effect of forest canopy structure on the vertical and horizontal redistribution of precipitation by diversifying and changing nutrient pathways and by modifying water availability spatially and temporally. These functions are more pronounced in epiphytes than in the rest of the canopy, as epiphytes have developed a diverse array of strategies and mechanisms to cope with intermittent water supplies. Although quantitative information is scarce, it is clear that interception can be substantially increased by epiphytes, in particular by bryophytes and tank-forming bromeliads. In continuously wet environments, however, the potential water-uptake capacity of these groups may not be fully used because of low desiccation rates. Overall, much quantitative and process-oriented research into epiphyte interactions with precipitation interception is still needed to better understand the role of this functionally diverse group of plants in global climate and hydrological cycles. Mutual influence of epiphytes and precipitation redistribution will occur anywhere where epiphytes occur. However, the magnitude and exact mechanisms of the interactions will differ across climate zones and ecosystem types, based on epiphyte abundance, functional composition, and spatial distribution, as well as the frequency and intensity of precipitation as rain, fog and snow. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020. All rights reserved."
"7102856607;57190496636;57195072332;16643449100;","Changing characteristics of runoff and freshwater export from watersheds draining northern Alaska",2019,"10.5194/tc-13-3337-2019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85076964871&doi=10.5194%2ftc-13-3337-2019&partnerID=40&md5=f179adbc72f7c83ae970d5a281f63684","The quantity and quality of river discharge in Arctic regions is influenced by many processes including climate, watershed attributes and, increasingly, hydrological cycle intensification and permafrost thaw. We used a hydrological model to quantify baseline conditions and investigate the changing character of hydrological elements for Arctic watersheds between Utqiagvik (formerly known as Barrow)) and just west of Mackenzie River over the period 1981-2010. A synthesis of measurements and model simulations shows that the region exports 31.9 km3 yr-1 of freshwater via river discharge, with 55.5% (17.7 km3 yr-1) coming collectively from the Colville, Kuparuk, and Sagavanirktok rivers. The simulations point to significant (p &lt; 0:05) increases (134 %- 212% of average) in cold season discharge (CSD) for several large North Slope rivers including the Colville and Kuparuk, and for the region as a whole. A significant increase in the proportion of subsurface runoff to total runoff is noted for the region and for 24 of the 42 study basins, with the change most prevalent across the northern foothills of the Brooks Range. Relatively large increases in simulated active-layer thickness (ALT) suggest a physical connection between warming climate, permafrost degradation, and increasing subsurface flow to streams and rivers. A decline in terrestrial water storage (TWS) is attributed to losses in soil ice that outweigh gains in soil liquid water storage. Over the 30-year period, the timing of peak spring (freshet) discharge shifts earlier by 4.5 d, though the time trend is only marginally (p = 0:1) significant. These changing characteristics of Arctic rivers have important implications for water, carbon, and nutrient cycling in coastal environments. © Author(s) 2019."
"56537237200;24167181500;","Vertical characteristics of radar reflectivity and DSD parameters in intense convective clouds over South East South Asia during the Indian Summer monsoon: GPM observations",2019,"10.1080/01431161.2019.1633705","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068508185&doi=10.1080%2f01431161.2019.1633705&partnerID=40&md5=b355b562db10a781a8c86405f2a5c0c1","Global precipitation measurement (GPM) launched in February 2014 as a legacy of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). Both satellites carry precipitation radar (PR), which measures the three-dimension structure of precipitation from space. Compared to TRMM PR, GPM has dual-polarized radar (DPR) and provides the raindrop size distribution (DSD) including mass-weighted mean diameter (Dm, in mm) and normalized DSD scaling parameter for concentration (Nw, in mm–1 m–3) (DSD parameters), along with radar reflectivity factor (Ze) from the surface to 21.875 km. Here we investigated the regional differences in intense convective clouds over South East &amp; South Asia (SESA) and explored the differences in the East and West coast of India, by selecting the various areas. We defined two types of clouds, namely Cumulonimbus towers (CbTs) and intense convective clouds (ICCs) based on the Ze and height thresholds. CbTs must consist of 20 dBZ at 12 km, with echo base height less than 3 km, where ICCs are classified based on Ze threshold at 8 km (ICC8) and 3 km (ICC3). The average vertical profiles of CbTs indicate a strong west to east gradient, as the west side/coast of India has intense CbTs, with higher hydrometeors size, and decreases at east side/coast of India. The results reveal that the western side of India (Western Himalaya Foothills and Western Ghats) consists of fewer CbTs, but they are more intense. ICC3s are distributed nearly uniformly over the SESA but show the regional differences in Ze and DSD parameters in the vertical profiles. Despite various height and Ze thresholds used in the present study, WHF has the strongest vertical profile for all type of cloud cells, and indicate the importance of specific features and orographic modulated flow. The hydrometeors size is highest over Western Himalaya Foothills and least over the Bay of Bengal. Hydrometeors concentration shows the north-south gradient and higher over oceanic areas. Two coastal areas, Western Ghats and Myanmar show the different characteristics. Western Ghats CbTs are more intense, with higher hydrometeors size, whereas Myanmar has weaker convection and consists of small-sized hydrometeors. Hydrometeors size and concentration show the opposite characteristics, as hydrometeors size is higher for intense average Ze profiles, whereas hydrometeors concentration is less for intense average Ze profiles. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group."
"57190884661;55802246600;55796504300;7102266120;56517292000;8603242500;55522498000;34881780600;8922308700;8042408300;25629055800;","Irrigation Impact on Water and Energy Cycle During Dry Years Over the United States Using Convection-Permitting WRF and a Dynamical Recycling Model",2019,"10.1029/2019JD030524","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85075030319&doi=10.1029%2f2019JD030524&partnerID=40&md5=031da84278d15260e15d5f1c9256a3ca","An irrigation scheme is implemented in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to investigate irrigation impacts over the Continental U.S. (CONUS). Four major irrigated regions and two downwind regions were chosen to understand irrigation impacts over different climate regimes with a focus on irrigation-induced changes on the water and energy cycles. The Dynamic Recycling Model (DRM) is employed to quantify precipitation induced by irrigation and the precipitation recycling ratios over each irrigated region. With the irrigation scheme, WRF improves the simulated precipitation, surface skin temperature, and energy fluxes compared to reference datasets. For the energy cycle, irrigation increases latent heat flux over the irrigated regions along with reduced sensible heat flux. The evaporative cooling effect induced by irrigation leads to a cooler surface and less outgoing longwave radiation at the surface. Irrigation also intensifies the hydrological cycle over the irrigated regions, reflected by the increased precipitation, evapotranspiration, recycling ratio, and moisture export. Downwind regions exhibit increased precipitation and evaporation, decreased moisture flux divergence, and less consistent variations in recycling ratio. The precipitation increases over the irrigated regions can be partly explained by the more unstable low-level conditions, while reduced net moisture export is coincident with the precipitation increases over the downwind regions. ©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"56681868600;56510058800;57211681734;56539575600;8573340700;","Microphysics of Snowfall Over Coastal East Antarctica Simulated by Polar WRF and Observed by Radar",2019,"10.1029/2019JD031028","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85074855564&doi=10.1029%2f2019JD031028&partnerID=40&md5=6f8ac77f1b5971f8bc7b6e83896354ed","The current assessment of the Antarctic surface mass balance mostly relies on reanalysis products or climate model simulations. However, little is known about the ability of models to reliably represent the microphysical processes governing the precipitation. This study makes use of recent ground-based precipitation measurements at Dumont d'Urville station in Adélie Land to evaluate the representation of the precipitation microphysics in the Polar version of the Weather Research Forecast (Polar WRF) atmospheric model. During two summertime snowfall events, high-resolution simulations are compared to measurements from an X-band polarimetric radar and from a Multi-Angle Snowflake Camera (MASC). A radar simulator and a “MASC” simulator in Polar WRF make it possible to compare similar observed and simulated variables. Radiosoundings and surface-meteorological observations were used to assess the representation of the regional dynamics in the model. Five different microphysical parameterizations are tested. The simulated temperature, wind, and humidity fields are in good agreement with the observations. However, the amount of simulated surface precipitation shows large discrepancies with respect to observations, and it strongly differs between the simulations themselves, evidencing the critical role of the microphysics. The inspection of vertical profiles of reflectivity and mixing ratios revealed that the representation of the sublimation process by the low-level dry katabatic winds strongly influences the actual amount of precipitation at the ground surface. By comparing the simulated radar signal as well as MASC and model particle size distributions, it is also possible to identify the microphysical processes involved and to pinpoint shortcomings within the tested parameterizations. © 2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57205562675;57205562356;57204877522;57211984210;7404705297;","Evaluating the impacts of climate change and vegetation restoration on the hydrological cycle over the Loess Plateau, China",2019,"10.3390/w11112241","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85075559780&doi=10.3390%2fw11112241&partnerID=40&md5=e194ec1cd8ccf7daad7abc820cffb4cd","In recent decades, both observation and simulation data have demonstrated an obvious decrease in runoff and soil moisture, with increasing evapotranspiration, over the Loess Plateau. In this study, we employed a Variable Infiltration Capacity model coupled with scenario simulation to explore the impact of change in climate and land cover on four hydrological variables (HVs) over the Loess Plateau, i.e., evapotranspiration (ET), runoff (Runoff), shallow soil moisture (SM1), and deep soil moisture (SM2). Results showed precipitation, rather than temperature, had the closest relationship with the four HVs, with r ranging from 0.76 to 0.97 (p < 0.01), and this was therefore presumed to be the dominant climate-based driving factor in the variation of hydrological regimes. Vegetation conversion, from cropland and grassland to woodland, significantly reduced runoff and increased soil moisture consumption, to sustain an increased ET, and, assuming that the reduction of SM2 is entirely evaporated, we can attribute 71.28% ± 18.64%, 65.89% ± 24.14% of the ET increase to the water loss of SM2 in the two conversion modes, respectively. The variation in HVs, induced by land cover change, were higher than the expected climate change with respect to SM1, while different factors were selected to determine HVs variation in six catchments, due to differences in the mode and intensity of vegetation conversion, and the degree of climate change. Our findings are critical for understanding and quantifying the impact of climate change and vegetation conversions, and provide a further basis for the design of water resources and land-use management strategies with respect to climate change, especially in the water-limited Loess Plateau. © 2019 by the authors."
"36894599500;7003777747;6602988199;36600036800;24329376600;57203200427;12240390300;57110426700;35547807400;57189524073;12139043600;7102976560;6602414959;57211395406;57196261945;7004214645;57211395413;57208121852;7202079615;22986631300;36462180600;","Water vapour adjustments and responses differ between climate drivers",2019,"10.5194/acp-19-12887-2019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85073709505&doi=10.5194%2facp-19-12887-2019&partnerID=40&md5=775368d4a7ec2f88a6937d292e6f6b15","Water vapour in the atmosphere is the source of a major climate feedback mechanism and potential increases in the availability of water vapour could have important consequences for mean and extreme precipitation. Future precipitation changes further depend on how the hydrological cycle responds to different drivers of climate change, such as greenhouse gases and aerosols. Currently, neither the total anthropogenic influence on the hydrological cycle nor that from individual drivers is constrained sufficiently to make solid projections. We investigate how integrated water vapour (IWV) responds to different drivers of climate change. Results from 11 global climate models have been used, based on simulations where <span classCombining double low line""inline-formula"">CO2</span>, methane, solar irradiance, black carbon (BC), and sulfate have been perturbed separately. While the global-mean IWV is usually assumed to increase by <span classCombining double low line""inline-formula"">ĝ1/47</span>% per kelvin of surface temperature change, we find that the feedback response of IWV differs somewhat between drivers. Fast responses, which include the initial radiative effect and rapid adjustments to an external forcing, amplify these differences. The resulting net changes in IWV range from <span classCombining double low line""inline-formula"">6.4±0.9</span>%K<span classCombining double low line""inline-formula"">-1</span> for sulfate to <span classCombining double low line""inline-formula"">9.8±2</span>%K<span classCombining double low line""inline-formula"">-1</span> for BC. We further calculate the relationship between global changes in IWV and precipitation, which can be characterized by quantifying changes in atmospheric water vapour lifetime. Global climate models simulate a substantial increase in the lifetime, from <span classCombining double low line""inline-formula"">8.2±0.5</span> to <span classCombining double low line""inline-formula"">9.9±0.7</span>d between 1986-2005 and 2081-2100 under a high-emission scenario, and we discuss to what extent the water vapour lifetime provides additional information compared to analysis of IWV and precipitation separately. We conclude that<span idCombining double low line""page12888""/> water vapour lifetime changes are an important indicator of changes in precipitation patterns and that BC is particularly efficient in prolonging the mean time, and therefore likely the distance, between evaporation and precipitation. © Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License."
"7102567936;7003648299;8846887600;","Aerosol versus greenhouse gas effects on tropical cyclone potential intensity and the hydrologic cycle",2019,"10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0357.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85069624198&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-18-0357.1&partnerID=40&md5=5e993359d9b0a93798936d57ab9fc678","Aerosol cooling reduces tropical cyclone (TC) potential intensity (PI) more strongly, by about a factor of 2 per degree of sea surface temperature change, than greenhouse gas warming increases it. This study analyzes single-forcing and historical experiments from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, aiming to understand the physical mechanisms behind this difference. Calculations are done for the tropical oceans of each hemisphere during the relevant TC seasons, emphasizing multimodel means. PI theory is used to interpret the difference in the PI response to aerosol and greenhouse gas forcings in terms of three factors. The net surface turbulent heat flux (sum of the latent and sensible heat fluxes) explains half of the difference, thermodynamic efficiency explains at most a small fraction, and surface wind speed does not explain the remainder, perhaps because of the use of monthly mean data. Changes in turbulent surface heat fluxes are interpreted as responses to surface radiative flux changes in the context of the energy balance of the ocean mixed layer. Radiative kernels are used to estimate what fractions of the surface radiative flux changes are feedbacks due to temperature and water vapor changes. The greater effect of aerosol forcing occurs because shortwave forcing has a greater direct, temperature-independent component at the surface than does longwave forcing, for a forcing amplitude that provokes the same SST change. This conclusion recalls prior work on the response of precipitation to radiative forcing, and the similarities and differences between precipitation and potential intensity in this regard are discussed. © 2019 American Meteorological Society."
"7005589257;56681891700;6701770493;55853553400;7006765934;7004679498;","Climate, sea level and tectonic controls on sediment discharge from the Sepik River, Papua New Guinea during the Mid- to Late Pleistocene",2019,"10.1016/j.margeo.2019.05.013","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85067297529&doi=10.1016%2fj.margeo.2019.05.013&partnerID=40&md5=d1964e6775cd598a5352fd05c7390605","Amongst the rivers draining the mountainous islands of the Indonesian Archipelago, the Sepik River of Papua New Guinea is the largest contributor of solute and particulate material to the world ocean. Sites U1484 and U1485, drilled during International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 363 provide a continuous, ~555 kyr long, high-resolution record of mainly siliciclastic slope sedimentation on the northern continental margin of PNG, just offshore the mouth of the Sepik River. Sedimentological analysis, based on a combination of smear slide petrography, particle size analysis, high-resolution physical properties track data and visual core description, offers an unprecedented opportunity to investigate the evolution of this major tropical river throughout changing climate and sea-level conditions during the mid- to late Pleistocene. The Sites U1484 and U1485 sediment records exhibit a dramatic lithologic change at ~ 370 ka: the oldest deposits are dominated by pelagic mud, suggesting that the coarser-grained terrigenous discharge from rivers draining the New Guinea Highlands (including a “proto” Sepik River) was captured before reaching the ocean, when the Sepik River basin was an epicontinental sea. The occurrence of coarser-grained, mass-gravity (mainly hybrid) flows after ~370 ka suggests that the epicontinental sea became a more restricted, shallow-water to nonmarine basin, probably due to both basin infilling and the uplift of local coastal ranges. During the last three glacial-interglacial cycles (~300 kyr), this shallow inland basin was strongly affected by global variations in sea level: during sea level lowstands, the Sepik River cut into older sediments and discharged further offshore onto the shallow continental margins, promoting mass-gravity flows. Pelagic mud deposition on the continental margin during the most extreme highstands following deglaciations suggests a return to shallow marine conditions in the Sepik Basin and repositioning of the river mouth further inland, away from the shelf and from the location of the IODP sites. This also indicates that variations in terrigenous fluxes during these extreme highstands were not solely controlled by the intensity of the hydrological cycle and that global sea level variations also influenced sediment deposition. The sequence is interrupted by several massive grain flow deposits, occurring diachronously at Sites U1484 and U1485 and related to a period of intensified tectonic activity between ~280 ka and ~140 ka. The sedimentologic characteristics of these mass-gravity deposits and their lack of correlation between sites are interpreted as resulting from channelized flows along margin-parallel, fault-controlled channels caused by local and regional failures of the continental margins including the area of the Yalingi Canyon, ~50 km north of the sites, where large tsunamigenic events have also occurred in recent years. Time series analyses of magnetic susceptibility and natural gamma radiation (proxies for %sand and %clay content, respectively) indicate that river discharge fluxes were modulated at orbital frequencies (including obliquity-scale cycles), which suggests that precipitation and river discharge were not only linked to precessionally driven shifts in the mean position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, but also to high-latitude climate change. © 2019 Elsevier B.V."
"55735652600;6603360050;7006432091;6603768446;","Vertical structure and microphysical characteristics of frontal systems passing over a three-dimensional coastal mountain range",2019,"10.1175/JAS-D-18-0279.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85067192737&doi=10.1175%2fJAS-D-18-0279.1&partnerID=40&md5=87c037e1e9e2e4f61d7b7962e53e2450","As midlatitude cyclones pass over a coastal mountain range, the processes producing their clouds and precipitation are modified, leading to considerable spatial variability in precipitation amount and composition. Statistical diagrams of airborne precipitation radar transects, surface precipitation measurements, and particle size distributions are examined from nine cases observed during the Olympic Mountains Experiment (OLYMPEX). Although the pattern of windward enhancement and leeside diminishment of precipitation was omnipresent, the degree of modulation was largely controlled by the synoptic environment associated with the prefrontal, warm, and postfrontal sectors of midlatitude cyclones. Prefrontal sectors contained homogeneous stratiform precipitation with a slightly enhanced ice layer on the windward slopes and rapid diminishment to a near-complete rain shadow in the lee. Warm sectors contained deep, intense enhancement over both the windward slopes and high terrain and less prominent rain shadows owing to downstream spillover of ice particles generated over terrain. Surface particle size distributions in the warm sector contained a broad spectrum of sizes and concentrations of raindrops on the lower windward side where high precipitation rates were achieved from varying degrees of both liquid and ice precipitation-generating processes. Spillover precipitation was rather homogeneous in nature and lacked the undulations in particle size and concentration that occurred at the windward sites. Postfrontal precipitation transitioned from isolated convective cells over ocean to a shallow, mixed convective-stratiform composition with broader coverage and greater precipitation rates over the sloping terrain. © 2019 American Meteorological Society."
"57208144919;57196347123;6506792370;7004039799;12645025400;","Ex-situ estimation of interception storage capacity of small urban plant species",2019,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.03.047","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063956541&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2019.03.047&partnerID=40&md5=0d95fb81c255ae5bceba203417f18d5b","An important knowledge gap in current urban hydrological models are reliable, generic data about interception storage capacities of small urban plant species. These data are crucial to calculate interception losses and learning their effect on the urban hydrological cycle. This study addresses this knowledge gap through simulating rainfall events in an ex-situ, controlled environment on several urban plant species. Four plant species, Lonicera nitida, Lavandula angustifolia, Pennisetum alopecuroides and a grass mix were selected based on their abundance in urban environments and their morphological differences. Several vegetation characteristics such as height and diameter were altered to create as much variation as possible in the dataset to determine the underlying characteristics influencing the interception storage capacity. Estimating the interception storage capacity of each plant (S P ) using multiple linear regression models, biomass (B P ) was found to be the most important predictor variable for all species. Therefore predictive models to estimate the biomass of an individual plant were developed, using some easy to measure vegetation characteristics. When using the results of these biomass models as input in the storage capacity models, reasonable estimations of interception storage capacity were achieved with mean absolute errors between 17.7 and 40.8%, depending on the model. Extrapolating S P to a reference area of one m 2 showed that L. angustifolia had the highest interception storage capacity due to its high biomass density, followed by P. alopecuroides, L. nitida and finally the grass mix. As a proof of concept, a mixed modelling approach was proposed to include species not covered in this research in the analysis. The findings in this research can be used to create a firm basis for calculations of intra- and interspecies interception storage capacities, essential for improving current urban hydrological models. © 2019 Elsevier B.V."
"55762732700;55491216900;57205299839;","Relationship between sea surface salinity and ocean circulation and climate change",2019,"10.1007/s11430-018-9276-6","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85060145470&doi=10.1007%2fs11430-018-9276-6&partnerID=40&md5=e6bbee8f146c953aafc12e947f3aeb8e","Based on Argo sea surface salinity (SSS) and the related precipitation (P), evaporation (E), and sea surface height data sets, the climatological annual mean and low-frequency variability in SSS in the global ocean and their relationship with ocean circulation and climate change were analyzed. Meanwhile, together with previous studies, a brief retrospect and prospect of seawater salinity were given in this work. Freshwater flux (E-P) dominated the mean pattern of SSS, while the dynamics of ocean circulation modulated the spatial structure and low-frequency variability in SSS in most regions. Under global warming, the trend in SSS indicated the intensification of the global hydrological cycle, and featured a decreasing trend at low and high latitudes and an increasing trend in subtropical regions. In the most recent two decades, global warming has slowed down, which is called the “global warming hiatus”. The trend in SSS during this phase, which was different to that under global warming, mainly indicated the response of the ocean surface to the decadal and multi-decadal variability in the climate system, referring to the intensification of the Walker Circulation. The significant contrast of SSS trends between the western Pacific and the southeastern Indian Ocean suggested the importance of oceanic dynamics in the cross-basin interaction in recent decades. Ocean Rossby waves and the Indonesian Throughflow contributed to the freshening trend in SSS in the southeastern Indian Ocean, while the increasing trend in the southeastern Pacific and the decreasing trend in the northern Atlantic implied a long-term linear trend under global warming. In the future, higher resolution SSS data observed by satellites, together with Argo observations, will help to extend our knowledge on the dynamics of mesoscale eddies, regional oceanography, and climate change. © 2019, Science China Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature."
"57217802390;14022015000;19639722300;56364743900;57193862336;57188711722;57216152614;35424175300;","Evaluation and machine learning improvement of global hydrological model-based flood simulations",2019,"10.1088/1748-9326/ab4d5e","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85082687143&doi=10.1088%2f1748-9326%2fab4d5e&partnerID=40&md5=dfedcedc3982d68a52d390cf87eb7594","A warmer climate is expected to accelerate global hydrological cycle, causing more intense precipitation and floods. Despite recent progress in global flood risk assessment, the accuracy and improvement of global hydrological models (GHMs)-based flood simulation is insufficient for most applications. Here we compared flood simulations from five GHMs under the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project 2a (ISIMIP2a) protocol, against those calculated from 1032 gauging stations in the Global Streamflow Indices and Metadata Archive for the historical period 1971-2010. A machine learning approach, namely the long short-term memory units (LSTM) was adopted to improve the GHMs-based flood simulations within a hybrid physics- machine learning approach (using basin-averaged daily mean air temperature, precipitation, wind speed and the simulated daily discharge from GHMs-CaMa-Flood model chain as the inputs of LSTM, and observed daily discharge as the output value). We found that the GHMs perform reasonably well in terms of amplitude of peak discharge but are relatively poor in terms of their timing. The performance indicated great discrepancy under different climate zones. The large difference in performance between GHMs and observations reflected that those simulations require improvements. The LSTM used in combination with those GHMs was then shown to drastically improve the performance of global flood simulations (especially in terms of amplitude of peak discharge), suggesting that the combination of classical flood simulation and machine learning techniques might be a way forward for more robust and confident flood risk assessment. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd."
"6506316395;8318179400;57210999512;","Trends in drought over the Northeast United States",2019,"10.3390/w11091834","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85072209098&doi=10.3390%2fw11091834&partnerID=40&md5=90fc90f32c541ba5cffd73ad5a914199","The Northeast United States is a generally wet region that has had substantial increases in mean precipitation over the past decades, but also experiences damaging droughts. We evaluated drought frequency, intensity, and duration trends in the region over the period 1901-2015. We used a dataset of Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), a measure of water balance based on meteorology that is computed at multiple timescales. It was found that the frequency of droughts decreased over this period, but their average intensity and duration did not show consistent changes. There was an increase in mean SPEI, indicating mostly wetter conditions, but also in an increase in SPEI variance, which kept the likelihood of extremely dry conditions from decreasing as much as would be expected from the wetter mean state. The changes in the SPEI mean and variance, as well as the decrease in drought frequency, were most pronounced for longer timescales. These results are consistent with the paradigm of hydrologic intensification under global warming, where both wet and dry extremes may increase in severity alongside changes in mean precipitation. © 2019 by the authors."
"35234662000;7003961165;13404268000;8228174100;7006263526;40661020000;36552332100;7102432430;40661753400;55227317300;6602865544;","The precipitation structure of the Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone numa: Analysis of GPM observations and numerical weather prediction model simulations",2019,"10.3390/rs11141690","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85071538896&doi=10.3390%2frs11141690&partnerID=40&md5=7a27e6d254d0c09e63463737ebfd3afe","This study shows how satellite-based passive and active microwave (MW) sensors can be used in conjunction with high-resolution Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) simulations to provide insights of the precipitation structure of the tropical-like cyclone (TLC) Numa, which occurred on 15-19 November 2017. The goal of the paper is to characterize and monitor the precipitation at the different stages of its evolution from development to TLC phase, throughout the storm transition over the Mediterranean Sea. Observations by the NASA/JAXA Global Precipitation Measurement Core Observatory (GPM-CO) and by the GPM constellation of MW radiometers are used, in conjunction with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) simulations. The GPM-CO measurements are used to analyze the passive MW radiometric response to the microphysical structure of the storm, while the comparison between successive MW radiometer overpasses shows the evolution of Numa precipitation structure from its early development stage on the Ionian Sea into its TLC phase, as it persists over southern coast of Italy (Apulia region) for several hours. Measurements evidence stronger convective activity at the development phase compared to the TLC phase, when strengthening or weakening phases in the eye development, and the occurrence of warm rain processes in the areas surrounding the eye, are identified. The weak scattering and polarization signal at and above 89 GHz, the lack of scattering signal at 37 GHz, and the absence of electrical activity in correspondence of the rainbands during the TLC phase, indicate weak convection and the presence of supercooled cloud droplets at high levels. RAMS high-resolution simulations support what inferred from the observations, evidencing Numa TLC characteristics (closed circulation around a warm core, low vertical wind shear, intense surface winds, heavy precipitation), persisting for more than 24 h. Moreover, the implementation of DPR 3D reflectivity field in the RAMS data assimilation system shows a small (but non negligible) impact on the precipitation forecast over the sea up to a few hours after the DPR overpass. © 2019 by the authors."
"57190756673;23096457300;","Rainfall Interception by Urban Trees and Their Impact on Potential Surface Runoff",2019,"10.1002/clen.201800327","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068117314&doi=10.1002%2fclen.201800327&partnerID=40&md5=fca1900e208c07823029ecd4809f101c","Urbanization changes the natural environment, alters land use, and affects the hydrological cycle. Due to decreased infiltration, runoff appears faster with higher flow peaks. A nature-based solution is to plant trees because they intercept precipitation and help to reduce water reaching the ground, forming surface runoff. Rainfall partitioning for birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) trees is measured in the city of Ljubljana, Slovenia, during 2014 and 2015. The measured values for two consecutive years are used to estimate potential surface runoff reduction due to planting of the trees at a parking lot. The results demonstrate that birch and pine trees intercepted 23 and 45% of gross rainfall, respectively. Both tree species intercept more rainfall in the leafed period. Additionally, rainfall interception during wet (2014) and dry (2015) years has been compared. In 2014 rainfall interception is highly influenced by rainfall intensity, while it has a negligible impact on rainfall interception in 2015, when air temperature is more influential. The scenario of covering 10% of the parking lot area with the trees results in runoff reduction of up to 7.3% per year. In general, runoff reduction is higher in a wet rather than a dry year. The new findings about the performance of different tree species in different climate conditions can offer valuable information for the decision makers and landscape designers about the benefits of trees in urban areas. © 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim"
"57207862308;55258369500;8523102000;8404898000;","Integrating precipitation zoning with random forest regression for the spatial downscaling of satellite-based precipitation: A case study of the Lancang–Mekong River basin",2019,"10.1002/joc.6050","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063086311&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.6050&partnerID=40&md5=fb90d879722ea7300be1ce36eb52db18","Downscaling satellite-based precipitation to fine scales is crucial for deepening our understanding of global hydrologic cycles and water-related issues. In this study, a novel approach that integrates precipitation zoning with random forest regression is proposed for the spatial downscaling of satellite-based precipitation. Precipitation zoning is delineated through iterative rotated empirical orthogonal function (REOF) analyses of ground- and satellite-based precipitation observations. Random forest regression is applied to link the satellite-based precipitation to 1-km-resolution predictors such as latitude (Lat), longitude (Lon), elevation, aspect, slope, and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The accuracy of the resultant downscaled precipitation is evaluated based on five statistical evaluation indices. The performance of the proposed approach is exemplified in the Lancang–Mekong River basin, taking Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B43 and Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks–Climate Data Record (PERSIANN–CDR) products acquired in 2001 (wet year), 2005 (normal year), and 2009 (dry year) as the databases. The results show that seven precipitation subregions can be roughly distinguished in the study basin. Zoning-based downscaling outperforms non-zoning-based downscaling in terms of accuracy, resulting in statistically significant reductions in root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) of 1–17% across the entire basin. Among the selected predictors, the variables Lat and Lon are the most important for precipitation estimation, whereas the remaining variables have lesser and subregion-dependent importance. The proposed approach is promising for generating high-spatial-resolution precipitation data in regions with sparse ground-based observations and differentiated climatic regimes. © 2019 Royal Meteorological Society"
"55670345400;6603081424;","Subgrid precipitation properties of mesoscale atmospheric systems represented by modis cloud regimes",2019,"10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0570.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85062995204&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-18-0570.1&partnerID=40&md5=baefb44a9ddf2644e5339e992774cac0","The distribution of mesoscale precipitation exhibits diverse patterns: precipitation can be intense but sporadic, or it can be light but widespread. This range of behaviors is a reflection of the different weather systems in the global atmosphere. Using MODIS global cloud regimes as proxies for different atmospheric systems, this study investigates the subgrid precipitation properties within these systems. Taking advantage of the high resolution of Integrated Multisatellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG; GPM is the Global Precipitation Measurement mission), precipitation values at 0.1° are composited with each cloud regime at 1° grid cells to characterize the regime's spatial subgrid precipitation properties. The results reveal the diversity of the subgrid precipitation behavior of the atmospheric systems. Organized convection is associated with the highest grid-mean precipitation rates and precipitating fraction, although on average only half the grid is precipitating and there is substantial variability between different occurrences. Summer extratropical storms have the next highest precipitation, driven mainly by moderate precipitation rates over large areas. These systems produce more precipitation than isolated convective systems, for which the lower precipitating fractions balance out the high intensities. Most systems produce heavier precipitation in the afternoon than in the morning. The grid-mean precipitation rate is also found to scale with the fraction of precipitation within the grid in a faster-than-linear relationship for most systems. This study elucidates the precipitation properties within cloud regimes, thus advancing our understanding of the precipitation structures of these atmospheric systems. © 2019 American Meteorological Society."
"11839267100;6701684534;35331137500;55614596500;57211301037;34882043200;","Analysis of the global microwave polarization data of clouds",2019,"10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0293.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058787935&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-18-0293.1&partnerID=40&md5=cab440d5340bf3fb30a09412fd55dae3","Information about the characteristics of ice particles in clouds is necessary for improving our understanding of the states, processes, and subsequent modeling of clouds and precipitation for numerical weather prediction and climate analysis. Two NASA passive microwave radiometers, the satellite-borne Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) and the aircraft-borne Conical Scanning Millimeter-Wave Imaging Radiometer (CoSMIR), measure vertically and horizontally polarized microwaves emitted by clouds (including precipitating particles) and Earth's surface below. In this paper, GMI (or CoSMIR) data are analyzed with CloudSat (or aircraft-borne radar) data to find polarized difference (PD) signals not affected by the surface, thereby obtaining the information on ice particles. Statistical analysis of 4 years of GMI and CloudSat data, for the first time, reveals that optically thick clouds contribute positively to GMI PD at 166GHz over all the latitudes and their positive magnitude of 166-GHz GMI PD varies little with latitude. This result suggests that horizontally oriented ice crystals in thick clouds are common from the tropics to high latitudes, which contrasts the result of Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) that horizontally oriented ice crystals are rare in optically thin ice clouds. © 2018 American Meteorological Society."
"56843117400;57203578992;6603051342;","Climate change effects on summertime precipitation organization in the Southeast United States",2018,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.08.012","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85052280393&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2018.08.012&partnerID=40&md5=41f9a169ecde7052d41ac61cbd18aabb","As the earth warms, it is unclear how the organization of precipitation will change, or how these changes will impact regional rainfall and the hydrological cycle. This study combines Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations and the pseudo global warming downscaling approach with a precipitation feature identification algorithm to help improve our understanding of the effect of warming on precipitation organization. The WRF model was used to simulate precipitation during a six-day summer period in the southeastern United States under present and future warmer climate conditions. The domain averaged precipitation increased by 45% in the future climate simulation compared to current climate. Modeled precipitation features were classified into either mesoscale precipitation features (MPF) larger than 100 km in length or smaller isolated precipitation features (IPF). In terms of organization, future IPF precipitation fraction decreased while MPF precipitation fraction and feature sizes increased, especially over the ocean, indicating a general increase in mesoscale organization in the future warmer climate. Despite higher thermodynamic instability, future climate IPF precipitation was unchanged over land, possibly responding to stronger subsidence under a strengthened western ridge of the North Atlantic Subtropical High. Yet over the ocean IPF precipitation increased and the amplitude of the IPF diurnal cycle doubled. The most notable precipitation intensity increase, as measured by feature height and rainrate distributions, occurred in oceanic MPFs. These increases in oceanic IPF and MPF precipitation may highlight the role of surface water vapor fluxes in realizing increased precipitation in a warmer climate. This study demonstrates that the application of a simple precipitation feature identification algorithm to WRF simulations can give valuable insight into the effect of climate change upon precipitation organization and intensity. Nevertheless longer simulations are still needed to obtain a robust statistics of the changes of precipitation organization under a warming climate. © 2018 Elsevier B.V."
"26533420100;35568218100;14071297000;7004055120;","Analysis of the streamflow extremes and long-term water balance in the Liguria region of Italy using a cloud-permitting grid spacing reanalysis dataset",2018,"10.5194/hess-22-5403-2018","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85055481844&doi=10.5194%2fhess-22-5403-2018&partnerID=40&md5=6a69472ca30f4582cc4377fd3bed7951","The characterization of the hydro-meteorological extremes, in terms of both rainfall and streamflow, and the estimation of long-term water balance indicators are essential issues for flood alert and water management services. In recent years, simulations carried out with meteorological models are becoming available at increasing spatial and temporal resolutions (both historical reanalysis and near-real-time hindcast studies); thus, these meteorological datasets can be used as input for distributed hydrological models to drive a long-period hydrological reanalysis. In this work we adopted a high-resolution (4km spaced grid, 3-hourly) meteorological reanalysis dataset that covers Europe as a whole for the period between 1979 and 2008. This reanalysis dataset was used together with a rainfall downscaling algorithm and a rainfall bias correction (BC) technique in order to feed a continuous and distributed hydrological model. The resulting modeling chain allowed us to produce long time series of distributed hydrological variables for the Liguria region (northwestern Italy), which has been impacted by severe hydro-meteorological events. The available rain gauges were compared with the rainfall estimated by the dataset and then used to perform a bias correction in order to match the observed climatology. An analysis of the annual maxima discharges derived by simulated streamflow time series was carried out by comparing the latter with the observations (where available) or a regional statistical analysis (elsewhere). Eventually, an investigation of the long-term water balance was performed by comparing simulated runoff ratios (RRs) with the available observations. The study highlights the limits and the potential of the considered methodological approach in order to undertake a hydrological analysis in study areas mainly featured by small basins, thus allowing us to overcome the limits of observations which refer to specific locations and in some cases are not fully reliable. © Author(s) 2018."
"36194062900;35231763100;54684298300;36463595600;6603539863;6507351719;57173422400;14022015000;","Long-Term Changes in Global Socioeconomic Benefits of Flood Defenses and Residual Risk Based on CMIP5 Climate Models",2018,"10.1002/2017EF000671","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85050874849&doi=10.1002%2f2017EF000671&partnerID=40&md5=81112a2fd588295d5b95f0b941b68ae5","A warmer climate is expected to accelerate the global hydrological cycle, causing more intense precipitation and floods. Despite recent progress in global flood risk assessment, the socioeconomic benefits of flood defenses (i.e., reduction in population/economic exposure) and the residual risk (i.e., residual population/economic exposure) are poorly understood globally and regionally. To address these knowledge gaps, we use the runoff data from a baseline and 11 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) climate models to drive the Catchment-based Macro-scale Floodplain model incorporating the latest satellite river width information. From the simulated annual maxima, we use a Gumbel distribution to estimate the river water depth-flood return period relationship. We independently evaluate flood impacts on population and economy (i.e., gross domestic product) for a range of flood return periods. We estimate the socioeconomic benefits and the corresponding residual risk for the globe and 26 subcontinental regions. The global population (gross domestic product) exposed to flooding is ∼8% (∼7%) per year lower when implementing existing flood protection infrastructure extracted from the FLOod PROtection Standards database. If the current flood defenses were to be unchanged in the future (Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 [RCP4.5] and RCP8.5, i.e., ∼2 to ∼4.3°C above the preindustrial levels), the globe and most of the regions (particularly where developing countries are concentrated) would experience an increase in residual risk. This increase is especially obvious when the gap of climate forcing between RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 widens by the end of the 21st century. We finally evaluate the impact of changed flood defense levels on the socioeconomic benefits and the corresponding residual risk. ©2018. The Authors."
"57190662243;22953066400;57196228271;","Decision support system for the design and planning of low-impact development practices: The case of Seoul",2018,"10.3390/w10020146","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85041471737&doi=10.3390%2fw10020146&partnerID=40&md5=0ae4d9e7a79891a769e2b1f3a95a8fcf","This study presented the conceptual framework of the water-management analysis module (WMAM) to derive effective physical specifications for the design and planning of low-impact development (LID) practices using the storm-water management model (SWMM). This decision-support system can be used for six LID types and has the following key capabilities: determining relevant LID design parameters within the SWMM that critically influence the hydrological cycle components using a simple sensitivity analysis and determining the best hydrological values for LID planning specification. This study analyzed a highly urbanized university campus as a case study to determine the design and planning specifications for an infiltration trench and permeable pavement. In addition, the performance of different LID practices during high-intensity rainfall events was compared. The results indicate that the WMAM can be very useful in determining many LID design and planning parameters. © 2018 by the authors."
"35619337700;16246441100;","Identification and characterization of an anomaly in two-dimensional video disdrometer data",2018,"10.3390/atmos9080315","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85052620661&doi=10.3390%2fatmos9080315&partnerID=40&md5=979089c0070fc017950b7660da0d2718","The two-dimensional video distrometer (2DVD) is a well known ground based point-monitoring precipitation gauge, often used as a ground truth instrument to validate radar or satellite rainfall retrieval algorithms. This instrument records a number of variables for each detected hydrometeor, including the detected position within the sample area of the instrument. Careful analyses of real 2DVD data reveal an artifact-there are time periods where hydrometeor detections within parts of the sample area are artificially enhanced or diminished. Here, we (i) illustrate this anomaly with an exemplary 2DVD data set, (ii) describe the origin of this anomaly, (iii) develop and present an algorithm to help flag data potentially partially corrupted by this anomaly, and (iv) explore the prevalence and quantitative impact of this anomaly. Although the anomaly is seen in every major rain event studied and by every 2DVD the authors have examined, the anomaly artificially induces less than 3% of all detected drops and typically alters estimates of rain rates and accumulations by less than 2%. © 2018 by the authors."
"57200596899;7005071296;","Integration of real-time weather radar data and Internet of Things with cloud-hosted real-time data services for the geosciences (CHORDS)",2017,"10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8128006","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85041863559&doi=10.1109%2fIGARSS.2017.8128006&partnerID=40&md5=e15c715cb56248ac0180f95d4e040a07","Advances in sensing, hardware, and wireless communications are allowing for an ever-increasing array of previously unmeasured weather phenomena at large scales. Integrating these new data with existing technologies and paradigms is of tantamount importance, in order to be able to respond quickly to emerging weather phenomena such as flash floods, tornadoes, and hail storms in real-time. Currently, integrating the massive amount of available data from various types of sensors, including rain gauges, hail sensors, radar, UAV, etc, is challenging and at times in possible, to analyze rapidly developing systems in real-time. This paper addresses this problem and presents a concept for integrating real-time weather radar data with ground sensors using CHORDS portals, allowing for the integration of large volumes of data in real-time using cloud computing technologies. © 2017 IEEE."
"6701684534;23971426100;37061861400;7102643810;57200605420;","Falling snow estimates from the global precipitation measurement (GPM) mission",2017,"10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8127559","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85041798881&doi=10.1109%2fIGARSS.2017.8127559&partnerID=40&md5=5b7064f663ac9e843322287bece0d1bf","Retrievals of falling snow from space represent an important data set for understanding the Earth's atmospheric, hydrological, and energy cycles, especially during climate change. Estimates of falling snow must be captured to obtain the true global precipitation water cycle, snowfall accumulations are required for hydrological studies, and without knowledge of the frozen particles in clouds one cannot adequately understand the energy and radiation budgets. While satellite-based remote sensing provides global coverage of falling snow events, the science is relatively new and retrievals are still undergoing development with challenges remaining (e.g., [1], [2], [3]). This work reports on the development and testing of retrieval algorithms for the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission Core Satellite [4-5], launched February 2014, with a specific focus on meeting GPM Mission requirements for falling snow. © 2017 IEEE."
"56362626800;18133256900;7006329266;7006263526;54409265600;23493341200;57196459975;56999946500;","Impact of multiple radar reflectivity data assimilation on the numerical simulation of a flash flood event during the HyMeX campaign",2017,"10.5194/hess-21-5459-2017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85033369133&doi=10.5194%2fhess-21-5459-2017&partnerID=40&md5=7fc56943e89638e42c78ffc1e3574e1a","An analysis to evaluate the impact of multiple radar reflectivity data with a three-dimensional variational (3-D-Var) assimilation system on a heavy precipitation event is presented. The main goal is to build a regionally tuned numerical prediction model and a decision-support system for environmental civil protection services and demonstrate it in the central Italian regions, distinguishing which type of observations, conventional and not (or a combination of them), is more effective in improving the accuracy of the forecasted rainfall. In that respect, during the first special observation period (SOP1) of HyMeX (Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment) campaign several intensive observing periods (IOPs) were launched and nine of which occurred in Italy. Among them, IOP4 is chosen for this study because of its low predictability regarding the exact location and amount of precipitation. This event hit central Italy on 14 September 2012 producing heavy precipitation and causing several cases of damage to buildings, infrastructure, and roads. Reflectivity data taken from three C-band Doppler radars running operationally during the event are assimilated using the 3-D-Var technique to improve high-resolution initial conditions. In order to evaluate the impact of the assimilation procedure at different horizontal resolutions and to assess the impact of assimilating reflectivity data from multiple radars, several experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model are performed. Finally, traditional verification scores such as accuracy, equitable threat score, false alarm ratio, and frequency bias - interpreted by analysing their uncertainty through bootstrap confidence intervals (CIs) - are used to objectively compare the experiments, using rain gauge data as a benchmark."
"23492864500;7006184606;7006614696;36161790500;","Implications of Warm Rain in Shallow Cumulus and Congestus Clouds for Large-Scale Circulations",2017,"10.1007/s10712-017-9429-z","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85030087504&doi=10.1007%2fs10712-017-9429-z&partnerID=40&md5=818c2cee1e96257ef1cbea1acd1bad81","Space-borne observations reveal that 20–40% of marine convective clouds below the freezing level produce rain. In this paper we speculate what the prevalence of warm rain might imply for convection and large-scale circulations over tropical oceans. We present results using a two-column radiative–convective model of hydrostatic, nonlinear flow on a non-rotating sphere, with parameterized convection and radiation, and review ongoing efforts in high-resolution modeling and observations of warm rain. The model experiments investigate the response of convection and circulation to sea surface temperature (SST) gradients between the columns and to changes in a parameter that controls the conversion of cloud condensate to rain. Convection over the cold ocean collapses to a shallow mode with tops near 850 hPa, but a congestus mode with tops near 600 hPa can develop at small SST differences when warm rain formation is more efficient. Here, interactive radiation and the response of the circulation are crucial: along with congestus a deeper moist layer develops, which leads to less low-level radiative cooling, a smaller buoyancy gradient between the columns, and therefore a weaker circulation and less subsidence over the cold ocean. The congestus mode is accompanied with more surface precipitation in the subsiding column and less surface precipitation in the deep convecting column. For the shallow mode over colder oceans, circulations also weaken with more efficient warm rain formation, but only marginally. Here, more warm rain reduces convective tops and the boundary layer depth—similar to Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) studies—which reduces the integrated buoyancy gradient. Elucidating the impact of warm rain can benefit from large-domain high-resolution simulations and observations. Parameterizations of warm rain may be constrained through collocated cloud and rain profiling from ground, and concurrent changes in convection and rain in subsiding and convecting branches of circulations may be revealed from a collocation of space-borne sensors, including the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) and upcoming Aeolus missions. © 2017, The Author(s)."
"40661020000;57195968663;7102432430;35234662000;40661753400;6602865544;","The Cloud Dynamics and Radiation Database Algorithm for AMSR2: Exploitation of the GPM Observational Dataset for Operational Applications",2017,"10.1109/JSTARS.2017.2713485","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85023782095&doi=10.1109%2fJSTARS.2017.2713485&partnerID=40&md5=9bc5442fa5e119be19bbefdc86c7ef02","A new precipitation retrieval algorithm for the AMSR2 is described. The algorithm is based on the cloud dynamics and radiation database (CDRD) Bayesian approach and represents an evolution of the previous version applied to SSMIS observations, and used operationally within the EUMETSAT H-SAF program. This new product presents as main innovation the use of a very large database entirely empirical, derived from coincident radar and radiometer observations from the NASA/JAXA GPM-CO launched on February 28, 2014. The other new aspects are: 1) a new rain-/no-rain screening approach; 2) use of EOF and CCA for dimensionality reduction; 3) use of new ancillary variables to categorize the database and mitigate the problem of non-uniqueness of the retrieval solution; and 4) development and implementations of modules for computation time minimization. A verification study for case studies over Italy and for coincident AMSR2/GPM-CO observations over the MSG full disk area has been carried out. Results show remarkable AMSR2 capabilities for RR retrieval over ocean (for RR > 0.1 mm/h), good capabilities over vegetated land (for RR > 1 mm/h), while for coastal areas the results are less certain. Comparisons with NASA GPM products, and with ground-based radar data, show that the new CDRD for AMSR2 is able to depict very well the areas of high precipitation over all surface types. The algorithm is also able to handle an extremely large observational database available from GPM-CO and to provide rainfall estimate with minimum latency, making it suitable for NRT hydrological and operational applications. © 2008-2012 IEEE."
"57194686370;11238817600;57116713900;","Freshening of Antarctic Intermediate Water in the South Atlantic Ocean in 2005-2014",2017,"10.5194/os-13-521-2017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85023208666&doi=10.5194%2fos-13-521-2017&partnerID=40&md5=c47d53c697cb2f6c143915fb0ed04ef4","Basin-scale freshening of Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) is reported to have occurred in the South Atlantic Ocean during the period from 2005 to 2014, as shown by the gridded monthly means of the Array for Real-Time Geostrophic Oceanography (Argo) data. This phenomenon was also revealed by two repeated transects along a section at 30°ĝ€S, performed during the World Ocean Circulation Experiment Hydrographic Program. Freshening of the AAIW was compensated for by a salinity increase of thermocline water, indicating a hydrological cycle intensification. This was supported by the precipitation-minus-evaporation change in the Southern Hemisphere from 2000 to 2014. Freshwater input from atmosphere to ocean surface increased in the subpolar high-precipitation region and vice versa in the subtropical high-evaporation region. Against the background of hydrological cycle changes, a decrease in the transport of Agulhas Leakage (AL), which was revealed by the simulated velocity field, was proposed to be a contributor to the associated freshening of AAIW. Further calculation showed that such a decrease could account for approximately 53ĝ€% of the observed freshening (mean salinity reduction of about 0.012 over the AAIW layer). The estimated variability of AL was inferred from a weakening of wind stress over the South Indian Ocean since the beginning of the 2000s, which would facilitate freshwater input from the source region. The mechanical analysis of wind data here was qualitative, but it is contended that this study would be helpful to validate and test predictably coupled sea-Air model simulations. © Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under."
"6506992267;55937180800;7004472363;35487182600;6701821355;","Observational and modeling study of a mesoscale convective system during the HyMeX — SOP1",2017,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.12.001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85007388027&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2016.12.001&partnerID=40&md5=788ae6fb22706a05251794fb9f64a08f","An intense and fast moving convective line that crossed Massif Central/Cévennes-Vivarais area (south France) during the field campaign of Hydrological Cycle in Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX) — Special Observing Period 1 (SOP1) is examined. The mesoscale analysis demonstrates a complex convective system with a V-shape in the Infrared (IR) satellite imagery and a squall line pattern on the radar imagery. Ground stations observed up to 60 mm h− 1 of rain accumulation, while the lightning activity, as observed by 4 detection networks, was also exceptionally high. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was used to simulate this convective episode and sensitivity tests were performed with various microphysics and convective parameterization schemes. Satellite data from Meteosat SEVIRI Rapid Scanning Service were used in conjunction with radar, lightning and rain gauge data to conclude on the best simulation for which WRF model exhibits a rather precise and realistic distribution and evolution of the precipitation patterns. Finally, a study of the microphysics was performed indicating the interconnection of graupel with lightning activity, confirming recent results, compared against a sophisticated hydrometeor classification radar algorithm and lightning data. © 2016"
"57160111600;57159188200;23989928400;","Impact of precipitation and temperature changes on hydrological responses of small-scale catchments in the Ethiopian Highlands",2017,"10.1080/02626667.2016.1217415","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84989877744&doi=10.1080%2f02626667.2016.1217415&partnerID=40&md5=9e7807a13251ba2e384b8d8851bd5024","The hydrological response of catchments with different rainfall patterns was assessed to understand the availability of blue and green water and the impacts of changing precipitation and temperature in the Ethiopian Highlands. Monthly discharge of three small-scale catchments was simulated, calibrated, and validated with a dataset of more than 30 years. Different temperature and precipitation scenarios were used to compare the hydrological responses in all three catchments. Results indicate that runoff reacts disproportionately strongly to precipitation and temperature changes: a 24% increase in precipitation led to a 50% increase in average annual runoff, and an average annual rainfall–runoff ratio that was 20% higher. An increase in temperature led to an increase of evapotranspiration and resulted in a decrease in the rainfall–runoff ratio. But a comparison of combined results with different climate change scenarios shows that downstream stakeholders can expect a higher share of available blue water in the future. © 2016 IAHS."
"27170284400;57211897237;55612436600;56254880200;57188829559;56955762800;","Wavelet analysis of the complex precipitation series in the Northern Jiansanjiang administration of the heilongjiang land reclamation, China",2016,"10.2166/wcc.2016.040","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85002529862&doi=10.2166%2fwcc.2016.040&partnerID=40&md5=33decfd84c9af7256dc59aef381918c2","Due to interference from natural factors and the intensity of human activities, the complex characteristics of the regional precipitation process have become increasingly evident, which creates a challenge for the rational development and utilisation of precipitation resources. In this perspective of complexity diagnosis, the multi-timescale variation characteristics of precipitation were analysed in the Northern Jiansanjiang Administration of Heilongjiang land reclamation, China, by the wavelet analysis method. The results showed that the most complex precipitation series was at Qinglongshan Farm. There are five significant main periods of approximately 2, 3, 4, 9 and 12 years in the seasonal and annual precipitation of Qinglongshan Farm; these periodic variation characteristics are almost identical to the periods of the EI Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomena and sunspot activity, which illustrates that climate change has a major influence on the local precipitation variation characteristics. At the same time, precipitation in summer and autumn has similar periods and a similar variation trend to the annual precipitation at Qinglongshan Farm, which indicates that the local annual precipitation variation characteristics are mainly affected by summer and autumn precipitation variation. In contrast with the harmonic analysis method based on Fourier transform, wavelet analysis has a significant advantage in terms of accurately identifying the main cycle of the hydrological time series. © IWA Publishing 2016."
"54409265600;57188727878;7006263526;7003416148;6701596076;49864080200;7004594292;","Hydrometeor classification for X-band dual polarization radar on-board civil aircrafts",2015,"10.1109/IGARSS.2015.7326272","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84962574601&doi=10.1109%2fIGARSS.2015.7326272&partnerID=40&md5=01b7a8bad39efff0caf41a4156aa08ac","Polarimetric techniques applied to radars on-board civil aircraft can improve the estimation of risk zones due to dangerous weather during flight. Usually, X-band weather radars are installed at the nose of civil aircrafts. This band is affected by strong attenuation in case of intense precipitation (liquid or mixed phase). The current systems do not compensate backscattered power measurements for attenuation caused by propagation through precipitation, while dual-polarization radars are able to compensate effectively this source of error and to discriminate hydrometeors. In this work, a classification algorithm based on support vector machines (SVM) is proposed. Training is driven by the output of a Fuzzy Logic (FL) classification algorithm (typical classification approach used for ground-based weather radar). SVM high performance in terms of time processing and its flexibility of configuration using all type of inputs variables are important characteristics to be included in some avionic specific equipment, such as the Electronic Flight Bag (EFB). Two datasets have been used to test the SVM classification algorithm. The first dataset is composed of simulated radar polarimetric observations at X-band and the second one is composed of actual dual-polarization radar measurements collected during the Special Observation Period (SOP) 1.1 of HYdrological cycle in MEditerranean EXperiment (Hymex) campaign by the C-band Doppler dual-polarization weather radar (Polar 55C) installed at ISAC-CNR in Rome. Good performance are obtained for SVM classificator. The comparison with FL output shows a good agreement (up to 90%) both in qualitative comparison maps by maps and using a quantitative approach which metric is based on the confusion matrix. © 2015 IEEE."
"53063975800;36627352900;","Thermodynamic and dynamic contributions to future changes in regional precipitation variance: focus on the Southeastern United States",2015,"10.1007/s00382-014-2216-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84929707071&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-014-2216-3&partnerID=40&md5=5256e0ce9d541a4315d026b5a022e8d0","The frequency and severity of extreme events are tightly associated with the variance of precipitation. As climate warms, the acceleration in hydrological cycle is likely to enhance the variance of precipitation across the globe. However, due to the lack of an effective analysis method, the mechanisms responsible for the changes of precipitation variance are poorly understood, especially on regional scales. Our study fills this gap by formulating a variance partition algorithm, which explicitly quantifies the contributions of atmospheric thermodynamics (specific humidity) and dynamics (wind) to the changes in regional-scale precipitation variance. Taking Southeastern (SE) United States (US) summer precipitation as an example, the algorithm is applied to the simulations of current and future climate by phase 5 of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) models. The analysis suggests that compared to observations, most CMIP5 models (~60 %) tend to underestimate the summer precipitation variance over the SE US during the 1950–1999, primarily due to the errors in the modeled dynamic processes (i.e. large-scale circulation). Among the 18 CMIP5 models analyzed in this study, six of them reasonably simulate SE US summer precipitation variance in the twentieth century and the underlying physical processes; these models are thus applied for mechanistic study of future changes in SE US summer precipitation variance. In the future, the six models collectively project an intensification of SE US summer precipitation variance, resulting from the combined effects of atmospheric thermodynamics and dynamics. Between them, the latter plays a more important role. Specifically, thermodynamics results in more frequent and intensified wet summers, but does not contribute to the projected increase in the frequency and intensity of dry summers. In contrast, atmospheric dynamics explains the projected enhancement in both wet and dry summers, indicating its importance in understanding future climate change over the SE US. The results suggest that the intensified SE US summer precipitation variance is not a purely thermodynamic response to greenhouse gases forcing, and cannot be explained without the contribution of atmospheric dynamics. Our analysis provides important insights to understand the mechanisms of SE US summer precipitation variance change. The algorithm formulated in this study can be easily applied to other regions and seasons to systematically explore the mechanisms responsible for the changes in precipitation extremes in a warming climate. © 2014, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg."
"56412205100;55704041500;7404331975;","Modeled ecosystem responses to intra-annual redistribution and levels of precipitation in a prairie grassland",2015,"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.11.010","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84910018804&doi=10.1016%2fj.ecolmodel.2014.11.010&partnerID=40&md5=5a69534b2711146cb7e87fffa35f67f9","Global models projected that, precipitation in Great Plains of the United States will decrease in summer and increase in spring and winter. However, few studies had carefully examined ecosystem responses to this intra-annual redistribution of precipitation. Here we used a process-based model, Terrestrial ECOsystem (TECO) Model, to evaluate responses of ecosystem carbon processes (including net primary production (NPP), heterotrophic respiration (Rh), and net ecosystem production (NEP)) and hydrological cycles (including evapotranspiration, and runoff) to precipitation redistribution at three levels (-50%, ambient, and +50% precipitation) in five soil textures (sand, sandy loam, loam, silt loam, and clay loam). Redistribution was designed by subtracting 40% summer precipitation and adding to spring and fall. Results showed that precipitation redistribution decreased NPP, Rh, and NEP at all three precipitation levels. Responses of NPP, Rh, and NEP differed in five soil textures. Redistribution slightly increased runoff and decreased evapotranspiration. Runoff was higher in coarse textured soils and lower in fine textured soils. Responses of evapotranspiration were contrary to runoff. Precipitation levels and redistribution had little effect on mean annual soil water content (SWC), especially in coarse textured soils. Our results indicated that, besides amount and timing of precipitation, the intra-annual redistribution could also affect ecosystem carbon and water processes. Moreover, the extent to which the ecosystem responses to redistribution of precipitation is largely controlled by soil texture. © 2014 Elsevier B.V."
"36704804900;57212000722;6508349802;6701416377;","An improved approach for rainfall estimation over Indian summer monsoon region using Kalpana-1 data",2014,"10.1016/j.asr.2014.04.019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84904066948&doi=10.1016%2fj.asr.2014.04.019&partnerID=40&md5=55d27ec352cc6cd71e2a224d7d4020d2","In this paper, an improved Kalpana-1 infrared (IR) based rainfall estimation algorithm, specific to Indian summer monsoon region is presented. This algorithm comprises of two parts: (i) development of Kalpana-1 IR based rainfall estimation algorithm with improvement for orographic warm rain underestimation generally suffered by IR based rainfall estimation methods and (ii) cooling index to take care of the growth and decay of clouds and thereby improving the precipitation estimation. In the first part, a power-law based regression relationship between cloud top temperature from Kalpana-1 IR channel and rainfall from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) - precipitation radar specific to the Indian region is developed. This algorithm tries to overcome the inherent orographic issues of the IR based rainfall estimation techniques. Over the windward sides of the Western Ghats, Himalayas and Arakan Yoma mountain chains, separate regression coefficients are generated to take care of the orographically produced warm rainfall. Generally global rainfall retrieval methods fail to detect the warm rainfall over these regions. Rain estimated over the orographic region is suitably blended with the rain retrieved over the entire domain comprising of the Indian monsoon region and parts of the Indian Ocean using another regression relationship. While blending, a smoothening function is applied to avoid rainfall artefacts and an elliptical weighting function is introduced for the purpose. In the second part, a cooling index to distinguish rain/no-rain conditions is developed using Kalpana-1 IR data. The cooling index identifies the cloud growing/decaying regions using two consecutive half-hourly IR images of Kalpana-1 by assigning appropriate weights to growing and non-growing clouds. Intercomparison of estimated rainfall from the present algorithm with TRMM-3B42/3B43 precipitation products and Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) gridded rain gauge data are found to be encouraging. The advantages of the present algorithm are that it requires only two IR images as input without depending on other sources of information and simple to implement. The present algorithm performs better than the existing Kalpana-1 IR based rainfall estimation algorithm. Comparison with IMD rainfall data suggests that the underestimation of average rainfall has decreased by 30% for the present algorithm. © 2014 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved."
"6603020128;6507975139;8413672100;8675321000;56032338100;","Properties of rainfall in a tropical volcanic island deduced from UHF wind profiler measurements",2014,"10.5194/amt-7-409-2014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84893726090&doi=10.5194%2famt-7-409-2014&partnerID=40&md5=b1ec8f04947cb8bc625db01644671464","The microphysical properties of rainfall at the island of Réunion are analysed and quantified according to one year of wind profiler observations collected at Saint-Denis international airport. The statistical analysis clearly shows important differences in rain vertical profiles as a function of the seasons. During the dry season, the vertical structure of precipitation is driven by trade wind and boundary-layer inversions, both of which limit the vertical extension of the clouds. The rain rate is lower than 2.5 mm h-1 throughout the lower part of the troposphere (about 2 km) and decreases in the higher altitudes. During the moist season, the average rain rate is around 5 mm h-1 and nearly uniform from the ground up to 4 km. <br><br> The dynamical and microphysical properties (including drop size distributions) of four distinct rainfall events are also investigated through the analysis of four case studies representative of the variety of rain events occurring on Réunion: summer deep convection, northerly-to-northeasterly flow atmospheric pattern, cold front and winter depression embedded in trade winds. Radar-derived rain parameters are in good agreement with those obtained from collocated rain gauge observations in all cases, which demonstrates that accurate qualitative and quantitative analysis can be inferred from wind profiler data. Fluxes of kinetic energy are also estimated from wind profiler observations in order to evaluate the impact of rainfall on soil erosion. Results show that horizontal kinetic energy fluxes are systematically one order of magnitude higher than vertical kinetic energy fluxes. A simple relationship between the reflectivity factor and vertical kinetic energy fluxes is proposed based on the results of the four case studies. © 2014 Author(s)."
"16643513100;56219358200;6603623117;","Isotopic composition of rain- and groundwater at Mt. Vesuvius: Environmental and volcanological implications",2014,"10.1007/s12665-014-3110-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907595380&doi=10.1007%2fs12665-014-3110-3&partnerID=40&md5=875d783363c05274dfe88e7d728491bd","The present work reports on the isotopic characterization of rainfall and groundwater at Mt. Vesuvius. Values of δ 18O, monthly measured on rain samples collected during the period 2002-2004 in a rain-gauge network composed of 10 stations, were compared with meteorological and DEM data. Air temperature, controlled by the local orographic structure, was identified as the main factor influencing rain isotopic composition. Another important role is played by orographic clouds, whose condensation over the top of Mt. Vesuvius is responsible for anomalously high δ 18O values recorded in rain samples from the summit area of the volcanic edifice. A spatial model of rain isotopic composition, based on a 3D distribution of temperature derived by a 1 × 1 km DEM, was implemented and used for calculating the theoretical isotopic signature of seepage, further compared with data measured in the groundwater monitoring network. The analysis evidenced the role of local meteoric recharge as the main source feeding Mt. Vesuvius aquifers. The unique exception is the Olivella drainage gallery, located on the north-eastern flank of the volcanic edifice, whose isotopic composition is slightly more positive than the one expected for its altitude, likely caused by both evaporation processes and mixing with condensed hydrothermal vapor. © 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg."
"43761033300;15826566200;56237115300;","Multiple data fusion for rainfall estimation using a NARX-based recurrent neural network-the development of the REIINN model",2014,"10.1088/1755-1315/17/1/012019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84902187052&doi=10.1088%2f1755-1315%2f17%2f1%2f012019&partnerID=40&md5=e501836c8630d9f5d3dcf0dc96170f2f","Rainfall, one of the important elements of the hydrologic cycle, is also the most difficult to model. Thus, accurate rainfall estimation is necessary especially in localized catchment areas where variability of rainfall is extremely high. Moreover, early warning of severe rainfall through timely and accurate estimation and forecasting could help prevent disasters from flooding. This paper presents the development of two rainfall estimation models that utilize a NARX-based neural network architecture namely: REIINN 1 and REIINN 2. These REIINN models, or Rainfall Estimation by Information Integration using Neural Networks, were trained using MTSAT cloud-top temperature (CTT) images and rainfall rates from the combined rain gauge and TMPA 3B40RT datasets. Model performance was assessed using two metrics-root mean square error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (R). REIINN 1 yielded an RMSE of 8.1423 mm/3h and an overall R of 0.74652 while REIINN 2 yielded an RMSE of 5.2303 and an overall R of 0.90373. The results, especially that of REIINN 2, are very promising for satellite-based rainfall estimation in a catchment scale. It is believed that model performance and accuracy will greatly improve with a denser and more spatially distributed in-situ rainfall measurements to calibrate the model with. The models proved the viability of using remote sensing images, with their good spatial coverage, near real time availability, and relatively inexpensive to acquire, as an alternative source for rainfall estimation to complement existing ground-based measurements."
"55581227400;55890201800;","Pollutant distribution on Urban surfaces: Case study in Southern Brazil",2013,"10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000617","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84873331560&doi=10.1061%2f%28ASCE%29EE.1943-7870.0000617&partnerID=40&md5=070318121dcbeabe71394303a196e9c8","Urban development, in addition to causing changes in the hydrological cycle, increases the amount of pollutants as the result of anthropogenic factors such as land use, local activities, and regional traffic. This study aimed to quantify pollutants related to sediments of different sizes on impermeable surfaces. The knowledge that the amount of various pollutants is associated with sediment size is important in the design of treatment facilities capable of removing most of the polluted sediments. The study region is the Cancela Basin, located in Santa-Maria, Brazil. Pollutants were quantified in relation to the various sizes of sediments on the impervious surfaces of streets having similar levels of urbanization but different traffic intensities and gradients. Dry sediment samples collected prior to rainfall and surface runoff sediment samples collected during rainfall were separated into four granulometric bands (≤63 μm, 63-250 μm, 250-500 μm, and ≥500 μm). Organic pollution and nutrient and heavy metal contents were evaluated for each granulometric band. Heavy metals were more concentrated in samples representing granulometry levels ≤63 μm. In the dry sediment samples, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and phosphate contents were found in samples representing granulometry levels ≥500 μm. Ammonia, nitrates, lead, and zinc were associated with the 63-250 μm granulometric band. © 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers."
"23027759800;7404210007;7404780058;","In the hot seat: Insolation, ENSO, and vegetation in the african tropics",2013,"10.1002/jgrg.20115","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84892950720&doi=10.1002%2fjgrg.20115&partnerID=40&md5=2bc556c3753b991a6374489b86221ac9","African climate is changing at rates unprecedented in the Late Holocene with profound implications for tropical ecosystems and the global hydrologic cycle. Understanding the specific climate drivers behind tropical ecosystem change is critical for both future and paleomodeling efforts. However, linkages between climate and vegetation in the tropics have been extremely controversial. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a satellite-derived index of vegetation productivity with a high spatial and temporal resolution. Here we use regression analysis to show that NDVI variability in Africa is primarily correlated with the interannual extent of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Our results indicate that interannual variability of the ITCZ, rather than sea surface temperatures or teleconnections to middle/high latitudes, drives patterns in African vegetation resulting from the effects of insolation anomalies and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events on atmospheric circulation. Global controls on tropical atmospheric circulation allow for spatially coherent reconstruction of interannual vegetation variability throughout Africa on many time scales through regulation of dry season length and moisture convergence, rather than precipitation amount. Key Points Atmospheric variability has a dramatic effect on tropical African vegetation. ITCZ position and intensity result from variations in insolation and ENSO. Growing season vegetation controls are both rainfall and dry season length. ©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"7103221877;","Desertification and climate change: Saudi Arabian case",2013,"10.1504/IJGW.2013.055362","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84888357163&doi=10.1504%2fIJGW.2013.055362&partnerID=40&md5=cfd2b9ed94187be6fd242585ff14ae99","This paper concentrates on the possible relationships between the climate change and desertification in arid regions. It is stated that the global warming will cause vertical expansion of air volumes over the three free water surfaces (Red Sea, Arabian Sea and Arabian Gulf) around the Arabian Peninsula (AP) causing air movement enhancement towards inlands and hydrological cycle intensification. Finally, for comparison purposes the rainfall predictions up to 2100 on the basis of NCAR-A2 scenario is given as the product of quadrangle downscaling (QD) methodology. It is shown that climate change may accelerate desertification at coastal areas of the AP. © 2013 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd."
"16643471600;7401945370;9535769800;8918195900;7201587916;6603819181;","Development of cloud liquid water database using global cloud-system resolving model for GPM/DPR algorithm",2012,"10.1109/IGARSS.2012.6351566","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84873170225&doi=10.1109%2fIGARSS.2012.6351566&partnerID=40&md5=cdb9f8363526823dbef328a1f0d7173a","The JAXA-NASA Joint Algorithm Team has developed the Level 2 algorithm for Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) onboard the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core observatory, which will be launched in 2014. Correction method for attenuation by cloud liquid water (CLW) is one of future issues in the DPR algorithm. Recently, a 3.5km-mesh global simulation has been performed using a Nonhydrostatic ICosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM). The NICAM is a global cloud-system resolving model (GCRM), and explicitly calculates moist convection using a cloud microphysical scheme. In this work, vertical profiles of the CLW are classified with reference to temperatures and intensities of surface rain rate (SRR) using the NICAM data. Overall, the CLW amount tends to increase when the SRR increases. In the Tropics such as 15S-15N, clear peaks are found around 10-15 degrees Centigrade with small SRRs. This can be connected with shallow rainfall. In large SRRs, peaks are around the Freezing Level, which can be related to tall rainfall. © 2012 IEEE."
"54417979600;8393392100;7403564655;56447476300;55270258600;57102136900;57198817534;","Identifying the sustainable groundwater yield in a Chinese semi-humid basin",2012,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.05.017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84863087570&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2012.05.017&partnerID=40&md5=264bcd17919f1e698c23740d02f046e2","The primary goal of this work was to identify the sustainable groundwater yield which is a key reference of reasonable groundwater development, but also a complex issue in current hydrogeologic science. One major limit to identify sustainable groundwater yield is the lack of a unified evaluation criterion because there are many factors involved in hydrological systems that are difficult to quantify. To address this problem, an integrated evaluation model was constructed for a series of purposes including the maximal efficiency of water use, the integral benefit of development and utilization, the optimized environmental water demand and the minimal anthropogenic influence on groundwater system. It consists of a benefit model, a water cycling simulation model and an optimization model. The basin-wide model for water cycling simulation was a basic component to simulate scenarios with different constraints, and the best water development strategy was thereafter identified using the integral benefit model of water resources development. The Yinma River basin in a Chinese semi-humid region was selected as the case study area. Results indicated the optimized groundwater yield could be sustained by intensive reservoir supply and maintain suitable ecological water demand simultaneously. The work proposed a potential groundwater utilization strategy for economically developing countries across the world. © 2012."
"7202660824;7403288995;24178522800;","Why does the Antarctic Peninsula Warm in climate simulations?",2012,"10.1007/s00382-011-1092-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84857442591&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-011-1092-3&partnerID=40&md5=34498b73783e91f0de59b6be484ba775","The Antarctic Peninsula has warmed significantly since the 1950s. This pronounced and isolated warming trend is collectively captured by 29 twentieth-century climate hindcasts participating in the version 3 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. To understand the factors driving warming trends in the hindcasts, we examine trends in Peninsula region's atmospheric heat budget in every simulation. We find that atmospheric latent heat release increases in nearly all hindcasts. These increases are generally anthropogenic in origin, and account for about 60% of the ensemble-mean warming trend in the Peninsula. They are driven primarily by well-understood features of the anthropogenic intensification of global hydrological cycle. As sea surface temperature increases, moisture contained in atmospheric flows increases. When such flows are forced to ascend the Peninsula's topography, enhanced local latent heat release results. The mechanism driving the warming of the Antarctic Peninsula is therefore clear in the models. Evidence for a similar mechanism operating in the real world is seen in the increasing snow accumulation rates inferred from ice cores drilled in the Peninsula. However, the relative importance of this mechanism and other processes previously identified as potentially causing the observed warming, such as the recent sea ice retreat in the Bellingshausen Sea, is difficult to assess. Thus the relevance of the simulated warming mechanism to the observed warming is unclear, in spite of its robustness in the models. © 2011 Springer-Verlag."
"6506496061;7103369956;","Merging WSR-88D stage III radar rainfall data with rain gauge measurements using wavelet analysis",2012,"10.1080/01431161.2010.550641","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84857960570&doi=10.1080%2f01431161.2010.550641&partnerID=40&md5=b6a02558b69e3b2da5c04d1872152373","Albeit weather surveillance radar (WSR)-88D stage III radar rainfall (RR) data can generally capture the spatial variability of precipitation fields, its rainfall depth for cold seasons dominated by stratiform storms tends to be underestimated. This study proposed merging WSR-88D stage III data with rain gauge data using the Haar wavelet scheme and compared its with that merged by the statistical objective analysis (SOA) scheme. The idea is to exploit the strength of radar that better captures the spatial variability of rainfall and that of rain gauges that measure the rainfall depth more accurately. A Haar wavelet was used because of its simplicity and the appealing physical interpretation of its coefficients as directional gradients of rainfall, whose spatial correlation structure was accounted for through a polynomial function. From analysing 89 storms over the Blue River Basin (BRB), Oklahoma, during 1994-2000, the results show that the underestimation problem of WSR-88D RR was generally more pronounced during the cold season dominated by stratiform storms than warm season dominated by convective storms. The wavelet scheme was better than SOA in reducing the radar's underestimation of rainfall depths while maintaining the spatial variability of the original radar data, as shown by its merged rainfall patterns and the more accurate streamflow hydrographs simulated by a semi-distributed, physics-based rainfall-runoff model - semi-distributed physics-based hydrologic model using remote sensing (DPHM-RS) - driven by the merged data. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC."
"8308165800;57206399385;13806362800;35616703300;57197560886;","Simulating zonal scale shifts in the partitioning of surface and subsurface freshwater flow in response to increasing pCO2",2011,"10.1007/s00382-010-0929-5","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80053329040&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-010-0929-5&partnerID=40&md5=6f7fabe726a29c4ba9754cf1638e8ac8","Freshwater discharge is one main element of the hydrological cycle that physically and biogeochemically connects the atmosphere, land surface, and ocean and directly responds to changes in pCO2. Nevertheless, while the effect of near-future global warming on total river runoff has been intensively studied, little attention has been given to longer-term impacts and thresholds of increasing pCO2 on changes in the partitioning of surface and subsurface flow paths across broad climate zones. These flow paths and their regional responses have a significant role for vegetation, soils, and nutrient leaching and transport. We present climate simulations for modern, near-future (850 ppm), far-future (1880 ppm), and past Late Cretaceous (1880 ppm) pCO2 levels. The results show large zonal mean differences and the displacement of flows from the surface to the subsurface depending on the respective pCO2 level. At modern levels the ratio of deeper subsurface to near-surface flows for tropical and high northern latitudes is 1:4. 0 and 1:0. 5, respectively, reflecting the contrast between permeable tropical soils and the areas of frozen ground in high latitudes. There is a trend toward increased total flow in both climate zones at 850 ppm, modeled to be increases in the total flow of 34 and 51%, respectively, with both zones also showing modest increases in the proportion of subsurface flow. Beyond 850 ppm the simulations show a distinct divergence of hydrological trends between mid- to high northern latitudes and tropical zones. While total wetting reverses in the tropics beyond 850 ppm due to reduced precipitation, with average zonal total runoff decreasing by 46% compared to the 850 ppm simulation, the high northern latitude zone becomes slightly wetter with the average zonal total runoff increasing by a further 3%. The ratio of subsurface to surface flows in the tropics remains at a level similar to the present day, but in the high northern latitude zone the ratio increases significantly to 1:1. 6 due to the loss of frozen ground. The results for the high pCO2 simulations with the same uniform soil and vegetation cover as the Cretaceous are comparable to the results for the Cretaceous simulation, with higher fractions of subsurface flow of 1:5. 4 and 1:5. 6, respectively for the tropics, and 1:2. 2 and 1:1. 6, respectively for the high northern latitudes. We suggest that these fundamental similarities between our far future and Late Cretaceous models provide a framework of possible analogous consequences for (far-) future climate change, within which the integrated human impact over the next centuries could be assessed. The results from this modeling study are consistent with climate information from the sedimentary record which highlights the crucial role of terrestrial-marine interactions during past climate change. This study points to profound consequences for soil biogeochemical cycling, with different latitudinal expressions, passing of climate thresholds at elevated pCO2 levels, and enhanced export of nutrients to the ocean at higher pCO2. © 2010 Springer-Verlag."
"35784285600;","Changes in mist immersion",2011,"10.1017/CBO9780511778384.006","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84933499251&doi=10.1017%2fCBO9780511778384.006&partnerID=40&md5=fafb36cd1d91df20d6d80f562ea6ecac","This chapter reviews recent research on changes in cloud formation at cloud forest and other sites. These changes are discussed in the context of the global hydrological cycle, global climate change, and tropical deforestation. After a simplified review of the basic theory on (changes in) cloud formation, a simple equation is derived governing the expected changes in the altitude of the lifting condensation level associated with given changes in humidity and temperature of the air. Using the ECHAM4 Global Circulation Model, predictions are made about changes in cloud base height for the next century. These prove to be consistent with an intensification of the hydrological cycle. INTRODUCTION How cloud characteristics will change in the coming centuries is of critical importance to cloud forests (Foster, 2001). Recent literature has concentrated mostly on the changes in the altitude of the cloud base, primarily because it is easily quantifiable in models and observation (cf. Lawton et al., this volume). This chapter will continue that trend but notes that changes in the frequency of cloud formation and/or the water content of clouds (Hildebrandt and Eltahir, 2008) may be of equal or greater consequence than changes in the altitude of formation per se. Emphasis here will be on changes driven by increases in atmospheric CO2 although it is recognized that aerosols, because of their key role in cloud formation and circulation patterns (Liepert et al., 2004), should also be included in the prediction of future cloud formation regimes. © Cambridge University Press 2010."
"8581867900;36816424500;23494283400;26641022000;57190571669;56042111000;12645483600;","GPM microwave imager design, predicted performance and status",2010,"10.1109/IGARSS.2010.5652098","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78650877875&doi=10.1109%2fIGARSS.2010.5652098&partnerID=40&md5=d54a1943c623adf69396b404d50feca9","The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) Instrument is being developed by Ball Aerospace and Technologies Corporation (Ball) for the GPM program at NASA Goddard. The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international effort managed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to improve climate, weather, and hydro-meteorological predictions through more accurate and more frequent precipitation measurements. The GPM Microwave Imager (GMI) will be used to make calibrated, radiometric measurements from space at multiple microwave frequencies and polarizations. GMI will be placed on the GPM Core Spacecraft together with the Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR). The DPR is two-frequency precipitation measurement radar, which will operate in the Ku-band and Ka-band of the microwave spectrum. The Core Spacecraft will make radiometric and radar measurements of clouds and precipitation and will be the central element of GPM's space segment. The data products from GPM will provide information concerning global precipitation on a frequent, near-global basis to meteorologists and scientists making weather forecasts and performing research on the global energy and water cycle, precipitation, hydrology, and related disciplines. In addition, radiometric measurements from GMI and radar measurements from the DPR will be used together to develop a retrieval transfer standard for the purpose of calibrating precipitation retrieval algorithms. This calibration standard will establish a reference against which other retrieval algorithms using only microwave radiometers (and without the benefit of the DPR) on other satellites in the GPM constellation will be compared. The instrument has completed the Critical Design Review phase of the program. The design of the instrument is complete. We describe the instrument and predict the performance of the GMI instrument. The instrument interfaces have been finalized and the design completed. The final mechanical and electrical interfaces are described. The mechanical interface was specifically designed to provide isolation from the spacecraft and allow accommodation on future low inclination spacecraft. An electrical interface was added coming from the spacecraft that allows the GMI integration to be blanked during Dual Precipitation Radar pulses. The implementation of this blanking is described. The instrument is currently in the flight production phase. Status and initial test results on the flight hardware are presented. © 2010 IEEE."
"7201487195;6701845806;7403373333;","Inverse method for estimating the spatial variability of soil particle size distribution from observed soil moisture",2010,"10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000274","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77957927442&doi=10.1061%2f%28ASCE%29HE.1943-5584.0000274&partnerID=40&md5=2fcf70d8cd179559b89d4f1713c1dfc9","Soil particle size distribution (PSD) (i.e., clay, silt, sand, and rock contents) information is one of critical factors for understanding water cycle since it affects almost all of water cycle processes, e.g., drainage, runoff, soil moisture, evaporation, and evapotranspiration. With information about soil PSD, we can estimate almost all soil hydraulic properties (e.g., saturated soil moisture, field capacity, wilting point, residual soil moisture, saturated hydraulic conductivity, pore-size distribution index, and bubbling capillary pressure) based on published empirical relationships. Therefore, a regional or global soil PSD database is essential for studying water cycle regionally or globally. At the present stage, three soil geographic databases are commonly used, i.e., the Soil Survey Geographic database, the State Soil Geographic database, and the National Soil Geographic database. Those soil data are map unit based and associated with great uncertainty. Ground soil surveys are a way to reduce this uncertainty. However, ground surveys are time consuming and labor intensive. In this study, an inverse method for estimating mean and standard deviation of soil PSD from observed soil moisture is proposed and applied to Throughfall Displacement Experiment sites in Walker Branch Watershed in eastern Tennessee. This method is based on the relationship between spatial mean and standard deviation of soil moisture. The results indicate that the suggested method is feasible and has potential for retrieving soil PSD information globally from remotely sensed soil moisture data. © 2010 ASCE."
"7005878244;","On adapting to global groundwater crisis",2010,"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00695_4.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77952870874&doi=10.1111%2fj.1745-6584.2010.00695_4.x&partnerID=40&md5=fa1b3ec5ca6405977f85335561a2f6bc",[No abstract available]
"34877054700;7004870145;7103185017;","A multisource scheme based on NWP and MSG data to correct non-precipitating weather radar echoes",2009,"10.1007/s00703-009-0043-6","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70349748794&doi=10.1007%2fs00703-009-0043-6&partnerID=40&md5=dd3df2da3f3a6b0bb7b3c6263da6002f","Weather radar quantitative precipitation estimates (QPE) are one of the usual tools to monitor rainfall intensity remotely by forecasters on duty or by automatic systems such as hydrological models. Derivation of radar QPE requires a set of robust quality control procedures to address a number of different factors. In particular, significant departures from the standard temperature and moisture atmospheric vertical profiles may increase dramatically the refraction of the radar beam. This anomalous propagation (AP or anaprop) of the microwave radar energy may therefore increase the number of spurious echoes due to ground clutter and contribute, with non-realistic rainfall, to the estimated precipitation field. Based on previous experience of geostationary satellite imagery usage to depict cloud-free areas in precipitation analysis systems, a methodology to incorporate Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) observations and NWP data in the quality control of weather radar QPE was implemented considering two different algorithms. They were validated with two different verification data sets, built with manually edited radar data and rain gauge observations using HKS, PC and FAR scores. The evaluation of the scores was performed for weak (<15 dBZ), stronger and all echoes and for day, night and day and night conditions. One of the methods dealing with weak echoes at night improved PC from 80 to 97% and decreased FAR from 0.32 to 0.19. The results obtained indicate that the technique shows potential for operational application complementing other existing methodologies designed to improve the quality of weather radar precipitation estimates. © Springer-Verlag 2009."
"57212302930;7007157236;7005793728;","Variations in the summertime atmospheric hydrologic cycle associated with seasonal precipitation anomalies over the southwestern United States",2006,"10.1175/JHM521.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33748944329&doi=10.1175%2fJHM521.1&partnerID=40&md5=d50174c6f64e13efe3dfaccbd1ad2d96","This paper examines year-to-year variations in the large-scale summertime hydrologic cycle over the southwestern United States using a suite of regional model simulations and surface- and upper-air-based observations. In agreement with previous results, it is found that observed interannual precipitation variations in this region can be subdivided into two spatiotemporal regimes - one associated with rainfall variability over the southwestern portion of the domain centered on Arizona and the other associated with variations over the southeastern portion centered on western Texas and eastern New Mexico. Because of the limited duration of the model simulation data, it is possible to only investigate one positive rainfall season over the Arizona region and one negative rainfall season over the New Mexico region. From these investigations it appears that for the positive rainfall anomalies over Arizona excess seasonal precipitation is balanced by both enhanced evaporation and vertically integrated large-scale moisture flux convergence. Vertical profiles of these terms indicate that the anomalous large-scale moisture flux convergence is actually related to a decrease in the mean large-scale moisture flux divergence aloft; below 800 mb there is a decrease in the mean moisture flux convergence typically found at these levels, which in turn produces anomalous moisture divergence from the region. For the negative rainfall anomalies over New Mexico similar results, but of opposite sign, are found; one exception is that at the lowest levels there is an additional (negative) contribution to the vertically integrated moisture flux convergence anomaly related to a weakening of the mean low-level moisture flux convergence during the low-rainfall year. Further studies using two different model simulations with the same large-scale dynamic forcing but differing initial soil moisture values indicate that similar balances are also found for rainfall anomalies related to surface soil moisture changes within the domain, suggesting that the changes in large-scale moisture flux convergence described above can be attributed to both year-to-year variations in the regional land-atmosphere interactions as well as variations in the large-scale circulation patterns. © 2006 American Meteorological Society."
"7006642609;6701571700;","Validation of a regional weather forecast model with GPS data",2001,"10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00028-4","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035058276&doi=10.1016%2fS1464-1909%2801%2900028-4&partnerID=40&md5=b8fccc527d44e66cdb49b1be082dba36","The atmospheric water vapor content is one of the most important parameters for the hydrological cycle. In order to investigate the energy and water balance over the Baltic Sea and its catchment, the hydrostatic regional weather forecast model HRM (High resolution Regional Model) of the German Weather Service (DWD) is validated against groundbased GPS data within the BALTEX (Baltic Sea Experiment) region and the PIDCAP period (Pilot Study for Intensive Data Collection and Analysis of Precipitation; August 1 to November 17, 1995). The vertically integrated water vapor content (IWV) derived from HRM shows a high correlation (coefficient = 0.935) and slightly (≈ 2.69 kg/m2) greater mean values than the GPS data mainly due to greater mean analyses data. Between 1995 and 1998 GPS/MET aboard the Micro-Lab 1 successfully demonstrated the radio occultation technique to probe the Earth's atmosphere through its refraction effects on the signals transmitted by the GPS satellites. Profiles of the water vapor can be obtained from the GPS derived refractivity by using the temperature profiles of the HRM model. For a comparison of the vertical distribution of the specific humidity these water vapor profiles are used. Also lower values than with HRM were found. A comparison of the vertically IWV as derived from GPS/MET and from HRM shows a high correlation (coefficient = 0.90). © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved."
"6603176642;","The influence of natural and human-related factors on the water circulation in the Carpathian foothills (Southern Poland)",2001,"10.1023/A:1012502702064","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035314675&doi=10.1023%2fA%3a1012502702064&partnerID=40&md5=4e10b0a492773cb76c2cf7ce6f43ec02","Part of the northern Carpathian Mountains, the flysch-built Carpathian Foothills form a low-mountain area (300-500 m) with dense population and intensive farming. Here, in 1981-1995, a water circulation research project was conducted in the Wierzbanówka catchment basin (11.7 km2), a typical catchment basin of this land. The Carpathian Foothills are characterised with a relatively high fluctuation in the activity of the underground water effluents (outflow), ground water level and watercourse discharge. This is a result of the area's irregular precipitation patterns, low water penetrability of the ground, low underground and surface water retention and of the terrain gradients and the complex relief. The high rate of the water circulation is also a result of the dominance of the agricultural use of land (60-80% of the total area), low forest coverage (10-30%) and the inadequate water resource management. Possible actions aiming to reduce the dynamics of the water circulation in this area should include the following: Turning of a portion of the existing farmland into forestland, boosting the area of pastures and meadows, restoration of the natural character of river channels and valley bottoms, reinstating certain small water management facilities (ponds, dykes, etc.)."
"7005780974;7007085866;6603038945;7801535993;","Precipitation estimation with satellites and radar",1997,"10.1016/S0273-1177(97)00055-0","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030708534&doi=10.1016%2fS0273-1177%2897%2900055-0&partnerID=40&md5=baf51b6c10e804a8cde5676189b562e4","Radar and satellite measurements were simultaneously used for the detailed description of the properties of precipitating clouds. Existing raindrops were detected by digitised data of an MRL-5 radar measuring at 3 and 10 cms. This information was merged with the physical characteristics of precipitating clouds retrieved from the radiance data of the operational meteorological satellites. First, we used infrared and visible METEOSAT data for cloud classification and for a qualitative estimation of precipitation. Second, from the multispectral measurements of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on board the polar orbiting NOAA satellites we explicitly derived cloud-top temperature, optical thickness and effective cloud droplet size. We also determined a cloud flag using a thresholding technique. The radar and satellite images were transformed into the same geographic projection format and displayed simultaneously for qualitative evaluation. Empirical relationships were established between coincident ground precipitation measurements, radar data and satellite cloud parameters. The effect of the additional information provided by AVHRR on the quality of the precipitation estimates was evaluated. © 1997 COSPAR."
"7006069664;7101629992;","Systematic errors in the medium range prediction of the Asian summer monsoon circulation",1995,"10.1007/BF02842275","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0029474024&doi=10.1007%2fBF02842275&partnerID=40&md5=69d457dae140c1e4e3040b53378eb6eb","The present study describes an analysis of Asian summer monsoon forecasts with an operational general circulation model (GCM) of the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), U.K. An attempt is made to examine the influence of improved treatment of physical processes on the reduction of systematic errors. As some of the major changes in the parameterization of physical processes, such as modification to the infrared radiation scheme, deep cumulus convection scheme, introduction of the shallow convection scheme etc., were introduced during 1985-88, a thorough systematic error analysis of the ECMWF monsoon forecasts is carried out for a period prior to the incorporation of such changes i.e. summer monsoon season (June-August) of 1984, and for the corresponding period after relevant changes were implemented (summer monsoon season of 1988). Monsoon forecasts of the ECMWF demonstrate an increasing trend of forecast skill after the implementation of the major changes in parameterizations of radiation, convection and land-surface processes. Further, the upper level flow is found to be more predictable than that of the lower level and wind forecasts display a better skill than temperature. Apart from this, a notable increase in the magnitudes of persistence error statistics indicates that the monsoon circulation in the analysed fields became more intense with the introduction of changes in the operational forecasting system. Although, considerable reduction in systematic errors of the Asian summer monsoon forecasts is observed (up to day-5) with the introduction of major changes in the treatment of physical processes, the nature of errors remain unchanged (by day-10). The forecast errors of temperature and moisture in the middle troposphere are also reduced due to the changes in treatment of longwave radiation. Moreover, the introduction of shallow convection helped it further by enhancing the vertical transports of heat and moisture from the lower troposphere. Though, the hydrological cycle in the operational forecasts appears to have enhanced with the major modifications and improvements to the physical parameterization schemes, certain regional peculiarities have developed in the simulated rainfall distribution over the monsoon region. Hence, this study suggests further attempts to improve the formulations of physical processes for further reduction of systematic forecast errors. © 1995 Indian Academy of Sciences."
"7004175973;","Water balance and discharge simulation of an oceanic antarctic catchment on King George Island, Antarctic Peninsula",1990,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025662525&partnerID=40&md5=bb580b39324597afbd72c4fbb5c829dc","Soil moisture sensors, discharge and groundwater gauges, meteorological instruments, and soil water samplers were installed during the fieldwork and the hourly automatic measurements were completed by information obtained from an intensive daily sampling program. The total water storage in the snow cover in the 1.8km2 large catchment could then be estimated to 420 000 m3. The results of the soil moisture measurements supported conclusions, indicating that soil water discharge is a minor component in this hydrological cycle. The major role of soil is the short time storage of precipitation water within the active layer from which it discharged to the river system. Hourly discharge of the Windy Creek reacts with delay to variations of temperature and rainfall. Using the daily hydrometeorological data, including the snow studies, the water balance of the catchment was established for 1983 and 1984 using measured and simulated flow data. -from Author"
"57208749084;13608874700;","Increase in probable maximum precipitation in a changing climate over India",2020,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124806","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85082101344&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2020.124806&partnerID=40&md5=bbbe98d66cc0032b3f5794b15ef7ab89","Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) is considered as an important design criteria and it is expected to change over time owing to the impacts of climate change and intensification of global hydrological cycle. Thus, reconstruction of PMP map and investigation about its temporal change are very essential in the context of climate change. This study develops 1-day PMP map of India for five consecutive time periods (two in historical, i.e., 1901-70, 1971-2010; and three in future, i.e., 2010-39, 2040-69 and 2070-2100) to study its temporal change. Observed gridded daily precipitation data from India Meteorological Department (IMD) and outputs from three climate models following two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) are used to develop historical and future PMP maps, respectively. The modified Hershfield method is used for estimation of PMP with an updated method for enveloping technique. The results show a clear increasing trend in PMP for most part of India. Specifically, 84% area of Indian mainland exhibits an increasing trend in PMP with an average of around 35% increase in post-1970 (1971–2010) period as compared to pre-1970 (1901–1970) period. Similarly, in the far-future period (2071–2100), around 70–80% area is showing an increase with an approximate average increase of 20%-35% in PMP across different models with respect to recent past (1971–2010) following RCP 8.5 scenario. These observations evidently indicate how significantly PMP is increasing due to climate change and it should be considered in the revised planning and design in water resources engineering. © 2020 Elsevier B.V."
"57207613835;56455007900;57194026686;57215026616;57202782659;36954918600;57217592475;54397548400;55662877200;55327101700;56516842900;8310877900;22034907600;57195998479;55317156800;57205019715;57217618514;6701801514;7401830938;55174610600;57191288861;7004551298;55682653785;7202319472;57191554995;37025664100;22947166500;57200274428;34770314700;37031064100;6602551610;7006644210;6603393043;7102078607;8656032000;7003489477;7102067614;6506631326;13411209700;6602071967;57204844735;57217587758;56032222200;7004610659;22985902200;35459562600;57217588970;57191221473;22836555200;23568665500;46161553900;6508162597;6505807899;6602091030;6701364854;7404973456;7006461633;7006972207;6701806402;7004026462;34771887800;6602683836;7801371467;23971888400;57203193060;24339541900;55613242841;","The Transpolar Drift as a Source of Riverine and Shelf-Derived Trace Elements to the Central Arctic Ocean",2020,"10.1029/2019JC015920","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85087417239&doi=10.1029%2f2019JC015920&partnerID=40&md5=8f594ebed4921d6c1411d40afdada956","A major surface circulation feature of the Arctic Ocean is the Transpolar Drift (TPD), a current that transports river-influenced shelf water from the Laptev and East Siberian Seas toward the center of the basin and Fram Strait. In 2015, the international GEOTRACES program included a high-resolution pan-Arctic survey of carbon, nutrients, and a suite of trace elements and isotopes (TEIs). The cruises bisected the TPD at two locations in the central basin, which were defined by maxima in meteoric water and dissolved organic carbon concentrations that spanned 600 km horizontally and ~25–50 m vertically. Dissolved TEIs such as Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Hg, Nd, and Th, which are generally particle-reactive but can be complexed by organic matter, were observed at concentrations much higher than expected for the open ocean setting. Other trace element concentrations such as Al, V, Ga, and Pb were lower than expected due to scavenging over the productive East Siberian and Laptev shelf seas. Using a combination of radionuclide tracers and ice drift modeling, the transport rate for the core of the TPD was estimated at 0.9 ± 0.4 Sv (106 m3 s−1). This rate was used to derive the mass flux for TEIs that were enriched in the TPD, revealing the importance of lateral transport in supplying materials beneath the ice to the central Arctic Ocean and potentially to the North Atlantic Ocean via Fram Strait. Continued intensification of the Arctic hydrologic cycle and permafrost degradation will likely lead to an increase in the flux of TEIs into the Arctic Ocean. ©2020. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57202918433;6507150635;6701747681;","Intensification of the hydrological cycle expected in West Africa over the 21st century",2020,"10.5194/esd-11-319-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85082884954&doi=10.5194%2fesd-11-319-2020&partnerID=40&md5=da054ad0a7560f37af4880d0bad2f745","This study uses the high-resolution outputs of the recent CORDEX-Africa climate projections to investigate the future changes in different aspects of the hydrological cycle over West Africa. Over the twentyfirst century, temperatures in West Africa are expected to increase at a faster rate (C0:5 C per decade) than the global average (C0:3 C per decade), and mean precipitation is expected to increase over the Guinea Coast (C0:03mmd1 per decade) but decrease over the Sahel (0:005mmd1 per decade). In addition, precipitation is expected to become more intense (C0:2mmd1 per decade) and less frequent (1:5 d per decade) over all of West Africa as a result of increasing regional temperature (precipitation intensity increases on average by C0:35mmd1 C1 and precipitation frequency decreases on average by 2:2 d C1). Over the Sahel, the average length of dry spells is also expected to increase with temperature (C4%d C1), which increases the likelihood for droughts with warming in this subregion. Hence, the hydrological cycle is expected to increase throughout the twenty-first century over all of West Africa, on average by C11%C1 over the Sahel as a result of increasing precipitation intensity and lengthening of dry spells, and on average by C3%C1 over the Guinea Coast as a result of increasing precipitation intensity only. © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License."
"57203123858;24460392200;57199999083;","Using passive and active observations at microwave and sub-millimetre wavelengths to constrain ice particle models",2020,"10.5194/amt-13-501-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85079366729&doi=10.5194%2famt-13-501-2020&partnerID=40&md5=ce833278a6ea169d6c9ad6b90a50dbc5","Satellite microwave remote sensing is an important tool for determining the distribution of atmospheric ice globally. The upcoming Ice Cloud Imager (ICI) will provide unprecedented measurements at sub-millimetre frequencies, employing channels up to 664 GHz. However, the utilization of such measurements requires detailed data on how individual ice particles scatter and absorb radiation, i.e. single scattering data. Several single scattering databases are currently available, with the one by Eriksson et al. (2018) specifically tailored to ICI. This study attempts to validate and constrain the large set of particle models available in this database to a smaller and more manageable set. A combined active and passive model framework is developed and employed, which converts CloudSat observations to simulated brightness temperatures (TBs) measured by the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) and ICI. Simulations covering about 1 month in the tropical Pacific Ocean are performed, assuming different microphysical settings realized as combinations of the particle model and particle size distribution (PSD). Firstly, it is found that when the CloudSat inversions and the passive forward model are considered separately, the assumed particle model and PSD have a considerable impact on both radar-retrieved ice water content (IWC) and simulated TBs. Conversely, when the combined active and passive framework is employed instead, the uncertainty due to the assumed particle model is significantly reduced. Furthermore, simulated TBs for almost all the tested microphysical combinations, from a statistical point of view, agree well with GMI measurements (166, 186.31, and 190.31 GHz), indicating the robustness of the simulations. However, it is difficult to identify a particle model that outperforms any other. One aggregate particle model, composed of columns, yields marginally better agreement with GMI compared to the other particles, mainly for the most severe cases of deep convection. Of the tested PSDs, the one by McFarquhar and Heymsfield (1997) is found to give the best overall agreement with GMI and also yields radar dBZ–IWC relationships closely matching measurements by Protat et al. (2016). Only one particle, modelled as an air–ice mixture spheroid, performs poorly overall. On the other hand, simulations at the higher ICI frequencies (328.65, 334.65, and 668.2 GHz) show significantly higher sensitivity to the assumed particle model. This study thus points to the potential use of combined ICI and 94 GHz radar measurements to constrain ice hydrometeor properties in radiative transfer (RT) using the method demonstrated in this paper. © 2020 SPIE. All rights reserved."
"57215056829;7401796996;57190045008;56923937200;55352411500;57207883643;35209683700;7201920350;","Vertical Structures of Typical Meiyu Precipitation Events Retrieved From GPM-DPR",2020,"10.1029/2019JD031466","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85078243231&doi=10.1029%2f2019JD031466&partnerID=40&md5=ebfb437e7b735138a0f9b5904897bc8f","This work for the first time analyzed the vertical structures of the different stages of Meiyu precipitation systems over the Yangtze-Huai River Valley in central China using measurements and retrievals from the Global Precipitation Measurement Mission Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (GPM-DPR) and Feng Yun satellites. GPM-DPR-retrieved near-surface rain and drop size distributions were first validated against the surface disdrometer measurements and showed good agreement. Then we analyzed three cases from the Integrative Monsoon Frontal Rainfall Experiment to demonstrate the different characteristics of convective precipitation and stratiform precipitation (SP) in the developing, mature, and dissipating stages of the Meiyu precipitation systems, respectively. For statistical analysis, all Meiyu cases during the period 2016–2018 detected by GPM-DPR were collected and classified into different types and stages. In the stratiform regions of Meiyu precipitation systems, coalescence slightly overwhelms breakup and/or evaporation processes, but it was dominant in the convective regions when raindrops fall. There were large numbers of large ice particles during the developing stage due to strong updrafts and abundant moisture, whereas there were both large ice and liquid particles in the mature stage. The vertical structures of the SP examined in this study were similar to those over the ocean regions due to high relative humidity but different to the mountainous west regions of the USA. The findings of the stage-dependent SP vertical structures provide better understanding of the evolution of monsoon frontal precipitation, as well as the associated microphysical properties, and provide insights to improve microphysical parameterization in future models. ©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"7201671604;57213353919;","Seasonal partitioning of precipitation between streamflow and evapotranspiration, inferred from end-member splitting analysis",2020,"10.5194/hess-24-17-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85077780591&doi=10.5194%2fhess-24-17-2020&partnerID=40&md5=d9442f367c589ff77e3eb7ec6a46f0cb","The terrestrial water cycle partitions precipitation between its two ultimate fates: ""green water"" that is evaporated or transpired back to the atmosphere, and ""blue water"" that is discharged to stream channels. Measuring this partitioning is difficult, particularly on seasonal timescales. End-member mixing analysis has been widely used to quantify streamflow as a mixture of isotopically distinct sources, but knowing where streamwater comes from is not the same as knowing where precipitation goes, and this latter question is the one we seek to answer. Here we introduce ""end-member splitting analysis"", which uses isotopic tracers and water flux measurements to quantify how isotopically distinct inputs (such as summer vs. winter precipitation) are partitioned into different ultimate outputs (such as evapotranspiration and summer vs. winter streamflow). End-member splitting analysis has modest data requirements and can potentially be applied in many different catchment settings. We illustrate this data-driven, model-independent approach with publicly available biweekly isotope time series from Hubbard Brook Watershed 3. A marked seasonal shift in isotopic composition allows us to distinguish rainy-season (April-November) and snowy-season (December-March) precipitation and to trace their respective fates. End-member splitting shows that about one-sixth (<span classCombining double low line""inline-formula"">18±2</span>&thinsp;%) of rainy-season precipitation is discharged during the snowy season, but this accounts for over half (<span classCombining double low line""inline-formula"">60±9</span>&thinsp;%) of snowy-season streamflow. By contrast, most (<span classCombining double low line""inline-formula"">55±</span> 13&thinsp;%) snowy-season precipitation becomes streamflow during the rainy season, where it accounts for <span classCombining double low line""inline-formula"">38±9</span>&thinsp;% of rainy-season streamflow. Our analysis thus shows that significant fractions of each season's streamflow originated as the other season's precipitation, implying significant inter-seasonal water storage within the catchment as both groundwater and snowpack. End-member splitting can also quantify how much of each season's precipitation is eventually evapotranspired. At Watershed 3, we find that only about half (<span classCombining double low line""inline-formula"">44±8</span>&thinsp;%) of rainy-season precipitation evapotranspires, but almost all (<span classCombining double low line""inline-formula"">85±15</span>&thinsp;%) evapotranspiration originates as rainy-season precipitation, implying that there is relatively little inter-seasonal water storage supplying evapotranspiration. We show how results from this new technique can be combined with young water fractions (calculated from seasonal isotope cycles in precipitation and streamflow) and new water fractions (calculated from correlations between precipitation and streamflow isotope fluctuations) to infer how precipitation is partitioned on multiple timescales. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that end-member mixing and splitting yield different, but complementary, insights into catchment-scale partitioning of precipitation into blue water and green water. It could thus help in gauging the vulnerability of both water resources and terrestrial ecosystems to changes in seasonal precipitation. © 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License."
"7102643810;8277424000;57218487064;7102190308;6701653010;","The GPM ground validation program",2020,"10.1007/978-3-030-35798-6_2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85084673846&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-030-35798-6_2&partnerID=40&md5=d831030e3095d04d94a1d4592f4a84fa","We present a detailed overview of the structure and activities associated with the NASA-led ground-validation component of the NASA-JAXA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. The overarching philosophy and approaches for NASA’s GV program are presented with primary focus placed on aspects of direct validation and a summary of physical validation campaigns and results. We describe a spectrum of key instruments, methods, field campaigns and data products developed and used by NASA’s GV team to verify GPM level-2 precipitation products in rain and snow. We describe the tools and analysis framework used to confirm that NASA’s Level-1 science requirements for GPM are met by the GPM Core Observatory. Examples of routine validation activities related to verification of Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) products for two different regions of the globe (Korea and the US) are provided, and a brief analysis related to IMERG performance in the extreme rainfall event associated with Hurricane Florence is discussed. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020."
"26032229000;42962520400;36117910700;7005659847;35463545000;55470017900;35568326100;36552332100;6701653010;25923454000;7102113229;","Overview of the new version 3 NASA micro-pulse lidar network (MPLNET) automatic precipitation detection algorithm",2020,"10.3390/rs12010071","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85082508993&doi=10.3390%2frs12010071&partnerID=40&md5=74db64b0f612823160896a41b7559c1d","Precipitation modifies atmospheric column thermodynamics through the process of evaporation and serves as a proxy for latent heat modulation. For this reason, a correct precipitation parameterization (especially for low-intensity precipitation) within global scale models is crucial. In addition to improving our modeling of the hydrological cycle, this will reduce the associated uncertainty of global climate models in correctly forecasting future scenarios, and will enable the application of mitigation strategies. In this manuscript we present a proof of concept algorithm to automatically detect precipitation from lidar measurements obtained from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Micropulse lidar network (MPLNET). The algorithm, once tested and validated against other remote sensing instruments, will be operationally implemented into the network to deliver a near real time (latency <1.5 h) rain masking variable that will be publicly available on MPLNET website as part of the new Version 3 data products. The methodology, based on an image processing technique, detects only light precipitation events (defined by intensity and duration) such as light rain, drizzle, and virga. During heavy rain events, the lidar signal is completely extinguished after a few meters in the precipitation or it is unusable because of water accumulated on the receiver optics. Results from the algorithm, in addition to filling a gap in light rain, drizzle, and virga detection by radars, are of particular interest for the scientific community as they help to fully characterize the aerosol cycle, from emission to deposition, as precipitation is a crucial meteorological phenomenon accelerating atmospheric aerosol removal through the scavenging effect. Algorithm results will also help the understanding of long term aerosol-cloud interactions, exploiting the multi-year database from several MPLNET permanent observational sites across the globe. The algorithm is also applicable to other lidar and/or ceilometer network infrastructures in the framework of the Global AerosolWatch (GAW) aerosol lidar observation network (GALION). © 2019 by the authors."
"57190045008;7401796996;8629713500;34881780600;8511991900;","Can the GPM IMERG final product accurately represent MCSs’ precipitation characteristics over the central and eastern United States?",2020,"10.1175/JHM-D-19-0123.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85079138424&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-19-0123.1&partnerID=40&md5=67b7844de1987525f53bf0931e8376e4","Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) play an important role in water and energy cycles as they produce heavy rainfall and modify the radiative profile in the tropics and midlatitudes. An accurate representation of MCSs’ rainfall is therefore crucial in understanding their impact on the climate system. The V06B Integrated Multisatellite Retrievals from Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) half-hourly precipitation final product is a useful tool to study the precipitation characteristics of MCSs because of its global coverage and fine spatiotemporal resolutions. However, errors and uncertainties in IMERG should be quantified before applying it to hydrology and climate applications. This study evaluates IMERG performance on capturing and detecting MCSs’ precipitation in the central and eastern United States during a 3-yr study period against the radar-based Stage IV product. The tracked MCSs are divided into four seasons and are analyzed separately for both datasets. IMERG shows a wet bias in total precipitation but a dry bias in hourly mean precipitation during all seasons due to the false classification of nonprecipitating pixels as precipitating. These false alarm events are possibly caused by evaporation under the cloud base or the misrepresentation of MCS cold anvil regions as precipitating clouds by the algorithm. IMERG agrees reasonably well with Stage IV in terms of the seasonal spatial distribution and diurnal cycle of MCSs precipitation. A relative humidity (RH)-based correction has been applied to the IMERG precipitation product, which helps reduce the number of false alarm pixels and improves the overall performance of IMERG with respect to Stage IV. © 2020 American Meteorological Society."
"57210559075;","Modeling rainfall interception components of forests: Extending drip equations",2019,"10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.107704","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85070888797&doi=10.1016%2fj.agrformet.2019.107704&partnerID=40&md5=a21f180568767bc04955995b5d608813","Assessment of forest interception, I, and its components; the average evaporation rate during the storm, E¯, and canopy storage, S, are essential for simulating the contribution of forests to the water cycle and the climate system. The objectives of this study were to: (i) propose a new model to predict I, E¯, and S, as well as rainfall duration, RD and rainfall intensity, R¯; (ii) correlate E¯, RD, and R¯ assessments; and (iii) quantify the role plant surfaces play on the generation of interception from four forests in Mexico. Based on extended drip equations, the model was calibrated using field measurements from forty-five forest interception case studies (N = case studies, n = number of rains) in tropical dry, TDF (N = 21, n = 347), arid/semi-arid, A&amp;SF (N = 15, n = 659), temperate, TF (N = 4, n = 258), and tropical montane cloud, TMCF, forests (N = 6, n = 658) and validated using field measurements from sprinkling experiments in ne Mexico. The model performed very good in predicting both individual and cumulative I values, with average errors, ME%, as a function of precipitation, P, smaller than 4% and Nash-Sutcliffe, NSE, values &gt; 0.33 for three out of four forests. E¯ assessments accounted for between 65% and 93% of I in these forests. Higher E¯ and I figures were found in individual trees (3.78A mm h−1, 27%) in contrast to forest plots (2.24B mm h−1, 14%). E¯ assessments decreased as a function of RD but increased as a function of R¯ for all forests (p ≤ 0.05). Leaf area index, LAI, significantly explained part of the I variance in complex non-linear fashions (p ≤ 0.05). The novel independent assessments of I, E¯, S, RD, and R¯, the significant relationships between I components, and the complex role plant surfaces play on the generation of I fill an important scientific gap in this area of forest hydrology. © 2019 Elsevier B.V."
"57210240098;57199092986;55727417500;37019252000;34770589400;","Observable, low-order dynamical controls on thresholds of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation",2019,"10.1007/s00382-019-04956-1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85073939527&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-019-04956-1&partnerID=40&md5=069dedf77fc76fe74e6257fc7b1404bd","We examine the dynamics of thresholds of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) in an Atmosphere–Ocean General Circulation Model (AOGCM) and a simple box model. We show that AMOC thresholds in the AOGCM are controlled by low-order dynamics encapsulated in the box model. In both models, AMOC collapse is primarily initiated by the development of a strong salinity advection feedback in the North Atlantic. The box model parameters are potentially observable properties of the unperturbed (present day) ocean state, and when calibrated to a range of AOGCM states predict (within some error bars) the critical rate of fresh water input (Hcrit) needed to turn off the AMOC in the AOGCM. In contrast, the meridional fresh water transport by the MOC (MOV, a widely-used diagnostic of AMOC bi-stability) on its own is a poor predictor of Hcrit. When the AOGCM is run with increased atmospheric carbon dioxide, Hcrit increases. We use the dynamical understanding from the box model to show that this increase is due partly to intensification of the global hydrological cycle and heat penetration into the near-surface ocean, both robust features of climate change projections. However changes in the gyre fresh water transport efficiency (a less robustly modelled process) are also important. © 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature."
"7005053431;56038293600;6507416240;","Climatic and sea-level control of Jurassic (Pliensbachian) clay mineral sedimentation in the Cardigan Bay Basin, Llanbedr (Mochras Farm) borehole, Wales",2019,"10.1111/sed.12610","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85067349190&doi=10.1111%2fsed.12610&partnerID=40&md5=5d47b6ff4dac8df4ac2ef79c8c0f258e","Early Jurassic climate is characterized by alternating cold and warm periods highlighted by studies based notably on oxygen isotopes measured on belemnite guards and other marine invertebrate shells. These climatic changes include changes in the hydrological cycle, and consequently weathering and runoff conditions. In order to clarify the erosion and weathering conditions during the Pliensbachian, this study determined the mineralogical composition of the clay fraction of 132 samples taken from the entire stage drilled in the Llanbedr (Mochras Farm) borehole (Cardigan Bay Basin). The clay mineral assemblages are composed of various proportions of chlorite, illite, illite/smectite mixed-layers (R1 I–S), smectite and kaolinite, with possibly occasional traces of berthierine. The occurrence of abundant smectite indicates that the maximum burial temperature never exceeded 70°C. Consequently, clay minerals are considered mainly detrital, and their fluctuations likely reflect environmental changes. The variations in the proportions of smectite and kaolinite are opposite to each other. Kaolinite is particularly abundant at the base of the jamesoni Zone, in part coinciding with the δ13C negative excursion corresponding to the Sinemurian/Pliensbachian Boundary Event, and through the davoei Zone, whilst smectite is abundant in the upper part of jamesoni and base of ibex zones and through the subnodosus/gibbosus subzones of the margaritatus Zone. The kaolinite-rich intervals reflect an intensification of hydrolysis and an acceleration of the hydrological cycle, while the smectite-rich intervals indicate a more arid climate. The spinatum Zone is characterized by a distinct clay assemblage with abundant primary minerals, R1 I–S, kaolinite reworked from previously deposited sediments or from Palaeozoic rocks, and probably berthierine originating from contemporaneous ironstone-generating environments of shallower waters. This mineralogical change by the end of the Pliensbachian likely reflects a transition from a dominant chemical weathering to a deeper physical erosion of the continent, probably related to a significant sea-level fall consistent with a glacio-eustatic origin. © 2019 The Authors. Sedimentology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Association of Sedimentologists"
"25931139100;6602865544;40661753400;35234662000;7102432430;7006203051;6602544698;40661020000;57191958443;6701481007;57211313601;","Retrieving Surface Snowfall With the GPM Microwave Imager: A New Module for the SLALOM Algorithm",2019,"10.1029/2019GL084576","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85075789815&doi=10.1029%2f2019GL084576&partnerID=40&md5=b0a166016f8ead560d9f73185f1cd017","In this study, we present a new module for the Snow retrievaL ALgorithm fOr gMi (SLALOM) that retrieves surface snowfall rate using Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager measurements together with humidity and temperature vertical profiles. This module, named Surface Snowfall Rate Module, is tuned using colocated surface snowfall observations of the Cloud Profiling Radar onboard CloudSat. Using this new module, the SLALOM algorithm is able to predict surface snowfall rate with a relative bias of −13%, a root-mean-square error of 0.08 mm/hr, and a correlation coefficient of 0.7. Surface Snowfall Rate Module is then used to retrieve snowfall rate for three case studies and to provide a unique, 70°S to 70°N high-resolution distribution of average surface snowfall rate from 2014 to 2017. This new product will be useful for surface precipitation analyses, global water budget estimation, and climatological analyses. ©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57205562791;6602838905;9279986800;","The Role of the Amazon River Plume on the Intensification of the Hydrological Cycle",2019,"10.1029/2019GL084302","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85075191218&doi=10.1029%2f2019GL084302&partnerID=40&md5=bc7d6feb5602e36f6932400119c269d0","The Amazon River low-salinity plume takes part in important ocean and atmosphere processes that influence climate. In the last three decades, the intensification of the hydrological cycle has increased the interannual variability of total freshwater discharged into the ocean. However, the feedback mechanisms of the Amazon River plume acting on this intensification are not fully understood. Correlation maps and multiple regression analysis applied to 16 years of satellite data and river flow measurements indicate that a positive precipitation trend of 15 mm/year in the western Amazon basin follows the long-term warming of the tropical Atlantic. This increased the total amount of freshwater discharged into the ocean and reduced the Amazon River plume salinity by 3.5% per year in the main plume water export pathway. Based on these results we propose a process-oriented model of the feedback process that explains the intensification of the Amazon hydrological cycle. ©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"55444269800;13403908800;36832803100;35096288300;","Assessment of Water Cycle Intensification Over Land using a Multisource Global Gridded Precipitation DataSet",2019,"10.1029/2019JD030855","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85074974579&doi=10.1029%2f2019JD030855&partnerID=40&md5=52dc12a3be08fde7aa9e8f2ba11d6e4a","The change in the empirical distribution of future global precipitation is one of the major implications regarding the intensification of global water cycle. Heavier events are expected to occur more often, compensated by decline of light precipitation and/or number of wet days. Here, we scrutinize a new global, high-resolution precipitation data set, namely, the Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation v2.0, to determine changes in the precipitation distribution over land during 1979–2016. To this end, the fluctuations of wet days precipitation quantiles on an annual basis and their interplay with annual totals and number of wet days were investigated. The results show increase in total precipitation, number of wet days, and heavy events over land, as suggested by the intensification hypothesis. However, the decline in light/medium precipitation or wet days was weaker than expected, debating the “compensation” mechanism. ©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57214255168;55656437900;7102032289;","Major moisture pathways and their importance to rainy season precipitation over the Sanjiangyuan region of the Tibetan Plateau",2019,"10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0196.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85074644162&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-19-0196.1&partnerID=40&md5=98d70f50d5330462616bd4304703cfaa","Knowledge of the quantitative importance of moisture transport pathways of the Sanjiangyuan region (known as the ‘‘water tower’’ of China) can provide insights into the regional atmospheric branch of the hydrological cycle over the Sanjiangyuan region. A combined method with a clustering algorithm [Hierarchical Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (HDBSCAN)] and a Lagrangian moisture source diagnostic is developed to identify the major moisture transport pathways and quantify their importance to three types of consecutive precipitation events—extreme precipitation (EP) events, moderate precipitation (MP) events, and extreme aridity (EA) events—for the Sanjiangyuan region during the rainy season (June–September 1960–2017). The results indicate that moisture paths from the northwest covering northwest China and central Asia (the N.W. pathway) and moisture paths from southern and southeastern China (the S.S. pathway) are stable moisture transport pathways during EP and MP events [importance (precipitation contribution in percentage): N.W. pathway, 18.4% (EP), 32.2% (MP); S.S. pathway, 25.9% (EP), 28.5% (MP)]. Affected by the western edge of a significant anticyclone anomaly centered around 358N, 1158E, the moisture paths via the Bay of Bengal (the B.B. pathway) can reach the target region and become a supplementary moisture contributor (14.9%) to EP events. Moisture paths via the Arabian Sea and Indian peninsula (the A.I. pathway) are also active but the contributions are limited [4.9% (EP) and 5.6% (MP)]. For EA events, the fast-moving trajectories from farther western Asia (the F.W. pathway) play a dominant role and all major moisture pathways (F.W., N.W., and S.S. pathways) carry limited moisture to the target region. © 2019 American Meteorological Society."
"57190493529;24391075700;7004204153;56030197500;18433889500;6507080565;57209125335;22959132000;57197560886;","Dynamic climate-driven controls on the deposition of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation in the Cleveland Basin, Yorkshire, UK",2019,"10.5194/cp-15-1581-2019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85070575908&doi=10.5194%2fcp-15-1581-2019&partnerID=40&md5=c48047db0702a53c10259863f53860dc","The Kimmeridge Clay Formation (KCF) is a laterally extensive, total-organic-carbon-rich succession deposited throughout northwest Europe during the Kimmeridgian-Tithonian (Late Jurassic). It has recently been postulated that an expanded Hadley cell, with an intensified but alternating hydrological cycle, heavily influenced sedimentation and total organic carbon (TOC) enrichment by promoting primary productivity and organic matter burial in the UK sectors of the Boreal Seaway. Consistent with such climate boundary conditions, petrographic observations, total organic carbon and carbonate contents, and major and trace element data presented here indicate that the KCF of the Cleveland Basin was deposited in the Laurasian Seaway under the influence of these conditions. Depositional conditions alternated between three states that produced a distinct cyclicity in the lithological and geochemical records: lower-variability mudstone intervals (LVMIs) which comprise clay-rich mudstone and highervariability mudstone intervals (HVMIs) which comprise TOC-rich sedimentation and carbonate-rich sedimentation. The lower-variability mudstone intervals dominate the studied interval but are punctuated by three ∼2-4m thick intervals of alternating TOC-rich and carbonate-rich sedimentation (HVMIs). During the lower-variability mudstone intervals, conditions were quiescent with oxic to suboxic bottom water conditions. During the higher-variability mudstone intervals, highly dynamic conditions resulted in repeated switching of the redox system in a way similar to the modern deep basins of the Baltic Sea. During carbonate-rich sedimentation, oxic conditions prevailed, most likely due to elevated depositional energies at the seafloor by current- wave action. During TOC-rich sedimentation, intermittent anoxic-euxinic conditions led to an enrichment of redoxsensitive and sulfide-forming trace metals at the seafloor and a preservation of organic matter, and an active Mn-Fe particulate shuttle delivered redox-sensitive and sulfide-forming trace metals to the seafloor. In addition, based on TOC-S-Fe relationships, organic matter sulfurization appears to have increased organic material preservation in about half of the analysed samples throughout the core, while the remaining samples were either dominated by excess Fe input into the system or experienced pyrite oxidation and sulfur loss during oxygenation events. New Hg=TOC data do not provide evidence of increased volcanism during this time, consistent with previous work. Set in the context of recent climate modelling, our study provides a comprehensive example of the dynamic climate-driven depositional and redox conditions that can control TOC and metal accumulations in a shallow epicontinental sea, and it is therefore key to understanding the formation of similar deposits throughout Earth's history. © Author(s) 2019."
"57208555979;7006478371;","Short time precipitation estimation using weather radar and surface observations: With rainfall displacement information integrated in a stochastic manner",2019,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.04.061","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85065058662&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2019.04.061&partnerID=40&md5=bac0f5e79270c884247cd68bc684742e","Rain gauges are the foundation in hydrology to collect rainfall data, however gauge observations alone are limited at representing the complete rainfall distribution. On the other hand, weather radar can provide a nearly complete spatial distribution of rainfall qualitatively at high temporal and spatial resolution, yet concerns about the biases in the precipitation estimates hamper the direct use of radar data in hydrological applications. Thus the focus of this study is to derive a scheme to merge radar precipitation estimates and the contemporaneous point-wise rain gauge observations. It is common practice to construct radar-gauge pairs by assuming the vertical and instant falling of the hydrometeors from aloft onto the ground. On many occasions, the assumption is invalid, as it ignores a significant fact that the hydrometeors are very likely to be laterally advected in the air by the wind while descending, especially from a large height and/or with the existence of snow. The laterally displacement of rainfall will result in a great discrepancy of radar and gauge data. Concerning these issues, a method to quantify the displacement of rainfall is proposed and the results of the quantification are integrated into much improved surface precipitation estimates. © 2019 Elsevier B.V."
"56177332700;36620395300;55837827600;57075344500;9234300800;","Middle to Late Miocene Eccentricity Forcing on Lake Expansion in NE Tibet",2019,"10.1029/2019GL082283","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068117437&doi=10.1029%2f2019GL082283&partnerID=40&md5=34132bdea284eaaf33ff33538eead947","The East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) variability on orbital time scale has been extensively investigated in Quaternary loess and speleothems. However, EASM variability during pre-Quaternary time remains poorly understood. Here we report a continuous upper Miocene cyclostratigraphic record from lake deposits of the Tianshui basin, Northeast Tibet, to reconstruct past variations of the regional hydrological cycle. Our results, combined with previously published cyclostratigraphic records from Northeast Tibet, show that regional lake expansion cycles have been consistently dominated by ~100-kyr eccentricity forcing over most of the middle to late Miocene. These ~100 kyr cycles corroborate a significant forcing of the East Asian hydrological cycle by Antarctic ice sheet variations at that time. It is, however, unclear if this forcing affected EASM intensity or westerly derived moisture supply to the far east. Regardless of the nature of the main source of precipitation in Northeast Tibet during the Miocene, these results emphasize the existence of a strong teleconnection between Antarctic ice sheet modulations and the continental climate of Asia. ©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57208133195;55277547000;55709136700;56890279300;8703963700;57209822369;","Validation of GPM Precipitation products by comparison with ground-based parsivel disdrometers over Jianghuai Region",2019,"10.3390/w11061260","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068864982&doi=10.3390%2fw11061260&partnerID=40&md5=9e82a768881a94ce2ebe8d02a4076ba2","In this study, we evaluated the performance of rain-retrieval algorithms for the Version 6 Global Precipitation Measurement Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (GPM DPR) products, against disdrometer observations and improved their retrieval algorithms by using a revised shape parameter μ derived from long-term Particle Size Velocity (Parsivel) disdrometer observations in Jianghuai region from 2014 to 2018. To obtain the optimized shape parameter, raindrop size distribution (DSD) characteristics of summer and winter seasons over Jianghuai region are analyzed, in terms of six rain rate classes and two rain categories (convective and stratiform). The results suggest that the GPM DPR may have better performance for winter rain than summer rain over Jianghuai region with biases of 40% (80%) in winter (summer). The retrieval errors of rain category-based μ (3-5%) were proved to be the smallest in comparison with rain rate-based μ (11-13%) or a constant μ (20-22%) in rain-retrieval algorithms, with a possible application to rainfall estimations over Jianghuai region. Empirical Dm-Ze and Nw-Dm relationships were also derived preliminarily to improve the GPM rainfall estimates over Jianghuai region. © 2019 by the authors."
"26651222400;57190791865;36350395000;15758376400;7102026543;56498559300;7101759578;55271650800;","Detection of Linkage Between Solar and Lunar Cycles and Runoff of the World's Large Rivers",2019,"10.1029/2018EA000541","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85067381015&doi=10.1029%2f2018EA000541&partnerID=40&md5=58e85b4e63c552a69784a99d9390ebf4","It is an ongoing concern that global hydrological cycle can be likely intensified under context of climate change and anthropogenic actions. Here, our results show that the solar and lunar periodic motions (SLPMs) have substantial impact on the runoff of the world's large rivers. We estimate that SLPMs can produce a change of the world's large rivers runoff by as much as 6.7%. Although climate models suggest that the increased frequency of extreme events is attributed to anthropogenic activities, it is out of our expectation that as much as 73% and 85% of the extreme flood and drought events (based on runoff discharged to the ocean) appear in resonance with SLPMs, respectively. A reevaluation of impacts of SLPMs on changes in the world's river runoff is urgently needed, especially when extreme drought and flood events are on the rise. ©2019. The Authors."
"7202772927;57213564464;7401701196;","Expanding the goddard CSH algorithm for GPM: New extratropical retrievals",2019,"10.1175/JAMC-D-18-0215.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85066604111&doi=10.1175%2fJAMC-D-18-0215.1&partnerID=40&md5=ad123e9f81720b9bbc803ace3fec3590","The Goddard convective-stratiform heating (CSH) algorithm has been used to retrieve latent heating (LH) associated with clouds and cloud systems in support of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission and Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. The CSH algorithm requires the use of a cloud-resolving model to simulate LH profiles to build lookup tables (LUTs). However, the current LUTs in the CSH algorithm are not suitable for retrieving LH profiles at high latitudes or winter conditions that are needed for GPM. The NASA Unified-Weather Research and Forecasting (NU-WRF) Model is used to simulate three eastern continental U.S. (CONUS) synoptic winter and three western coastal/offshore events. The relationship between LH structures (or profiles) and other precipitation properties (radar reflectivity, freezing-level height, echo-top height, maximum dBZ height, vertical dBZ gradient, and surface precipitation rate) is examined, and a new classification system is adopted with varying ranges for each of these precipitation properties to create LUTs representing high latitude/winter conditions. The performance of the new LUTs is examined using a self-consistency check for one CONUS and one West Coast offshore event by comparing LH profiles retrieved from the LUTs using model-simulated precipitation properties with those originally simulated by the model. The results of the self-consistency check validate the new classification and LUTs. The new LUTs provide the foundation for high-latitude retrievals that can then be merged with those from the tropical CSH algorithm to retrieve LH profiles over the entire GPM domain using precipitation properties retrieved from the GPM combined algorithm. © 2019 American Meteorological Society."
"55650786000;57206613939;56345703800;6602164207;56203707500;","Understanding changes in the water budget driven by climate change in cryospheric-dominated watershed of the northeast Tibetan Plateau, China",2019,"10.1002/hyp.13383","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85061425666&doi=10.1002%2fhyp.13383&partnerID=40&md5=1e025447bc46d8c6dbb555c5ffab5ec5","Glacial retreat and the thawing of permafrost due to climate warming have altered the hydrological cycle in cryospheric-dominated watersheds. In this study, we analysed the impacts of climate change on the water budget for the upstream of the Shule River Basin on the northeast Tibetan Plateau. The results showed that temperature and precipitation increased significantly during 1957–2010 in the study area. The hydrological cycle in the study area has intensified and accelerated under recent climate change. The average increasing rate of discharge in the upstream of the Shule River Basin was 7.9 × 10 6  m 3 /year during 1957–2010. As the mean annual glacier mass balance lost −62.4 mm/year, the impact of glacier discharge on river flow has increased, especially after the 2000s. The contribution of glacier melt to discharge was approximately 187.99 × 10 8  m 3 or 33.4% of the total discharge over the study period. The results suggested that the impact of warming overcome the effect of precipitation increase on run-off increase during the study period. The evapotranspiration (ET) increased during 1957–2010 with a rate of 13.4 mm/10 years. On the basis of water balance and the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment and the Global Land Data Assimilation System data, the total water storage change showed a decreasing trend, whereas groundwater increased dramatically after 2006. As permafrost has degraded under climate warming, surface water can infiltrate deep into the ground, thus changing both the watershed storage and the mechanisms of discharge generation. Both the change in terrestrial water storage and changes in groundwater have had a strong control on surface discharge in the upstream of the Shule River Basin. Future trends in run-off are forecasted based on climate scenarios. It is suggested that the impact of warming will overcome the effect of precipitation increase on run-off in the study area. Further studies such as this will improve understanding of water balance in cold high-elevation regions. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."
"10041603900;56514334400;","Precipitation Microphysics of Tropical Cyclones Over the Western North Pacific Based on GPM DPR Observations: A Preliminary Analysis",2019,"10.1029/2018JD029454","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85064508288&doi=10.1029%2f2018JD029454&partnerID=40&md5=720e5d7ba569edef027ad251d79829ca","Using observations from the dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) onboard the Global Precipitation Measurement mission (GPM) satellite, this study analyzes the microphysical structures and processes of tropical cyclone (TC) precipitation over the western North Pacific in terms of different precipitation efficiency indices (PEIs). The statistical results show that the mean mass-weighted mean diameter of raindrops (Dm) at 2 km is 1.67 mm (1.37 mm) for convective (stratiform) precipitating clouds. Precipitating clouds with high PEI have higher liquid water path than nonliquid water path for both convective and stratiform clouds. The mean Dm of convective and stratiform precipitation increases as the PEI increases. The vertical profiles of Dm and reflectivity (Ze) for convective and stratiform precipitating clouds in TCs differ substantially as the PEI changes. Below the melting level, there is a clear decrease (increase) in Dm and Ze toward the surface for clouds with low (high) PEI. In general, clouds within TCs producing the most efficient precipitation are characterized by strong coalescence, not only for small droplets but also for relatively large raindrops; in contrast, the breakup of hydrometeors is the dominant process in convective and stratiform precipitating clouds with low PEI. These results will help validate and improve the hydrometeor parameterization schemes in cloud and climate models. ©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57205685961;55063222100;37043563500;","Change in extreme precipitation over North Korea using multiple climate change scenarios",2019,"10.3390/w11020270","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85061127537&doi=10.3390%2fw11020270&partnerID=40&md5=92954cf63759c5da67f193adc845d9cf","Although the magnitude and frequency of extreme events on the global scale are expected to change because of changes in the hydrological cycle under climate change, little quantitative assessment of future extreme precipitation in North Korea has been attempted. Therefore, this study projected the changes in extreme precipitation in North Korea by applying downscaling to GCMs forced by Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) Scenarios 4.5 and 8.5, preserving the long-term trend of climate change projection. Employing climate change scenario ensembles of RCP8.5, the precipitation level of the 20-year return period in the reference period of 1980-2005 increased to 21.1 years for the future period 2011-2040, decreased to 16.2 years for 2041-2070, and decreased to 8.8 years for 2071-2100. Extreme precipitation was expected to occur often in the future. In addition, an increase in extreme precipitation at the border of North and South Korea is expected, and it is concluded that a joint response for the Imjin River, a river shared by North and South Korea, is needed. © 2019 by the authors."
"56954105800;8369743800;8411982300;","Diagnosis of change in structural characteristics of streamflow series based on selection of complexity measurement methods: Fenhe River Basin, China",2019,"10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0001748","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85057571710&doi=10.1061%2f%28ASCE%29HE.1943-5584.0001748&partnerID=40&md5=b436a16399f15c65359c00766c8e1f42","The analysis of the effects of human activities and climate variability on the structural characteristics of streamflow series facilitates further exploring the regularity of streamflow change and revealing the process of hydrological cycle response. The principal goal of this study is to establish an analysis system to diagnose the change in structural characteristics of streamflow series via employing suitable complexity measurement methods for specific cases. Meanwhile, an application scope table has been built based on testing and comparing the logicality and antinoise robustness through using logistic mapping series, random series, white noise, and 1=f noise for five commonly used complexity measurement methods (approximate entropy, permutation entropy, sample entropy, fractal, and Lempel-Ziv). According to the application scope table, sample entropy is the most suitable method for this specific case. Moreover, the results illustrate that in the prechange period, the complexity of the streamflow series is 0.5176; in the postchange period, the complexity value is 0.3722 if the streamflow is only impacted by climate variability; and its value is 0.2571 if it is impacted by both human activities and climate variability. Climate variability reduces the complexity of streamflow series, and human activities intensify this reduction. A decrease of complexity indicates that the streamflow series becomes more stable and regular. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers."
"56082867500;57205471904;56161349600;7404433688;55969140000;55386235300;15756666000;57213859416;","A Simplified Algorithm to Estimate Latent Heating Rate Using Vertical Rainfall Profiles Over the Tibetan Plateau",2019,"10.1029/2018JD029297","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85060162310&doi=10.1029%2f2018JD029297&partnerID=40&md5=588dd752d6d4e70a08f765f72f925216","In this study, a simplified semiphysical retrieval algorithm for latent heat (LH) released from precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau is derived and analyzed. The physical basis of this algorithm is that the vertical gradient of rain rate (−dR/dZ or Γ) represents the temporal rate of rain formation based on the steady state assumption, and the precipitation formation rate is closely related to the cloud formation rate, which is directly proportional to the latent heating rate. In this algorithm, the LH rate is represented as a linear function of Γ with fixed slope and intercept term determined by 3-month Weather Research and Forecasting Model simulations over the Tibetan Plateau. Comparison to model results shows that the retrieval scheme can correctly capture the main features of LH horizontally and vertically. Comparison with results from other two widely accepted LH algorithms using Global Precipitation Measurement Dual Precipitation Radar real observations shows that this retrieval scheme generally agrees with them over low-altitude areas but yields more convective-type LH over the highlands with a relatively low heating center. This algorithm is specially designed for application to high altitudes. With this algorithm and the associated coefficients provided, researchers can readily do LH retrieval in their cases of interest by themselves. The only required input is the vertical profile of rain rate, which is available from current satellite precipitation radar observations. ©2018. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"53164463600;55867410500;9742534400;7101944752;6505772245;6507078046;","Modeling the effects of anthropogenic land cover changes to the main hydrometeorological factors in a regional watershed, central Greece",2019,"10.3390/cli7110129","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85075832596&doi=10.3390%2fcli7110129&partnerID=40&md5=31b7f319cfdd244380203398ecb10f7d","In this study, the physically-based hydrological model MIKE SHE was employed to investigate the effects of anthropogenic land cover changes to the hydrological cycle components of a regional watershed in Central Greece. Three case studies based on the land cover of the years 1960, 1990, and 2018 were examined. Copernicus Climate Change Service E-OBS gridded meteorological data for 45 hydrological years were used as forcing for the model. Evaluation against observational data yielded suffcient quality for daily air temperature and precipitation. Simulation results demonstrated that the climatic variabilities primarily in precipitation and secondarily in air temperature affected basin-averaged annual actual evapotranspiration and average annual river discharge. Nevertheless, land cover effects can locally outflank the impact of climatic variability as indicated by the low interannual variabilities of differences in annual actual evapotranspiration among case studies. The transition from forest to pastures or agricultural land reduced annual actual evapotranspiration and increased average annual river discharge while intensifying the vulnerability to hydrometeorological-related hazards such as droughts or floods. Hence, the quantitative assessment of land cover effects presented in this study can contribute to the design and implementation of successful land cover and climate change mitigation and adaptation policies. © 2019 by the authors."
"56073150900;57205096465;57194346898;57210601301;","Typhoon Cloud System Identification and Forecasting Using the Feng-Yun 4A/Advanced Geosynchronous Radiation Imager Based on an Improved Fuzzy Clustering and Optical Flow Method",2019,"10.1155/2019/5890794","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85071122219&doi=10.1155%2f2019%2f5890794&partnerID=40&md5=dad5ff615dcb67321b11ca7e4dab28be","This study adopted an improved fuzzy clustering and optical flow method for the multiscale identification and forecasting of a cloud system based on the cloud images from a 10.8-micron infrared channel of the Advanced Geosynchronous Radiation Imager. First, we used the locally constrained fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering method to identify typhoon-dominant cloud systems. Second, we coupled the background field-constrained optical flow method with the semi-Lagrangian scheme to forecast typhoon-dominant cloud systems. The experimental results for Typhoon Maria showed that the improved FCM method was able to effectively identify changes in the cloud system while retaining its edge information through the effective removal of the offset field. The identified dominant cloud system was consistent with the precipitation field of the Global Precipitation Measurement mission. We optimized the semi-Lagrangian nonlinear extrapolation of the optical flow field by introducing background field information, thus improving the forecast accuracy of the optical flow field. Based on the assessment indicators of structural similarity, normalized mutual information, peak signal-to-noise ratio, relative standard deviation, and root mean square error, the forecast results demonstrated that the forecast effect of the background field-constrained optical flow method was better than that of the standard optical flow method. © 2019 Gen Wang et al."
"26648230600;6507237454;8770227900;","A New Perspective on Terrestrial Hydrologic Intensity That Incorporates Atmospheric Water Demand",2019,"10.1029/2019GL084015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85069816174&doi=10.1029%2f2019GL084015&partnerID=40&md5=d578da0cf7fd3a623498d2881ee7ecb4","Hydrologic intensity is often quantified using precipitation without directly incorporating atmospheric water demand. We develop a hydrologic intensity index called the surplus deficit intensity (SDI) index that accounts for variation in supply and demand. SDI is the standardized sum of standardized surplus intensity (mean of daily surplus when supply > demand) and deficit time (mean of consecutive days when demand > supply). Using an observational ensemble of global daily precipitation and atmospheric water demand during 1979–2017, we document widespread hydrologic intensification (SDI; +0.11 z-score per decade) driven primarily by increased surplus intensity. Using a climate model ensemble of the United States, hydrologic intensification is projected for the mid-21st century (+0.86 in z-score compared to 1971–2000), producing greater apparent intensification when compared to an index that does not explicitly incorporate demand. While incorporating demand had a minor effect on observed hydrologic intensification, it doubles hydrological intensification for the mid-21st century. ©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57209459973;6602513090;15066257900;7102829666;","High temporal rainfall estimations from himawari-8 multiband observations using the random-forest machine-learning method",2019,"10.2151/jmsj.2019-040","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85067793825&doi=10.2151%2fjmsj.2019-040&partnerID=40&md5=e72ef45f54abeca1e564e1ab2e84bc96","We introduce a novel rainfall-estimating algorithm with a random-forest machine-learning method only from Infrared (IR) observations. As training data, we use nine-band brightness temperature (BT) observations, obtained from IR radiometers, on the third-generation geostationary meteorological satellite (GEO) Himawari-8 and precipitation radar observations from the Global Precipitation Measurement core observatory. The Himawari-8 Rainfall-estimating Algorithm (HRA) enables us to estimate the rain rate with high spatial and temporal resolution (i.e., 0.04° every 10 min), covering the entire Himawari-8 observation area (i.e., 85°E – 155°W, 60°S – 60°N) based solely on satellite observations. We conducted a case analysis of the Kanto–Tohoku heavy rainfall event to compare HRA rainfall estimates with the near-real-time version of the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP_NRT), which combines global rainfall estimation products with microwave and IR BT observations obtained from satellites. In this case, HRA could estimate heavy rainfall from warm-type precipitating clouds. The GSMaP_NRT could not estimate heavy rainfall when microwave satellites were unavailable. Further, a statistical analysis showed that the warm-type heavy rain seen in the Asian monsoon region occurred frequently when there were small BT differences between the 6.9-μm and 7.3-μm of water vapor (WV) bands (ΔT6.9 – 7.3). Himawari-8 is the first GEO to include the 6.9-μm band, which is sensitive to middle-to-upper tropospheric WV. An analysis of the WV multibands’ weighting functions revealed that ΔT6.9 – 7.3 became small when the WV amount in the middle-to-upper troposphere was small and there were optically thick clouds with the cloud top near the middle troposphere. Statistical analyses during boreal summer (August and September 2015 and July 2016) and boreal winter (December 2015 and January and February 2016) indicate that HRA has higher estimation accuracy for heavy rain from warm-type precipitating clouds than a conventional rain estimation method based on only one IR band. © The Author(s) 2019."
"57205415612;57196115458;","A multiyear analysis of global precipitation combining cloudsat and GPM precipitation retrievals",2018,"10.1175/JHM-D-18-0053.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85059964085&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-18-0053.1&partnerID=40&md5=2d25827a1d354fd49f35362eef378d62","Satellite-based instruments are essential to the observation of precipitation at a global scale, especially over remote regions. Each instrument has its own strengths and limitations in accurately determining the rate of precipitation at the surface. By using the complementary strengths of two instruments, a more complete analysis of global precipitation can be performed. The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory's Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) is capable of measuring precipitation at high and medium precipitation rates by using Ku-band (13.6 GHz) radiation. TheCloudSatsatellite's Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) uses higher-frequency W-band (94 GHz) radiation and is therefore capable of measuring precipitation at low rates not detected by the GPM DPR.CloudSatobservations from January 2007 to December 2016 and DPR observations from March 2014 to February 2018 are combined and the results examined. Since these datasets are not completely coincident, this study is conducted as a multiyear analysis. Observed precipitation fromCloudSatis used starting at the lowest precipitation rates and increasing rates until the occurrence observed by GPM surpasses that ofCloudSat, at which point data from GPM are used. The precipitation rate at which this change occurs contains important information on the amount of precipitation missed by each instrument and implications as to the size of the hydrometeors present. Liquid precipitation retrieval fromCloudSatis not performed over land; analysis over land is produced here using the information available. By combining the two datasets, a more complete picture of precipitation occurring globally is obtained. © 2018 American Meteorological Society."
"57194543578;7201687375;","Using a distributed hydrologic model to improve the green infrastructure parameterization used in a lumped model",2018,"10.3390/w10121756","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85057565444&doi=10.3390%2fw10121756&partnerID=40&md5=48f317b8f50a7d0f743c54af1fb4e18a","Stormwater represents a complex and dynamic component of the urban water cycle. Hydrologic models have been used to study pre- and post-development hydrology, including green infrastructure. However, many of these models are applied in urban environments with very little formal verification and/or benchmarking. Here we present the results of an intercomparison study between a distributed model (Gridded Surface Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis, GSSHA) and a lumped parameter model (the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) StormWater Management Model, EPA-SWMM) for an urban system. The distributed model scales to higher resolutions, allows for rainfall to be spatially and temporally variable, and solves the shallow water equations. The lumped model uses a non-linear reservoir method to determine runoff rates and volumes. Each model accounts for infiltration, initial abstraction losses, but solves the watershed flow equations in a different way. We use an urban case study with representation of green infrastructure to test the behavior of both models. Results from this case study show that when calibrated, the lumped model is able to represent green infrastructure for small storm events at lower implementation levels. However, as both storm intensity and amount of green infrastructure implementation increase, the lumped model diverges from the distributed model, overpredicting the benefits of green infrastructure on the system. We performed benchmark test cases to evaluate and understand key processes within each model. The results show similarities between the models for the standard cases for simple infiltration. However, as the domain increased in complexity the lumped model diverged from the distributed model. This indicates differences in how the models represent the physical processes and numerical solution approaches used between each. When the distributed model results were used to modify the representation of impermeable surface connections within the lumped model, the results were improved. These results demonstrate how complex, distributed models can be used to improve the formulation of lumped models. © 2017 by the authors."
"36177823900;35551238800;36337783200;7004135527;6602176524;","Impact of upstream moisture structure on a back-building convective precipitation system in south-eastern France during HyMeX IOP13",2018,"10.5194/acp-18-16845-2018","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85057447148&doi=10.5194%2facp-18-16845-2018&partnerID=40&md5=b18536e92ac7efdf3389814ac02df75e","The present study examines the impact of the environmental moisture structure in the lower troposphere (below 2 km above sea level, a.s.l.) on the precipitation development, observed in southern France during Intensive Observation Period (IOP) 13 of the first Special Observation Period of the Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX SOP-1), through a series of sensitivity experiments using the non-hydrostatic mesoscale atmospheric numerical model (Meso-NH). The control simulation (CNTL) and all the other 12 sensitivity experiments examined in this study succeed in reproducing a heavy precipitation event (HPE) in the coastal mountainous region of Var in south-eastern France as observed. The sensitivity experiments are designed to investigate the response of the HPE to the variability of the water vapour content upstream in the moist marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) and the drier air above. The comparisons between CNTL and the 12 sensitivity experiments show how the life cycle of precipitation associated with the HPE, but also the upstream flow (over the sea), is modified, even for moisture content changes of only 1 g kg-1 below 2 km a.s.l. Within the low-level wind convergence between southerlies and south-westerlies, a small increase of moisture content in the MABL prolongs moderate precipitation (≥ 5mm in 15 min) and enlarges the area of weak precipitation (≥ 1mm in 15 min). The moistening in the 1-2 km a.s.l. layer, just above the MABL, prolongs the duration of moderate precipitation, for a similar total precipitation amount as in CNTL. The drier MABL and 1-2 km a.s.l. layer shorten the lifetime of precipitation and reduce the total precipitation amount with respect to CNTL. We also found that the moisture in the MABL has a stronger impact on producing enhanced precipitation (both in terms of amount and intensity) than the moisture just above (1-2 km a.s.l.). Also, it is worth noting that adding moisture in the MABL does not necessarily lead to enhanced precipitation amount. In moistening the MABL, the duration of moderate precipitation increases with increasing moisture as does the area covered by weak precipitation, while the area covered by the intense precipitation (≥30 mm) decreases. Despite a simplified moisture-profile modification approach, this study suggests that moisture structure in the lower troposphere is key for accurate prediction at short-term range of the timing and location of precipitation in the coastal mountainous region in southern France. © 2018 Author(s)."
"57201011227;55844396600;56331740600;14040291100;57204321086;57204038513;","An Integrated Hydrological Model for the Restoration of Ecosystems in Arid Regions: Application in Zhangye Basin of the Middle Heihe River Basin, Northwest China",2018,"10.1029/2018JD028449","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85056773970&doi=10.1029%2f2018JD028449&partnerID=40&md5=87f09ae7db880cbc4c96714d298a04fc","River basins in or across arid regions have been facing intensified water scarcity and ecological problems, mainly due to the intense irrigated agriculture. Integrating the multiprocesses in hydrological cycle is quite necessary to make reasonable management strategies. In this paper, an integrated multiprocess hydrological model was proposed by coupling river water flow, groundwater flow, canal conveyance, and vadose water flow processes. It was applied to the Zhangye basin of middle Heihe River basin for searching management strategies to restore the ecosystems (i.e., ensure surface runoff into downstream and also recover local groundwater levels). The integrated model was calibrated and validated during 2005-2007 and 2008-2010, respectively. Simulation of groundwater levels (GWLs, 32 wells) and surface runoff both matched well with the observed values, with Nash and Sutcliffe model efficiency &gt; 0.38 and R2 &gt; 0.57. Then various scenarios were designed with considering five alternatives of different farmland area decrease and three alternatives of groundwater exploitation. Responses of surface runoff and GWLs were predicted for 20 years. Surface runoff change was compared with the water diversion curve, and GWL recovery was also discussed. Results revealed that ecosystems could not be restored with current agricultural area, even shutting down groundwater abstraction for irrigation. A decrease of about 30% of farmland area and using surface river water instead of pumping groundwater for irrigation could satisfy water diversion demand with only a slight GWL decline. Furthermore, the extra irrigation with diverted surface water during nongrowing season could further lead to the recovery of GWLs while without causing negative effects on surface runoff. © 2018. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57195968663;57197388887;23096443800;6507551433;13402718100;6602865544;25924706200;40661753400;55819437900;35234662000;6603000896;7102432430;","Assessment of ground-reference data and validation of the H-SAF precipitation products in Brazil",2018,"10.3390/rs10111743","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85057087832&doi=10.3390%2frs10111743&partnerID=40&md5=25ba866bcbb51196c1611beec21537af","The uncertainties associated with rainfall estimates comprise various measurement scales: from rain gauges and ground-based radars to the satellite rainfall retrievals. The quality of satellite rainfall products has improved significantly in recent decades; however, such algorithms require validation studies using observational rainfall data. For this reason, this study aims to apply the H-SAF consolidated radar data processing to the X-band radar used in the CHUVA campaigns and apply the well established H-SAF validation procedure to these data and verify the quality of EUMETSAT H-SAF operational passive microwave precipitation products in two regions of Brazil (Vale do Paraíba and Manaus). These products are based on two rainfall retrieval algorithms: the physically based Bayesian Cloud Dynamics and Radiation Database (CDRD algorithm) for SSMI/S sensors and the Passive microwave Neural network Precipitation Retrieval algorithm (PNPR) for cross-track scanning radiometers (AMSU-A/AMSU-B/MHS sensors) and for the ATMS sensor. These algorithms, optimized for Europe, Africa and the Southern Atlantic region, provide estimates for the MSG full disk area. Firstly, the radar data was treated with an overall quality index which includes corrections for different error sources like ground clutter, range distance, rain-induced attenuation, among others. Different polarimetric and non-polarimetric QPE algorithms have been tested and the Vulpiani algorithm (hereafter, Rq2Vu15) presents the best precipitation retrievals when compared with independent rain gauges. Regarding the results from satellite-based algorithms, generally, all rainfall retrievals tend to detect a larger precipitation area than the ground-based radar and overestimate intense rain rates for the Manaus region. Such behavior is related to the fact that the environmental and meteorological conditions of the Amazon region are not well represented in the algorithms. Differently, for the Vale do Paraíba region, the precipitation patterns were well detected and the estimates are in accordance with the reference as indicated by the low mean bias values. © 2018 by the authors."
"57203856547;6602513090;15066257900;","Vertical gradient of stratiform radar reflectivity below the bright band from the Tropics to the extratropical latitudes seen by GPM",2018,"10.1002/qj.3271","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85053216535&doi=10.1002%2fqj.3271&partnerID=40&md5=ca3d978af05ac00e4c8ffe1f23bdb561","This study examined the vertical gradient of radar reflectivity below the detected bright band in stratiform regions from the Tropics to the extratropical latitudes using data from the Ku-band (13.6 GHz) precipitation radar on board the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory. Stratiform precipitation profiles with reflectivity decreasing (increasing) from the melting level toward the surface occur frequently in the tropical oceans (mid- and high-latitude oceans). High fractions of downward increasing stratiform pixels are found over the North Pacific Ocean throughout the year and over East Asia except for winter. In contrast, the North American continent and the adjacent North Atlantic Ocean are characterized by low fractions of downward-increasing pixels during summer. The difference is consistent with the dominant type of convection over East Asia (warm-type clouds) and over the North American continent (cold-type clouds). Even in the tropical oceans such as the Atlantic and eastern Pacific intertropical convergence zones, there are some areas with moderate fractions of downward-increasing stratiform pixels where the warm rain process dominates. The downward reduction of reflectivity in the stratiform region of MCSs is obviously due to evaporation, which is a function of lower-tropospheric relative humidity. The downward increase of reflectivity in stratiform regions over the midlatitude oceans appears the result of raindrop growth. This is achieved via the collection of cloud droplets while falling through low-level clouds produced by large-scale vertical motion in the lower troposphere due to large-scale convergence associated with synoptic-scale systems. © 2018 Royal Meteorological Society"
"57192817290;57200650520;6506030277;","Adaptation strategies of the hydrosocial cycles in the Mediterranean region",2018,"10.3390/w10060790","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85048559559&doi=10.3390%2fw10060790&partnerID=40&md5=e9837685b7d803f649b452ba5d6a1469","The Spanish Mediterranean region has been affected by several factors over the years (climatic conditions of aridity, high water demands, rapid and intense urban and population growth, climate change), that have generated a negative water balance whereby water resources are unable to meet the demand. Diversifying supply sources by resorting to new resources has been a necessity that has stimulated the expansion and integration of non-conventional water sources (desalination and reuse of reclaimed water) and sustainable solutions. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the adaptation strategies that have been developed in Alicante, Benidorm and Torrevieja in order to adjust their hydrosocial cycles to development and future scenarios. The theoretical analysis developed in this paper is corroborated by the study of the hydrosocial cycle evolution of three cities in the southeast of Spain, and the adaptive measures that the different stakeholders involved in the cycle have developed in each of them. The input and output of the systems are accounted for with information provided by the management companies in each of the phases (urban consumption; treated, reused and desalinated volumes), which highlight how the diversification of resources and the incorporation of non-conventional resources have been essential for adaptation. © 2018 by the authors."
"57213182419;7410053163;7405530751;7601312153;55987310500;","Hydrological process simulation of inland river watershed: A case study of the Heihe River basin with multiple hydrological models",2018,"10.3390/w10040421","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85045061275&doi=10.3390%2fw10040421&partnerID=40&md5=826caf289f04b245d064496e63739880","Simulating the hydrological processes of an inland river basin can help provide the scientific guidance to the policies of water allocation among different subbasins and water resource management groups within the subbasins. However, it is difficult to simulate the hydrological processes of an inland river basin with hydrological models due to the non-consistent hydrological characteristics of the entire basin. This study presents a solution to this problem with a case study about the hydrological process simulation in an inland river basin in China, Heihe River basin. It is divided into the upper, middle, and lower reaches based on the distinctive hydrological characteristics in the Heihe River basin, and three hydrological models are selected, applied, and tested to simulate the hydrological cycling processes for each reach. The upper reach is the contributing area with the complex runoffgeneration processes, therefore, the hydrological informatic modeling system (HIMS) is utilized due to its combined runoffgeneration mechanisms. The middle reach has strong impacts of intensive human activities on the interactions of surface and subsurface flows, so a conceptual water balance model is applied to simulate the water balance process. For the lower reach, as the dissipative area with groundwater dominating the hydrological process, a groundwater modeling system with the embedment of MODFLOW model is applied to simulate the groundwater dynamics. Statistical parameters and water balance analysis prove that the three models have excellent performances in simulating the hydrological process of the three reaches. Therefore, it is an effective way to simulate the hydrological process of inland river basin with multiple hydrological models according to the characteristics of each subbasin. © 2018 by the authors."
"9271998100;16638925800;24766916700;22941694900;42461309900;6603109821;8951424900;","Evidence for Changes in Estuarine Zooplankton Fostered by Increased Climate Variance",2018,"10.1007/s10021-017-0134-z","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85015949523&doi=10.1007%2fs10021-017-0134-z&partnerID=40&md5=e2062505ae26334e642d72bdf88f37c3","Estuaries are among the most valuable aquatic systems in terms of their services to human welfare. They offer an ideal framework to assess multiscale processes linking climate and food web dynamics through the hydrological cycle. Resolving food web responses to climate change is fundamental to resilience management of these threatened ecosystems under global change scenarios. Here, we examined the temporal variability of the plankton food web in the Mondego Estuary, central Iberian Peninsula, over the period 2003 to 2012. The results pointed out a cascading effect from climate to plankton communities that follow a non-stationary behavior shaped by the climate variance envelope. Concurrent changes in hydrographic processes at the regional, that is, upwelling intensity, and local, that is, estuarine hydrology, scales were driven by climatic forcing promoted by the North Atlantic Oscillation; the influence of which permeated the physical environment in the estuary affecting both autotrophic and heterotrophic communities. The most conspicuous change arose around 2008 and consisted of an obvious decrease in freshwater taxa along with a noticeable increase in marine organisms, mainly driven by gelatinous zooplankton. The observed increase in small-sized cosmopolitan copepods, that is, Clausocalanus arcuicornis, Oithona plumifera, thermophilic species, that is, Penilia avirostris, and gelatinous zooplankton suggests a structural change in the Mondego plankton community. These results provide empirical support to the expectation that expanding climate variance changes plankton structure and functioning, likely fostering trophic interactions in pelagic food webs. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media New York."
"7401875689;7406500188;57197715030;","Subseasonal variations of wintertime North Pacific evaporation, cold air surges, and water vapor transport",2017,"10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0140.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85034087952&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-17-0140.1&partnerID=40&md5=59755fb051e1310427a8fb6394ee3885","This study addresses subseasonal variations of oceanic evaporation E over the North Pacific during winter and the connection with the cold air surges (CASs) and atmospheric water vapor transport using the OAFlux and ERA-Interim daily data. By performing an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, two dominant modes of subseasonal evaporation anomaly E0 are identified: a zonal wave train-like pattern (EOF1) and an east negative-west positive dipolar pattern (EOF2) in the midlatitude basin. Further analyses yield the following conclusions. 1) The Siberian high (SH)-related CAS has a crucial role in generation of the EOF1 mode of E0. When the dry and cold air mass passes the region of the warm Kuroshio and its extension [Kuroshio- Oyashio Extension (KOE)], the increased air-sea temperature and moisture differences and intensified wind speed lead to the above-normal oceanic E, and vice versa. 2) The Aleutian low (AL)-related CAS contributes to the EOF2 mode of E0. The intensified AL transports a dramatically colder and drier air mass toward the KOEregion and a slightly warmer and wetter one toward the west coast of North America, leading to the east negative-west positive structure of E0 in the midlatitude basin. 3) A quasi-linear relationship exists between E0 and divergent water vapor transport anomalies over the KOE region. Positive (negative) E0 is generally accompanied by anomalous vapor source (sink). 4) The divergent water vapor transport anomalies associated with the two EOFs are preliminarily decided by their individual lower-level wind field anomalies and second by the meridional inhomogeneity of subseasonal specific humidity anomalies. Hydroclimate effects on precipitation over the pan-North Pacific region are also discussed. © 2017 American Meteorological Society."
"7406542443;8751670400;36788174700;57201951903;","Spatial and temporal patterns of plantation forests in the United States since the 1930s: An annual and gridded data set for regional Earth system modeling",2017,"10.5194/essd-9-545-2017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85026800248&doi=10.5194%2fessd-9-545-2017&partnerID=40&md5=9e5683c52e32c0f91611217e6cf7fac9","Plantation forest area in the conterminous United States (CONUS) ranked second among the world's nations in the land area apportioned to forest plantation. As compared to the naturally regenerated forests, plantation forests demonstrate significant differences in biophysical characteristics, and biogeochemical and hydrological cycles as a result of more intensive management practices. Inventory data have been reported for multiple time periods on plot, state, and regional scales across the CONUS, but the requisite annual and spatially explicit plantation data set over a long-term period for analysis of the role of plantation management on regional or national scales is lacking. Through synthesis of multiple inventory data sources, this study developed methods to spatialize the time series plantation forest and tree species distribution data for the CONUS over the 1928-2012 time period. According to this new data set, plantation forest area increased from near zero in the 1930s to 268.27 thousand km2 in 2012, accounting for 8.65 % of the total forestland area in the CONUS. Regionally, the South contained the highest proportion of plantation forests, accounting for about 19.34 % of total forestland area in 2012. This time series and gridded data set developed here can be readily applied in regional Earth system modeling frameworks for assessing the impacts of plantation management practices on forest productivity, carbon and nitrogen stocks, and greenhouse gases (e.g., CO2, CH4, and N2O) and water fluxes on regional or national scales. The gridded plantation distribution and tree species maps, and the interpolated state-level annual tree planting area and plantation area during 1928-2012, are available from https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.873558. © Author(s) 2017."
"18133885100;7005744599;7006329266;","Effects of the Alps and Apennines on forecasts for Po Valley convection in two HyMeX cases",2017,"10.1002/qj.3096","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85029919753&doi=10.1002%2fqj.3096&partnerID=40&md5=2a33ec38d06e18f81347bd76da7049c3","Two Intensive Observation Periods (IOPs) of the Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean eXperiment (HyMeX) are examined in this study. IOP6 and IOP13 were characterized by troughs with associated cold fronts entering the western Mediterranean and, in both cases, organized frontal convection in the Po Valley was observed. These similarities notwithstanding, predictability of the Po Valley convection was limited for IOP6 for most of the forecast models available during HyMeX, but not for IOP13. Using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model in research mode, the present study confirms the relatively good forecast for frontal convection in IOP13 is not very sensitive to modelling assumptions. In contrast, it is found that only a two-way-nested simulation, initialized close to the event, was able to produce a realistic representation of the squall-line in the Po Valley for IOP6. A comparison between a ‘successful’ and an ‘unsuccessful’ simulation of the Po Valley convection in IOP6 suggests the sensitivity lies with the orographic flow modification which was at the threshold between ‘flow-over’ and ‘flow-around’ responses to the Maritime Alps. In particular, in the ‘flow-over’ regime, downslope winds from the Maritime Alps and Apennines suppress the convergence/uplift where the front encounters the barrier wind in the Po Valley, while in the ‘flow-around’ regime it is unimpeded. A delicate balance between the competing mechanisms of orographically induced subsidence on the lee side of the Apennines and frontal uplift in the Po Valley is found to be crucial for squall-line survival. © 2017 Royal Meteorological Society"
"55170496500;7004114883;7202504983;","Sensitivity of rain-rate estimates related to convective organization: Observations from the Kwajalein, RMI, Radar",2017,"10.1175/JAMC-D-16-0218.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85017520481&doi=10.1175%2fJAMC-D-16-0218.1&partnerID=40&md5=161354c85bd63bdbbbdddd36c1641988","Ground radar rainfall, necessary for satellite rainfall product (e.g., TRMM and GPM) ground validation (GV) studies, is often retrieved using annual or climatological convective/stratiform Z-R relationships. Using the Kwajalein, Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), polarimetric S-band weather radar (KPOL) and gauge network during the 2009 and 2011 wet seasons, the robustness of such rain-rate relationships is assessed through comparisons with rainfall retrieved using relationships that vary as a function of precipitation regime, defined as shallow convection, isolated deep convection, and deep organized convection. It is found that the TRMM-GV 2A53 rainfall product underestimated rain gauges by -8.3% in 2009 and -13.1% in 2011, where biases are attributed to rainfall in organized precipitation regimes. To further examine these biases, 2A53 GV rain rates are compared with polarimetrically tuned rain rates, in which GV biases are found to be minimized when rain relationships are developed for each precipitation regime, where, for example, during the 2009 wet-season biases in isolated deep precipitation regimes were reduced from -16.3% to -4.7%. The regime-based improvements also exist when specific convective and stratiform Z-R relationships are developed as a function of precipitation regime, where negative biases in organized convective events (-8.7%) are reduced to -1.6% when a regime-based Z-R is implemented. Negative GV biases during the wet seasons lead to an underestimation in accumulated rainfall when compared with ground gauges, suggesting that satellite-related bias estimates could be underestimated more than originally described. Such results encourage the use of the large-scale precipitation regime along with their respective locally characterized convective or stratiform classes in precipitation validation endeavors and in development of Z-R rainfall relationships. © 2017 American Meteorological Society."
"6602825853;55938447500;23988505100;","Runoff prediction using rainfall data from microwave links: Tabor case study",2017,"10.2166/wst.2018.149","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85050863776&doi=10.2166%2fwst.2018.149&partnerID=40&md5=4fcb706a90d280dcce6f02ecf7c55552","Rainfall spatio-temporal distribution is of great concern for rainfall-runoff modellers. Standard rainfall observations are, however, often scarce and/or expensive to obtain. Thus, rainfall observations from non-traditional sensors such as commercial microwave links (CMLs) represent a promising alternative. In this paper, rainfall observations from a municipal rain gauge (RG) monitoring network were complemented by CMLs and used as an input to a standard urban drainage model operated by the water utility of the Tabor agglomeration (CZ). Two rainfall datasets were used for runoff predictions: (i) the municipal RG network, i.e. the observation layout used by the water utility, and (ii) CMLs adjusted by the municipal RGs. The performance was evaluated in terms of runoff volumes and hydrograph shapes. The use of CMLs did not lead to distinctively better predictions in terms of runoff volumes; however, CMLs outperformed RGs used alone when reproducing a hydrograph’s dynamics (peak discharges, Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient and hydrograph’s rising limb timing). This finding is promising for number of urban drainage tasks working with dynamics of the flow. Moreover, CML data can be obtained from a telecommunication operator’s data cloud at virtually no cost. That makes their use attractive for cities unable to improve their monitoring infrastructure for economic or organizational reasons. © IWA Publishing 2017 Water Science & Technology."
"56025689400;6602675795;","Assessment of future climate change impacts on the hydrological regime of selected Greek areas with different climate conditions",2017,"10.2166/nh.2016.018","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85040358087&doi=10.2166%2fnh.2016.018&partnerID=40&md5=4a74970340963b1ba6e725da359124fc","Assessment of future variations of streamflow is essential for research regarding climate and climate change. This study is focused on three agricultural areas widespread in Greece and aims to assess the future response of annual and seasonal streamflow and its impacts on the hydrological regime, in combination with other fundamental aspects of the hydrological cycle in areas with different climate classification. ArcSWAT ArcGIS extension was used to simulate the future responses of streamflow. Future meteorological data were obtained from various regional climate models, and analysed for the periods 2021–2050 and 2071–2100. In all the examined areas, streamflow is expected to be reduced. Areas characterized by continental climate will face minor reductions by the mid-century that will become very intense by the end and thus these areas will become more resistant to future changes. Autumn season will face the strongest reductions. Areas characterized by Mediterranean conditions will be very vulnerable in terms of future climate change and winter runoff will face the most significant decreases. Reduced precipitation is the main reason for decreased streamflow. High values of actual evapotranspiration by the end of the century will act as an inhibitor towards reduced runoff and partly counterbalance the water losses. © IWA Publishing 2017"
"55910060100;8277424200;7005415993;26022241100;6701493083;23392096300;22135741900;6603384893;23995704100;6603829216;","Advances in flash floods understanding and modelling derived from the FloodScale project in South-East France",2016,"10.1051/e3sconf/20160704005","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85013643499&doi=10.1051%2fe3sconf%2f20160704005&partnerID=40&md5=25a2756655be68cca358b80585e89f64","The Mediterranean area is prone to intense rainfall events triggering flash floods, characterized by very short response times that sometimes lead to dramatic consequences in terms of casualties and damages. These events can affect large territories, but their impact may be very local in catchments that are generally ungauged. These events remain difficult to predict and the processes leading to their generation still need to be clarified. The HyMeX initiative (Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment, 2010-2020) aims at increasing our understanding of the water cycle in the Mediterranean basin, in particular in terms of extreme events. In order to better understand processes leading to flash floods, a four-year experiment (2012-2015) was conducted in the Cévennes region (South-East) France as part of the FloodScale project. Both continuous and opportunistic measurements during floods were conducted in two large catchments (Ardèche and Gard rivers) with nested instrumentation from the hillslopes to catchments of about 1, 10, 100 to 1000 km2 covering contrasted geology and land use. Continuous measurements include distributed rainfall, stream water level, discharge, water temperature and conductivity and soil moisture measurements. Opportunistic measurements include surface soil moisture and geochemistry sampling during events and gauging of floods using non-contact methods: portable radars to measure surface water velocity or image sequence analysis using LS-PIV (Large Scale Particle Image Velocimetry). During the period 2012-2014, and in particular during autumn 2014, several intense events affected the catchments and provided very rich data sets. Data collection was complemented with modelling activity aiming at simulating observed processes. The modelling strategy was setup through a wide range of scales, in order to test hypotheses about physical processes at the smallest scales, and aggregated functioning hypothesis at the largest scales. During the project, a focus was also put on the improvement of rainfall fields characterization both in terms of spatial and temporal variability and in terms of uncertainty quantification. Rainfall reanalyses combining radar and rain gauges were developed. Rainfall simulation using a stochastic generator was also performed. Another effort was dedicated to the improvement of discharge estimation during floods and the quantification of streamflow uncertainties using Bayesian techniques. The paper summarizes the main results gained from the observations and the subsequent modelling activity in terms of flash flood process understanding at the various scales. It concludes on how the new acquired knowledge can be used for prevention and management of flash floods. © 2016 The Authors, published by EDP Sciences."
"36170230500;35933524800;57041028000;28268113000;8524448500;7003495982;55322394000;8346311800;","Control of shortwave radiation parameterization on tropical climate SST-forced simulation",2016,"10.1007/s00382-015-2934-1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84953431731&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-015-2934-1&partnerID=40&md5=9e505c776ca376b4d72c396cb2e8f3e8","SST-forced tropical-channel simulations are used to quantify the control of shortwave (SW) parameterization on the mean tropical climate compared to other major model settings (convection, boundary layer turbulence, vertical and horizontal resolutions), and to pinpoint the physical mechanisms whereby this control manifests. Analyses focus on the spatial distribution and magnitude of the net SW radiation budget at the surface (SWnet_SFC), latent heat fluxes, and rainfall at the annual timescale. The model skill and sensitivity to the tested settings are quantified relative to observations and using an ensemble approach. Persistent biases include overestimated SWnet_SFC and too intense hydrological cycle. However, model skill is mainly controlled by SW parameterization, especially the magnitude of SWnet_SFC and rainfall and both the spatial distribution and magnitude of latent heat fluxes over ocean. On the other hand, the spatial distribution of continental rainfall (SWnet_SFC) is mainly influenced by convection parameterization and horizontal resolution (boundary layer parameterization and orography). Physical understanding of the control of SW parameterization is addressed by analyzing the thermal structure of the atmosphere and conducting sensitivity experiments to O3 absorption and SW scattering coefficient. SW parameterization shapes the stability of the atmosphere in two different ways according to whether surface is coupled to atmosphere or not, while O3 absorption has minor effects in our simulations. Over SST-prescribed regions, increasing the amount of SW absorption warms the atmosphere only because surface temperatures are fixed, resulting in increased atmospheric stability. Over land–atmosphere coupled regions, increasing SW absorption warms both atmospheric and surface temperatures, leading to a shift towards a warmer state and a more intense hydrological cycle. This turns in reversal model behavior between land and sea points, with the SW scheme that simulates greatest SW absorption producing the most (less) intense hydrological cycle over land (sea) points. This demonstrates strong limitations for simulating land/sea contrasts in SST-forced simulations. © 2016, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg."
"35551238800;6602176524;56212055700;7004881313;6505637161;35621058500;6603049815;","The radiative impact of desert dust on orographic rain in the Cévennes-Vivarais area: A case study from HyMeX",2015,"10.5194/acp-15-12231-2015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84946211857&doi=10.5194%2facp-15-12231-2015&partnerID=40&md5=c8bd719bea7f619d16d0ef7536d60d01","The study is focused on Intensive Observation Period (IOP) 14 of the Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment first Special Observing Period (HyMeX SOP 1) that took place from 17 to 19 October 2012 and was dedicated to the study of orographic rain in the Cévennes-Vivarais (CV) target area. During this IOP a dense dust plume originating from northern Africa (the Maghreb and Sahara) was observed to be transported over the Balearic Islands towards the south of France. The plume was characterized by an aerosol optical depth between 0.2 and 0.8 at 550 nm, highly variable in time and space over the western Mediterranean Basin. The impact of this dust plume, the biggest event observed during the 2-month-long HyMeX SOP 1, on the precipitation over the CV area has been analyzed using high-resolution simulations from the convection permitting mesoscale model Meso-NH (mesoscale non-hydrostatic model) validated against measurements obtained from numerous instruments deployed specifically during SOP 1 (ground-based/airborne water vapor and aerosol lidars, airborne microphysics probes) as well as space-borne aerosol products. The 4-day simulation reproduced realistically the temporal and spatial variability (including the vertical distribution) of the dust. The dust radiative impact led to an average 0.6 K heating at the altitude of the dust layer in the CV area (and up to +3 K locally) and an average 100 J kg-1 increase of most unstable convective available potential energy (and up to +900 J kg-1 locally) with respect to a simulation without prescribed dust aerosols. The rainfall amounts and location were only marginally affected by the dust radiative effect, even after 4 days of simulation. The transient nature of this radiative effect in dynamical environments such as those found in the vicinity of heavy precipitation events in the Mediterranean is not sufficient to impact 24 h of accumulated rainfall in the dust simulation. © Author(s) 2015."
"26033064800;35579191700;6602131651;7005731712;","Rivers",2015,"10.1017/CBO9780511627057.005","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84873137743&doi=10.1017%2fCBO9780511627057.005&partnerID=40&md5=9b5c95707d28f54e1dafc74ddb519405","Introduction Water plays a key role in the transfer of mass and energy within the Earth system. Incoming solar radiation drives evaporation of about 434 000 km3 a-1 from the ocean surface and 71 000 km3 a-1 from the land surface, while precipitation delivers about 398 000 km3 a-1 of water to the ocean and 107 000 km3 a-1 to the land surface. The balance is redressed through the flow of 36 000 km3 a-1 of water from the land to the oceans via rivers (data in Berner and Berner, 1996). Environmental change affecting any of these water transfers produces changes in runoff and river flows, hence in the rivers themselves. Changing climate is intensifying the global hydrological cycle, leading to significant changes in precipitation, runoff and evapotranspiration (Huntington, 2006; Bates et al., 2008; see also Chapter 1). Intensification of the hydrological cycle is likely to mean an increase in hydrological extremes (IPCC, 2001). Changes in the frequency distribution of precipitation alter water flows and water availability in the surface environment leading, in turn, to a change in river regimes. These factors are superimposed upon the effects of human actions associated with land use and with the attempt to control water for various uses that have directly changed river channels and the quality of water flowing in them. Land surface condition mediates quantity of water and the amount and calibre of sediment delivered to rivers which, in turn, influences river sedimentation, morphology and stability. Humans also manipulate the terrestrial hydrological cycle deliberately by construction of reservoirs, abstractions of water for human use, and discharges of water into river courses. Moreover, we directly modify watercourses by realigning them, by river ‘training’ works, by dredging, by fixing banks and building dykes. © Cambridge University Press 2009."
"55489065500;57060328000;55810947400;55863887700;","The role of El Niño Southern Oscillation on the patterns of cycling rates observed over India during the monsoon season",2014,"10.2166/wcc.2014.128","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84944072444&doi=10.2166%2fwcc.2014.128&partnerID=40&md5=815a22e3eea553131f3ac902a29153ab","Trend and interannual variability of total integrated precipitable water vapor (PWV) has been studied over India for the period 1979–2004 using NCEP/National Centre for Atmospheric Research reanalysis data with 2.5° × 2.5° resolution. The spatiotemporal variability of cycling rates (CR; units: per day), obtained from the ratio of rainfall to the PWV were presented not only for the long term (1979–2004) but also during El Niño (EN) and La Niña (LN) years of the study period to understand the intensity of hydrological cycle. The paper then dwells on obtaining the monthly atmospheric residences times over India to infer the stay of water vapor before it precipitates. The results of the present study are: all India PWV shows decreasing trend in association with the increasing/decreasing trends of Niño 3 SST/Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) for the southwest (SW) monsoon period of 1979–2004; the spatial pattern of temporal correlations of CR with SOI and Niño 3 SST displayed the significant positive and negative values in peninsular and central Indian portions of India respectively; all India atmospheric residence times varied from 9 to 2 days from premonsoon/post monsoon to SW monsoon over India. © IWA Publishing 2014."
"7404350742;6701858531;7102965584;7402115506;36598934900;13408938100;57208760036;57188689884;57188679943;7003448155;","São Paulo lightning mapping array (SP-LMA): Network assessment and analyses for intercomparison studies and GOES-R proxy activities",2014,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086812113&partnerID=40&md5=0f6035c529acf01e82f002474be3caea","A 12 station Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) network was deployed during October 2011 in the vicinity of São Paulo, Brazil (SP-LMA) to contribute total lightning measurements to an international field campaign [CHUVA - Cloud processes of tHe main precipitation systems in Brazil: A contribUtion to cloud resolVing modeling and to the GPM (GlobAl Precipitation Measurement)]. The SP-LMA was operational from November 2011 through March 2012 during the Vale do Paraíba campaign. Sensor spacing was on the order of 15-30 km, with a network diameter on the order of 40-50km. The SP-LMA provides good 3-D lightning mapping out to 150 km from the network center, with 2-D coverage considerably farther. In addition to supporting CHUVA science/mission objectives, the SP-LMA is supporting the generation of unique proxy data for the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) and Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI), on NOAA's Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-R (GOES-R: scheduled for a 2015 launch). These proxy data will be used to develop and validate operational algorithms so that they will be ready to use on “day1” following the GOES-R launch. As the CHUVA Vale do Paraíba campaign opportunity was formulated, a broad community-based interest developed for a comprehensive Lightning Location System (LLS) intercomparison and assessment study, leading to the participation and/or deployment of eight other ground-based networks and the space-based Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS). The SP-LMA data is being intercompared with lightning observations from other deployed lightning networks to advance our understanding of the capabilities/contributions of each of these networks toward GLM proxy and validation activities. This paper addresses the network assessment including noise reduction criteria, detection efficiency estimates, and statistical and climatological (both temporal and spatially) analyses for intercomparison studies and GOES-R proxy activities. © International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, ICAE 2014"
"56494067400;56448868700;35323821500;","Climatological classification of available potential energy for convection in the city of belém-pa [Classificação climatológica da energia potencial disponível para a convecção na cidade de belém-pa]",2014,"10.1590/0102-778620130040","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84921763756&doi=10.1590%2f0102-778620130040&partnerID=40&md5=69d99d8643ababa1bcfc35cf6232271a","The climatological classification of the Convection Available Potential Energy (CAPE) was studied in order to verify both the possibility of convection to start and the organizational type, in Belém (Pará - PA, Brazil), associating it to extreme precipitation events (EEPRP). For the CAPE analysis, DTCEA’s radiosonde data and precipitation measurements from the INMET’s stations, in the period from 1987 to 2011, we used. It was observed that the local atmosphere presented favorable conditions for the development of deep convection, because the most frequent CAPE values were higher than 1000 J/Kg, representing 61% of all radiosonde measurements. According to some authors, a CAPE value of 1000J/Kg is the deep convection limit. The CAPE 2 and 3 classifications presented significant increasing tendencies along the years, whereas CAPE 1 showed a decrease. This is probably due to the air temperature increased at the city, impacting the CAPE value. A low correlation between CAPE and EEPRP, as well as between CAPE and Pacific Ocean Index and the Atlantic Interhemispheric Gradient. was also shown. Therefore CAPE is not sufficient condition for the formation of clouds and precipitation, since meso and large scale dynamical forcing are relevant contributors to the climate modulation on the city. © 2014, Sociedade Brasileira de Meteorologia. All rights reserved."
"35211730900;55881831800;36055237900;55881386700;55881475700;","Spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture across a cropland-grassland mosaic: A case study for agro-pastural transition in north of China",2013,"10.5846/stxb201306091519","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84885443156&doi=10.5846%2fstxb201306091519&partnerID=40&md5=6e5571841051703d5887b284a33064fc","As a direct consequence of greater landscape fragmentation worldwide, it is becoming increasingly common for agricultural landscapes to be dissected by boundaries between crop types. However, our understanding of processes associated with these boundaries remains comparatively undeveloped. Cropland-grassland mosaics resulting from intensification of farming activity on extensive grassland are now common in north of China. These land use changes not only influence the original ecosystem processes but also generate new ecological processes that impact on the regional environment at a larger scale. Recently the topic of spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture has received more attention from ecologists because it plays an important role in the hydrological cycle through effects on the interaction between land and atmosphere, thus climate and plant growth in different ecological scales. Despite this emerging focus few studies have examined the spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture in cropland-grassland mosaics in north of China. Here we report data investigating the spatial pattern for soil moisture variation in cropland (C), the cropland-grassland boundary (B) and grassland (G) of a sizes (0.5 m×0.5 m, 1 m×1 m, 2 m×2 m) using classical statistical and geostatistical methodologies. Soil water content of C was significantly higher than that of G (P&lt;0.05). Soil water content of B was intermediate between C and G and differed significantly from both C and G (P&lt;0.05). The B zone displayed a higher coefficient of variation (CV) for soil moisture than the adjacent systems (P &lt; 0. 05), The geostatistical analysis determined that values of the magnitude of spatial heterogeneity (MSH) for soil moisture for B were 0.814, 0.763 and 0.883, respectively, in the three sampling grain sizes (0.5 m×0.5 m, 1 m×1 m, 2 m×2 m). There was also a strong autocorrelation with the ranges A0 15.44, 27.24 and 19.09 m, respectively. The MSH values of soil moisture for G were 0.537, 0.837 and 0.650, and there was a moderate to strong autocorrelation with the ranges A0 6.009, 12.74 and 30.99 m, respectively, in the three different sampling grain sizes. The MSH of soil moisture for C was 0.706, which had a moderate autocorrelation with range 27.28 m in grain size 2 m×2 m, whereas there were nugget effects at the other finer sampling grain sizes. The MSH of the cropland-grassland mosaic displayed a nonlinear relationship across different sampling scales in the field. We found soil moisture for B displayed the highest spatial heterogeneity (i. e. significant patchiness), whereas the soil moisture for C was more homogeneous in comparison with soils under grassland. With respect to the characteristics of the B transition zone, there was an abrupt change of increase then rapidly decreases for soil moisture from cropland to grassland in the cropland-grassland mosaic. The data therefore support the 'ecological boundary effects' hypothesis that the ecological boundary is more heterogeneous than that of the adjacent systems and also show that abrupt ecological boundary effects occur. Our results suggest that the historical shift from perennial herb to monocrop culture in grasslands ecosystem led to changes in the small-scale spatial structure of soil moisture and related processes. These changes in land utilization may therefore alter ecosystem function and further impact the regional climate."
"6506011836;","Ocean space and the anthropocene, new notions in geosciences? - An essay",2013,"10.1017/s0016774600000147","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84884627338&doi=10.1017%2fs0016774600000147&partnerID=40&md5=df4c198f1706f8427496b9da87ed8fa2","Two notions, Ocean Space and the Anthropocene, are discussed. The first is occasionally used in legal and governance literature, and in the media. The Anthropocene, however, is widely applied in the global change research community and the media. The notion of ocean space stands for a holistic, system science approach combined with 4D thinking from the ocean, and the processes within it, towards the land. Ocean space is in fact a social-ecological concept that deals with sustainability challenges which are the consequence of the complex interactions between humans and the marine environment on all scales. Ocean space is, on a human scale, impressively large. On a planetary scale, however, it is insignificant although it has been an ancient feature of the Earth for the last four billion years or so. Yet ocean space is a critical player in the Earth System; it is central to climate regulation, the hydrological and carbon cycles and nutrient flows, it balances levels of atmospheric gases, it is a source of raw materials vital for medical and other uses, and a sink for anthropogenic pollutants. The notion also encompasses issues such as exploration, adventure, science, resources, conservation, sustainability, etc., and should be an innovative and attractive outreach instrument for the media. Finally, it marks the fundamental change in ocean exploration in the twenty-first century in which ocean-observing systems, and fleets of robots, are routinely and continuously providing quality controlled data and information on the present and future states of ocean space. Advocates of the notion of the Anthropocene argue that this new epoch in geological time, commenced with the British industrial revolution. To date, the Anthropocene has already been subdivided into three stages. The first of these coincides with the beginning of the British industrial revolution around 1800. This transition quickly transformed a society which used natural energy sources into one that uses fossil fuels. The present high-energy society of more than seven billion people mostly with highly improved living standards and birth rates, and a global economy, is the consequence. The downside of this development comprises intensive resource and land use as well as large-scale pollution of the (marine) environment. The first stage of the Anthropocene ended abruptly after the Second World War when a new technology push occurred, leading to the second stage: 'the Great Acceleration' (1945-2015) followed by the third: 'Stewards of the Earth'. Here it is concluded that the notion of the Anthropocene reflects a hierarchical or individualistic perspective, often leading to a ""business as usual"" management style, and 'humanises' the geological time scale. The use of this notion is not supported. However, it is already very popular in the media. This again might lead to overestimating the role of humans in nature, and might facilitate an even more destructive attitude towards it, through the application of geo-engineering. The latter could be opening another Pandora's box. Instead we should move to a more sustainable future in which human activities are better fine tuned to the environment that we are part of. In this respect transition management is an interesting new paradigm."
"7004448897;","Forecasting and nowcasting convective weather phenomena over southern peninsular india - part I: Thunderstorms",2012,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84873481958&partnerID=40&md5=63a6216684eabb143d39bf3bbe31ea77","A few case studies of thunderstorms over Chennai and its neighbourhood have been discussed with its antecedent thermodynamic stability indices and parameters that are usually favourable for the development of convective clouds. As the forecast based on upper air data (radio sonde / radio wind and /or GPS sonde) is not time as well as location specific, data obtained from Doppler Weather Radar, Chennai have been used to issue location / time specific thunderstorm warnings especially for the aircraft operations from Chennai airport. Monitoring of sea breeze front propagation and velocity spectrum width data may help the forecaster to nowcast the development and movement of thunderstorms. Rainfall variability has been analysed using the radar reflectivity data based rain rate estimation and precipitation accumulation over a period of time. It is well understood from this analysis that fully calibrated radar and aptly fine tuned radar reflectivity (z) - rain rate (R) relationship will address the problem of inadequacy of rain gauges besides giving a better quality hydrological data (than that is being obtained through sparsely located surface rain gauges) which may be quite useful for the administrators and water resources managers."
"13404181900;7003482642;57211811048;6603647965;9234412200;56734403000;","Characterization of the atmospheric component of the winter hydrological cycle in the Galicia/North Portugal Euro-region: A Lagrangian approach",2011,"10.3354/cr00987","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80052463177&doi=10.3354%2fcr00987&partnerID=40&md5=b90bf3c60aff5e43d5c92b2167d20c35","The Lagrangian 3-dimensional FLEXPART model was used to investigate the main sources of moisture for the Galician/northern Portugal (GALNP) region, as well as their inter-annual variability during winter. FLEXPART identifies humidity contributions to the moisture budget over a region through the computation of changes in the specific humidity along backward trajectories of up to 10 d. Two analyses were done for the period between 1990/1991 and 1998/1999: the first considering all winter days and the second only precipitation days over GALNP. Two dominant source regions of moisture were detected: the extended Bay of Biscay (BB) and the Tropical and Subtropical North Atlantic corridor (TSNA). The BB presented a large 1 d maximum and a very significant contribution in the period from 1 to 4 d backward. The TSNA only showed a net uptake of moisture for GALNP from 2 d backward, and its contribution reached a maximum on the 5th day backward. The results suggest that the inter-annual variations in winter precipitation over GALNP could be directly associated with the variability observed in the contribution of moisture from the TSNA. A large part of the contribution of moisture from the BB occurs during anticyclonic conditions over the GALNP region, which relate to stable atmospheric conditions and the inhibition of precipitation. On the other hand, around 75% of the total TSNA winter contribution occurred during precipitation days. Once dynamic conditions are favourable for generating precipitation, it appears that there is some contribution from the BB to precipitation days in the GALNP region. © Inter-Research 2011."
"42861284000;13404087800;35568218100;6505939312;6604069338;7003346742;","Predictive ability of severe rainfall events over Catalonia for the year 2008",2011,"10.5194/nhess-11-1813-2011","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79960220178&doi=10.5194%2fnhess-11-1813-2011&partnerID=40&md5=c4be1a9c5bea4afb84efe0854562307d","This paper analyses the predictive ability of quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPF) and the so-called ""poor-man"" rainfall probabilistic forecasts (RPF). With this aim, the full set of warnings issued by the Meteorological Service of Catalonia (SMC) for potentially-dangerous events due to severe precipitation has been analysed for the year 2008. For each of the 37 warnings, the QPFs obtained from the limited-area model MM5 have been verified against hourly precipitation data provided by the rain gauge network covering Catalonia (NE of Spain), managed by SMC. For a group of five selected case studies, a QPF comparison has been undertaken between the MM5 and COSMO-I7 limited-area models. Although MM5's predictive ability has been examined for these five cases by making use of satellite data, this paper only shows in detail the heavy precipitation event on the 9-10 May 2008. Finally, the ""poor-man"" rainfall probabilistic forecasts (RPF) issued by SMC at regional scale have also been tested against hourly precipitation observations. Verification results show that for long events (>24 h) MM5 tends to overestimate total precipitation, whereas for short events (≤24 h) the model tends instead to underestimate precipitation. The analysis of the five case studies concludes that most of MM5's QPF errors are mainly triggered by very poor representation of some of its cloud microphysical species, particularly the cloud liquid water and, to a lesser degree, the water vapor. The models' performance comparison demonstrates that MM5 and COSMO-I7 are on the same level of QPF skill, at least for the intense-rainfall events dealt with in the five case studies, whilst the warnings based on RPF issued by SMC have proven fairly correct when tested against hourly observed precipitation for 6-h intervals and at a small region scale. Throughout this study, we have only dealt with (SMC-issued) warning episodes in order to analyse deterministic (MM5 and COSMO-I7) and probabilistic (SMC) rainfall forecasts; therefore we have not taken into account those episodes that might (or might not) have been missed by the official SMC warnings. Therefore, whenever we talk about ""misses"", it is always in relation to the deterministic LAMs' QPFs. © 2011 Author(s)."
"8940002200;35778419900;7101914244;55841130100;57206923812;7006070529;14031784600;","ISMAR: Towards a sub millimetre-wave airborne demonstrator for the observation of precipitation and ice clouds",2010,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84883301427&partnerID=40&md5=5eb49d052556cdf820ced6ee77f0df36","A strong interest is emerging for satellite observations of clouds and rain at millimetre and sub-millimetre wavelengths. The motivations are twofold: Firstly, there is a lack of information on the characteristics of ice clouds. On average, approximately 20% of the globe is covered by high clouds, with substantial impact on the global radiative budget depending on the optical properties of the ice particles. No existing satellite instrument is capable of observing the large variety of ice cloud properties. The visible and thermal domains are essentially sensitive to the thin cirrus (particles with sizes below ~50μm diameter) whereas the available microwave measurements below 190 GHz are limited to the observations of large ice particles (larger than ~200 μm) present in deep convective clouds. Millimetre and sub-millimetre observations could fill the gap and provide information on the intermediate ice cloud types and crystal habits. Secondly, there is a need for observations for now-casting of extreme weather events. Microwave measurements show a more direct relation with precipitation than visible and infrared observations. However, so far passive microwave instruments are only available on low orbit satellites and the temporal sampling of the same area is limited, even in the case of a satellite constellation (with eight over-flights per day in the case of the Global Precipitation Measurement from a constellation of satellites). Geostationary satellites offer the possibility of quasi-continuous coverage of large portions of the Earth. The main difficulty is to obtain adequate spatial resolutions from a geostationary orbit, with an antenna of a reasonable size. One solution is thus to observe at higher frequencies than currently measured today from operational satellites i.e. the sub-millimetre wave range. Two projects have been submitted to ESA in recent years as Next Earth Explorer core missions: (a) The Cloud Ice Water Sub-millimeter Imaging Radiometer (CIWSIR), which is dedicated to the observations and characterization of ice clouds from a polar orbit, focusing on climate studies and (b) The Geostationary Observatory for Microwave Atmospheric Sounding (GOMAS), the key objective of which is the estimation of precipitation with a high temporal sampling, for nowcasting. Although neither of these missions has yet been selected, several technical and scientific preparatory activities are underway in Europe to allow these mission concepts to mature. This paper reports on one of these preparatory activities; the design of a sub-millimetre wave airborne demonstrator for both ice cloud and precipitation observations which will be able to prove the feasibility of the scientific principles of both the CIWSIR and GOMAS missions. The paper will describe a demonstrator design based upon the new Met Office International Sub Millimetre-wave Airborne Radiometer (ISMAR) which is now under development with a first test flight scheduled for November 2010."
"23398632200;7003317714;8210291400;","Modelling forest fires hydrological impact using spatio-temporal geographical data",2010,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84858691363&partnerID=40&md5=068c27bd8eb35c91d7703106317ee20d","In recent years, forest fires frequency and intensity has increased, causing a new awareness about their impact not only on vegetation, but also on hydrological regime. Changes in vegetation influence the processes of interception and evapotranspiration, seriously affecting the hydrological cycle. Forest fires can also affect hydrological processes indirectly, altering the hydraulic properties of the soil. The period needed for the hydrological process recovery is greatly dependent on the rate of vegetation recovery. In dry areas, water shortages can seriously limit this rate. The interaction between hydrological processes and vegetation recovery makes harder the simulation of forest fires hydrological impacts and post-fire recovery with hydrological models, which are not able to consider the significant temporal variability of soil hydraulic properties and vegetation development. This paper presents the modelling of forest fires hydrological impact with a modified hydrological model, using spatio-temporal geographical data. This model can simulate the hydrological balance, taking into account both the spatial and temporal variability of vegetation and soil hydraulic properties. The interactions between hydrological balance, plants water stress, vegetation development, and soil hydraulic properties, can also be simulated within the model. The case study of a Mediterranean experimental watershed in Greece, which was affected by a wildfire in August 2009, is also presented."
"35772392800;6603551529;7005539346;22949118500;","Milankovitch forcing and meridional moisture flux in the atmosphere: Insight from a zonally averaged ocean-atmosphere model",2010,"10.1175/2010JCLI3273.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77958099853&doi=10.1175%2f2010JCLI3273.1&partnerID=40&md5=652e89311c07dc445b4439bff1b32dd7","A 1-Myr-long time-dependent solution of a zonally averaged ocean-atmosphere model subject to Milankovitch forcing is examined to gain insight into long-term changes in the planetary-scale meridional moisture flux in the atmosphere. The model components are a one-dimensional (latitudinal) atmospheric energy balance model with an active hydrological cycle and an ocean circulation model representing four basins (Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, and Southern Oceans). This study finds that the inclusion of an active hydrological cycle does not significantly modify the responses of annual-mean air and ocean temperatures to Milankovitch forcing found in previous integrations with a fixed hydrological cycle. Likewise, the meridional overturning circulation of the North Atlantic Ocean is not significantly affected by hydrological changes. Rather, it mainly responds to precessionally driven variations of ocean temperature in subsurface layers (between 70and 500-m depth) of this basin. On the other hand, annual and zonal means of evaporation rate and meridional flux of moisture in the atmosphere respond notably to obliquity-driven changes in the meridional gradient of annual-mean insolation. Thus, when obliquity is decreased (increased), the meridional moisture flux in the atmosphere is intensified (weakened). This hydrological response is consistent with deuterium excess records from polar ice cores, which are characterized by dominant obliquity cycles. © 2010 American Meteorological Society."
"55417853000;55386235300;8439180500;7005650812;","The varying response of microwave signatures to different types of overland rainfall found over the korean peninsula",2010,"10.1175/2009JTECHA1364.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77953519947&doi=10.1175%2f2009JTECHA1364.1&partnerID=40&md5=8dcfdde926db930b788f07198e8ae588","The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar and ground rain measurements were used to investigate the performance of the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) land algorithm. In particular, data from a dense network of rain gauges being operated over the Korean Peninsula were utilized. To retrieve information related to the rainfall rate over land, the TRMM land algorithm relies mainly on brightness temperature TB depression at vertically polarized 85(V) GHz because of scattering by ice particles. It refers to the relationships between 85(V)-GHz TBs and rain rates in its predefined database. By comparing the TMI rain rates with the surface rain gauge and TRMM radar measurements, it was found that there are a variety of relationships between 85(V)-GHz TBs and rainfall rates resulting from the various types of precipitating clouds. The TMI land algorithm, therefore, could not resolve some raining clouds such as warm clouds as well as cold clouds having small amounts of ice particles above the rain layer. The rainfall amounts for those missed rain events are significant. As a result, rain rates produced by the land algorithm show systematic biases, which are a function of raining cloud types. Meanwhile, it is found that the 37-GHz TMI channels contain additional information on surface rain; the uncertainties in retrieving rain rates from TBs at TMI frequencies can be reduced up to 11% if all polarized 37-and 85-GHz TBs are used as predictors. © 2010 American Meteorological Society."
"55417853000;","The uncertainty of background brightness temparatures in microwawe land rainfull algorithm",2009,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77951963191&partnerID=40&md5=19208280958beeaa6d505f3a4602db99","The rain/no-rain classification of the land algorithm for pixels of the Tropical Measuring Mission Microwave Imager (TMI) wasevaluated using the dense network of ground rain gauges in place across the Korean peninsula. It was found that raining events almost completely overlapped with non-raining events in the two-dimensional space of the 21-and 85-GHz brightness temperature (TB) axes. The Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis of the TMI TBs indicates that the reasonable separation of raining/non-raining events is not possible from the TMI frequencies alone. Also, the validity of using the global constant background TB (270 K at 85-GHz) in the land algorithm was examined in order to address the importance of background TBs under clear-sky conditions. It is suggested that more realistic temporal and spatial background TBs be used as a reference to reduce large uncertainties implied by large monthly and diurnal fluctuations in observed background TBs, and thus obtain more accurate scattering amounts from ice particles in clouds over land."
"6603020936;23398574100;56473720200;","Role of cumulus parameterization schemes in simulating heavy rainfall episodes off the coast of Maharashtra state during 28 June-4 July 2007",2009,"10.1007/s00703-009-0045-4","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70349741298&doi=10.1007%2fs00703-009-0045-4&partnerID=40&md5=6961fcf54bd4672a935706b2c4cab9e8","Indian summer monsoon gives on an average 250 cm of rainfall due to mesoscale/synoptic scale systems over west coast of India; now-a-days, MM5 model plays a very crucial role in simulating such heavy rainfall episodes like Mumbai (India) on 26 July 2005, which caused devastation through flash floods. The main aim of this study is to simulate such heavy rainfall episodes using three different cumulus parameterization schemes (CPS) namely Kain-Fritsch-1, Anthes-Kuo and Grell and to compare their relative merits in identifying the characteristics of mesoscale systems over 14 stations in coastal Maharashtra state during 28 June-4 July 2007. MM5 control experiment results are analysed for the fields of mean sea level pressure, wind, geopotential height at 850 hPa and rainfall with the above schemes. It is interesting to note that Kain-Fritsch-1 scheme simulates heavy rainfall amount of 48 cm for an observed rainfall of 51 cm in 24 h. The Grell scheme underestimates heavy rainfall episodes, while the Anthes-Kuo scheme is found to over predict rainfall on both temporal and spatial scales. The reason for better performance of KF-1 scheme may be due to inclusion of updrafts and downdrafts. Later the simulated rainfall quantities at 14 stations over study region are validated with both 3B42RT and observed rain gauge data of India Meteorological Department (IMD) and the results are promising. Finally, for the heavy rainfall prediction cases, the best threat score is at 0.25 mm threshold for three CPSs. Thus, this study is a breakthrough in pointing out that the KF-1 experiment has the best skill in predicting heavy rainfall episodes. © Springer-Verlag 2009."
"55637266800;23481991200;","Future trends and variability of the hydrological cycle in different IPCC SRES emission scenarios - a case study for the Baltic sea region",2009,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-62149148501&partnerID=40&md5=87dc42b2440152b41bc690a2523442d2","Global climate change is also affecting the Baltic Sea and its surrounding areas. Therefore, it is of great importance to understand decadal variability and future trends as they are projected by global and regional climate change simulations. In this paper, trends and variability of hydro-meteorological quantities are investigated in simulation results for the period 1900 to 2100. Special attention is paid to the differences in the climate change signals which are simulated within three individual simulations of one IPCC SRES scenario (here: three realisations of A1B) as compared with those in three simulations of different IPCC SRES scenarios (one ralisation each for A2, A1B and B1). In addition results from a validation run for 1958 to 2002 which are compared with observations, show the capability of the regional model to simulate today's climate. From the 200-year simulations it can be concluded that in all of them the differences in the hydro-meteorological quantities are of similar order, despite of significant differences in temperature trends. The relation between an increase in temperature eand an intensification of the hydrological cycle is also analysed. This study shows that the differences in the IPCC SRES emission scenarios lead to significantly different temperature developments until the end of this century, but they do not stimulate significant differences in the developments of the hydrological cycles. At present this behaviour cannot be explained and needs further investigations. © 2009."
"7401720148;","Fire ignitions related to radar reflectivity patterns in Arizona and New Mexico",2008,"10.1071/WF06110","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-45849127922&doi=10.1071%2fWF06110&partnerID=40&md5=b006560562cc3d98e3ef4cee3fcd44c1","Over 5400 lightning-ignited wildfires were detected on federal land in Arizona and New Mexico from 1996 through 1998 during the fire season of May through September. The non-uniform and sporadic spatial nature of precipitation events in this region makes the use of rain gauge data a limited means of assessing when and where a cloud-to-ground lightning strike might have ignited a wildfire due to dry lightning. By analysing weather radar reflectivity data with lightning and wildfire data, characteristics of radar reflectivity can be used by fire weather forecasters to identify regions of increased ignition potential. Critical ranges of reflectivity, life span of a reflectivity cell, and storm movement are characteristics of radar reflectivity that are examined in this analysis. The results of this type of analysis can help focus attention of wildfire personnel to particular locations where there is known to be cloud-to-ground lightning in conjunction with radar reflectivity patterns that have been historically associated with wildfire ignition. Results from the analysis show that wildfire ignitions typically occur near the perimeter of a radar echo. The reflectivity values at the ignition location are less than the highest reflectivity located within the echo, and often magnitudes are sufficiently low to suggest that the precipitation is not reaching the ground in this dry region with high cloud bases. Interpretation of the duration, size and level of lightning activity of the radar echo associated with the ignition indicate that ignitions tend to occur in the early stages of a radar echo. However, there are often multiple storm cells having isolated areas of higher reflectivity within a radar echo at the time of ignition. Nearly two-thirds of radar echoes associated with wildfire ignitions moved more than 50 km throughout the echo's lifetime. These moving storm systems often propagated in a northerly or easterly direction, and ignitions occurred on the leading edge of the storm in over half of the cases that propagated in the same direction. Forecasters can use results from this study to determine where there is an increased potential of wildfire ignitions when similar radar patterns appear in conjunction with lightning activity in the future. © IAWF 2008."
"7005956265;","Cloud contribution to the daily and annual radiation budget in a mountainous valley",2008,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2007.11.029","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-43049179384&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2007.11.029&partnerID=40&md5=623ff05e61b0a9fd44563018d5dd5b6a","An automated-ventilated radiation station has been set up in a mountainous valley at the Logan Airport in northern Utah, USA, since mid-1995, to evaluate the daily and annual radiation budget components, and develop an algorithm to study cloudiness and its contribution to the daily and annual radiation. This radiation station (composed of pyranometers, pyrgeometers and a net radiometer) provides continuous measurements of downward and upward shortwave, longwave and net radiation throughout the year. The surface temperature and pressure, the 2-m air temperature and humidity, precipitation, and wind at this station were also measured. A heated rain gauge provided precipitation information. Using air temperature and moisture and measured downward longwave (atmospheric) radiation, appropriate formula (among four approaches) was chosen for computation of cloudless-skies atmospheric emissivity. Considering the additional longwave radiation during the cloudy skies coming from the cloud in the waveband which the gaseous emission lacks (from 8-13 μm), an algorithm was developed which provides continuous 20-min cloud information (cloud base height, cloud base temperature, percent of skies covered by cloud, and cloud contribution to the radiation budget) over the area during day and night. On the partly-cloudy day of 3 February, 2003, for instance, cloud contributed 1.34 MJ m- 2 d- 1 out of 26.92 MJ m- 2 d- 1 to the daily atmospheric radiation. On the overcast day of 18 December, 2003, this contribution was 5.77 MJ m- 2 d- 1 out of 29.38 MJ m- 2 d- 1. The same contribution for the year 2003 amounted to 402.85 MJ m- 2 y- 1 out of 9976.08 MJ m- 2 y- 1. Observations (fog which yielded a zero cloud base height and satellite cloud imaging data) throughout the year confirmed the validity of the computed data. The nearby Bowen ratio station provided the downward radiation and net radiation data. If necessary, these data could be substituted for the missing data at the radiation station. While the automated surface observing systems (ASOS) ceilometer at the Logan airport provides only the overhead cloud information, the proposed algorithm provides this information over the valley. The proposed algorithm is a promising approach for evaluation of the cloud base temperature, cloud base height, percent of skies covered by cloud, and cloud contribution to the daily and annual radiation budget at local and regional scales."
"15834844900;7004786579;15835468900;15834828700;","Footprints of climate in groundwater and precipitation",2007,"10.5194/hess-11-785-2007","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33846619157&doi=10.5194%2fhess-11-785-2007&partnerID=40&md5=a7208008bdcae7fcf79b301d3fdf6328","In the last decades, the 18O/16O signature of meteoric water became a key tracer intensively used both in hydrology and in paleoclimatology, based primarily on the correlation of the 18O/ 16O ratio in precipitation with temperature. This correlation with temperature is generally well understood as a result of Rayleigh processes of atmospheric vapour during the formation of precipitation. The resulting isotopic signals in precipitation are also transferred into the groundwater body since the isotopic composition of groundwater is determined by the precipitation infiltrating into the ground. However, the whole variability of the 18O/16O ratio especially in temporal data series of precipitation and groundwater can not be explained with temperature alone. Here we show that certain interactions between different climate induced changes in local parameters prevailing during precipitation events are able to explain a significant part of the observed deviation. These effects are superimposed by an overall isotopic pattern representing the large scale climate input primarily based on temperature. The intense variability of isotopes due to the particular topography of Austria recorded over a time period of 40 years provides an unique possibility to uncover this hidden information contributed by relative humidity and type of precipitation. Since there is a growing need to predict the variation of climate together with its associated potential hazards like floods and dry periods the results of this work are contributing to a better overall understanding of the complex interaction of climate with the corresponding water cycle."
"7003860366;","Ice core records | Chinese, tibetan mountains",2006,"10.1016/B0-44-452747-8/00350-1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77953806540&doi=10.1016%2fB0-44-452747-8%2f00350-1&partnerID=40&md5=18fee28e14b30fdc6c5cd2c6698d88b2","The mountains of central Asia hold the highest concentration of glaciers outside of the polar regions. Several records of climatic and environmental change that extend back in time hundreds to thousands of years have been developed via the analysis of ice cores recovered from central Asian glaciers. These records are especially important, given the critical role that the highlands of central Asia play in the development and intensity of the Asian monsoon, and the importance of the summer monsoon in providing life-sustaining rains to more than half the world’s population. Central Asian ice-core records have documented oscillations in the climate system on several different timescales, identified abrupt changes in the regional climate, revealed recent warming trends and changes in the hydrological cycle, and documented the influence of anthropogenic emissions on precipitation chemistry. Several new ice cores have been recently recovered that, once fully analyzed, should provide additional details on the spatial and temporal variability of the Asian monsoon and the westerly jet stream, and additional records detailing the anthropogenic influence on atmospheric chemistry in this remote region. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved."
"56259764300;7004910963;","Impact of land-surface processes on the interannual variability of tropical climate in the LMD GCM",2003,"10.1007/s00382-002-0297-x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0038656473&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-002-0297-x&partnerID=40&md5=0d937b3a6a6cadf49220b08aa4bc380d","Tropical monsoon circulations exhibit substantial interannual variability. Establishing clear links between this variability and the slowly varying boundary forcing (sea surface temperatures, SSTs, and land surface conditions) has proved difficult. For example, no clear relationships have been found between SST anomalies associated with El Nino/La Nina events and monsoon rainfall. Despite much research over the past 50 years, there are still questions regarding how different components of the land-atmosphere-ocean system contribute to tropical monsoon variability. This study examines the question of land-surface-atmosphere interactions in large-scale tropical convection and their role in rainfall interannual variability. The analysis method is based on a conceptual model of convection energetics applied every day of the simulation at the grid points within the region of interest. This allows for a distinction between the frequency and the characteristic energy and water cycle of these events. With two ensembles of five and three experiments in which different land-surface schemes are used, the relation between land-surface processes and variation of the frequency of convection is studied. It has been found in this modeling study that the formulation of land surface schemes may be important for both the simulation of mean tropical precipitation and its interannual variability by way of the frequency of convective events. Linked to this is an increased response of hydrological cycle over land to SSTAs. Numerous studies have suggested that large-scale factors, such as SST, are the dominant control. However the influence of surface processes depends on the areal extent and distance that separates the region from the ocean. The fact that differences between tropical regions decreases as convection intensifies strengthens this hypothesis. The conclusion is that it is inappropriate to separate the causes of interannual variability between SSTAs and land-surface anomalies to explain precipitation variations as land surface processes play a significant mediating role in the relationship between SSTs and monsoon strength. However there remains the possibility that a substantial portion of variability is due to dynamical processes internal to the atmosphere. Determining the relative roles of internal and lower boundary forcing processes in producing interannual variations in the tropical climate is a major objective of future research."
"56264494100;36502634400;7403051123;","Study of a precipitating cloud system using Chung-Li VHF radar",2002,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036663862&partnerID=40&md5=069d5861d4d58b933d9e7309d81104dc","In this paper, Chung-Li VHF radar returns from hydrometeors and reflectivity fluctuations associated with ""showery"" precipitating cloud systems are studied in detail. The space antenna drift method is applied to three rain gauges in the vicinity of the radar to obtain the drift velocity of the rain cells during the passage of the precipitation cloud systems. The drift velocity of the rain cells is found to be 13.4 m/s and moving in the southwest to northeast direction, and these results are in good agreement with the simultaneous observations of the horizontal wind velocity observed with the radar. VHF radar can see the frontal structure so clearly because of its sensitivity to thermal stratification in the atmosphere. A composite analysis of the turbulence and precipitation echo intensity and vertical air velocity indicates that the vertical air velocity plays a vital role for the occurrence of showery precipitation. The mean raindrop diameters are estimated from the air motion adjusted Doppler velocities resolved by the radar. Observational results show that the mean raindrop sizes of 0.5-3.5 mm are primarily responsible for the showery precipitation. The ambient air motions and turbulent broadening effects are discussed before and during the passage of the precipitation event. The analysis suggests that the beam-broadening effect needs to be considered if the information of the drop size distribution is to be estimated from the observed Doppler spectral width."
"36884670000;6602830696;57212178635;","What can be deduced from chemical measurement in an open-field raingauge? An example in the Maures Massif, southeastern France",2002,"10.1080/02626660209492947","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036602764&doi=10.1080%2f02626660209492947&partnerID=40&md5=8c0d44748cf1df003a0c174e95db62e4","The deposition of chemical elements in a catchment occurs through three different processes: wet, dry and cloud deposition. Total deposition cannot be inferred from measurements made with open-field raingauges, and still constitutes a challenge to scientific method. The chemical composition of samples from an open-field rain-gauge (bulk precipitation) was analysed over a period of several years in a small Mediterranean catchment in the Maures Massif, France. The input of chloride measured in this way was two times lower than the output, despite the fact that this element is reputed to be conservative, which means input and output should roughly balance. This implies that input has previously been underestimated. Analysis of the bulk precipitation data was carried out taking into account both the history of rain events and of sampling. This study allowed the relative parts of the different deposition processes to be quantified. Dry deposition can provide from 20% to more than 80% of the anthropogenic and terrigenic elements (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, NO3-, SO42-, SiO2) to the rain samples. The occult deposition of marine elements on the catchment area (50% of total deposition) was found to be mostly due to cloud deposition during wet periods."
"7006642609;6701571700;","Validation of the NWP model HRM with groundbased GPS data",2001,"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00084-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035006495&doi=10.1016%2fS1464-1895%2801%2900084-9&partnerID=40&md5=f40d310c64b6e68d9c940a117d562559","The atmospheric water vapor is a very important variable for the hydrological cycle and for short term numerical weather prediction. Groundbased GPS data are applied to validate the vertically integrated water vapor (IWV) as derived with the HRM model (High resolution Regional Model) of the German Weather Service (DWD) within the BALTEX (Baltic Sea Experiment) region. Data of the PIDCAP period (Pilot Study for Intensive Data Collection and Analysis of Precipitation; August 1 to November 17, 1995) from Sweden and Finland and of the first month (May 2000) of GPS measurements processed by the Geo Forschungs Zentrum (GFZ, Potsdam, Germany) within the BRIDGE baseline period (October 1999 to December 2002) are used. The IWV of the HRM model with ECMWF analysis data as initial fields show significantly lower mean differences to the GPS IWV data than the HRM IWV with the EM3AN analysis data of the Europa-Model of the DWD. The IWV differences of the HRM model and the GPS data can mainly be explained by the differences between the analysis data and the GPS data. The IWVs derived from HRM model are highly correlated with the GPS data (i.e. with a correlation coefficient of 0.937 for the PIDCAP period and a correlation coefficient of 0.881 for May 2000). © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved."
"7102432430;17340153000;55665022400;55663744100;7004370563;","Radar calibration of physical profile-based precipitation retrieval from passive microwave sensors",2000,"10.1016/S1464-1909(00)00119-2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033776904&doi=10.1016%2fS1464-1909%2800%2900119-2&partnerID=40&md5=6bb2a1962dcd0b4699968c5554ab0f93","Satellite-borne microwave radiometers - such as the Special Sensor Microwave/Imagers (SSM/I's) flown aboard polar satellites of the U.S. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP), and the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) on board the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) space observatory - provide precipitation measurements over regions that are not covered by ground based radars and/or gauge networks. At present, however, interpretation of such measurements in terms of surface rainfall is only indirect for it requires a priori information on the relationships between upwelling microwave brightness temperatures and the cloud microphysical structure. This paper shows how water content profiles, estimated by ground or satellite radars within their field of view, can be used to improve the cloud-radiation databases utilized by physically-based passive microwave precipitation retrieval techniques making use of cloud model simulations to interpret the radiometric measurements. Applications of this technique to heavy-precipitation events observed during the Mesoscale Alpine Programme will be presented and discussed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved."
"7004312862;6508150742;","The impact of erosion control measures on runoff processes",1997,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031403724&partnerID=40&md5=e09ea3678db24b01344528750ec792e6","Water supplies in Serbia are based primarily on reservoir storage in protected areas. The reservoir catchments are located in hilly-mountainous regions in order to avoid the water quality problems associated with urbanization and agricultural production. One of the most important conditions for the continued effective use of such reservoirs is protection of their storage from sedimentation. Erosion problems are widespread in Serbia. 86% of the territory suffers from erosion processes of varying intensity and the total annual production of eroded material is ca. 40 × 106 m3 year-1. Erosion control is based on the construction of control structures on torrents and bio-technical works (afforestation of bare lands and restoration of degraded forests and pastures). There is currently a need for afforestation of 600 km2 of bare land in the catchment areas of reservoirs which are currently under construction or planned. Land use change (from bare land or degraded forest to stable forest), whilst providing erosion control, also has a significant influence on runoff processes through its influence on the hydrological cycle. The impact of anti-erosive afforestation on runoff processes has been studied in the experimental catchment M-III, located on the Goc mountain in central Serbia during the period 1980-1995."
"7103343384;6506879405;7801561589;6507553065;6602421589;57198235788;6507560631;57214703539;","A case study of cloud seeding over Moscow on 9 May 1995",1996,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-10644237266&partnerID=40&md5=d3cff91c8507a687f45d05b704023fdc","Results are reported on a case of cloud seeding on 9 May 1995 in order to dissipate clouds, to prevent them from precipitating, or to reduce substantially the amount of rain they would produce. Seven aircraft of types of An-26, An-30, and An-12 were used for this purpose, being equipped to seed clouds with dry ice pellets and to release pyrothechnic flares containing 2% of silver iodide or roughly disperse powders made from alimina. The seeding effects were monitored by following the evolution of the treated clouds from aircraft, by making radar observations, and by using data from a rain gauge network. For the period of cloud seeding the amount of rain measured in the Moscow area was 2-5 times as low as that fallen in its nearest surroundings, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of cloud seeding operations."
"7202693857;7101600670;57198151974;6701811465;7003990413;7003888148;","Estimation of rain rate by microwave radiometry and active radar during CLEOPATRA '92",1994,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028563796&partnerID=40&md5=e3a23eae5c2358d909d66088c88f8dae","Microwave radiometers operating at wavelengths 0.3, 0.8, 1.35 and 2.25 cm were used to estimate rain rates from ground during CLEOPATRA. A model for estimation of the microwave emission of a rain layer taking into account polarization effects is briefly described. Originally designed for the evaluation of space borne measurements it was modified for ground based measurements and used to retrieve different rain parameters of interest. Intercomparisons with simultaneous measurements by the polarimetric Doppler radar POLDIRAD or DLR (Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fur Luft- und Raumfahrt) and rain gauges provided the base for validation of the algorithm for rain rate estimations. Agreement depends on the type of rain event characterized by the homogeneity of the rain clouds and by different drop size distributions influencing the radar measurements. -from Authors"
"7005002365;","Rainfall estimation in Africa using remote sensing techniques",1991,"10.1007/978-94-017-2879-9_11","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026312899&doi=10.1007%2f978-94-017-2879-9_11&partnerID=40&md5=77ee00b034cda36f904e433d943f25ac","The use of satellite sensor data, due to its wide and continuous spatial coverage, offers the possibility of monitoring rainfall in areas with deficient raingauge coverage. In the case of Africa, most studies focus on the Sahelian zone (Senegal to Somalia) as this is an area where the need for accurate rainfall monitoring is particularly acute due to the recurrent drought episodes. In addition, because the area is relatively homogeneous, in terms of topography and geography, and because part of the rainfall arises from organized systems of cumulonimbus cloud cells it is amenable to treatment by simpler rainfall estimation techniques. Within the electromagnetic spectrum the regions that offer possibilities for rainfall estimation are the microwave (MW) region, the visible (VIS) region and the thermal infra red (TIR) region and many techniques using MW or TIR or/and VIS data have been developed for this purpose. None of the techniques gives a direct measurement of rainfall amounts, but each can give indications of the probable rainfall in particular weather conditions. Each has its own merits, and drawbacks, which are to some extent related to the type of rainfall producing system that is being monitored -from Author"
"7007152052;7006079916;7201769977;7003385765;7003921226;6701822717;","A case study of the Thunderstorm Research International Project storm of July 11, 1978. 1. Analysis of the data base",1990,"10.1029/JD095iD05p05417","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025589467&doi=10.1029%2fJD095iD05p05417&partnerID=40&md5=11a6b4ad764ff16cb7ea91306ff6fe4c","A coordinated analysis of the Thunderstorm Research International Project storm of July 11, 1978, from 1900 to 2000 UT at the Kennedy Space Center is presented using data from three Doppler radars, a lightning detection and ranging system and a network of 25 electric field mills, and rain gages. Electric field measurements were used to analyze the charge moments transferred by lightning flashes. These data were fitted to Weibull distributions which were used to estimate statistical parameters of the lightning for both intracloud and cloud-to-ground flashes and to estimate the fraction of the flashes which were below the observation threshold for the two cells studied. The displacement and conduction current densities were calculated throughout the storm from electric field measurements between flashes, and data are presented of values at 5-min intervals throughout the storm. -from Authors"
"7003843849;56980995500;7401460867;","Hydrometeorological Data Extension For the Sudan-Sahel Zone of West Afrca Using Satellite Remote Sensing",1990,"10.1109/36.58985","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0025492123&doi=10.1109%2f36.58985&partnerID=40&md5=b5557fdeab0eb7281fa1685b4652ffc4","Investigations aimed at alleviating the consequences of prolonged and frequent drought periods in the Sudan and Sahel zones of West Africa are continually hampered by the lack of reliable hydro-meteorological data_ Conventional techniques for assessing and investigating water resources in the area are often difcult to implement. Satellite remote sensing coupled with available ground truth data from a limited number of rain gauge locations provides an alternative means of hydrometric data extension within the zone. Monthly and seasonal rainfall estimates, based on a statistical model using a data base derived from Meteosat infrared data, are determined. Rain gauge data are regressed on fve day maximum surface temperatures and cold cloud occurrences. A linear model is used for seasonal and wet-month estimates. A log-linear model is used for dry month estimates. Values of the coefcient of determination vary from 0.55 to 0.69 for the monthly model, and is 0.83 for the seasonal model. © 1990 IEEE"
"23971426100;37061861400;24166367300;41763136800;57218881194;56260361400;","An Active-Passive Microwave Land Surface Database from GPM",2020,"10.1109/TGRS.2020.2975477","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089873638&doi=10.1109%2fTGRS.2020.2975477&partnerID=40&md5=b1b5fc323920082d67cce7addbc49ae9","A microwave emissivity retrieval is applied to five years of global precipitation measurement (GPM) microwave imager (GMI) observations over land and sea ice. The emissivities are colocated with GPM's dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) surface backscatter measurements in clear-sky conditions. The emissivity-backscatter database is used to characterize surfaces within the GPM orbit for precipitation retrieval algorithms and other applications. The full 10-166-GHz emissivity vector is retrieved using optimal estimation. Since GMI includes water vapor sounding channels, retrieval of the atmospheric and surface states are performed simultaneously. Using the MERRA2 reanalysis as the a priori atmospheric state and with proper characterization of its error, we are able to effectively screen for cloud-and precipitation-Affected emissivities. Comparisons with colocated CloudSat data show that this GMI-based screen is able to detect precipitation that DPR alone does not; however, about 10% of precipitation occurrence from CloudSat is still undetected by GMI. The unsupervised Kohonen classification technique was then applied to multiyear monthly 0.25° gridded mean retrieved emissivities and backscatter distinctly for snow-free, snow-covered, and sea ice surfaces in order to classify surfaces based on both active and passive microwave characteristics. The classes correspond to vegetation coverage and type, inundation zones, soil composition, and terrain roughness. Snow and sea ice surfaces show clear seasonal cycles representing the increase in snow and ice spatial extent and reduction in the spring. Applications toward GPM precipitation retrieval algorithms and sensitivity to accumulated rain and snowfall are also explored. © 1980-2012 IEEE."
"57204531700;6603485637;13204996700;55331455800;7005052907;","Post and near real-time satellite precipitation products skill over Karkheh River Basin in Iran",2020,"10.1080/01431161.2020.1739352","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85085546158&doi=10.1080%2f01431161.2020.1739352&partnerID=40&md5=84eff89a4b26fe2cf3f8d37ac4f60f5b","Due to high spatial and temporal resolution and near real-time accessibility of satellite precipitation data, the necessity of using these data in the hydrological application seems to be more pressing than ever. In this study, the skill of six post real-time (Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS); CPC MORPHing technique (CMORPH); Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN); PERSIANN Climate Data Record (PERSIANN-CDR); precipitation produced from the inversion of the satellite soil moisture (SM) observations derived from the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (SM2RAIN); Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM 3B42-V7)) and two near real-time (PERSIANN Cloud Classification System (PERSIANN-CCS); TRMM real-time (TRMM 3B42-RT)) satellite daily precipitation products are evaluated by comparing with 28 rain gauges in Karkheh River Basin, located in the semi-arid region of Iran. The evaluation is performed for two types of quantiles (lower quantile (< Q10 and < Q25) and upper quantile (> Q50, > Q75, and > Q95)) and rainy seasons using categorical and quantitative metrics for the period March 2003 to December 2014. The spatial analysis indicated that there is not remarkable variation in the skill of satellite precipitation products across the study area. Results showed that the satellite precipitation estimates are more accurate in lower than upper quantile. The seasonal analysis presented that the skill of satellite precipitation products for fall and spring is slightly higher than winter. For post real-time satellite, in terms of POD (VHI), PERSIANN-CDR in spring (winter and spring), SM2RAIN in winter and spring (fall) shows the best skill, and according to FAR and CSI, CMORPH is the best in all seasons. In addition, VHI and POD of PERSIANN-CCS have better skill than 3B42-RT for near real-time satellite for all seasons. Generally, PERSIANN-CCS (PERSIANN-CDR and SM2RAIN) shows the best skill for near (post) real-time satellite precipitation estimations when whole data are included in the analysis. © 2020, © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group."
"57213812808;57217588426;55346607800;","Climate-dependent propagation of precipitation uncertainty into the water cycle",2020,"10.5194/hess-24-3725-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85080870118&doi=10.5194%2fhess-24-3725-2020&partnerID=40&md5=060d73bb559a1a4a59053c2efb67e0b1","Precipitation is a crucial variable for hydrometeorological applications. Unfortunately, rain gauge measurements are sparse and unevenly distributed, which substantially hampers the use of in situ precipitation data in many regions of the world. The increasing availability of high-resolution gridded precipitation products presents a valuable alternative, especially over poorly gauged regions. This study examines the usefulness of current state-of-theart precipitation data sets in hydrological modeling. For this purpose, we force a conceptual hydrological model with multiple precipitation data sets in >200 European catchments to obtain runoff and evapotranspiration. We consider a wide range of precipitation products, which are generated via (1) the interpolation of gauge measurements (E-OBS and Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) V.2018), (2) data assimilation into reanalysis models (ERA-Interim, ERA5, and Climate Forecast System Reanalysis-CFSR), and (3) a combination of multiple sources (Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation; MSWEP V2). Evaluation is done at the daily and monthly timescales during the period of 1984-2007. We find that simulated runoff values are highly dependent on the accuracy of precipitation inputs; in contrast, simulated evapotranspiration is generally much less influenced in our comparatively wet study region. We also find that the impact of precipitation uncertainty on simulated runoff increases towards wetter regions, while the opposite is observed in the case of evapotranspiration. Finally, we perform an indirect performance evaluation of the precipitation data sets by comparing the runoff simulations with streamflow observations. Thereby, E-OBS yields the particularly strong agreement, while ERA5, GPCC V.2018, and MSWEP V2 show good performances. We further reveal climate-dependent performance variations of the considered data sets, which can be used to guide their future development. The overall best agreement is achieved when using an ensemble mean generated from all the individual products. In summary, our findings highlight a climate-dependent propagation of precipitation uncertainty through the water cycle; while runoff is strongly impacted in comparatively wet regions, such as central Europe, there are increasing implications for evapotranspiration in drier regions. © 2020 Author(s)."
"57211984131;56097257800;6602839517;56840353800;","Flood inundation mapping in an ungauged basin",2020,"10.3390/W12061532","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086726826&doi=10.3390%2fW12061532&partnerID=40&md5=45e85e4a8cd7f1de86432c425a010033","An increase in severe precipitation events of higher intensity are expected to occur in the southeastern Mediterranean due to intensification of the hydrological cycle caused by climate change. Results of the climate change model's precipitation data for the period 1970-2100 show a decreasing trend of daily precipitation but of higher intensity. Post-flood field investigation from a severe rainfall event in a small ungauged basin located in northwest Crete produced a validated flow hydrograph, and in combination with two high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs), were used in the 1D/2D HEC-RAS (Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System model), in order to determine the flooded area extent. Lateral structures were designed along the stream's overbanks, hydraulically connecting the 1D streamflow with the 2D flow areas behind levees. Manning's roughness coefficient and the weir coefficient were the most crucial parameters in the estimation of floodplain extent. The combined 1D/2D hydraulic model provides more detailed results than the 1D model with regards to the floodplain extent at the peak outflow, maximum flood depths, and wave velocities. Furthermore, modeling with a DEM at 2 m spatial resolution showed more precise water depth output and inundated floodplains. Scenarios of increasing peak precipitation for the same event precipitation depth were used to identify the flood extent due to an increase in daily rainfall recorded by adjacent meteorological stations. These simulation results can be useful in flood risk mapping and informing civil protective measures in flood basin management, for an effective adaptation to increased flood risk caused by a changing climate. © 2020 by the authors."
"56537237200;24167181500;","Distribution of hydrometeors in monsoonal clouds over the South American continent during the austral summer monsoon: GPM observations",2020,"10.1080/01431161.2019.1707899","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85077966398&doi=10.1080%2f01431161.2019.1707899&partnerID=40&md5=64017f0166f5a57c832762f2b9663197","The Global precipitation measurement (GPM) was launched in February 2014 and provides the three-dimensional attenuated corrected radar reflectivity factor (Ze) along with the raindrop size distribution (DSD) parameters. The DSD parameters consist of the mass-weighted hydrometeors size (Dm in mm) and normalized hydrometeors concentration (Nw in mm− 1 m− 3). The present study investigates the vertical and spatial distribution of hydrometeors in intense convective clouds that form over South America (SA) during Austral summer monsoon seasons. We defined Cumulonimbus towers (CbTs) and intense convective cells based on 8 km (ICC8s) and 3 km (ICC3s), using vertical profile of radar reflectivity algorithm and then their properties are explored over eight selected areas over SA. CbT is defined by using the Ze≥20 dBZ at 12 km with base height less than 3 km altitude. The ICCs are defined by using the Ze thresholds at 8 and 3 km altitude, and Ze threshold value belongs to the top 5% of the Ze value at the reference height. Subtropical areas including Sierra de Cordoba (SDC) and La Plata basin (LPB) consist of a higher frequency of CbTs and ICC8s, whereas ICC3 is nearly uniformly distributed over the SA continent and the Atlantic Ocean (AO). Eastern foothills of the Andes mountain also consist of a higher frequency of CbTs and ICC8s. Irrespective of the height and Ze thresholds used in the present study, the SDC and LPB consist of the most intense convective clouds with higher echo top altitude, and similar to that observed over Western Himalaya foothills over South Asia. Land and ocean differences are visible in the cloud cells based on the 3 km reference height, which is well below the freezing level. CbTs and ICC8s do not show the land and ocean differences as in both the cases the AO has comparable Ze in average vertical profiles compared to the land areas, but in ICC3, the AO has the weakest cloud cells with the least cloud top height. The absolute slope of Ze in mixed-phase altitude is highest in ICC3 and reflect the local precipitation fallout in mixed-phase regions and suggested that fewer hydrometeors of larger sized are lifted in the upper atmosphere. The least slope over SDC and Central Foothills indicates that higher sized of hydrometeors are lifted in the upper atmosphere in the monsoonal clouds compared to other parts of SA continent. The DSD parameters indicate that in general, intense cloud cells consist of large-sized hydrometeors although their concentration is low. The spatial averages of the DSD parameters also indicate larger sized of hydrometeors exist on average for all types of clouds at 3 and 8 km in southeastern areas of SA including SDC, LPB, and Brazilian highlands. The single meteorological feature is not responsible for the intense and deep convection, but the combined meteorological variables are responsible for producing the intense and deeper convection. © 2020, © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group."
"56268943500;14018977200;57195593825;57217774423;55807036500;57203242657;36452936000;","GPM satellite radar observations of precipitation mechanisms in atmospheric rivers",2020,"10.1175/MWR-D-19-0278.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85085193771&doi=10.1175%2fMWR-D-19-0278.1&partnerID=40&md5=a9d7fd8a8ccac5cb05bd741173a33873","Despite numerous studies documenting the importance of atmospheric rivers (AR) to the global water cycle and regional precipitation, the evolution of their water vapor fluxes has been difficult to investigate given the challenges of observing and modeling precipitation processes within ARs over the ocean. This study uses satellite-based radar reflectivity profiles from the Global Precipitation Measurement Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (GPM-DPR), combined with kinematic and thermodynamic conditions in the vicinity of the precipitation diagnosed from the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis, to evaluate the characteristics and dynamical origins of precipitation in ARs over the northeast Pacific Ocean. Transects of 192 ARs between 2014 and 2018 are examined. Both stratiform and convective precipitation were abundant in these GPM transects and the precipitation was most often generated by forced ascent in the vicinity of a cold front in frontogenetic environments. Conditioning composite vertical profiles of reflectivity and latent heating from GPM-DPR on frontogenesis near the moist-neutral low-level jet demonstrated the importance of frontally forced precipitation on atmospheric heating tendencies. A case study of a high-impact landfalling AR is analyzed using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model, which showed how the precipitation processes and subsequent latent heat release offshore strongly influenced AR evolution. Although these precipitation mechanisms are present in global-scale models, the difficulty that coarse-resolution models have in accurately representing resultant precipitation likely translates to uncertainty in forecasting heating tendencies, their feedbacks on AR evolution, and ultimately the impacts of ARs upon landfall in the western United States. © 2020 American Meteorological Society."
"57195673296;56522444900;6602999057;9233178200;57195470237;56597778200;","A process-based validation of gpm imerg and its sources using a mesoscale rain gauge network in the west african forest zone",2020,"10.1175/JHM-D-19-0257.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85084978069&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-19-0257.1&partnerID=40&md5=5db7671cb47570deb410e09e084f61ff","Using a two-year dataset (2016–17) from 17 one-minute rain gauges located in the moist forest region of Ghana, the performance of Integrated Multisatellite Retrievals for GPM, version 6b (IMERG), is evaluated based on a subdaily time scale, down to the level of the underlying passive microwave (PMW) and infrared (IR) sources. Additionally, the spaceborne cloud product Cloud PropertyDataset Using SEVIRI, edition 2 (CLAAS-2), available every 15 min, is used to link IMERG rainfall to cloud-top properties. Several important issues are identified: 1) IMERG’s proneness to low-intensity false alarms, accounting for more than a fifth of total rainfall; 2) IMERG’s overestimation of the rainfall amount from frequently occurring weak convective events, while that of relatively rare but strong mesoscale convective systems is underestimated, resulting in an error compensation; and 3) a decrease of skill during the little dry season in July and August, known to feature enhanced low-level cloudiness and warmrain. These findings are related to 1) a general oversensitivity for clouds with lowice and liquidwater path and a particular oversensitivity for low cloud optical thickness, a problem which is slightly reduced for direct PMWoverpasses; 2) a pronounced negative bias for high rain intensities, strongest when IR data are included; and 3) a large fraction of missed events linked with rainfall out of warm clouds, which are inherently misinterpreted by IMERG and its sources. This paper emphasizes the potential of validating spaceborne rainfall products with high-resolution rain gauges on a subdaily time scale, particularly for the understudied West African region. © 2020 American Meteorological Society."
"57216783694;7402327199;56765122600;","Evaluation of multi-satellite precipitation products and their ability in capturing the characteristics of extreme climate events over the Yangtze River Basin, China",2020,"10.3390/W12041179","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85084665481&doi=10.3390%2fW12041179&partnerID=40&md5=ee3a79f79f97ffc7602ecab1e8a6d4cf","Against the background of global climate change and anthropogenic stresses, extreme climate events (ECEs) are projected to increase in both frequency and intensity. Precipitation is one of the main climate parameters for ECE analysis. However, accurate precipitation information for extreme climate events research from dense rain gauges is still diffcult to obtain in mountainous or economically disadvantaged regions. Satellite precipitation products (SPPs) with high spatial and temporal resolution offer opportunities to monitor ECE intensities and trends on large spatial scales. In this study, the accuracies of seven SPPs on multiple spatiotemporal scales in the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) during the period of 2003-2017 are evaluated, along with their ability to capture ECE characteristics. The seven products are the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station Data (CHIRPS) (25), CHIRPS (05), Climate Prediction Center Morphing (CMORPH), Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN)-Climate Data Record, PERSIANN-Cloud Classification System, and Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) IMERG. Rain gauge precipitation data provided by the China Meteorological Administration are adopted as reference data. Various statistical evaluation metrics and different ECE indexes are used to evaluate and compare the performances of the selected products. The results show that CMORPH has the best agreement with the reference data on the daily and annual scales, but GPM IMERG performs relatively well on the monthly scale. With regard to ECE monitoring in the YRB, in general, GPM IMERG and CMORPH provide higher precision. As regards the spatial heterogeneity of the SPP performance in the YRB, most of the examined SPPs have poor accuracy in themountainous areas of the upper reach. Only CMORPHand GPMIMERG exhibit superior performance; this is because they feature an improved inversion precipitation algorithm for mountainous areas. Furthermore, most SPPs have poor ability to capture extreme precipitation in the estuaries of the lower reach and to monitor drought in the mountainous areas of the upper reach. This study can provide a reference for SPP selection for ECE analysis. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland."
"56142593500;6507283537;55902110300;56808140700;","Water Tracks Enhance Water Flow Above Permafrost in Upland Arctic Alaska Hillslopes",2020,"10.1029/2019JF005256","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85081128331&doi=10.1029%2f2019JF005256&partnerID=40&md5=5df5f481a213022d0d787c067444e566","Upland permafrost regions occupy approximately one third of the Arctic landscape. In upland regions, hydrologic fluxes are influenced by water tracks, curvilinear features on hillslopes that preferentially fill with and route water in response to snowmelt and rainfall when the soil above continuous permafrost thaws in the summer. As continued warming of the Arctic may alter hydrologic cycling leading to increased frequency of extreme hydrologic events like drought and flooding as well as modification of biogeochemical cycling, it is imperative to untangle the interplay between precipitation, runoff, and subsurface flow as water is routed from upland Arctic regions to the Arctic Ocean. This study quantifies how ground surface temperatures affect groundwater discharge from hillslopes with water tracks in the upland Arctic by employing a three-dimensional, physically based subsurface flow model with variable saturation and freeze and thaw capabilities that is calibrated to field measurements from the Upper Kuparuk River watershed on the North Slope of Alaska, USA. Model analysis indicates that higher ground surface temperatures along water track hillslopes promote increases in groundwater discharge where water tracks act as conduits for large-recharge events and continue to discharge groundwater into the autumn after the adjacent hillslope has frozen. Simulating the conditions that distinguish water tracks from their hillslope watersheds changes subsurface water storage and ground thermal responses but does not alter the total magnitude of groundwater discharge outside of parameter uncertainty. These findings suggest that water tracks play a complex and critical role in hydrologic cycles of the upland Arctic. © 2020. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57198546889;13103950900;55448001800;57194834916;55613230867;57208292988;57215418505;56119381600;57209601994;57209599054;","Which precipitation product works best in the qinghai-tibet plateau, multi-source blended data, global/regional reanalysis data, or satellite retrieved precipitation data?",2020,"10.3390/rs12040683","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85080879546&doi=10.3390%2frs12040683&partnerID=40&md5=6874ec50022759f4471223af7cc0bbb4","Precipitation serves as a crucial factor in the study of hydrometeorology, ecology, and the atmosphere. Gridded precipitation data are available fromamultitude of sources including precipitation retrieved by satellites, radar, the output of numerical weather prediction models, and extrapolation by ground rain gauge data. Evaluating different types of products in ungauged regions with complex terrain will not only help researchers in applying scientific data, but also provide useful information that can be used to improve gridded precipitation products. The present study aims to evaluate comprehensively 12 precipitation datasets made by raw retrieved products, blended with rain gauge data, and blendedmultiple source datasets inmulti-temporal scales in order to develop a suitablemethod for creating gridded precipitation data in regions with snow-dominated regions with complex terrain. The results show that theMulti-SourceWeighted-Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP), Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation with Gauge Adjusted (GSMaP_GAUGE), Tropical RainfallMeasuringMission (TRMM_3B42), Climate Prediction Center Morphing Technique blended with Chinese observations (CMORPH_SUN), and Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) can represent the spatial pattern of precipitation in arid/semi-arid and humid/semi-humid areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau on a climatological spatial pattern. On interannual, seasonal, and monthly scales, the TRMM_3B42, GSMaP_GAUGE, CMORPH_SUN, and MSWEP outperformed the other products. In general, the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks-Cloud Classification System (PERSIANN_CCS) has poor performance in basins of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Most products overestimated the extreme indices of the 99th percentile of precipitation (R99), the maximal of daily precipitation in a year (Rmax), and the maximal of pentad accumulation of precipitation in a year (R5dmax). They were underestimated by the extreme index of the total number of days with daily precipitation less than 1 mm (dry day, DD). Compared to products blended with rain gauge data only, MSWEP blended with more data sources, and outperformed the other products. Therefore, multi-sources of blended precipitation should be the hotspot of regional and global precipitation research in the future. © 2020 by the author."
"56422909100;57205183542;57201261818;57211978863;57211983696;57218174561;57210827853;8632797000;","An updated moving window algorithm for hourly-scale satellite precipitation downscaling: A case study in the Southeast Coast of China",2020,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124378","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85075561162&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2019.124378&partnerID=40&md5=0a86827ffb33c11cd0c3d7c561c56b16","Accurate gridded precipitation products with both finer tempo-spatial resolutions are critical for various scientific communities (e.g., hydrology, meteorology, climatology, and agriculture). Downscaling on coarse satellite-based rainfall estimates is an optimal approach to obtain such datasets. The Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrivals for Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) (IMERG) data provides the “best” satellite-based precipitation estimates at half-hourly/0.1° scales, while its spatial resolution is still coarse for certain hydrometeorology research. To acquire hourly downscaled precipitation estimates based on IMERG, there are two great challenges: (1) limited rainfall-related environmental variables (0.01°×0.01°, hourly) used to downscale the IMERG data; and (2) far few rainfall pixels used for regressing traditional relationships between precipitation and environmental variables. In this case, most traditional or commonly-used regression/empirical models and the state-of-art machine learning algorithms are not suitable to cater these requirements. Therefore, we proposed a new strategy to obtain hourly downscaled precipitation estimates based on IMERG called Geographically Moving Window Weight Disaggregation Analysis (GMWWDA). Additionally, we explored multiple cloud properties, including cloud effective radius (CER), cloud top height (CTH), cloud top temperature (CTT) and cloud optical thickness (COT), as covariates to downscale IMERG using GMWWDA method, and concluded as follows: (1) the downscaled results (0.01° × 0.01°, hourly) based on the above mentioned cloud properties outperformed the original IMERG data; (2) the downscaled results based on CER performed better than those based on CTH, CTT and COT, respectively; (3) the accuracy of satellite-based precipitation products pose significant effects on those of the downscaled results. This study provides a great potential solution for generating satellite-based precipitation dataset with finer spatio-temporal resolutions. © 2019"
"57191472735;57192091964;8947893100;7102421547;","Precipitation amount and event size interact to reduce ecosystem functioning during dry years in a mesic grassland",2020,"10.1111/gcb.14789","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85071511739&doi=10.1111%2fgcb.14789&partnerID=40&md5=ed43cc03d764a229159660ffe22d1755","Ongoing intensification of the hydrological cycle is altering rainfall regimes by increasing the frequency of extreme wet and dry years and the size of individual rainfall events. Despite long-standing recognition of the importance of precipitation amount and variability for most terrestrial ecosystem processes, we lack understanding of their interactive effects on ecosystem functioning. We quantified this interaction in native grassland by experimentally eliminating temporal variability in growing season rainfall over a wide range of precipitation amounts, from extreme wet to dry conditions. We contrasted the rain use efficiency (RUE) of above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) under conditions of experimentally reduced versus naturally high rainfall variability using a 32-year precipitation–ANPP dataset from the same site as our experiment. We found that increased growing season rainfall variability can reduce RUE and thus ecosystem functioning by as much as 42% during dry years, but that such impacts weaken as years become wetter. During low precipitation years, RUE is lowest when rainfall event sizes are relatively large, and when a larger proportion of total rainfall is derived from large events. Thus, a shift towards precipitation regimes dominated by fewer but larger rainfall events, already documented over much of the globe, can be expected to reduce the functioning of mesic ecosystems primarily during drought, when ecosystem processes are already compromised by low water availability. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd"
"39862016000;24475606300;56366508600;39961884900;57193862706;35777034100;","Increasing water and energy efficiency in university buildings: a case study",2020,"10.1007/s11356-019-04990-w","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85064648021&doi=10.1007%2fs11356-019-04990-w&partnerID=40&md5=8b61b62095c00189244e1f2e99f3fc8a","Nowadays, humanity is consuming unsustainably the planet’s resources. In the scope of energy resource consumption, e.g., the intense use of fossil fuels has contributed to the acceleration of climate changes on the planet, and the overriding need to increase energy efficiency in all sectors is now widely recognized, aiming to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions by 69% in 2030. Largely due to climate changes, water has also become a critical resource on the planet and hydric stress risk will rise significantly in the coming decades. Accordingly, several countries will have to apply measures to increase water efficiency in all sectors, including at the building level. These measures, in addition to reducing water consumption, will contribute to the increase of energy efficiency and to the decrease of GHG emissions, especially of CO2. Therefore, the nexus water energy in buildings is relevant because the application of water efficiency measures can result in a significant contribution to improve buildings’ energy efficiency and the urban water cycle (namely in abstraction, treatment, and pumping). For Mediterranean climate, there are few studies to assess the extent and impact of this nexus. This study presents the assessment of water-energy nexus performed in a university building located in a mainland Portugal central region. The main goals are to present the results of the water and energy efficiency measures implemented and to assess the consequent reduction of water, above 37%, and energy (30%) consumption, obtained because of the application of water-efficient devices and highly efficient light systems in the building. The water efficiency increase at the building level represents at the urban level an energy saving in the water supply system of 406 kWh/year, nearly 0.5% of the building energy consumption, with a consequent increase in the energy efficiency and in the reduction of GHG emissions. Complementarily, other energy-efficient measures were implemented to reduce the energy consumption. As the building under study has a small demand of domestic hot water with no hydro pressure pumps and has a small water-energy nexus, it was concluded that the significant reduction of the building energy consumption did not influence the indoor comfort. © 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature."
"57214112844;11839146600;57030797300;","Projected Changes to Extreme Precipitation Along North American West Coast From the CESM Large Ensemble",2020,"10.1029/2019GL086038","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85078319105&doi=10.1029%2f2019GL086038&partnerID=40&md5=d5c6e43fec0393c9d3050a6e2eb4617c","Precipitation events along the North American (NA) west coast are strongly modulated by atmospheric rivers, yet the mechanisms of their influences on the probability distributions of precipitation events are not well studied. Simulations from the Community Earth System Model (CESM) large ensemble under global warming are investigated using a moisture budget conditioned onto precipitation events for the recurrence intervals ranging from 0.1 to 50 years. In the midlatitudes, the increases in precipitation intensity and accumulation for all events over the NA west coast are predominantly controlled by moisture increases. In contrast, changes in the subtropical precipitation distributions in southwestern NA are associated with moisture increases and duration decreases for all events, with additional dynamical amplification for the heaviest precipitation events. These interpretations from the conditional moisture budget are more consistent with future projection of atmospheric rivers than the conventional mean and transient decomposition of the moisture budget. ©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"6602865544;35234662000;40661753400;7006263526;40661020000;6603377859;","Heavy precipitation systems in the mediterranean area: The role of GPM",2020,"10.1007/978-3-030-35798-6_18","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85084632032&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-030-35798-6_18&partnerID=40&md5=d9f8375b379a4e31a193e195d9217ab9","Heavy precipitation systems typical of the Mediterranean area and often devastating its coastal regions, are described and analyzed here by exploiting active and passive microwave measurements and state-of-the-art precipitation products available in the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission era. The GPM is boosting its key role in integrating the established observational ground-based and satellite-borne tools not only for precipitation monitoring, but also for understanding and characterizing severe weather in the Mediterranean area. In this chapter, we present three events that have recently challenged observational and forecasting capabilities, and caused damages at the ground. Making use of ground based and satellite-borne instruments, we address the problem of estimating precipitation of a small-scale and short-living intense thunderstorm, the capability to render the 3-D structure of a mesoscale organized convective system, and the key role of spaceborne microwave sensors in the characterization and monitoring of a tropical-like cyclone. To this end, we exploited satellite measurements probably beyond the role they have been designed for, showing few strategies to blend satellite data and products with conventional meteorological data, with the aim to increase the knowledge of severe systems in the Mediterranean area and to support operational forecasting activities in a climate change perspective. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020."
"57199504986;57214911065;16069488700;6602907740;16444415800;","Sediment transport in sewage pressure pipes, part II: 1 D numerical simulation",2020,"10.3390/w12010282","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85079477847&doi=10.3390%2fw12010282&partnerID=40&md5=586eb7d41b107122e8029e32a6fa1256","Urban drainage modelling is a state-of-the-art tool to understand urban water cycles. Nevertheless, there are gaps in knowledge of urban water modelling. In particular pressure drainage systems are hardly considered in the scientific investigation of urban drainage systems, although they represent an important link in its network structure. This work is the conclusion of a series of investigations that have dealt intensively with pressure drainage systems. In particular, this involves the transport of sediments in pressure pipes. In a real-world case study, sediment transport inside a pressure pipe in an urban region in northern Germany was monitored by online total suspended solids measurements. This in situ data is used in this study for the development and calibration of a sediment transport model. The model is applied to investigate sediments transport under low flow velocities (due to energy saving intentions). The resulting simulation over 30 days pumping operation shows that a transport of sediments even at very low flow velocities of 0.27 m/s and under various inflow conditions (dry weather and storm water inflow) is feasible. Hence, with the help of the presented sediment transport model, energy-efficient pump controls can be developed without increasing the risk of deposition formation. © 2020 by the authors."
"57212511599;23995699700;26323325600;","Assessment of consumption and availability of water in the upper Omo-Gibe basin, Ethiopia",2020,"10.1007/s12517-019-4897-8","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85076930722&doi=10.1007%2fs12517-019-4897-8&partnerID=40&md5=efa9ae1bd6ae6e5d968c3eab2e1f80c5","Understanding water balance components is imperative for proper policy and decision making, specifically in the upper part of the Omo-Gibe basin (UOGB) Ethiopia. The objective of this study is to explore the possibility of assessing consumption and availability of water using freely available satellite data and secondary data. Using twenty-three rain gauge stations data, a spatial average of rainfall was computed using the Thiessen polygon approach. Actual evapotranspiration (ETa) was estimated through the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS). Input data used are, 16 clouds free Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images covering the study area for estimation of the spatial distribution of actual evapotranspiration covering the whole cropping year from the months of November 2003 to October 2004. Additionally, Priestly and Taylor’s approach was used to estimate reference evapotranspiration (ET0). For the study period, the result of estimated precipitation and ETa showed that the UOGB received 41,080 mm3 of precipitation, while 24,135 mm3 become evapotranspired. The assessed outflow from the basin is 17.6% of the precipitation and demonstrated that water is a scares resource in the UOGB. © 2019, Saudi Society for Geosciences."
"55552442000;57215078150;8277424000;7004114883;7005034568;","Enhancing PMW satellite precipitation estimation: Detecting convective class",2019,"10.1175/JTECH-D-19-0008.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85079888207&doi=10.1175%2fJTECH-D-19-0008.1&partnerID=40&md5=3c3de68258516cbe86cb855074fb9618","A decades-long effort in observing precipitation from space has led to continuous improvements of satellite-derived passive microwave (PMW) large-scale precipitation products. However, due to a limited ability to relate observed radiometric signatures to precipitation type (convective and stratiform) and associated precipitation rate variability, PMW retrievals are prone to large systematic errors at instantaneous scales. The present study explores the use of deep learning approach in extracting the information content from PMW observation vectors to help identify precipitation types. A deep learning neural network model (DNN) is developed to retrieve the convective type in precipitating systems from PMW observations. A 12-month period of Global Precipitation Measurement mission Microwave Imager (GMI) observations is used as a dataset for model development and verification. The proposed DNN model is shown to accurately predict precipitation types for 85% of total precipitation volume. The model reduces precipitation rate bias associated with convective and stratiform precipitation in the GPM operational algorithm by a factor of 2 while preserving the correlation with reference precipitation rates, and is insensitive to surface type variability. Based on comparisons against currently used convective schemes, it is concluded that the neural network approach has the potential to address regime-specific PMW satellite precipitation biases affecting GPM operations. © 2019 American Meteorological Society. Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLice."
"56203527900;56757045000;15724724300;57204390837;57204883804;","Application of satellite rainfall products for flood inundation modelling in Kelantan River Basin, Malaysia",2019,"10.3390/HYDROLOGY6040095","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85079751527&doi=10.3390%2fHYDROLOGY6040095&partnerID=40&md5=a0bab472dd7539a3afe9eabab0feebf4","The advent of satellite rainfall products can provide a solution to the scarcity of observed rainfall data. The present study aims to evaluate the performance of high spatial-temporal resolution satellite rainfall products (SRPs) and rain gauge data in hydrological modelling and flood inundation mapping. Four SRPs, Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM)-Early,-Late (IMERG-E, IMERG-L), Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation-Near Real Time (GSMaP-NRT), and Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks-Cloud Classification System (PERSIANN-CCS) and rain gauge data were used as the primary input to a hydrological model, Rainfall-Runoff-Inundation (RRI) and the simulated flood level and runoff were compared with the observed data using statistical metrics. GSMaP showed the best performance in simulating hourly runoff with the lowest relative bias (RB) and the highest Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 4.9% and 0.79, respectively. Meanwhile, the rain gauge data was able to produce runoff with-12.2% and 0.71 for RB and NSE, respectively. The other three SRPs showed acceptable results in daily discharge simulation (NSE value between 0.42 and 0.49, and RB value between-23.3% and-31.2%). The generated flood map also agreed with the published information. In general, the SRPs, particularly the GSMaP, showed their ability to support rapid flood forecasting required for early warning of floods. © 2019 by the authors."
"56535370700;36470432200;35751305500;6603772499;7005515085;","Paleoclimate reconstruction of the Prince Creek Formation, Arctic Alaska, during Maastrichtian global warming",2019,"10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109265","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85069546055&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2019.109265&partnerID=40&md5=bff02a6d4f52c593f474323b1b01fad2","The Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Prince Creek Formation of Arctic Alaska (~82–85°N paleolatitude) preserves successions of alluvial paleosols that are used to estimate mean annual precipitation (MAP), mean annual temperature (MAT) and meteoric water oxygen isotope composition. For the Prince Creek Formation, the highest MAP estimates range between 1000 and 3900 mm/yr and the lowest range between 350 and 1200 mm/yr. The precipitation variability, derived from stable carbon isotope analysis, occurs on a time scale of 104 years. MAP values agree with previous interpretations from fossil pollen, pedological features, soil types, vegetation composition, sedimentological indicators and CLAMP estimates that suggest high precipitation amounts and high humidity. Despite the considerable uncertainty with MAT proxies, our values are consistent with warm month mean temperatures obtained previously from paleobotanical data. The δ18O of smectite from bentonite beds clusters around ~+5.0‰ (VSMOW). The δ18O of meteoric water calculated from bentonitic smectite is ~−23‰ (VSMOW), assuming a mean annual temperature of 6.3 °C, which is slightly more 18O-depleted than meteoric water calculated from pedogenic siderite in stratigraphically younger beds closer to the Brooks Range. Chronostratigraphic correlation with the lower Cantwell Formation, Denali National Park, Alaska (~64°N paleolatitude), suggests higher precipitation rates and highly 18O-depleted precipitation in the Late Cretaceous paleo-Arctic compared to central Alaska. These data are consistent with previous studies that suggest a warmer and moister greenhouse Earth and an intensified hydrological cycle that enhanced latent heat transport, resulting in increased rainout effects. © 2019 Elsevier B.V."
"57211316093;55574230638;57208802674;","Convective/stratiform precipitation classification using ground-based doppler radar data based on the K-nearest neighbor algorithm",2019,"10.3390/rs11192277","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85073475434&doi=10.3390%2frs11192277&partnerID=40&md5=4c7521e7799af47afa88e35a7d48be73","Stratiform and convective rain types are associated with different cloud physical processes, vertical structures, thermodynamic influences and precipitation types. Distinguishing convective and stratiform systems is beneficial to meteorology research and weather forecasting. However, there is no clear boundary between stratiform and convective precipitation. In this study, a machine learning algorithm, K-nearest neighbor (KNN), is used to classify precipitation types. Six Doppler radar (WSR-98D/SA) data sets from Jiangsu, Guangzhou and Anhui Provinces in China were used as training and classification samples, and the 2A23 product of the Tropical Precipitation Measurement Mission (TRMM) was used to obtain the training labels and evaluate the classification performance. Classifying precipitation types using KNN requires three steps. First, features are selected from the radar data by comparing the range of each variable for different precipitation types. Second, the same unclassified samples are classified with different k values to choose the best-performing k. Finally, the unclassified samples are put into the KNN algorithm with the best k to classify precipitation types, and the classification performance is evaluated. Three types of cases, squall line, embedded convective and stratiform cases, are classified by KNN. The KNN method can accurately classify the location and area of stratiform and convective systems. For stratiform classifications, KNN has a 95% probability of detection, 8% false alarm rate, and 87% cumulative success index; for convective classifications, KNN yields a 78% probability of detection, a 13% false alarm rate, and a 69% cumulative success index. These results imply that KNN can correctly classify almost all stratiform precipitation and most convective precipitation types. This result suggests that KNN has great potential in classifying precipitation types. © 2019 by the authors."
"57210582290;7402966606;55727880700;57198776938;56463154100;","Sensitivity of Summer Precipitation Simulation to Microphysics Parameterization Over Eastern China: Convection-Permitting Regional Climate Simulation",2019,"10.1029/2019JD030295","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85070948242&doi=10.1029%2f2019JD030295&partnerID=40&md5=e9d30066d95bbe35dfb1c31dbc3cb9ec","With a six-year (2009–2014) summer climate simulation using the Weather Research and Forecasting model at convection-permitting resolution (4-km grid spacing), the effects of microphysics parameterization (MP) schemes on precipitation characteristics are investigated in this study. The convection-permitting simulations employ three popular MP schemes, namely, Lin (single-moment bulk MP), Weather Research and Forecasting Single-Moment 5-class (one-moment and mixed-phased MP), and Thompson (two-moment and mixed-phase MP) scheme. By evaluating the simulations against the CMORPH, rain gauge (Station), and ERA-Interim data, it is found that the convection-permitting model reproduce well the summer precipitation amount and the associated large-scale atmospheric circulations, which are insensitive to the choice of MP schemes. The simulations with three MP schemes overestimate the precipitation amount, especially over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley. The overestimations may be due to the systematic biases, and cannot be significantly reduced by using different MP schemes. Moreover, all simulations capture well the major features of precipitation diurnal variations and their transition characteristics, but they significantly overestimate the precipitation frequency while underestimate the precipitation intensity. The analysis on the microphysical hydrometeors shows that the model-simulated precipitation amount is considerably affected by the vertical profiles of solid hydrometeors, especially the snow and graupel particles. The Thompson scheme creates more snow particles and less graupel than the other schemes, while produces the least precipitation amount that best matches the CMORPH. ©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57201744573;57191608598;57195297887;57203638657;57213773419;57210387188;","Optimized artificial neural networks-based methods for statistical downscaling of gridded precipitation data",2019,"10.3390/w11081653","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85070558670&doi=10.3390%2fw11081653&partnerID=40&md5=41723242721cdd3c69c71dafdbaaac6f","Precipitation as a key parameter in hydrometeorology and other water-related applications always needs precise methods for assessing and predicting precipitation data. In this study, an effort has been conducted to downscale and evaluate a satellite precipitation estimation (SPE) product using artificial neural networks (ANN), and to impose a residual correction method for five separate daily heavy precipitation events localized over northeast Austria. For the ANN model, a precipitation variable was the chosen output and the inputs were temperature, MODIS cloud optical, and microphysical variables. The particle swarm optimization (PSO), imperialist competitive algorithm,(ICA), and genetic algorithm (GA) were utilized to improve the performance of ANN. Moreover, to examine the efficiency of the networks, the downscaled product was evaluated using 54 rain gauges at a daily timescale. In addition, sensitivity analysis was conducted to obtain the most and least influential input parameters. Among the optimized algorithms for network training used in this study, the performance of the ICA slightly outperformed other algorithms. The best-recorded performance for ICA was on 17 April 2015 with root mean square error (RMSE) = 5.26 mm, mean absolute error (MAE) = 6.06 mm, R2 = 0.67, bias = 0.07 mm. The results showed that the prediction of precipitation was more sensitive to cloud optical thickness (COT). Moreover, the accuracy of the final downscaled satellite precipitation was improved significantly through residual correction algorithms. © 2019 by the authors."
"15029749700;6603451329;6602199048;57195137451;57208480110;57208488016;","Late Aptian (Early Cretaceous) dry–wet cycles and their effects on vegetation in the South Atlantic: Palynological evidence",2019,"10.1016/j.cretres.2019.03.021","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85064913306&doi=10.1016%2fj.cretres.2019.03.021&partnerID=40&md5=75c46354602df4b0c5ed0dd41235e988","The Cretaceous is generally conceived as one of the warmest geological periods in Earth history. The link between climate and plant distribution is here highlighted on the basis of palynological analyses. An upper Aptian well section from the Sergipe Basin in northeastern Brazil documents four cycles of dry–wet oscillations, based on palynological evidence. The cycles show a general trend of acceleration of the hydrological cycle. Dry periods are recorded mainly at the base of the section, with changes to more humid periods upwards. The dry periods are characterized by high to very high abundance of Classopollis classoides pollen grains. Already in the wet periods a conspicuous change in vegetation is recorded, with an increase in fern spores and upland flora, in particular Araucariacites australis pollen grains. The replacement of Classopollis by Araucariacites and ferns reflects a change from dry to wet conditions. The first dry–wet cycle (DWC-1) is recorded in the dominantly non-marine phase. At the base of this first cycle, intensive growth of anhydrite nodules is recorded. However, in beds overlying the evaporites, there is a conspicuous increase in flora associated with humid conditions (ferns and upland flora). DWC-2 starts with a pronounced peak of dinoflagellate cysts, which decrease abruptly accompanied by an increase in xerophytic flora (e.g., Classopollis classoides, Equisetosporites spp.). The abundance of xerophytic flora decreases upwards to give room for high abundances of fern spores, upland flora (e.g., Araucariacites australis, Cicatricosisporites spp.) and, in particular, dinoflagellate cysts. DWC-3 starts with a short interval containing a moderate abundance of xerophytes and a conspicuous wet flora and marine elements. With rising humidity, fern spore diversity also increased, suggesting that humidity was an important factor for the increase in diversity of this group. DWC-4 records minor peaks of xerophytic flora and a dominance of fern spores and upland flora. The progressive change in flora may be the result of displacement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and a relative sea-level rise. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd"
"6507605950;6602715030;24773102700;14018910800;6506289738;14020840100;16402362200;56707273000;6507843170;7004330067;15833909700;56212055700;35551238800;7004881313;7005030035;56275144600;","The AROME-WMED reanalyses of the first special observation period of the Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean experiment (HyMeX)",2019,"10.5194/gmd-12-2657-2019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068554756&doi=10.5194%2fgmd-12-2657-2019&partnerID=40&md5=5b6cd93c117995b118efaea161f7097e","To study key processes of the water cycle, two special observation periods (SOPs) of the Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean experiment (HyMeX) took place during autumn 2012 and winter 2013. The first SOP aimed to study high precipitation systems and flash flooding in the Mediterranean area. The AROME-WMED (western Mediterranean) model (Fourrié et al., 2015) is a dedicated version of the mesoscale Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) AROME-France model, which covers the western Mediterranean basin providing the HyMeX operational center with daily real-time analyses and forecasts. These products allowed for adequate decision-making for the field campaign observation deployment and the instrument operation. Shortly after the end of the campaign, a first reanalysis with more observations was performed with the first SOP operational software. An ensuing comprehensive second reanalysis of the first SOP, which included field research observations (not assimilated in real time) and some reprocessed observation datasets, was made with AROME-WMED. Moreover, a more recent version of the AROME model was used with updated background error statistics for the assimilation process. This paper depicts the main differences between the real-time version and the benefits brought by HyMeX reanalyses with AROME-WMED. The first reanalysis used 9 % additional data and the second one 24 % more compared to the real-time version. The second reanalysis is found to be closer to observations than the previous AROME-WMED analyses. The second reanalysis forecast errors of surface parameters are reduced up to the 18 and 24 h forecast range. In the middle and upper troposphere, fields are also improved up to the 48 h forecast range when compared to radiosondes. Integrated water vapor comparisons indicate a positive benefit for at least 24 h. Precipitation forecasts are found to be improved with the second reanalysis for a threshold up to 10 mm (24 h)-1. For higher thresholds, the frequency bias is degraded. Finally, improvement brought by the second reanalysis is illustrated with the Intensive Observation Period (IOP8) associated with heavy precipitation over eastern Spain and southern France. © 2019 Author(s)."
"56785588800;7201944139;57202715771;55733642200;56737387000;7401526171;7005052907;","Predicting floods in a large karst river basin by coupling PERSIANN-CCS QPEs with a physically based distributed hydrological model",2019,"10.5194/hess-23-1505-2019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063048364&doi=10.5194%2fhess-23-1505-2019&partnerID=40&md5=9c17a75928f199777c46410caffa6ec0","In general, there are no long-term meteorological or hydrological data available for karst river basins. The lack of rainfall data is a great challenge that hinders the development of hydrological models. Quantitative precipitation estimates (QPEs) based on weather satellites offer a potential method by which rainfall data in karst areas could be obtained. Furthermore, coupling QPEs with a distributed hydrological model has the potential to improve the precision of flood predictions in large karst watersheds. Estimating precipitation from remotely sensed information using an artificial neural network-cloud classification system (PERSIANN-CCS) is a type of QPE technology based on satellites that has achieved broad research results worldwide. However, only a few studies on PERSIANN-CCS QPEs have occurred in large karst basins, and the accuracy is generally poor in terms of practical applications. This paper studied the feasibility of coupling a fully physically based distributed hydrological model, i.e., the Liuxihe model, with PERSIANN-CCS QPEs for predicting floods in a large river basin, i.e., the Liujiang karst river basin, which has a watershed area of 58 270 km-2, in southern China. The model structure and function require further refinement to suit the karst basins. For instance, the sub-basins in this paper are divided into many karst hydrology response units (KHRUs) to ensure that the model structure is adequately refined for karst areas. In addition, the convergence of the underground runoff calculation method within the original Liuxihe model is changed to suit the karst water-bearing media, and the Muskingum routing method is used in the model to calculate the underground runoff in this study. Additionally, the epikarst zone, as a distinctive structure of the KHRU, is carefully considered in the model. The result of the QPEs shows that compared with the observed precipitation measured by a rain gauge, the distribution of precipitation predicted by the PERSIANN-CCS QPEs was very similar. However, the quantity of precipitation predicted by the PERSIANN-CCS QPEs was smaller. A post-processing method is proposed to revise the products of the PERSIANN-CCS QPEs. The karst flood simulation results show that coupling the post-processed PERSIANN-CCS QPEs with the Liuxihe model has a better performance relative to the result based on the initial PERSIANN-CCS QPEs. Moreover, the performance of the coupled model largely improves with parameter re-optimization via the post-processed PERSIANN-CCS QPEs. The average values of the six evaluation indices change as follows: the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient increases by 14 %, the correlation coefficient increases by 15 %, the process relative error decreases by 8 %, the peak flow relative error decreases by 18 %, the water balance coefficient increases by 8 %, and the peak flow time error displays a 5 h decrease. Among these parameters, the peak flow relative error shows the greatest improvement; thus, these parameters are of page1506 the greatest concern for flood prediction. The rational flood simulation results from the coupled model provide a great practical application prospect for flood prediction in large karst river basins. © 2019 Author(s)."
"57189893520;8549269500;","Characterization of the long-term changes in moisture, clouds and precipitation in the ascending and descending branches of the Hadley Circulation",2019,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.12.047","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85060310909&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2018.12.047&partnerID=40&md5=f7a662e4308c0c21276b21d067db4e5c","Climate model simulations and observations show that there is a poleward expansion of the Hadley Circulation (HC) as well as a strengthening of the hydrological cycle in a warming climate. However, to establish a relation between the two phenomena in present day climate, simultaneous investigations of the HC and hydrological cycle changes using observational/reanalysis data are necessary, which is limited as compared to model simulations. In this regard, the present study employs relative humidity (RH), cloud fraction (CF) and precipitation (RF) parameters of the hydrological cycle and analyse their long term changes within the HC ascending and descending regions, simultaneously. Long term RH and CF data (1979–2016) are obtained from ERA-I reanalysis, and RF from GPCP precipitation dataset. The boundaries of the HC are identified using the meridional Mass Stream Function (MSF) metric, a metric that can track the mass motion in the atmosphere in the meridional direction. The analysis brings out the spatial pattern of the distribution of trends in hydrological parameters within the HC boundaries. The trends are observed to be significantly positive at the edges of the HC ascending region and significantly negative in the regions near the HC edges, insignificant (and in some cases, negative) in the deep tropics. This pattern is more or less consistent in RH, CF, as well as RF parameters. Thus the study shows that there are regions of positive as well as negative trends within the both ascending and descending regions. The results are found to be in accordance with the poleward expansion of HC and strengthening of the hydrological cycle. Besides, a northward shift in the HC ascending regions are also indicated from the analysis of the annual cycle of trend in precipitation. The current investigation is thus envisaged to contribute to further exploration on the relation between the HC changes and the intensification of the hydrological cycle in a warmer climate. © 2019 Elsevier B.V."
"57192985481;47962312500;57216636116;36619287400;56268839500;19934753900;57194383650;","Dissipation of water in urban area, mechanism and modelling with the consideration of anthropogenic impacts: A case study in Xiamen",2019,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.12.054","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85060309669&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2018.12.054&partnerID=40&md5=af23fcf76ea9e70142cb7e68c74b4bea","Dissipation of water (evapotranspiration and water vapor conversion in human water use activities) is one of the significant hydrological processes in urban area, which becomes more complicated with rapid urbanization. However, there are few systematic studies on water dissipation problems in urban area, and even the related concepts are unclear. This paper proposed the concept of urban water dissipation (UWD) to describe water vapor conversion in urban areas, and presented analysis on mechanism of UWD based on observing and monitoring experiments. The urban underlying surface was divided into five categories: buildings, paved ground, vegetation, water surface, and soil, in which the buildings have been scarcely discussed in terms of water dissipation. The dissipation of water in buildings plays a more and more important role in the urban water circulation system, as the water supply increases in urban areas. To reveal how much water is dissipated in the buildings, the main water dissipation processes in different kinds of buildings were analyzed, and the quantitative model was proposed. Based on the traditional evapotranspiration models for urban underlying surface and the proposed model for water dissipation in buildings, a new modelling system was built to simulate the total UWD. The new model system reflects the impact of human water use activities on urban water dissipation. It was applied in Xiamen city to simulate the UWD in 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015. The results show that the UWD intensity increased with the urbanization process in Xiamen urban area in past 15 years. The UWD contribution rate increased for most land use types, except green land. For example, the water dissipation on residential land is the fastest growing one of all land use types, and its contribution rate surpassed that of green land to become the largest contributor in 2010. Because of the interference of strong human activities, the contribution rate of water dissipation on the social side continues increasing. The contribution rate of UWD on the social side was more than 40% in 2015, and it is still increasing. © 2019 Elsevier B.V."
"14020751800;57193739396;57189294502;55704350200;6603382350;57202531041;57190209035;","Cloud geometry from oxygen-A-band observations through an aircraft side window",2019,"10.5194/amt-12-1167-2019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85062243990&doi=10.5194%2famt-12-1167-2019&partnerID=40&md5=66ae06dc51cfa2be67952c05edf16967","During the ACRIDICON-CHUVA (Aerosol, Cloud, Precipitation, and Radiation Interactions and Dynamics of Convective Cloud Systems-Cloud Processes of the Main Precipitation Systems in Brazil: A Contribution to Cloud Resolving Modeling and to the GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement)) aircraft campaign in September 2014 over the Amazon, among other topics, aerosol effects on the development of cloud microphysical profiles during the burning season were studied. Hyperspectral remote sensing with the imaging spectrometer specMACS provided cloud microphysical information for sun-illuminated cloud sides. In order to derive profiles of phase or effective radius from cloud side observations, vertical location information is indispensable. For this purpose, spectral measurements of cloud-side-reflected radiation in the oxygen A absorption band collected by specMACS were used to determine absorption path length between cloud sides and the instrument aboard the aircraft. From these data, horizontal distance and eventually vertical height were derived.</p> <p>It is shown that, depending on aircraft altitude and sensor viewing direction, an unambiguous relationship of absorption and distance exists and can be used to retrieve cloud geometrical parameters. A comparison to distance and height information from stereo image analysis (using data of an independent camera) demonstrates the efficiency of the approach. Uncertainty estimates due to method, instrument and environmental factors are provided. The main sources of uncertainty are unknown in cloud absorption path contributions due to complex 3-D geometry or unknown microphysical properties, variable surface albedo and aerosol distribution. A systematic difference of 3.8&thinsp;km between the stereo and spectral method is found which can be attributed to 3-D geometry effects not considered in the method's simplified cloud model. If this offset is considered, typical differences found are 1.6&thinsp;km for distance and 230&thinsp;m for vertical position at a typical distance around 20&thinsp;km between sensor and convective cloud elements of typically 1-10&thinsp;km horizontal and vertical extent. © 2019. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License."
"23102247400;57200954153;25226581600;6603256951;","A deterministic approach for approximating the diurnal cycle of precipitation for use in large-scale hydrological modeling",2019,"10.1175/JHM-D-18-0203.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063565718&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-18-0203.1&partnerID=40&md5=4b55c065d5fb56323c36d2df8db1db1c","Accurate characterization of precipitation P at subdaily temporal resolution is important for a wide range of hydrological applications, yet large-scale gridded observational datasets primarily contain daily total P. Unfortunately, a widely used deterministic approach that disaggregates P uniformly over the day grossly mischaracterizes the diurnal cycle of P, leading to potential biases in simulated runoff Q. Here we present Precipitation Isosceles Triangle (PITRI), a two-parameter deterministic approach in which the hourly hyetograph is modeled with an isosceles triangle with prescribed duration and time of peak intensity. Monthly duration and peak time were derived from meteorological observations at U.S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN) stations and extended across the United States, Mexico, and southern Canada at 6-km resolution via linear regression against historical climate statistics. Across the USCRN network (years 2000-13), simulations using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model, driven by P disaggregated via PITRI, yielded nearly unbiased estimates of annual Q relative to simulations driven by observed P. In contrast, simulations using the uniform method had a Q bias of 211%, through overestimating canopy evaporation and underestimating throughfall. One limitation of the PITRI approach is a potential bias in snow accumulation when a high proportion of P falls on days with a mix of temperatures above and below freezing, for which the partitioning of P into rain and snow is sensitive to event timing within the diurnal cycle. Nevertheless, the good overall performance of PITRI suggests that a deterministic approach may be sufficiently accurate for largescale hydrologic applications. © 2019 American Meteorological Society."
"56418501800;7003667860;","Evaluating simulated microphysics during olympex using gpm satellite observations",2019,"10.1175/JAS-D-18-0271.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85073317695&doi=10.1175%2fJAS-D-18-0271.1&partnerID=40&md5=150f3946d522da448a8034e1413b7674","This study evaluates moist physics in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model using observations collected during the Olympic Mountains Experiment (OLYMPEX) field campaign by the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite, including data from the GPM Microwave Imager (GMI) and Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) instruments. Even though WRF using Thompson et al. microphysics was able to realistically simulate water vapor concentrations approaching the barrier, there was underprediction of cloud water content and rain rates offshore and over western slopes of terrain. We showed that underprediction of rain rate occurred when cloud water was underpredicted, establishing a connection between cloud water and rain-rate deficits. Evaluations of vertical hydrometeor mixing ratio profiles indicated that WRF produced too little cloud water and rainwater content, particularly below 2.5 km, with excessive snow above this altitude. Simulated mixing ratio profiles were less influenced by coastal proximity or midlatitude storm sector than were GMI profiles. Evaluations of different synoptic storm sectors suggested that postfrontal storm sectors were simulated most realistically, while warm sectors had the largest errors. DPR observations confirm the underprediction of rain rates noted by GMI, with no dependence on whether rain occurs over land or water. Finally, WRF underpredicted radar reflectivity below 2 km and overpredicted above 2 km, consistent with GMI vertical mixing ratio profiles. © 2019 American Meteorological Society."
"36880813200;23670238000;36053387300;","Hydrological early warning system based on a deep learning runoff model coupled with a meteorological forecast",2019,"10.3390/w11091808","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85072181626&doi=10.3390%2fw11091808&partnerID=40&md5=8aa94ee3b2a5d1b320bc1c5aa68080ec","The intensification of the hydrological cycle because of global warming raises concerns about future floods and their impact on large cities where exposure to these events has also increased. The development of adequate adaptation solutions such as early warning systems is crucial. Here, we used deep learning (DL) for weather-runoff forecasting in región Metropolitana of Chile, a large urban area in a valley at the foot of the Andes Mountains, with more than 7 million inhabitants. The final goal of this research is to develop an effective forecasting system to provide timely information and support in real-time decision making. For this purpose, we implemented a coupled model of a near-future global meteorological forecast with a short-range runoff forecasting system. Starting from a traditional hydrological conceptual model, we defined the hydro-meteorological and geomorphological variables that were used in the data-driven weather-runoff forecast models. The meteorological variables were obtained through statistical scaling of the Global Forecast System (GFS), thus enabling near-future prediction, and two data-driven approaches were implemented for predicting the entire hourly flow time-series in the near future (3 days), a simple Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and a Deep Learning (DL) approach based on Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) cells. We show that the coupling between meteorological forecasts and data-driven weather-runoff forecast models are able to satisfy two basic requirements that any early warning system should have: The forecast should be given in advance, and it should be accurate and reliable. In this context, DL significantly improves runoff forecast when compared with a traditional data-driven approach such as ANN, being accurate in predicting time-evolution of output variables, with an error of 5% for DL, measured in terms of the root mean square error (RMSE) for predicting the peak flow, compared to 15.5% error for ANN, which is adequate to warn communities at risk and initiate disaster response operations. © 2019 by the authors."
"56003433300;6603431141;35565770000;7004114883;6603140789;","All-sky radiance assimilation of ATMS in HWRF: A demonstration study",2019,"10.1175/MWR-D-17-0337.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85060196264&doi=10.1175%2fMWR-D-17-0337.1&partnerID=40&md5=04018f56da26d54066daadc106642e7d","Satellite all-sky radiances from the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) are assimilated into the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) Model using the hybrid Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation analysis system (GSI). To extend the all-sky capability recently developed for global applications to HWRF, some modifications inHWRFand GSI are facilitated. In particular, total condensate is added as a control variable, and six distinct hydrometeor habits are added as state variables in hybrid GSI within HWRF. That is, clear-sky together with cloudy and precipitation-affected satellite pixels are assimilated using the Community Radiative Transfer Model (CRTM) as a forward operator that includes hydrometeor information and Jacobians with respect to hydrometeor variables. A single case study with the 2014 Atlantic storm Hurricane Cristobal is used to demonstrate the methodology of extending the global all-sky capability toHWRFdue toATMSdata availability. Two data assimilation experiments are carried out. One experiment uses the operational configuration and assimilates ATMS radiances under the clear-sky condition, and the other experiment uses the modified HWRF system and assimilates ATMS radiances under the all-sky condition with the inclusion of total condensate update and cycling. Observed and synthetic Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-13 data along with Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) data from the two experiments are used to show that the experiment with all-sky ATMS radiances assimilation has cloud signatures that are supported by observations. In contrast, there is lack of clouds in the initial state that led to a noticeable lag of cloud development in the experiment that assimilates clear-sky radiances. © 2018 American Meteorological Society."
"52564598200;57204419720;","Rainfall and air temperature projections for Sharjah City, United Arab Emirates",2019,"10.1504/IJW.2019.097319","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85060023195&doi=10.1504%2fIJW.2019.097319&partnerID=40&md5=0dd44b752d3ccd4d76395995580904ca","Climate change has significant effects on hydrological cycle and water resources. Sharjah City in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is located in one of the most water-scarce regions of the world. Despite the importance of climate change projection and impact studies, those studies specifically for Sharjah City are rare. In this study, first, monthly rainfall and temperature projections were generated for near and far future. Then, trend analysis was conducted to detect trends in future rainfall and temperature projections for Sharjah City. Findings of this study showed that mean air temperature in Sharjah City is expected to rise up to 12-17% for near and far future respectively, whereas average annual rainfall is projected to decrease in the range of 1-53%. Trend analysis showed significant increasing air temperature trends and non-significant decreasing rainfall trends. This study will contribute to climate change impact and policy making studies in Sharjah City. Copyright © 2019 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd."
"57190885210;57111001300;7202048112;14920052300;","Response of the Hydrological Cycle in Asian Monsoon Systems to Global Warming Through the Lens of Water Vapor Wave Activity Analysis",2018,"10.1029/2018GL078998","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85056207193&doi=10.1029%2f2018GL078998&partnerID=40&md5=c79ddc144131b6597d185b9a8a9bf228","The column integrated water vapor (CWV)-based local wave activity (LWA) is adapted to examine the response of the hydrological cycle and extremes of the Asian summer monsoon in CMIP5 simulations under the RCP8.5 forcing scenario. A tight linear relationship between CWV LWA (A+) and its sink (P-E+), which measures the intensity of the local hydrological cycle and extremes, affords a simple scaling framework for the hydrological cycle intensity in terms of the contributions from (i) ratio of moisture participating in the hydrological cycle, (ii) stirring length scale, (iii) background moisture gradient, and (iv) hydrological cycling rate. Future CWV LWA over the broad Asian monsoon region shows a large increase (~35%), attributable largely to the increase of the background moisture. The scaling analysis reveals a distinct mix of the contributing factors for the increase in (P-E+) between East Asian and Indian monsoon regions, despite both experiencing sizable increase of (P-E+). ©2018. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57190761179;7403352662;","Classification of precipitating clouds using satellite infrared observations and its implications for rainfall estimation",2018,"10.1002/qj.3288","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85050890665&doi=10.1002%2fqj.3288&partnerID=40&md5=0d6713d1cdb7d26556aa20a3385db172","Precipitation estimates from satellite infrared (IR) radiometers are typically based on cloud top temperatures. However, these temperatures are weakly related to surface rainfall, particularly for shallow or warm clouds. This study classifies precipitating clouds into five cloud groups. The classification uses three brightness temperature differences (BTDs) and one BTD difference (ΔBTD) from Himawari-8 Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI): BTD1 (6.2–11.2 µm), BTD2 (8.6–11.2 µm), BTD3 (11.2–12.4 µm), and ΔBTD (BTD2 − BTD3). BTD1 is found to be effective for separating shallow and non-shallow clouds in reference to the Global Precipitation Measurement Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) level 2 data. Once this separation is complete, non-shallow clouds are further classified. The negative and positive values of ΔBTD usually indicate more water and more ice in clouds, respectively, distinguishing non-shallow clouds with tall and taller cloud heights. Subsequently, BTD1 is applied to non-shallow-tall/taller clouds. Because these clouds can be considered as optically thick, BTD1 identifies the relative coldness of the cloud top based on the extent of water vapour over the cloud top. The final classification yields four non-shallow cloud types: non-shallow-tall-cold, non-shallow-tall-colder, non-shallow-taller-cold, and non-shallow-taller-colder clouds. The relationships between IR brightness temperatures and surface rainfall obtained from the classified cloud groups over four latitude bands reveal clear differences, implying that separating cloud types and accounting for regional differences are desirable to improve the accuracy of IR-based precipitation measurements. © 2018 The Authors. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the Royal Meteorological Society."
"22953390300;57204599097;57204596332;57204594768;35551238800;7004881313;7004330067;56212055700;","Multi-scale observations of atmospheric moisture variability in relation to heavy precipitating systems in the northwestern Mediterranean during HyMeX IOP12",2018,"10.1002/qj.3402","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85056299758&doi=10.1002%2fqj.3402&partnerID=40&md5=67700da27899d53b276f4820ff862916","The deployment of special instrumentation for the Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX) provides a valuable opportunity to investigate the spatio-temporal variability of atmospheric water vapour across scales in relationship with the occurrence of Heavy Precipitation Systems (HPSs) in the north Western Mediterranean (WMed) during the Intensive Observation Period (IOP12), which is the focus of this investigation. High-resolution convection-permitting COSMO simulations complement the observational network and allow the calculation of on-line trajectories. In addition to the presence of a favourable large-scale situation and low-level convergence, atmospheric moisture changes resulting in conditionally unstable air are identified as responsible for convective initiation (CI). All HPSs within the north-WMed form in periods/areas of maximum integrated water vapour (IWV; 35–45 kg/m2) after an increase of about 10–20 kg/m2. The most intense events receive moisture from different sources simultaneously and show a sudden increase of about 10 kg/m2 between 6 and 12 h prior to the event, whereas in the less intense events the increase is larger, about 20 kg/m2, over a period of at least 24–36 h. Changes in the lower (∼900 hPa) and mid-troposphere (∼700 hPa) control the evolution of the atmospheric moisture and the instability increase prior to CI. Spatial inhomogeneities in the lower boundary layer determine the timing and location of deep convection, whereas enhanced moisture in the mid-troposphere favours intensification. Moister and deeper boundary layers, with updraughts reaching up to 2 km are identified in those pre-convective environments leading to HPS, whereas dry, shallow boundary layers are found everywhere else. The build-up time and vertical distribution of the moisture changes are found to be crucial for the evolution and severity of the HPSs rather than the amount of total column atmospheric moisture. © 2018 Royal Meteorological Society"
"57194383230;56123662000;6603331887;12240675000;6603737406;34770529500;","The last Eocene hyperthermal (Chron C19r event, ~41.5 Ma): Chronological and paleoenvironmental insights from a continental margin (Cape Oyambre, N Spain)",2018,"10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.05.044","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85048498778&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2018.05.044&partnerID=40&md5=4a139251502b478733e95f77fedbf827","The last hyperthermal event in the Eocene, the Late Lutetian Thermal Maximum or Chron C19r event, took place at ~41.5 Ma, during a long-term global cooling phase which occurred between the warm Early Eocene Climatic Optimum and the icehouse Oligocene Epoch. This paleoclimatic event was first identified in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1260 as an abrupt peak in bulk Fe content and a short-lived decline in stable isotopes (δ13C, δ18O) and carbonate content. Additional studies have recently been carried from the Southern Atlantic ODP sites 702 and 1263. However, many issues were not addressed at these deep-sea sites and no land-based record of the event had been studied. Therefore, the beach cliff at Cape Oyambre (N Spain) was analyzed with the aim of identifying the C19r event and investigating its paleoenvironmental impact. Using magnetostratigraphic and biostratigraphic information, the astronomically tuned cyclo-stratigraphic record from Oyambre was accurately correlated with ODP Site 1260. This, combined with stable isotope data, allowed identification of the event in a conspicuous dark marl bed. Given that the associated negative carbon isotope excursion extends for 2/3 of a precession-driven hemicouplet, a 7–11 kyr duration was estimated, which agrees with recent estimates from the Atlantic deep-sea sites. Exceptional insolation conditions were found to have accelerated the hydrological cycle, increasing rainfall and runoff on land and terrestrial sediment input to the sea, which resulted in relatively low carbonate content in the deep-sea sediments. The terrestrial input also caused seawater eutrophication and freshening, leading to low δ13C and δ18O values, increased abundance of autochthonous and reworked calcareous nannofossil taxa, peaks in the abundance of opportunistic Reticulofenestra &lt;5 μm and opportunistic benthic foraminifera, and a reduction in the abundance of the oligotrophic calcareous nannofossil Zygrhablithus bijugatus. However, neither intensified carbon-gas driven greenhouse effect nor warming over and above natural fluctuations could be demonstrated from the Oyambre data. © 2018 Elsevier B.V."
"57203728479;7401526171;7005052907;","Bias adjustment of satellite-based precipitation estimation using artificial neural networks-cloud classification system over Saudi Arabia",2018,"10.1007/s12517-018-3860-4","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85052732356&doi=10.1007%2fs12517-018-3860-4&partnerID=40&md5=b10e02a29a6ee16cd2ae3615d7dc44fa","Precipitation is a key input variable for hydrological and climate studies. Rain gauges can provide reliable precipitation measurements at a point of observations. However, the uncertainty of rain measurements increases when a rain gauge network is sparse. Satellite-based precipitation estimations SPEs appear to be an alternative source of measurements for regions with limited rain gauges. However, the systematic bias from satellite precipitation estimation should be estimated and adjusted. In this study, a method of removing the bias from the precipitation estimation from remotely sensed information using artificial neural networks-cloud classification system (PERSIANN-CCS) over a region where the rain gauge is sparse is investigated. The method consists of monthly empirical quantile mapping of gauge and satellite measurements over several climate zones as well as inverse-weighted distance for the interpolation of gauge measurements. Seven years (2010–2016) of daily precipitation estimation from PERSIANN-CCS was used to test and adjust the bias of estimation over Saudi Arabia. The first 6 years (2010–2015) are used for calibration, while 1 year (2016) is used for validation. The results show that the mean yearly bias is reduced by 90%, and the yearly root mean square error is reduced by 68% during the validation year. The experimental results confirm that the proposed method can effectively adjust the bias of satellite-based precipitation estimations. © 2018, Saudi Society for Geosciences."
"57192696036;6602610108;55621952600;","NOAA Microwave Integrated Retrieval System (MiRS) cloud liquid water retrieval and assessment",2018,"10.1109/MICRORAD.2018.8430719","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85052961738&doi=10.1109%2fMICRORAD.2018.8430719&partnerID=40&md5=b081ef5c49108408419b040655257f31","The NOAA Microwave Integrated Retrieval System (MiRS) has been implemented operationally at the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) since 2007 and has been generating environmental data records (i.e. satellite products) for many satellites that contain microwave sensors. This paper focuses on cloud liquid water path (CLWP) retrieved from Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) onboard Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) satellite. The CLWP product is assessed by both ground based observations and a satellite based reference dataset. The ground in-situ observations are from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) at Eastern North Atlantic (ENA) site at Graciosa Island, Azores, Portugal. Satellite reference data are from Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Goddard Profiling Algorithm (GPROF) corresponding CLWP product. Results showed that MiRS retrieved CLWP is in good agreement with the reference data sets. There is some indication of seasonal and latitudinal dependence in performance, some of which may be related to uncertainties in the reference data themselves. © 2018 IEEE."
"56134914900;7501828935;36987903200;57217588426;","Climate change over the high-mountain versus plain areas: Effects on the land surface hydrologic budget in the Alpine area and northern Italy",2018,"10.5194/hess-22-3331-2018","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85048806168&doi=10.5194%2fhess-22-3331-2018&partnerID=40&md5=6d2d1ab9469da7237cb7bd3a8812a662","Climate change may intensify during the second half of the current century. Changes in temperature and precipitation can exert a significant impact on the regional hydrologic cycle. Because the land surface serves as the hub of interactions among the variables constituting the energy and water cycles, evaluating the land surface processes is essential to detail the future climate. In this study, we employ a trusted soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer scheme, called the University of Torino model of land Processes Interaction with Atmosphere (UTOPIA), in offline simulations to quantify the changes in hydrologic components in the Alpine area and northern Italy, between the period of 1961-1990 and 2071-2100. The regional climate projections are obtained by the Regional Climate Model version 3 (RegCM3) via two emission scenarios - A2 and B2 from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emissions Scenarios. The hydroclimate projections, especially from A2, indicate that evapotranspiration generally increases, especially over the plain areas, and consequently the surface soil moisture decreases during summer, falling below the wilting point threshold for an extra month. In the high-mountain areas, due to the earlier snowmelt, the land surface becomes snowless for an additional month. The annual mean number of dry (wet) days increases remarkably (slightly), thus increasing the risk of severe droughts, and slightly increasing the risk of floods coincidently. Our results have serious implications for human life, including agricultural production, water sustainability, and general infrastructures, over the Alpine and adjacent plain areas and can be used to plan the managements of water resources, floods, irrigation, forestry, hydropower, and many other relevant activities. © 2018 Copernicus GmbH. All rights reserved."
"23969615900;55778084100;","Warm Season Satellite Precipitation Biases for Different Cloud Types over Western North Pacific",2018,"10.1109/LGRS.2018.2815590","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85045294744&doi=10.1109%2fLGRS.2018.2815590&partnerID=40&md5=b7dbb97bed8b429317fba30d910d3f37","Two along-track (level 2) satellite precipitation retrievals by the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) and the Dual Frequency Precipitation Radar Ku-band (DPR-Ku) and two multisatellite precipitation products, global satellite mapping of precipitation (GSMaP) and Integrated Multisatellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG), are intercompared for different cloud types during warm season over the western North Pacific region. It is found that the biases of the precipitation measurements are systematically associated with cloud types. The best agreements of passive microwave (PMW) products and infrared-based (IR) products with satellite radar-based estimates are found for a relatively weak precipitation range for mid-low clouds (except over land) and high clouds, while similar agreement is found for heavier precipitation range for deep convection regardless of surface type. Precipitation from mid-low clouds over land is considerably underestimated by PMW and IR products over almost the entire intensity range. The IR-based precipitation estimates for deep convective clouds considerably overestimate the intensity for both weak precipitation and cases where precipitation was not detected by the DPR-Ku algorithm. The findings reveal the characteristics of the biases of the products depend on the associated cloud types, which suggests consideration of the cloud type information to improve satellite-based precipitation estimates. © 2004-2012 IEEE."
"6603358936;7005900325;57193085070;","Improving the quality of satellite imagery based on ground-truth data from rain gauge stations",2018,"10.3390/rs10030398","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85044192561&doi=10.3390%2frs10030398&partnerID=40&md5=b1a9ce7fee70fb9a7bf88a6891b374e6","Multitemporal imagery is by and large geometrically and radiometrically accurate, but the residual noise arising from removal clouds and other atmospheric and electronic effects can produce outliers that must be mitigated to properly exploit the remote sensing information. In this study, we show how ground-truth data from rain gauge stations can improve the quality of satellite imagery. To this end, a simulation study is conducted wherein different sizes of outlier outbreaks are spread and randomly introduced in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the day and night land surface temperature (LST) of composite images from Navarre (Spain) between 2011 and 2015. To remove outliers, a new method called thin-plate splines with covariates (TpsWc) is proposed. This method consists of smoothing the median anomalies with a thin-plate spline model, whereby transformed ground-truth data are the external covariates of the model. The performance of the proposed method is measured with the square root of the mean square error (RMSE), calculated as the root of the pixel-by-pixel mean square differences between the original data and the predicted data with the TpsWc model and with a state-space model with and without covariates. The study shows that the use of ground-truth data reduces the RMSE in both the TpsWc model and the state-space model used for comparison purposes. The new method successfully removes the abnormal data while preserving the phenology of the raw data. The RMSE reduction percentage varies according to the derived variables (NDVI or LST), but reductions of up to 20% are achieved with the new proposal. © 2018 by the authors."
"57200793262;7410098866;35604860600;55812348300;","Asian Hydroclimate Changes and Mechanisms in the Preboreal from an Annually-laminated Stalagmite, Daoguan Cave, Southern China",2018,"10.1111/1755-6724.13511","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85051686638&doi=10.1111%2f1755-6724.13511&partnerID=40&md5=5c0198605be06423d19e270cb93b09a6","One-year-resolved and annually-counted stalagmite multi-proxies (δ18O, δ13C, and layer width) from Daoguan Cave, Guizhou Province revealed detailed variability regarding the Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM) and local humidity across Bond events (BE) in the Preboreal. During BEs 8 and 7, 1.5± enrichments in δ18O values were generally consistent with high- to low-latitude climate changes. In detail, the decadal-scale minor δ18O oscillations in BE8 were broadly less than the mean value, in contrast to the significant changes in local soil moisture derived from the δ13C values and layer records. In the mid-BE7, δ18O variability was generally above the average level, and higher- amplitude variations were observed in the three proxy indicators. Wavelet analysis on the total δ18O time series and across the specific time windows of BEs 8 and 7 identified periodicities of about 130, 60, and 20-a, respectively. Exceptionally strong in BE7, the 60-a cycle, pervasively observed in instrumental studies, became prominent starting at 11.4 kaBP. Thus, glacial background conditions are important for suppressing the ASM intensity in BE8, while during BE7, tropical hydrological circulations were potentially actively involved. Consequently, climate internal oscillations, analogous to modern conditions, might have occurred in the distant past once the link between the tropical ocean and atmosphere was established as occurs today. © 2018 Geological Society of China"
"35263606900;7004114883;","Consistency Between Convection Allowing Model Output and Passive Microwave Satellite Observations",2018,"10.1002/2017JD027527","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85040727236&doi=10.1002%2f2017JD027527&partnerID=40&md5=db9d01806d443097c4c33f4df64cc35a","Observations from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core satellite were used along with precipitation forecasts from the High Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model to assess and interpret differences between observed and modeled storms. Using a feature-based approach, precipitating objects were identified in both the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Stage IV multisensor precipitation product and HRRR forecast at lead times of 1, 2, and 3 h at valid times corresponding to GPM overpasses. Precipitating objects were selected for further study if (a) the observed feature occurred entirely within the swath of the GPM Microwave Imager (GMI) and (b) the HRRR model predicted it at all three forecast lead times. Output from the HRRR model was used to simulate microwave brightness temperatures (Tbs), which were compared to those observed by the GMI. Simulated Tbs were found to have biases at both the warm and cold ends of the distribution, corresponding to the stratiform/anvil and convective areas of the storms, respectively. Several experiments altered both the simulation microphysics and hydrometeor classification in order to evaluate potential shortcomings in the model's representation of precipitating clouds. In general, inconsistencies between observed and simulated brightness temperatures were most improved when transferring snow water content to supercooled liquid hydrometeor classes. ©2018. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"55715842100;56172840400;57190345320;14041631700;","A stable CH4 sink responding to extreme precipitation events in a fenced semiarid steppe",2017,"10.1007/s11368-017-1798-x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85026828414&doi=10.1007%2fs11368-017-1798-x&partnerID=40&md5=f27ef8623e8f8aa86daabdb82b0f135a","Purpose: Climate models predict that amplification of the hydrological cycle results in more extreme (more intensive but less frequent) precipitation events (EPEs) that have larger effects on ecosystem functioning than mean precipitation conditions. Semiarid grassland ecosystems are considered important CH4 sinks whose functioning is greatly affected by variations in precipitation patterns. An experiment was performed to assess the effects of extreme precipitation events on the functioning of a fenced semiarid steppe grassland on the Inner Mongolian Plateau of China. Materials and methods: Extreme precipitation events (282 mm over 20 consecutive days) during the middle (Pm) and late (Ps) growing periods of 2014 were simulated to assess the effects of extreme precipitation events on the CH4 uptake of the ecosystem. Results and discussion: The extreme precipitation events had no significant effect on the CH4 uptake rate during the growing season but did result in 62 and 45% reductions in the CH4 uptake rate during the Pm and Ps events, respectively. There were legacy effects on suppression of the CH4 uptake rate for approximately 40 and 35 days after the events in the Pm and Ps plots, respectively, but the suppression disappeared rapidly during the late season as a result of faster water loss. No significant differences in cumulative CH4 uptake were detected between the treatment and the control plots over the growing season as a whole, which demonstrates that the ecosystem functions as a CH4 sink. The average CH4 uptake rates were found to be strongly regulated by changes in the soil water content. Conclusions: The results suggest that the CH4 uptake budget of this fenced steppe grassland can be maintained even in the face of consecutive extreme precipitation events, regardless of the timing of the events. Nevertheless, long-term experiments are needed to detect the thresholds for CH4 uptake budget changes, in case of an increasing occurrence of EPEs in the future. © 2017, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany."
"57194004365;14051877900;57203105820;6602380088;","Hydrological niche segregation of plant functional traits in an individual-based model",2017,"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.04.002","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85018323321&doi=10.1016%2fj.ecolmodel.2017.04.002&partnerID=40&md5=6f2cb6695c8afe0ca591049cca4847b6","Water is one of the major drivers determining distribution and abundance of plant species. Namely, plant species’ presence and location in the landscape can be explained using metrics of soil water because plant species are restricted to a species-specific range of soil water conditions, i.e. their hydrological niche. However, little is known about the specific traits that determine the hydrological niche of a plant species. To investigate the relationship between plant functional traits, community structure and hydrological niche segregation, we developed a new generic individual-based model PLANTHeR which describes plant functional trait abundance as a function solely of soil water potentials and individual behavior. An important innovation is that there are no a priori defined trade-offs so that the model is neither restricted to a certain set of species nor scaled to a specific ecosystem. We show that PLANTHeR is able to reproduce well-known ecological rules such as the self-thinning law. We found that plant functional traits and their combinations (plant functional types − PFTs) were restricted to specific ranges of soil water potentials. Furthermore, the existence of functional trait trade-offs and correlations was determined by environmental conditions. Most interestingly, the correlation intensity between traits representing competitive ability and traits promoting colonization ability changed with water stress intensities in a unimodal fashion. Our results suggest that soil water largely governs the functional composition, diversity and structure of plant communities. This has consequences for predicting plant species’ response to changes in the hydrological cycle due to global change. We suggest that PLANTHeR is a flexible tool that can be easily adapted for further ecological-modelling studies. © 2017 Elsevier B.V."
"57059828400;55386235300;","Developing an a priori database for passive microwave snow water retrievals over ocean",2017,"10.1002/2017JD027636","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85037975096&doi=10.1002%2f2017JD027636&partnerID=40&md5=3b5e0a7c784ddb3a91d716e865fbf963","A physically optimized a priori database is developed for Global Precipitation Measurement Microwave Imager (GMI) snow water retrievals over ocean. The initial snow water content profiles are derived from CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) measurements. A radiative transfer model in which the single-scattering properties of nonspherical snowflakes are based on the discrete dipole approximate results is employed to simulate brightness temperatures and their gradients. Snow water content profiles are then optimized through a one-dimensional variational (1D-Var) method. The standard deviations of the difference between observed and simulated brightness temperatures are in a similar magnitude to the observation errors defined for observation error covariance matrix after the 1D-Var optimization, indicating that this variational method is successful. This optimized database is applied in a Bayesian retrieval snow water algorithm. The retrieval results indicated that the 1D-Var approach has a positive impact on the GMI retrieved snow water content profiles by improving the physical consistency between snow water content profiles and observed brightness temperatures. Global distribution of snow water contents retrieved from the a priori database is compared with CloudSat CPR estimates. Results showed that the two estimates have a similar pattern of global distribution, and the difference of their global means is small. In addition, we investigate the impact of using physical parameters to subset the database on snow water retrievals. It is shown that using total precipitable water to subset the database with 1D-Var optimization is beneficial for snow water retrievals. © 2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"23995672700;8502619500;7006185793;55622416200;35228711600;","An improved QPE over complex terrain employing cloud-to-ground lightning occurrences",2017,"10.1175/JAMC-D-16-0097.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85030318256&doi=10.1175%2fJAMC-D-16-0097.1&partnerID=40&md5=dd03ee0d066094f9a20ab764102f61c8","A lightning-precipitation relationship (LPR) is studied at high temporal and spatial resolution (5 min and 5 km). As a proof of concept of these methods, precipitation data are retrieved from the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) NMQ product for southern Arizona and western Texas while lightning data are provided by the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN). A spatial- and time-invariant (STI) linear model that considers spatial neighbors and time lags is proposed. A data denial analysis is performed over Midland, Texas (a region with good sensor coverage), with this STI model. The LPR is unchanged and essentially equal, regardless of the domain (denial or complete) used to obtain the STI model coefficients. It is argued that precipitation can be estimated over regions with poor sensor coverage (i.e., southern Arizona) by calibrating the LPR over well-covered domains that are experiencing similar storm conditions. To obtain a lightning-estimated precipitation that dynamically updates the model coefficients in time, a Kalman filter is applied to the STI model. The correlation between the observed and estimated precipitation is statistically significant for both models, but the Kalman filter provides a better precipitation estimation. The best demonstration of this application is a heavy-precipitation, high-frequency lightning event in southern Arizona over a region with poor radar and rain gauge coverage. By calibrating the Kalman filter over a data-covered domain, the lightning-estimated precipitation is considerably greater than that estimated by radar alone. Therefore, for regions where both rain gauge and radar data are compromised, lightning provides a viable alternative for improving QPE. © 2017 American Meteorological Society."
"56487622400;7409078608;56652909200;","Run-off analyses using isotopes and hydrochemistry in Yushugou river basin, eastern Tianshan mountains",2017,"10.1007/s12040-017-0858-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85029578439&doi=10.1007%2fs12040-017-0858-3&partnerID=40&md5=8c876ef9ee905db5dfa33990bc5bfc09","Yushugou River basin of East Tianshan Mountains receives water from melting glaciers. In recent years, the glaciers retreated strongly due to global warming which intensified the water cycle in the river basin. For this reason, the relation of water bodies based on hydrochemistry and isotope in the summer flood was carried out. Hydrochemistry research showed that there was frequent hydraulic interaction between river water and groundwater. Studying the isotopes and Cl− of river water, glacier meltwater, groundwater and precipitation, indicated that Yushugou River was recharged by the glacier meltwater, groundwater and precipitation during the summer flood period. The analysis result based on the three-component mixing model showed that Yushugou River was recharged by 54.9% of glacier meltwater, 37.6% of the run-off came from groundwater, while less than 8% was contributed by precipitation. The study suggests that the role of glacier meltwater and groundwater, especially glacier meltwater, should be specially concerned in water resource protection and reasonable utilization, and the injection of glacier meltwater is the main reason for run-off variation in this alpine basin during the summer flood period. © Indian Academy of Sciences."
"57192389392;35750950900;7102567443;","Whole-tree sap flux in Quercus serrata trees after three levels of partial sapwood removal to simulate Japanese oak wilt",2017,"10.1002/eco.1797","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85006136808&doi=10.1002%2feco.1797&partnerID=40&md5=14f6c920d9b394a0a678b073ee9480bb","Plant transpiration plays a key role in the hydrological cycle in forested watersheds. Oak trees infested with Japanese oak wilt may show changes in transpiration even if they are still alive. However, to our knowledge, no study has shown changes in transpiration and its threshold for tree weakening. We hypothesized that whole-tree sap flux would be reduced in surviving oak trunks owing to sapwood dysfunction; however, part of this reduction would be compensated by enhanced sap flux density (Fd) in the remaining functioning sapwood. To test this hypothesis, 25%, 50%, and 75% of sapwood was removed at breast height to simulate xylem dysfunction for nine Quercus serrata trees in a warm-temperate secondary forest in Japan. Granier probes were used to measure the Fd of the treated and three control trees before and after the treatment. Even though tested trees were still alive until at least the end of the second growing season, external symptoms of weakening were detected in 75% treated trees. Analysis using a linear mixed model showed that whole-tree sap flux was significantly reduced in all treatments. However, 25% and 50% treated trees showed significant Fd compensation, whereas 75% treated trees showed significantly smaller whole-tree sap flux than the value expected from the treatment. These results suggest that the threshold of tree weakening lies between 50% and 75% of sapwood removal, above which the Fd compensation cannot be attained. Therefore, whole-tree sap flux in infested but surviving trees varies with respect to the intensity of sapwood damage. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."
"56025886700;11939306500;11939796800;57192437022;11939617300;","Overview of the first HyMeX special observation period over Croatia",2016,"10.5194/nhess-16-2657-2016","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85006489335&doi=10.5194%2fnhess-16-2657-2016&partnerID=40&md5=ae2af2099e4ff71600470ab90cfb1697","The HYdrological cycle in the Mediterranean EXperiment (HyMeX) is intended to improve the capabilities of predicting high-impact weather events. Within its framework, the aim of the first special observation period (SOP1), 5 September to 6 November 2012, was to study heavy precipitation events and flash floods. Here, we present high-impact weather events over Croatia that occurred during SOP1. Particular attention is given to eight intense observation periods (IOPs), during which high precipitation occurred over the eastern Adriatic and Dinaric Alps. During the entire SOP1, the operational model forecasts generally well represented medium intensity precipitation, but heavy precipitation was frequently underestimated by the ALADIN model at an 8g km grid spacing and was overestimated at a higher resolution (2g km grid spacing). During IOP2, intensive rainfall occurred over a wider area around the city of Rijeka in the northern Adriatic. The short-range maximum rainfall totals were the largest ever recorded at the Rijeka station since the beginning of measurements in 1958. The rainfall amounts measured in intervals of 20, 30 and 40g min were exceptional, with return periods that exceeded a thousand, a few hundred and one hundred years, respectively. The operational precipitation forecast using the ALADIN model at an 8g km grid spacing provided guidance regarding the event but underestimated the rainfall intensity. An evaluation of numerical sensitivity experiments suggested that the forecast was slightly enhanced by improving the initial conditions through variational data assimilation. The operational non-hydrostatic run at a 2g km grid spacing using a configuration with the ALARO physics package further improved the forecast. This article highlights the need for an intensive observation period in the future over the Adriatic region to validate the simulated mechanisms and improve numerical weather predictions via data assimilation and model improvements in descriptions of microphysics and air-sea interactions. © Author(s) 2016. CC Attribution 3.0 License."
"7004069330;6507969211;","A variational approach to environmental and climatic problems of urban agglomerations",2016,"10.1088/1755-1315/48/1/012020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85009347620&doi=10.1088%2f1755-1315%2f48%2f1%2f012020&partnerID=40&md5=3ad73c0609ea878281cb087a2294d79b","We discuss some aspects of the development of a variational approach to study the dynamics of climatic and ecological systems under intensive actions of natural and anthropogenic origin. The variational principle essentially represents a versatile tool to create a consistent modeling technology based on models of processes coupled with available observational data. The basic entities included in the formulation of the variational principle are models of processes; data and models of observations; target criteria for forecasting; a priori information about all the required elements of the system. We develop a set of mathematical models combined within the framework of the variational principle. They describe the dynamics of the atmosphere and water bodies in conjunction with a thermally and dynamically heterogeneous surface of the Earth; the hydrological cycle, moisture in the atmosphere and the soil; radiation transfer in the system of the atmosphere and the underlying surface; and transport and transformation of various substances in gaseous and aerosol states in the atmosphere. As an example, we demonstrate the results of calculations performed with a set of numerical models adapted to the conditions of a Novosibirsk city agglomeration. The results of scenario calculations on the formation of mesoclimates and quality of the atmosphere for the typical conditions of Siberian cities are presented. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd."
"6603915288;57192077513;","Jens Esmark's Christiania (Oslo) meteorological observations 1816-1838: The first long-term continuous temperature record from the Norwegian capital homogenized and analysed",2016,"10.5194/cp-12-2087-2016","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84996802189&doi=10.5194%2fcp-12-2087-2016&partnerID=40&md5=7222d8987a48711a9e620bf8e8344565","In 2010 we rediscovered the complete set of meteorological observation protocols made by Jens Esmark (1762-1839) during his years of residence in the Norwegian capital of Oslo (then Christiania). From 1 January 1816 to 25 January 1839, Esmark at his house in Øvre Voldgate in the morning, early afternoon and late evening recorded air temperature with state-of-the-art thermometers. He also noted air pressure, cloud cover, precipitation and wind directions, and experimented with rain gauges and hygrometers. From 1818 to the end of 1838 he twice a month provided weather tables to the official newspaper Den Norske Rigstidende, and thus acquired a semi-official status as the first Norwegian state meteorologist. This paper evaluates the quality of Esmark's temperature observations and presents new metadata, new homogenization and analysis of monthly means. Three significant shifts in the measurement series were detected, and suitable corrections are proposed. The air temperature in Oslo during this period is shown to exhibit a slow rise from 1816 towards 1825, followed by a slighter fall again towards 1838. © 2016 Author(s)."
"7005561168;6603639908;56285411900;7006752044;8571512400;","Expected change of hydrologic cycle in Northern Eurasia due to disappearance of multiyear sea ice in the Arctic Ocean",2016,"10.3103/S1068373916110017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85011371064&doi=10.3103%2fS1068373916110017&partnerID=40&md5=6fe0240a8982b5eca7b916fd821e29f1","The effects are considered that global warming and rapid sea ice decline in the Arctic (up to the formation of ice-free conditions in the Arctic Ocean in summer) made on the hydrological regime of Northern Eurasia. Ensemble computations of climate are provided and changes in the atmospheric water cycle and in water balance in large catchment areas after the loss of multiyear sea ice in the Arctic are estimated. Considerable changes in the hydrological regime are demonstrated on the example of the large catchments of the Siberian rivers; the changes are especially manifested in the period of intense snow melting, i.e., in spring and in early summer. It is revealed that the increase in the frequency of spring floods is expected in the river catchments adjoining the Arctic Ocean. It is demonstrated that the Arctic Ocean ice reduction does not exert as significant influence on variations in the water cycle in Northern Eurasia as the global warming does. © 2016, Allerton Press, Inc."
"56447884900;7004206177;15044199700;57208517029;","Calibration of TRMM rainfall climatology over Uttarakhand State, India during 1998-2012",2016,"10.1109/IGARSS.2016.7729152","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85007477085&doi=10.1109%2fIGARSS.2016.7729152&partnerID=40&md5=4a43f59a590aa9887aa4d560a5f3c10c","Short term rainfall climatology studies are essential for disaster management and planning in hilly areas. Uttarakhand State, India is prone to cloud burst and flooding events like one occurred at Kedarnath region in June 2013. Rain gauge stations are scarce and rainfall monitoring is difficult over this region due to rough terrain and extreme environmental conditions. Therefore, the available rainfall data is inconsistent with large historical gaps. Remote sensing based Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) provides reliable site specific rainfall information. This study aims in calibrating and validating TRMM 3B43V7 derived seasonal precipitation data with rain gauge derived measurements over the period 1998- 2012. Geographical information system and statistical indices viz. Correlation Coefficient (r), Mean Square Error (MSE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) are used for analysis. Results revealed good agreement (r=0.92) between TRMM and rain gauge measurements for Haridwar station with slight underestimation during rainy season. © 2016 IEEE."
"37076039000;7401836526;","Contrasting responses to orbital precession on Titan and Earth",2016,"10.1002/2016GL070065","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84979747889&doi=10.1002%2f2016GL070065&partnerID=40&md5=e3db875e2e87309072b85c13a2e0b2b0","Earth and Titan exhibit contrasting atmospheric responses to orbital precession. On Earth, most (water) precipitation falls in low latitudes, and precipitation is enhanced in a hemisphere when perihelion occurs in that hemisphere's summer. On Titan, most (methane) precipitation falls in high latitudes, and precipitation is enhanced in a hemisphere when aphelion occurs in that hemisphere's summer. We use a Titan general circulation model to elucidate the dynamical reasons for these different responses to orbital precession. They arise primarily because of the different diurnal rotation rates of Titan and Earth. The slower rotation rate of Titan leads to wider Hadley cells that transport moisture into polar regions. Changes in the length of summer, rather than in the intensity of summer insolation as in Earth's tropics, then dominate the precession response of the hydrologic cycle. ©2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57188723950;14008516600;","Induced precipitation recycling (IPR): A proposed concept for increasing precipitation through natural vegetation feedback mechanisms",2016,"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.02.031","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84962555269&doi=10.1016%2fj.ecoleng.2016.02.031&partnerID=40&md5=11613783311148ce7cbd8d03cec7385a","In this proof of concept paper, we address the potential role of forests and vegetation cover as an adaptation tool. In contrast to work addressing the carbon benefits of afforestation, we highlight the potential usefulness of forests as major contributors to the water cycle. Integrating water and carbon cycle benefits into a common objective enhances discussions about the role and value of forests. Herein, we describe a method for increasing regional precipitation in semi-arid environments, thereby potentially helping to increase scarce water resources. The approach capitalizes on observed interactions between forest cover and the hydrologic cycle, with the express aim of returning much needed water resources to an increasingly vulnerable region. The natural processes behind ""precipitation recycling"" (PR), and vegetation based cross continental transport of atmospheric moisture form the core of this solution. Induced precipitation recycling (IPR) initiates these processes by irrigating afforested land using locally available surplus water. This paper discusses the underlying processes and a proposed demonstration project that functions as both a ""proof of concept"" and a research testing ground, providing potential validation for promoting future expansion to the wider region. The proposed IPR project utilizes treated wastewater and surplus storm run-off, thus averting additional burdens on the existing water supply, while performing additionally valuable environmental and ecosystem services. IPR provides an alternative approach to supplement existing and typically far costlier plans to address regional water shortages and handle wastewater treatment. The proposed integrated solution would not only contribute positively to regional water supply, but would also provide additional eco-system services and end-products that add value and utility, thereby improving the project's potential economic viability. This project should be of particular interest to land use and water management planners in the Los Angeles Basin area for whom it is conceived, as well as to those along much of the coastal region in California where climate change-driven drought cycles have been increasing in length and intensity. © 2016 Elsevier B.V."
"55321504400;22944066200;","Nitrogen restrictions buffer modeled interactions of water with the carbon cycle",2016,"10.1002/2015JG003148","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84958109206&doi=10.1002%2f2015JG003148&partnerID=40&md5=e0329d0d06c139c7cb817112b0d1ad3f","Terrestrial carbon and water cycles are coupled at multiple spatiotemporal scales and are crucial to carbon sequestration. Water related climate extremes, such as drought and intense precipitation, can substantially affect the carbon cycle. Meanwhile, nitrogen is a limiting resource to plant and has therefore the potential to alter the coupling of water and carbon cycles on land. Here we assess the effect of nitrogen limitation on the response of the terrestrial carbon cycle to moisture anomalies using Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory's land surface model LM3V-N. We analyzed the response of three central carbon fluxes: Net primary productivity (NPP), heterotrophic respiration (Rh), and net ecosystem productivity (NEP, the difference between NPP and Rh) and how these fluxes were altered under anomalies of the standardized precipitation and evapotranspiration index (SPEI). We found that globally, the correlations between each of the carbon flux and SPEI depended on the timescale and a strong legacy effect of SPEI anomalies on Rh. Consideration of nitrogen constraints reduced anomalies in carbon fluxes in response to extreme dry/wet events. This nitrogen-induced buffer constrained the growth of plants under wet extremes and allowed for enhanced growth during droughts. Extra gain of soil moisture from the downregulation of canopy transpiration by nitrogen limitation and shifts in the relative importance of water and nitrogen limitation during dry/wet extreme events are possible mechanisms contributing to the buffering of modeled NPP and NEP. Responses of Rh to moisture anomalies were much weaker compared to NPP, and N buffering effects were less evident. Key Points N acts as a buffer to reduce negative effect of drought and positive effect of wet extreme on NPP Moisture gain from transpiration and shift in water versus N limitation are possible mechanisms Moisture response of soil respiration is weaker than NPP and N buffer effects are less evident. © 2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57194874490;35346173900;56508935800;","Dynamics of the Australian-Indonesian monsoon across Termination II: Implications of molecular-biomarker reconstructions from the Timor Sea",2015,"10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.01.027","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84922436437&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2015.01.027&partnerID=40&md5=3ebac2454bf4af239fe1e6138a04491c","Molecular biomarker-derived proxies in a marine sediment core from the eastern Timor Sea have been employed to track changes in the Australian-Indonesian monsoon system over the time period from the penultimate glacial to the last interglacial. The average chain length of n-alkanes originating from terrestrial higher plants reveals an expansion of woody plants during both Termination II and the last interglacial with respect to the penultimate glacial. This is consistent with previous reconstructions for the last glacial-interglacial cycle, indicating that water-stress conditions during dry seasons of southern Indonesia should have been relieved during interglacials and deglacials relative to glacials. However, in contrast to an only muted response during Heinrich Stadial 1, the vegetation composition showed a dramatic and prominent change during Heinrich Stadial 11. This was probably caused by a much more significant and longer duration iceberg discharge event to the northern North Atlantic during Heinrich Stadial 11 relative to Heinrich Stadial 1, which exerted a significant influence on the tropical hydrological cycle and monsoon rainfall seasonality. In addition, marine algae-derived biomarkers are used to reconstruct primary productivity variations, which are in agreement with previous studies from the same area. The precessional cyclicity of paleo-productivity variations is possibly induced by changes in the Australian-Indonesian winter monsoon intensity, showing a correlation with boreal winter insolation. However, this phase relationship is in contrast to the inference based on other lines of evidence, which suggests strong winter monsoon strength during boreal summer insolation maxima. New winter monsoon proxies are therefore required to clarify this discrepancy. © 2015 Elsevier B.V."
"57200684829;6506511340;55748339600;","Comparative study of liquid carbon dioxide and silver iodide seeding effects on cumulonimbus clouds rainfall enhancement and hail suppression",2015,"10.1007/s13762-014-0667-z","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84983579880&doi=10.1007%2fs13762-014-0667-z&partnerID=40&md5=a1ccbfd404666e3885330e0c83ee20dc","In this work, a comparative study of liquid carbon dioxide versus silver iodide seeding effects on a one-dimensional transient cumulonimbus cloud model is made. The over-riding concern is to figure out the implications of different seeding methods and agents for rainfall enhancement and hail suppression in cumulonimbus clouds. Based on the model results, it may be inferred that for the liquid carbon dioxide seeding, the seedability temperature limit is wider and the dynamic effects and precipitations are stronger compared to those of the silver iodide seeding. In addition, based on the model results, the rainfall enhancement can augment to 52 % for liquid carbon dioxide as the cloud top level increases. However, this rainfall enhancement can augment to only 19 % in the case of silver iodide seeding. Also, the model results show that for clouds with cloud top level less than 7 km, the cumulative rainfall for the point seeding is less than that for the horizontal seeding, but for clouds with cloud top level more than 9 km, the rainfall amount for the point seeding is more than that for the horizontal seeding. The results also show that there exist two threshold temperatures for the silver iodide seeding methods. The model results also indicate that the silver iodide seeding in the mixed clouds can be used for the cloud seeding with the aim of hail suppression. In general, the obtained results from this model show to be comparable with the recorded data at rain gauge stations. © 2014, Islamic Azad University (IAU)."
"56925013600;35555100900;","Network-based modeling and analysis of cloud fraction and precipitation: A case study for the Ohio river basin",2015,"10.1145/2738935.2738947","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84945299691&doi=10.1145%2f2738935.2738947&partnerID=40&md5=e1e2526c71ea5b46209c6beb64f31f0f","River networks and river basins are considered as one of the natural components in the Water Networks (WN). In this paper, we propose, for the very first time, a network-based model of cloud movement; this can also become part of natural sources of freshwater in the Water Networks. More precisely, we use the cloud network model over the Ohio river basin to estimate the value of cloud fraction for the next day using the current day cloud fraction. The experimental results indicate that our model produces good results and is computationally less intensive. This is in contrast with numerical weather predicting techniques which are highly accurate, but make use of powerful servers. Further, accurate cloud fraction estimation shows that our network model is a correct representation of cloud movement dynamics. We also analyze the network properties and find that the cloud network generated by our algorithm is close to a random graph and not to a small-world network. Finally, we present a thorough analysis of cloud fraction and precipitation in the Ohio river basin. These results are a first step towards modeling the complete hydrological cycle. Copyright 2015 ACM."
"7007059031;6602594574;8635955600;35234916700;","Featured Collection Introduction: Agricultural Hydrology and Water Quality",2015,"10.1111/1752-1688.12343","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84938586388&doi=10.1111%2f1752-1688.12343&partnerID=40&md5=bae418da8cfab5f0ebef011f9dce37e6",[No abstract available]
"36610632800;22234655800;7003429521;56216874200;7102012167;","Classification of grassland types by means of multi-seasonal TerraSAR-X and RADARSAT-2 imagery",2014,"10.1109/IGARSS.2014.6946647","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84911416529&doi=10.1109%2fIGARSS.2014.6946647&partnerID=40&md5=2abc96486ab722141ac726cce3823389","The management and protection of grassland biodiversity is of utmost importance as they play a key role in the carbon and hydrological cycle. Therefore, the analysis of their dynamics is of great value given the current ongoing intensification of agricultural land use. To this aim, in this paper we present a novel approach for monitoring grassland dynamics based on polarimetric high-resolution SAR imagery, which is i) capable of handling either dual- or quad-polarization multi-temporal data and ii) supports targeted classification. Results based on dualpol TerraSAR-X as well as dual- and quadpol Radarsat-2 data acquired over a test area in Bavaria (Germany) in 2011 are extremely promising and confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach. © 2014 IEEE."
"57200684829;55748339600;","Numerical simulation of deep convective cloud seeding using liquid carbon dioxide",2013,"10.1007/s13762-012-0166-z","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84878248936&doi=10.1007%2fs13762-012-0166-z&partnerID=40&md5=e6cfda89a112c31d674dd7738da1ac9f","In this study, a one-dimensional transient cumulonimbus cloud is modeled to be seeded by liquid CO2. The model includes microphysical and dynamical processes associated with glaciogenic seeding by homogenous ice nucleation and two thermal terms associated with seeding by -90 oC liquid CO2. For this model, the study concentrates on five types of hydrometeors, namely, cloud droplet, cloud ice, snow, hail/graupel, and rain. Point and horizontal seeding methods are implemented to observe their implications for rainfall enhancement, amount of hail/graupel production, vertical cloud extension, and radar's reflectivity. In addition, the seeding temperature effects on the rainfall and microphysical processes are investigated. The results of the study show that, the rainfall enhancement and rainfall intensity in the point seeding case are more than those in the horizontal seeding. Moreover, the study reveals that, there is a vertical cloud extension enhancement of 0.5 km for clouds with top height of 10.5 km. The most important sources of the rain water production are found to be the accretion of cloud water by rain (PRACW) and by snow (PSACW), and for the graupel production is dry growth of the graupel (PGDRY). The results of this study are confirmed by the results of other investigators and are found to be comparable with the recorded data at rain gauge stations. © 2013 Islamic Azad University (IAU)."
"35216615200;7201858630;56582954800;55444436900;","DEW condensation monitoring in a wetland ecosystem in the Sanjiang Plain",2013,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84877991126&partnerID=40&md5=7914503d8054062d313feeea9e11c5de","Dew is a crucial factor in the water cycle in a wetland ecosystem. This study aims to investigate the dewfall in the Carex lasiocarpa marsh in the Sanjiang Plain. The experiment was performed during the growing season from mid-May to mid-October in 2008 and 2009. Dew formation was monitored using wood sticks. The results indicate that dew events occurred during 70% to 80% of the rainless nights during the research period. The dew intensity reached its peak in August in both years. A statistics analysis shows that the dew intensity in July and September of 2009 was significantly lower than that in 2008 because of the significantly higher relative humidity during that year. However, the annual dewfall was almost the same, at the amount of 8.76 and 8.38 mm in 2008 and 2009, respectively. The Carex lasiocarpa marsh is an important site for dew deposition. © by PSP."
"57212023640;6504283001;57212017851;57212026015;","Observations and Modeling of Ice Water Content in a Mixed-Phase Cloud System",2013,"10.3878/j.issn.1674-2834.13.0020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85046691048&doi=10.3878%2fj.issn.1674-2834.13.0020&partnerID=40&md5=e0f5e369ff8c90fca9e8534fe4bef85d","The ice water content (IWC) distribution in a mixed-phase cloud system was investigated using CloudSat data, aircraft measurements, and the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Simulated precipitation and IWC were in general agreement with rain gauge, satellite, and aircraft observations. The cloud case was characterized by a predominant cold layer and high IWC throughout the cloud-development and precipitation stages. The CloudSat-retrieved products suggested that the IWC was distributed from 4.0 to 8.0 km, with the maximum values (up to 0.5 g m-3) at 5.0-6.0 km at the earlymature stage of cloud development. High IWC (up to 0.8 g m-3) was also detected by airborne probes at 4.2 and 3.6 km at the late-mature stage. The WRF model simulation revealed that the predominant riming facilitated rapid accumulation of high IWC at 3.0-6.0 km. © 2013, © Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences."
"7102667512;6603289860;56079439900;","High-intensity precipitation measurement using remote methods",2012,"10.3103/S1068373912070023","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84865556823&doi=10.3103%2fS1068373912070023&partnerID=40&md5=8bc65c34bbeb215ffd0f9137e5ab4258","Considered is a case of the cumulonimbus cloud development in the southwestern part of Saudi Arabia with a very high precipitation intensity. The height of the cloud top amounted to 14 km and the radar reflectivity, to 60 dBZ. Carried out is the comparison of remote methods of measuring the intensity of precipitation from the cloud under study: the radar (using the relationship between the reflectivity and precipitation intensity) and satellite IR-radiometric (based on the results of sounding with the SEVERI radiometer installed at the Meteosat-8 satellite) methods. A split-window technique was used for detecting the position of the cloud top from the radiometric observations. The analysis enabled to select the best relationships for estimating the precipitation intensity from the data of radar and satellite measurements. The computations based on these relationships correspond most closely to the ground-based measurements with the precipitation gage. © 2012 Allerton Press, Inc."
"12808931100;56276992000;12809430200;","Mesoscale grid rainfall estimation from AVHRR and GMS data",2012,"10.1080/01431161.2011.622808","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84857983438&doi=10.1080%2f01431161.2011.622808&partnerID=40&md5=d5a1a7ab54d4bf7103c6c73117bcfb45","Areal rainfall averages derived from rain-gauge observations suffer from limitations not only due to sampling but also because gauges are usually distributed with a spatial bias towards populated areas and against areas with high elevation and slope. For a large river basin, however, heavy rainfall in the mountain upstream can result in severe flooding downstream. In this study, cloud-indexing and cloud model-based techniques were applied to Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) imager data based on the cloud-top brightness temperature (TB) and processed for estimating mesoscale grid rainfall. This study aims to improve and refine rainfall estimation in Malaysian monsoons based on cloud model techniques for operational pre-flood forecasting using readily available near-real-time satellite data such as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-AVHRR and GMS imager. Rain rates between 3 and 12 mm h-1 were assigned to cloud pixels of hourly coverage AVHRR or GMS data over the Langat Basin area for the duration of the monsoon rainfall event of 27 September to 8 October 2000 in Malaysia. The observed rainfall and quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) showed an R2 value of 0.9028, while the observed rainfall run-off (RR; recorded) and its simulated data had an R2 value of 0.9263 and the QPF run-off and its simulated data had an R2 value of 0.815. The rainfall estimate was used to simulate the flood event of the catchment. The estimated rainfall over the catchment showed similar flood area coverage to the observed flood event. © 2012 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC."
"36634355400;8202285000;21742977900;55152323100;","Extreme value analysis considering trends: Application to discharge data of the danube river basin",2011,"10.1007/978-3-642-14863-7_8","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84892010059&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-642-14863-7_8&partnerID=40&md5=cda86e23af48bd826d7863fdaff1c969","This chapter proposes and applies an extreme value assessment framework, which allows for auto-correlation and non-stationarity in the extremes. This is, e.g., useful to assess the anticipated intensification of the hydrological cycle due to climate change. The costs related to more frequent or more severe floods are enormous. Therefore, an adequate estimation of these hazards and the related uncertainties is of major concern. Exceedances over a threshold are assumed to be distributed according to a generalised Pareto distribution and we use a point process to approximate the data. In order to eliminate auto-correlation, the data are thinned out. Contrary to ordinary extreme value statistics, potential non-stationarity is included by allowing the model parameters to vary with time. By this, changes in frequency and magnitude of the extremes can be tracked. The model which best suits the data is selected out of a set of models which comprises the stationary model and models with a variety of polynomial and exponential trend assumptions. Analysing winter discharge data of about 50 gauges within the Danube River basin, we find trends in the extremes in about one-third of the gauges examined. The spatial pattern of the trends is not immediately interpretable. We observe neighbouring gauges often to display distinct behaviour, possibly due to non-climatic factors such as changes in land use or soil conditions. Importantly, assuming stationary models for non-stationary extremes results in biased assessment measures. The magnitude of the bias depends on the trend strength and we find up to 100% increase for the 100-year return level. The results obtained are a basis for process-oriented, physical interpretation of the trends. Moreover, common practice of water management authorities can be improved by applying the proposed methods, and costs for flood protection buildings can be calculated with higher accuracy. © 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg."
"34881976400;7005071296;","Precipitation type and profile classification for GPM-DPR",2011,"10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049432","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80955128630&doi=10.1109%2fIGARSS.2011.6049432&partnerID=40&md5=b75d872a4563102572fda16c92d22f10","The dual precipitation radar (DPR) on board the GPM (Global precipitation measurement) core observatory satellite is expected to improve our knowledge of precipitation processes. DPR offers dual frequency observations (Ku and Ka band) along the vertical profiles which allow us to investigate the microphysics using the difference between two frequency observations (measured dual frequency ratio or DFRm). DFRm has been shown in the literature to be rich in information and can be used to perform precipitation classification and hydrometeor identification. In this paper, extensive analysis is focused on validating the classification criteria from DFRm using other auxiliary information such as velocity and linear depolarization ratio (LDR) based on airborne precipitation data. The cross comparisons show good agreement and the proposed classification method provides critical information needed for developing profile classification algorithms. © 2011 IEEE."
"55347164800;55347224300;7005774088;7004005606;","Impact of selective logging and an intensive line planting system on runoff and soil erosion in a tropical Indonesian rainforest",2011,"10.2495/RM110251","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84865565755&doi=10.2495%2fRM110251&partnerID=40&md5=7129dcb17e3724e0bbe1f82fb4bda2af","Tropical forest management with selective logging and an intensive line planting system are expected to change the hydrological cycle. This study was conducted in a natural tropical rainforest of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Direct runoff and soil erosion were studied at three small catchment plots, a virgin forest catchment, a 1-year-old line plantation (2008 catchment) and a 10-year-old line plantation (1999 catchment). Direct runoff in the virgin forest catchment was 13.5% of precipitation. In the 1999 catchment and 2008 catchment, direct runoff was 31.1% and 19.7% of precipitation, respectively. The direct runoff rate in the 1999 catchment and 2008 catchment was 2.3 and 1.46 of the virgin forest catchment, respectively. Average soil erosion in the virgin forest catchment, the 1999 catchment and the 2008 catchment was 10.01 kg ha-1, 19.51 kg ha-1 and 25.83 kg ha-1, respectively. The 2008 catchment had the highest soil erosion rate at 2.58 of the virgin forest catchment. The 1999 catchment had a rate of 1.95 of the virgin forest catchment. The implementation of a forest management system should consider the impact of runoff and soil erosion. Controlling human erosional activities and finding ways to combine ecologically based vegetation structure design and soil erosion control techniques would be an effective way to control runoff and soil erosion. © 2011 WIT Press."
"55680227300;55680193900;57207078733;55689638200;","The possibilities of wax precipitation from diesel fuels at high pressure and its influence on diesel engine performance",2010,"10.4271/2010-01-1127","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85072351832&doi=10.4271%2f2010-01-1127&partnerID=40&md5=b411813ea11c72ccee58a76247b4a5c6","Under high-pressure conditions such as those existing in a common-rail system, a serious concern is the possibility of wax precipitation from diesel fuels and the consequent deterioration in the diesel engine performance, even if the temperature is higher than the CP (cloud point) of the fuel. By using a diesel engine with a common-rail system, high-acceleration tests were performed under high-load conditions for three test fuels, which correspond to Japanese JIS grade 2 diesel fuels but have different cold-temperature properties, at a temperature exceeding their CPs. The test revealed differences in the engine speed and the throttle position among the test fuels. It was suggested that there was a possibility of a fault in fuel injection caused by the wax precipitation at high pressure. In order to clarify the cause of this phenomenon, the wax precipitation pressure of the test fuels were measured at each temperature by using a wax precipitation measurement system based on an optical technique. The results indicated that the wax precipitation occurred in the fuels at a temperature of 20°C higher than the CP of the fuels under the operation pressure (approximately 130 MPa) of the common-rail system that was used for conducting the engine tests in this study. The wax precipitation pressure of market diesel fuels and model fuels were then measured at each temperature in order to clarify the relation between the wax precipitation behavior and fuel composition. The results revealed that light n-paraffins, isoparaffins, and alkyl benzenes offered an advantage in preventing wax precipitation from diesel fuels. On the other hand, mono-naphthenes, which were effective in lowering the CP, were less effective in preventing wax precipitation at high pressure. Copyright © 2010 SAE International."
"7003736731;26662283200;","Precipitation",2010,"10.1016/B978-0-444-53199-5.00027-0","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042820180&doi=10.1016%2fB978-0-444-53199-5.00027-0&partnerID=40&md5=560092a6cbc8a7f47b9f16b3800d9bea","The study of precipitation was closely linked to the birth of science, by the turn of the seventh century BC. Yet, it continues to be a fascinating research area, since several aspects of precipitation generation and evolution have not been understood, explained, and described satisfactorily. Several problems, contradictions, and even fallacies related to the perception and modeling of precipitation still exist. The huge diversity and complexity of precipitation, including its forms, extent, intermittency, intensity, and temporal and spatial distribution, do not allow easy descriptions. For example, while atmospheric thermodynamics may suffice to explain the formation of clouds, it fails to provide a solid framework for accurate deterministic predictions of the intensity and spatial extent of storms. Hence, uncertainty is prominent and its understanding and modeling unavoidably relies on probabilistic, statistical, and stochastic descriptions. However, the classical statistical models and methods may not be appropriate for precipitation, which exhibits peculiar behaviors including Hurst-Kolmogorov dynamics and multifractality. This triggered the development of some of the finest stochastic methodologies to describe these behaviors. Inevitably, because deduction based on deterministic laws becomes problematic, as far as precipitation is concerned, the need for observation of precipitation becomes evident. Modern remote-sensing technologies (radars and satellites) have greatly assisted the observation of precipitation over the globe, whereas modern stochastic techniques have made the utilization of traditional rain gauge measurements easier and more accurate. This chapter reviews existing knowledge in the area of precipitation. Its focus is on the small- and large-scale physical mechanisms that govern the process of precipitation, technologies and methods to estimate precipitation in both space and time, and stochastic approaches to model the variable character of precipitation and assess the distribution of its extremes. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"7102084129;","Cloud top microphysics as a tool for precipitation measurements",2007,"10.1007/978-1-4020-5835-6_6","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-82455165943&doi=10.1007%2f978-1-4020-5835-6_6&partnerID=40&md5=2d05b44d577852973f097fe26943f659",[No abstract available]
"7006506458;57207518890;","Stereophotography of rain drops and compound poisson - Cascade processes",2006,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-75149158908&partnerID=40&md5=b161e6cf16e1cf6984f10151feb3de7d","Precipitation and clouds are fundamentally point-like but when averaged over larger enough scales are usually considered to be continuous and are mathematically modeled using fields (or densities of measures). Until recently when it has been essential to have a particle description, the latter have been modeled using uniform Poisson processes in which the number density of particles is considered uniform in space and/or time. Since empirical drop distributions (typically measured with disdrometers) are never spatially or temporally homogeneous, attempts have been made to model the heterogeneity using classical compound Poisson processes in which heterogeneity over narrow ranges of scales ""control"" the Poisson process. While the disdrometer based experiments have increasingly recognized the importance of drop heterogeneity, there has been a growing consensus - at least over the smaller scales - that atmospheric turbulence can be accurately modeled by cascade processes in which energy and other conservative fluxes are concentrated into a hierarchy sparse fractal sets, (more precisely, multifractal measures) in which the heterogeneity occurs over huge ranges of space-time scales in a power law manner. Since the turbulent wind and the drops are strongly coupled, it is natural to suppose that the drop heterogeneity also occurs over wide ranges, and that the latter is largely ""controlled"" by the turbulence. Recently [Lovejoy, et al., 2003], [Lilley, et al, 2005] the connection between the drop statistics and (Corrsin-Obukov) turbulence has been directly made thanks to the use of stereophotography of rain drops in 10m3 volumes (the ""HYDROP"" experiment [Desaulniers-Soucy., et al., 2001]). In this paper, we show how the turbulence and particle processes can be combined in a nonclassical compound Poisson-cascade process and we verify the result on the HYDROP data. The key is the liquid water density ρ variance flux (Χ) which - following the HYDROP observations and Corrsin-Obukhov passive scalar theory - is conserved from scale to scale (it is the basic multifractal field). The link to the particle description is via the particle number density (n); we show how this can be determined from Χ and the turbulent energy flux ε; we theoretically predict a (classical) k-5/3 spectrum for ρ and a new k-2 spectrum for n which we confirm is close to observations. In order to perform simulations respecting these turbulence constraints we start with cascade models of Χ and ε cut-off by viscosity at the dissipation scale (roughly 1cm). From these fluxes we determine ρ and n by fractional integration. At scales below 10cm or so, there is typically only one drop in the corresponding sphere; we interpret n as the number density of a (compound) Poisson process and randomly determine the positions of the ith particle: xi. The masses mi, are determined from a unit exponential (Marshall-Palmer) random variable ui: m i=uiρ(xi)/n(xi). The resulting measure (mi, xi) has the observed energy spectrum, the observed multifractal statistics (including the transition from particle scales to field scales) it also has realistic probability (fat tailed, power law) distributions for total mass in a large sphere M. In this case, it predicts a power law with exponent qD=3 (this is an exact result coming from theory and dimensional analysis). We show both on numerical simulations and on the HYDROP data that this prediction is accurately obeyed. In addition, it potentially explains several reports that qDap;3 for the rain rate. Since it incorporates (in a highly inhomogeneous framework) the Marshall-Palmer exponential drop distribution as well as a Poisson particle process, it bridges the gap between classical and turbulence approaches. Numerical simulations spanning the range 1cm to 1000km can be readily produced. These simulations can be used for simulating radar reflectivity factors, effective radar reflectivity factors; extensions of the model can be used to simulate rain rates and rain gauges. These models can thus potentially solve various precipitation observer problems."
"7006748820;","Analysis of an anomalously severe thunderstorm system over Northern Ireland",2003,"10.1016/S0169-8095(03)00044-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0141738360&doi=10.1016%2fS0169-8095%2803%2900044-9&partnerID=40&md5=377e7df826bbe46f24e7f9132cebc92f","In Northern Ireland, as elsewhere in Europe, attempts to reduce the societal impacts of severe convective storms are constrained by underestimations in frequency and intensity of extreme events within the present-day climate regime. Such underestimations also present difficulties in estimating probabilities of extreme storm frequency and intensity in relation to future climate change scenarios. Detailed analyses of past extreme events enhance the robustness of hydrometeorological and climatological models, and improve human perception of the true nature of present climate. In Northern Ireland, extensive thunderstorm development is infrequent due to relatively low relief and limited severe convectional activity in summer. On 25-26 July 1985 extensive thunderstorm activity occurred accompanied by hailstones 3 cm in diameter, some of the largest on record to fall over the Province. The event predates operation of the Northern Ireland component of the UK rainfall radar network. Nevertheless, utilizing quality- controlled autographic rain gauge records and radiosonde data, the synoptic situation was examined and the mesoscale precipitation signatures determined throughout the duration of thunderstorm activity. Within the cyclonic circulation covering Northern Ireland for much of the day, potential instability existed at three levels and on release the buoyant upward motion resulted in clouds of more than 11 km in depth. While upland areas recorded 30 to 50 mm, the greatest precipitation totals of up to 85 mm were received in lowland areas around Lough Neagh. Several lowland sites recorded rainfall totals and intensities with frequencies of about 1 in 100 years. Significant thunderstorm activity occurred over a period of 11 h and resulted in serious flooding. Observed mesoscale precipitation patterns displayed limited evidence of orographic enhancement within the moist southeast to south airflow. At best, orography assisted in terms of initial uplift, but thereafter precipitation distribution was reliant upon thunderstorm cell structure and movement with input from local site and exposure influences. A factor possibly reducing the potential for marked orographic enhancement was the absence of strong winds at low levels. Mesoscale precipitation patterns suggested enhancement locally around the west and north shores of Lough Neagh. Energy exchanges between the Lough surface and the overlying atmosphere may have had repercussions upon water vapour content and buoyancy within the cyclonic south to southeasterly airflow, leading to this precipitation enhancement. Occurrence in the Mournes of hailstones 3 cm in diameter was indicative of the strength and endurance of the updraught component within individually propagating cells. The remarkable amounts and high intensities of rainfall, accompanied by large hailstone development, emphasized the importance of the synoptic event within the climatological history of Northern Ireland. With an absence of notable orographic enhancement of precipitation, the event also highlighted the occurrence of deviations from the mean precipitation patterns normally expected within cyclonic circulations. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
"6603027309;7006739541;6505636150;","Investigation of the land use / land cover change in the Upper Ouémé Catchment, Benin (West-Africa) for the set up of a coherent development plan",2001,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035569178&partnerID=40&md5=60733bf0851c7873a2433e8c3cb1e0a9","Within the last decades a dramatic change occurred in the land use / land cover in West-Africa. The reasons causing this evolution are manifold, e.g. the population increase, the climatic change and therewith related changes of the hydrological conditions. The alteration of the hydrologic/climatic conditions have a strong influence on the living conditions of the local inhabitants. When the basic conditions of life (water, food) are at risk, the potential for conflicts amongst the citizens increases sharply. To give prognoses for the future development, and for risk assessment it is important to investigate the land use / land cover changes and their interaction with the hydrological cycle within the last decades. Besides the detailed documentation of the changes it is necessary to understand the mechanisms and the triggers of land use change. Within the framework of the IMPETUS Project the land use changes in the Upper Ouémé Catchment (Benin) between 1975 and 2000 are investigated. Thereby two temporal scales matter: On one hand the seasonal vegetation dynamics and on the other the longer term decennial changes. For that task different satellite systems are utilised. The description of the seasonal vegetation dynamics within a period of 18 months is done on the basis of NOAA-AVHRR images. Additional LANDSAT-7 ETM, ENVISAT and MODIS scenes provide information about the land use / land cover in a higher resolution. This analysis of the vegetation dynamics are backed by intensive ""ground truth"" campaigns during which data about the leaf area index, the biomass and the spectral signatures are collected in the test area."
"6602421589;6603919779;7005809150;6601936458;57214703539;57212830103;36813875300;14325652800;57218943137;6602285028;","Results of experiments on convective precipitation enhancement in the Camaguey experimental area, Cuba",1996,"10.1175/1520-0450(1996)035<1524:ROEOCP>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030390132&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0450%281996%29035%3c1524%3aROEOCP%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=dd45ebe4eff7d3bffc7c8405748997ce","Experiments on randomized seeding of individual convective clouds and cloud clusters were conducted in the Camaguey experimental area, Cuba, from 1985 through 1990 in order to elucidate whether cold-cloud dynamic seeding can be used to augment convective rainfall. An information measuring system was set up, and primary tools included three instrumented aircraft (AN-26, AN-12 CYCLONE, IL-14), MRL-5 and ARS-3 radars, a system for radiosounding, two special rain gauge networks, and surface weather stations. A total of 232 randomized experiments were carried out during this experimentation period, and 117 individual clouds and 115 cloud clusters were studied during 136 ""go"" days. Pyrotechnic flares containing silver iodide were ejected in a selected cloud when the seeder aircraft was flying through its top. The seeding effects were monitored by the MRL-5 radar, which was equipped with an automated system for digital processing of data. A total of 46 convective clouds, 29 seeded and 17 nonseeded, were studied during an exploratory experiment in 1985. Analyses of the radar properties of seeded and nonseeded clouds have indicated that the response of convective clouds to AgI seeding is dependent on their type, and the treatment within the range of cloud tops from 6 to 8 km - that is, at top temperatures between -10° and -20°C, is found to increase their maximum height by 13% and the lifetime by 30%, and to enhance rainfall. A confirmatory phase of the experiment in the Camaguey experimental area was conducted during 1986-90. A total of 46 individual convective clouds, 24 seeded and 22 nonseeded, were identified, and their properties were determined using three-dimensional radar data. The results have shown that the AgI seeding of growing clouds with top temperatures over the range from -10° to -20°C increases their lifetime by 24%, maximum height by 9%, area by 64%, and rain volume by 120%, as compared to unseeded clouds. The lifetime, area, and rainfall results are significant at better than the 10% level using the Mann-Whitney test. A total of 82 cluster cells, 42 seeded and 40 nonseeded, were studied. An analysis of stratified data has shown that as in the case of individual clouds, the greatest positive effect was achieved when treating the cells with top temperatures between -10° and -20°C. The seeding increased the lifetime by 21%, maximum cell height by 17%, maximum cell area by 28%, and rain volume by 65% at better than the 5% level. The results of cold-cloud dynamic seeding in Cuba are very consistent with those obtained in Florida, West Texas, and Thailand."
"6504476330;55297879200;57214933774;","Postglacial palaeo-ecological evolution of the Molenbeek-Mombeekvalley",1994,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028676501&partnerID=40&md5=706c40d8b506c9f74869deb203bb677d","For reconstruction of the palaeohydrology of the last 15,000 years in the loess region the small river basin of the Molenbeek-Mombeek was chosen. Its valley bottom was explored in numerous borings in a series of cross profiles. Type borings were chosen for sedimentological and palynological analysis and determination of the macro-remains of plants and molluscs. During the Late-Glacial the valley bottom lays in general 6 m below the present level on Weichselian loess loams. A migrating river deposits coarse gravelly channel sands and slightly humic inundation sediments; vegetation is limited mostly to Carex sp. and Betula. A generalised peaty layer indicates a stable landscape during the Allerod with extensive sedge fields and birch thickets. A renewal of detritic sedimentation coincides with reduction of vegetation to cyperaceous species during the Younger Dryas. Autochtonous peat development marks the Preboreal with first sedge-, later Typha-marshes and birch forests; tufa deposits become important and prove throughout the Boreal the dominance of chemical erosion. At the beginning of the Atlanticum the valley bottom marshes are transformed in Urtica-rich Alnetum; the appearance of loamy alluvia signals the start of soil erosion due to growing deforestation. From then on an alternation of more peaty and more detritic sediments on the continuously upbuilding alluvial plain is thought to reflect the intensity of human impact on the hydrological cycle by changing land use."
"57206013309;6603812667;7102730126;","An intercomparison of the numerical predictions of the BMRC and JMA global spectral models",1989,"10.2151/jmsj1965.67.5_705","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-4143107562&doi=10.2151%2fjmsj1965.67.5_705&partnerID=40&md5=62302e5184791f3b6b874ad9a817790f","Ten 5-day forecasts have been performed to compare the error characteristics of the global spectral models of the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology Research Center (BMRC). Operational global analyses for July 1983 obtained from the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) are used as initial conditions for both models. Differences in the hydrological cycle in the two models are found to be evident. Strong precipitation and evaporation in the BMRC model integrations are associated with the parameterization of cumulus convection and also the initializing of the model moisture field; strong heating due to cumulus convection results in a positive bias of the upper troposphere in the BMRC model. The hydrological cycle of the JMA model is less intense than that of the BMRC model and more in accord with the climatic estimates. Details in the application of the connective parameterization based on Kuo’s scheme and the radiative parameterization appear to explain some of these differences between the two models. Sensible heat flux from the surface is considered to be too small in both models. The diagnosis of cloud amount in the JMA model has introduced some systematic error in cooling rates in the upper troposphere in the arctic region. This problem is not evident in the simpler scheme used in the BMRC model where climatological cloud amounts are prescribed. The characteristics of the errors in the wind field prediction are similar in the two models with the major exception being the excessive upper tropical easterlies in the BMRC model. The JMA model includes a parameterization of gravity wave drag which is not included in this version of the BMRC model; this appears to be relevant to the generally more intense zonal flow in the winter hemisphere. © 1989, Meteorological Society of Japan."
"7003757956;","Monitoring of precipitation with Meteosat",1989,"10.1016/0273-1177(89)90183-X","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-2642649960&doi=10.1016%2f0273-1177%2889%2990183-X&partnerID=40&md5=673ffdbc315285fc100a738c9c73ff00","Rainfall has been estimated at the European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) since 1985 using the ESOC Precipitation Index (EPI), a statistical cloud indexing method which assumes that the larger the cold cloud core, the heavier the precipitation. The index has been converted into rainfall by applying the linear regression method to the EPI and observed precipitation from a high-density network of rain-gauges. The accuracy of the method as a function of geographical location and season has been assessed. The results on the geographical applicability of the method indicated that the estimation of precipitation is plausible only in the tropical areas exposed to convective precipitation. In the subtropical zone, where frontal rains frequently occur, the technique has little skill. The study of the seasonal variations revealed that estimated rainfall was well in line with the observed values for all the seasons except for the transition period from the dry to the rainy season, when the method largely overestimated the observed rainfall. © 1989."
"57208669957;56083175200;55498128600;57201026835;55073323400;36619287400;57191637540;57213229285;57213679354;","Effects of vegetation restoration on groundwater drought in the Loess Plateau, China",2020,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125566","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85092477742&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2020.125566&partnerID=40&md5=bafc605cfeaa41ab8245045b5b72562b","The Loess Plateau (LP) is a typical water-limited area. Since the revegetation plan started in 1999, the rapid growth of vegetation has not only significantly changed the local water cycle, but also probably affected regional groundwater drought. However, the effect of revegetation on groundwater drought remains largely unexplored. To this end, we isolated the groundwater anomalies from terrestrial water storage of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellites and soil moisture of the Global Land Data Assimilation System, and further used the drought severity index to characterize groundwater drought. The evolution characteristics of groundwater drought in the LP were analyzed, and the effect of revegetation plan on groundwater drought were explored. Results indicated that: (1) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) during 2003 ~ 2015 in the LP was growing rapidly, meanwhile, groundwater storage significantly decreased (p < 0.01) and groundwater drought intensified in terms of its area and intensity; (2) compared with meteorological factors, NDVI is more strikingly correlated (p < 0.05) with groundwater drought on annual, seasonal and monthly scales, especially near the key areas of vegetation restoration; (3) the growth rate of vegetation is a dominant factor affecting groundwater drought in the LP, in which the groundwater consumption rate caused by vegetation dynamics in the significant area is higher than non-significant area. Our research results provide guidance for formulation scientific and sustainable ecological restoration policies in the LP, and also offer new ideas for the study of the relationship between vegetation and groundwater drought. © 2020 Elsevier B.V."
"57204877899;57204635171;57213189343;","Evaluation and integration of reanalysis rainfall products under contrasting climatic conditions in India",2020,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105121","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85087587663&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2020.105121&partnerID=40&md5=ebb1bafd955f9515ea465dec5ef2c23c","Advancements in science and technology lead to the development of different sensors that measure precipitation, an intrinsic component of the hydrological cycle. As conventional rainfall measurement is tedious, satellite precipitation products are being developed. In the current study, the newly released ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) ReAnalysis (ERA-5) along with the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS) dataset was statistically evaluated against Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) gridded data and was employed for streamflow simulations using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model in five contrasting climatic regions of India. Distinct calibration scenarios were developed to test the performance of these reanalysis datasets for simulating streamflow. From categorical and continuous statistical results, ERA-5 exhibited better performance in detecting low (0–5 mm/h) and medium intensity (6–25 mm/h) rainfall, whereas CHIRPS manifested better performance in detecting high intensity rainfall events (>25 mm/h). CHIRPS proved to be effective in simulating streamflows in three out of five basins, whereas IMD exhibited better performance in the other two basins leaving ERA-5 with poor performance for streamflow simulations in all the basins. It was also observed that Satellite Precipitation Products (SPP's) are accurate in humid and tropical regions when compared to arid and semi-arid regions. The worst performance was exhibited in the Ponnaiyar river basin by SPP's and hence bias correction and integration techniques were applied to improve the performance of streamflow simulations further. The novel integration of SPP employing nudging scheme yielded better streamflow simulations when forced into SWAT hydrological model compared to the streamflow simulations obtained when loaded with bias-corrected and raw datasets. The implemented nudging scheme improved the performance of streamflow simulations and hence can be implemented in any basin that is ungauged or resulting in poor hydrological modeling performance when employed with one SPP. The adopted nudging scheme will be highly useful to generate long-term consistent precipitation records in an ungauged or poorly gauged river basin. © 2020 Elsevier B.V."
"57210830347;56708159600;35369614200;57193621570;25824501100;","The Effect of Flooding and Drainage Duration on the Release of Trace Elements from Floodplain Soils",2020,"10.1002/etc.4830","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090357575&doi=10.1002%2fetc.4830&partnerID=40&md5=77a3106fb91bb2737d507ef4930f20bd","Floodplains downstream of urban catchments are sinks for potentially toxic trace elements. An intensification of the hydrological cycle and changing land use will result in floodplains becoming inundated for longer durations in the future. We collected intact soil cores from a floodplain meadow downstream of an urban catchment and subjected them to an inundation/drainage cycle in the laboratory to investigate the effect of flood duration on trace element concentrations in the soil porewater. The porewater concentrations of Ni, Cr, and Zn increased, whereas Cu and Pb decreased with flood duration. All the Cr present in porewaters was identified as Cr(III). Copper concentrations increased after drainage but Pb mobility remained suppressed. Both pH and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) increased with flood duration but were lower in treatments that were drained for the longest duration (which were also the treatments flooded for the shortest duration). The porewater concentrations of Cr and Ni decreased after drainage to levels below those observed before inundation, mirroring the DOC concentrations. We concluded that the duration of floodplain inundation does have an influence on the environmental fate of trace elements but that flooding does not influence all trace elements in the same way. The implications of an intensification of the hydrological cycle over the coming decades are that floodplains may become a source of some trace elements to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2124–2135. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC"
"56603476400;55712621800;23981451700;","Comparative modeling of the effect of thinning on canopy interception loss in a semiarid black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) plantation in Northwest China",2020,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125234","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086991170&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2020.125234&partnerID=40&md5=88a452e88b6b01a3b193301ea6748a88","Canopy interception loss is a key component of forest hydrological cycle that determine the amount of net rainfall reaching forest floor together with drought/climate stressors affecting dryland forest plantations. A good understanding of the relationship between canopy interception loss and forest management such as thinning is important for improved watershed management and ecological services. In this study, we measured event-based rainfall partitioning for a thinned (TH, with 38% basal area removed) and a control (CT) Robinia pseudoacacia forest plantation during leafed and leafless seasons in 2015 in the semiarid Loess Plateau region in China. Interception loss from both forest plots were simulated using the Revised Gash Analytical Model (RGAM) and the WiMo model. The results showed that observed annual throughfall, stemflow and interception loss were respectively 80.8%, 1.7% and 17.5% of the gross rainfall under CT. The corresponding values under TH were 87.9%, 0.8% and 11.3%, respectively. The RGAM and WiMo models were well calibrated and validated using filed data collected in leafed and leafless seasons. The analyses suggested that models accurately predicated interception loss under both CT and TH conditions and captured seasonal variations in canopy and meteorological parameters. The RGAM model was most sensitive to the ratio of mean evaporation rate to mean rainfall intensity, and canopy storage capacity in leafed season, and to the ratio of mean evaporation rate to mean rainfall intensity in leafless season. Moreover, 37.2% and 42.1% of the interception in leafed season evaporated from the canopy respectively during rainfall event and after rainfall. The corresponding values for leafless season were respectively 49.3% and 22.4%. Overall, the performance of the optimized RGAM and WiMo models were satisfactory with respect to modeling error (−6.9 − −2.9%) and Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency (0.80–0.94), although that of the optimized RGAM model was slightly superior to WiMo model. The models would facilitate the implementation of water-oriented management in semiarid forest plantations through a more accurate simulation of the impact of thinning on interception loss. © 2020 Elsevier B.V."
"57191171601;26433470700;57215026383;57218511493;57218513276;","Climate regime shift and forest loss amplify fire in Amazonian forests",2020,"10.1111/gcb.15279","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089360533&doi=10.1111%2fgcb.15279&partnerID=40&md5=468307b76b185e136e9b05a1165a04fd","Frequent Amazonian fires over the last decade have raised the alarm about the fate of the Earth's most biodiverse forest. The increased fire frequency has been attributed to altered hydrological cycles. However, observations over the past few decades have demonstrated hydrological changes that may have opposing impacts on fire, including higher basin-wide precipitation and increased drought frequency and severity. Here, we use multiple satellite observations and climate reanalysis datasets to demonstrate compelling evidence of increased fire susceptibility in response to climate regime shifts across Amazonia. We show that accumulated forest loss since 2000 warmed and dried the lower atmosphere, which reduced moisture recycling and resulted in increased drought extent and severity, and subsequent fire. Extremely dry and wet events accompanied with hot days have been more frequent in Amazonia due to climate shift and forest loss. Simultaneously, intensified water vapor transport from the tropical Pacific and Atlantic increased high-altitude atmospheric humidity and heavy rainfall events, but those events did not alleviate severe and long-lasting droughts. Amazonia fire risk is most significant in the southeastern region where tropical savannas undergo long seasonally dry periods. We also find that fires have been expanding through the wet–dry transition season and northward to savanna–forest transition and tropical seasonal forest regions in response to increased forest loss at the “Arc of Deforestation.” Tropical forests, which have adapted to historically moist conditions, are less resilient and easily tip into an alternative state. Our results imply forest conservation and fire protection options to reduce the stress from positive feedback between forest loss, climate change, and fire. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd"
"7005890897;6603768446;22986726400;","Comparison of GPM DPR and Airborne Radar Observations in OLYMPEX",2020,"10.1109/LGRS.2019.2952287","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086310235&doi=10.1109%2fLGRS.2019.2952287&partnerID=40&md5=780c9f0adb65f8025056b98b9b7048b1","Previous work has shown that the relatively large resolution volume of spaceborne precipitation radars can affect precipitation measurements in several ways. During the Olympic Mountains Experiment (OLYMPEX), Ku-and Ka-band airborne radar measurements of precipitation were obtained during two Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) overpasses, one case over land and one case over ocean. The authors compare the GPM-measured radar quantities with the same quantities inferred from the higher spatial resolution airborne radar data. Differences include smaller maximum reflectivity and path attenuation and more significant surface clutter in mountainous areas for GPM. © 2004-2012 IEEE."
"7004003763;56517292000;8603242500;7006575272;7004242319;57219143840;57192869079;","Structure of an Atmospheric River Over Australia and the Southern Ocean. Part I: Tropical and Midlatitude Water Vapor Fluxes",2020,"10.1029/2020JD032513","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85091408350&doi=10.1029%2f2020JD032513&partnerID=40&md5=29e5603166bb2bdb20d97b2e29ab16b8","An atmospheric river (AR) impacting Tasmania, Australia, and the Southern Ocean during the austral summer on 28–29 January 2018 during the Southern Ocean Clouds, Radiation, Aerosol Transport Experimental Study campaign is analyzed using a modeling and observational approach. Gulfstream-V dropsonde measurements and Global Precipitation Measurement radar analyses were used in conjunction with Weather Research and Forecasting model simulations with water vapor tracers to investigate the relative contributions of tropical and midlatitude moisture sources to the AR. Moisture associated with a monsoonal tropical depression became entrained into a midlatitude frontal system that extended to 60°S, reaching the associated low-pressure system 850 km off the coast of Antarctica—effectively connecting the tropics and the polar region. Tropical moisture contributed to about 50% of the precipitable water within the AR as the flow moved over the Southern Ocean near Tasmania. The tropical contribution to precipitation decreased with latitude, from &gt;70% over Australia, to ~50% off the Australian coast, to less than 5% poleward of 55°S. The integrated vapor transport (IVT) through the core of the AR reached above 500 kg m−1 s−1 during 1200 UTC 28 January to 0600 UTC 29 January, 1.29 times the average amount of water carried by the world's largest terrestrial river, the Amazon. The high IVT strength might be attributed to the higher water vapor content associated with the warmer temperatures across Australia and the Southern Ocean in austral summer. ©2020. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"50461298700;55694926900;57212541532;54685362000;6603501210;23569733900;36571951300;55469664200;7404305918;","Multiscale land use impacts on water quality: Assessment, planning, and future perspectives in Brazil",2020,"10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110879","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086447899&doi=10.1016%2fj.jenvman.2020.110879&partnerID=40&md5=31d8d2f9ba56215018ff73bf026a4be8","Brazil contains the largest volume of freshwater of any nation in the world; however, this essential natural resource is threatened by rapid increases in water consumption and water quality degradation, mainly as a result of anthropogenic pressures. Declining water quality has become an increasingly more significant global concern as economic activities and human populations expand and climate change markedly alters hydrological cycles. Changes in land-use/land-cover (LULC) pattern have been recognized as a major driver of water quality degradation, however different LULC types and intensities affect water quality in different ways. In addition, the relationships between LULC and water quality may differ for different spatial and temporal scales. The increase in deforestation, agricultural expansion, and urban sprawl in Brazil highlights the need for water quality protection to ensure immediate human needs and to maintain the quality of water supplies in the long-term. Thus, this manuscript provides an overview of the relationships between LULC and water quality in Brazil, aiming at understanding the effects of different LULC types on water quality, how spatial and temporal scales contribute to these effects, and how such knowledge can improve watershed management and future projections. In general, agriculture and urban areas are the main LULCs responsible for water quality degradation in Brazil. However, although representing a small percentage of the territory, mining has a high impact on water quality. Water quality variables respond differently at different spatial scales, so spatial extent is an important aspect to be considered in studies and management. LULC impacts on water quality also vary seasonally and lag effects mean they take time to occur. Forest restoration can improve water quality and multicriteria evaluation has been applied to identify priority areas for forest restoration and conservation aiming at protecting water quality, but both need further exploration. Watershed modelling has been applied to simulate future impacts of LULC change on water quality, but data availability must be improved to increase the number, locations and duration of studies. Because of the international nature of watersheds and the consistent relationships between land use and water quality in Brazil, we believe our results will also aid water management in other countries. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd"
"57209719200;55474029900;57218795570;56488934500;55964161900;16304275100;56093001200;56070404600;","A climatic perspective on the impacts of global warming on water cycle of cold mountainous catchments in the tibetan plateau: A case study in yarlung zangbo river basin",2020,"10.3390/W12092338","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090268403&doi=10.3390%2fW12092338&partnerID=40&md5=3b5b74c1243d3dff15da2d065a021399","Global warming has a profound influence on global and regional water cycles, especially in the cold mountainous area. However, detecting and quantifying such changes are still difficult because noise and variability in observed streamflow are relatively larger than the long-term trends. In this study, the impacts of global warming on the catchment water cycles in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin (YZRB), one of most important catchments in south of the Tibetan Plateau, are quantified using a climatic approach based on the relationship between basin-scale groundwater storage and low flow at the annual time scale. By using a quantile regression method and flow recession analysis, changes in low flow regimes and basin-scale groundwater storage at the Nuxia hydrological station are quantified at the annual time scale during 1961-2000. Results show annual low flows (10th and 25th annual flows) of the YZRB have decreased significantly, while long-term annual precipitation, total streamflow, and high flows are statistically unchanged. Annual lowest seven-day flow shows a significantly downward trend (2.2 m3/s/a, p &lt; 0.05) and its timing has advanced about 12 days (2.8 day/10a, p &lt; 0.1) during the study period. Estimated annual basin-scale groundwater storage also shows a significant decreasing trend at a rate of 0.079 mm/a (p &lt; 0.05) over the study period. Further analysis suggests that evaporation increase, decreased snow-fraction, and increased annual precipitation intensity induced by the rising temperature possibly are the drivers causing a significant decline in catchment low flow regimes and groundwater storage in the study area. This highlights that an increase in temperature has likely already caused significant changes in regional flow regimes in the high and cold mountainous regions, which has alarming consequences in regional ecological protection and sustainable water resources management. © 2020 by the authors."
"57218165162;56303050800;55510783800;","Evaluation of rainfall forecasts by three mesoscale models during the Mei-Yu season of 2008 in Taiwan. Part III: Application of an object-oriented verification method",2020,"10.3390/atmos11070705","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85088149205&doi=10.3390%2fatmos11070705&partnerID=40&md5=958360ae817df36e02a4a440e29e258d","In this study, the performances of Mei-yu (May-June) quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) in Taiwan by three mesoscale models: the Cloud-Resolving Storm Simulator (CReSS), the Central Weather Bureau (CWB) Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF), and the CWB Non-hydrostatic Forecast System (NFS) are explored and compared using an newly-developed object-oriented verification method, with particular focus on the various properties or attributes of rainfall objects identified. Against a merged dataset from ~400 rain gauges in Taiwan and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data in the 2008 season, the object-based analysis is carried out to complement the subjective analysis in a parallel study. The Mei-yu QPF skill is seen to vary with different aspects of rainfall objects among the three models. The CReSS model has a total rainfall production closest to the observation but a large number of smaller objects, resulting in more frequent and concentrated rainfall. In contrast, both WRF and NFS tend to under-forecast the number of objects and total rainfall, but with a higher proportion of bigger objects. Location errors inferred from object centroid locations appear in all three models, as CReSS, NFS, and WRF exhibit a tendency to simulate objects slightly south, east, and northwest with respect to the observation. Most rainfall objects are aligned close to an E-W direction in CReSS, in best agreement with the observation, but many towards the NE-SW direction in both WRF and NFS. For each model, the objects are matched with the observed ones, and the results of the matched pairs are also discussed. Overall, though preliminarily, the CReSS model, with a finer grid size, emerges as best performing model for Mei-yu QPFs. © 2020 by the authors."
"56830292200;36967944000;10339477400;6603433697;7402207328;16313476100;57192172007;56134359300;55778084100;7003499456;","Observed changes in dry-season water availability attributed to human-induced climate change",2020,"10.1038/s41561-020-0594-1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85087362907&doi=10.1038%2fs41561-020-0594-1&partnerID=40&md5=7b385f389830ddb953cde27d5714fb77","Human-induced climate change impacts the hydrological cycle and thus the availability of water resources. However, previous assessments of observed warming-induced changes in dryness have not excluded natural climate variability and show conflicting results due to uncertainties in our understanding of the response of evapotranspiration. Here we employ data-driven and land-surface models to produce observation-based global reconstructions of water availability from 1902 to 2014, a period during which our planet experienced a global warming of approximately 1 °C. Our analysis reveals a spatial pattern of changes in average water availability during the driest month of the year over the past three decades compared with the first half of the twentieth century, with some regions experiencing increased and some decreased water availability. The global pattern is consistent with climate model estimates that account for anthropogenic effects, and it is not expected from natural climate variability, supporting human-induced climate change as the cause. There is regional evidence of drier dry seasons predominantly in extratropical latitudes and including Europe, western North America, northern Asia, southern South America, Australia and eastern Africa. We also find that the intensification of the dry season is generally a consequence of increasing evapotranspiration rather than decreasing precipitation. © 2020, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited."
"57202644034;7006575272;7004242319;","Evaluation of the microphysical assumptions within GPM-DPR using ground-based observations of rain and snow",2020,"10.3390/atmos11060619","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086994611&doi=10.3390%2fatmos11060619&partnerID=40&md5=268f1c8dfa5c1844d93ac63f8b3701ba","The Global Precipitation Measurement Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (GPM-DPR) provides an opportunity to investigate hydrometeor properties. Here, an evaluation of the microphysical framework used within the GPM-DPR retrieval was undertaken using ground-based disdrometer measurements in both rain and snow with an emphasis on the evaluation of snowfall retrieval. Disdrometer measurements of rain show support for the two separate prescribed relations within the GPM-DPR algorithmbetween the precipitation rate (R) and themassweightedmean diameter (Dm) with a mean absolute percent error (MAPE) on R of 29% and 47% and a mean bias percentage (MBP) of-6% and-20% for the stratiform and convective relation, respectively. Ground-based disdrometer measurements of snow show higher MAPE and MBP values in the retrieval of R, at 77% and 52%, respectively, compared to the stratiform rain relation. An investigation using the disdrometer-measured fall velocity andmass in the calculation of R and Dm illustrates that the variability found in hydrometeor mass causes a poor correlation between R and Dm in snowfall. The results presented here suggest that R-Dm retrieval is likely not optimal in snowfall, and other retrieval techniques for R should be explored. © 2020 by the authors."
"57202544679;57189622003;7003568136;57201596368;8873325000;7006630558;","Forest management influences the effects of streamside wet areas on stream ecosystems",2020,"10.1002/eap.2077","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85085712357&doi=10.1002%2feap.2077&partnerID=40&md5=479930f502586951c3aaaf54c4f111b8","Riparian zones contain areas of strong hydrological connectivity between land and stream, referred to as variable source areas (VSAs), and are considered biogeochemical control points. However, little is known about whether VSAs influence stream communities and whether this connectivity is affected by forest management. To address this, we used multiple biotic and abiotic indicators to (1) examine the influence of VSAs on riparian vegetation and stream ecosystems by comparing VSA and non-VSA reaches and (2) explore how forest management may affect the influence of VSAs on stream ecosystems. We detected some significant differences between VSA and non-VSA reaches in the riparian vegetation (greater understory and lower tree density) and stream ecosystem indicators (greater dissolved organic matter aromaticity, microbial biomass, peroxidase activity and collector-gatherer density, and lower dissolved organic carbon concentrations, algal biomass, and predatory macroinvertebrate density), which suggests that VSAs may create a more heterotrophic ecosystem locally. However, we show some evidence that forest management activities (specifically, road density) can alter the influence of VSAs and eliminate the differences observed at lower forest management intensities, and that the most hydrologically connected areas seem more sensitive to disturbance. Therefore, we suggest that the heterogeneity in hydrological connectivity along riparian zones should be considered when planning forest harvesting operations and road building (e.g., wider riparian buffers around VSAs). © 2020 by the Ecological Society of America"
"57215682046;14035981200;57215726113;","Hong Kong’s landslip warning system—40 years of progress",2020,"10.1007/s10346-020-01379-6","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85081700641&doi=10.1007%2fs10346-020-01379-6&partnerID=40&md5=a296e083a408317edd7b883569760c26","Early warning systems have often been considered an effective risk mitigation tools for landslides. In 1977, the Geotechnical Engineering Office (GEO) of Hong Kong government established the world’s first territorial-wide early warning system for landslide disaster. The Landslip Warning System (LWS) has then been continuously enhanced and upgraded in response to the enrichment of rainfall and landslide database, advancement in instrumentation techniques and change in public perception of landslide risk over the last 40 years. This article consolidates the extensive experience of Hong Kong in using the landslip early warning system (LEWS) as a landslide risk management tool. A comprehensive review on the development process of the rainfall-landslide prediction models is presented. The landslide prediction model evolved from a rainfall duration-intensity model (late 1970) to a simple rainfall threshold model (middle 1980 to late 1990), then to a rainfall-landslide density model (early 2000) and rainfall-landslide frequency model (middle 2000s onward). Through regular review and update of the prediction model taking into account the availability of more recent data and activities that alter landslide risks, the performance of prediction model could be enhanced. The number of rain gauges expanded from 20 to 92 to support the operation of different generations of LWS. The GEO is currently adopting internet of thing (IOT) and cloud computing technology to enhance the resilience of the LWS, especially during extreme weather condition. © 2020, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature."
"35101612400;57203123858;24460392200;14041949800;7003696273;","Microwave and submillimeter wave scattering of oriented ice particles",2020,"10.5194/amt-13-2309-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086116904&doi=10.5194%2famt-13-2309-2020&partnerID=40&md5=c929ee65e794a1992dbf5c4979b181c5","Microwave (1-300GHz) dual-polarization measurements above 100GHz are so far sparse, but they consistently show polarized scattering signals of ice clouds. Existing scattering databases of realistically shaped ice crystals for microwaves and submillimeter waves (> 300GHz) typically assume total random orientation, which cannot explain the polarized signals. Conceptual models show that the polarization signals are caused by oriented ice particles. Only a few works that consider oriented ice crystals exist, but they are limited to microwaves only. Assuming azimuthally randomly oriented ice particles with a fixed but arbitrary tilt angle, we produced scattering data for two particle habits (51 hexagonal plates and 18 plate aggregates), 35 frequencies between 1 and 864GHz, and 3 temperatures (190, 230 and 270K). In general, the scattering data of azimuthally randomly oriented particles depend on the incidence angle and two scattering angles, in contrast to total random orientation, which depends on a single angle. The additional tilt angle further increases the complexity. The simulations are based on the discrete dipole approximation in combination with a self-developed orientation averaging approach. The scattering data are publicly available from Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3463003). This effort is also an essential part of preparing for the upcoming Ice Cloud Imager (ICI) that will perform polarized observations at 243 and 664GHz. Using our scattering data radiative transfer simulations with two liquid hydrometeor species and four frozen hydrometeor species of polarized Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) observations at 166GHz were conducted. The simulations recreate the observed polarization patterns. For slightly fluttering snow and ice particles, the simulations show polarization differences up to 11K using plate aggregates for snow, hexagonal plates for cloud ice and totally randomly oriented particles for the remaining species. Simulations using strongly fluttering hexagonal plates for snow and ice show similar polarization signals. Orientation, shape and the hydrometeor composition affect the polarization. Ignoring orientation can cause a negative bias for vertically polarized observations and a positive bias for horizontally polarized observations. © Author(s)2020."
"56448942200;55921734500;57202410843;","Evaluation of convective storms using spaceborne radars over the Indo-Gangetic Plains and western coast of India",2020,"10.1002/met.1917","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086989979&doi=10.1002%2fmet.1917&partnerID=40&md5=99df5e2eeffa18893ed40e929bc55a2d","Monsoonal convective systems are examined using four years (2014–2017) of radar reflectivity data from the Precipitation Features (PFs) database of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) and Dual Precipitation Radar (DPR). The study classifies the cumulonimbus tower (PF-CbT) at 12 km, and intense convective clouds at both 3 km (PF-ICC3) and 8 km (PF-ICC8) based on PFs' reflectivity threshold at a reference height over the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) and Indian Western coastal (WG) region, including the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats. Results show that the regional variations are more enhanced for the PF-ICC3 clouds with high occurrence over the IGP region. In the mixed-phase regime, the median maximum reflectivity is greater for all cloud types over the IGP region. The occurrences of 20 and 40 dBZ echo the top height > 5 km is higher in the IGP region, indicating the deep and intense convection. The aerosol–cloud interaction is examined for warm and mixed-phase clouds. The vertical structure of aerosols shows the suppression of warm rainfall over the IGP region. However, rainfall intensity increases in mixed-phase clouds because of the dominancy of ice processes. The significant positive (negative) correlation is observed between the echo top height and aerosol concentrations over the IGP (WG) region. The value of the novel findings clearly states the region-specific demand for a closer examination of the radar reflectivity–aerosol interaction on regime-dependent clouds over the IGP region as well as contrasts against other regions for similar and contrasting cloud–aerosol-radiation interactions. © 2020 The Authors. Meteorological Applications published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the Royal Meteorological Society."
"57218384098;56162305900;7102084129;54413425200;57218386923;55723061900;","Strong Precipitation Suppression by Aerosols in Marine Low Clouds",2020,"10.1029/2019GL086207","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089018418&doi=10.1029%2f2019GL086207&partnerID=40&md5=ecc5c5c6113d84b37455d6e01198ac7b","The adjustment of cloud amount to aerosol effects occurs to a large extent in response to the aerosol effect on precipitation. Here the marine boundary layer clouds were studied by analyzing the dependence of rain intensity measured by Global Precipitation Measurement on cloud properties. We showed that detectable rain initiates when the drop effective radius at the cloud top (re) exceeds 14 μm, and precipitation is strongly suppressed with increasing cloud drop concentration (Nd), which contributes to the strong dependence of cloud amount on aerosols. The rain rate increases sharply with cloud thickness (CGT) and re when re &gt; 14 μm. The dependence of rain rate on re and CGT presents a simple framework for precipitation susceptibility to aerosols, which explains other previously observed relationships. We showed that sorting data by CGT and using alternative cloud condensation nuclei proxy rather than aerosol optical depth are critical for studying aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions. ©2020. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"56556809300;23972318000;7102283233;7003498594;","Long-term changes in central European river discharge for 1869-2016: Impact of changing snow covers, reservoir constructions and an intensified hydrological cycle",2020,"10.5194/hess-24-1721-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85083376260&doi=10.5194%2fhess-24-1721-2020&partnerID=40&md5=52ebd46d36fbe357d8d9092bd4bafbfa","Recent climatic changes have the potential to severely alter river runoff, particularly in snow-dominated river basins. Effects of changing snow covers superimpose with changes in precipitation and anthropogenic modifications of the watershed and river network. In the attempt to identify and disentangle long-term effects of different mechanisms, we employ a set of analytical tools to extract long-term changes in river runoff at high resolution. We combine quantile sampling with moving average trend statistics and empirical mode decomposition and apply these tools to discharge data recorded along rivers with nival, pluvial and mixed flow regimes as well as temperature and precipitation data covering the time frame 1869-2016. With a focus on central Europe, we analyse the long-term impact of snow cover and precipitation changes along with their interaction with reservoir constructions. Our results show that runoff seasonality of snow-dominated rivers decreases. Runoff increases in winter and spring, while discharge decreases in summer and at the beginning of autumn. We attribute this redistribution of annual flow mainly to reservoir constructions in the Alpine ridge. During the course of the last century, large fractions of the Alpine rivers were dammed to produce hydropower. In recent decades, runoff changes induced by reservoir constructions seem to overlap with changes in snow cover. We suggest that Alpine signals propagate downstream and affect runoff far outside the Alpine area in river segments with mixed flow regimes. Furthermore, our results hint at more (intense) rainfall in recent decades. Detected increases in high discharge can be traced back to corresponding changes in precipitation.. © 2020 BMJ Publishing Group. All rights reserved."
"55460919400;6603942738;57212155968;6603894413;35586195300;15063517300;6602479200;6604074764;8937032500;26421520600;6603315336;57189185059;57216275190;57216276205;7402013152;","Mercury Export from Arctic Great Rivers",2020,"10.1021/acs.est.9b07145","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85083003309&doi=10.1021%2facs.est.9b07145&partnerID=40&md5=0109e45d37857763a05409d10f7a2953","Land-ocean linkages are strong across the circumpolar north, where the Arctic Ocean accounts for 1% of the global ocean volume and receives more than 10% of the global river discharge. Yet estimates of Arctic riverine mercury (Hg) export constrained from direct Hg measurements remain sparse. Here, we report results from a coordinated, year-round sampling program that focused on the six major Arctic rivers to establish a contemporary (2012-2017) benchmark of riverine Hg export. We determine that the six major Arctic rivers exported an average of 20â»000 kg y-1 of total Hg (THg, all forms of Hg). Upscaled to the pan-Arctic, we estimate THg flux of 37â»000 kg y-1. More than 90% of THg flux occurred during peak river discharge in spring and summer. Normalizing fluxes to watershed area (yield) reveals higher THg yields in regions where greater denudation likely enhances Hg mobilization. River discharge, suspended sediment, and dissolved organic carbon predicted THg concentration with moderate fidelity, while suspended sediment and water yields predicted THg yield with high fidelity. These findings establish a benchmark in the face of rapid Arctic warming and an intensifying hydrologic cycle, which will likely accelerate Hg cycling in tandem with changing inputs from thawing permafrost and industrial activity. Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society."
"56089697200;8958686900;36684257300;52564557800;","Non-rainfall water contributions to dryland jujube plantation evapotranspiration in the Hilly Loess Region of China",2020,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124604","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85078497233&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2020.124604&partnerID=40&md5=02a625e3fab732fe098f8b9f9c56110e","Non-rainfall water inputs (NRWIs) provide crucial water resources for dryland ecosystems in arid and semi-arid regions. However, little is known about the quantitative characteristics and formation of NRWIs, and the relative importance of NRWIs as water sources in a dryland jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) plantation in the Hilly Loess Region of China. The objectives of this study were to determine the characteristics of NRWIs during the jujube growing season with regard to amount, duration, and contributions to transpiration, evaporation, and evapotranspiration. Dew intensity and duration were monitored using dielectric leaf wetness sensors, Also sap flow, soil water content, soil temperature, and meteorological variables were measured during the 2017 and 2018 growing seasons. NRWIs were found to be composed of canopy dew (CD) and water vapor adsorption (WVAS) in the 0–5 cm soil layer, amounting to 75.218 mm in 2017 and 75.309 mm in 2018 (CD accounted for about 81% of NRWI). Daily average CD was significantly greater than WVAS (P < 0.05), and CD duration was 2.09–9.14 h more than WVAS duration (P < 0.05). The CD rate and frequency generally exceeded that of WVAS. CD occurred from 19:00 to 9:00. WVAS mainly occurred from 6:30 to 9:00. CD reduced nocturnal sap flow by 7.36–55.64%, but increased soil water storage (in the 5–100 cm root zone) by 0.274–0.717 mm. WVAS had no effect on soil water evaporation. Over the entire growing season, the ratio of CD to total transpiration was 0.218 in 2017 and 0.258 in 2018, and the ratio of WVAS to soil water evaporation was 0.082 in both years. NRWIs occurred more frequently and were quantitatively more stable than rainfall events. Their contributions to evapotranspiration reached a maximum value of 0.184 in 2018. NRWIs are important components of the hydrological cycle in this region, and probably have potential positive ecological effects on dryland jujube plantations in the Hilly Loess Region of China. © 2020"
"57211456851;14325218600;7102723258;","Intensified hydroclimatic regime in Korean basins under 1.5 and 2°C global warming",2020,"10.1002/joc.6311","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85074047106&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.6311&partnerID=40&md5=00c91bc129cae44987b0a9a362b7ba55","This study assesses the potential changes in regional hydroclimates over South Korea in response to 1.5 and 2.0°C of global warming above preindustrial levels based on multimodel ensemble projections forced by a representative concentration pathway (RCP4.5) scenario. The meteorological inputs, which are derived from five global climate models after removing systematic bias using quantile mapping, are fed into a distributed hydrological model, the variable infiltration capacity model, to estimate the hydrologic responses to different levels of greenhouse gas concentrations in future periods. The changes in seasonal mean precipitation differ between monsoon and intermonsoon seasons. An increase in summer precipitation and a decrease in winter precipitation commonly occur under 1.5 and 2.0°C of global warming, resulting in intensified precipitation seasonality. However, changes in spring and fall precipitation show opposite change signals or relatively little robustness (as measured by model agreement) in response to different degrees of warming. Spatial and seasonal changes in precipitation are directly transferred to runoff patterns, increasing the disparity between wet and dry seasons. Global warming also leads to changes in the distributions of daily precipitation and streamflow, and the projected changes systematically involve an increase in high-intensity precipitation and a decrease in relatively low-intensity precipitation. This behaviour tends to be amplified under 2.0°C in comparison to 1.5°C of global warming, with potential implications for increased water stress under a much warmer climate. More importantly, under 2.0°C of global warming, the magnitude of extremes such as the annual maximum day flow in Korean basins is likely to be enhanced. This study demonstrates that changes in precipitation characteristics can explicitly modulate runoff and subsequently streamflow patterns, suggesting positive benefits of half a degree less warming in terms of the frequency and intensity of extreme streamflow. © 2019 Royal Meteorological Society"
"57211313601;6701481007;57210222492;56237449000;7202962414;36161790500;7005634455;","Arctic snowfall from CloudSat observations and reanalyses",2020,"10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0105.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85079841544&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-19-0105.1&partnerID=40&md5=8dad23ab727d36d72b4744c2174fb215","While snowfall makes a major contribution to the hydrological cycle in the Arctic, state-of-the-art climatologies still significantly disagree. We present a satellite-based characterization of snowfall in the Arctic using CloudSat observations, and compare it with various other climatologies. First, we examine the frequency and phase of precipitation as well as the snowfall rates from CloudSat over 2007–10. Frequency of solid precipitation is higher than 70% over the Arctic Ocean and 95% over Greenland, while mixed precipitation occurs mainly over North Atlantic (50%) and liquid precipitation over land south of 708N (40%). Intense mean snowfall rates are located over Greenland, the Barents Sea, and the Alaska range (.500 mm yr21), and maxima are located over the southeast coast of Greenland (up to 2000 mm yr21). Then we compare snowfall rates with the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim, herein ERA-I) and Arctic System Reanalysis (ASR). Similar general geographical patterns are observed in all datasets, such as the high snowfall rates along the North Atlantic storm track. Yet, there are significant mean snowfall rate differences over the Arctic between 588 and 828N between ERA-I (153 mm yr21), ASR version 1 (206 mm yr21), ASR version 2 (174 mm yr21), and CloudSat (183 mm yr21). Snowfall rates and differences are larger over Greenland. Phase attribution is likely to be a significant source of snowfall rate differences, especially regarding ERA-I underestimation. In spite of its nadir-viewing limitations, CloudSat is an essential source of information to characterize snowfall in the Arctic. © 2020 American Meteorological Society."
"56574508400;56574700400;","Spatial patterns of sample entropy based on daily precipitation time series in China and their implications for land surface hydrological interactions",2020,"10.1002/joc.6294","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85073792404&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.6294&partnerID=40&md5=dda3cc306235187eec62a308f7fead2a","Entropy is a good index to measure the uncertainty of the precipitation that is a manifestation of complex interactions between water vapour transport and the local land surface processes. However, whether the uncertainty of precipitation time series is highly related to the intensity of these interactions has not been deeply considered before. Thus, sample entropy (SE), the measure of uncertainty based on self-similarity of the time series instead of a probability distribution, is employed to uncover the relationship between them. The spatial distribution of SE is based on the results calculated from 675 daily precipitation time series (1961–2011) in China. Then, the transfer of SE is extracted following the route of water vapour, water vapour source (WVS), obtained from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data set. Finally, the relationship between substantial changes of SE along the WVS route and the underlying conditions are discussed, including the digital elevation model (DEM), plant cover and climatic factors. The results reveal that the SE spatial distribution is closely related to the WV source and its interaction with local climatic regions and underlying conditions, which are manifested by the following aspects: (a) SE exhibits lower values in WVS source regions and increases following the WV transfer route because of diverse continental water vapour composition sources, which makes the system more complicated and increases the system entropy. (b) The pronounced SE increases and decreases indicate WV convergence and substantial topographic uplift, respectively. (c) The spatial distribution of SE is comprehensively dominated by climatic conditions since the boundaries of climatic regions correspond well with the specific SE contours. Therefore, SE spatial distribution indicates where WV originates and how WV interacts with local land surfaces along the WV transfer routes, which offers a new information mechanism perspective to understand the hydrological cycle from precipitation time series. © 2019 Royal Meteorological Society"
"55937815500;15834571900;","Global canopy rainfall interception loss derived from satellite earth observations",2020,"10.1002/eco.2186","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85078613717&doi=10.1002%2feco.2186&partnerID=40&md5=b633917ab297b2cf0c83d3439debe209","Information on global canopy rainfall interception loss is essential for understanding the dynamics of land surface processes and the water cycle. In addition, large uncertainty remains regarding the global variation in this factor. The development of satellite earth observations has provided a great opportunity for the estimation of global rainfall interception loss to reveal the spatiotemporal variations. In the current study, the analytical Gash model was adapted and applied to estimate global rainfall interception loss from 2001 to 2015 on the basis of satellite remote-sensing products, for example, gross rainfall amount and rate and leaf area index. The Dalton-type equation was adopted to estimate the wet canopy evaporation rate in the revised Gash model. The estimation on the basis of the Dalton-type equation showed better agreement with the ground observations than the classical Penman–Monteith equation in terms of estimated rainfall interception loss and its ratio to gross rainfall. Large spatial variations in global rainfall interception loss were found, and high values appeared in the regions with dense vegetation cover and high gross rainfall amounts, for example, tropical rainforests, whereas high rainfall interception to gross rainfall ratios occurred in the regions with low rain rates and high vegetation cover. This study constitutes a significant step forward in understanding global hydrological cycle on the basis of earth observation products. © 2019 The Authors. Ecohydrology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd"
"57208274214;35119188100;14020751800;55704350200;57189294502;57202531041;35461763400;36106033000;15925588200;57191750766;36515307600;35774441900;57189368623;55942083800;7102084129;7004944088;57189215242;57190209035;","The challenge of simulating the sensitivity of the Amazonian cloud microstructure to cloud condensation nuclei number concentrations",2020,"10.5194/acp-20-1591-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85079430665&doi=10.5194%2facp-20-1591-2020&partnerID=40&md5=cae25401c7265cdbfe97e32f5ac861c3","The realistic representation of aerosol-cloud interactions is of primary importance for accurate climate model projections. The investigation of these interactions in strongly contrasting clean and polluted atmospheric conditions in the Amazon region has been one of the motivations for several field campaigns, including the airborne ""Aerosol, Cloud, Precipitation, and Radiation Interactions and Dynamics of Convective Cloud Systems-Cloud Processes of the Main Precipitation Systems in Brazil: A Contribution to Cloud Resolving Modeling and to the GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) (ACRIDICON-CHUVA)"" campaign based in Manaus, Brazil, in September 2014. In this work we combine in situ and remotely sensed aerosol, cloud, and atmospheric radiation data collected during ACRIDICONCHUVA with regional, online-coupled chemistry-transport simulations to evaluate the model's ability to represent the indirect effects of biomass burning aerosol on cloud microphysical and optical properties (droplet number concentration and effective radius). We found agreement between the modeled and observed median cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) for low values of CDNC, i.e., low levels of pollution. In general, a linear relationship between modeled and observed CDNC with a slope of 0.3 was found, which implies a systematic underestimation of modeled CDNC when compared to measurements. Variability in cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentrations was also underestimated, and cloud droplet effective radii (reff) were overestimated by the model. Modeled effective radius profiles began to saturate around 500 CCN cm-3 at cloud base, indicating an upper limit for the model sensitivity well below CCN concentrations reached during the burning season in the Amazon Basin. Additional CCN emitted from local fires did not cause a notable change in modeled cloud droplet effective radii. Finally, we also evaluate a parameterization of CDNC at cloud base using more readily available cloud microphysical properties, showing that we are able to derive CDNC at cloud base from cloud-side remote-sensing observations. © 2020 Author(s)."
"57200073421;54581548300;55717370200;55746379500;55631078300;57200070733;","Characteristics of runoff variations and attribution analysis in the poyang lake Basin over the past 55 years",2020,"10.3390/su12030944","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85081220090&doi=10.3390%2fsu12030944&partnerID=40&md5=671aae88206f3d3a8db8870ba9368290","Spatial and temporal variations in hydrological series are affected by both climate change and human activities. A scientific understanding of the impacts of these two main factors on runoff will help to understand the response mechanism of the water cycle in a changing environment. This study focused on Poyang Lake Basin, which contains China's largest freshwater lake. Several approaches, including the Mann-Kendall trend test, cumulative anomaly method, Hurst exponent analysis, and slope change ratio of cumulative quantity (SCRCQ) method, were adopted to explore the characteristics of runoff variations and the respective impacts of climate change and human activities on runoff variations in the five subbasins. The results indicated that (1) from 1961 to 2015, the runoff throughout the basin fluctuated, and it decreased significantly in the 2000s. (2) Different baseline periods and measurement periods were identified for each subbasin to analyse the spatial and temporal responses of runoff to climate change and human activities. (3) The runoff of each subbasin will exhibit anti-persistent features with different persistence times in the future. (4) Compared with those in the baseline period, in the first measurement period, precipitation was the main factor driving the runoff increase in the Ganjiang, Fuhe, Xinjiang and Raohe subbasins, with contribution rates of 50.91-63.47%, and human activities played a supplementary role. However, in the second measurement period, as human activities intensified, they became the leading factor causing changes in runoff, with contribution rates between 59.57% and 92.49%. Considering water shortages and the intensification of human activities, the impacts of human activities on runoff variations will require more attention in the future. © 2020 by the authors."
"55921100100;7404829395;56537463000;7203054240;","Deep Convective Evolution From Shallow Clouds Over the Amazon and Congo Rainforests",2020,"10.1029/2019JD030962","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85078254277&doi=10.1029%2f2019JD030962&partnerID=40&md5=a408ebc10331b3f0a58d8a39df91558f","Using satellite measurements from A-Train constellation and Global Precipitation Measurement mission, we investigate the relationships between the afternoon time shallow convective top height (CTHafternoon) and the evening time deep convective storm top height (CTHevening) and rain rate (RRevening) over the Amazon and Congo regions. We use CloudSat cloud type stratus and stratocumulus as the shallow afternoon clouds. Our results indicate that the afternoon shallow clouds over the Congo region are associated with suppressed and weakened evening time deep convection, whereas shallow clouds over the Amazon region are associated with the growth of the evening time deep convection. Over the Congo region, we find that as CTHafternoon increases, shallow convective rain rate in the afternoon (RRafternoon) increases. As a result, the evening time convective available potential energy (CAPE) as well as free tropospheric humidity (RH700-300) decrease. Consequently, condensation occurring inside deep convection reduces and CTHevening as well as RRevening decrease over there. Over the Amazon region, however, RRafternoon does not vary significantly with CTHafternoon. As CTHafternoon increases, CAPE, RH700-300, and condensation occurring inside deep convection increase in the evening. As a result, deep convective CTHevening and RRevening increase with CTHafternoon over the Amazon basin. These dissimilarities in the ambient condition drive the shallow to deep convective evolution differently over these two rainforests. On the other hand, shallow clouds that remain shallow in the evening are associated with less CAPE and RH700-300, RRafternoon, and RRevening. Although CAPE and RH700-300 promote deep convection to a height cloud top height, high vertical wind shear inhibits deep convection. ©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57205026438;55711668600;16643471600;6603819181;16230028100;6602908667;","4-year climatology of global drop size distribution and its seasonal variability observed by spaceborne dual-frequency precipitation radar",2020,"10.2151/jmsj.2020-038","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089714179&doi=10.2151%2fjmsj.2020-038&partnerID=40&md5=27f19a6eae9da8e01091557dcaac512b","This study investigates the global drop size distribution (DSD) of rainfall and its relationship to large-scale precipitation characteristics using the Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) onboard the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory. This study focuses on seasonal variations in the dominant precipitation systems regarding variations in DSD. A mass-weighted mean diameter (Dm), which is estimated based on the dual-frequency information derived from the GPM/DPR, is statistically analyzed as a typical parameter of the DSD. Values of the annual mean Dm, in general, are larger over land than over the oceans, and the relationship between Dm and precipitation rate (R) is not a simple one-to-one relationship. Furthermore, Dm exhibits statistically significant seasonal variations, specifically over the northwest Pacific Ocean, whereas R shows insignificant variations, indicating the variations in R cannot explain the distinct seasonal changes in Dm. Focusing on the seasonal variation in Dm over the northwest Pacific Ocean, the results indicate that the variation in Dm is related to the seasonal change in the dominant precipitation systems. In the summer over the northwest Pacific Ocean, Dm is related to the organized precipitation systems associated with the Baiu front over the mid-latitudes and tropical disturbances over the subtropical region, with relatively higher precipitation top heights, composed of both stratiform and convective precipitations. Contrary to the summer, larger Dm over the mid-latitudes in winter is related to extra-tropical frontal systems with ice particles in the upper layers, which consists of more stratiform precipitation in the storm track region. The smaller Dm over the subtropical northwest Pacific Ocean in winter is associated with shallow convective precipitation systems with trade-wind cumulus clouds and cumulus congestus under the subtropical high. © The Author(s) 2020."
"7401526171;57218396843;35975568000;","Improving PERSIANN-CCS Using Passive Microwave Rainfall Estimation",2020,"10.1007/978-3-030-24568-9_21","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089068676&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-030-24568-9_21&partnerID=40&md5=cd6573882f174612b92fc8659e48e681","Re-calibrated PERSIANN-CCS is one of the algorithms used in “Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM” (IMERG) to provide high-resolution precipitation estimations from the NASA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) program and retrospective data generation for the period covered by the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM). This study presents the development of a re-calibrated PERSIANN-CCS algorithm for the next-generation GPM multi-sensor precipitation retrieval algorithm (IMERG). The activities include implementing the probability matching method to update PERSIANN-CCS using passive microwave (PMW) rainfall estimation from low earth orbit (LEO) satellites and validation of precipitation estimation using radar rainfall measurement. Further improvement by the addition of warm rain estimation to the PERSIANN-CCS algorithm using warmer temperature thresholds for cloud image segmentation is also presented. Additionally, developments using multispectral image analysis and machine learning approaches are discussed and proposed for future studies. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG."
"54401423900;7103279821;54894385500;56438509000;","TAMSAT",2020,"10.1007/978-3-030-24568-9_22","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089065433&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-030-24568-9_22&partnerID=40&md5=269e6171a308c38bab8cc2067a087cf1","Rainfall monitoring over Africa using satellite imagery is essential given the lack of land-based rainfall measurements and the dependency of economies largely based on climate-sensitive practices. Motivated by a need to monitor rainfall deficits and its impact on crop yield over the Sahel, the TAMSAT Group have, since the 1980s, helped pioneer the use of Meteosat thermal infrared (TIR) imagery for rainfall estimation using cold cloud duration (CCD). Unlike other TIR-based algorithms, the TAMSAT algorithm, which is calibrated using rain gauges, varies spatially and temporally to account for the strong spatial and seasonal changes in the rainfall climate across Africa. TAMSAT produce high-resolution (0.0375°), operational rainfall estimates from 1983 to the delayed present for all Africa, at the daily to seasonal time-step. Currently, TAMSAT is only one of a handful of datasets that provide long-term (+30 years) and sub-monthly rainfall estimates for Africa. The data, whose skill is comparable or better (depending on the metric) than other satellite products, are used by a variety of stakeholders in the commercial, humanitarian, agricultural and financial sectors. The temporal consistency and longevity of the TAMSAT record makes it a valuable dataset for climate monitoring and risk assessment. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG."
"57191954932;55624169300;7402689885;","Regional differences in raindrop size distribution within Indian subcontinent and adjoining seas as inferred from global precipitation measurement dual-frequency precipitation radar",2020,"10.2151/jmsj.2020-030","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086800669&doi=10.2151%2fjmsj.2020-030&partnerID=40&md5=945401647655d624fab8465044db5cdb","Variations in raindrop size distribution (DSD) during the southwest monsoon (SWM) season over different climatic regions in the Indian subcontinent and adjoining seas are studied in this paper using five years (2014 – 2018) of global precipitation measurement dual-frequency precipitation radar derived DSDs. The rain rate (R) stratified DSD measurements show clearly that land, sea, and orography differ in their mass-weighted mean diameter (Dm) values. Irrespective of R, Dm values of deep rain were found to be larger in continental rain than in maritime and orographic rain. However, for shallow storms, the Dm values were smaller for continental rain than for orographic and maritime rain. Based on the Dm values and their variations with R of the deep systems, the regions could be categorized into four groups, within which the Dm values were nearly equal: (1) the northwest India (NWI) and the southeast peninsular India (SEPI); (2) the foothills of the Himalayas (FHH) and the central India (CI); (3) the northeast India (NEI) and the Bay of Bengal (BOB); and (4) the Arabian Sea (AS), the Western Ghats (WG), and the Myanmar coast (MC). Compared to other geographical regions of the Indian subcontinent, the Dm values of the deep systems were the largest over NWI and SEPI and the smallest over the WG, MC, and AS; while for shallow systems, the Dm values were the largest over the BOB and AS and the smallest over the SEPI and NWI regions. Though the cloud drops were smaller over the continental regions, the raindrops were larger than in the maritime and orographic rain regions. The microphysical and dynamical processes that occur during precipitation play a vital role in altering the DSDs of continental rain. © The Author(s) 2020."
"7102745183;56449146900;","Remote sensing of orographic precipitation",2020,"10.1007/978-3-030-35798-6_6","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85084634697&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-030-35798-6_6&partnerID=40&md5=f9d0a478221243b12222a912ee663f1d","Quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) in mountainous regions remains a challenging task owing to its high spatiotemporal variability. Satellite-based radar observations at high resolution have the best potential to capture the spatial patterns of precipitation, but there is high uncertainty in the interpretation of low-level measurements due to ground clutter effects, observing geometry, and sub-grid scale vertical and horizontal heterogeneity of precipitation systems that result from interactions among orographic clouds and propagating storm systems. In the high elevation tropics and in middle mountains everywhere, the landscape is often immersed in multi-layered cloud systems that modify precipitation significantly at low levels in a complex manner depending on time of day and location very different from the classical understanding of orographic precipitation enhancement with elevation, and are not easily parameterized or corrected for in QPE algorithms. Here, a review of challenges to remote sensing of orographic precipitation with a focus on the physical-basis of rainfall estimation errors is presented using radar measurements and precipitation products from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) and Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellites, ground-validation (GV) data in the Andes, the Himalayas, and the Southern Appalachian Mountains, and model simulations. Emphasis is placed on spatial and temporal variability of rainfall and associated cloud systems with a focus on water cycle research and hydrological applications in the tropics and in the mid-latitudes. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020."
"55331455800;57205377317;57204238822;57212374592;7401526171;7005052907;57205378845;57207750153;","PERSIANN dynamic infrared-rain rate model (PDIR) for high-resolution, real-time satellite precipitation estimation",2020,"10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0118.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85082768722&doi=10.1175%2fBAMS-D-19-0118.1&partnerID=40&md5=6a48ea328d079da336bdc77b25bac812","Precipitation measurements with high spatiotemporal resolution are a vital input for hydrometeorological and water resources studies; decision-making in disaster management; and weather, climate, and hydrological forecasting. Moreover, real-time precipitation estimation with high precision is pivotal for the monitoring and managing of catastrophic hydroclimate disasters such as flash floods, which frequently transpire after extreme rainfall. While algorithms that exclusively use satellite infrared data as input are attractive owing to their rich spatiotemporal resolution and near-instantaneous availability, their sole reliance on cloud-top brightness temperature (Tb) readings causes underestimates in wet regions and overestimates in dry regions- this is especially evident over the western contiguous United States (CONUS). We introduce an algorithm, the Precipitation Estimations from Remotely Sensed Information Using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN) Dynamic Infrared-Rain rate model (PDIR), which utilizes climatological data to construct a dynamic (i.e., laterally shifting) Tb-rain rate relationship that has several notable advantages over other quantitative precipitation-estimation algorithms and noteworthy skill over the western CONUS. Validation of PDIR over the western CONUS shows a promising degree of skill, notably at the annual scale, where it performs well in comparison to other satellite-based products. Analysis of two extreme landfalling atmospheric rivers show that solely IR-based PDIR performs reasonably well compared to other IR- and PMW-based satellite rainfall products, marking its potential to be effective in real-time monitoring of extreme storms. This research suggests that IR-based algorithms that contain the spatiotemporal richness and near-instantaneous availability needed for rapid natural hazards response may soon contain the skill needed for hydrologic and water resource applications. ©2020 American Meteorological Society."
"57215570010;35182310700;8420205900;","Impacts of climate and land-use changes on the hydrological processes in the amur river basin",2020,"10.3390/w12010076","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85079482418&doi=10.3390%2fw12010076&partnerID=40&md5=a92076bedc927be6782176b26288749e","Under the joint effects resulted from different changes of climate and land-use regimes, spatial-temporal variations of hydrological processes took place in certain principles. Identifying the impact of changes in individual land-use types/climatic factors on hydrological processes is significant for water management and sustainability of watersheds. In this study, seven simulation scenarios were developed using the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model to distinguish the impacts of climate and land-use changes on the hydrological processes in the Amur River Basin (ARB) for four periods of 1980-1990, 1991-1999, 2000-2006, and 2007-2013, respectively. Based on the multi-period simulation scenario data, partial least squares regression and ridge regression analyses were performed to further evaluate the effects of changes in individual land-use types/climatic factors on hydrologic components. The results suggested that summer precipitation and summer average temperature were the dominant climatic factors, and crops and wetlands were the principal land-use types contributing to the hydrological responses. In addition, the drastic changes in crop and wetland areas and a clear decline in summer precipitation between the periods of 1991-1999 and 2000-2006 may account for the highest-intensity impacts of climate and land-use changes on the runoff at the outlet (-31.38% and 16.17%, respectively) during the four periods. © 2019 by the authors."
"56835441400;56362626800;7006329266;56835313000;23493341200;6602836578;56999946500;7005869374;","Reflectivity and velocity radar data assimilation for two flash flood events in central Italy: A comparison between 3D and 4D variational methods",2020,"10.1002/qj.3679","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85075716932&doi=10.1002%2fqj.3679&partnerID=40&md5=cee62350be90cb4ae05331929025daff","The aim of this study is to provide an evaluation of the impact of two largely used data assimilation techniques, namely three- and four-dimensional variational data assimilation systems (3D-Var and 4D-Var), on the forecasting of heavy precipitation events using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. For this purpose, two flash flood events in central Italy are analysed. The first occurred on September 14, 2012 during an Intensive Observation Period of the Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean experiment (HyMeX) campaign, while the other occurred on May 3, 2018. Radial velocity and reflectivity acquired by C-band weather radars at Mt. Midia (central Italy) and San Pietro Capofiume (northern Italy), as well as conventional observations (SYNOP and TEMP), are assimilated into the WRF model to simulate these damaging flash flood events. In order to evaluate the impact of the 3D-Var and 4D-Var assimilation systems on the estimation of short-term quantitative precipitation forecasts, several experiments are carried out using conventional observations with and without radar data. Rainfall evaluation is performed by means of point-by-point and filtering methodologies. The results point to a positive impact of the 4D-Var technique compared to results without assimilation and with 3D-Var experiments. More specifically, the 4D-Var system produces an increase of up to 22% in terms of the Fractions Skill Score compared to 3D-Var for the first flash flood event, while an increase of about 5% is achieved for the second event. The use of a warm start initialization results in a considerable reduction in the spin-up time and a significant improvement in the rainfall forecast, suggesting that the initial precipitation spin-up problem still occurs when using 4D-Var. © 2019 Royal Meteorological Society"
"54983414800;6603169474;","A reconstructed total precipitation framework",2019,"10.1038/s41612-019-0090-8","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85085055455&doi=10.1038%2fs41612-019-0090-8&partnerID=40&md5=b8b6e7f54d50f6f66a9bf171b58b3a44","Climate change is expected to alter the statistical properties of precipitation. There are two related but consequentially distinct theories for changes to precipitation that have received some consensus: (1) the time-and-space integrated global total precipitation should increase with longwave cooling as the surface warms, (2) the most intense precipitation rates should increase at a faster rate related to the increase in vapor saturation. Herein, these two expectations are combined with an analytic integration of three conceptually independent properties of the tropical hydrological cycle, the intensity, probability, and frequency of precipitation. The total precipitation in both a cloud-resolving model and tropical Global Precipitation Measurement mission data is decomposed and reconstructed with the analytic integral. By applying (1) and (2) to the precipitation characteristics from the model and observations to form a warming proxy model, it is suggested that a wide range of future distributions of precipitation intensity, probability, and frequency are possible. © 2019, The Author(s)."
"57212390702;6506002172;15077292300;","Assessment of prediction performances of stochastic and conceptual hydrological models: monthly stream flow prediction in northwestern Algeria",2019,"10.1007/s12517-019-4847-5","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85076526486&doi=10.1007%2fs12517-019-4847-5&partnerID=40&md5=f50d469362368beb10403b5ee4828c47","Determining the link between rainfall and flow for a watershed is one of the most imperative problems and challenging tasks faced by hydrologists and engineers. Conceptual and Box-Jenkins hydrological models represent suitable tools for this purpose in circumstance of data Scarce and climate complexity. This research consists in a comparative study between conceptual models and Box-Jenkins model, namely, GR2M, ABCD, and the autoregressive moving average (ARIMA) which has a numerical design. The three models were applied to three catchments located in the north-west of Algeria. Basins have been selected according to the availability of long-time series of hydrological and climatic data (more than 30 years) to calibrate parsimonious models, taking into account the climatic variables and the stochastic behavior of the natural stream flow. Overall, the conceptual models perform similarly; whereas the results show that the GR2M model performed better than the ABCD in the validation stage, the stochastic model shows better results as opposed to conceptual models in the case of the Mellah Wadi which presents high permeability in its behavior. This is due to the simplicity of the model needed for data (only runoff data) and the ability of the stochastic model to produce stream flow in complex catchments. Such circumstance could be caused by different motivations. On the one hand, the diverse number of model parameters that make the ABCD the less parsimonious approach, with four parameters to be calibrated. On the other hand, the inability of the ABCD and the ARIMA model to capture and describe the groundwater processes, important for the cases study. Moreover, the validation period includes a large drought period, started in the late 1980s, which makes difficult model adaptation to different hydrological regimes. © 2019, Saudi Society for Geosciences."
"20735560800;7102432430;6603377859;55397543800;56986710000;7005863183;","Gamma ray storms: preliminary meteorological analysis of AGILE TGFs: Meteorology of AGILE TGF observations",2019,"10.1007/s12210-019-00775-y","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85061505932&doi=10.1007%2fs12210-019-00775-y&partnerID=40&md5=8dc309114f402d58d7b38ae9229955cc","Despite the recognition from their discovery that terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGFs) originate from thunderstorms, little is known about the TGF-producing storms. The characteristics of such thunderstorms are investigated here using meteorological data, with the aim to set up a framework of analysis to be propagated to more complete TGF archives. In this work, we present the preliminary results. As first analysis, we considered 72 events detected by the Astrorivelatore Gamma ad Immagini Leggero (AGILE) from March 2015 to June 2015, estimating their electric activity in terms of flash production. To this end, we examined World Wide Lightning Location Network lightning data in the spatial and temporal proximity of each AGILE TGFs, searching for relationship between flash rate peak and distribution and the TGF occurrence. Moreover, we analyzed the low-Earth orbiting (LEO) satellite observation of the TGF-producing storms to define, through the capabilities of microwave sensors (both active and passive), the structure of the convective storms correlated with TGF events. In particular, we focused on the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) observations and show here a case study observed by the dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR). Preliminary results indicate that the TGF often occur during the most active lightning phase of the storm, while the intensity of the storm is not a key ingredient for the production of a TGF. The multisensory capability of LEO satellites provide a picture of the storm structure, that, despite the poor coverage, is an unprecedented tool to study such cloud system over remote areas and open ocean. This study framework is meant to be applied to other TGF database, such as the ones collected by other space missions (e.g., FERMI, RHESSI). © 2019, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei."
"56514334400;7404433688;36497832500;","Regional Variability of Precipitation in Tropical Cyclones Over the Western North Pacific Revealed by the GPM Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar and Microwave Imager",2019,"10.1029/2019JD031075","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85075447262&doi=10.1029%2f2019JD031075&partnerID=40&md5=85efc9c7f01e0e7aa74e291aedb46058","A knowledge of precipitation microphysics of tropical cyclones (TCs) is crucial for forecasts of the TC track and intensity using numerical weather models. Based on five years of measurements of TCs over the western North Pacific from the dual-frequency precipitation radar and the microwave imager on board the Global Precipitation Measurement satellite, the precipitation characteristics and microphysical processes in different regions of TCs and their associations with ice scattering signals are investigated. In the region close to the TC center, the storm top height (STH) and near-surface rain rate are high, and the hydrometeors have a high concentration and a relatively low mass-weighted mean diameter (Dm). In the outer TC region, the distributions of the reflectivity factor (Ze) and Dm become broader as the mean Dm increases. Ze and Dm values generally increase below the melting layer, indicating the predominant role of collision–coalescence processes. The occurrence probability of collision–coalescence is greater than 90% when STH is less than 5 km and the polarization-corrected temperature at 89 GHz is greater than 250 K. When the STH exceeds 5 km, the collision–coalescence process is also predominant in the eyewall region; however, the influence of the breakup process increases in the rainband regions. © 2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57192700389;8277424000;35262555900;6603768446;","Investigating the GPM Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar signatures of low-level precipitation enhancement",2019,"10.1002/qj.3611","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85070797786&doi=10.1002%2fqj.3611&partnerID=40&md5=77848c933590df4b2a8ae60f92bfadf6","High-intensity precipitation represents a threat for several regions of the world because of the related risk of natural disasters (e.g. floods and landslides). This work focuses on low-level precipitation enhancement that occurs in the cloud warm layer and has been observed in relation to collision-coalescence (CC) leading to flash floods and extreme rainfall events in tropical and temperate latitudes. Specifically, signatures of precipitation enhancement (referred to as CC-dominant precipitation) are investigated in the observations from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core mission Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) over the central/eastern Contiguous United States (CONUS) during June 2014–May 2018. A classification scheme for CC-dominant precipitation, developed for dual-polarization S-band radar measurements and applied in a previous work to X-band radar observations in complex terrain, is used as a benchmark. The scheme is here applied to the GPM ground validation dataset that matches ground-based radar observations across CONUS to space-borne DPR retrievals. The occurrence of CC-dominant precipitation is documented and the corresponding signatures of CC-dominant precipitation at Ku- and Ka-band are studied. CC-dominant profiles show distinguishing features when compared to profiles not dominated by CC, e.g. characteristic vertical slopes of reflectivity at Ku- and Ka-band in the liquid layer, lower freezing-level height, and shallower ice layer, which are linked to environmental conditions driving the peculiar CC microphysics. This work aims at improving satellite quantitative precipitation estimation, particularly GPM retrievals, by targeting CC development in precipitation columns. © 2019 Royal Meteorological Society"
"57197854998;57211219633;57193714222;","Variability of extreme precipitation over Texas and its relation with climatic cycles",2019,"10.1007/s00704-019-02840-w","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063227835&doi=10.1007%2fs00704-019-02840-w&partnerID=40&md5=ddfe9c92b625633ea3aecb366d1e2971","Many hydrometeorological studies have evaluated the impact of climate variability on hydrologic extremes. Recent studies have shown that the varying state of climatic cycles has intensified the regional hydrologic cycle within a wide range of geographical regions in the state of Texas. These climatic cycles define numerous sea surface temperature and pressure anomalies which lead to heavy precipitation in a region. The objective of this paper is to quantify the impact of five major Atlantic and Pacific Ocean related climatic cycles, including (i) Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), (ii) North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), (iii) Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), (iv) Pacific North American Pattern (PNA), and (v) Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), on maximum daily precipitation within a year in various climate regions of Texas, using a weighted correlation approach incorporating Leave-One-Out Test (LOOT). The uncertainty in the estimated correlation coefficient is factored in by determining the sample correlation coefficient at the 95% confidence interval. The influence of these global scale climatic cycles on the regional hydrologic cycle is found to be governed by the integrated hydrometeorological properties of weather stations, including (i) station elevation, (ii) average temperature, and (iii) average total precipitation, in the months of extremes. Results of this study will help regional water boards prepare for extreme hydrometeorological events in a changing climate. © 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature."
"57211239674;23396313000;","A Rigorous Statistical Assessment of Recent Trends in Intensity of Heavy Precipitation Over Germany",2019,"10.3389/fenvs.2019.00143","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85073116214&doi=10.3389%2ffenvs.2019.00143&partnerID=40&md5=2008acd5ade9ba95245bf422ed515baf","Comprehensive and robust statistical estimates of trends during heavy precipitation events are essential in understanding the impact of past and future climate changes in the hydrological cycle. However, methods commonly used in extreme value statistics (EVS) are often unable to detect significant trends, because of their methodologically motivated reduction of the sample size and strong assumptions regarding the underlying distribution. Here, we propose linear quantile regression (QR) as a complementary and robust alternative to estimating trends in heavy precipitation events. QR does not require any assumptions on the underlying distribution and is also able to estimate trends for the full span of the distribution without any reduction of the available data. As an example, we study here a very dense and homogenized data set of daily precipitation amounts over Germany for the period between 1951 and 2006 to compare the results of QR and the so-called block maxima approach, a classical method in EVS. Both methods indicate an overall increase in the intensity of heavy precipitation events. The strongest trends can be found in regions with an elevation of about 500 m above sea level. In turn, larger spatial clusters of moderate or even decreasing trends can only be found in Northeastern Germany. In conclusion, both methods show comparable results. QR, however, allows for a more flexible and comprehensive study of precipitation events. © Copyright © 2019 Passow and Donner."
"55803438700;55971106700;55660807900;57188589657;16023380900;57195588831;","A parallel workflow implementation for PEST version 13.6 in high-performance computing for WRF-Hydro version 5.0: A case study over the midwestern United States",2019,"10.5194/gmd-12-3523-2019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85070604697&doi=10.5194%2fgmd-12-3523-2019&partnerID=40&md5=53ebb870aa1d34d889dd987beca98d0e","The Weather Research and Forecasting Hydrological (WRF-Hydro) system is a state-of-the-art numerical model that models the entire hydrological cycle based on physical principles. As with other hydrological models, WRF-Hydro parameterizes many physical processes. Hence, WRF-Hydro needs to be calibrated to optimize its output with respect to observations for the application region. When applied to a relatively large domain, both WRF-Hydro simulations and calibrations require intensive computing resources and are best performed on multimode, multicore high-performance computing (HPC) systems. Typically, each physics-based model requires a calibration process that works specifically with that model and is not transferrable to a different process or model. The parameter estimation tool (PEST) is a flexible and generic calibration tool that can be used in principle to calibrate any of these models. In its existing configuration, however, PEST is not designed to work on the current generation of massively parallel HPC clusters. To address this issue, we ported the parallel PEST to HPCs and adapted it to work with WRF-Hydro. The porting involved writing scripts to modify the workflow for different workload managers and job schedulers, as well as to connect the parallel PEST to WRF-Hydro. To test the operational feasibility and the computational benefits of this first-of-itskind HPC-enabled parallel PEST, we developed a case study using a flood in the midwestern United States in 2013. Results on a problem involving the calibration of 22 parameters show that on the same computing resources used for parallel WRF-Hydro, the HPC-enabled parallel PEST can speed up the calibration process by a factor of up to 15 compared with commonly used PEST in sequential mode. The speedup factor is expected to be greater with a larger calibration problem (e.g., more parameters to be calibrated or a larger size of study area). © Author(s) 2019."
"8629728200;36150977900;35232873900;","Climate effects of anthropogenic aerosol forcing on tropical precipitation and circulations",2019,"10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0641.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85074630004&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-18-0641.1&partnerID=40&md5=296a00b7e2e9a9658a5f203952411cc7","Aerosols are one of the key factors influencing the hydrological cycle and radiation balance of the climate system. Although most aerosols deposit near their sources, the induced cooling effect is on a global scale and can influence the tropical atmosphere through slow processes, such as air-sea interactions. This study analyzes several simulations of fully coupled atmosphere-ocean climate models under the influence of anthropogenic aerosols, with the concentrations of greenhouse gases kept constant. In the cooling simulations, precipitation is reduced in deep convective areas but increased around the edges of convective areas, which is opposite to the ''rich-get-richer'' phenomenon in global warming scenarios in the first-order approximation. Tropical convection is intensified with a shallower depth, and tropical circulations are enhanced. The anomalous gross moist stability (M0) mechanism and the upped-ante mechanism can be used to explain the dynamic and thermodynamic processes in the changes in tropical precipitation and convection. There is a northward cross-equatorial energy transport due to the cooler Northern Hemisphere in most of the simulations, together with the southward shift of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and the enhancement of the Hadley circulation. The enhancement of the Hadley circulation is more consistent between models than the changes of the Walker circulation. The change in the Hadley circulation is not as negligible as in the warming cases in previous studies, which supports the consistency of the ITCZ shift in cooling simulations. © 2019 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (http://www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses)."
"57207876995;7005071296;57189339869;","Cross-Validation of CSU-Chivo Radar and GPM during Relampago",2019,"10.1109/IGARSS.2019.8898835","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85077711346&doi=10.1109%2fIGARSS.2019.8898835&partnerID=40&md5=03af58188dc9e9783fd7bb71a0033ac6","This paper describes the deployment and features of CSU-CHIVO radar during the RELAMPAGO campaign in Argentina. Intercomparison with GPM-DPR is done using Volume Matching. Vertical profile analysis of storms is also shown and a list of GPM overpasses and summary of the tallest storms during the campaign are also included. The results show that CHIVO agree well with GPM in terms of reflectivity and microphysical structure of clouds and show the value of CHIVO for ground validation. © 2019 IEEE."
"57209574167;6602513090;15066257900;7201587916;","Heavy Ice Precipitation Band in an Oceanic Extratropical Cyclone Observed by GPM/DPR: 1. A Case Study",2019,"10.1029/2019GL082896","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068175256&doi=10.1029%2f2019GL082896&partnerID=40&md5=5e90c93d875c4ff54eaa08ec75273916","Heavy ice precipitation (HIP) flags in the products of dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) on board the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core satellite indicate the existence of large ice particles. In this study, we analyzed the distribution of a HIP band detected along the warm front of an oceanic extratropical cyclone. The HIP band was more than 125 km long and probably exceeded the 245-km range of the Ku-band precipitation radar. We found two zones with distinct microphysical processes in the HIP band. Ice particles near the echo top height showed little change in their median size with height, where frontogenetical updraft was maximum. This suggests that particles are generated and grown in this zone by the updrafts. In the zone below, the particle sizes increased as the height decreased, implying particles aggregate as they fall. ©2019. The Authors."
"7005652592;","The arctic ice melting confirms the new theory",2019,"10.2166/wcc.2018.153","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85071999130&doi=10.2166%2fwcc.2018.153&partnerID=40&md5=9507081a49b15795d3667d57cda2d7f0","The new theory shows that the global and the Arctic atmospheres behave as an open atmosphere (few clouds) or as a ‘closed’ atmosphere (fully cloudy), which explains the Arctic ice melting. Within the closed atmosphere the solar radiation, wind and evaporation are reduced while the water and air temperatures and the humidity increase. Real data confirm these effects for the planet and for the Arctic. Many authors did not understand these apparent inconsistencies, but this paper solves many intriguing problems, and provides solutions that led the present author to discover the new hydrological cycle. Some human activities increase the formation of clouds and precipitation or of droughts. The sun is not the only heat source for the atmosphere. Several real data confirm that clouds have increased over decades globally and at the Arctic. These intensifications also confirm the operation of the new hydrological cycle and of the Sartori theory. Many real data show that while the Arctic ice has melted, the cloud cover has pushed the temperatures up above freezing and has raised them by 2–3 °C compared to cloudless skies as well as acting to warm the Arctic for most of the annual cycles. © IWA Publishing 2019."
"57209022058;36559837800;57199415024;6701418228;","Quantifying positive and negative human-modified droughts in the anthropocene: Illustration with two Iranian catchments",2019,"10.3390/w11050884","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85066325751&doi=10.3390%2fw11050884&partnerID=40&md5=0e8b233df512e5a0d8574e913cbb22e0","In the Anthropocene, hydrological processes and the state of water in different parts of the terrestrial phase of the hydrological cycle can be altered both directly and indirectly due to human interventions and natural phenomena. Adaption and mitigation of future severe droughts need precise insights into the natural and anthropogenic drivers of droughts and understanding how variability in human drivers can alter anthropogenic droughts in positive or negative ways. The aim of the current study was expanding the ""observation-modelling"" approach to quantify different types of natural and human droughts. In addition, quantifying enhanced or alleviated modified droughts was the second parallel purpose of the research. The main principle of this approach is the simulation of the condition that would have happened in the absence of human interventions. The extended approach was tested in two Iranian catchments with notable human interventions and different climatic conditions. The drought events were identified through hydrological modelling by the Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV) model, naturalizing the time series of hydrometeorological data for a period with no significant human interventions, and anomaly analysis. The obtained results have demonstrated that both catchments were almost the same in experiencing longer and more severe negative modified droughts than positive ones because of the negative pressure of human activities on the hydrological system. A large number of natural droughts have also been transformed into modified droughts because of the intensive exploitation of surface and sub-surface water resources and the lack of hydrological system recovery. The results show that the extended approach can detect and quantify different drought types in our human-influenced era. © 2019 by the authors."
"57203358661;55739757300;57193666782;56506234700;6507905286;8634148600;7401934994;57022311300;","Statistical analysis of extreme events in precipitation, stream discharge, and groundwater head fluctuation: Distribution, memory, and correlation",2019,"10.3390/w11040707","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85065035666&doi=10.3390%2fw11040707&partnerID=40&md5=ee8f33f82365fabd32697dd1a52c991b","Hydrological extremes in the water cycle can significantly affect surface water engineering design, and represents the high-impact response of surface water and groundwater systems to climate change. Statistical analysis of these extreme events provides a convenient way to interpret the nature of, and interaction between, components of the water cycle. This study applies three probability density functions (PDFs), Gumbel, stable, and stretched Gaussian distributions, to capture the distribution of extremes and the full-time series of storm properties (storm duration, intensity, total precipitation, and inter-storm period), stream discharge, lake stage, and groundwater head values observed in the Lake Tuscaloosa watershed, Alabama, USA. To quantify the potentially non-stationary statistics of hydrological extremes, the time-scale local Hurst exponent (TSLHE) was also calculated for the time series data recording both the surface and subsurface hydrological processes. First, results showed that storm duration was most closely related to groundwater recharge compared to the other storm properties, while intensity also had a close relationship with recharge. These relationships were likely due to the effects of oversaturation and overland flow in extreme total precipitation storms. Second, the surface water and groundwater series were persistent according to the TSLHE values, because they were relatively slow evolving systems, while storm properties were anti-persistent since they were rapidly evolving in time. Third, the stretched Gaussian distribution was the most effective PDF to capture the distribution of surface and subsurface hydrological extremes, since this distribution can capture the broad transition from a Gaussian distribution to a power-law one. © 2019 by the authors."
"57193126444;35588131200;","Climate or land cover variations: What is driving observed changes in river peak flows A data-based attribution study",2019,"10.5194/hess-23-871-2019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85061692249&doi=10.5194%2fhess-23-871-2019&partnerID=40&md5=b75bccfc65805fa3d57f0410c65033d8","Climate change and land cover changes are influencing the hydrological regime of rivers worldwide. In Flanders (Belgium), the intensification of the hydrological cycle caused by climate change is projected to cause more flooding in winters, and land use and land cover changes could amplify these effects by, for example, making runoff on paved surfaces faster. The relative importance of both drivers, however, is still uncertain, and interaction effects between both drivers are not yet well understood.</p> In order to better understand the hydrological impact of climate variations and land cover changes, including their interaction effects, we fitted a statistical model for historical data over 3 decades for 29 catchments in Flanders. The model is able to explain 60&thinsp;% of the changes in river peak flows over time. It was found that catchment characteristics explain up to 18&thinsp;% of changes in river peak flows, 6&thinsp;% of changes in climate variability and 8&thinsp;% of land cover changes. Steep catchments and catchments with a high proportion of loamic soils are subject to higher peak flows, and an increase in urban area of 1&thinsp;% might cause increases in river peak flows up to 5&thinsp;%. Interactions between catchment characteristics, climate variations and land cover changes explain up to 32&thinsp;% of the peak-flow changes, where flat catchments with a low loamic soil content are more sensitive to land cover changes with respect to peak-flow anomalies. This shows the importance of including such interaction terms in data-based attribution studies. © 2019. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License."
"7202899330;56038150300;12645767500;","The Cloudy Nature of Tropical Rains",2019,"10.1029/2018JD029394","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85060128263&doi=10.1029%2f2018JD029394&partnerID=40&md5=966008515cb4f2b039a7864609bcb555","Four years of CloudSat cloud and precipitation observations are combined with CALIPSO lidar, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) radiance, and Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) precipitation data to document the cloud properties of precipitation confined to latitudes between 30°N and 30°S. The relations between two different cloud top heights (CTHs) and precipitation are examined. The maximum CTH observed in the column is one measure (referred to as the highest CTH, HCTH) and the second is the minimum CTH within the same raining column, interpreted to be the tops of the rain-bearing clouds in the column (referred to as the raining cloud top height, RCTH). Although a broad relation between rain intensity and CTH is shown to exist, especially for shallower warm clouds, the HCTH of the deepest, raining clouds in the tropics is shown to be a poor indicator of precipitation intensity. The implication of the difference between HCTH and RCTH is that for all but the deepest convection, the height of raining clouds is significantly overestimated from observing systems that cannot see below upper cloud layers. The vertical profile of CTHs is shown to be distinctly bimodal with RCTH profiles having a large maximum associated with shallow precipitating clouds, whereas the HCTH distribution has its maximum in the upper troposphere. The influence of this vertical profile information on radiative and latent heating profiles results in a nonnegligible shift in latent heating from an upper level maximum to a more bimodal profile reflecting the increased contribution of shallow raining clouds. ©2018. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57194662612;6603834291;","Sensitivity of simulated GMI brightness temperatures to variations in particle size distributions in a severe hailstorm",2019,"10.1175/JAMC-D-19-0031.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85073723336&doi=10.1175%2fJAMC-D-19-0031.1&partnerID=40&md5=ea180bbb9ba7ba5592061f2f26f0e8db","Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) brightness temperatures (BTs) were simulated over a case of severe convection in Texas using ground-based S-band radar and the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator. The median particle diameter Do of a normalized gamma distribution was varied for different hydrometeor types under the constraint of fixed radar reflectivity to better understand how simulated GMI BTs respond to changing particle size distribution parameters. In addition, simulations were conducted to assess how low BTs may be expected to reach from realistic (although extreme) particle sizes or concentrations. Results indicate that increasing Do for cloud ice, graupel, and/or hail leads to warmer BTs (i.e., weaker scattering signature) at various frequencies. Channels at 166.0 and 183.31±7 GHz are most sensitive to changing Do of cloud ice, channels at ≥89.0 GHz are most sensitive to changing Do of graupel, and at 18.7 and 36.5 GHz they show the greatest sensitivity to hail Do. Simulations contrasting BTs above high concentrations of small (0.5-cm diameter) and low concentrations of large (20-cm diameter) hailstones distributed evenly across a satellite pixel showed much greater scattering using the higher concentration of smaller hailstones with BTs as low as ~110,~33,~22,~46,~100, and ~106K at 10.65, 18.7, 36.5, 89.0, 166.0, and 183.31 ± 7 GHz, respectively. These results suggest that number concentration is more important for scattering than particle size given a constant S-band radar reflectivity. © 2019 American Meteorological Society."
"55536893400;6602527283;36501786500;55878904600;6507177558;","Population responses of common carp Cyprinus carpio to floods and droughts in the Pampean wetlands of South America",2019,"10.3897/neobiota.48.34850","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85069539419&doi=10.3897%2fneobiota.48.34850&partnerID=40&md5=ed3562248286eb940cfc3536adb314b2","Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a global invader that exhibits a wide distribution in Argentina, particularly in shallow lakes and wetlands of the Pampean region. The hydrological conditions of these environments are driven by variations in annual precipitation that determine inter annual changes in water levels leading to flood-drought cycles. The present study focused on understanding the C. carpio population responses to annual rainfall regime and long-term flood and drought events in the Ajó wetlands located in the east of the Pampean region. The results of a two-year biological sampling program showed that C. carpio feeding rate, reproduction, condition, and recruitment were associated with the hydrological cycle. Otolith derived age structure of the population and back-calculated recruitment strength revealed that extraordinary flooding events generated strong cohorts while dry years resulted in low recruitment. Its long-life span (maximum 14 years in Ajó) coupled with a high fecundity, and broad diet allows C. carpio to persist in refugia during dry years and capitalize on wet years when inundation of the floodplain enhances recruitment and facilitates spread. Management and control strategies for this invader should therefore incorporate hydrological variability by promoting intensive removal campaigns during dry years when populations are dominated by large fish confined in remnant water-bodies and, during wet years, carp harvest fisheries should be promoted to reduce population density when increased connectivity is likely to facilitate spread. © Tomás Maiztegui et al."
"56395819800;55617176800;6601977455;7202048112;12039032900;55470788900;23479202500;","Enhancing hydrologic design by next-generation intensity-duration-frequency curves considering snowmelt and climate nonstationarity",2019,"10.1061/9780784482346.028","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85067178010&doi=10.1061%2f9780784482346.028&partnerID=40&md5=f160fe5ac47fac7933e881b5c1a78e2a","Precipitation intensity-duration-frequency (PREC-IDF) curves are a standard tool to derive design floods for hydraulic infrastructure. In snow-dominated regions, where a large percentage of flood events are caused by snowmelt and rain-on-snow, precipitation alone can be a poor predictor of flood risk. Meanwhile, anthropogenic climate change is expected to intensify the hydrological cycle and alter hydrologic extremes, potentially increasing the likelihood of infrastructure failure in their design life period. To enhance future hydrologic design, we propose next-generation IDF (NG-IDF) curves with consideration of both snow process and climate nonstationarity. The NG-IDF curves, which characterize the actual water reaching the land surface (melt+rain), use of the concept of “water available for runoff” rather than “rainfall” for hydrologic design. This paper demonstrates that in the mountainous regions of the western United States, the standard PREC-IDF curves without considering snow process can substantially underestimate the input water intensities and the consequent peak design floods (i.e., the PREC-IDF curves may lead to underestimation of peak design flood by as much as 324%). Under a warming climate, we also observe statistically significant declining trends in both snowpack mass and extreme water available for runoff across the mountainous regions of the western United States from 1979 to 2017, supporting the proclamation that “stationarity is dead” and demonstrating the need to develop nonstationary NG-IDF curves for future hydrologic design. © ASCE."
"57193525850;35182211000;56227660900;","A Contour-Based Algorithm for Automated Detection of Overshooting Tops Using Satellite Infrared Imagery",2019,"10.1109/TGRS.2018.2857486","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85051643932&doi=10.1109%2fTGRS.2018.2857486&partnerID=40&md5=c776ef612ef49b6bd319df1883844dae","Overshooting top (OT) is a proxy for deep convection with intense updrafts. Using Himawari-8 infrared window (IRW) and water vapor (WV) imagery, this paper presents a contour-based OT detection algorithm based on the premise that the OT center is in a cold region enclosed by the local coldest (innermost) brightness temperature (BT) contour. Relative to existing IRW-Texture algorithms, the contour-based algorithm offers improvement in two aspects. First, the new algorithm utilizes the WV minus IRW BT difference to capture the deep-convection pixels, and then removes the warmer pixels far from the cold center. Thus, compared with directly using a simple 215-K BT threshold to determine the possible OT pixels, many false alarms are avoided. Second, the new algorithm utilizes the BT contours to roughly depict and separate the anvil clouds and OT regions, and the anvil cloud pixels used to estimate the mean anvil cloud BT are outside the OT regions. Therefore, the computed BT gradient is more credible compared with the simple 225-K BT threshold. The accuracies of the OT detection algorithms are evaluated with 159 Global Precipitation Measurement-observed OT events collected from July 2015 to July 2017. The results indicate that the contour-based algorithm performs better than the original IRW-Texture algorithm. The contour-based algorithm achieves a probability of detection (POD) of 67% and a false-Alarm ratio (FAR) of 46%. Compared to the original IRW-Texture algorithm, the contour-based algorithm increases the POD by 9% and decreases the FAR by 42%. © 1980-2012 IEEE."
"57113176100;26031036300;8543279200;56140100200;","Monitoring convective clouds over India and nearby regions using multi-spectral satellite observations",2019,"10.1007/978-3-319-77276-9_6","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85049802846&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-319-77276-9_6&partnerID=40&md5=f866df46a1dfcbc159a73d7909147b65","Convective clouds are the sources of severe weather and extreme precipitation events which often produce flooding, landslides and other disasters. The physical characteristics of convective clouds influence the distribution of radiative heating/cooling in the troposphere. They play a crucial role in atmospheric circulation and the hydrological cycle. Present study deals with the detection of convective clouds using multispectral observations at split window channels (near 11 and 12 µm) and water vapour absorption channels (near 6.7 µm) from EUMETSAT (Meteosat 7) data. Results are compared with the observations (reflectivity-based threshold) from Precipitation Radar (PR) on-board Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). The Results have also been validated against convective clouds derived from rain gauge based precipitation product from the IMD data. Validation results show a correlation coefficient (cc) of 0.79 and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 2.61 (%) against rain gauge based observations of convective clouds. © 2019, Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature."
"55509492800;51763629000;6602510114;35235149400;7003616988;","Water and Organic Carbon Cycles in Monsoon-driven Humid Tropics of the Western Ghats Mountain Belt, India: Insights from Stable Isotope Approach",2018,"10.1007/s12594-018-1070-z","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85056115753&doi=10.1007%2fs12594-018-1070-z&partnerID=40&md5=2cec7fa3d36df1a19886a3c2e34978e8","The Western Ghats form a major mountain belt, next to the Himalayas, in controlling the flux of water and carbon to the northern Indian Ocean. This study attempts to understand the water and carbon cycles in two humid tropical river basins with its streams originating at higher altitudes of the Western Ghats, India. Water and suspended particulate matter (SPM) were collected on a monthly scale during summer monsoon season (June-September) from Swarna and Nethravati rivers draining into the Arabian Sea. For the source apportionment, samples have been measured for stable isotopes of oxygen (δ18O) and hydrogen (δ2H) in water and stable isotopes of carbon (δ13CPOC) in particulate organic matter (POM) at spatial scale from tributaries and main channel of rivers, and runoff water from agricultural land (dominant paddy field) and forest in the downstream region. The association between δ18O and deuterium-excess in river water and rain water shows that water in these tropical basins depicts rainout effect of marine source moisture during the onset of summer monsoon. As the monsoon intensifies, the fresher rain water replenishes older water stored previously in sub surface soil layer leading to its flushing into the river during summer monsoon season. Stable carbon isotope ratio and elemental ratio of POM (δ13CPOC = -27.1 ± 0.4 ‰ and C/N = 8.1 ± 1.7) in two humid tropical river water during summer monsoon season is an admixture of suspended particulates from runoff water of forest (δ13CPOC = - 27.82 ± 0.4 ‰) and agricultural land (δ13CPOC = -26.29 ± 0.4 ‰). It is found that δ13CPOC shows minimal variability with SPM content and C/N ratio within the same organic carbon pool. The study emphasizes the need to consider the agricultural runoff contribution to the rivers while establishing the global elemental budget and observing the global climate change. © 2018, Geological Society of India."
"6602865544;25931139100;40661020000;40661753400;35234662000;7102432430;6602544698;","Exploitation of GPM/CloudSat coincidence dataset for global snowfall retrieval",2018,"10.1109/IGARSS.2018.8518297","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85051630033&doi=10.1109%2fIGARSS.2018.8518297&partnerID=40&md5=42e763f71b134825522a7d57f79885a5","The assessment of the actual observational capabilities of snowfall by spaceborne microwave radiometers is crucial to develop and improve precipitation retrieval algorithms. Exploiting coincident spaceborne active and passive microwave sensor datasets can effectively enhance our understanding of high-frequency microwave channels sensitivity to snowfall. This study illustrates the results of the analysis of matched Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) and CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) snowfall observations (mainly found at latitudes between 55° and 65°) providing insights on GMI multi-frequency signals associated with different snowfall types. These findings are used to develop a new algorithm to retrieve snow water path associated to surface snowfall from GMI multichannel measurements. © 2018 IEEE."
"57203819600;15128917200;23984748800;7410244373;57203439874;","Retrieving homogeneous liquid cloud microphysical properties using multiple-field-of-view lidar",2018,"10.1117/1.JRS.12.046021","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85056784277&doi=10.1117%2f1.JRS.12.046021&partnerID=40&md5=4fb073cfe5f6b952d47a4dbe74d6c329","Liquid water content (LWC) and cloud droplet effective size (CDES) are important factors affecting atmospheric radiative transfer, and measurement of these parameters in clouds is essential. For homogeneous liquid cloud (constant extinction coefficient) with a gamma size distribution of cloud droplets, we find that LWC and CDES can be retrieved from two parameters obtained from a multiple-field-of-view (MFOV) Lidar: the intercept of the range-corrected Lidar signal (IRCLS) and the slope of the range-corrected Lidar signal (SRCLS) at different sizes of FOV. Monte Carlo simulations reveal that IRCLS at different sizes of FOV varies with both extinction coefficient and CDES while SRCLS varies only with the extinction coefficient, which depends on both LWC and CDES. This means that, after extracting the extinction coefficient using SRCLS, we can easily obtain CDES from IRCLS, and LWC can then be determined using the extinction coefficient. An innovative MFOV Lidar system is constructed to measure the LWC and CDES. A series of experiments is conducted in the northern suburb of Nanjing, China, and the LWC and CDES of homogeneous liquid cloud are obtained. Comparisons among results from the MFOV Lidar, theoretical calculation, and the global precipitation measurement satellite verify our proposed method. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)."
"7003844316;7006263526;","Performance Evaluations of Rain Microphysical Retrieval Using Gpm Dual-Wavelength Radar by Way of Comparison with the Self-Consistent Numerical Method",2018,"10.1109/TGRS.2018.2824399","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85047215050&doi=10.1109%2fTGRS.2018.2824399&partnerID=40&md5=a6da3fe0c7f81db56f38073f5116c2a1","The primary concern of this paper is to evaluate the accuracy of drop size distribution (DSD) retrievals for the rain region using global precipitation measurement (GPM) dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR). Direct comparison between ground and spaceborne radar might answer the question, but unfortunately, this is a difficult and challenging task that can result in largely unmeasurable uncertainty. In this paper, the self-consistent numerical method (SNM) was used to estimate microphysical parameters along rain profiles. The assessment of the SNM performance characterizes its accuracy in the microphysics retrieval. It follows that the profile data set used for the evaluation plays an important role in this process. The ideal solution would be to use real conditions. For this purpose, a new approach for providing vertical profiles closer to the natural vertical variability of rainfall microphysical characteristics and its global vertical structure can be derived from the observations of NASA dual-frequency, dual-polarization, Doppler radar (D3R) - a matched-beam, Ku - and Ka -band dual-frequency radar that is similar to the precipitation radar (DPR) on board the GPM core satellite. The profile data set was generated using reflectivity measurements collected in RHI mode, after correcting them for attenuation using the polarimetric measurements of the Ku -band. With this data set, the behavior of SNM is evaluated in the presence of the inaccuracy introduced by taking the constant value of μ and the measurement errors. The entire version 4 of the GPM DPR precipitation products obtained with data collected from September 1, 2014 to February 28, 2017 was used. In the presence of bright-band features, the rain region of matched scans, for which measurements were simultaneously collected by ku - and Ka -band radars, was employed to retrieve DSD parameters with SNM and GPM algorithms. A direct comparison between the two procedures was performed in terms of merit factors. The results show a significant difference between the performance of the two methods by not taking into consideration the SNM procedures that, instead, are being performed by the GPM algorithms. © 1980-2012 IEEE."
"26025359200;43261130100;7006029957;","Comparison of the theoretical Clausius-Clapeyron Scaling and IDF_CC tool for updating intensity-duration-frequency curves under changing climatic conditions in Canada",2018,"10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0001686","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85049042526&doi=10.1061%2f%28ASCE%29HE.1943-5584.0001686&partnerID=40&md5=12b8b7e9b0fc2da5b15170e863a0a46e","Changes in climatic conditions are expected to affect the hydrological cycle with intensification of extreme rainfall events caused by the disturbance in temperature and other atmospheric variables linked to precipitation. Extreme rainfall change will affect the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationship, used in the design, maintenance, and operation of water infrastructure in Canada. This study presents a comparative analysis of the results from two IDF updating methods: (1) the IDF_CC tool, which applies an equidistance quantile-matching precipitation downscaling algorithm, and (2) the Clausius-Clapeyron (C-C) precipitation-temperature relationship, used with a proposed constant temperature scaling rate. The analyses were conducted using 358 selected Environment Canada hydrometeorological stations from the IDF_CC tool database with record length longer than 20 years. Results for the future period (2061-2100), are based on the multimodel ensemble of 24 global climate models (GCMs). The difference in (1) projected precipitation and (2) uncertainty range for both IDF updating methods are presented and analyzed. The uncertainty range is defined in this work as the difference between IDF relationships obtained using various GCMs. The C-C temperature scaling method resulted, overall, in higher extreme precipitation projections than the IDF_CC tool for the stations located in the Canadian Prairies (i.e., the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba). Stations located at the east and west coasts of Canada show smaller difference in the projected extremes. A similar pattern is observed for the multimodel ensemble median and the all individual GCMs. The difference in projected uncertainty range for both methods was analyzed for the multimodel ensemble and for representative concentration pathway (RCP) 2.6, RCP 4.5, and RCP 8.5 emission scenarios. The C-C scaling shows a smaller uncertainty range for RCP 2.6 and RCP 4.5, and the IDF_CC tool shows a smaller uncertainty range for the RCP 8.5 scenario (especially for stations located in the Canadian Prairies). The difference in percent uncertainty ranges from -75% to about 100%, considering all stations across Canada. Both methods show comparable uncertainty range in the future. One significant conclusion is that the high level of uncertainty cannot be avoided, regardless of the method selected for updating IDF curves for future conditions. Use of the precipitation-based IDF_CC tool is recommended because of serious issues in using a constant scaling rate with C-C temperature scaling. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers."
"55655454900;6507728803;","A regression-free rainfall estimation algorithm for dual-polarization radars",2018,"10.1175/JTECH-D-17-0201.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85052528450&doi=10.1175%2fJTECH-D-17-0201.1&partnerID=40&md5=89f3ba219939a2d5506a2d51925b7f1f","In this study a new radar rainfall estimation algorithm-rainfall estimation using simulated raindrop size distributions (RESID)-was developed. This algorithm development was based upon the recent finding that measured and simulated raindrop size distributions (DSDs) with matching triplets of dual-polarization radar observables (i.e., horizontal reflectivity, differential reflectivity, and specific differential phase) produce similar rain rates. The RESID algorithm utilizes a large database of simulated gamma DSDs, theoretical rain rates calculated from the simulated DSDs, the corresponding dual-polarization radar observables, and a set of cost functions. The cost functions were developed using both the measured and simulated dual-polarization radar observables. For a given triplet of measured radar observables, RESID chooses a suitable cost function from the set and then identifies nine of the simulated DSDs from the database that minimize the value of the chosen cost function. The rain rate associated with the given radar observable triplet is estimated by averaging the calculated theoretical rain rates for the identified simulated DSDs. This algorithm is designed to reduce the effects of radar measurement noise on rain-rate retrievals and is not subject to the regression uncertainty introduced in the conventional development of the rain-rate estimators. The rainfall estimation capability of our new algorithm was demonstrated by comparing its performance with two benchmark algorithms through the use of rain gauge measurements from the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E) and the Olympic Mountains Experiment (OLYMPEx). This comparison showed favorable performance of the new algorithm for the rainfall events observed during the field campaigns. © 2018 American Meteorological Society."
"57202338862;57194018274;7102537060;","Using the gradient boosting decision tree to improve the delineation of hourly rain areas during the summer from advanced Himawari imager data",2018,"10.1175/JHM-D-17-0109.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85047942952&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-17-0109.1&partnerID=40&md5=05f7868e7c931cc482b9f14b01d9d1e0","A new classification scheme based on the gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) algorithm is developed to improve the accuracy of rain area delineation for daytime, twilight, and nighttime modules using Advanced Himawari Imager on board Himawari-8 (AHI-8) geostationary satellite data and the U.S. Geological Survey digital elevation model data. The GBDT algorithm is able to efficiently manage the nonlinear relationships among high-dimensional data without being affected by overfitting problems. The new delineation module utilizes several features related to the physical variables, including cloud-top heights, cloud-top temperatures, cloud water paths, cloud phases, water vapor, temporal changes, and orographic variations. The scheme procedure is as follows. First, we perform extensive experiments to optimize the module parameters such that the equitable threat score (ETS) reaches its maximum value. Then, the GBDT-based modules are trained and classified with the optimum parameters. Finally, validation datasets are applied to test the true performance of the GBDT-based modules. The agreement between the estimations and observations of the ground-based rain gauges is verified. Results show that the ETS values of the GBDT-based modules are 0.42 for the daytime, 0.30 for the twilight period, and 0.32 for the nighttime. The cloud water path and cloud phase features make the most significant contributions to the modules. Comparisons drawn with the two probability-related methods show that our new scheme presents great advantages in terms of statistical scores on the overall performance. © 2018 American Meteorological Society."
"35110520600;56303781300;55403457500;57193679156;57183756400;57214313088;57212829094;","Analyzing energy–water exchange dynamics in the Thar desert",2018,"10.1007/s00382-017-3804-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85024481465&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-017-3804-9&partnerID=40&md5=bc1ba3e2a4f63f2aa06ea32dd38bfbe6","Regions of strong land–atmosphere coupling will be more susceptible to the hydrological impacts in the intensifying hydrological cycle. In this study, micrometeorological experiments were performed to examine the land–atmosphere coupling strength over a heat low region (Thar desert, NW India), known to influence the Indian summer monsoon (ISM). Within the vortex of Thar desert heat low, energy–water exchange and coupling behavior were studied for 4 consecutive years (2011–2014) based on sub-hourly measurements of radiative–convective flux, state parameters and sub-surface thermal profiles using lead-lag analysis between various E–W balance components. Results indicated a strong (0.11–0.35) but variable monsoon season (July–September) land–atmosphere coupling events. Coupling strength declined with time, becomes negative beyond 10-day lag. Evapotranspiration (LE) influences rainfall at the monthly time-scale (20–40 days). Highly correlated monthly rainfall and LE anomalies (r = 0.55, P < 0.001) suggested a large precipitation memory linked to the local land surface state. Sensible heating (SH) during March and April are more strongly (r = 0.6–0.7) correlated to ISM rainfall than heating during May or June (r = 0.16–0.36). Analyses show strong and weak couplings among net radiation (Rn)–vapour pressure deficit (VPD), LE–VPD and Rn–LE switching between energy-limited to water-limited conditions. Consistently, +ve and −ve residual energy [(dE) = (Rn − G) − (SH + LE)] were associated with regional wet and dry spells respectively with a lead of 10–40 days. Dew deposition (18.8–37.9 mm) was found an important component in the annual surface water balance. Strong association of variation of LE and rainfall was found during monsoon at local-scale and with regional-scale LE (MERRA 2D) but with a lag which was more prominent at local-scale than at regional-scale. Higher pre-monsoon LE at local-scale as compared to low and monotonous variation in regional-scale LE led to hypothesize that excess energy and water vapour brought through advection caused by pre-monsoon rainfall might have been recycled through rainfall to compensate for early part of monsoon rainfall at local-scale. However, long-term measurements and isotope analysis would be able to strengthen this hypothesis. This study would fill the key gaps in the global flux studies and improve understanding on local E–W exchange pathways, responses and feedbacks. © 2017, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany."
"7004148913;6506640528;","The pantanal: A brief review of its ecology, biodiversity, and protection status",2018,"10.1007/978-94-007-4001-3_129","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85076038462&doi=10.1007%2f978-94-007-4001-3_129&partnerID=40&md5=d5e2eed0dd39b0d17189368a41e36b24","The Pantanal is a large wetland of 150,000 km2 located in the center of the South-American subcontinent. Dry and wet periods during the Upper Pliocene and Lower Pleistocene formed a geomorphically complex landscape in the Upper Paraguay Basin, covered by the Pantanal. The actual hydrological cycle of the Pantanal is characterized by a monomodal, predictable, annual flood pulse, however also with multiannual wet and dry periods. During high floods, ~110,000 km2 of the Pantanal are flooded, but during very dry periods only ~5,500 km2 are covered by water. The hydrological dynamics in combination with geomorphological heterogeneity have given rise to a very large macrohabitat diversity that provides the basis for a large biodiversity. This diversity, which includes aquatic, wetland, and many terrestrial species, is evidence of the important interactions among aquatic, terrestrial, and intermittent macrohabitats. Flora and fauna are dominated by species from the surrounding savanna (cerrado biome), but there are also species from the Amazon, chaco, and dry forest biomes. However, in the Pantanal, there are very few endemic species, because paleoclimatic and hydrologic instability hindered speciation. Cattle ranchers, who actually own 90% of the land in the Pantanal have slowly modified its vegetation cover for the last 200 years. Nonetheless, habitat and species diversity have been maintained because of low-density cattle herds. In recent years, economic pressure on the ranches has increased, forcing ranchers to augment cattle production. This has resulted in accelerated deforestation, the planting of artificial pastures, the draining of swamps, and the construction of dikes. Additional, external stress factors have also affected the Pantanal. These factors include the construction of hydroelectric dams along the headwaters, changing the natural flood regime, increased sediment input from upland agroindustries into the rivers, pollution by agrochemicals, mercury input from gold mining, and liquid and solid wastes from cities along the rivers entering the Pantanal. The recently established New Forest Code (Federal Law no. 12.561/12) left large stretches of riverine wetlands along the headwaters and along the Pantanal itself unprotected. While a new law regulating the use and protection of the Pantanal is under discussion, scientists are under intense pressure by groups with economic interest in the region, who seek to undermine existing environmental laws and inhibit the implementation of further protection measures needed to confront new environmental threats. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer Nature 2018. All rights reserved."
"55615078100;9271448600;57202925605;56924084300;57202925133;","Assimilation of doppler radar data and its impact on prediction of a heavy meiyu frontal rainfall event",2018,"10.1155/2018/9482014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85049832528&doi=10.1155%2f2018%2f9482014&partnerID=40&md5=e507e3f7d9c0fee0d45c2b9fdade1f9a","Operational Doppler radar observations have potential advantages over other above-surface observations when it comes to assimilation for mesoscale model simulations with high spatial and temporal resolution. To improve the forecast of a heavy frontal rainfall event that occurred in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin from 4 July to 5 July 2014 in China, operational radar observations are assimilated by the Local Analysis and Prediction System (LAPS). Radar reflectivity data are used primarily in the LAPS cloud analysis procedure, which retrieves the number of hydrometeors and adjusts the moisture and cloud fields. Radial velocity data are analyzed through the LAPS wind analysis-based successive correction method. A new correction method is developed to correct three-dimensional radar reflectivity data based on hourly surface rain gauge observations. The performance of the correction method is demonstrated by assimilating radar reflectivity observations into LAPS. Experiments with different radar data assimilation are examined. Results show that the assimilation of radar data can effectively correct the background errors and improve the heavy rainfall forecast. The simulated intensity, pattern, and temporal evolution of the heavy rainfall event are better improved with radar reflectivity assimilation, especially when the correction method is implemented to correct radar observations. © 2018 Hongli Li et al."
"7005606951;","An overview of the NASA tropics earth venture mission",2017,"10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8128360","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85041847678&doi=10.1109%2fIGARSS.2017.8128360&partnerID=40&md5=5d9d1197932dd48c41a457101289d90f","The Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS) mission was recently selected by NASA as part of the Earth Venture Instrument (EVI-3) program. The overarching goal for TROPICS is to provide nearly all-weather observations of 3-D temperature and humidity, as well as cloud ice and precipitation horizontal structure, at high temporal resolution to conduct high-value science investigations of tropical cyclones, including: (1) relationships of rapidly evolving precipitation and upper cloud structures to upper-level warm-core intensity and associated storm intensity changes; (2) the evolution of precipitation structure and storm intensification in relationship to environmental humidity fields; and (3) the impact of rapid-update observations on numerical and statistical intensity forecasts of tropical cyclones. TROPICS will provide rapid-refresh microwave measurements (median refresh rate of 30 minutes for the baseline mission) over the tropics that can be used to observe the thermodynamics of the troposphere and precipitation structure for storm systems at the mesoscale and synoptic scale over the entire storm life-cycle. TROPICS comprises approximately 12 CubeSats in three low-Earth orbital planes. Each CubeSat will host a high performance radiometer to provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75 GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using three channels near the 183 GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements (when combined with higher resolution water vapor channels), and a single channel at 206 GHz that is more sensitive to precipitation-sized ice particles. This observing system offers an unprecedented combination of horizontal and temporal resolution to measure environmental and inner-core conditions for tropical cyclones on a nearly global scale and is a major leap forward in the temporal resolution of several key parameters needed for assimilation into advanced data assimilation systems capable of utilizing rapid-update radiance or retrieval data. © 2017 IEEE."
"57195639900;56788002200;7004041202;","Dynamical ocean response to projected changes of the global water cycle",2017,"10.1002/2017JC013061","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85029429590&doi=10.1002%2f2017JC013061&partnerID=40&md5=ddcf3ed20e4d41e75a960b2cbe49a98c","Over the next century substantial changes will occur in the ocean as a consequence of an accelerated global hydrological cycle and the associated net surface freshwater flux change is projected to result from global warming. This paper is concerned with the dynamical response to the associated surface volume flux anomalies. Based on ocean model runs driven by RCP8.5 surface freshwater flux anomalies over the period 2081–2100 relative to 1986–2005, we show that the adjustment of the circulation involves a barotropic circulation response as predicted from the Goldsbrough-Stommel theory. The corresponding barotropic circulation intensifies by approximately 20% with a stronger intensification of about 50% in the Southern Ocean, comparing to the present-day Goldsbrough-Stommel Circulation. The barotropic circulation anomaly induced by intensified freshwater flux reaches to 0.6 Sv in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current region. The adjustment also involves changes in the meridional overturning circulation mirroring the basin-wide averages of changes in the convergence and divergence of the mass transport driven by the surface volume flux. The subsequent pathways of fresh water match with the spreading of volume flux in the shallow cells but diverge substantially with depth. Associated with changes of the flow field are the changes in meridional heat and freshwater transports. Changes in the circulation also lead to a redistribution of temperature and salinity from which a significant contribution results in form of regional steric sea level changes. These changes are of the order of 0.5 cm and can be largely attributed to the displacement of the isopycnals. © 2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"36637083600;56017261600;7202281180;6603073052;","Temporal analysis of rainfall categories in southern Italy (Calabria region)",2017,"10.1007/s40710-017-0215-1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042758161&doi=10.1007%2fs40710-017-0215-1&partnerID=40&md5=30a8412163f0744fcfe579bbdbf6d84b","A modification in the water cycle is one of the most noticeable consequences of global atmospheric warming. Precipitation is a key point in the process and its temporal distribution is particularly important because it impacts on some extreme phenomena such as drought and flash floods, affecting also water resources management. This study presents an analysis of daily rainfall categories over a region of southern Italy in order to verify earlier report results which indicated a paradoxical increase in extreme rainfall, despite a decrease in the totals, in the Mediterranean basin. A set of daily homogenous precipitation series for the period 1916-2006 has been used in this study. Six daily rainfall categories have been considered: Light, 0-4 mm/day; Light-Moderate, 4-16 mm/day; Moderate-Heavy, 16-32 mm/day; Heavy, 32-64 mm/day; Heavy-Torrential, 64-128 mm/day; Torrential, 128-up mm/day. The analysis was performed considering all the region and separately five Rainfall Zones (RZs) characterized by different climatic conditions. Results showed, with some differences for the various RZs, that Light-Moderate, Moderate-Heavy and Heavy rainfall are the main contributors to the total annual rainfall. Moreover, the trend analysis through the Mann-Kendall test showed a decreasing trend of the higher categories and an increasing trend of the weaker categories. These analyses could be useful because changes in extreme events can impact natural environments and human activities, as well as human health and safety. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017."
"57193026605;57193029822;6602620129;7006736700;56303325700;","Comparison between Two Attenuation Models and Precipitation Evaluation with Ground Validation",2017,"10.1109/JSTARS.2016.2635807","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85010211592&doi=10.1109%2fJSTARS.2016.2635807&partnerID=40&md5=63bce357ec58e4e05a0fe57b25351b2a","In this paper, we present an algorithm to correct the horizontal reflectivity factor Zh for attenuation by absorption plus scattering of a polarimetric radar located at the Experimental Station of INTA, in Oro Verde, Entre Rios, Argentina. Data correspond to two storms which occurred on November 18, 2009. The correction obtained was compared with models from the literature. Results show good agreement for regions with reflectivity factor lower than 55 dBZ while for regions that go over this limit, the corrections are different. Comparisons with rain gauges indicate the need of more statistics to improve the correlation. © 2008-2012 IEEE."
"6701684534;23971426100;37061861400;","Performance of the falling snow retrieval algorithms for the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission",2016,"10.1109/IGARSS.2016.7729552","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85007413760&doi=10.1109%2fIGARSS.2016.7729552&partnerID=40&md5=90095c4670386c87e679fb0950f454cb","Retrievals of falling snow from space represent an important data set for understanding the Earth's atmospheric, hydrological, and energy cycles, especially during climate change. Estimates of falling snow must be captured to obtain the true global precipitation water cycle, snowfall accumulations are required for hydrological studies, and without knowledge of the frozen particles in clouds one cannot adequately understand the energy and radiation budgets. While satellite-based remote sensing provides global coverage of falling snow events, the science is relatively new and retrievals are still undergoing development with challenges remaining (e.g., [1], [2], [3]). This work reports on the development and testing of retrieval algorithms for the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission Core Satellite [4-5], launched February 2014. © 2016 IEEE."
"56075783500;57201321253;6603000896;56501321400;56786512900;56786364600;6506539095;25225396500;","Assessment of satellite rainfall products over the Andean plateau",2016,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.07.012","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85062726067&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2015.07.012&partnerID=40&md5=b1de22e61f2c6fa1592cfbb837c254d9","Nine satellite rainfall estimations (SREs) were evaluated for the first time over the South American Andean plateau watershed by comparison with rain gauge data acquired between 2005 and 2007. The comparisons were carried out at the annual, monthly and daily time steps. All SREs reproduce the salient pattern of the annual rain field, with a marked north–south gradient and a lighter east–west gradient. However, the intensity of the gradient differs among SREs: it is well marked in the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis 3B42 (TMPA-3B42), Precipitation Estimation from remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN) and Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) products, and it is smoothed out in the Climate prediction center MORPHing (CMORPH) products. Another interesting difference among products is the contrast in rainfall amounts between the water surfaces (Lake Titicaca) and the surrounding land. Some products (TMPA-3B42, PERSIANN and GSMaP) show a contradictory rainfall deficit over Lake Titicaca, which may be due to the emissivity contrast between the lake and the surrounding lands and warm rain cloud processes. An analysis differentiating coastal Lake Titicaca from inland pixels confirmed this trend. The raw or Real Time (RT) products have strong biases over the study region. These biases are strongly positive for PERSIANN (above 90%), moderately positive for TMPA-3B42 (28%), strongly negative for CMORPH (− 42%) and moderately negative for GSMaP (− 18%). The biases are associated with a deformation of the rain rate frequency distribution: GSMaP underestimates the proportion of rainfall events for all rain rates; CMORPH overestimates the proportion of rain rates below 2 mm day − 1 ; and the other products tend to overestimate the proportion of moderate to high rain rates. These biases are greatly reduced by the gauge adjustment in the TMPA-3B42, PERSIANN and CMORPH products, whereas a negative bias becomes positive for GSMaP. TMPA-3B42 Adjusted (Adj) version 7 demonstrates the best overall agreement with gauges in terms of correlation, rain rate distribution and bias. However, PERSIANN-Adj's bias in the southern part of the domain is very low. © 2015 Elsevier B.V."
"57192171845;7407756597;56566912900;57190429955;","The influence of eco-water retrieved by quantitative remote sensing on runoff in upper Minjiang River Basin [Influencia del agua ecológica en la escorrentía de la cuenca alta del río Minjiang medida a través de teledetección cuantitativa]",2016,"10.15446/esrj.v20n2.55177","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85003545015&doi=10.15446%2fesrj.v20n2.55177&partnerID=40&md5=5786566af0516661318015a9a95fafae","Remote sensing quantitative retrieval of ecological water (eco-water) has been foundational in systemic and quantitative research for water resources. Eco-water resource levels indicate conservation ability for the eco-water layer and influence of this on precipitation transformation and runoff regulation. The remote sensing quantitative inversion retrieved the MEC (Modulus of eco-water Conservation) of the Upper Minjiang River Basin study area in 1994 and 2001, and combined with climate data between 1990 and 2005, the influence of conservation water on the eco-water layer on runoff was then analyzed. Results revealed significant efficacy for flood control and water supply during the drought from the hydrologic cycle of ecowater. Thus protection and restoration of the eco-water layer for flood and drought prevention are crucial. © 2016, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. All rights reserved."
"57205735231;7005215992;6701541916;56866343700;6602106823;56866453200;19134299200;6603060274;","Long-Term Monitoring of a Lagooning Basin Used as Pretreatment Facility for a WTP: Effect on Water Quality and Description of Hydrological and Biological Cycles Using Chemometric Approaches",2015,"10.1007/s11270-015-2613-1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84942163610&doi=10.1007%2fs11270-015-2613-1&partnerID=40&md5=056762cf8a62051d070c3eb178203712","The drinking water treatment plant (WTP) of the city of Turin (NW Italy), with a treatment capacity of 40× 106 m3/year, has a basin that is employed as a lagooning pretreatment facility. This study aims to assess the effect of the basin on several environmental parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity, pH, chloride, nitrite, and total chlorophyll) of the river water before entering the WTP and monitor the changes inside the basin caused by the seasonal hydrological and biological cycles. Sampling was carried out on 16 dates over 3 years at the inlet and outlet channel of the basin and in five locations along three depth values (1, 6, and 12 m, i.e., at the bottom). The results of the 3-year monitoring campaign demonstrated that the basin had an effect on pH (p=6.6× 10-9), DO (p=0.000072), turbidity (p=0.011), and chlorophyll (p=0.033). No significant changes regarding nitrite (p=0.11), chloride (p=0.94), and temperature (p=0.66) were detected. The results gathered from the sampling campaign inside the basin demonstrated that, during the year, the basin experienced the following: two states of complete mixing in early spring and fall, when the differences in temperature between the surface and the bottom of the basin were less than 1 °C; a condition of late spring/summer stratification with a temperature difference between the surface and the bottom of 4-5 °C and a difference in DO, pH, and total chlorophyll concentration that increased throughout the spring season; and one or more states of summer circulation due to the weak stability of the warm season stratification. During the states of circulation, the persistent algae photosynthetic activity tended to cause a quick change in the concentration of DO, total chlorophyll, and pH value in the most superficial layer of the basin. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) showed a strong direct relationship between the weight of the first component and the hydrodynamic states of the basin (stratification/circulation) and an inverse relationship between the weight of the second component and the intensity of photosynthetic activity of algae species. © 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland."
"37060931400;26643299500;56780754200;14618869800;57207068801;55731334900;55489352600;","Connection between atmospheric latent energy and energy fluxes simulated by nine CMIP5 models",2015,"10.1007/s13351-014-4829-1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85007211659&doi=10.1007%2fs13351-014-4829-1&partnerID=40&md5=81c3ce486e12751c185cdfa79ffdf84f","The atmospheric latent energy and incoming energy fluxes of the atmosphere are analyzed here based on the historical simulations of nine coupled models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) and two reanalysis datasets. The globally averaged atmospheric latent energy is found to be highly correlated with several types of energy flux, particularly the surface latent heat flux, atmosphere absorbed solar radiation flux, and surface net radiation flux. On the basis of these connections, a hydrological cycle controlled feedback (HCCF) is hypothesized. Through this feedback, the atmosphere absorbed solar radiation is enhanced and causes intensification of the surface latent heat flux when the atmospheric latent energy is abnormally strong. The representativeness of the HCCF during different periods and over different latitudinal zones is also discussed. Although such a feedback cannot be confirmed by reanalysis, it proves to be a common mechanism for all the models studied. © The Chinese Meteorological Society and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015."
"56045670000;57197621973;","Method LMA-EF for determination of position and intensity of electric charges inside thunderstorm clouds",2014,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086813037&partnerID=40&md5=4d5f56f12a59304cd19ad5e0808586df","In this paper we present experimental results obtained by the use of the method Lightning Mapping Array with Electric Field measurements on ground (LMA-EF). This method allows to measure the positions and magnitudes of the electric charges (Q) inside the thunderstorm clouds. The data used to validate the experiment were provided by the Vale do Paraiba CHUVA (Cloud processes of tHe main precipitation systems in Brazil: A contribUtion to cloud resolVing modeling and to the GPM (GlobAl Precipitation Measurement)) project campaign, that took place in São Paulo - Brazil between December of 2011 and January of 2012. The LMA data can provide us the position (R) of the electric charges centers and a network of electric field mill provides data of electric field (E). Combining LMA data with the measurements of electric field on the ground is possible to determine the magnitude of the electric charges, by using the inversion of the coulomb law in matrix form: Q = (RT.R)-1.RT.E. An algorithm was written to make this estimation automatically. After the determination of the electric charge structure, the algorithm recalculates the direct Coulomb's Law and checks the results by fitting data of electric field on ground. © International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, ICAE 2014"
"56026513600;","Floodplain management in the context of assessment and changes of flood risk and the environment – A review",2014,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85018051132&partnerID=40&md5=838df4736bc15dc59e37e48dd032e8fd","This article presents the problems of floodplain management in the context of the assessment and changes of flood risk, as well as its effects on the environment. The author discusses issues such as the role of floodplain management in the assessment of flood risk, changes in global flood risk, influence of the observed changes in floodplain management, and flood risk on the environment. Continuous floodplains urbanization has caused an increase in the level of population and property exposure the to the danger of being flooded, increased vulnerability of riverside areas, and increased the potential economic losses. A development of built-up areas in the floodplain has a negative effect on water management in the catchment area. It also causes changes to the hydrological cycle in the environment by reducing the infiltration and retentive capability of soils and increasing surface runoff flow, as well as changes of flood regimes and intensive erosive processes. The development of industrial and business areas in the floodplains also generates higher environmental contamination as a result of flooding. Nowadays, it departs from perceiving flood protection in terms of “control” and “defence,” toward the conception of “giving the rivers their space back,” as well as “predicting” flood risk and its management. A symptom of implementing a flood risk management idea is enacting a Floods Directive, in which the most effective forms of flood control and flood risk reduction is preventative spatial planning in the floodplain. © 2014, HARD Publishing Company. All rights reserved."
"56286091300;55807883400;56584513500;","Model relating humidity and intensity of satellite infrared imagery for global precipitation nowcasting",2014,"10.1504/IJHST.2014.068447","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84926428542&doi=10.1504%2fIJHST.2014.068447&partnerID=40&md5=b617eb8f12dcb8d1c964f040487146c0","The satellite imagery-based hydro image processing (SIHIP) model elucidates a new precipitation nowcasting methodology by relating humidity and intensity of satellite infrared image. With this relation, the relative humidity can be quickly and reliably estimated in near real-time to eliminate the need for site-specific radiosonde. The algorithm uses clustering technique to separate the cloud texture from the ground surface textures and Haar wavelet to obtain its mean wavelength. This wavelength is used to obtain a relation between a real time entity and the observed entity, which affects the precipitation. SIHIP focuses on convective and precipitating clouds over the Indian subcontinent region for the periods June-September 2012 and 2013. It has undergone a rigorous test for validation on real time data from NASA Global Precipitation Measurement mission. The results of the SIHIP model reflect a significant improvement over existing global satellite precipitation nowcasting algorithms with a success rate of 95.14%. Copyright © 2014 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd."
"25958456900;56340531500;36610109100;56035711500;56340793200;57203155960;57206294639;56341391900;","Monitoring of sediment transport processes for determining Future trends",2014,"10.1201/b17133-257","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84906675678&doi=10.1201%2fb17133-257&partnerID=40&md5=3b7ba2e9ffa11b0114f4a631c1433c83","The global hydrological cycle became more intense during the recent past which can be observed in media attention too. That is the reason why one has to worry about a greater extent and/or more intensive geomorphological damaging events like debris flows and exceptional floods. To get information about the probability and the consequences of these increasing events, it is necessary to analyze the availability of sediments in the catchment area and the transport of the sediments along torrents. The project ClimCatch, which started in April 2012, investigates the torrential sediment transport processes in a non-glaciated Alpine valley in Austria and the related natural hazards under the viewpoint of the on-going climate change. Due to an extreme precipitation event in 2011 debris flow-similar discharges occurred in this catchment and since then the sediment sources are highly erodible there. The aims of the project are to derive a quantitative sediment budget model, including geomorphologic process domains, determining sediment transport in the river system and the measurement of bed load output, besides others. To quantify river sediment dynamics several different methodologies are applied within the project. Discharge and sediment transport measurement as well as hydrological stations are installed in the project area. Aggradation and erosion are analysed by means of laser scanner technology in the sediment storage basin which is located at the outlet of the catchment. The observation and measurement of the sediment transport is done by the application of radio telemetry stones and color tracer stones. Line pebble counting, automated grain size determination using photographs and sieving on-site are undertaken to get qualitative sediment information. The correlation of the sediment transport with discharge data and the comparison of sediment transport measurements with available formulae and 1-dimensional-sediment transport models are performed. In order to connect sediment transport processes to climate change, the correlation between heavy precipitation events and debris flow will be analyzed. Future extreme precipitation events will be modeled by the improvement of downscaling approaches, especially for sub-daily scale. Furthermore, uncertainties in local extreme precipitation will be estimated quantitatively. The introduction of the development of scenarios of future catchment dynamics and of the assessment of mitigation measures will complement this paper. & Copy 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London, I. © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London."
"6603359788;7402074810;","Stratocumulus-topped marine boundary layer processes revealed by the absence of profiler reflectivity",2014,"10.1175/JAMC-D-12-0308.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84905122791&doi=10.1175%2fJAMC-D-12-0308.1&partnerID=40&md5=9ad4ec0b54b515cc44f1cee8e20cd9b9","Stratocumulus (Sc) clouds occur frequently over the cold waters of the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Data collected during two Pan American Climate Study research cruises in the tropical eastern Pacific illuminate many aspects of this Sc-topped marine boundary layer (MBL). Here the focus is on understanding gaps in detectable wind-profiler reflectivities during two boreal autumn cruises. After rigorous quality control that included applying the Riddle threshold of minimum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) detectability, there are many instances with no measurable atmospheric signals through a depth of up to several hundred meters, often lasting for an hour or more. Rain gauge data from the autumn 2004 cruise are used to calibrate the profiler, which allows SNR to be converted to both equivalent reflectivity and the structure-function parameter of the index of refraction C2n. Profiles of C2n statistics from the two profiler modes (resolutions) highlight the wide range of C2n during a 24-h period and bound the atmosphere's C2n when low-mode gaps are not mirrored in the high-mode data. Considering the gaps in terms of C2n allows them to be understood as indications of reduced ""top down"" buoyancy processes and/or reduced turbulent intensity, both of which have been demonstrated by previous researchers to be associated with decoupling within the Sc-topped MBL. A decoupling index calculated from surface and ceilometer data strongly suggests that decoupled conditions were common and that the MBL was coupled when gaps in profiler reflectivity were unlikely. Further study of data from other cruises may lead to a method of using profiler reflectivity as an indicator of decoupled conditions. © 2014 American Meteorological Society."
"55971242800;6507412692;6507644286;56006030700;","The influence of infiltration and drainage resistence of river on surface water - Groundwater interaction: A case study",2013,"10.5593/SGEM2013/BC3/S12.051","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84892562660&doi=10.5593%2fSGEM2013%2fBC3%2fS12.051&partnerID=40&md5=2f6cfddca8410c00f03cba4678e21453","Water is essential for life on Earth. Surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) are the main sources for drinking water supply and important resources also for industry and agriculture. These two components of the hydrological cycle are interconnected and affecting each other, as well as the natural environment. During SW-GW interaction the water quality and quantity can change considerably. The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) addressed the need of a sustainable management of coupled GW-SW resources and their ecosystems. The WFD recommends estimating the exchange flow rates and flow directions between SW and GW. This requires an enhanced knowledge of these systems. The exchange of water, solutes and colloids between SW and GW, or the hyporheic exchange, perform through the hyporheic zone. The stream hydrology and morphology significantly influence the spatial patterns of this exchange. Moreover stream-aquifer interactions are also influenced by riverbed clogging processes. The infiltration or drainage resistance of rivers influence the duration of hyporheic exchange. The value of these two parameters primarily depends on the clogging processes and the thickness of riverbed sediments. In this study, the interaction between GW and SW and the dynamics of flow processes in the GW-SW system was modelled for different infiltration and drainage resistance parameters. The model area is situated on the Rye Island, which is a lowland area with very low slope. In this area a channel network was built up, which serves for drainage. Because of the low slope and the system of water gates built on the channels, the riverbeds are influenced by intensive clogging processes. The objective of this study was to measure the thickness of riverbed sediments and to model their influence on the GW-SW interaction in the study area. The groundwater heads and the groundwater flow direction were simulated for different infiltration/drainage resistance parameters of the rivers. © SGEM2013 All Rights Reserved by the International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM."
"7005523706;56216765600;7202530955;","Use of storm life cycle information and lightning data in radar-rainfall estimation",2013,"10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000557","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84881326983&doi=10.1061%2f%28ASCE%29HE.1943-5584.0000557&partnerID=40&md5=d6f6963a24ccfd11ac92cbc4659466e0","Correcting real-time radar-rainfall estimates for mean field systematic errors (bias) is normally accomplished through gauge-based adjustment procedures. This study explores two auxiliary data sources derived from cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning measurements and storm tracking applied on radar images in terms of providing microphysical information useful for improving the efficiency of gauge-based bias adjustment techniques. The CG information is used to classify storms into thunderstorms (T-storms) versus showers (i.e., storms without lightning) and the tracking algorithm is used to classify storms according to their stage of maturity (i.e., growing, maturing, and decaying). Data for this study are based on high-resolution radar-rainfall estimates (2-km spatial grid resolution at 15-min intervals) available over the South Florida Water Management District for a period of 11 months, along with corresponding rain gauge measurements from 120 gauges and CG occurrences from the National Lightning Detection Network. The radar error analysis for T-storms versus showers and for the different storm maturity stages indicate that storm tracking and CG contain significant microphysical information that can improve radarrainfall estimation. It is shown that radar rain estimates tend to underestimate convective rainfall, primarily associated with the growing stage of the storms or the occurrences of CG lightning; showers and storms at mature or decay stages are shown to be better represented by the standard reflectivity-rainfall (Z-R) relationship used for convective and tropical storms in Florida. Results from this study indicate that information regarding storm maturity stage derived from tracking radar images, and to a lesser extent, CG observations, can be used to reduce variability in the Z-R conversion and consequently improve accuracy in real-time radar-rainfall estimation. © 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers."
"7005034568;55728684000;","Global precipitation monitoring",2013,"10.1007/978-94-007-5872-8_6","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84932632634&doi=10.1007%2f978-94-007-5872-8_6&partnerID=40&md5=6876aa9d23c36806fc341787b257537f","Satellite observations play a vital role in the global monitoring of precipitation because they fill in large data voids where conventional measurements such as surface rain gauges and weather radars are primarily restricted to populated land regions. Geostationary satellites, containing visible and infrared sensors, provide the most continuous observations from space; they can infer surface precipitation through relationships between cloud properties and precipitation rate. Passive microwave sensors, which operate primarily on low Earth-orbiting satellites, provide a more direct measurement of rainfall and global coverage; however, they observe the Earth less frequently than the geostationary satellites. This chapter summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of the various satellite retrieval algorithms, then describes emerging blended precipitation products that merge different satellite measurements to achieve the best possible rainfall product. Examples of the utility of such data are also provided. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. All rights are reserved."
"55624232700;6603628828;7003696133;","The regional atmospheric water budget over Southwestern Germany under different synoptic conditions",2013,"10.1175/JHM-D-11-0110.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84875018422&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-11-0110.1&partnerID=40&md5=cab62db5579249d440545a5ccd084b5c","This study addresses the question of how complex topography in a low-mountain region affects the partitioning and the variability of the atmospheric water budget components (WBCs) as a function of synoptic-scale flow conditions. The WBCs are calculated for regions of different size and location in southwestern Germany and the summer months from 2005 to 2009 using the high-resolution regional climate model COSMO-CLM driven by Global Model (GME) analyses. Comparisons with observations from the Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study (COPS) performed in summer 2007 show that the model is capable of simulating the atmospheric water budget reasonably (absolute mean error between 0.1 and 0.7 kg m-2 day-1). To investigate the influence of synoptic weather conditions, the daily WBCs are classified based on the inflow direction of the air masses and the cyclonality at 500 hPa. Using statistical tests, four groups out of the six synoptic conditions have significantly different distributions of the WBCs. This can be explained by differences in the air mass features and the influence of high/low pressure systems. The sensitivity of the modeled WBCs to topography and land cover is investigated by comparing a region in the flat upper Rhine Valley with one in the mountainous Black Forest/Swabian Jura. Compared to the Rhine Valley, increases of evapotranspiration (15% to 116%), precipitation (126% to 157%), and moisture convergence (124% to 193%) are noticeable in the lowmountain region. Local modifications of the synoptic-scale flow, thermally induced winds, and land use cause this intensification of the atmospheric water budget, especially on the windward slopes of the mountains. © 2013 American Meteorological Society."
"57210796733;57210808201;57202022329;","Vulnerability Assessment for Rural Settings: Applicability to Developing Countries",2013,"10.1007/978-3-642-31110-9_17","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85014733769&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-642-31110-9_17&partnerID=40&md5=ee9f43e3c5e32e35e7c8985c2bc68b61","It is now widely accepted that climate change will lead to intensification of the global hydrological cycle and will subsequently impact on regional water resources. Variability in climate conditions in Uganda is already having major impact on food security due to prolonged drought, high temperatures, floods and landslides that have lately been prevalent, especially in the northern region. This region has recorded consecutive years of crop failure and low livestock productivity due to erratic weather conditions and inadequate rainfall, which has impacted negatively on food security in the region with records of famine and hunger in some districts during the 2000s. With the smallest number of natural water resources, northern Uganda has been over-dependent on rainfall and ground water sources for its water requirements. Prolonged temperature increase is likely to exacerbate the problems of the already difficult water balance faced in the region and rainfall patterns have already started changing with precipitation being just above the evapotranspiration during the rainy season but the trend quickly reverses at the onset of the dry seasons. This paper aims to illustrate the practical applications of vulnerability assessment frameworks for rural settings in developing countries, based on an ongoing water harvesting project for rural smallholder farming systems in northern Uganda, whose main objective is to improve farm water management systems for enhanced agricultural productivity and poverty alleviation. This paper examines the applicability of vulnerability assessment frameworks and methodologies to such poverty-ridden rural settings in Uganda, which can be classified as a developing country. Participatory methods were used to collect data using a combination of adaptation and participatory tools from climate vulnerability and capacity analysis (CVCA) and community-based risk screening tools for adaptation and livelihoods (CRiSTAL) as decision support tools to analyse the vulnerability assessment. Results obtained by qualitative analysis show that there is high vulnerability to floods, HIV/AIDS, and anthropogenic activities, notably including civil wars and cattle rustling. The paper concludes that a combination of vulnerability assessment tools can give more rational and realistic results, and that efforts should be made to take stakeholder inputs into consideration while developing and applying the vulnerability assessment tools. It is recommended that vulnerability assessment tools for developing countries be standardised for ease of replication and applicability. © 2013, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg."
"55889503300;7004408003;57197916766;","Canal simulation model for conjunctive irrigation management",2012,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84884331104&partnerID=40&md5=fcb1a63fce4f5927212abaa00d36881b","In the recent time, it has been realized that water resources must be managed in an integrated manner. Also, irrigation for agriculture can not be considered in isolation of other uses. Due to competing demands from different sectors such as agriculture, domestic, power, industry, environment and others, assessment and allocation of available water resources has become increasingly challenging and requires an appropriate computation tool. As part of a broader World Bank-funded water sector restructuring project, SMEC International Australia was commissioned in 2004 by UPID to develop the model that can simulate the complex hydrological cycle in canal command involving conjunctive use of surface and groundwater coupled with agriculture intensification and diversification. A review of existing models led to the conclusion that there were no existing models that would adequately describe the water balance in canal command area at appropriate levels of spatial and temporal (daily, weekly and seasonal) scales. Therefore, a comprehensive, purpose-specific GIS-based model has been developed to evaluate different water management scenarios in terms of water resources availability and requirement including their socio-economic implications. Finally, to illustrate the model application, a few management scenarios have been discussed in relation to water resources planning and real-time canal operation."
"36103847100;","Asesment of impact of climate change on ground water resources",2012,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84871451273&partnerID=40&md5=4339976afc3989c1894072dc00f5e2eb","Climate change poses uncertainties to the supply and management of water resources. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that the global mean surface temperature has increased 0.6 ± 0.2°C since 1861, and predicts an increase of 2 to 4°C over the next 100 years. Temperature increases also affect the hydrologic cycle by directly increasing evaporation of available surface water and vegetation transpiration. Consequently, these changes can influence precipitation amounts, timings and intensity rates, and indirectly impact the flux and storage of water in surface and subsurface reservoirs (i.e., lakes, soil moisture, groundwater). In addition, there may be other associated impacts, such as sea water intrusion, water quality deterioration, potable water shortage, etc. While climate change affects surface water resources directly through changes in the major long-term climate variables such as air temperature, precipitation, and evapotranspiration, the relationship between the changing climate variables and groundwater is more complicated and poorly understood. The greater variability in rainfall could mean more frequent and prolonged periods of high or low groundwater levels, and saline intrusion in coastal aquifers due to sea level rise and resource reduction. Groundwater resources are related to climate change through the direct interaction with surface water resources, such as lakes and rivers, and indirectly through the recharge process. The direct effect of climate change on groundwater resources depends upon the change in the volume and distribution of groundwater recharge. Therefore, quantifying the impact of climate change on groundwater resources requires not only reliable forecasting of changes in the major climatic variables, but also accurate estimation of groundwater recharge. A number of Global Climate Models (GCM) are available for understanding climate and projecting climate change. There is a need to downscale GCM on a basin scale and couple them with relevant hydrological models considering all components of the hydrological cycle. Output of these coupled models such as quantification of the groundwater recharge will help in taking appropriate adaptation strategies due to the impact of climate change. This paper presents the likely impact of climate change on groundwater resources and methodology to assess the impact of climate change on groundwater resources."
"57204626147;35291717900;","Intensively irrigated agriculture in the north-west of Doñana",2012,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85056402417&partnerID=40&md5=4730218a27eba2b9a99d2d2ee293d76b","The Doñana region in southwestern Spain is one of the largest and most complex natural systems in western Europe. Groundwater resources constitute a key component of its natural processes and a fundamental input for the intensive irrigated agriculture that began in the 1970s and it is now one of the most important economic drivers in the region. This agricultural activity and its associated groundwater use affects the hydrological cycle of the Doñana both in terms of quality and quantity and puts pressure on its sensitive ecosystems. Since the 1990s, several initiatives were undertaken to find a balance between socio-economic development and nature conservation and avoid reaching a deadlock situation. The complex nature of the resource system, the presence of unauthorized extractions, unsolved ownership issues and a fragmented institutional structure hinder the establishment of a sustainable resource use regime. © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC."
"34881976400;7005071296;26536184000;","Microphysical retrievals of dual polarization and dual frequency ground radar for GPM ground validation",2010,"10.1109/IGARSS.2010.5650077","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78650951848&doi=10.1109%2fIGARSS.2010.5650077&partnerID=40&md5=b691f1c48ea5401d4b130e13318de0f3","A dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) will be deployed aboard GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) core satellite in order to enhance our knowledge of precipitation microphysics. A ground based dual-frequency (Ku and Ka band) and dual-polarization radar D3R is being built to perform cross validation with GPM-DPR which helps provide insight into the physical basis of the retrieval algorithm. This paper is the follow up study of the author's previous paper where a new drop size distribution (DSD) retrieval algorithm was proposed. In this paper, the algorithm evaluation is extended to the complete region including rain, melting ice and ice based on simulation data. A possible method to classify the hydrometeor identification for dual-frequency and dual-polarization ground radar is also proposed which might be applied to D3R. © 2010 IEEE."
"16643471600;6505819666;55946567900;14123161200;7201587916;6701800237;55002521700;26656360300;6603819181;","Development of spaceborne radar simulator by NICT and JAXA using JMA cloud-resolving model",2010,"10.1109/IGARSS.2010.5649413","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78650867515&doi=10.1109%2fIGARSS.2010.5649413&partnerID=40&md5=8dc0bfe4e89d2dff47340daef507abe6","This study demonstrated preliminary results in diagnosis of the numerical model with reference to the TRMM/PR, examples of the GPM/DPR synthetic data, and application of the synthetic data to the algorithm development in the nonuniform beamfilling correction method. These were performed using a satellite radar simulation algorithm by the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) named as the Integrated Satellite Observation Simulator for Radar (ISOSIM-Radar) and a cloud-resolving model by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA-NHM). © 2010 IEEE."
"34881976400;7005071296;26536184000;","Microphysical retrieval from dual frequency precipitation radar board GPM",2010,"10.1109/IGARSS.2010.5652487","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78650867427&doi=10.1109%2fIGARSS.2010.5652487&partnerID=40&md5=cbd95ea5b31215600545455f6c8642fd","Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) is poised to be the next generation observations from space after Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). The GPM mission concept is centered on the deployment of a core observatory satellite with an active dual-frequency radar (DPR), operating at Ku and Ka bands. The DPR is expected to improve our knowledge of precipitation processes relative to single-frequency radar on microphysics retrievals. Hydrometeor classification method is a key part of any microphysical retrieval algorithm. This paper is focused on the hydrometeor classification method which might be applied to GPM DPR and maps the results to Z dr - DFR plane to cross verify with the pixel based hydrometer identification method. In addition a comparison is made between the DSD retrieval algorithm proposed by the author and other existing algorithm. © 2010 IEEE."
"6701674356;24605872900;26421375700;8524766100;","The role of cavities in land-atmosphere interactions",2009,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79952333716&partnerID=40&md5=b2a12a3ea82fe571baffad349c2f99ab","Throughout the past two decades, most studies that explored flow and transport processes through surface-exposed fractures, focused merely on the role of these fractures as fast conduits for water, salts and contaminants during intensive rain events, and flooding or leakage from contamination sources. Conventional approach has assumed that as long as fractures are dry, their role in the hydrological cycle is negligible. This study, however, explores the processes occurring within surface-exposed fractures during the dry season, and shows that their role in hydrological and atmospheric cycles is not negligible. © 2009 Taylor & Francis Group."
"35756496800;35756504600;","Climate change impact on environment and health of the population in Dambovita County, Romania",2009,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78149316518&partnerID=40&md5=3476f860e7bfd6719978c77f5abdb8f1","Climate change is a major concern of the third millennium, is characterized as a complex area that requires improved knowledge and understanding and to take immediate steps to correct, leading to efficient approach in terms of costs, respecting the precautionary principle. They are direct or indirect result of human activity, which occur due to changes in global atmospheric composition (activities emitting greenhouse gases) and to complement the natural climate variability observed over comparable time. Global warming influence on the one hand, physical systems, but on the other, the biological. In this respect, we believe that activities conducted in the energy sector and beyond, the area studied, contributing to increased average temperatures with significant regional variations, increasing arid areas, changing the hydrological cycle, running seasons and increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather phenomena, but also the loss of biodiversity, which has direct implications on quality of life in general."
"7006484268;7005523706;","Performance of algorithms for rainfall retrieval from dual-polarization X-band radar measurements",2008,"10.1007/978-3-540-77655-0_12","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84892212755&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-540-77655-0_12&partnerID=40&md5=56d3bf381da0595096679e8046f71db2","Quantitative precipitation measurement remains a key topic in radar meteorology. On the one hand, in urban hydrology at the small catchment scale, it is required the repetitive high sampling and space resolution that also required over a wide area that can only be achieved with weather radar. On the other hand, the study of the hydrological cycle at global scale requires large scale observations such as those provided by satellites. Satellites use onboard microwave active or passive sensors for measuring rainfall or Infrared radiometers for measuring cloud top temperature. However, there are open questions on the accuracy of precipitation retrievals from satellites. Ground validation on the basis of in situ measurements is impaired since in different climate regimes there are different cloud and precipitation microphysical processes that can affect satellite rain retrievals. Weather radars capability to monitor precipitation at high spatial and temporal scales has stimulated great interest and support within the hydrologic community. The US National Weather Service (NWS) is using an extensive network of weather surveillance Doppler radar (WSR-88D) systems (Heiss et al. 1990), which can bring dramatic advancements to the precipitation monitoring with direct implications on the improvement of real-time forecasting of river floods and flash floods. Precipitation, though, may originate from varying meteorological systems, ranging from cold frontal systems to thunderstorms and tropical systems, where rainfall estimates based on these classical single polarization radar observations have quantitative limitations (e.g., Smith et al. 1996; Fulton et al. 1998; Anagnostou et al. 1999). These limitations arise from uncertainties associated with the lack of uniqueness in reflectivity to rainfall intensity transformation, radar system calibration and contamination by ground returns problems, as well as precipitation profile and complex terrain effects. Recent considerations concern the upgrade of WSR-88D systems to include dual-polarization capability, expected to moderate the effect of Z-R variability and radar calibration (Ryzhkov et al. 2005; Bringi et al. 2004; Zrnic and Ryzhkov 1999), while deploying local radar units is an option to fill up critical gaps in the WSR-88D network. Use of small and cost effective X-band radar units for this purpose (e.g., CASA NSF Engineering Research Center) is particularly stressed in cases of regions prone to localized severe weather phenomena, like tornados and flash floods, and over mountainous basins not well covered (due to terrain blockage) by operational weather radar networks. Advances in weather radar technology have led to the development of polarimetric systems that are becoming more suitable to hydrological and hydrometeorological applications. First, Seliga and Bringi (1976, 1978) used the anisotropy information arising from the oblateness of raindrops to estimate rainfall. This information was exploited by producing new parameters such as the differential reflectivity (ZDR) and the differential propagation phase shift (ψDP). The ψDP is a powerful tool for the quantification of rain-path attenuation in short wavelength radar observations (Anagnostou et al. 2006a, b; Park et al. 2005; Matrosov et al. 2005) and for the estimation of precipitation parameters including hydrometeor size distributions (Brandes et al. 2004; Zhang et al. 2001; Vivekanandan et al. 2004; Gorgucci et al. 2000). Due to rain-path attenuation, such shorter wavelengths (X- and C-band) undergo makes longer wavelengths (S-band) more attractive in the quantification of rainfall. Note that even at C-band significant attenuation issues associated with convective storms can occur. Several polarimetric relations for rain rate estimation have been suggested during the last two decades, using ZH, ZDR and the specific propagation differential phase shift KDP (Ryzhkov et al. 2001; Brandes et al. 2001; May et al. 1999; Anagnostou et al. 2004; Matrosov et al. 2002). All these studies have shown that (a) there is an improvement in rainfall estimation if polarimetric radar is used, and (b) polarimetric rainfall estimation techniques are more robust with respect to Drop Size Distribution (DSD) variation than conventional Z-R relations. However, there is still no definitive compromise on the degree of improvement and the choice of the optimal polarimetric relationship (Ryzhkov et al. 2005). Furthermore, improving local flood and flash flood forecasting requires accurate quantitative rainfall measurements at small temporal (minutes) and spatial (hundred of meters to few kilometers) scales. The ability of short wavelength radar (X-band) to monitor precipitation at high spatiotemporal scales has stimulated great interest and support within the hydrologic community. As mentioned earlier in this Section, the use of small size X-band radar units is sought as an approach to fill up critical gaps in operational weather 'radar networks (consisting primarily of Sband, e.g., WSR-88D network in US and C-band radars, e.g., radar networks in Europe). This would be particularly significant for providing high resolution rainfall observations over small scale watersheds, urban areas and mountainous basins not well covered by operational radar networks. A primary disadvantage of X-band frequency is the enhanced rain path attenuation in ZH and ZDR measurements, compared to S-band (and moderately to C-band), including the potential for complete signal loss in cases of signal propagation through more than 10 km paths of high rainfall intensity, on the one hand. On the other hand, power independent parameters such as DP exhibit greater phase change per unit rainfall rate at shorter wavelengths. As a result, the sensitivity of DP to rainfall intensity at X-band can be about three times that of Sband observations. Consequently, X-band frequency offers an increased sensitivity on differential phase-based estimation of weak targets (such as stratiform rain rates) compared to S-band and C-band systems. Furthermore, a radar beam at X-band is associated with greater resolution than the lower frequencies (S-/C-band) for the same antenna size and is less susceptible to side lobe effects. As a result, X-band systems offer mobility and therefore cost efficiency, since they require low power units and small antenna sizes. This Chapter is based on the following three testable hypotheses: (a) The use of differential propagation phase shift can provide accurate estimates of rain-path specific and differential attenuation provided there is no total lose of the transmitted power; (b) attenuation-corrected X-band dual polarization radar measurements offer higher sensitivity compared to lower frequency radar in the estimation of low rain rates, and a comparable accuracy in the estimation of moderate-to-high rainfall rates and DSD parameters; and (c) X-band can provide high spatial and temporal resolution estimates but is limited by range to less than 50 km and up to 120 km in heavy and low-to-moderate rain rates, respectively. This Chapter explores the synergy of rainfall observations from multiple sensors needed to test the above hypotheses. The second part of the Chapter presents the state-of-the-art technology of todays research X-band polarimetric radar systems. Most of these systems are mobile and some are static systems. However, as we discussed earlier, the major drawback in systems is the atmospheric attenuation effect. Anagnostou et al. (2006a), Matrosov et al. (2005) and Park et al. (2005) have shown that ψDP can provide stable estimates of the path specific attenuation at horizontal polarization AH and specific differential attenuation ADP along a radar ray. The last two parts of the Chapter focuses on methods to estimate rainfall from X-band dual-polarization radar systems based on the microphysical properties of rain. Rainfall estimation techniques can be broadly quantified to physical based and empirical techniques. Physical based techniques are mainly power law algorithms where the coefficients have been calculated based on simulations. These algorithms are evaluated based on in-situ disdrometer spectra observations."
"7003434360;36938028000;","A multi-faceted approach to implementation of low impact design in Auckland, New Zealand",2008,"10.1061/41007(331)3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78751678880&doi=10.1061%2f41007%28331%293&partnerID=40&md5=c40f43a8adbfc97dc93f1ab75f4700e9","Like many cities around the world, Auckland is facing the significant challenge of accommodating a rapidly growing population while providing a high quality urban environment. A significant impact of urban development is the changes it makes to the natural hydrological cycle. Stormwater runoff from urban sources, including increased volumes and rates of runoff and contaminant loads, are clearly having impact on Auckland's aquatic receiving environments. The Auckland Regional Council (ARC) is responsible for establishing a policy direction, providing a regulatory framework and supporting non-statutory initiatives to manage the effects of land development and encourage behaviours and activities that minimise these effects. In exercising this role in the context of stormwater management, the ARC has identified the significant potential that Low Impact Design (LID) offers as both a functional stormwater solution and as a method to enhance the urban environment. The ARC has taken a multi-faceted approach to promoting LID and facilitating its implementation in the region. This has required a clear understanding of critical stormwater issues, identification of desired stormwater solutions, stakeholder engagement to identify barriers to the implementation of solutions and activities to inspire innovation and encourage implementation. Activities that cross policy, regulatory and non-statutory roles of the Council have been undertaken to progress this outcome and relationships with key external stakeholders have been critical in achieving progress. Key initiatives include interactive forums with a wide range of stakeholders, concept projects to illustrate how LID can be applied to the redevelopment and intensification of existing urban areas, a university student LID competition, exploration of incentives to encourage LID such as innovation funding and streamlining the regulatory process, development of LID guides and case studies and exploring opportunities to modify the policy framework to facilitate LID implementation. This paper discusses the development, delivery and contribution of these projects to facilitating the implementation of LID in Auckland, New Zealand. © 2008 ASCE."
"14009783100;54785392800;10139741400;56528690900;7401847849;15755240700;","Understanding hydrological cycle dynamics due to changing land use and land cover : Congo basin case study",2008,"10.1109/IGARSS.2008.4780136","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-67649827519&doi=10.1109%2fIGARSS.2008.4780136&partnerID=40&md5=10fb91639363cadbf1c57b2af4e7366b","Land use and land cover changes (LULCC) significantly modify the hydrological flow regime of the watersheds, affecting water resources and environment from regional to global scale. In recent years, with an increased number of launched satellites, regular updates of land-cover databases are available. This study seeks to advance and integrate water and energy cycle observation, scientific understanding, and its prediction to enable society to cope with future climate adversities due to LULCC. We use the Common Land Model [1] which is developed with enhanced spatial and temporal resolution, physical complexity, hydrologic theory and processes to quantify the impact of LULCC on hydrological cycle dynamics. A consistent global GIS-based dataset is constructed for the surface boundary conditions of the model from existing observational datasets available in various resolutions, map projections and data formats. Incorporation of the projected LULCC of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) A1B scenario [2] into our hydrologic model enhances scientific understanding of LULCC impact on the seasonal hydrological dynamics. An interesting case study is addressed over the Congo basin located in the western central Africa which has the second largest rain forest area in the world. It is surrounded by plateaus merging into savannas in the south, mountainous terraces and grassland in the west and mountainous glaciers in the east. Savanna and Evergreen Broadleaf forest are projected to be cleared off in places to be replaced by dryland, cropland and pasture. By 2100, there would be a 10% decrease in savanna and 2% decrease in evergreen forest under A1B scenario of IPCC. Each land cover class has a particular set of characteristics defined in the model and any change in land cover type changes the vegetation properties, rooting depth, roughness length, etc. which results in a change of energy and water fluxes. Deforestation of evergreen forests and intense land clearing of savanna leads to reduction in evapotranspiration. Model results show that the gain in runoff follows the pattern of loss in evapotranspiration. © 2008 IEEE."
"16426561000;7005002365;7003403258;","A comparison of number-of-rain-days estimation techniques for continental hydrological modelling",2007,"10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423867","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-82355186133&doi=10.1109%2fIGARSS.2007.4423867&partnerID=40&md5=f5f96e008c18fa08b14d21770f958cf6","The number of rain-days per dekad (NRDD), a parameter of a modification of the widely used Soil Conservation Service (SCS) model, is estimated here over sub-Saharan Africa using two techniques: indicator kriging of rain-gauge measurements, and a method based on logistic regression between Meteosat Cold Cloud Duration (CCD) images and gauge measurements. The methods were assessed using a very dense validation dataset. The results show that the interpolation technique scores better k-statistic values but, the Z-statistic applied to compare their relative performance suggests that their difference is insignificant. It is suggested that a combination of both techniques in a single method should provide the solution to a more precise NRDD estimation. © 2001 IEEE."
"57197427040;57202409199;","Statistical and neural classifiers in estimating rain rate from weather radar measurements",2007,"10.5194/adgeo-10-111-2007","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34247521907&doi=10.5194%2fadgeo-10-111-2007&partnerID=40&md5=c9ce84ba162be66b417cebf7e04a7de4","Weather radars are used to measure the electromagnetic radiation backscattered by cloud raindrops. Clouds that backscatter more electromagnetic radiation consist of larger droplets of rain and therefore they produce more rain. The idea is to estimate rain rate by using weather radar as an alternative to rain-gauges measuring rainfall on the ground. In an experiment during two days in June and August 1997 over the Italian-Swiss Alps, data from weather radar and surrounding rain-gauges were collected at the same time. The statistical KNN and the neural SOM classifiers were implemented for the classification task using the radar data as input and the rain-gauge measurements as output. The proposed system managed to identify matching pattern waveforms and the rainfall rate on the ground was estimated based on the radar reflectivities with a satisfactory error rate, outperforming the traditional ZIR relationship. It is anticipated that more data, representing a variety of possible meteorological conditions, will lead to improved results. The results in this work show that an estimation of rain rate based on weather radar measurements treated with statistical and neural classifiers is possible."
"7202451586;15064587900;15063983800;15064484300;","Hydrologic regionalisation impacts on wet-weather control selection",2006,"10.2166/wst.2006.604","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33751035142&doi=10.2166%2fwst.2006.604&partnerID=40&md5=6493c2dac861cff29926dd5e2f3b5f96","Continuous simulation is performed using the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) to evaluate regional differences around the United States in hydrologic and water quality performance of wet-weather controls. Controls are characterised as being limited by peak inflow rate (i.e. any device with little or no storage, such as screens, filters and some proprietary devices) or by storage capacity (e.g. ponds, tanks). For flow-limited devices, results are presented in the form of percentage of annual runoff volume captured (passing through the device) for a given inflow capacity. For storage-limited devices, results are presented in two forms: percentage of annual runoff volume captured as a function of unit basin size and drawdown (drain) time, and as a percentage of total suspended solids captured, for the same two variables. Regional differences are apparent, driven mainly by variations in rainfall patterns around the country. © IWA Publishing 2006."
"14523673200;56635339500;7202205546;","Hydrological processes within an intensively cultivated alluvial plain in an arid environment",2006,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33748578993&partnerID=40&md5=9c900cab403e3ea603ee8ebe10a89bdb","The Tuoshigan-Kumalake River alluvial plain is a vast evaporation oasis (annual rainfall of less than 100 mm) located in the upper Tarim River, a large inland river in central Asia. Regulations have been enacted recently to limit water use in the plain because large water consumption reduces the discharge to downstream and jeopardizes the ecosystem of the lower reaches of the Tarim River. Engineering works are planned, or are under construction, to save water but without consideration for the hydrological connections within the plain. The objective of this paper is to investigate the hydrological cycle inside the plain, which is impacted by intensive cultivation, and to highlight the interactions between the cultivation system and the natural ecosystem. A conceptual water balance methodology was used for evaluating the water transformations between the river channel irrigation ditches, irrigation area and non-irrigation area based on the records of water diversion, spring flow studies, and monitoring of precipitation, temperature and other hydrological parameters. Water budgets for the mainstem of the Tuoshigan-Kumalake and the Wushi and Wensu sub-areas were calculated for the alluvial plain for the period 1999-2002. Results show that the irrigation system is inefficient in using earth ditches on sandy soil and that groundwater exchange between the irrigation and non-irrigation areas accounts for nearly half of the water supply to the non-irrigation area, which suggests that any human disturbance to the irrigation system might rapidly influence the surrounding natural ecosystem."
"56999946500;7003995144;56271066200;6603625036;7005320660;","Characterization of Rainfall Signature due to Multispectral Microwave Radiometric Data from Ground",2003,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0242711615&partnerID=40&md5=bc80faf71b6f2ee0f419b8d65a23d645","Ground-based multi-frequency microwave radiometric measurements for different sets of frequency channels and precipitation regimes are analyzed. Simulation results are shown to illustrate the potential of the proposed models by selecting, for this study, a wide range of frequencies from 19.0 to 60 GHz, representing the frequency set currently available on the ground-based radiometric system. As a validation of the approach, we have analyzed rain events occurred in Boulder, Colorado. Results are illustrated in terms of comparisons between measurements and model data in order to show that the observed radiometric signatures can be attributed to rainfall scattering and absorption. Rain estimates are also compared with available rain gauge data."
"7006437195;6701854115;","Irrigated agriculture and soil salinization in the Maltese islands",2003,"10.1081/ESE-120021481","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0041573117&doi=10.1081%2fESE-120021481&partnerID=40&md5=e20e036acfbe23d8de0f7823134014b9","In the Maltese islands, soil is one of the most threatened natural resources, being continuously exposed to a multitude of climatic, environmental, and man-induced impacts. The changes in agricultural practices as well as increases in urban development have intensified environmental problems and have accentuated the pressures on agricultural land and fragile semi-natural ecosystems. Between 1956 and 2001, the total agricultural land declined from 20,433 ha to 10,713 ha, however, during the same period, the irrigated land as a percentage of total agricultural land increased from 3.9% to 10.7%. The poor quality of irrigation water sources, and the supply of treated sewage effluent with a high level of salts, contribute to a significant salt input. The extent of salt-affected soils in the Maltese islands is not well-documented, however, field observations and technical reports indicate that soil salinity is a potential constraint for agricultural production. This article gives a comparative review of the salinity status of soils in three case study areas in Malta, the agricultural dryland at Ghammieri, the intensively cultivated irrigated valley of Pwales, and the agricultural land irrigated with treated sewage effluent of the Sant Antnin Sewage Treatment Plant in the South-East of Malta. This analysis is provided in the context of the environmental impact of irrigation on soil quality in the Maltese islands."
"6601977168;","Long-term of water circulation tendencies in Kampinos National Park [Długookresowe Tendencje Obiegu Wody w Kampinoskim Parku Narodowym]",2002,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0242490657&partnerID=40&md5=9d50e7ab24a4819c9c038921758c7b81","On the basis of trends analysis concerning river flow, phreatic water states and climate elements, the problem of intensifying water deficit in the Łasica River basin is described. Receiving two scenarios of global climate changes: pessimistic GFDL and moderately optimistic GISS an estimation of effect future changes in air temperature and precipitation on percolation and runoff from the catchment is made. The basin of the Łasica River (a tributary of the Bzura) is one of the lowland regions in Poland that is particularly threatened by water deficits in different seasons and years. This is the result of relatively low annual precipitation, as well as of human activity including deforestration, drainage, intensive abstraction of groundwater and intensive development of agriculture and urban agglomerations. Water deficit can be confirmed hydrologically in long term negative trends of runoff in the Łasica and Utrata River and for phreatic groundwater at several observation points (piezometer and wells). In analysis was made an annual trends for elements of the climate precipitation and air temperature, at the stations representing the lowland Łasica basin. In estimating future changes in elements of water circulation (groundwater, evapotranspiration, retention and runoff was made of the GFDL and GISS scenarios for global climate change. Negative trends were noted for vertical feeding of groundwater in the cases of both the pessimistic GFDL and the moderately pessimistic GISS scenario. The anticipated unfavourable conditions for the supply and renewability of groundwater coincide with significant changes (reduction already noted in subsurface storage and the flow of the Łasica River."
"35564930900;7003970749;16499175700;","A 3D drop-size distribution model based on the convolution of raindrops at terminal velocity",2002,"10.1080/01431160210127056","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036329768&doi=10.1080%2f01431160210127056&partnerID=40&md5=d0da69e52992c6c580f3a30b4af61708","Using a matrix of drop size distributions (DSDs), measured by a microscale array of disdrometers, a method of spatial and temporal DSD interpolation is presented. The goal of this interpolation technique is to estimate the DSD above the disdrometer array as a function of three spatial coordinates, time and drop diameter. This interpolation algorithm assumes simplified drop dynamics, based on cloud advection and terminal velocity of raindrops. Once a 3D DSD has been calculated, useful quantities such as radar reflectivity Z and rainfall rate R can be computed and compared with corresponding rain gauge and weather radar data."
"7201554889;7102636633;35495958000;57203404677;7006047666;7006616050;","Detection of intensification of the global water cycle: The potential role of FRIEND",2002,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036097476&partnerID=40&md5=df9f6367fd67b868f2ff8154bd1254eb","Diagnostic studies of 14-year, 2 × 2°, Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model off-line simulations of the global terrestrial water budget suggest that, given the annual variability in the major components of continental hydrological cycles (precipitation, evaporation, and runoff), several decades to perhaps centuries of measurements may be needed to detect with high confidence the intensification predicted by recent global climate model (GCM) studies simulating plausible global warming scenarios. Furthermore, these measurements may need to originate from a wider geographic expanse than is currently investigated within large-scale hydrological assessment programmes, such as the Global Energy and Water Experiment (GEWEX). Smaller, geographically dispersed basins, including many of those participating in the International Flow Regimes from International Experimental and Network Data (FRIEND) programme, could therefore play important roles in detection of an intensification in the global water cycle."
"57194933853;","Global multi-year biophysical landsurface data set from NOAA A VHRR data",1999,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033355403&partnerID=40&md5=5d4b6def8f9b04eea9fb05209ac1a17e","A global, monthly, 1 by 1 degree biophysical landsurface data set for 1982-1990 is derived from data collected by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on board the NOAA-7, -9, and -11 satellites. The AVHRR data are adjusted for sensor degradation, volcanic aerosol effects cloud contamination, short term atmospheric effects (<= 2 months), solar zenith angle variations, and missing data. Biophysical parameters such as leaf area index (LAI), fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by vegetation (FPAR), and albedo are estimated. Evaluation shows that the interannual variation in the data is significantly improved by the adjustments. Algorithms to derive biophysical parameters are tested with data from intensive remote sensing experiments (FIFE, OTTER, BOREAS, HAPEX Sahel). Albedo estimates from this study show general agreement with albedo estimates from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), but also indicate a need for improved soil reflectance estimates. The multi-year landsurface datasets presented in this study are a unique compilation of spatially and temporarily consistent biophysical parameters to study spatial, seasonal, and interannual variation in vegetation and interactions with the atmosphere, the hydrological cycle, the energy balance, and biogeochemical cycles. The biophysical data will be distributed by the Goddard Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) [URL: http//daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/] as a precursor to the International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Initiative II during the first half of 1999. A more elaborate version of the current paper is in preparation."
"7102508049;","Variability of hydrologic conditions in the Kuril area in the warm half-year",1999,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033301089&partnerID=40&md5=df313be790c9af9989859d89999fc4b1","Based on the data of hydrologic observations of domestic and Japanese expeditions of 1982-1993 in the Kuril area and the data of quarterly weather reviews for the North Pacific, the specific features of atmospheric processes and the accompanying variability of hydrologic conditions in the region studied were investigated. The relations between temperature anomalies within the active layer of sea and oceanic waters, the intensity of development of individual components of the Kuril Current system, and the types of atmospheric circulation in the region were found."
"6505820758;","Spatio-temporal analysis of groundwater balance in eastern Haryana",1997,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031296113&partnerID=40&md5=68f688740b6c80a37c3594dfc54439f1","The paper embodies a study of spatio-temporal analysis of groundwater balance in eastern Haryana. At present, 80 per cent of available fresh groundwater is being exploited through more than 5 lakh tubewells. Considering high intensity of groundwater utilization, which is one of the prominent factors leading to groundwater depletion, groundwater balance study is made to estimate available groundwater for future. For this purpose, inflow and outflow of groundwater in the form of recharge and discharge are estimated. Accordingly, it is derived from the study that osverdevelopment of groundwater has taken place in many parts of the study area. Therefore, it is suggested that overdevelopment of groundwater resources must be recognized as a major environmental crisis in the study area."
"7004312862;6508150742;","Impact of erosion control measures on runoff processes",1997,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030697793&partnerID=40&md5=4ffebcbaf352be94b0bcc94817a227b7","Water supplies in Serbia are based primarily on reservoir storage in protected areas. The reservoir catchments are located in hilly-mountainous regions in order to avoid the water quality problems associated with urbanization and agricultural production. One of the most important conditions for the continued effective use of such reservoirs is protection of their storage from sedimentation. Erosion problems are widespread in Serbia. 86% of the territory suffers from erosion processes of varying intensity and the total annual production of eroded material is ca. 40×106 m3 year-1. Erosion control is based on the construction of control structures on torrents and bio-technical works (afforestation of bare lands and restoration of degraded forests and pastures). There is currently a need for afforestation of 600 km2 of bare land in the catchment areas of reservoirs which are currently under construction or planned. Land use change (from bare land or degraded forest to stable forest), whilst providing erosion control, also has a significant influence on runoff processes through its influence on the hydrological cycle. The impact of anti-erosive afforestation on runoff processes has been studied in the experimental catchment M-III, located on the Goc mountain n central Serbia during the period 1980-1995."
"7003615542;","The nature of precipitation",1996,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-6044261461&partnerID=40&md5=b636ce23b90f38408f114a1daffd8e20","The nature of precipitation generation and its measurement are considered in the context of a basic summary of cloud and precipitation generating processes. In particular the essential improbability of clouds actually producing precipitation is emphasised and related to these processes. Precipitation origin is linked to the principal qualitative descriptions of precipitation and to measures of precipitation intensity, and in particular to the commonly emergent depth-area-duration relationships and event probabilities. The general nature of precipitation measurement is also considered in the light of the principal sources of error associated with conventional raingauges, and radar and satellite estimation. This is the first of two complementary articles on precipitation. Their role is to extend what is usually covered in basic texts and to provide an overview of how the data collected may be used to develop knowledge about the events themselves. Introductory theoretical material is therefore kept to a minimum. The further reading list and glossary will provide more basic information if it is required. Practical exercises for individual or class projects are suggested within the text - these should, ideally, be carried out before dealing with material contained in the second article. This article summarises cloud and precipitation generation, and examines precipitation measurement (laying bare its inadequacies) and describes known numerical relationships linking the three main measures of precipitation: amount, duration and spatial extent. The second article assesses our current knowledge of the main precipitation-generating disturbances, drawing on both empirical and theoretical work."
"7005780974;6603038945;","Combined use of radar and satellite information for precipitation estimation in Hungary",1996,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0029698694&partnerID=40&md5=37748192c72db41c0efff93b5658b7f9","Radar and satellite measurements can be used for the detailed description of the properties of precipitating clouds. Radars primarily detect the existing raindrops. From the satellite radiances, however, one can derive such additional physical characteristics of the cloudiness that can provide information on the further development of the precipitation systems. In this study we used digitized data from a 3 and 10 cm MRL-5 radar and satellite data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (A VHRR) on board the polar orbiting NOAA satellites. From the A VHRR radiances we derived cloud-top temperature, optical thickness and effective cloud droplet size. We also determined a cloud-class flag using thresholding and clustering classification techniques. The radar and satellite images were transformed into the same geographic projection format and displayed simultaneously for qualitative evaluation. In addition, an empirical relationship was established between coincident ground precipitation measurements, radar data and satellite cloud parameters using data from a two-year period over Hungary."
"7402997634;7201649353;","Rainfall area identification using GOES satellite data",1992,"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1992)118:1(179)","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026624517&doi=10.1061%2f%28ASCE%290733-9437%281992%29118%3a1%28179%29&partnerID=40&md5=a68bb838c435e16a7f1134192c9dbfe0","Geostationary operational environmental satellite (GOES) infrared (IR) images and rain gauge measurements are used to study five convective storm events in Florida. The study region is divided into a training area and a test area. An approach is initiated in this study to identify rainfall areas within GOES images using the coldest cloud-top temperature (CCTT) and the standard deviation of cloud-top temperatures (STD-DEV) within a group of pixels. A threshold value of satellite-derived cloud-top temperature is used to define the cloud-covered areas. GOES IR images are then divided into two categories: Expanding cloud images and contracting cloud images. The Bayesian optimal classifier using CCTT and STD-DEV is implemented to further classify the cloud pixels in each category into precipitation-free cloud pixels and precipitating cloud pixels. Cutoff rain rates from the gauge measurements are used to define the actual precipitation-free and precipitating pixels. The results show that the classification accuracies are about 73% in the training area, and 63% in test area. © ASCE."
"7003395036;7202795255;","Tests of the use of net throughfall sulfate to estimate dry and occult sulfur deposition",1991,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026272647&partnerID=40&md5=f1803ce8ccb40f9e4d13eff9cf7e510c","Throughfall and stemflow measurements taken in a mature high elevation red spruce stand, and precipitation measurements made in a nearby clearing, were used to calculate weekly net throughfall (=throughfall + stemflow - precipitation) sulfate deposition and net throughfall volume in the stand over a 20-week period. The study fortuitously was divisible into a low cloudwater deposition period, during which precipitation volumes generally exceeded throughfall volumes, and a high cloud period, during which the reverse was true. These results support the use of throughfall sulfate measurements as gross estimates of 1) total S deposition, 2) total dry S deposition (using net throughfall in environments where cloudwater deposition accounts for less than 5% of total sulfate deposition) and/or 3) total cloud S deposition (subtracting precipitation and dry inputs from total throughfall sulfate in high cloud environments). -from Authors"
"7005746204;55238920000;","Millimeter wave radiative transfer studies for precipitation measurements",1989,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0024919834&partnerID=40&md5=36fa78bcf4996e6b056931a8dad18a9e","Scattering calculations using the discrete dipole approximation and vector radiative transfer calculations were performed to model multiparameter radar return and passive microwave emission for a simple model of a winter storm. The issue of dendrite riming was addressed by computing scattering properties of thin ice disks with varying bulk density. It was shown that C-band multiparameter radar contains information about particle density and the number concentration of the ice particles. The radiative transfer modeling indicated that polarized multifrequency passive microwave emission may be used to infer some properties of ice hydrometers. Detailed radar modeling and vector radiative transfer modeling is in progress to enhance the understanding of simultaneous radar and radiometer measurements, as in the case of the proposed TRMM field program. A one-dimensional cloud model will be used to simulate the storm structure in detail and study the microphysics, such as size and density. Multifrequency polarized radiometer measurements from the SSMI satellite instrument will be analyzed in relation to dual-frequency and dual-polarization radar measurements."
"6506014321;","Forest decline in Baden-Württemberg",1988,"10.1016/0169-2046(88)90033-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0024164462&doi=10.1016%2f0169-2046%2888%2990033-3&partnerID=40&md5=27930e09e9a731a207615180adb317c9","Forests, a crucial part of the hydrological cycle, are severely threatened by air pollution in Baden-Württemberg. Increasing awareness of the risk has led to the establishment of a monitoring system. The results are presented here and the development of the process is analysed. The correlation between damage to the environment and the more plausible causal chains leading to forest decline are also shown. The extent of the damage and the complexity of its causes have led to an extraordinary intensification in damage research. Current knowledge on the causes of forest decline and possible solutions are reviewed. © 1988."
"7005348433;","Ice sheets and the CO2 problem",1987,"10.1007/BF01903399","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0023486823&doi=10.1007%2fBF01903399&partnerID=40&md5=87a1df46d84e7dc1ed9d4e7be7af6e47","In this review, the carbon dioxide problem is discussed, with special reference to the possible effects of a global warming on the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica. Instead of detailed projections of future climate and the consequences, the basic mechanisms are explained and illustrated with results described in the literature. It is concluded that a doubling of the atmospheric CO2 content (most likely to occur somewhere in the second half of the next century) will result in a globally-averaged warming of 2-4°C, and an intensification of the hydrological cycle. In the polar regions, this warming will be a few degrees larger and as a consequence the Greenland Ice Sheet will decrease in size. Antarctica, on the other hand, is expected to grow because of the increased snowfall. The instability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is also discussed and, although no conclusive prediction to its long-term response can be made, it is argued that on a short time scale (less than about 100 y) nothing dramatically wil happen to this part of Antarctica. © 1987 D. Reidel Publishing Company."
"7202080827;","Numerical methods for the analysis of satellite rainfall estimates.",1980,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0019095656&partnerID=40&md5=9dd34adbccba77a364588a46d0df1a6f","New analytic techniques are presented which extract individual cloud parameters from digital satellite data for calibration against rain-gauge networks or digitized radar. The techniques are demonstrated through a comparison of derived cloud parameters and observed rainfall for an event on July 17, 1978, over the Illinois State Water Survey rain-gauge network in Chicago. -from US Govt Reports Announcements, 25, 1980"
"16531327000;","Weather modification and the hydrologic cycle",1970,"10.1007/BF02243023","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34250476935&doi=10.1007%2fBF02243023&partnerID=40&md5=280a12d7243e104f6d42d40879a27b25","The effects on the hydrological cycle observed with cloud seeding and concentration of land water for public, industrial and agricultural use are discussed. The further consequences and probable results of these activities on weather and climate are analyzed so as to invite attention to and initiate researches of a precipitation augmentation possibility not widely considered at present. The conclusion is that current practices interfere with natural processes in some way while much partial information already point to a more rational procedure for precipitation initiation than cloud seeding. Increased precipitation could be achieved by intensification of local hydrologic cycles modifying the soil surfaces and evaporating waste water from those surfaces. An obvious but actually neglected effect of air pollutants should be taken into account when making preparations for precipitation initiation because they may cause a daily variation of the state of the troposphere in some cases. © 1970 Springer-Verlag."
"7006947959;6602352983;57218771114;","Framing biophysical and societal implications of multiple stressor effects on river networks",2021,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141973","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090244369&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2020.141973&partnerID=40&md5=e209f6d564c176ab36a9413dea8a3ec6","Urbanization, agriculture, and the manipulation of the hydrological cycle are the main drivers of multiple stressors affecting river ecosystems across the world. Physical, chemical, and biological stressors follow characteristic patterns of occurrence, intensity, and frequency, linked to human pressure and socio-economic settings. The societal perception of stressor effects changes when moving from broad geographic regions to narrower basin or waterbody scales, as political and ecologically based perspectives change across scales. Current approaches relating the stressor effects on river networks and human societies fail to incorporate complexities associated to their co-occurrence, such as: i) the evidence that drivers can be associated to different stressors; ii) their intensity and frequency may differ across spatial and temporal scales; iii) their differential effects on biophysical receptors may be related to their order of occurrence; iv) current and legacy stressors may produce unexpected outcomes; v) the potentially different response of different biological variables to stressor combinations; vi) the conflicting effects of multiple stressors on ecosystem services; and, vii) management of stressor effects should consider multiple occurrence scales. We discuss how to incorporate these aspects to present frameworks considering biophysical and societal consequences of multiple stressors, to better understand and manage the effects being caused on river networks. © 2020 Elsevier B.V."
"57218904766;7003961165;55227317300;15135583300;7102432430;","Lightning data assimilation in the WRF-ARW model for short-term rainfall forecasts of three severe storm cases in Italy",2021,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105246","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090723883&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2020.105246&partnerID=40&md5=030f67343822989978b33cd13e9e9050","This study analyses the impact of total lightning data assimilation on cloud-resolving short-term (3 and 6 h) precipitation forecasts of three heavy rainfall events that occurred recently in Italy by providing an evaluation of forecast skill using statistical scores for 3-hourly thresholds against observational data from a dense rain gauge network. The experiments are performed with two initial and boundary conditions datasets as a sensitivity test. The three rainfall events have been chosen to better represent the convective regime spectrum: from a short-lived and localised thunderstorm to a long-lived and widespread event, along with a case that had elements of both. This analysis illustrates the ability of the lightning data assimilation (LDA) to notably improve the short-term rainfall forecasts with respect to control simulations without LDA. The assimilation of lightning enhances the representation of convection in the model and translates into a better spatiotemporal positioning of the storm systems. The results of the statistical scores reveal that simulations with LDA always improve the probability of detection, particularly for rainfall thresholds exceeding 40 mm/3 h. The false alarm ratio also improves but appears to be more sensitive to the model initial and boundary conditions. Overall, these results show a systematic advantage of the LDA with a 3-h forecast range over 6-h. © 2020 Elsevier B.V."
"12761534900;56104927800;8639793500;13411594200;7004438487;56000398100;","Acidophilic microorganisms enhancing geochemical dynamics in an acidic drainage system, Amarillo river in La Rioja, Argentina",2021,"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128098","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090341141&doi=10.1016%2fj.chemosphere.2020.128098&partnerID=40&md5=d2a683f533c16333d386281dd028f82c","The Amarillo River in La Rioja, Argentina, is a natural acidic environment that is influenced by an abandoned mine. The river is characterized by extremely low pH and high concentrations of metals and metalloids. Fe(III)-bearing neoformed precipitated minerals are widespread along the hydrological basin. This work reports the presence of different species of iron-oxidizing bacteria and demonstrates that their action has a significant role in geochemical processes of the Amarillo River, mainly by catalyzing Fe2+ oxidation and intensifying the Fe(III)-bearing mineral precipitation. Various iron oxidizers (i.e. Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans, Leptospirillum ferrooxidans, Ferrimicrobium acidophilum, Alicyclobacillus cycloheptanicus) were detected in enrichment cultures at different temperatures. Moreover, this is the first report confirming that Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans is able to grow at 4 °C. Other acidophilic bacteria (i.e., Acidiphilium iwatensii) and fungi (e.g., Fodinomyces uranophilus, Coniochaeta fodinicola, Acidea extrema, Penicillium sp. and Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides) were also detected. In vitro laboratory studies recreating natural Fe(III)-bearing mineral formation showed that mineral precipitation rate was higher than 350 mg L−1 day−1 in the presence of microorganisms whereas it was about 15 mg L−1 day−1 under abiotic conditions. Jarosite was the only mineral detected in the precipitates generated by microbial action and it was also identified in the Amarillo River bed sediments. Biological Fe2+ oxidation rates depend on temperature which range from 8 to 32 mM day−1 at 4 and 30 °C, respectively. Finally, a conceptual model recognizing the significant microbial role is proposed to gain a better understanding of the biogeochemistry dynamics of the Amarillo River. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd"
"56018745200;7103369956;","Multidecadal variability in the Nile River basin hydroclimate controlled by ENSO and Indian Ocean dipole",2020,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141529","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089507262&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2020.141529&partnerID=40&md5=5169d035a16465feaaeb49b8efc4a7fb","Climate change impacts on the hydroclimate of the Nile River Basin (NRB) tend to be analyzed mostly based on short-term data and confined to a specific hydroclimate variable at sub-basin level. This study provides a better understanding of the hydrological cycle and the hydroclimate variability of NRB and aim to find the origin of the driving forces. Firstly, eight change point detection methods were used to investigate the abrupt changes in the NRB hydroclimate. Next, we used wavelet transform coherence (WTC), spatial correlation, and detrended cross-correlation (DCCA) to analyze the inter-annual to multidecadal variabilities of the hydroclimate of NRB because they are effective in capturing the temporal variability at multiple scales. Our results show significant hydroclimatic changes and trends attributed to climate change impact after the 1970s. For instance, precipitation and relative humidity (RH) decreasing at 16.2 mm/decade and 0.3 5%/decade, respectively. In contrast, geopotential height (GPH), climate warming, wind speed and zonal wind stress increasing at 3.1 m/decade, 0.19 °C/decade, 0.02 m/decade and 1.51 m2/s2/decade, respectively. These observed changes are strongly linked to El Niño and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Our results also indicate that the largely strengthened IOD and El Niño amplitudes since the 1970s controlled the multidecadal variability of NRB's hydroclimate. In addition to ENSO-induced warming in NRB, El Niño exhibited a strong negative (positive) influence on precipitation and RH (GPH, surface temperature, wind speed, AET) over lowlands of Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Sudan, Eritrea, Rwanda, and Burundi over the past 70 years. Our analysis revealed that IOD can either intensify or decrease the impacts of El Niño on the NRB's hydroclimate. For instance, IOD have a greater negative influence on the precipitation variability over Sudan, Ethiopia, Congo, Egypt, and Eritrea. These results were further confirmed by the changes in atmospheric circulation patterns in NRB during active El Niño and La Niño episodes. The increase in GPH anomalies associated with El Niño warming indicates a greater saturation vapor pressure, which at lower levels cause a lower dew point and a higher surface temperature. In addition, El Niño-driven changes to vector and meridional wind patterns created a strong anti-cyclonic wave of dry air that keeps moving dry air into the NRB. These waves propagate southward towards the NRB, controlling the circulation of air mass, heat, and moisture fluxes and affect the surface weather patterns of NRB. © 2020 Elsevier B.V."
"57219926116;57219488435;16048164200;","Groundwater recharge and water table levels modelling using remotely sensed data and cloud-computing",2020,"10.1007/s40899-020-00469-6","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85096092659&doi=10.1007%2fs40899-020-00469-6&partnerID=40&md5=793f2a57bfdc3a7aeb813a6f1172697a","Hydrological modeling is still a challenge for better management of water resources since most of the established models are based on point data. The advent, improvement and popularization of remote sensing has brought new perspectives to modelers, allowing access to reliable and representative data over vast areas. However, several tools are still under-explored and actually used in the water resources planning and decision-making process, especially groundwater, which is a hidden resource. The objective of this work was to contribute to groundwater dynamics comprehension assessing the suitability of using remote sensing data in the water-budget equation for estimating groundwater recharge (GWR) and its impact at water table depths (WTD) in a representative Guarani Aquifer System (GAS) outcrop area. The GAS is the largest transboundary groundwater reservoir in South America, yet recharge in the GAS outcrop zones is one of the least known hydrological variables. The remotely sensed WTD model was adapted from the Water Table Fluctuation (WTF) method. We used Google Earth Engine to extract time series of precipitation, evapotranspiration, and surface runoff from the Famine Early Warning Systems Network Land Data Assimilation System (FLDAS) dataset for the Angatuba Ecological Station (EEcA), São Paulo State, Brazil, over 2014–2017 period. GWR and WTD were modeled in eight groundwater monitoring wells. Bias analysis of precipitation data from FLDAS were perfomed using rain gauge data (2000–2018). Two GWR scenarios (S1 and S2) were assessed as well as the impact of the specific yield values (Sy) in the model outputs. In C1 GWR ranged from 10.8% to 19.69% of rain gauge, although in C2 GWR ranged from 0.9 to 13%. The WTD model showed RMSE values ranging from 0.36 to 1.12 m, showing better results in the shallow wells than the deeper ones. These results are useful for future studies on assessing groundwater recharge in the GAS outcrop zones. This remotely sensed approach can be reproduced in regions where data are scarce or nonexistent. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG."
"57203779843;7004902765;57202301596;56795979700;7004238284;","Effects of buoyancy and wind forcing on southern ocean climate change",2020,"10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0877.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85095694212&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-19-0877.1&partnerID=40&md5=d4bbeac2e0f3602a7edba02f991878e4","Observations show that since the 1950s, the Southern Ocean has stored a large amount of anthropogenic heat and has freshened at the surface. These patterns can be attributed to two components of surface forcing: Poleward-intensified westerly winds and increased buoyancy flux from freshwater and heat. Here we separate the effects of these two forcing components by using a novel partial-coupling technique. We show that buoyancy forcing dominates the overall response in the temperature and salinity structure of the Southern Ocean. Wind stress change results in changes in subsurface temperature and salinity that are closely related to intensified residual meridional overturning circulation. As an important result, we show that buoyancy and wind forcing result in opposing changes in salinity: The wind-induced surface salinity increase due to upwelling of saltier subsurface water offsets surface freshening due to amplification of the global hydrological cycle. Buoyancy and wind forcing further lead to different vertical structures of Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) transport change; buoyancy forcing causes an ACC transport increase (3.161.6 Sv; 1 Sv[106m3 s21) by increasing the meridional density gradient across the ACC in the upper 2000 m, while the wind-induced response is more barotropic, with the whole column transport increased by 8.7 6 2.3 Sv. While previous research focused on the wind effect on ACC intensity, we show that surface horizontal current acceleration within the ACC is dominated by buoyancy forcing. These results shed light on how the Southern Ocean might change under global warming, contributing to more reliable future projections. © 2020 American Meteorological Society."
"36110342400;55675224264;8530104100;56161943200;56069755400;55943813500;55862734800;","Global convergence but regional disparity in the hydrological resilience of ecosystems and watersheds to drought",2020,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125589","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85091998608&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2020.125589&partnerID=40&md5=fdf1592e9f18c5fd2f93263d6a27fb1f","Drought is a major climate disturbance that can lower vegetation productivity and induce widespread vegetation die-off, which in turn can have a profound effect on the water cycle. Therefore, quantification of vegetation-specific responses to drought is essential to predict the impacts of climate change on ecosystem services. We used two previously-suggested quantitative metrics – dynamic deviation (d) and elasticity (e) based on the Budyko framework –to evaluate site- and watershed-level hydrological resilience of different plant functional types (PFTs) to drought. By using data from 41 FLUXNET sites and 2275 watersheds, we found a global convergence in hydrological resilience to drought across a variety of PFTs. Hydrological resilience of vegetation was related to drought intensity and water use efficiency. A greater hydrological resilience was found in PTFs in drier areas than in wetter areas, while this greater hydrological resilience was related to the coefficient of variation in precipitation. We also found that PFTs with a larger water use efficiency had higher hydrological resilience, particularly in drier regions, indicating adaptation strategies to changes in local climate conditions. Our findings can shed light on how ecosystems and watersheds dominated by different PFTs will respond to future climatic change and inform water resources management. © 2020 Elsevier B.V."
"57192067065;56117176800;7401847849;56409084200;55718307400;57216752133;","Exploring spatial heterogeneity and temporal dynamics of human-hydrological interactions in large river basins with intensive agriculture: A tightly coupled, fully integrated modeling approach",2020,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125313","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85088632008&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2020.125313&partnerID=40&md5=b9f28561481de399bf0b2640fc9dd7bc","Analyzing river basins as coupled human and hydrological systems is important to advance our understanding of hydrological processes, and to provide insights into policy design for water resources management. However, assessing spatially heterogeneous and temporally dynamic characteristics of human-hydrological interactions remains a challenge, and relevant research has been limited by the lack of computationally tractable models that can integrate water management policies, human activities, and hydrological conditions with sufficient temporal and spatial details. In this study, we propose a modeling framework that tightly couples (1) an agent-based model for farmers’ decision-making on water use influenced by collective water management policies, and (2) a distributed hydrological model for simulating integrated groundwater-surface water processes with high spatial and temporal resolutions. We apply the modeling framework to the Heihe River Basin, a large semi-arid river basin with intensive agriculture in China. Through various policy portfolio analyses, the model has identified several unique spatial–temporal characteristics of human-hydrological interactions. These include (1) nonlinear relationships between water policies, farmers’ decisions on water use, and hydrological conditions, (2) spatially heterogeneous impacts of water policies on farmers’ conjunctive groundwater and surface water use, and (3) location-dependent temporal patterns regarding water policies’ influences on hydrological processes. It is found that regional hydrogeological conditions (e.g., depth to water table, distance to rivers) are key factors to influence human-hydrological interactions. The modeling results could advance our understanding of the role of human activities in hydrological cycles, and yield insights into the design of location-based policies for river basin management. © 2020 Elsevier B.V."
"55362461300;7005485117;56391331800;","Elucidating intra-seasonal characteristics of Indian summer monsoon. Part-I: Viewed from remote sensing observations, reanalysis and model datasets",2020,"10.1007/s12040-019-1276-5","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85076890096&doi=10.1007%2fs12040-019-1276-5&partnerID=40&md5=f1e714ed808bc0ee031d278be72cbae9","In this study, we examine the transitions in the monsoon phases (onset, active, break and the withdrawal) during an entire monsoon season. This makes use of a host of observational tools that come from GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) and TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) satellites for precipitation estimates, the vertical structure of rain, hydrometeors and cloud types from TRMM and CloudSat datasets. During onset, the mean moisture convergence, especially over west and south-west coast of India is 2 × 10−4 kg m−1 s−1; however, it carries much higher value of &gt;4 × 10−4 kg m−1 s−1 during the active phase over central eastern India. Much lesser moisture convergence (&lt;1 × 10−4 kg m−1 s−1) is noted over Western Ghats area during the break phase. However, there are northeasterly moisture fluxes present over southern part of India during withdrawal phase. The tall cumulonimbus clouds that extend out to 16 km are illustrate during onset, the active phase is dominated by alto stratus and nimbostratus type clouds that are somewhat shallower. In general, we noted an absence of such clouds during the break and the withdrawal phases. Those structures were consistent in a number of derived fields such as the moisture convergence, moisture fluxes, the energy conversions between the rotational and the divergent kinetic energy and the corresponding phases of the intra-seasonal oscillations. © 2019, Indian Academy of Sciences."
"57112547500;35791705700;6507978579;57204181403;57203854055;","Evaluation of the potential hydrological impacts of land use/cover change dynamics in Ghana’s oil city",2020,"10.1007/s10668-019-00507-0","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85074613960&doi=10.1007%2fs10668-019-00507-0&partnerID=40&md5=da9115f8c42fd997db7eba7c755becbf","Ghana’s oil city—the Sekondi–Takoradi Metropolis—has rapidly urbanized over the past three decades. Combined with the effects of climate change, changes in land use and cover (LULC) threaten the hydrological cycle of the metropolis. It is, therefore, prudent to examine how the LULC change over time has impacted its watershed and the potential threats that such changes pose. This paper’s objective was to investigate and discuss the potential impacts of land development intensity (LDI) on the local hydrology of the metropolis, using remote sensing and GIS. Our results revealed interesting dynamics in the LULC changes in the metropolis that may have immensely affected and continued to impact the local hydrological cycle. Of the overall urban expansion in the metropolis, more than 50% occurred within its main watershed, which covers about only 35% of the entire metropolis. Urban expansion within the watershed occurred at the expense of forest and agricultural lands. The continual LDI increase in the watershed has potential significant hydrological consequences in terms of flooding, groundwater subsidence, and saltwater intrusion. To achieve sustainable water management, it is critical that policy decisions recognize and incorporate the potential impacts of LULC changes to limit future impacts. © 2019, Springer Nature B.V."
"57202605122;31067496800;6701807580;","Sensitivity of Atmospheric River Vapor Transport and Precipitation to Uniform Sea Surface Temperature Increases",2020,"10.1029/2020JD033421","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85095828750&doi=10.1029%2f2020JD033421&partnerID=40&md5=705950b2f61543e26a64d164aff540ce","Filaments of intense vapor transport called atmospheric rivers (ARs) are responsible for the majority of poleward vapor transport in the midlatitudes. Despite their importance to the hydrologic cycle, there remain many unanswered questions about changes to ARs in a warming climate. In this study we perform a series of escalating uniform SST increases (+2, +4, and +6K, respectively) in the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 in an aquaplanet configuration to evaluate the thermodynamic and dynamical response of AR vapor content, transport, and precipitation to warming SSTs. We find that AR column integrated water vapor (IWV) is especially sensitive to SST and increases by 6.3–9.7% per degree warming despite decreasing relative humidity through much of the column. Further analysis provides a more nuanced view of AR IWV changes: Since SST warming is modest compared to that in the midtroposphere, computing fractional changes in IWV with respect to SST results in finding spuriously large increases. Meanwhile, results here show that AR IWV transport increases relatively uniformly with temperature and at consistently lower rates than IWV, as modulated by systematically decreasing low-level wind speeds. Similarly, changes in AR precipitation are related to a compensatory relationship between enhanced near-surface moisture and damped vertical motions. © 2020. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"36104280400;7403119519;18434662400;55615548900;57213066448;","Changes in soil moisture persistence in China over the Past 40 years under a warming climate",2020,"10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0900.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85092589016&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-19-0900.1&partnerID=40&md5=59c0aba8ed8dda9278e77922b0d9d083","Variability in soil moisture has implications for regional terrestrial environments under a warming climate. This paper focuses on the spatiotemporal variability in the intra-annual persistence of soil moisture in China using the fifthgeneration reanalysis dataset by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts for the period 1979-2018. The results show that in China, the mean intra-annual persistence in the humid to arid zones increased from 60 to 115 days in the lower layer but decreased from 19 to 13 days and from 25 to 14 days in the upper and root layers, respectively. However, these changes were strongly attenuated in extremely dry and wet regions due to the scarcity of soil moisture anomalies. Large changes in persistence occurred in the lower soil layer in dryland areas, with a mean difference of up to 40 days between the 2010s and the 1980s. Overall increasing trends dominated the large-scale spatial features, despite regional decreases in the eastern arid zone and the North and Northeast China plains. In the root layer, the two plains experienced an expanded decrease while on the Tibetan Plateau it was dominated by decadal variability. These contrasting changes between the lower and root layers along the periphery of the transition zone was a reflection of the enhanced soil hydrological cycle in the root layer. The enhanced persistence in drylands lower layer is an indication of the intensified impacts of soil moisture anomalies (e.g., droughts) on terrestrial water cycle. These findings may help the understanding of climate change impacts on terrestrial environments. © 2020 American Meteorological Society."
"24491752100;11839267100;57219847659;56938999600;55718206700;36458602300;57191484198;7202542476;22933265100;","Linkage among ice crystal microphysics, mesoscale dynamics, and cloud and precipitation structures revealed by collocated microwave radiometer and multifrequency radar observations",2020,"10.5194/acp-20-12633-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85095723444&doi=10.5194%2facp-20-12633-2020&partnerID=40&md5=f3908869d69c1dcd4087423ced772f4c","Ice clouds and falling snow are ubiquitous globally and play important roles in the Earth s radiation budget and precipitation processes. Ice particle microphysical properties (e.g., size, habit and orientation) are not only influenced by the ambient environment s dynamic and thermodynamic conditions, but are also intimately connected to the cloud radiative effects and particle fall speeds, which therefore have an impact on future climate projection as well as on the details of the surface precipitation (e.g., onset time, location, type and strength). Our previous work revealed that high-frequency (>150 GHz) polarimetric radiance difference (PD) from passive microwave sensors is a good indicator of the bulk aspect ratio of horizontally oriented ice particles that often occur inside anvil clouds and/or stratiform precipitation. In this current work, we further investigate the dynamic and thermodynamic mechanisms and cloud precipitation structures associated with ice-phase microphysics corresponding to different PD signals. In order to do so, collocated CloudSat radar (W-band) and Global Precipitation Measurement Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (GPM DPR, Ku Ka-bands) observations as well as European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) atmosphere background profiles are grouped according to the magnitude of PD for only stratiform precipitation and/or anvil cloud scenes. We found that horizontally oriented snow aggregates or large snow particles are likely the major contributor to the high-PD signals at 166 GHz, while low-PD magnitudes can be attributed to small cloud ice, randomly oriented snow aggregates, riming snow or supercooled water. Further, high-PD (low-PD) scenes are found to be associated with stronger (weaker) wind shear and higher (lower) ambient humidity, both of which help promote (prohibit) the growth of frozen particles and the organization of convective systems. An ensemble of squall line cases is studied at the end to demonstrate that the PD asymmetry in the leading and trailing edges of the deep convection line is closely tied to the anvil cloud and stratiform precipitation layers, respectively, suggesting the potential usefulness of PD as a proxy of stratiform convective precipitation flag, as well as a proxy of convection life stage. © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License."
"57219897782;35867442600;57216978750;7003708056;57197872193;26634569400;7003880283;","Evaluation of two cloud-resolving models using bin or bulk microphysics representation for the hymex-iop7a heavy precipitation event",2020,"10.3390/atmos11111177","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85095967465&doi=10.3390%2fatmos11111177&partnerID=40&md5=2bbd1a898dc4d2ea6e47ef35281a17c6","The Mediterranean region is frequently affected in autumn by heavy precipitation that causes flash-floods or landslides leading to important material damage and casualties. Within the framework of the international HyMeX program (HYdrological cycle in Mediterranean EXperiment), this study aims to evaluate the capabilities of two models, WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) and DESCAM (DEtailed SCAvenging Model), which use two different representations of the microphysics to reproduce the observed atmospheric properties (thermodynamics, wind fields, radar reflectivities and precipitation features) of the HyMeX-IOP7a intense precipitating event (26 September 2012). The DESCAM model, which uses a bin resolved representation of the microphysics, shows results comparable to the observations for the precipitation field at the surface. On the contrary, the simulations made with the WRF model using a bulk representation of the microphysics (either the Thompson scheme or the Morrison scheme), commonly employed in NWP models, reproduce neither the intensity nor the distribution of the observed precipitation—the rain amount is overestimated and the most intense cell is shifted to the East. The different simulation results show that the divergence in the surface precipitation features seems to be due to different mechanisms involved in the onset of the precipitating system: the convective system is triggered by the topography of the Cévennes mountains (i.e., south-eastern part of the Massif Central) in DESCAM and by a low-level flux convergence in WRF. A sensitivity study indicates that the microphysics properties have impacted the thermodynamics and dynamics fields inducing the low-level wind convergence simulated with WRF for this HyMeX event. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland."
"16643471600;8918195900;7401945370;9535769800;7201587916;56421404000;7004689154;6603819181;","Cloud assumption of precipitation retrieval algorithms for the dual-frequency precipitation radar",2020,"10.1175/JTECH-D-20-0041.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85095844010&doi=10.1175%2fJTECH-D-20-0041.1&partnerID=40&md5=f28077e888ce88db25716301fbafd279","An assumption related to clouds is one of uncertain factors in precipitation retrievals by the Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) on board the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory. While an attenuation due to cloud ice is negligibly small for Ku and Ka bands, attenuation by cloud liquid water is larger in the Ka band and estimating precipitation intensity with high accuracy from Ka-band observations can require developing a method to estimate the attenuation due to cloud liquid water content (CLWC). This paper describes a CLWC database used in the DPR level-2 algorithm for the GPM V06A product. In the algorithm, the CLWC value is assumed using the database with inputs of precipitation-related variables, temperature, and geolocation information. A calculation of the database was made using the 3.5-km-mesh global atmospheric simulation derived from the Nonhydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM) global cloud-system-resolving model. Impacts of current CLWC assumptions for surface precipitation estimates were evaluated by comparisons of precipitation retrieval results between default values and 0mgm-3 of the CLWC. The impacts were quantified by the normalized mean absolute difference (NMAD) and the NMAD values showed 2.3% for the Ku, 9.9% for the Ka, and 6.5% for the dual-frequency algorithms in global averages, while they were larger in the tropics than in high latitudes. Effects of the precipitation estimates from the CLWC assumption were examined further in terms of retrieval processes affected by the CLWC assumption. This study emphasizes the CLWC assumption provided more effects on the precipitation estimates through estimating path-integrated attenuation due to rain. © 2020 American Meteorological Society."
"57219607343;57217656168;57208134260;34874913200;","Contribution to the assessment of climate change effects on water balance in forest soil: application of the Biljou model to the cork oak forest of Ain Snoussi (north-western Tunisia)",2020,"10.1007/s12517-020-06118-8","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85094210828&doi=10.1007%2fs12517-020-06118-8&partnerID=40&md5=d79f889e30f36691d0cf8572846b269a","This study aims to analyse the availability and variability of soil moisture and its evolution considering climate change (CC) scenarios in a typical Mediterranean forest of cork oak (Quercus suber L.). The investigation was conducted in 3 forest stations at north-western Tunisia. Gravimetry and time domain reflectometry (TDR) were used to assess soil moisture. Biljou (BILan JOUrnalier), a daily water balance model, was applied to simulate the relative extractable water variation in 2009 as a reference simulation. Alike, other simulations of CC were performed using hypothetic meteorological and/or silvicultural data. The top-layer soil humidity fluctuates between 5 and 25% depending on time and stations. This oscillation interval narrows for the soils’ surface layer (7%). The forest surface conserves a soil moisture memory varying on a small spatial scale but stable over time. The deep layers of the three stations have the same way due to the attenuation of the biological and atmospheric influence. 2009’s reference simulation makes it possible to distinguish a low and slight period of stress easy to overcome (9 days with intensity 0.4). Soil drying severity, duration, and earliness will vary from one scenario to another. The number of days and the intensity of stress are high for all scenarios (64 to 166 days with intensity from 12 to 42.2). The most severe and persistent period of stress will be when the rain will be nil during summer and especially if summer period extends. CC impacts will be amplified when climatic and silvicultural scenarios are combined. © 2020, Saudi Society for Geosciences."
"23991111500;15137510400;57218845942;57194777364;6506639231;57218844960;","Sparse Gash model applied to seasonal dry tropical forest",2020,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125497","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090421101&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2020.125497&partnerID=40&md5=b5d52e44f2ace1cb60a282a6acc10d99","Rainfall interception represents a significant component of the water balance and its modelling and simulation are essential to understanding the hydrologic cycles in different ecosystems. Caatinga is a seasonal dry tropical forest, characterized by a deciduous and xerophilous vegetation that covers large areas in Brazil. This domain appears as a highly vulnerable natural water resource system, and is important for studies about droughts, impacts on soil erosion, as well as the adaptation to altered rainfall patterns and intensities. Specifically, knowledge about rainfall partitioning in such ecosystem can improve hydrologic modelling and efficiency. This work was carried out for parametrizing and validating the sparse Gash model, simulating the rainfall interception from five Caatinga species individually as well as aggregated together as a mixed-species forest. Proportions of gross rainfall into throughfall varied from 59.8 to 78.9%, and into interception were between 20.4 and 39.5%. Results also showed low scattering of predictions, as well as absence of constant and systematic errors during simulations. Rainfall interceptions predicted by the sparse Gash model resulted in mean absolute errors (MAE) ranging from 0.23 to 0.41 mm, while agreement indices (d) varied between 0.94 and 0.97 for the studied Caatinga species and the mixed vegetation. The sparse Gash model was reliable enough to apply to Caatinga ecosystem, appearing as a valuable tool for studying rainfall interception in this domain. © 2020 Elsevier B.V."
"55743910100;54897940900;57205566024;56248682700;6602120647;6507905104;23566522600;6507103889;8410980800;57218648492;","Intra-specific variability in deep water extraction between trees growing on a Mediterranean karst",2020,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125428","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089920117&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2020.125428&partnerID=40&md5=871fafe161e123f7afd57e96a3958aad","Plant transpiration is a major component of water fluxes in the critical zone, which needs to be better characterized to improve our ability to understand and model the hydrological cycle. In water-limited ecosystems such as those encountered on karst environments, climate-induced changes in transpiration are expected to be strongly influenced by the ability of the vegetation cover to resist or adapt to drought. However, because of the high heterogeneity of karst environments, the amount of water available for trees can change within a stand, which may lead to significant differences in drought vulnerability resistance between trees of the same species. So far it is not known if soil and subsoil environment influence the magnitude of deep water extraction, at the intra-specific scale. Here, we investigate the variability in deep water extraction for six individual Quercus ilex trees growing on a karst substrate in a Mediterranean forest. We combined three approaches: (i) electrical resistivity tomography to determine the variability of soil/subsoil characteristics, (ii) isotope tracing to determine the origin of water transpired by plants, and (iii) predawn and midday leaf water potential (Ψ) to assess the trees’ water stress and transpiration regulation. Along the summer season, deep water extraction increased with drought intensity. Deep water use varies between individuals and according to drought intensity. At moderate water stress levels, we found no significant relationship between the origin of xylem water and soil/subsoil characteristics or individual stress level. However, at the peak of the drought (average predawn Ψ < −2 MPa), individuals that had the least total available water in soil/subsoil (0–2 m) relied more on deep water and were also subject to less water stress. These results suggest that trees with less favorable soil/subsoil conditions (i.e. low water retention capacity) in the near surface (0–2 m) adapt their root systems to exploit deep water reserves more intensively so as to enhance their drought tolerance, while trees with more favorable surface conditions exhibit greater water stress and may be more vulnerable to extreme droughts because of a lower root development in deeper horizons. © 2020 Elsevier B.V."
"57218629366;36057416500;7404801403;56784582700;","Quantifying the impact of vegetation changes on global terrestrial runoff using the Budyko framework",2020,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125389","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089851333&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2020.125389&partnerID=40&md5=a36c3a7b9817f20f162ac2916427eaf7","The global hydrological cycle is undergoing unprecedented changes with the intensifications of climate change and human activities. In particular, the impact of vegetation changes on the catchment hydrological processes has recently attracted widespread scientific attention. Although such impact in different regions of the globe has been extensively investigated, a comprehensive understanding of the impact across the entire globe remains elusive. In this study, we quantify the impact of vegetation change on surface runoff (Q) based on the Budyko framework over the global terrestrial environments (excluding Antarctica and northern high latitudes) during 1982–2014. Using long-term hydrometeorological observations and satellite-derived leaf area index (L) from 663 strictly selected catchments globally, we quantify the sensitivity of the Budyko parameter n to changes in L (Sn_L) at individual catchments. We find that Sn_L is closely correlated with catchment aridity index (φ) and soil water holding capacity (θp), with higher (lower) Sn_L found in more arid (humid) catchments and catchments having smaller (larger) θp values. Based on this, an empirical model relating Sn_L to φ and θp is developed, which is further combined with the Budyko model to quantify the L and climate elasticities of Q and to attribute global Q changes over 1982–2014. Results show that the L elasticity of Q is higher and can be even greater than the climate elasticities of Q in relatively dry regions. Averaged over the globe, an increase in Q (+15.5%) induced by precipitation increases are largely offset by a decreased Q (−14.9%) caused by L increases over the last three decades. The vegetation greening-induced Q declines are manifested in global drylands. Over the study period, increases in L have led to Q reductions of 48.0%, 33.2% and 20.2% in global arid, semi-arid and sub-humid regions, respectively, which are larger than climate change-induced Q changes in these three regions. Our findings highlight the importance of vegetation change in regulating the long-term Q changes in relatively dry regions and call for cautions when conducting and/or planning future revegetation activities in these areas and needs for developing appropriate vegetation management policies to better inform water resources management in the context of global change. © 2020 Elsevier B.V."
"57218451112;56276392900;57218455614;56520229700;6602298916;6507494047;7201920064;51565438000;57217358685;","Surface and sub-surface flow estimation at high temporal resolution using deep neural networks",2020,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125370","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089223073&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2020.125370&partnerID=40&md5=a37926348997e5fd2ad6f970efd1ee32","Recent intensification in climate change have resulted in the rise of hydrological extreme events. This demands modeling of hydrological processes at high temporal resolution to better understand flow patterns in catchments. To model surface and sub-surface flows in a catchment we utilized a physically based model called Hydrological Simulated Program-FORTRAN and two deep learning-based models. One deep learning model consisted of only one long short-term memory (simple LSTM), whereas the other model simulated processes in each hydrological response unit (HRU) by defining one separate LSTM for each HRU (HRU-based LSTM). The models use environmental time-series data and two-dimensional spatial data to predict surface and sub-surface flows at 6-minute time step simultaneously. We tested our models in a tropical humid headwater catchment in northern Lao PDR and compared their performances. Our results showed that the simple LSTM model outperformed the other models on surface runoff prediction with the lowest MSE (7.4e−5 m3 s−1), whereas HRU-based LSTM model better predicted patterns and slopes in sub-surface flow in comparison with the other models by having the smallest MSE value (3.2e−4 m3 s−1). This study demonstrated the performance of a deep learning model when simulating hydrological cycle with high temporal resolution. © 2020 Elsevier B.V."
"57211184973;25228107900;56458847000;55436296900;57218375730;36817564700;","Sensitivity of Cloud Microphysics on the Simulation of a Monsoon Depression Over the Bay of Bengal",2020,"10.1007/s00024-020-02557-2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85088944574&doi=10.1007%2fs00024-020-02557-2&partnerID=40&md5=fd132267e47dc0d38e2d801270ab53b7","In this study, we have examined the role of implicit and explicit representation of cloud microphysics on the simulation of a monsoon depression formed over the Bay of Bengal and the associated rainfall from 0000 UTC of 13 August to 0000 UTC of 17 August 2018 using the Weather Research and Forecast model. Five different WRF model simulations are performed by changing the Cloud Micro Physics (CMP) schemes: WSM6, Goddard, Thompson, Morrison, and Thompson Scheme with Aerosol aware options in both explicit and implicit cloud models. WRF simulations are conducted by initializing the NCEP GFS analysis at 0000 UTC of 13 August 2018 and integrated up to 96-h. The boundary conditions are updated at 6-hourly intervals with the respective GFS forecasts. Our results of sensitivity simulations suggest that the Thompson Scheme with Aerosol aware scheme, followed by Goddard microphysics, captured the features of monsoon depression and associated rainfall. Microphysics schemes have an influence on the simulation of low level westerly jet, and upper level easterly jet. Implicit and explicit cloud microphysics options are able to reproduce the convection over the west-coast, but the implicit option failed in producing the prolonged convection over the east coast. The comparison of model rainfall with rain-gauge, and satellite merged rainfall estimates reveals that the large scale off-shore precipitation is better captured in CMP with the inclusion of explicit cumulus parameterization. The orographic rainfall over the wind-ward and lee-ward sides of the Eastern and Western Ghats is well predicted in the implicit CMP. The vertical distribution of the hydrometeors and rainfall analysis suggest that the Thompson Scheme with Aerosol aware scheme with the cloud-resolving explicit mode is suitable for simulating the monsoon depressions formed over the Bay of Bengal and the associated heavy rainfall over the east coast of India. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG."
"7201784177;57200788537;","Hydrological Cycle Changes Explain Weak Snowball Earth Storm Track Despite Increased Surface Baroclinicity",2020,"10.1029/2020GL089866","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85094668148&doi=10.1029%2f2020GL089866&partnerID=40&md5=c25e869a59488a4b600f5a05f1049580","Simulations show that storm tracks were weaker during past cold, icy climates relative to the modern climate despite increased surface baroclinicity. Previous work explained the weak North Atlantic storm track during the Last Glacial Maximum using dry zonally asymmetric mechanisms associated with orographic forcing. Here we show that zonally symmetric mechanisms associated with the hydrological cycle explain the weak Snowball Earth storm track. The weak storm track is consistent with the decreased meridional gradient of evaporation and atmospheric shortwave absorption and can be predicted following global mean cooling and the Clausius-Clapeyron relation. The weak storm track is also consistent with decreased latent heat release aloft in the tropics, which decreases upper tropospheric baroclinicity and mean available potential energy. Overall, both hydrological cycle mechanisms are reflected in the significant correlation between storm track intensity and the meridional surface moist static energy gradient across a range of simulated climates between modern and Snowball Earth. ©2020. The Authors."
"56413935500;56587579400;57193064626;36837305400;55950882600;57219779590;8614711600;","Relationship of Freshwater Fish Recruitment With Distinct Reproductive Strategies and Flood Attributes: A Long-Term View in the Upper Paraná River Floodplain",2020,"10.3389/fenvs.2020.577181","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85095411130&doi=10.3389%2ffenvs.2020.577181&partnerID=40&md5=ee2cd8a6f41b5b591037fb224492f6b8","The flood pulse is the main driving force for communities' structure and functioning in river-floodplain systems. High synchrony exists between the hydrological cycle and reproductive cycle events for several fish species. However, species with different reproductive strategies can respond in different ways to the flood regime. Thus, this study intends to evaluate the relationship between the recruitment of different reproductive guilds of freshwater fish and flood attributes (flood duration, maximum annual water level, and delay of flood) from a time series of 20 years in the Upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. The abundance of four guilds was evaluated: (i) long-distance migratory with external fertilization and without parental care (LMEF); (ii) non-migratory or short-distance migratory with external fertilization and without parental care (NEFW); (iii) non-migratory or short-distance migratory with external fertilization and parental care (NEFP); and (iv) non-migratory or short-distance migratory with internal fertilization and without parental care (NIF). Multiple regression analyses were applied between flood attributes and abundance of young-of-the-year or juveniles for each reproductive guild. This study observed a consistent pattern of long-lasting flooding positively influencing the recruitment of all reproductive guilds, while water level intensity and the time of the onset of flooding also influenced some non-migratory strategies. We can conclude that the conservation of fish populations and the maintenance of ecosystem functions and services associated with them need to be considered in the operating protocols of upstream hydroelectric plants, since they are dependent on the flooding controlled by them. © Copyright © 2020 Oliveira, Lopes, Angulo-Valencia, Dias, Suzuki, Costa and Agostinho."
"57204596332;22953390300;","Assessing atmospheric moisture effects on heavy precipitation during HyMeX IOP16 using GPS nudging and dynamical downscaling",2020,"10.5194/nhess-20-2753-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85094569203&doi=10.5194%2fnhess-20-2753-2020&partnerID=40&md5=58b856cb1b478e822081716d277420ed","Gaining insight into the interaction between atmospheric moisture and convection is determinant for improving the model representation of heavy precipitation, a weather phenomenon that causes casualties and monetary losses in the western Mediterranean region every year. Given the large variability of atmospheric moisture, an accurate representation of its distribution is expected to reduce the errors related to the representation of moist convective processes. In this study, we use a diagnostic approach to assess the sensitivity of convective precipitation and underlying mechanisms during a heavy precipitation event (Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean eXperiment Intensive Observation Period; HyMeX IOP16) to variations of the atmospheric moisture spatio-temporal distribution. Sensitivity experiments are carried out by nudging a homogenized data set of the Global Positioning System-derived zenith total delay (GPS-ZTD) with sub-hourly temporal resolution (10 min) in 7 and 2.8 km simulations with the COnsortium for Smallscale MOdeling in CLimate Mode (COSMO-CLM) model over the western Mediterranean region. The analysis shows that (a) large atmospheric moisture amounts (integrated water vapour; IWV ∼40 mm) precede heavy precipitation in the affected areas. This occurs 12 h prior to initiation over southern France and 4 h over Sardinia, north-eastern Italy and Corsica, which is our main study area. (b) We found that the moisture is swept from the Atlantic by a westerly large-scale front associated with an upper level low on the one hand and evaporated from the Mediterranean Sea and north Africa on the other. The latter moisture transport occurs in the 1 to 4 km layer. (c) COSMO-CLM overestimated the atmospheric humidity over the study region (Corsica), and this was, to a good extent, corrected by the GPS-ZTD nudging. This reduced maximum precipitation (-49% for 7 km and -16% for 2.8 km) drastically, considerably improving the precipitation representation in the 7 km simulation. The convectionpermitting simulation (2.8 km) without the GPS-ZTD nudging already did a good job in representing the precipitation amount. (d) The two processes that exerted the largest control on precipitation reduction were the decrease of atmospheric instability over Corsica (convective available potential energy; CAPE -35 %) and the drying of the lower free troposphere bringing additional dry air entrainment. In addition, the 7 km simulation showed a weakening of the represented low-pressure system and the associated cyclonic wind circulation. This ultimately reduced the intensity and number of convective updrafts represented over the island. These results highlight the large impact exerted by moisture corrections on precipitating convection and the chain of processes leading to it across scales. © Author(s) 2020."
"35619212800;36868795400;35228711600;7003408439;","Kelvin waves during GOAmazon and their relationship to deep convection",2020,"10.1175/JAS-D-20-0008.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85094133091&doi=10.1175%2fJAS-D-20-0008.1&partnerID=40&md5=5c4319259340aaecb69395fa3a0fc17b","The 2014–15 Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GOAmazon) field campaign over the central Amazon near Manaus, Brazil, occurred in coordination with the larger Cloud Processes of the Main Precipitation Systems in Brazil: A Contribution to Cloud-Resolving Modeling and to the Global Precipitation Measurement (CHUVA) project across Brazil. These programs provide observations of convection over the central Amazon on diurnal to annual time scales. In this study, we address the question of how Kelvin waves, observed in satellite observations of deep cloud cover over the GOAmazon region during the 2014–15 time period, modulate the growth, type, and organization of convection over the central Amazon. The answer to this question has implications for improved predictability of organized systems over the region and representation of convection and its growth on local to synoptic scales in global models. Our results demonstrate that Kelvin waves are strong modulators of synoptic-scale low- to midlevel free-tropospheric moisture, integrated moisture convergence, and surface heat fluxes. These regional modifications of the environment impact the local diurnal cycle of convection, favoring the development of mesoscale convective systems. As a result, localized rainfall is also strongly modulated, with the majority of rainfall in the GOAmazon region occurring during the passage of these systems. Ó 2020 American Meteorological Society."
"57219489971;56937517700;7201809186;37021953400;57216752133;","Dynamics of seasonally frozen ground in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Historical trend and future projection",2020,"10.1088/1748-9326/abb731","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85093113172&doi=10.1088%2f1748-9326%2fabb731&partnerID=40&md5=dee34655f57389f9d3c89c19f8548366","Seasonally frozen ground (SFG) is a critical component of the Earth’s surface that affects energy exchange and the water cycle in cold regions. The estimation of SFG depth has generally required intensive parameterization which has limited estimates in data-scarce regions such as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). We propose a simple yet robust modeling framework employing ground surface temperatures as major model inputs to assess the spatiotemporal patterns of the SFG depth in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin (YZRB) on the QTP. The model was calibrated using SFG depth measurements throughout the YZRB from 1980 to 2010. Results suggest that the SFG depth in the YZRB has decreased at a rate of 2.50 cm · a-1 from 1980 to 2010. Future projections indicate that the SFG depth in the YZRB will continue to decrease in response to future warming. The present SFG may no longer exist by 2180 under the RCP 8.5 scenario (if not considering the transition of permafrost to SFG). The proposed modeling framework provides an important basis for the evaluation of the hydrological cycles (e.g. surface water-groundwater interactions) in cold regions under changing climatic conditions. © 2020 The Author(s)."
"57214790895;16040348200;7003998004;24167181500;","Multi-instrument rainfall-rate estimation in the Peruvian central andes",2020,"10.1175/JTECH-D-19-0105.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85092242630&doi=10.1175%2fJTECH-D-19-0105.1&partnerID=40&md5=e51de7f8d6fd7e068b3f8b12975fef9b","Agriculture is one of the main economic activities in the Peruvian Andes; rainwater alone irrigates more than 80% of the fields used for agriculture purposes. However, the cloud and rain generation mechanisms in the Andes still remain mostly unknown. In early 2014, the Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) decided to intensify studies in the central Andes to better understand cloud microphysics; the Atmospheric Microphysics And Radiation Laboratory officially started operations in 2015 at IGP’s Huancayo Observatory. In this work, a Ka-band cloud profiler [cloud and precipitation profiler (MIRA-35c)], a UHF wind profiler [Clear-Air and Rainfall Estimation (CLAIRE)], and a VHF wind profiler [Boundary Layer and Tropospheric Radar (BLTR)] are used to estimate rainfall rate at different conditions. The height dependence of the drop size diameter versus the terminal velocity, obtained by the radars, in the central Andes (3350 m MSL) was eval-uated. The estimates of rainfall rate are validated to ground measurements through a disdrometer [second-generation Particle, Size, and Velocity (PARSIVEL2)] and two rain gauges. The biases in the cumulative rainfall totals for the PARSIVEL2, MIRA-35c, and CLAIRE were 18%, 23%, and-32%, respectively, and their respective absolute biases were 19%, 36%, and 63%. These results suggest that a real-time calibration of the radars, MIRA-35c and CLAIRE, is necessary for better estimation of precipitation at the ground. They also show that the correction of the raindrop terminal fall velocity, obtained by separating the vertical wind velocity (BLTR), used in the estimation the raindrop diameter is not sufficient, especially in convective conditions. © 2020 American Meteorological Society."
"56117975200;57216715690;56368312400;57211817309;56245145900;57189889445;55521311100;","The response of soil respiration to precipitation change is asymmetric and differs between grasslands and forests",2020,"10.1111/gcb.15270","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85088561818&doi=10.1111%2fgcb.15270&partnerID=40&md5=1a2beaadb185331f35c0954ef2649480","Intensification of the Earth's hydrological cycle amplifies the interannual variability of precipitation, which will significantly impact the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle. However, it is still unknown whether previously observed relationship between soil respiration (Rs) and precipitation remains applicable under extreme precipitation change. By analyzing the observations from a much larger dataset of field experiments (248 published papers including 151 grassland studies and 97 forest studies) across a wider range of precipitation manipulation than previous studies, we found that the relationship of Rs response with precipitation change was highly nonlinear or asymmetric, and differed significantly between grasslands and forests, between moderate and extreme precipitation changes. Response of Rs to precipitation change was negatively asymmetric (concave-down) in grasslands, and double-asymmetric in forests with a positive asymmetry (concave-up) under moderate precipitation changes and a negative asymmetry (concave-down) under extreme precipitation changes. In grasslands, the negative asymmetry in Rs response was attributed to the higher sensitivities of soil moisture, microbial and root activities to decreased precipitation (DPPT) than to increased precipitation (IPPT). In forests, the positive asymmetry was predominantly driven by the significant increase in microbial respiration under moderate IPPT, while the negative asymmetry was caused by the reductions in root biomass and respiration under extreme DPPT. The different asymmetric responses of Rs between grasslands and forests will greatly improve our ability to forecast the C cycle consequences of increased precipitation variability. Specifically, the negative asymmetry of Rs response under extreme precipitation change suggests that the soil C efflux will decrease across grasslands and forests under future precipitation regime with more wet and dry extremes. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd"
"25650540100;35203184300;57202650462;23096443800;","Performance of precipitation products obtained from combinations of satellite and surface observations",2020,"10.1080/01431161.2020.1763504","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85088127685&doi=10.1080%2f01431161.2020.1763504&partnerID=40&md5=679e1e90133c86fc7e7f5749326b452f","Knowing the spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation is undoubtedly important for planning various economic/social activities, such as agriculture, livestock, and energy production. The coarse observation density over certain regions may significantly compromise the quality of precipitation products interpolated by only surface observations. To minimize the lack of observations over certain regions, the Centre for Weather Forecast and Climate Studies (CPTEC) of National Institute for Space Research (INPE) developed two types of blended precipitation products, namely, the Combined Scheme (CoSch) and MERGE, which combine observed precipitation data with satellite estimates on a daily scale. To understand how different blending methodologies impact the final results, a comparison of each algorithm with independent rain gauges was performed with a focus over the Brazilian territory. Both products were generated at a 10-km horizontal resolution using input data from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG-Early) for product (Version 5) in conjunction with surface observations from Surface Synoptic Observations (SYNOP), data collection platforms (DCPs) and data from regional meteorological centres. The cumulative 24-hour precipitation was evaluated for the period from June 2014 to June 2017. The results show that both products reliably characterize the precipitation regimes over most of the study regions, although MERGE and CoSch tend to over- and underestimate the amount of precipitation, respectively. However, the magnitude of the Bias achieved by MERGE is smaller than that achieved by CoSch. Overall, MERGE outperforms CoSch when analysing rain/no rain and light to moderate rainfall (0.5 to 20.0 mm). For heavy precipitation (>35.0 mm), the performance of both products is similar. The most significant differences between the two products occur over the Northeast Region of Brazil (R3 and R4), where CoSch tends to encounter difficulties characterizing the precipitation regime during the northeastern wet period (April–November). In R3 and R4, MERGE relies more on surface observations, whereas CoSch relies on GPM-IMERG-Early, which could be associated with the deficiency of GPM-IMERG-Early in estimating the amount of precipitation associated with warm clouds. © 2020, © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group."
"57211513225;7102138235;7401960811;57218471437;57211516045;57205084784;","Evolution of paleo-weathering during the late Neoproterozoic in South China: Implications for paleoclimatic conditions and organic carbon burial",2020,"10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109843","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086453653&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2020.109843&partnerID=40&md5=00922d8b01d89c37abb43b51ff7907ea","The late Neoproterozoic was a key transition time for Earth, involving turbulent fluctuations of the atmosphere-ocean system including Snowball Earth events, supercontinent reorganisation, and revolution of the nutrient cycle, all of which could have potentially triggered the development of increasingly complex life forms. To further investigate the temporal variations of paleoclimatic conditions and to better understand the burial of organic carbon during this interval, comprehensive geochemical and mineralogical analyses were performed on upper Neoproterozoic samples from the Cryogenian Datangpo, the Marinoan-age Nantuo, and the Ediacaran Doushantuo formations in South China. Geochemical compositions indicate that sedimentary rocks from the Doushantuo Formation have a provenance from granodiorite-like rocks, and the Datangpo samples likely have a mixed provenance of basalt and granite. The chemical index of alteration (CIA) values of black shales from the Datangpo and Doushantuo formations are in a similar range (65–85), indicating moderate chemical weathering under a relatively warm and humid climate. However, conspicuous low Rb/Sr ratios and enrichment of chemically immature minerals for the uppermost Doushantuo samples, are indicative of elevated physical erosion during the terminal Ediacaran. Furthermore, a negative correlation between corrected CIA (CIAcorr) and total organic carbon (TOC), and a positive correlation between organic carbon isotopic compositions (δ13Corg) and TOC, imply that supercontinent-related nutrient supply and concomitantly elevated marine primary productivity played an important role in organic carbon burial during the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition. In contrast, elevated chemical weathering under increased temperatures and intensity of the hydrological cycle occurred during the deposition of post-glacial shales from the Datangpo Formation and Member II of the Doushantuo Formation. Enhanced primary productivity fostered by chemical weathering-released nutrients and sequestration of organic carbon by pedogenic clay minerals generated under such climatic conditions, and probably redox condition variations, are inferred to have been the main control on organic carbon burial during this interval. © 2020 Elsevier B.V."
"57209792148;57219149200;57214902839;","Roles of Sea Surface Temperature Warming and Loss of Arctic Sea Ice in the Enhanced Summer Wetting Trend Over Northeastern Siberia During Recent Decades",2020,"10.1029/2020JD032557","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85091418431&doi=10.1029%2f2020JD032557&partnerID=40&md5=7b855ffe4ec0d644ceca213dd1b70b0b","The water cycle over middle- to high-latitude regions has experienced rapid changes in recent decades. The sea surface temperature (SST) and Arctic sea ice influence the water cycle over these regions, but the relative roles of SST warming and the loss of Arctic sea ice remain unclear. We identify an enhanced change in the summer (June–August) water cycle over northeastern Siberia (55–70°N, 100–170°E) during the last three decades. The driving force of this enhanced wetting trend is investigated using both observations and model simulations. An increasing trend of low-level southerly winds and a decrease in sea-level pressure are observed over northeastern Siberia during summer, leading to stronger lower tropospheric moisture convergence and ascending motion, which favor an increase in precipitation. The wetting trend and the associated atmospheric features are successfully reproduced by an atmospheric model driven by the observed Arctic sea ice concentrations and SSTs, whereas the model driven solely by the Arctic sea ice concentrations simulates a negligible increase in precipitation. This is primarily due to the absence of the stronger southerly winds that transport moisture from the Pacific Ocean. The modeling evidence suggests that SST changes in recent decades have a stronger influence on the intensified precipitation than does sea ice. An atmospheric bridge mechanism links the strengthened southerly winds to an upper-level Rossby wave train originating from the North Atlantic. Another atmospheric simulation forced only by Atlantic SST warming recreates the observed enhanced wetting trend in northeastern Siberia and supports the hypothesized atmospheric bridge mechanism. ©2020. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"56335546000;6603324369;7004473576;","Toarcian climate and carbon cycle perturbations – its impact on sea-level changes, enhanced mobilization and oxidation of fossil organic matter",2020,"10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116417","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85087328494&doi=10.1016%2fj.epsl.2020.116417&partnerID=40&md5=0fab3e07acb09e677790a8c338006b3a","Organic geochemistry and palynology reveal major organofacies changes in the marginal marine Polish Basin during the early Toarcian linked to changes in environmental conditions. Increasing water salinity and enhanced biomass contributions from phytoplankton, adopted to brackish conditions, attest to periodic marine ingressions into the paralic, hyposaline Polish Basin. Marine ingressions occurred upon reoccurring sea level rises concomitant with i) the Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary carbon isotope excursion (Pl-Toa-CIE) and ii) the stepped Toarcian carbon isotope excursion (Toa-CIE), the latter marking the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (Toa-OAE). Strata with marine influences indicate an intermittent connection of the Polish Basin with the Tethys and attest to a close correlation between regional shoreline progradation and evolution of global climate and sea-level. Organic geochemistry indicated the link between sea level fluctuations and the Toa-CIEs, although in some areas of the Polish Basin the sea level rise was balanced by massively increased sediment delivery, caused by enhanced hydrological cycling that lead to intensified weathering and erosion in the hinterland. Enhanced hydrological cycling further led to the remobilization of organic matter of pre-Toarcian age. This points to erosion of older organic-rich rocks containing significant abundances of marine and terrestrial organic matter that was partly oxidized and re-deposited along with autochthonous Toarcian organic matter. Provenance areas identified point to two main sources, most likely Carboniferous terrestrial/paralic and Ordovician/Silurian marine sediments. Fossil organic matter should be considered as additional source in Toarcian carbon cycling, particularly in times of enhanced hydrological cycling, erosion and weathering. Remobilization of sedimentary fossil carbon has not been hitherto considered as a carbon source during the Toa-OAE. © 2020 Elsevier B.V."
"8537480000;7102643810;8626059100;6603164038;7102190308;6701653010;","The GPM validation network and evaluation of satellite-based retrievals of the rain drop size distribution",2020,"10.3390/atmos11091010","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85092408256&doi=10.3390%2fatmos11091010&partnerID=40&md5=cf31fa25538f6a2f562ea8eebf143e9c","A unique capability of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is its ability to better estimate the raindrop size distribution (DSD) on a global scale. To validate the GPM DSD retrievals, a network of more than 100 ground-based polarimetric radars from across the globe are utilized within the broader context of the GPM Validation Network (VN) processing architecture. The GPM VN ensures quality controlled dual-polarimetric radar moments for use in providing reference estimates of the DSD. The VN DSD estimates are carefully geometrically matched with the GPM core satellite measurements for evaluation of the GPM algorithms. We use the GPM VN to compare the DSD retrievals from the GPM's Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) and combined DPR-GPM Microwave Imager (GMI) Level-2 algorithms. Results suggested that the Version 06A GPM core satellite algorithms provide estimates of the mass-weighted mean diameter (Dm) that are biased 0.2 mm too large when considered across all precipitation types. In convective precipitation, the algorithms tend to overestimate Dm by 0.5-0.6 mm, leading the DPR algorithm to underestimate the normalized DSD intercept parameter (Nw) by a factor of two, and introduce a significant bias to the DPR retrievals of rainfall rate for DSDs with large Dm. The GPM Combined algorithm performs better than the DPR algorithm in convection but provides a severely limited range of Nw estimates, highlighting the need to broaden its a priori database in convective precipitation. © 2020 by the authors."
"57218165162;56303050800;55510783800;","Evaluation of rainfall forecasts by three mesoscale models during the Mei-yu season of 2008 in Taiwan. Part II: Development of an object-oriented method",2020,"10.3390/atmos11090939","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85092365692&doi=10.3390%2fatmos11090939&partnerID=40&md5=63e61d52e0eb54e934171937197a2509","This study describes a recently developed object-oriented method suitable for Taiwan for the purpose to verify quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) produced by mesoscale models as a complement to the traditional approaches in existence. Using blended data from the rain-gauge network in Taiwan and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) as the observation, the method developed herein is applied to twice-daily 0-48 h QPFs produced by the Cloud-Resolving Storm Simulator (CReSS) during the South-West Monsoon Experiment (SoWMEX) in May-June 2008. In this method, rainfall objects are identified through a procedure that includes smoothing and thresholding. Various attribute parameters and the characteristics of observed and forecast rain-area objects are then compared and discussed. Both the observed and the QPF frequency distributions of rain-area objects with respect to total water production, object size, and rainfall are similar to chi-distribution, with highest frequency at smaller values and decreased frequencies toward greater values. The model tends to produce heavier rainfall than observation, while the latter exhibits a higher percentage of larger objects with weaker rainfall intensity. The distributions of shape-related attributes are similar between QPF and observed rainfall objects, with more northeast-southwest oriented and fewer northwest-southeast oriented objects. Both observed and modeled object centroid locations have relative maxima over the terrain of Taiwan, indicating reasonable response to the topography. The above results are consistent with previous studies. © 2020 by the authors."
"55015874800;56508579400;57219120657;57188700460;57219121230;","Urbanization-driven changes in land-climate dynamics: A case study of Haihe River Basin, China",2020,"10.3390/RS12172701","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85091338425&doi=10.3390%2fRS12172701&partnerID=40&md5=cec302dd3a4267c1bb0e4e85a858a021","Urbanization changes the land surface environment, which alters the regional climate system. In this study, we took the Haihe River Basin in China as a case study area, as it is highly populated and experienced rapid urbanization from 2000-2015. We investigated how land use and cover change (LUCC) was driven by urban land development affects land-climate dynamics. From 2000-2015, we collected data from the land use and cover database, the remote sensing database of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) series, and the meteorological database to process and generate regional datasets for LUCC maps. We organized data by years aligned with the selected indicators of land surface, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), albedo, and land surface temperature (LST), as well as of regional climate, cloud water content (CWC), and precipitation (P). The assembled datasets were processed to perform statistical analysis and conduct structural equation modelling (SEM). Based on eco-climatology principles and the biophysical process in the land-climate dynamics, we made assumptions on how the indicators connected to each other. Moreover, we testified and quantified them in SEM. LUCC results found that from 2000-2015 the urban area proportion increased by 214% (2.20-6.91%), while the agricultural land decreased by 7.2% (53.05-49.25%) and the forest increased by 4.3% (10.02-10.45%), respectively. This demonstrated how cropland intensification and afforestation happened in the urbanizing basin. SEM results showed that the forest had both positive and negative effects on the regional hydrological cycle. The agricultural land, grassland, and shrub had indirect effects on the P via different biophysical functions of LST. The overall effects of urbanization on regional precipitation was positive (pathway correlation coefficient = 0.25). The interpretation of how urbanization drives LUCC and alters regional climate were herein discussed in different aspects of socioeconomic development, biophysical processes, and urbanization-related atmospheric effects. We provided suggestions for further possible research on monitoring and assessment, putting forth recommendations to advance sustainability via land planning and management, including agricultural land conservation, paying more attention to the quality growth of forest rather than the merely area expansion, integrating the interdisciplinary approach, and assessing climatic risk for extreme precipitation and urban flooding. ©"
"57196785961;56033320200;","Review: The influence of global change on Europe’s water cycle and groundwater recharge [全球变化对欧洲水循环和地下水补给影响的研究综述] [Revue: L’influence du changement global sur le cycle de l’eau et la recharge des eaux souterraines à l’échelle européenne] [Revisão: A influência das mudanças globais no ciclo da água e na recarga de águas subterrâneas na Europa] [Revisión: La influencia del cambio climático en el ciclo del agua y la recarga de las aguas subterráneas en Europa]",2020,"10.1007/s10040-020-02165-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086179273&doi=10.1007%2fs10040-020-02165-3&partnerID=40&md5=951950e3b80a5a786c3743e0e3afe6e4","Roughly a third of Europe’s water demand is satisfied by groundwater abstraction. Understanding how future changes in climate, weather, vegetation and land use will affect the transport of atmospheric water to the subsurface is critical for successful implementation of Europe’s Water Framework Directive and to maintain groundwater as a high-quality water resource. This paper summarizes the known drivers of trends and variations in groundwater recharge (precipitation, evapotranspiration and vegetation, land use) in Central Europe and how they have changed in recent decades. From past observations and future climate projections, the foreseeable consequences for groundwater recharge under a changing climate are discussed. The paper focuses on the complex role of soils and vegetation at the interface between atmosphere and groundwater, and addresses open questions and possible new directions for research. Summarizing the evidence, land use and land-use change have a large control on recharge, but the influence of climate change is increasingly recognized. Central Europe’s current transition from a temperate and relatively moist climate towards a more variable and Mediterranean-like climate may shift recharge patterns and increase the ratio of focused-to-diffusive recharge as precipitation patterns change and the frequency and intensity of climatic extremes (e.g., heavy rainfall, heatwaves, droughts, floods and wild fires) increase. However, uncertainty remains with regard to the dynamic response of Europe’s vegetation to climate change as well as to human modifications of the water cycle (e.g., through irrigation, forest management, artificial recharge or urbanization), which currently challenges model-based predictions of future recharge. © 2020, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature."
"57209332666;8284622100;57214860611;","Temporal and spatial variations of convection, clouds and precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau from recent satellite observations. Part II: Precipitation climatology derived from global precipitation measurement mission",2020,"10.1002/joc.6493","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85079373784&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.6493&partnerID=40&md5=02a12c459e31813d389e210454a79ce4","This sequence of papers examines spatio-temporal variations of precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) based on satellite observations. Here in Part 2, spatial patterns of seasonal and diurnal variations of precipitation have been examined based on the Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM) and three additional satellite products. The results show a spatial dipole pattern of two distinct seasonalities: The central TP is marked by strong July peaks and exhibits rainfall contributions of the monsoon season (May–September) of more than 70%, whereas northwestern and southern regions of the plateau exhibit significantly smaller amplitudes in the annual cycle. In some southern regions which are characterized by very high summer mean precipitation and more extreme rain rates, winter months (October–April) contribute significantly to the total annual mean precipitation. In addition, there are larger differences in seasonal curves along a west-to-east axis, than along a north-to-south axis. The spatial patterns of diurnal precipitation over the TP are more complex compared to seasonality and point to multiple components, which construct the regional differences. These show also a seasonal dependence and are characterized by a stronger afternoon to early evening peak (17:00 LST time, 11:00 UTC) and weaker nighttime peak (23:00 LST, 17:00 UTC) during the monsoon season and over the plateau compared to its surroundings. Furthermore, it was shown that convective precipitation during the monsoon season contribute only up to 30% to the total precipitation, whereas more than 70% is produced by the 90th percentile of daily rain rates. An important characteristic of summer precipitation is hence that a significant part of the extreme precipitation is non-convective. This paper reveals new features of spatial patterns in seasonal and diurnal precipitation and highlights the importance of non-monsoonal components for seasonal precipitation variations. © 2020 The Authors. International Journal of Climatology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the Royal Meteorological Society."
"56514482700;57214124127;57218514026;7201920350;55352172500;57199068971;7404433688;","A Heavy Precipitation Event in the Yangtze River Basin Led by an Eastward Moving Tibetan Plateau Cloud System in the Summer of 2016",2020,"10.1029/2020JD032429","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089398293&doi=10.1029%2f2020JD032429&partnerID=40&md5=38b91e12c825ffd98fc4af6d9f9ba1f1","From 29 June to 6 July 2016, China's Yangtze River Basin experienced heavy precipitation, causing more than 200 deaths and affecting tens of millions of people. Using ERA5 reanalysis, soundings, and satellite observations from FY-2 and Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM), we reviewed this heavy rainfall event from the perspective of its meteorological triggers and the cloud microphysics. As the cloud system moved eastward from the Tibetan Plateau, precipitation particles got larger and denser, and the enhancement of stratiform precipitation contributed the most precipitation. The riming and aggregation processes, the dominant growth modes of particles, were significantly enhanced between 5.5 and 7 km. The increase in the echo-top height had a considerable positive effect on the near-surface particle size (from ~1.0 mm at 4 km to ~1.5 mm at 10 km), but this feature was not significant over the Tibetan Plateau. We suggest that the microphysics of this event was dominated by the combination of the eastward moving cloud system, which acted as continuous “seeder” cloud, and the increase in water vapor associated with the low-level vortex and jet, which generated enhancing “feeder” cloud. The particles from the “seeder” cloud grew by the lower “feeder” cloud, thus increasing the particle size to enhance the precipitation. Overall, the generation and movement of such a cloud system is an important atmospheric disturbance for the generation of heavy precipitation downstream, and could be an early warning signal in the forecasting of heavy rainfall in China during the Meiyu period. © 2020. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"56514482700;41961318100;57218513180;57214124127;7404433688;","Linkage Between the Vertical Evolution of Clouds and Droplet Growth Modes as Seen From FY-4A AGRI and GPM DPR",2020,"10.1029/2020GL088312","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089380034&doi=10.1029%2f2020GL088312&partnerID=40&md5=d05060277608154468ee0e0958f39556","Based on matched scans from the FY-4A satellite's Advanced Geostationary Radiation Imager (AGRI) and the NASA/JAXA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory's Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR), the microphysical mechanisms of the derived vertical evolution of cloud effective radius (Re) and its correspondence with precipitation droplet growth modes are revealed in this study. The results show that there were two turning points in the Re vertical evolution, which divided the Re profile into solid-phase, mixed-phase, and liquid-phase zones from top to bottom. There were also two turning points in the upper layer of DPR reflectivity, which showed good correspondence with Re turning points in both height and physical sense. The main droplet growth modes in the three zones are nucleation/glaciation, deposition, and riming, respectively. The linkage between Re vertical evolution and droplet growth modes would be useful in real-time monitoring of cloud microphysical processes. ©2020. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"7003736731;","Revisiting the global hydrological cycle: Is it intensifying?",2020,"10.5194/hess-24-3899-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85094648176&doi=10.5194%2fhess-24-3899-2020&partnerID=40&md5=79a4e286bfbc5d166eb7574c5d5534d0","As a result of technological advances in monitoring atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere and biosphere, as well as in data management and processing, several databases have become freely available. These can be exploited in revisiting the global hydrological cycle with the aim, on the one hand, to better quantify it and, on the other hand, to test the established climatological hypotheses according to which the hydrological cycle should be intensifying because of global warming. By processing the information from gridded ground observations, satellite data and reanalyses, it turns out that the established hypotheses are not confirmed. Instead of monotonic trends, there appear fluctuations from intensification to deintensification, and vice versa, with deintensification prevailing in the 21st century. The water balance on land and in the sea appears to be lower than the standard figures of literature, but with greater variability on climatic timescales, which is in accordance with Hurst-Kolmogorov stochastic dynamics. The most obvious anthropogenic signal in the hydrological cycle appears to be the over-exploitation of groundwater, which has a visible effect on the rise in sea level. Melting of glaciers has an equal effect, but in this case it is not known which part is anthropogenic, as studies on polar regions attribute mass loss mostly to ice dynamics. © 2020 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. All rights reserved."
"57208547457;57216841512;35194307900;55276334800;57202078512;","Hydrogeochemical evolution under a changing environment: A case study in Jilin, China",2020,"10.2166/ws.2020.072","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090427494&doi=10.2166%2fws.2020.072&partnerID=40&md5=31f4a2719117b421eb35d3a3d5aa5ece","Groundwater is an important component of the global water cycle, and acts as a receptor and information carrier of global environmental changes. Therefore, it is of great importance to research the chemical evolution of groundwater under a changing environment. Historical data shows that groundwater hydrochemical types are becoming more complicated, groundwater quality is deteriorating and the scope of pollution is expanding. This is attributed to an increasingly dry climate and the gradual deterioration of the original ecological environment, together with the unreasonable groundwater exploitation and intense agricultural activities of the past 30 years. Climate change and human activities are intertwined, and are responsible for changing the original groundwater system and forming a new evolutionary system. © 2020 IWA Publishing. All rights reserved."
"57218626067;56292418400;","Experimental Investigation on the Movability of Water in Shale Nanopores: A Case Study of Carboniferous Shale From the Qaidam Basin, China",2020,"10.1029/2019WR026973","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089833115&doi=10.1029%2f2019WR026973&partnerID=40&md5=e55e0f5164fc7319a5decb82a5765d6b","The movability of water in shale nanopores intensely affects the transport and storage of other fluids and plays an important role in the geological water cycle. To investigate the movability of water, three shale samples were used to conduct flow experiments using the steady state and step-by-step depressurization method. The experimental results show that the movability of water strongly depends on the pressure gradient. Two water-related mechanisms, shear fluidity and electroviscous effect, are primarily responsible for the difference in movability between free water and bound water. The flow of water in these samples deviates from Darcy's law, and the threshold pressure gradient (TPG) is observed. When the pressure gradient is higher than the TPG, water starts to flow, and the permeability increases with increasing pressure gradient. Based on the analysis of the solid-liquid interfacial forces, the water in the shale was quantitatively classified into four types (L1, L2, L3, and L4) according to its movability. The calculation results indicate that most of the water, which could be up to 74.46–89.73%, is immovable under the experimental conditions. The proportion of movable water increases with increasing pressure gradient, and the relation can be expressed by a quadratic function. The moving ratio was defined as the ratio of the volume of water involved in flow to the total pore volume. The correlation between the moving ratio and permeability is a power function with exponents ranging from 1.16 to 1.43, indicating that water permeability is sensitive to the moving ratio. ©2020. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57218570725;6506792370;7005282479;10339393000;","Vadose zone lag time effect on groundwater drought in a temperate climate",2020,"10.3390/W12082123","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089588904&doi=10.3390%2fW12082123&partnerID=40&md5=e6adbb6ade8e11f2098865560c845183","An essential factor in the propagation of drought, from meteorological drought to groundwater drought, is the delay between a precipitation event and the groundwater recharge reaching the groundwater table. This delay, which mainly occurs in the vadose zone of the hydrological cycle, is often poorly studied. Therefore, this paper proposes a method for estimating the spatially distributed delay in the vadose zone using the kinematic wave approximation of Richards' equation combined with the van Genuchten-Burdine and Brooks-Corey parametric model. The modeling was approached (1) using a detailed parametrization of soil and geological layers and (2) using lumped hydraulic and physical properties of geological layers. The results of both approaches were compared against the physically based flow model Hydrus-1D. This analysis shows that using a detailed parametrization of soil and geological layers results in good comparison, with a Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.89 for Brooks-Corey and 0.80 for van Genuchten-Burdine. The delay result of the Brooks-Corey model was incorporated into the groundwater recharge time series from 1980 to 2013 to analyze the effect of this delay on groundwater drought. The results show that the delay in the vadose zone influences groundwater drought characterization features such as the number, duration, and intensity of drought events. © 2020 by the authors."
"36343527200;57218557326;36624257700;7403444600;36452936000;7403326970;7402331557;6506642126;35974590700;54388319300;12242898700;","Forecast errors and uncertainties in atmospheric rivers",2020,"10.1175/WAF-D-20-0049.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089504224&doi=10.1175%2fWAF-D-20-0049.1&partnerID=40&md5=1655fba54256c8de2b5fa03c5d8ba75c","A key aim of observational campaigns is to sample atmosphere–ocean phenomena to improve understanding of these phenomena, and in turn, numerical weather prediction. In early 2018 and 2019, the Atmospheric River Reconnaissance (AR Recon) campaign released dropsondes and radiosondes into atmospheric rivers (ARs) over the northeast Pacific Ocean to collect unique observations of temperature, winds, and moisture in ARs. These narrow regions of water vapor transport in the atmosphere—like rivers in the sky—can be associated with extreme precipitation and flooding events in the midlatitudes. This study uses the dropsonde observations collected during the AR Recon campaign and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) to evaluate forecasts of ARs. Results show that ECMWF IFS forecasts 1) were colder than observations by up to 0.6 K throughout the troposphere; 2) have a dry bias in the lower troposphere, which along with weaker winds below 950 hPa, resulted in weaker horizontal water vapor fluxes in the 950–1000-hPa layer; and 3) exhibit an underdispersiveness in the water vapor flux that largely arises from model represen-tativeness errors associated with dropsondes. Four U.S. West Coast radiosonde sites confirm the IFS cold bias throughout winter. These issues are likely to affect the model’s hydrological cycle and hence precipitation forecasts. © 2020 American Meteorological Society."
"57207957154;57216511512;57216507585;35468560800;","Simulation of groundwater dynamic response to hydrological factors in karst aquifer system",2020,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124995","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85083725351&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2020.124995&partnerID=40&md5=2837f6a2a71e8b98e376e9cbf8453ac8","A similar physical simulation experiment is a kind of generalization and reduction of real objects by similarity principle, which achieves the simulation of the actual situation. In order to reveal the influencing factors and mechanisms of the groundwater flow process in the karst aquifer system. In this paper, the hydrological cycle process of the karst aquifer system is comprehensively considered, and a conceptual model is established including hydrological factors such as rainfall recharge, epikarst zone, doline, fissure, conduit, and spring. Also, a three-dimensional physical model of karst fissure-conduit for experiments is designed and fabricated from the similarity with the groundwater channel structure based on the hydrological conceptual model. Moreover, karst aquifer under different rainfall conditions and aquifer structures is designed to simulate the process of seepage and recession. The experiments were divided into 24 groups, three times for each group. The experiment results show that: (1) the rainfall intensity has a significant impact on the maximum peak flow, confluence time and flow duration of the spring flow process; (2) the epikarst zone has a vital influence on the confluence time, flow duration and curve shape of the spring flow process, and has little effect on the peak flow; and (3) the aquifer structure is the main factor affecting the initial flow, the slope of the recession curve and the recession coefficient of the spring recession process. Finally, this study indicates that the concept model is reasonable. The physical model for simulating the hydrological process can be applied to a wide range in karst aquifers, taking into account more geological factors. © 2020 Elsevier B.V."
"56566965900;57216739702;8425156900;7601329386;57216739012;35270436100;","Assessment of high-resolution satellite rainfall products over a gradually elevating mountainous terrain based on a high-density rain gauge network",2020,"10.1080/01431161.2020.1734255","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85084463007&doi=10.1080%2f01431161.2020.1734255&partnerID=40&md5=56e620a160ec8236a314e79b24ae8e4a","High-resolution satellite rainfall products (SRPs) provide forcing inputs for hydrologic applications. Complex mountainous terrains have a significant effect on the occurrence and intensity of rainfall. This study focuses on the assessment of errors and rainfall detection capability of SRPs over a complex terrain with an elevation ranging from −95 to 3091 m based on a high-density rain gauge network over the Taihang Mountains of North China. The performance of four high-resolution SRPs (rain gauge bias-corrected Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH CRT), Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG), Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42V7; and Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Network-Cloud Classification System (PERSIANN-CCS)) was validated using 104 rain gauge stations from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2017, and the results show that the annual rainfall varied from 375 mm to 1400 mm on average in 2016 and 2017. At the monthly scale, all SRPs except PERSIANN-CCS performed well. The spatial pattern of the annual rainfall variation, which was highest in the southeast and lowest in the northwest, was adequately captured by IMERG and 3B42 but not CMORPH CRT and PERSIANN-CCS. As indicated by the statistical metrics, all SRPs except PERSIANN-CCS exhibited better performance in the regions in the downward direction of the East-Asian Monsoon. In terms of rainfall detection, all SRPs exhibited moderate rainfall detection capability while IMERG exhibited the lowest false alarm ratio (FAR) equal to 0.41. Compared with 3B42, a significant improvement was found in IMERG, which presented increased correlation coefficient (r) and decreased FAR values over the study areas, and the improvement rate was 75% and 95%, respectively. All SRPs underestimated the no/light rainfall (0–1 mm day−1) events. IMERG and PERSIANN-CCS exhibited poor performance with significant underestimation of the 1–2 mm day−1 rainfall class and overestimation of the 2–5 mm day−1 rainfall class. Our results not only demonstrate the superiority of different products at different elevations but also provide suggestions for further improvement of the SRPs, especially for complex terrains. © 2020, © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group."
"57195056873;7201920350;35209683700;56923937200;57202925605;57199068971;57217862195;57217857005;57208383202;57217862422;7401796996;","Localization and Invigoration of Mei-yu Front Rainfall due to Aerosol-Cloud Interactions: A Preliminary Assessment Based on WRF Simulations and IMFRE 2018 Field Observations",2020,"10.1029/2019JD031952","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85087728434&doi=10.1029%2f2019JD031952&partnerID=40&md5=721532e2765cf0e7a2ccfe36488c62be","Aerosol-cloud interactions remain a major source of uncertainty in our understanding and modeling of the Earth's hydrological cycle. Based upon a diagnostic and modeling analysis utilizing the latest field measurements from the Integrative Monsoon Frontal Rainfall Experiment (IMFRE) 2018, this paper reports the effects of aerosols on the cloud properties along the Mei-yu front over the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River in China. Numerical experiments with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model suggest that increasing aerosol number concentration reduces surface precipitation by ~8.8% and delays the onset of rainfall by ~30 min. Furthermore, warm clouds are suppressed but the convective cores are slightly intensified. This corresponds to an overall aerosol effect of “localization and invigoration” of the Mei-yu rainfall and thus an elevated probability of short-term heavy rainfall. The signals of “convective invigoration” with a bulk scheme in this study are relatively weak compared to those simulated by bin microphysics. The increased aerosol concentration strengthens Mei-yu front and changes local morphology of the front, consistent with earlier studies demonstrating positive effects of convective heating on the genesis and maintenance of Mei-yu front via conditional instability of the second kind (CISK) and diabatic generation of potential vorticity. Also discussed are the uncertainties of bulk microphysics in simulating aerosol-cloud interactions, which may shed light on the design of future field campaigns to further understand the impact of aerosol-cloud interactions on weather and climate over China in boreal summer. ©2020. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57200983531;57200606418;34882105800;","GEE4FLOOD: Rapid mapping of flood areas using temporal Sentinel-1 SAR images with Google Earth Engine cloud platform",2020,"10.1117/1.JRS.14.034505","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85092624165&doi=10.1117%2f1.JRS.14.034505&partnerID=40&md5=0d6364310f767bd2e5632fd219ebf0d7","The present state of the art technologies for flood mapping are typically tested on small geographical regions due to limitation of resources, which hinders the implementation of real-time flood management activities. We proposed a unified framework (GEE4FLOOD) for rapid flood mapping in Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform. With the unexpected spells of extreme rainfall in August 2018, many parts of Kerala state in India experienced a major disastrous flood. Therefore, we tested the GEE4FLOOD processing chain on August 2018 Kerala flood event. GEE4FLOOD utilizes multitemporal Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar images available in GEE catalog and an automatic Otsu's thresholding algorithm for flood mapping. It also utilizes other remote sensing datasets available in GEE catalog for permanent water body mask creation and result validation. The ground truth data collected during the Kerala flood indicates promising accuracy with 82% overall accuracy and 78.5% accuracy for flood class alone. In addition, the entire process from data fetching to flood map generation at a varying geographical extent (district to state level) took 1/42 to 4 min. © 2020 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)."
"57216543771;6701816656;14020798200;8222400800;7201365637;","Near-surface salinity reveals the oceanic sources of moisture for australian precipitation through atmospheric moisture transport",2020,"10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0579.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090129608&doi=10.1175%2fJCLI-D-19-0579.1&partnerID=40&md5=e8097d58cde88e986199f6e86312f704","The long-term trend of sea surface salinity (SSS) reveals an intensification of the global hydrological cycle due to human-induced climate change. This study demonstrates that SSS variability can also be used as a measure of terrestrial precipitation on interseasonal to interannual time scales, and to locate the source of moisture. Seasonal composites during El Niño-Southern Oscillation/Indian Ocean dipole (ENSO/IOD) events are used to understand the variations of moisture transport and precipitation over Australia, and their association with SSS variability. As ENSO/IOD events evolve, patterns of positive or negative SSS anomaly emerge in the Indo-Pacific warm pool region and are accompanied by atmospheric moisture transport anomalies toward Australia. During co-occurring La Niña and negative IOD events, salty anomalies around the Maritime Continent (north of Australia) indicate freshwater export and are associated with a significant moisture transport that converges over Australia to create anomalous wet conditions. In contrast, during cooccurring El Niño and positive IOD events, a moisture transport divergence anomaly over Australia results in anomalous dry conditions. The relationship between SSS and atmospheric moisture transport also holds for pure ENSO/IOD events but varies in magnitude and spatial pattern. The significant pattern correlation between the moisture flux divergence and SSS anomaly during the ENSO/IOD events highlights the associated ocean-atmosphere coupling. A case study of the extreme hydroclimatic events of Australia (e.g., the 2010/11 Brisbane flood) demonstrates that the changes in SSS occur before the peak of ENSO/IOD events. This raises the prospect that tracking of SSS variability could aid the prediction of Australian rainfall. © 2020 American Meteorological Society."
"6602638639;8533581200;","Russian Studies on Clouds and Precipitation in 2015–2018",2020,"10.1134/S0001433820040027","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090089037&doi=10.1134%2fS0001433820040027&partnerID=40&md5=fa4107ead8e8c805ec437371d5bdd8b4","Abstract: Results of Russian studies on cloud physics, precipitation, and weather modification in 2015–2018 are presented based on a survey prepared for the Russian National Report on Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences to the 27th General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (ed. by I.I. Mokhov and A.A. Krivolutsky), Moscow: MAKS Press, 2019, 332 pp. doi:10.29003/m662.978-5-317-06182-1. © 2020, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd."
"57218297630;23096443800;7005739543;57217729627;57191618783;57218296054;57218291360;","Precipitation diurnal cycle assessment of satellite-based estimates over Brazil",2020,"10.3390/rs12142339","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85088642533&doi=10.3390%2frs12142339&partnerID=40&md5=9ba14bb36cb4428c300551e8ba8fa402","The main objective of this study is to assess the ability of several high-resolution satellite-based precipitation estimates to represent the Precipitation Diurnal Cycle (PDC) over Brazil during the 2014-2018 period, after the launch of the Global Precipitation Measurement satellite (GPM). The selected algorithms are the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP), The Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) and Climate Prediction Center (CPC) MORPHing technique (CMORPH). Hourly rain gauge data from different national and regional networks were used as the reference dataset after going through rigid quality control tests. All datasets were interpolated to a common 0.1° × 0.1° grid every 3 h for comparison. After a hierarchical cluster analysis, seven regions with different PDC characteristics (amplitude and phase) were selected for this study. The main results of this research could be summarized as follow: (i) Those regions where thermal heating produce deep convective clouds, the PDC is better represented by all algorithms (in term of amplitude and phase) than those regions driven by shallow convection or low-level circulation; (ii) the GSMaP suite (GSMaP-Gauge (G) and GSMaP-Motion Vector Kalman (MVK)), in general terms, outperforms the rest of the algorithms with lower bias and less dispersion. In this case, the gauge-adjusted version improves the satellite-only retrievals of the same algorithm suggesting that daily gauge-analysis is useful to reduce the bias in a sub-daily scale; (iii) IMERG suite (IMERG-Late (L) and IMERG-Final (F)) overestimates rainfall for almost all times and all the regions, while the satellite-only version provide better results than the final version; (iv) CMORPH has the better performance for a transitional regime between a coastal land-sea breeze and a continental amazonian regime. Further research should be performed to understand how shallow clouds processes and convective/stratiform classification is performed in each algorithm to improve the representativity of diurnal cycle. © 2020 by the authors."
"56893768100;56520921400;51864663400;57136738600;15848674200;","Microphysical Sensitivity of Superparameterized Precipitation Extremes in the Contiguous United States Due to Feedbacks on Large-Scale Circulation",2020,"10.1029/2019EA000731","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85088580560&doi=10.1029%2f2019EA000731&partnerID=40&md5=3510fdbd18c5ba331e9bc4fec23137e7","Superparameterized (SP) global climate models have been shown to better simulate various features of precipitation relative to conventional models, including its diurnal cycle as well as its extremes. While various studies have focused on the effect of differing microphysics parameterizations on precipitation within limited-area cloud-resolving models, we examine here the effect on contiguous U.S. (CONUS) extremes in a global SP model. We vary the number of predicted moments for hydrometeor distributions, the character of the rimed ice species, and the representation of raindrop self-collection and breakup. Using a likelihood ratio test and accounting for the effects of multiple hypothesis testing, we find that there are some regional differences, particularly during spring and summer in the Southwest and the Midwest, in both the current climate and a warmer climate with uniformly increased sea surface temperatures. These differences are most statistically significant and widespread when the number of moments is changed. To determine whether these results are due to (fast) local effects of the different microphysics or the (slower) ensuing feedback on the large-scale atmospheric circulation, we run a series of short, 5-day simulations initialized from reanalysis data. We find that the differences largely disappear in these runs and therefore infer that the different parameterizations impact precipitation extremes indirectly via the large-scale circulation. Finally, we compare the present-day results with hourly rain gauge data and find that SP underestimates extremes relative to observations regardless of which microphysics scheme is used given a fixed model configuration and resolution. ©2020. The Authors."
"55809206100;57211318296;57193920957;55843650400;7401526171;7005052907;","Bias correction of satellite-based precipitation estimations using quantile mapping approach in different climate regions of Iran",2020,"10.3390/rs12132102","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85087546344&doi=10.3390%2frs12132102&partnerID=40&md5=e68f6759cae9889bfc87f5e6cb98be28","High-resolution real-time satellite-based precipitation estimation datasets can play a more essential role in flood forecasting and risk analysis of infrastructures. This is particularly true for extended deserts or mountainous areas with sparse rain gauges like Iran. However, there are discrepancies between these satellite-based estimations and ground measurements, and it is necessary to apply adjustment methods to reduce systematic bias in these products. In this study, we apply a quantile mapping method with gauge information to reduce the systematic error of the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks-Cloud Classification System (PERSIANN-CCS). Due to the availability and quality of the ground-based measurements, we divide Iran into seven climate regions to increase the sample size for generating cumulative probability distributions within each region. The cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) are then employed with a quantile mapping 0.6° x 0.6° filter to adjust the values of PERSIANN-CCS. We use eight years (2009-2016) of historical data to calibrate our method, generating nonparametric cumulative distribution functions of ground-based measurements and satellite estimations for each climate region, as well as two years (2017-2018) of additional data to validate our approach. The results show that the bias correction approach improves PERSIANN-CCS data at aggregated to monthly, seasonal and annual scales for both the calibration and validation periods. The areal average of the annual bias and annual root mean square errors are reduced by 98% and 56% during the calibration and validation periods, respectively. Furthermore, the averages of the bias and root mean square error of the monthly time series decrease by 96% and 26% during the calibration and validation periods, respectively. There are some limitations in bias correction in the Southern region of the Caspian Sea because of shortcomings of the satellite-based products in recognizing orographic clouds. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland."
"56537237200;57202388328;57216438594;14325652800;24167181500;","Effect of low-level flow and Andes mountain on the tropical and mid-latitude precipitating cloud systems: GPM observations",2020,"10.1007/s00704-020-03155-x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85083486649&doi=10.1007%2fs00704-020-03155-x&partnerID=40&md5=ec591c3fdd03228f3cbba7cf5e160775","The effect of different directional South American low-level flow (SA-LLF) and topography on the near surface rainfall characteristics are validated in the present study. The near surface precipitation characteristics of the precipitating cloud systems (PCSs) are investigated under the influence of low-level flow (LLF) at 850 hPa and topography. Global precipitation measurement dual precipitation radar (GPM-DPR) data is used to define the PCSs. The PCSs consist of valuable information, including radar reflectivity (Ze), rain rate (RR), storm top height (STH), and DSD (drop size (Dm) and drop concentration (Nw) parameters). For LLF, we considered wind data at 850 hPa and for each PCS, the average wind angle is calculated using U and V component of wind component from European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast Interim data. Based on the direction of the topography, the LLF is divided into upslope, downslope, easterly and westerly LLF. The transported moisture from the Amazon to east of the Andes and strength of LLF decides the precipitation characteristics over tropical and mid-latitude PCSs. The zonal variation over the SA continent shows that the easterly and northerly LLF consist of higher fraction of PCSs with largest area (&gt; 2000 km2). The RR and Dm are higher at the eastern flank of SA Andes, and higher RR is observed in northerly and easterly LLF and shows the role of the moisture convergence near the eastern flank of Andes. However, the differences in the near surface rainfall parameters are higher when the LLF direction is considered along the perpendicular direction of the topography. The analysis reveals that mountain and directional LLF can alter the precipitation characteristics, and mostly, the eastern flank of Andes has higher RR and Dm compared to western flank of the Andes, and highest for the orographically moisture loaded upslope and easterly LLF in tropical PCSs. Tropical PCS has higher probability of bright band and warm rain compared to mid-tropical latitude PCSs and even higher in upslope and easterly LLF. The variation in DSD parameters with RR and STH revealed the role of the LLF and complex orography in the microphysical evolution of the precipitation and suggested that it is much required to investigate them in the numerical models. © 2020, Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature."
"57189001634;24462820300;16178008600;","Improving the Horton infiltration equation by considering soil moisture variation",2020,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124864","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85082707540&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2020.124864&partnerID=40&md5=5f6a1727d16b9eae33b08a072db57ebe","Soil water infiltration simulation is a subject receiving great interest in hydrological cycle modelling. The traditional Horton equation is based on the curve of infiltration capacity-rainfall duration time. However, the infiltration process is directly affected by soil moisture content, rather than rainfall duration. The objective of this study was to determine a relationship between infiltration capacity and soil moisture content in order to improve the Horton infiltration equation. Artificial rainfall-infiltration experiments were used to determine a series of power functions. The improved equation was cross-validated with observations from 32 experiments of multiple rainfall intensities and antecedent soil moisture. The simulation performance and uncertainty of the improved equation were compared with those of the original Horton equation to verify its accuracy. The results showed that infiltration rate decreases nonlinearly as soil moisture increases, and finally approaches a stable infiltration rate when the soil is saturated. Overland flow simulations by the improved Horton equation closely matched the observations from all 32 experiments over a soil moisture range of 0.222–0.349 m3/m3. The simulation performance was rated as good for most of the experiments for both the calibration and validation data sets. Compared with the original Horton equation, the simulation performance of the improved equation clearly improved estimation of infiltration, particularly as quantified by the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) and the coefficient of determination (R2). The number of simulations with NSE values greater than 0.65 increased 11.59% and 2.50% for the calibration and validation data sets, respectively. The number of simulations with R2 values greater than 0.90 increased 31.14% and 22.50%, respectively. The uncertainty intervals of the improved Horton equation became a little greater than those of the original Horton equation. For all 32 experimental simulations, the average relative length of the uncertainty interval at the 95% confidence level increased from 40.52% with the original Horton equation to 49.17% with the improved Horton equation. The number of observations falling within the 95% confidence interval increased from 92.13% to 95.94% with the improved Horton equation. Most of the observations were accurately simulated using the improved Horton equation. The greatest improvements in simulating overland flow were seen for the experiments with low flow simulations. The study results provide insights into soil infiltration mechanisms, and also provide references to support improved infiltration simulation by considering soil moisture variation. © 2020 Elsevier B.V."
"7201443624;16480080500;35615593500;47661059600;","Atmospheric precursors for intense summer rainfall over the United Kingdom",2020,"10.1002/joc.6431","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85077986089&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.6431&partnerID=40&md5=5575f4cc399785b3bc952d4e54a53415","Intense sub-daily summer rainfall is linked to flooding impacts in the United Kingdom. Characterizing the atmospheric conditions prior to the rainfall event can improve understanding of the large-scale mechanisms involved. The most intense sub-daily rainfall intensity data generated from rain gauge records across the United Kingdom over the period 1979–2014 are combined with fields from the ERA Interim reanalysis to characterize atmospheric conditions prior to heavy rainfall events. The 200 most intense 3-hourly events for six UK regions are associated with negative anomalies in sea level pressure (<−2 hPa) and 200 hPa geopotential height (<−60 m) to the west or south west of the United Kingdom 1 day earlier, with above average moisture, evaporation and dew point temperature over North West Europe. Atmospheric precursors are more intense but less coherent between regions for composites formed of the 25 heaviest rainfall events but all display substantial moisture transport from the south or south east prior to their occurrence. Composites for the heaviest events are characterized by a tripole geopotential anomaly pattern across the North Atlantic. Above average geopotential height and dew point temperature over Newfoundland and below average geopotential height but elevated evaporation in the North Atlantic are found to be weakly associated with an increased chance of the most intense sub-daily rainfall events 5–9 days later. © 2019 Royal Meteorological Society"
"57203724474;55707027500;57211306637;7404840444;","Substantial Increases in the Water and Sediment Fluxes in the Headwater Region of the Tibetan Plateau in Response to Global Warming",2020,"10.1029/2020GL087745","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086475272&doi=10.1029%2f2020GL087745&partnerID=40&md5=dd55ccbde22304dc3cc5847ef318ced3","The long-term effects of increased temperatures on sediment fluxes in cold regions remain poorly investigated. Here, we examined the multidecadal changes in runoff and sediment fluxes in the Tuotuohe River, a headwater river of the Yangtze River on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). The sediment fluxes and runoff increased at rates of 0.03 ± 0.01 Mt/yr (5.9 ± 1.9%/yr) and 0.025 ± 0.007 × km3/yr (3.5 ± 1.0%/yr) from 1985 to 2016, with net increases of 135% and 78% from 1985–1997 to 1998–2016, respectively. The increases are primarily due to warming temperature (+1.44°C) and intensified glacier-snow-permafrost melting, with enhanced precipitation (+30%) as a secondary cause. Sediment fluxes are much more susceptible to climate warming than runoff in this undisturbed cold environment. The substantially increased sediment fluxes from the headwater region could threaten the numerous constructed reservoirs and influence the aquatic ecosystems of the TP and its marginal areas. ©2020. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57192429097;8885347000;","Multimodel ensemble projection of meteorological drought scenarios and connection with climate based on spectral analysis",2020,"10.1002/joc.6402","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85076791144&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.6402&partnerID=40&md5=0733b3c554c840a6e74a90cc0bab16d0","Potential change in the hydrological cycles may lead to changes in extreme events such as drought due to the changes in intensity, frequency, and seasonality of precipitation and evaporative demand. In this study, projected drought scenarios and associated uncertainties in the late 21st century over the Continental United States are analysed based on seven regional climate models (RCMs) contributing to the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment. Meteorological drought scenarios are analysed based on standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI). Here, we propose a new multimodel ensemble approach based on the similarity of spectral power of different frequency components of the SPEI time series. The approach combines output from different RCMs based on their ability to produce the observed power spectra as well as convergence towards the average spectra from all participating RCMs in the future climate. Furthermore, to understand the SPEI variability associated with climate teleconnection, continuous wavelet transform-based spectral coherency between the SPEI and two climate indices: the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is analysed. Results show that among-model uncertainty is the dominant source of uncertainties in the projected drought scenarios with contributions as large as 97% to the total uncertainty. Fifteen to 20% more frequent droughts are projected in future climate due to a decrease in mean SPEI as well as an increase in the variability of SPEI. Observed SPEI variability is strongly associated with ENSO variability while PDO modulates the strength of correlation between the SPEI and the ENSO. Spectral analysis of future SPEI shows that the increase in the SPEI variability is due to an increase in interannual variability as well as an enhanced ENSO teleconnection over the study area. The results show the increased role of climatic variability and hence the enhanced predictability of drought scenarios in the future climate. © 2019 Royal Meteorological Society"
"15846664200;23966960500;35423989400;23570158900;","Changing water cycle and freshwater transports in the Atlantic Ocean in observations and CMIP5 models",2020,"10.1007/s00382-020-05261-y","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85085092837&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-020-05261-y&partnerID=40&md5=d258ec31fe03af768f72c17078e08be3","Observations over the last 40 years show that the Atlantic Ocean salinity pattern has amplified, likely in response to changes in the atmospheric branch of the global water cycle. Observational estimates of oceanic meridional freshwater transport (FWT) at 26.5° N indicate a large increase over the last few decades, during an apparent decrease in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). However, there is limited observation based information at other latitudes. The relative importance of changing FWT divergence in these trends remains uncertain. Ten models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 are analysed for AMOC, FWT, water cycle, and salinity changes over 1950–2100. Over this timescale, strong trends in the water cycle and oceanic freshwater transports emerge, a part of anthropogenic climate change. Results show that as the water cycle amplifies with warming, FWT strengthens (more southward freshwater transport) throughout the Atlantic sector over the 21st century. FWT strengthens in the North Atlantic subtropical region in spite of declining AMOC, as the long-term trend is dominated by salinity change. The AMOC decline also induces a southward shift of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone and a dipole pattern of precipitation change over the tropical region. The consequent decrease in freshwater input north of the equator together with increasing net evaporation lead to strong salinification of the North Atlantic sub-tropical region, enhancing net northward salt transport. This opposes the influence of further AMOC weakening and results in intensifying southward freshwater transports across the entire Atlantic. © 2020, The Author(s)."
"57211444385;","Discernment of near-oceanic precipitating clouds into convective or stratiform based on Z–R model over an Asian monsoon tropical site",2020,"10.1007/s00703-019-00696-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85073949647&doi=10.1007%2fs00703-019-00696-3&partnerID=40&md5=cf1235fcf073a66fbb06d9d6bcdcbba2","Type of precipitating near-oceanic clouds are found out and tracked by inferring it from the near-surface empirical relationships of rainfall rate and radar reflectivity (Z–R), which are established using a micro-rain radar (MRR) and a Joss–Waldvogel disdrometer at a tropical coastal station Thiruvananthapuram (8.5°N, 76.9°E), an Asian monsoon near-oceanic site, almost at the tip of Indian peninsula. It is also found out from the vertical variation of Z–R relation that coalescence is prevalent than breakup, as a result of the collision of rain drops, along with evaporation of smaller drops existed as the rain comes down. The DSD/radar reflectivity/rainfall data from the MRR, disdrometer and manual rain gauge were inter-compared, and found to have good agreement. The MRR radar bright band signature, which is an indication of melting height, is validated using the Wyoming radiosonde data. The whole rain events from March to September 2007 were separated in to bright band (BB) and non-bright band (NBB) cases. The variation of Z with R for all the heights (up to 6000 m with 200 m intervals) is modeled with a function Z = ARb corresponding to both BB and NBB cases, separately for pre-monsoon and southwest monsoon seasons. And, it is realised that there are two distinct fits with different slopes and intercepts existing for Z–R relations corresponding to BB and NBB cases throughout aloft during both the seasons. It is found out that the presence of radar BB or NBB signatures, with corresponding distinct Z–R relations even just at near-surface, which can be used as a proxy for discerning the clouds into stratiform or convective, respectively. © 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature."
"26032229000;35463545000;36117910700;55470017900;42962520400;","Features and Characteristics of the new NASA MicroPuLse NETwork (MPLNET) automatic rain detection algorithm",2020,"10.1088/1755-1315/489/1/012028","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086228314&doi=10.1088%2f1755-1315%2f489%2f1%2f012028&partnerID=40&md5=38b020109b577c8e0d11f8122ea9424c","The water cycle strongly influences life on Earth. In particular, the precipitation modifies the atmospheric column thermodynamics through the process of evaporation and serves as a proxy for latent heat modulation. For this reason, a correct precipitation parameterization (especially low-intensity precipitation) at global scale, bedsides improving our understanding of the hydrological cycle, it is crucial to reduce the associated uncertainty of the global climate models to correctly forecast future scenarios, i.e. to apply fast mitigation strategies. In this study we developed an algorithm to automatically detect precipitation from lidar measurements obtained by the National and Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA) Micropulse lidar network (MPLNET) permanent observational site in Goddard. The algorithm, once full operational, will deliver in Near Real Time (latency 1.5h) a new rain mask product that will be publicly available on MPLNET website as part of the new Version 3 Level 1.5 data. The methodology, based on an image processing technique, can detect only light precipitation events (defined by intensity and duration) as the morphological filters used through the detection process are applied on the lidar volume depolarization ratio range corrected composite images, i.e. heavy rain events are unusable as the lidar signal is completely extinguished after few meters in the precipitation or no signal detected because of the water accumulated on the receiver optics. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd."
"57212445183;6602501070;7402027161;6602999057;57217095461;55621106200;16217869500;57189498750;","Downward cloud venting of the central African biomass burning plume during the West Africa summer monsoon",2020,"10.5194/acp-20-5373-2020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086158451&doi=10.5194%2facp-20-5373-2020&partnerID=40&md5=4af20e05c357d76bfa98430caf88086e","Between June and September large amounts of biomass burning aerosol are released into the atmosphere from agricultural fires in central and southern Africa. Recent studies have suggested that this plume is carried westward over the Atlantic Ocean at altitudes between 2 and 4&km and then northward with the monsoon flow at low levels to increase the atmospheric aerosol load over coastal cities in southern West Africa (SWA), thereby exacerbating air pollution problems. However, the processes by which these fire emissions are transported into the planetary boundary layer (PBL) are still unclear. One potential factor is the large-scale subsidence related to the southern branch of the monsoon Hadley cell over the tropical Atlantic. Here we use convection-permitting model simulations with COSMO-ART to investigate for the first time the contribution of downward mixing induced by clouds, a process we refer to as downward cloud venting in contrast to the more common process of upward transport from a polluted PBL. Based on a monthly climatology, model simulations compare satisfactory with wind fields from reanalysis data, cloud observations, and satellite-retrieved carbon monoxide (CO) mixing ratio. For a case study on 2 July 2016, modelled clouds and rainfall show overall good agreement with Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) cloud products and Global Precipitation Measurement Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals (GPM-IMERG) rainfall estimates. However, there is a tendency for the model to produce too much clouds and rainfall over the Gulf of Guinea. Using the CO dispersion as an indicator for the biomass burning plume, we identify individual mixing events south of the coast of Côte d'Ivoire due to midlevel convective clouds injecting parts of the biomass burning plume into the PBL. Idealized tracer experiments suggest that around 15&% of the CO mass from the 2-4&km layer is mixed below 1&km within 2&d over the Gulf of Guinea and that the magnitude of the cloud venting is modulated by the underlying sea surface temperatures. There is even stronger vertical mixing when the biomass burning plume reaches land due to daytime heating and a deeper PBL. In that case, the long-range-transported biomass burning plume is mixed with local anthropogenic emissions. Future work should provide more robust statistics on the downward cloud venting effect over the Gulf of Guinea and include aspects of aerosol deposition. © 2020 author(s)."
"56359357100;8630884200;7004868259;","Long-term surface water trends and relationship with open water evaporation losses in the Namoi catchment, Australia",2020,"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124714","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85079908861&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhydrol.2020.124714&partnerID=40&md5=fe7ce20042b43bc1462db3d7f3749eb4","Economic pressures on natural resources have led to a modification of natural surface water patterns. This has affected the hydrologic cycle at a global scale with multiple environmental and socioeconomic implications. This study evaluates long-term trends in surface water occurrence and related climate variables in a large agricultural catchment of Australia to understand trends in evaporative water losses from open water bodies. Surface water detection was based on a supervised classification of Landsat images between 1988 and 2018 to obtain inundation and surface water frequencies across the catchment, which were compared with other surface water products. Climate trends were based on monthly SILO gridded datasets. Open water evaporation was estimated using the FAO56 methodology and compared with the Penman-Monteith-Leuning Evapotranspiration V2 (PML_V2) product. Evaporation trends were analysed using the Mann Kendall (MK) test and the Sen's slope (SS). Generally, open water frequencies showed significant negative trends, though these varied spatially. The number of dams, on the other hand, had an increasing trend. Temperatures are increasing in the catchment, while rainfall and relative humidity are decreasing, resulting in an overall positive trend for reference evapotranspiration (ETr) across 90% of the catchment. Even though ETr and evaporation per unit area of water show positive trends, lumped open water evaporation showed a negative trend, possibly associated with an average decrease in surface water frequencies. Annual evaporative losses averaged 201.9 GL, exceeding annual total account usage of surface water in the catchment. All the studied changes imply a loss of blue and green water in the catchment, and provide evidence of an overall intensification of the hydrologic cycle as predicted under climate change. © 2020"
"57214443124;56182383000;52265102700;55640527500;","Variations in glacier volume and snow cover and their impact on lake storage in the Paiku Co Basin, in the Central Himalayas",2020,"10.1002/hyp.13703","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85078728294&doi=10.1002%2fhyp.13703&partnerID=40&md5=ec447a493c212b30530994280f6c9af1","Glaciers and snow cover are important constituents of the surface of the Tibetan Plateau. The responses of these phenomena to global environmental changes are sensitive, rapid and intensive due to the high altitudes and arid cold climate of the Tibetan Plateau. Based on multisource remote sensing data, including Landsat images, MOD10A2 snow product, ICESat, Cryosat-2 altimetry data and long-term ground climate observations, we analysed the dynamic changes of glaciers, snow melting and lake in the Paiku Co basin using extraction methods for glaciers and lake, the degree-day model and the ice and lake volume method. The interaction among the climate, ice-snow and the hydrological elements in Paiku Co is revealed. From 2000 to 2018, the basin tended to be drier, and rainfall decreased at a rate of −3.07 mm/a. The seasonal temperature difference in the basin increased, the maximum temperature increased at a rate of 0.02°C/a and the minimum temperature decreased at a rate of −0.06°C/a, which accelerated the melting from glaciers and snow at rates of 0.55 × 107 m3/a and 0.29 × 107 m3/a, respectively. The rate of contribution to the lake from rainfall, snow and glacier melted water was 55.6, 27.7 and 16.7%, respectively. In the past 18 years, the warmer and drier climate has caused the lake to shrink. The water level of the lake continued to decline at a rate of −0.02 m/a, and the lake water volume decreased by 4.85 × 108 m3 at a rate of −0.27 × 108 m3/a from 2000 to 2018. This evaluation is important for understanding how the snow and ice melting in the central Himalayas affect the regional water cycle. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd"
"55279824200;57215025618;57218878597;57195755246;57208242076;56746807300;","Changes in the hydrological characteristics of Cauvery river draining the eastern side of southern Western Ghats, India",2020,"10.1080/15715124.2020.1719119","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85079717769&doi=10.1080%2f15715124.2020.1719119&partnerID=40&md5=59c3ad673890dad0669bc317a68a946b","The changes in land use and regional climate together with human interventions affect the hydrological processes, resulting in the spatial and temporal alterations of surface and subsurface flow processes. Both climate and land surface change have adverse implications on the natural hydrological system in terms of variation in the run-off regime, surface storage, evapotranspiration, subsurface flow and infiltration, thereby affecting the hydrology of the river basin as a whole. Even though several studies worldwide have attempted to address the influence of climate change, land-use change and human activities on the hydrology of river basins, either as a whole or limited to a few components of the hydrological cycle, limited attention has been given to study the hydrological changes in the river basins of arid and semi-arid tropics, which are essentially fed by precipitation. The objective of the study is to analyse the changes in hydrological characteristics of the Cauvery river basin, a semi-arid river basin in South India. The changes in the hydrology of the Cauvery river basin are studied by analysing the trends in hydro-meteorological parameters using Mann-Kendall trend tests and Sen’s estimator of the slope. The results showed that the changes in the volume of rainfall and the number of rainy days significantly affect the overall hydrological regime of the river basin. The analysis of annual and seasonal rainfall over the Cauvery river basin showed a decreasing trend in the middle Cauvery basin. A declining trend in the number of rainfall events was also observed in the middle Cauvery region. The effect of decreasing trend in the volume of rainfall and number of rainy days is evident from the decreasing trends in the streamflow of the main channel and tributaries of the Cauvery river. The regions of increase in evapotranspiration showed a significant correlation with the regions which exhibited a decline in groundwater level. © 2020, © 2020 International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research."
"57196334263;57215673483;57210148712;57170027000;","Improving C-band weather radar reflectivity attenuation based on two-dimensional video disdrometer data",2020,"10.1117/1.JRS.14.024521","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85088514465&doi=10.1117%2f1.JRS.14.024521&partnerID=40&md5=3d7d637a8c45b51a0c3559067ceef77f","A method was proposed for correcting the attenuation of C-band weather radar reflectivity data based on a 2-D video disdrometer. The relationship between the C-band weather radar reflectivity attenuation rate k and radar reflectivity factor Z was derived using radar meteorological equations. A video disdrometer was used to correct the deformation of large (1 to 9 mm) raindrops, and the coefficients a and b of the k - Z relationships for different precipitation types under Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering conditions were inverted separately. Data from a weather detection instrument and rain gauge were combined with Newton's iteration method for database-by-database accumulative corrections of the C-band radar reflectivity factor. Observed C-band weather radar data recorded in Xichang city and video disdrometer data from Xichang, Dechang, Mianning, and Xide counties during 2016 and 2017 were selected (all areas are in Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province). The relationships between the raindrop size distribution and the radar reflectivity factor and attenuation rate in stratiform and convective cloud precipitation were analyzed, and the k - Z relationships under different precipitation types in Liangshan were presented. Additionally, radar reflectivity attenuation correction errors were analyzed using observed C-band weather radar data under strong convective storm precipitation. The proposed method achieves far smaller root mean square errors of the radar reflectivity factor than traditional attenuation correction methods in both the radial and the vertical directions. Overall, the proposed method has a better attenuation correction effect for C-band weather radar reflectivity data than traditional attenuation correction methods, which may enable the popularization and application of the proposed method elsewhere. © 2020 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)."
"56939487800;7403352662;57216241620;13404502400;","Passive Microwave Precipitation Retrieval Algorithm with A Priori Databases of Various Cloud Microphysics Schemes: Tropical Cyclone Applications",2020,"10.1109/TGRS.2019.2948262","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85082883701&doi=10.1109%2fTGRS.2019.2948262&partnerID=40&md5=ba990036aaccd74cba7e005e809ef850","The accuracy of a physically based passive microwave precipitation retrieval algorithm is affected by the quality of the a priori knowledge it employs, which indicates the relationship between the precipitation information obtained from cloud-resolving models (CRMs) and the simulated brightness temperatures (TBs) from radiative transfer models. As various microphysical assumptions reflecting a wide variety of sophisticated microphysical properties are applied to the CRMs, the TBs simulated based on the model-driven 3-D precipitation fields are determined by the selected microphysical assumption. In this article, we developed a prototype precipitation retrieval algorithm that incorporates various cloud microphysics schemes in its a priori knowledge (i.e., databases). In the retrieval process, a specific a priori database is selected for every target precipitation scene by comparing the similarities of the simulated and observed microwave emission and scattering signatures. The prototype algorithm was tested through application to precipitation retrieval for tropical cyclones at various intensity stages, which occurred over the northwestern Pacific region in 2015. The a priori databases constructed using the weather research and forecasting double-moment (WDM6) and Thompson Aerosol Aware schemes are superior when used for weak-to-moderate rainfall systems, whereas the databases constructed with the other schemes are superior within strong rain rate regions. The retrieval results obtained using the best-performing database are generally superior for all rain rate regions. Furthermore, we confirm that the database quality is more important than the number of databases. In comparison with the data from the dual-precipitation radar, the retrieval's correlations, bias, and root mean square are 0.75, 0.14, and 5.62, respectively. © 2019 IEEE."
"55955759500;57192981344;","Vertical precipitation gradients: a case study of Alpine valleys of northwestern Slovenia",2020,"10.1007/s00704-019-03051-z","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85078603365&doi=10.1007%2fs00704-019-03051-z&partnerID=40&md5=38c9032bbb9f737d8e9f2a647e1c74f6","There are currently 319 precipitation stations in Slovenia, but their density decreases with altitude. In mountainous areas, where the amount of precipitation is the highest and precipitation gradients are also the greatest, there are very few precipitation stations to be found. Consequently, our knowledge of precipitation conditions is poorer precisely in the areas where processes are most intensive, and this leads to a poorer understanding of the water cycle and its effects. This paper examines differences in precipitation amounts and consequent vertical precipitation gradients along selected Alpine valleys in northwestern Slovenia. Precipitation gradients were calculated based on multi-year measurements of precipitation in the summer season. Measurements were taken in the valleys of Beli Potok, Krnica, and Planica in the Julian Alps. The results confirmed assumptions that the amount of precipitation along valleys increases with altitude. Precipitation gradients were significantly large and differed substantially among the valleys despite their proximity to one another. Annual vertical precipitation gradients in some cases exceeded 300 mm/100 m. © 2020, Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature."
"56824658700;55499659200;57187272300;49362491700;56007777500;15055395200;","Review of historical and projected future climatic and hydrological changes in mountainous semiarid Xinjiang (northwestern China), central Asia",2020,"10.1016/j.catena.2019.104343","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85076233047&doi=10.1016%2fj.catena.2019.104343&partnerID=40&md5=aa31fadeea9a822221224032478ec853","Water resources are critical in semiarid Xinjiang, northwestern China, a mountainous region that heavily relies on meltwater, making it sensitive to climate change. A better understanding of climatic and hydrological changes is therefore highly required for water resources management. In this review, spatio-temporal climate change, climate extremes, snow and glacier fluctuations and variability in semiarid Xinjiang are summarized. In general terms, the available historical data demonstrate a rising mean temperature, likely increased precipitation (subject to greater uncertainty), declining snow cover and glacier extent, and increased streamflow in most rivers. Although the changes of projected future climate differ with different climate resembles, average temperature is expected to increase and seasonal precipitation will experience a slightly increase tendency. Additionally, climate extremes are predicted to become more frequent. Projected future streamflow is expected to increase although initial increase may be followed by a long-term decrease. Water demand is predicted to increase due to irrigation, population growth and economic development. We thereby conclude that water variability in semiarid Xinjiang is and will further be affected by future climate change and their hydrological impacts. However, climatic and hydrological changes differ in different basins, and the impacts of climate change on hydrological changes cannot be generalized. Historical and future climatic and hydrological changes have possible implications for vegetation and can intensify regional hydrological cycle and enhance pressure on seasonal water availability. Future research on climatic and hydrological changes in this region should reveal the mechanisms behind the change phenomenon, quantify the implications on water resources management and expand observational networks, in particular focus on snow and glacier melt processes, as meltwater is a crucial water source in this region. This research may provide suggestions for water resources management in semiarid Xinjiang and endorheic basins where totally depending on water from the surrounding mountains in central Asia or elsewhere. © 2019 Elsevier B.V."
"55511802400;54394814500;7407151232;55964161900;57217610811;16641902600;55742181700;","Evaluation of changes in streamflow and the underlying causes: A perspective of an upstream catchment in haihe river basin, china",2020,"10.2166/wcc.2018.184","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85083711039&doi=10.2166%2fwcc.2018.184&partnerID=40&md5=197e749a6b51f9b655bc1ff687426439","Investigating long-term streamflow changes pattern and its response to climate and human factors is of crucial significance to understand the hydrological cycle under a changing environment. Caijiazhuang catchment located within Haihe River basin, north China was selected as the study area. To detect the trend and changes in streamflow, Mann–Kendall test was used. Elasticity and hydrological simulation methods were applied to assess the relative contribution of climate change and human activities on streamflow variability under three periods (baseline (1958–1977), impact I (1978–1997), and impact II (1998–2012)). The long-term hydro-climatic variables experienced substantial changes during the whole study period, and 1977 was the breaking year of streamflow change. Attribution analysis using the two methods showed consistent results: for impact I, climate change impacts explained 65% and 68% of streamflow reduction; however for impact II, it only represented 49% and 56% of streamflow reduction. This result indicated that human activities were intensifying over time. Various types of human activities presented significant effects on streamflow regimes including volumes and hydrographs. The findings of this paper could provide better insights of hydrological evolution and would thus assist water managers in sustainably managing and providing water use strategies under a changing environment. © IWA Publishing 2020."
"54401002500;7004114883;8408994300;","Metric Learning for Approximation of Microwave Channel Error Covariance: Application for Satellite Retrieval of Drizzle and Light Snowfall",2020,"10.1109/TGRS.2019.2941682","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85078810213&doi=10.1109%2fTGRS.2019.2941682&partnerID=40&md5=26df3f5f7cd26979ae5f6524eef69a11","Improved microwave retrieval of land and atmospheric state variables requires proper weighting of the information content of radiometric channels through their error covariance matrix. Inspired by recent advances in metric learning techniques, a new framework is proposed for a formal approximation of the channel error covariance. The idea is tested for the detection of precipitation and its phase over oceans, using coincidences of passive/active data from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) and CloudSat satellites. The initial results demonstrate that the presented approach cannot only capture the known laws of radiative transfer equations, but also the surrogate signatures that can arise due to the co-occurrence of precipitation and other radiometrically active land-atmospheric state variables. In particular, the results demonstrate high precision (low error) for the low-frequency channels of 10-37 GHz in the detection of both rain and snowfall over oceans. Using the optimal estimate of the channel error covariance through the multi-frequency {k} -nearest neighbor (kNN) classification approach, without any ancillary data, it is demonstrated that the probability of passive microwave detection of snowfall (0.97) can be higher than that of the rainfall (0.88), when drizzle and light snowfall are the dominant form of precipitation. This improvement is hypothesized to be largely related to the information content of the low-frequency channels of 10-37 GHz that can capture the co-occurrence of snowfall with an increased cloud liquid water content, sea ice, and wind-induced changes of surface emissivity. © 1980-2012 IEEE."
"36127012800;35098784000;7103146552;6507237454;26645059700;7102859255;57193901567;57219915008;","Projected changes of precipitation characteristics depend on downscaling method and training data: Maca versus loca using the u.s. northeast as an example",2020,"10.1175/JHM-D-19-0275.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85096068503&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-19-0275.1&partnerID=40&md5=32db293b8380c126eac7e4ba52d1d35b","This study compares projected changes of precipitation characteristics in the U.S. Northeast in two analog-based climate downscaling products, Multivariate Adaptive Constructed Analogs (MACA) and Localized Constructed Analogs (LOCA). The level of similarity or differences between the two products varies with the type of precipitation metrics. For the total precipitation amount, the two products project significant annual increases that are similar in mag-nitude, spatial pattern, and seasonal distribution, with the largest increases in winter and spring. For the overall precipitation intensity or temporal aggregation of heavy precipitation (e.g., number of days with more than one inch of precipitation, the simple intensity index, and the fraction of annual precipitation accounted for by heavy events), both products project significant increases across the region with strong model consensus; the magnitude of absolute increases are similar between the two products, but the relative increases are larger in LOCA due to an underestimation of heavy precipitation in LOCA’s training data. For precipitation extremes such as the annual maximum 1-day precipitation, both products project significant increases in the long-term mean, but the magnitude of both the absolute and relative changes are much smaller in LOCA than in MACA, indicating that the extreme precipitation differences in the training data are amplified in future projections as a result of the analog-based downscaling algorithms. The two products differ the most in the intensity and frequency of rare extremes (e.g., 1-in-20-years events) for which MACA projects significant increases while the LOCA-projected changes are inconclusive over much of the study area. © 2020 American Meteorological Society."
"57219841804;57219840490;57207863547;57210950986;15847921700;57208624542;57195918315;57219841703;57219841252;57219842447;","Recent intensified runoff variability in the hailar river basin during the past two centuries",2020,"10.1175/JHM-D-19-0274.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85095694372&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-19-0274.1&partnerID=40&md5=9ab0474d68c029bc4d4d1dea584bc68d","Using tree-ring data of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica from the Hulun Buir region in northeast China, 12 annual runoff series of the Hailar River spanning the past 202-216 years were established for the first time; these included 11 branches and one for the entire basin. These reconstructions, which could explain 29.4%-52.7% of the total variance for the measured runoffs during 1956-2006, performed well in statistical verification tests. in the whole basins reconstruction of 212 years, 34 extreme drought years (16.0%) and 41 extreme pluvial years (19.3%) were identified; 4 of the 10 most extreme years occurred after 1980. The consistent cycle and correlation revealed that the Hailar runoff had a teleconnection with the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The sharply increasing variance at the end of the reconstruction, accompanied by the increasing intensity of short cycles (4-8 years), indicated that runoff variability in the Hailar River basin has enhanced in the late twentieth century. This is verified by the drastic fluctuations in water level and area of rivers and lakes, and the frequent shift of natural land cover types in the Hulun Buir area in recent decades. The intensified runoff variability can be connected with the concurrently enhanced ENSO activity. Our study is the first to identify the intensification of recent runoff variability in the semiarid to arid region in northeast China from a long-term perspective. With projected enhancement of ENSO activity, the Hailar River basin will face the increased risk of extreme hydrological events. © 2020 American Meteorological Society."
"57214935506;55733487200;57204928723;57201733238;57218516181;","Comparison of convective and stratiform precipitation properties in developing and nondeveloping tropical disturbances observed by the global precipitation measurement over the western north pacific",2020,"10.2151/jmsj.2020-056","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85093948105&doi=10.2151%2fjmsj.2020-056&partnerID=40&md5=0d340a590d5e3d736823402126e9d889","The tropical oceans spawn hundreds of tropical disturbances during the tropical cyclone (TC) peak season every year, but only a small fraction eventually develop into TCs. In this study, using observations from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite, tropical disturbances over the western North Pacific (WNP) from July to October during 2014 – 2016 are categorized into developing and nondeveloping groups to investigate the differences between satellite-retrieved convective and stratiform precipitation properties in both the inner-core (within 200 km of the disturbance center) and outer-core (within 200 – 400 km of the disturbance center) regions. The developing disturbances experience a remarkably more oscillatory process in the inner-core region than in the outer-core region. The large areal coverage of strong rainfall in the inner-core region of the disturbance breaks into scattered remnants and then reorganizes and strengthens near the disturbance center again. Contrarily, the precipitation characteristics in the nondeveloping group evolve more smoothly. It can be summarized that disturbances prone to developing into a TC over the WNP satisfy two essential preconditions in terms of precipitation characteristics. First, a large fraction of stratiform precipitation covers the region that is within 400 km from the disturbance center. The mean vertically integrated unconditional latent heating rate of stratiform and convective precipitation in the developing group above 5.5 km is 6.6 K h−1 and 2.4 K h−1, respectively; thus, the stratiform rainfall makes a major contribution to the warming of the upper troposphere. Second, strong convective precipitation occurs within the inner-core region. Compared with stratiform precipitation, which plays a critical role in warming the mid-to-upper levels, the most striking feature of convective precipitation is that it heats the mid-to-lower troposphere. Overall, the formation of TCs evolving from parent disturbances can be regarded as an outcome of the joint contribution from the two distinct types (convective and stratiform) of precipitation clouds. © The Author(s) 2020."
"6506136687;7006750546;6506415233;","Connectivity as the control key to intensity of flood pulse in taquari river oxbow lakes [Conectividade como fator controlador da intensidade do pulso de inundação em lagoas marginais do rio taquari]",2020,"10.4136/ambi-agua.2534","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090814331&doi=10.4136%2fambi-agua.2534&partnerID=40&md5=477b35f969abdcb1bd85c35391a9d9ef","The Taquari River is one of the most important tributaries of the Paraguay River, whose sediments are carried and deposited on the plain forming the largest alluvial fan in the world, known as Pantanal. In the floodplain, the course of the river has been modified by the sedimentation process, resulting in lakes with different degrees of connectivity with the river. This study assessed the influence of connectivity on the physical and chemical characteristics of water along a hydrological cycle in oxbow lakes of the Taquari River floodplain, in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Sampling was carried out monthly, from May 2005 to June 2006.The physical and chemical data of the water and the variables of river level and rainfall intensity were correlated by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Limnological differences resulted from distinct degrees of connectivity between the oxbow lakes and the Taquari River. Variations in the dry and rainy seasons established a gradient that extends over a space-time continuum and generates greater environmental heterogeneity and, consequently, greater biodiversity. Thus we conclude that this mosaic of lakes and the surrounding landscape requires protection and preservation because of its importance for biodiversity conservation. © 2020, Institute for Environmental Research in Hydrographic Basins (IPABHi). All rights reserved."
"57218550774;12242771000;7003386120;","Analyzing the performance of a rain garden over 15 years: How predictable is the rain garden's response?",2020,"10.1061/9780784483114.014","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089525683&doi=10.1061%2f9780784483114.014&partnerID=40&md5=0024ebbe3e81d481b0fb59135a58d57e","The Bioinfiltration Traffic Island (BTI) is a bioinfiltration rain garden that was retrofitted off an existing traffic island in 2001. Having been monitored since 2003, the BTI has quantitative hydrological data collected for the past 15 years, making it a very valuable dataset for an in-depth analysis of the performance of the site. The initial analysis comprises of a high-resolution analysis of rainfall event frequency along with resulting performance at the bioinfiltration rain garden. All rainfall events within the 15 years of collected data was discretized in to 2.5 mm, 2-h bins. The binned rain events were then analyzed using a mass balance approach to understand how the different hydrological elements contribute to the ability of the site to treat incoming stormwater runoff. Each component of the hydrological cycle within the BTI will be studied in detail and over different types of rain events. The second part of the analysis focuses on assessing the intensities of each of the recorded storms to understand its influence on the performance of the rain garden. Preliminary results show that, between 2003 and 2018, there were 1,202 recorded events, and 82% of them were less than 25 mm. Approximately 16% of all observed events resulted in substantial overflow. The overall analysis provides lessons into system components and aims to understand the interaction of the different hydrological elements within the rain garden. The objective is to use the findings in designing green Infrastructure systems that can be optimized in their ability to manage and treat incoming stormwater. © 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers."
"57211216603;8093846300;36770262000;6701800237;57204112140;56041076000;","Ground validation of GPM DPR algorithms by hydrometeor measurements and polarimetric radar observations of winter snow clouds: A case study on 4 February 2018",2020,"10.2151/SOLA.2020-020","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089399740&doi=10.2151%2fSOLA.2020-020&partnerID=40&md5=2ddc6e8efcdbfe0382bcb773eeb56d2c","Two products from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) algorithms, a flag of intense solid precipitation above the-10°C height (""flagHeavyIcePrecip"") and a classification of precipitation type (""typePrecip"") were validated by ground-based hydrometeor measurements and X-band multi-parameter (X-MP) radar observations of snow clouds on 4 February 2018. Contoured frequency by altitude diagrams of the X-MP radar reflectivity exhibited a significant difference between footprints flagged and unflagged by the ""flagHeavyIcePrecip"" algorithm, which indicated that the algorithm is reasonable. The hydrometeor classification (HC) by the X-MP radar, which was confirmed by microphysical evidence from ground-based hydrometeor measurements, suggested the existence of graupel in the footprints with ""flagHeavyIcePrecip"". In addition, according to the information of the GPM DPR, the ""flagHeavyIcePrecip"" footprints were characterized by not only graupel but also large snowflakes. According to the information of X-MP radar HC, the ""typePrecip"" algorithm by the detection of ""flagHeavyIcePrecip"" was effective in classifying precipitation types of snow clouds, whereas it seems that there is room for improvement in the ""typePrecip"" algorithms based on the extended-DPRm-method and H-method. © The Author(s) 2020."
"7201976513;6506326749;26433143300;57217871911;55682552800;57210158857;57212515464;57217874880;57217873343;57203244227;42662135600;14012226700;","Effects of climate change on central amazonian forests: A two decades synthesis of monitoring tropical biodiversity",2020,"10.4257/oeco.2020.2402.07","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85087747471&doi=10.4257%2foeco.2020.2402.07&partnerID=40&md5=685f58cd6d6a21f482c1c150d4d9e34a","Central Amazon has been subjected to a higher frequency of extreme climatic events, such as very dry or very wet years, in the last decades. Here, we report a 20-year monitoring of 6 biological groups over 100 km2 of typical terra-firme forest at Ducke Forest Reserve, Manaus. Most assemblages had a decrease in abundance (9 – 35 %) and richness (8 – 25 %) along time, with some taxonomic and functional reorganization. Taxonomic and functional composition changes along time were more extensive in the valleys for trees and ants, and in first-order streams for fish; while bird and small trees had different patterns of composition change in valleys and plateaus. Although the signal of change was not congruent across all assemblages, patterns indicate that the forest and streams are becoming more dynamic as the hydrological cycle intensifies due to climate changes, and these new environments are already filtering species, at least in some well monitored taxonomic groups. Our data, in combination with other studies, suggest that riparian areas in the valleys are hydrological refuges during droughts, although also susceptible to disturbances induced by excessive precipitation and windstorms. In face of the importance of valleys as refuge, its sensibility and the unknown effects of potential migrations from higher topographic areas due to climate change, the conservation of large and extensive riparian areas seems to be of surmount importance to the future of Amazonian biodiversity. © 2020, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). All rights reserved."
"55834311000;55915206300;","Sensitivity of 89–190-GHz microwave observations to ice particle scattering",2020,"10.1175/JAMC-D-19-0293.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85087542118&doi=10.1175%2fJAMC-D-19-0293.1&partnerID=40&md5=38b74b9bf52860d7a9703d6cdfa41354","The sensitivity of microwave brightness temperatures (TBs) to hydrometeors at frequencies between 89 and 190 GHz is investigated by comparing Fengyun-3C (FY-3C) Microwave Humidity Sounder-2 (MWHS-2) measurements with radar reflectivity profiles and retrieved products from the Global Precipitation Measurement mission’s Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR). Scattering-induced TB depressions (ΔTBs), calculated by subtracting simulated cloud-free TBs from bias-corrected observed TBs for each channel, are compared with DPR-retrieved hydrometeor water path (HWP) and vertically integrated radar reflectivity ZINT. We also account for the number of hydrometeors actually visible in each MWHS-2 channel by weighting HWP with the channel’s cloud-free gas transmission profile and the observation slant path. We denote these transmission-weighted, slant-path-integrated quantities with a superscript asterisk (e.g., HWP*). The so-derived linear sensitivity of ΔTB with respect to HWP* increases with frequency roughly to the power of 1.78. A retrieved HWP* of 1 kg m22 at 89 GHz on average corresponds to a decrease in observed TB, relative to a cloud-free background, of 11 K. At 183 GHz, the decrease is about 34–53 K. We perform a similar analysis using the vertically integrated, transmission-weighted slant-path radar reflectivity Z*INT and find that ΔTB also decreases approximately linearly with (Z*INT)0.58. The exponent of 0.58 corresponds to the one we find in the purely DPR-retrieval-based ZINT –HWP relation. The observed sensitivities of DTB with respect to Z*INT and HWP* allow for the validation of hydrometeor scattering models. © 2020 American Meteorological Society."
"35800067200;6603431534;57210916487;57211724686;47962282400;55351496300;","Rain-rate estimation algorithm using signal attenuation of Ka-band cloud radar",2020,"10.1002/met.1825","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85071865822&doi=10.1002%2fmet.1825&partnerID=40&md5=2c0fd20c6d9d2e59aa51d5f331de7381","A millimetre-wave cloud radar has limitations for observing heavy rainfall because the short wavelength leads to strong attenuation from raindrops. However, recent studies have attempted to estimate the rain rate using attenuation, which becomes greater as the rain intensity increases. The rain-rate-retrieval algorithm is developed in the present paper using the Ka-band cloud radar (KaCR) installed at the Boseong Global Standard Observatory (BGSO) in the Republic of Korea. First, rain profiles were identified using the threshold of reflectivity (Z) and Doppler velocity (DV) averaged for the analysis of layer that minimized the effects of the receiver saturation and classified as low or high rain-rate cases using the averaged DV. The reflectivity and rain-rate (Z-R) relationship was then derived for low rain-rate cases that showed insignificant effects for signal attenuation. On the other hand, the attenuation and rain-rate (A-R) relationship was derived using high rain-rate cases that showed the dominant effects of attenuation. The attenuation was calculated using a reflectivity gradient between the upper and lower boundaries of the attenuated layer. Finally, the rain-rate-retrieval algorithm was designed using the derived Z-R and A-R relationship and then applied back to the KaCR. The estimated rain rate in the KaCR was a similar trend to the observed rain rate in the optical rain gauge (ORG), but slightly underestimated. © 2019 The Authors. Meteorological Applications published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the Royal Meteorological Society."
"57212680282;55347164800;","Water in the forest: Rain-vegetation interaction to estimate canopy interception in a tropical borneo rainforest",2019,"10.1088/1755-1315/361/1/012035","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85077318275&doi=10.1088%2f1755-1315%2f361%2f1%2f012035&partnerID=40&md5=415380d441a1b25e69232c5e1fb7628c","Canopy interception has an important role in the hydrological cycle. This research was conducted in virgin forest area and Intensive Forest Management System (IFMS) with selective cutting and line planting technique in IUPHHK-HA PT. Sari Bumi Kusuma. This study aims to determine: 1) the value of canopy interception in the virgin forest area and IFMS with selective cutting and line planting technique 2) the relationship between gross rainfall and canopy interception in virgin forest area and IFMS with selective cutting and line planting technique. The value of gross rainfall, stemflow, throughfall, and vegetation canopy cover were used to determine the canopy interception. Canopy interception was calculated by volume balance approach's method. The relationship between gross rainfall and canopy interception was analyzed using SPSS software and SigmaPlot. The results of this research show that the average value of interception in the Virgin Forest is 30,44%, while the average value of interception in Selective Cutting and Line Planting Silvicultural System (TPTJ) is 15,68%. This result shows that there is a strong and positive relationship between gross rainfall and canopy interception, which is expressed in the equation Ic Ha = 0,0001 (P) 2,9972 dan Ic TPTJ = 0,0004 (P) 2,5795 © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd."
"57216251411;57216254448;57216250374;57216252243;","Calibration and Data Quality Control of X-band Dual-Polarimetric Radar on Tibetan Plateau",2019,"10.1109/ICMO49322.2019.9026123","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85082937952&doi=10.1109%2fICMO49322.2019.9026123&partnerID=40&md5=ef89b06e41faebc769c6d9ee7bc0940e","To study the mechanism of cloud initializing on Tibetan plateau and moving eastward to trigger heavy rainfall in Yangtze river basin in summer, a research project carried on a series of intensive observing campaigns for the cloud on Tibetan plateau from June 1 to August 31, 2019 at Ganzi, Litang, Daocheng and Jiulong in Sichuan province. This paper focuses on the analysis of X-band dual-polarimetric radar data quality control, including ground clutter identification, differential reflectivity ZDR calibration, differential phase \Phi-{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{P}} filtering and attenuation correction of horizontal reflectivity ZH and ZDR. The following conclusion are drawn: (1) the mean ZDR system bias is close to zero using light precipitation measurements at vertical incidence, and the radar system is stable during the experiment; (2) dual polarization parameters can effectively identify ground clutter; (3) benefitting from comprehensive \Phi-{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{P}} process, attenuation of ZH and ZDR are effectively corrected to reflect the characteristics of precipitation particle. The preliminary results will be used in the studies of the parameterization of cloud and precipitation microphysical process and the attenuation correction of millimeter-wavelength cloud radar. © 2019 IEEE."
"57201156065;8680762600;16028222900;16028354400;","Predicting impacts of climate change on evapotranspiration and soil moisture for a site with subhumid climate",2019,"10.2478/johh-2019-0017","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85076294466&doi=10.2478%2fjohh-2019-0017&partnerID=40&md5=b361e261de33a7465366b7b7de291f8c","The current and ongoing climate change over Europe can be characterized by statistically significant warming trend in all seasons. Warming has also an effect on the hydrological cycle through the precipitation intensity. Consequently, the supposed changes in the distribution and amount of precipitation with the continuously increasing temperature may induce a higher rate in water consumption of the plants, thus the adaptation of the plants to the climate change can be critical. The hydrological impact of climate change was studied based on typical environmental conditions of a specific agricultural area in Austria. For this purpose, (1) a monthly step, Thornthwaite-type water balance model was established and (2) the components of the water balance were projected for the 21st century, both (a) with a basic rooting depth condition (present state) and (b) with a (hypothetically) extended rooting depth (in order to evaluate potential adaption strategies of the plants to the warming). To achieve the main objectives, focus was set on calibrating and validating the model using local reference data. A key parameter of the applied model was the water storage capacity of the soil (SOILMAX), represented in terms of a maximum rooting depth. The latter was assessed and modified considering available data of evapotranspiration and soil physical properties. The adapted model was utilized for projections on the basis of four bias corrected Regional Climate Models. An extended rooting depth as a potential adaptation strategy for effects of climate change was also simulated by increasing SOILMAX. The basic simulation results indicated increasing evapotranspiration and soil moisture annual mean values, but decreasing minimum soil moisture for the 21st century. Seasonal examination, however, revealed that a decrease in soil moisture may occur in the growing season towards to the end of the 21st century. The simulations suggest that the vegetation of the chosen agricultural field may successfully adapt to the water scarcity by growing their roots to the possibly maximum. © 2019 András Herceg et al., published by Sciendo 2019."
"36552332100;6603377859;6602865544;35234662000;40661753400;7102432430;","Comparison of the GPM DPR Single- And double-frequency products over the mediterranean area",2019,"10.1109/TGRS.2019.2928871","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85075719817&doi=10.1109%2fTGRS.2019.2928871&partnerID=40&md5=d2fa0571b9e1b4ae289f554c252a6a32","The NASA/JAXA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory (CO) carries, for the first time, a dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) designed to provide insights into the 3-D structure of precipitating clouds and rain intensity by using its Ka- and Ku-band frequencies. Single-frequency (SF) (both Ku- and Ka-only) and double-frequency (DF) based products provide particle-size distribution (PSD) parameters, as well as precipitation rates. Background surface type, precipitation type and phase, and vertical extension of the storm are also provided. In this paper, an intercomparison between the SF and DF DPR outputs over the Mediterranean area during rainfall events in the first four years of GPM-CO mission is carried out. The goal is to investigate the reliability of SF-based products by assessing their quality compared to the DF-based ones, treated as a reference. The vertical profiles and the near-surface values of the corrected reflectivity of the PSD parameters (mean mass-weighted diameter and normalized intercept) and of the rainfall rate have been analyzed. The data have been categorized for surface type (land and sea) and precipitation type (stratiform and convective). The results show a more marked difference between the DF and SF Ka-only based products than between DF and SF Ku-only based products. The feature is confirmed by the analysis of vertical profiles of the SF- and DF-based retrieved parameters. The statistical scores do not differ significantly between land and sea while they differ noticeably between stratiform and convective precipitation. © 1980-2012 IEEE."
"56712812800;7006614520;7004370283;6507398267;57210218595;56418626700;57210221500;","Amazonian trees show increased edge effects due to Atlantic Ocean warming and northward displacement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone since 1980",2019,"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.321","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85069962799&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2019.07.321&partnerID=40&md5=c6bbb7d1d4a6dce1397cbad0d1e6e49a","Recent investigations indicate a warming of Atlantic Ocean surface waters since 1980, probably influenced by anthropic actions, inducing rainfall intensification mainly during the rainy season and slight reductions during the dry season in the Amazon. Under these climate changes, trees in upland forests (terra firme) could benefit from the intensification of the hydrological cycle and could also be affected by the reduction of precipitation during the dry season. Results of dendrochronological analyses, spatial correlations and structural equation models, showed that Scleronema micranthum (Ducke) Ducke (Malvaceae) trees exposed in fragmented areas and to edge effects in Central Amazonian terra firme forest were more sensitive to the increase in the Atlantic Ocean surface temperature and consequent northward displacement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, mainly during the dry season. Therefore, we proved that in altered and potentially more stressful environments such as edges of fragmented forests, recent anthropogenic climatic changes are exerting pressure on tree growth dynamics, inducing alterations in their performance and, consequently, in essential processes related to ecosystem services. Changes that could affect human well-being, highlighting the need for strategies that reduce edge areas expansion in Amazon forests and anthropic climate changes of the Anthropocene. © 2019 Elsevier B.V."
"57208387036;24470177700;56447379100;35366314200;","Vertically Integrated Liquid Water Analysis Based on Weather Radar Multisource Data Fusion",2019,"10.1109/APSAR46974.2019.9048558","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85083482646&doi=10.1109%2fAPSAR46974.2019.9048558&partnerID=40&md5=e997ac77efadd88ea2568012d07cfe46","Weather radar generally used volume scan data discrete summation method when calculating VIL (vertically integrated liquid water), usually this method will produce a large error, in this paper uses a method based on meteorological radar multi-source data fusion to calculate VIL, uses a joint observation data of X-band rain radar and Ka-band solid state cloud radar to calculate the VIL products, and comparative analysis using GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) precipitation data. Synchronous observation combined with radar advantages in different frequency bands can refine the analysis of cloud structure. This method extracts the synchronous headspace vertical detection data of Ka and X-band radars, and reduces the process of discrete summation using volume scan data, which improves the accuracy of liquid water content in the cloud. © 2019 IEEE."
"57203274923;36343109300;6603615831;","Role of sublimation and riming in the precipitation distribution in the Kananaskis Valley, Alberta, Canada",2019,"10.5194/hess-23-4097-2019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85073146294&doi=10.5194%2fhess-23-4097-2019&partnerID=40&md5=ddf37e763a301e5501b6bc165d001b48","The phase of precipitation and its distribution at the surface can affect water resources and the regional water cycle of a region. A field project was held in March-April 2015 on the eastern slope of the Canadian Rockies to document precipitation characteristics and associated atmospheric conditions. During the project, 60% of the particles documented were rimed in relatively warm and dry conditions. Rain-snow transitions also occurred aloft and at the surface in sub-saturated conditions. Ice-phase precipitation falling through a saturated atmospheric layer with temperatures >0 ° C will start melting. In contrast, if the melting layer is sub-saturated, the ice-phase precipitation undergoes sublimation, which increases the depth of the rain-snow transition. In this context, this study investigates the role of sublimation and riming in precipitation intensity and type reaching the surface in the Kananaskis Valley, Alberta, during March-April 2015. To address this, a set of numerical simulations of an event of mixed precipitation observed at the surface was conducted. This event on 31 March 2015 was documented with a set of devices at the main observation site (Kananaskis Emergency Services, KES), including a precipitation gauge, disdrometer, and micro rain radar. Sensitivity experiments were performed to assess the impacts of temperature changes from sublimation and the role of the production of graupel (riming) aloft in the surface precipitation evolution. A warmer environment associated with no temperature changes from sublimation leads to a peak in the intensity of graupel at the surface. When the formation of graupel is not considered, the maximum snowfall rate occurred at later times. Results suggest that unrimed snow reaching the surface is formed on the western flank and is advected eastward. In contrast, graupel would form aloft in the Kananaskis Valley. The cooling from sublimation and melting by rimed particles increases the vertical shear near KES. Overall, this study illustrated that the presence of graupel influenced the surface evolution of precipitation type in the valley due to the horizontal transport of precipitation particles. © 2019 Author(s)."
"56479984800;57202251471;57171139100;16205523000;55943813500;55188154700;56479938200;","Evolution mechanisms and fundamental equations of social water cycle fluxes",2019,"10.2166/nh.2019.115","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85076529187&doi=10.2166%2fnh.2019.115&partnerID=40&md5=e6b0c01a83e5d4b239e4cbc25ad4f6df","The rise of socio-hydrology, addressing the interactions between human and water systems, is regarded as an innovative perspective to researches achieving the sustainable use of water resources. Revealing the social water fluxes, in terms of magnitude, structure, and variations under changing environment, could advance the understanding of water cycling under the dual driving forces: natural and anthropogenic. This study attempts to formulate the fundamental equations of the social water cycle by focusing on the evolution mechanisms of social water cycle fluxes. The endogenously dynamic characteristics of social water cycling are portrayed, i.e., the gradual change mechanism and the catastrophe mechanism, therefore dividing the evolution processes into four stages. Then, social water cycle flux reaches its peak and completes the first stage of evolution. The evolution process is an S-shaped curve process. After the peak, it enters the next evolutionary stage, where the pattern varies with the intensities of the gradual change mechanism and the catastrophe mechanism. The coordination relationships of these two mechanisms and the fluctuating characteristics in each stage are studied as well. Case studies are investigated in 39 countries globally to verify the fitting of the fundamental equations and evolution mechanisms. © IWA Publishing 2019"
"55894862000;36724322000;","Storm characteristics and precipitation estimates of monsoonal clouds using C-band polarimetric radar over Northwest India",2019,"10.1007/s00704-019-02828-6","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85062730651&doi=10.1007%2fs00704-019-02828-6&partnerID=40&md5=aca596f37ccaab6e3f44d59ba9d49891","Storm is a convective cell much smaller than a mesoscale convective system (MCS) but typically larger than a cumulonimbus cloud and heavy precipitation and lightning are often associated with it. Storms contribute major fraction of the convective precipitation in MCSs. Storm characteristics and precipitation estimates around New Delhi (28.6°N, 77.2°E; an Indian land location) during June–September period of the year 2013 are reported here using data of C-band polarimetric Doppler weather radar. Storms, defined based on radar reflectivity thresholds (30 dBZ for simple storms and 40 dBZ for intense storms), are tracked and their properties are extracted. Our results show that about 80% of storms exist for 1 h or less. The areas of 90% of simple storms are less than 100 km2 and the largest area averaged over storm lifespan does not exceed 400 km2. The majority of storms (&gt; 80%) move with speeds less than 30 km h−1. About 60–65% of simple/intense storms have echo top heights between 6 and 10 km, while only few of them exceed 17 km. The values of average thickness of simple and intense storms lie between ~ 2–10 and ~ 1–7 km, respectively. It is not the vertical extent of a storm but its area-time integral that correlates better with the total precipitation amount. Around the New Delhi area, daily accumulated precipitation derived from relations incorporating polarimetric variables is in good agreement with the rain gauge measurements while that obtained from relations based on radar reflectivity factor (Zh) alone highly underestimates precipitation. This suggests that polarimetric capability is needed in Doppler weather radars to get the realistic precipitation estimates. The mean precipitation water content derived from Zh (~ 0.96 g m−3) is about 30–40% less compared to that derived from polarimetric relations. Our findings on storm properties have implications for cloud parameterizations and in short-term weather forecasting. © 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature."
"36342243200;57190122534;7006575272;7004242319;","Improved parameterization of ice particle size distributions using uncorrelated mass spectrum parameters: Results from GCPEx",2019,"10.1175/JAMC-D-18-0203.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85073366602&doi=10.1175%2fJAMC-D-18-0203.1&partnerID=40&md5=787e389c21c77b893fc6cd0855f229cf","Satellite retrieval algorithms and model microphysical parameterizations require guidance from observations to improve the representation of ice-phase microphysical quantities and processes. Here, a parameterization for ice-phase particle size distributions (PSDs) is developed using in situ measurements of cloud microphysical properties collected during the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Cold-Season Precipitation Experiment (GCPEx). This parameterization takes advantage of the relation between the gamma-shape parameter μ and the mass-weighted mean diameter Dm of the ice-phase PSD sampled during GCPEx. The retrieval of effective reflectivity Ze and ice water content (IWC) from the reconstructed PSD using the μ–Dm relationship was tested with independent measurements of Ze and IWC and overall leads to a mean error of 8% in both variables. This represents an improvement when compared with errors using the Field et al. parameterization of 10% in IWC and 37% in Ze. Current radar precipitation retrieval algorithms from GPM assume that the PSD follows a gamma distribution with μ = 3. This assumption leads to a mean overestimation of 5% in the retrieved Ze, whereas applying the μ–Dm relationship found here reduces this bias to an overestimation of less than 1%. Proper selection of the a and b coefficients in the mass–dimension relationship is also of crucial importance for retrievals. An inappropriate selection of a and b, even from values observed in previous studies in similar environments and cloud types, can lead to more than 100%bias in IWC and Ze for the ice-phase particles analyzed here. © 2019 American Meteorological Society. Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLice."
"55332818300;55539923700;34880474400;","Assessment and modeling of runoff in ungauged basins based on paleo-flood and GIS techniques (case study of Wadi Al Dawasir-Saudi Arabia)",2019,"10.1007/s12517-019-4642-3","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85069894081&doi=10.1007%2fs12517-019-4642-3&partnerID=40&md5=a587a7dddbd2d6141caaa4b896c51228","Scarcity of measured hydrologic data is the main cause for difficulty in demonstrating the assessment of groundwater recharge. The aim of this study is to provide a new scope to assess the runoff and groundwater recharge in ungauged basins based on paleo-flood and morphometric features in arid environment in spite of limited hydrological data. This study is based on rainfall-runoff modeling through the integration between paleo-flood mark measurement, basin physiographic features, and geographic information system (GIS) techniques. Four models of ArcHydro, Grinne (channel) model, Watershed Modeling System (WMS), and HEC-HMS were integrated together and used to assess flood risk and the relationship between rainfall and runoff in the study basin. Al Dawasir basin was selected to demonstrate this study, because it is the biggest basin in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with an area of 257,689 km2 and extends for about 700 km from Makkah al-Mukarramah region in the west side of Saudi Arabia to Riyadh region and the Rub` Al Khali in the middle of Saudi Arabia. Al Dawasir basin which has stream order reaches to 8th order, composed of 2 sub-basins of 7th order, 12 sub-basins of 6th order, and 44 basins of 5th order. This study deals with the hydrological study of large sub-basins of highest order (7th and 6th) such as Al Fushsh, Turbah, Al Khurmah, Ranyah, Bishah, Shiab Yafikh, Tathlith, Al Hinu, Al Maqran, Himam, and Uyaynah sub-basins. Wadi Al Dawasir Basin is usually subjected to sporadic storm events, which vary spatially and temporally in intensity. Based on the paleo-flood measurement of Wadi Ranyah sub-basin, calibrated scenarios have been done and the resulted hydrograph is matching with rainfall event of 10-year return period with and without routing scenarios. Some scenarios have been done to calculate the surface runoff volume of the whole Wadi Al Dawasir basin and calibrated the results based upon the paleo-flood measurement of Wadi Ranyah sub-basin. The calculated volume of Wadi Al Dawasir basin ranges from 4.8 BCM to 27.4 BCM for 2- and 100-year return periods, respectively. © 2019, Saudi Society for Geosciences."
"7005606951;","Technology Evolution to Enable High-Performance Cubesat Radiometry Missions",2019,"10.1109/IGARSS.2019.8897993","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85077684313&doi=10.1109%2fIGARSS.2019.8897993&partnerID=40&md5=532f8cc7358073c46e772750d51d7988","The Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS) mission was selected by NASA as part of the Earth VentureInstrument (EVI-3) program and is now in development with planned launch readiness in late 2019. TROPICS comprises a constellation of six CubeSats in three low-Earth low-inclination orbital planes. Each CubeSat will host a high performance radiometer to provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75 GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using three channels near the 183 GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements (when combined with higher resolution water vapor channels), and a single channel at 205 GHz that is more sensitive to precipitation-sized ice particles. The instrumentation that will fly on this mission has benefitted greatly from several technology development efforts funded by the NASA Earth Science Technology Office (ESTO). This paper provides an overview of these development and demonstration efforts and shows how these enabling technologies are planned for use for the TROPICS mission that will illuminate a new set of science questions relating to tropical cyclone formation, evolution, and forecasting. © 2019 IEEE."
"57213193235;57213189865;57217517853;57204566219;","Additional Rain Gauge Site Appropriation for Monitoring Precipitation in Sindh, Pakistan Using Geospatial Techniques and Multi-Criteria Decision Making",2019,"10.1109/IGARSS.2019.8898735","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85077683092&doi=10.1109%2fIGARSS.2019.8898735&partnerID=40&md5=be12194102967f16d1826c5e1b762327","Hydrological cycle is comprised of many constituents, the most important of which is precipitation. Simulation results greatly depend upon the quality of precipitation data as it is entered as the primary input for hydrological model simulations. Due to its chronological and spatial unpredictability, rainfall is considered as one of the most unreliable and irregular atmospheric parameters and therefore rain gauges serve as the main resource of measurement of rainfall. Rain-gauge network is the most commonly used source for rainfall measurement as it works by offering direct measurements of precipitation intensity and time duration at individual point sites. The collected information is further used by Meteorologists, hydrologists and weather reporters who subsequently report how much rain was received in a specific area in an individual event as well as in a particular span of time. over the years, researchers have been trying to overcome the difficulties faced in the installation of rain gauge networks. The main reason for the errors occurring in the aerial rainfall data for a region is inadequate gauge density. Due to rapidly increasing urbanization and climate change, critical attention is being paid not only to rainfall monitoring but also to the urban waterlogging. Siting selection methods that are used conventionally do not contemplate the environmental surroundings and spatial-temporal scale to choose a site for rain gauge networks. Therefore, the objective of this study was to observe and calculate the need of additional numbers of rain gauges in an area of interest. To execute the intended purpose, the technique of ""Estimation of Optimum number of Rain Gauges proposed by Das and Saikia"" is used, whereas the appropriate site selection for rain gauges in study area is determined using ""Multi-criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA)"" using Geographic Information System (GIS). The variables which were incorporated for multi criteria assessment include; elevation, slope, rainfall data (2010), land use/cover, and exiting number of rain gauges in study area. A scale ranges from 1 to 3, ""1"" being the least suitable, ""2"" being mildly suitable and ""3"" being the highly suitable. A site suitability map of the study area is drawn by overlaying these layers in GIS. Results of the experiment exhibit that the suggested methods are appropriate for site selection for rain gauges in urban areas which will also play an important role in the selection of the sites for hydrological facilities, such as water gauge. © 2019 IEEE."
"36177823900;55293421800;24177361900;35551238800;36614293200;6602176524;","Contrasting stable water isotope signals from convective and large-scale precipitation phases of a heavy precipitation event in southern Italy during HyMeX IOP 13: A modelling perspective",2019,"10.5194/acp-19-7487-2019","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85066869377&doi=10.5194%2facp-19-7487-2019&partnerID=40&md5=4acdf086ff4f03e30235b6163a37074d","The dynamical context and moisture transport pathways embedded in large-scale flow and associated with a heavy precipitation event (HPE) in southern Italy (SI) are investigated with the help of stable water isotopes (SWIs) based on a purely numerical framework. The event occurred during the Intensive Observation Period (IOP) 13 of the field campaign of the Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX) on 15 and 16 October 2012, and SI experienced intense rainfall of 62.4 mm over 27 h with two precipitation phases during this event. The first one (P1) was induced by convective precipitation ahead of a cold front, while the second one (P2) was mainly associated with precipitation induced by large-scale uplift. The moisture transport and processes responsible for the HPE are analysed using a simulation with the isotope-enabled regional numerical model COSMOiso. The simulation at a horizontal grid spacing of about 7 km over a large domain (about 4300 km × 3500 km) allows the isotopes signal to be distinguished due to local processes or large-scale advection. Backward trajectory analyses based on this simulation show that the air parcels arriving in SI during P1 originate from the North Atlantic and descend within an upper-level trough over the north-western Mediterranean. The descending air parcels reach elevations below 1 km over the sea and bring dry and isotopically depleted air (median d18O =-25 ‰, water vapour mixing ratio q = 2 g kg-1) close to the surface, which induces strong surface evaporation. These air parcels are rapidly enriched in SWIs (d18O =-14 ‰) and moistened (q = 8 g kg-1) over the Tyrrhenian Sea by taking up moisture from surface evaporation and potentially from evaporation of frontal precipitation. Thereafter, the SWI-enriched low-level air masses arriving upstream of SI are convectively pumped to higher altitudes, and the SWI-depleted moisture from higher levels is transported towards the surface within the downdrafts ahead of the cold front over SI, producing a large amount of convective precipitation in SI. Most of the moisture processes (i.e. evaporation, convective mixing) related to the HPE take place during the 18 h before P1 over SI. A period of 4 h later, during the second precipitation phase P2, the air parcels arriving over SI mainly originate from north Africa. The strong cyclonic flow around the eastward-moving upperlevel trough induces the advection of a SWI-enriched African moisture plume towards SI and leads to large-scale uplift of the warm air mass along the cold front. This lifts moist and SWI-enriched air (median d18O =-16 ‰, median q = 6 g kg-1) and leads to gradual rain out of the air parcels over Italy. Large-scale ascent in the warm sector ahead of the cold front takes place during the 72 h preceding P2 in SI. This work demonstrates how stable water isotopes can yield additional insights into the variety of thermodynamic mechanisms occurring at the mesoscale and synoptic scale during the formation of a HPE. © 2019 Author(s)."
"57189646534;23096443800;","Hybrid methodology for precipitation estimation using Hydro-Estimator over Brazil",2019,"10.1080/01431161.2018.1562262","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85060153582&doi=10.1080%2f01431161.2018.1562262&partnerID=40&md5=03cae1f03264cf81bc5697589207507c","Rainfall measurement is a very important topic to society and for the understanding of the weather and climate, therefore needs to be calculated as accurately as possible. Counteracting the problem of the high temporal and spatial variability of precipitation, geostationary satellites sensors have been proved an excellent tool to this task, providing scans with high temporal resolution and detecting the growth and decay of rain cells. Using infra-red (IR) images obtained from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES), the Hydro-Estimator (HYDRO) algorithm produces instantaneous precipitation estimates with 30 min temporal resolution and 4 km spatial resolution with a very low latency compared with other more sophisticated methodologies (i.e. passive microwave-based algorithms). However, the IR algorithm has some limitations to estimate precipitation on some cloud systems. In order to overcome this problem, the main objective of this study is to develop a light and fast algorithm, based on the histogram matching (HM) technique, to combine the superior sampling and low latency of the HYDRO IR product with more accurate active microwave-based products over Brazil. The adjusted HYDRO (AHYDRO) product was validated against Brazil rain gauge network for two years (2016–2017) and the performance was assessed by using standard statistical metrics and categorical indices. Results show that the HM technique is able to minimize the large variability and discrepancies among HYDRO and observed precipitation over Brazil. At same time, is able to generate a better bias performance while maintaining the same correlation levels before the adjustment. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group."
"26031036300;","On remote sensing of convective clouds over Indian continent and quantification of their variability in a warming environment",2019,"10.1080/01431161.2018.1533658","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85055258843&doi=10.1080%2f01431161.2018.1533658&partnerID=40&md5=89ce24fa9c5b7d0aeebde5f7aa0cafbf","Convective clouds are associated with extreme precipitation events triggering floods. They are an important part of atmospheric circulation and hydrological cycle. Changes in convective clouds in changing climate remain one of the most challenging aspects of forecasting future climate change. The present research focuses on identification of convective clouds using multispectral measurements at split window channels (near 10.5 µm and 12.5 µm) and water vapour absorption channels (near 6.7 µm) from Meteosat 7 observations. Variability of convective clouds has been examined in warming climate using observations from Meteosat First Generation (MFG). It has been reported that convective clouds show high density over Western, Central, North Eastern Indian region, and the Western Ghats during the monsoon period. This observation is consistent with measurement from Precipitation Radar (PR) (reflectivity-based threshold) on-board Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and rain gauge-based product. The present technique fails to detect shallow convective clouds over the Western Ghats. An increase of about 32.68% ± 5.81% per degree increase in temperature has been reported in convective clouds over India. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group."
"7406998136;56139770900;6507267721;","On use of the standard deviation of the mass distribution as a parameter in raindrop size distribution functions",2019,"10.1175/JAMC-D-18-0086.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85064889994&doi=10.1175%2fJAMC-D-18-0086.1&partnerID=40&md5=80f4cf3bfcad2430929b6b137f2618ba","Use of the standard deviation σm of the drop mass distribution as one of the three parameters of raindrop size distribution (DSD) functions was introduced for application to disdrometer data supporting the Global Precipitation Measurement dual-frequency radar system. The other two parameters are a normalized drop number concentration Nw and the mass-weighted mean diameter Dm. This paper presents an evaluation of that formulation of the DSD functions, in two parts. First is a mathematical analysis showing that the procedure for estimating σm, along with the other DSD parameters, from disdrometer data is in essence another moment method. As such, it is subject to the biases and errors inherent in all moment methods. When the form of the DSD function is specified, it is inferior (like all moment methods) to the maximum likelihood technique for fitting parameters to sampled data. The second part is a series of sampling simulations illustrating the biases and errors involved in applying the formulation to the specific case of gamma DSDs. It leads to underestimates of σm and consequently to overestimates of the gamma shape parameter- with large root-mean-square errors. Comparison with maximum likelihood estimates shows the degree of improvement that could be obtained in the estimates of the shape parameter. The propensity to underestimate σm will be pervasive, and users of this DSD formulation should be cognizant of the biases and errors that can occur. © 2019 American Meteorological Society."
"57192174363;8727832400;13204740600;","Potential of an EnKF Storm-Scale Data Assimilation System Over Sparse Observation Regions with Complex Orography",2019,"10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.10.004","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85055908991&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2018.10.004&partnerID=40&md5=19e9265daf7a4f8b9ad29702dac50af5","High-impact weather events over sparse data regions with complex orography, such as the Mediterranean region, remain a challenge for numerical weather prediction. This study evaluates, for the first time, the ability of a multiscale ensemble-based data assimilation system to reproduce a heavy precipitation episode that occurred during the first Special Observation Period (SOP1) of the Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX). During the Intense Observation Period (IOP13) from 14 to 15 October 2012, convective maritime activity associated with an advancing cold front affected coastal areas of southern France, Corsica and Italy. With the main objective of improving forecasts of this weather event, a data assimilation (DA) system using the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) algorithm is implemented. The potential impact of assimilating conventional in-situ observations (METAR, aircrafts, buoys and rawinsondes) and single-Doppler reflectivity data to improve numerical representation of growing convective maritime structures that will evolve towards coastal populated areas is evaluated. Results indicate that information provided by both observation sources contribute to initiation and subsequent evolution of convective structures not captured by the conventional runs. Notably, data assimilation experiments produce the best quantitative verification scores for the short range (6–8 h) forecasts of accumulated precipitation. Beyond 6–8 h, data assimilation experiments and those without data assimilation are indistinguishable. Sensitivity experiments, evaluating the impact of increasing the length of the radar data assimilation period, reveal the importance of assimilating high-frequency reflectivity data during a mid-term period (6 h approx.) to better depict deep convective structures initiated over the sea that evolve towards populated coastal areas. © 2018"
"55261725400;36005104100;","Radiometry calibration with high-resolution profiles of GPM: Application to ATMS 183-GHz water vapor channels and comparison against reanalysis profiles",2019,"10.1109/TGRS.2018.2861678","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85051835035&doi=10.1109%2fTGRS.2018.2861678&partnerID=40&md5=70eca6271b7d14fcb6cf58516dc28e31","The reanalysis data produced by numerical weather prediction (NWP) models and data assimilation have been widely used for radiometer calibration. They provide atmospheric profiles that are necessary for radiative transfer simulation against observation. However, there are biases and uncertainties in the reanalysis due to NWP model mechanism, parameterization, boundary conditions, and assimilation skills. As spaceborne radiometer data have been used in deriving reanalyses, reanalyses are not independent of these radiometers and should be used with caution when used as reference for radiometer calibration. In addition, these data often have coarse spatial (100 km horizontally) and temporal resolution (6 h). An independent data set with high resolution can be very useful to diagnose reanalyses and might improve calibration. The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core observatory measures atmospheric water signatures with an onboard radar and radiometer. A GPM data set including atmospheric water vapor, cloud liquid water, and precipitation has been produced based on observational retrieval with high spatiotemporal resolution (5 km horizontally and 250 m vertically). We have developed a scheme to ingest the high-resolution GPM profiles and perform rigorous simulation and calibration taking into account the radiometer spectral response function, footprint size variation, and antenna pattern. GPM data exhibit different water vapor profiles and weighting functions from reanalyses. It produces overall consistent results of calibration as reanalyses and outperforms them in some aspects. The GPM profiles and our scheme are very useful and will be routinely applied to monitor Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder inflight status. © 2018 IEEE."
"57202491759;","Precipitation",2019,"10.4324/9780429273339-5","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85078649162&doi=10.4324%2f9780429273339-5&partnerID=40&md5=0c165e5d64d95e56ac3c2686caf6a6fc","Inhabitants of middle latitudes are familiar with four major precipitation categories - drizzle, rain, snow, and hail. For scientific purposes a more detailed classification is necessary. Precipitation rarely begins until at least 30 minutes after cloud has been observed to form overhead, and many clouds are observed to dissipate without precipitating. Important contributions to the total precipitation are sometimes made by dew and fog. More frequently, it is a component of the total precipitation resulting from the effect of orography on the basic convective and cyclonic mechanisms. Basic information about daily precipitation amounts is supplied by rain-gauge and climatological stations. Rainfall intensity is of vital interest to hydrologists concerned with flood prevention and conservationists dealing with soil erosion. The most generally available frequency statistics are limited to records of the number of days with measurable precipitation or ‘rain days’. The relative raininess of different types of airflow can be assessed in a similar manner by calculating the ‘specific precipitation density’. © 1969 Methuen & Co. Ltd. All rights reserved."
"7004069236;6506400193;57211793376;","When water becomes a hazard - A common operating picture helps keep everyone on the same page",2019,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85074967065&partnerID=40&md5=1ac7572b4fd3689847990cbb9da2d927","Keeping everyone on the same page is the prime objective of the recent implementation of a Common Operating Picture (COP) for the Flood Early Warning System, City of Austin, Texas. The city is located in 'Flash Flood Alley', where frequent heavy rainfall intersects the natural and built watershed environment. More effective operations and emergency response is aided by bringing together information about the distribution of rainfall-runoff and flood inundation. The complexity of diverse information sources needed for flood management demands a high level of integration and support. Knowing where and when a stream will overtop its banks, or if road intersections are forecast to flood makes early warning possible and helps protect citizens and property from flood hazards. Technological innovations leverage cloud-based integration assembles streamflow, rain gauge and radar rainfall, computer-aided dispatch and 311 tweets, high-resolution flood forecasting, and inundation mapping. Detailed predictive flood inundation information can help focus emergency response to areas where a flood is expected, and when maximum flood stage may occur. This information continues to be powerful immediately after the flood and supports preliminary damage assessment. © 2019 Water Environment Federation"
"7201718283;","On the observed inverse relationship between rainfall amount and dissolved mineral content",2019,"10.1175/JHM-D-18-0204.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85073890105&doi=10.1175%2fJHM-D-18-0204.1&partnerID=40&md5=2a0b9a5f02dd8b9031063885b720e5f9","Rainfall samples collected on the high plains of West Texas exhibit a high degree of variability with respect to the concentration of dissolved solids. That such variations should occur is to be expected, but there remains some uncertainty regarding factors that influence the ionic composition of individual samples. Measurements often show a distinct decrease in concentration with increasing precipitation amount. The reason for this inverse relationship is not intuitively obvious; however, it can be explained from a theoretical perspective. A theory was proposed that describes the concentration of dissolved solids in a collected rainfall sample. The theoretical basis of the derived equation rests upon fundamental principles of conservation of fluid volume and conservation of mass. This equation, which provides valuable insight into the process, suggests that if the rain sampling tube is absolutely clean at the start of a rain event, then the rainfall sample will not be altered by its collection and, therefore, will provide a true measure of rainfall chemistry. However, if windblown dust or other impurities are allowed to deposit in the rain gauge prior to or during the early stages of a rain event, then the concentration of dissolved solids can be very large for small sample volumes and not at all representative of the true concentration within the rain cloud. Results suggest that impurities in the rain sample can be appreciably diluted by the addition of relatively pure rainwater such that the concentration will asymptotically approach the true concentration as the rainfall sample volume increases. © 2019 American Meteorological Society."
"35204065200;57192992891;","Making sense of hydrosocial patterns in academic papers on extreme freshwater events",2019,"10.22459/HER.25.01.2019.06","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85073343318&doi=10.22459%2fHER.25.01.2019.06&partnerID=40&md5=2371d8d8726b943605dfcf3670552ffc","This paper will communicate the outcomes of a systematic quantitative literature review that investigated how extreme freshwater events (EFWE) such as floods, droughts, and heavy rainfall are framed in peer-reviewed academic literature focusing on Queensland, Australia, and Saskatchewan, Canada. From this exercise, patterns emerge revealing a predominately science-based hydrological cycle perspective of EFWE with little recognition of societal influences. We advocate for a reframing of EFWE research in these areas to acknowledge how human practices are interconnected with the intensity and frequency of EFWE. We offer this study to encourage others to explore the contemporary narratives around EFWE emerging from research within their own locations. © 2019, Society for Human Ecology. All rights reserved."
"57209730005;54394814500;16641902600;57209740210;57207463522;57209740903;43861350500;55742181700;36097772200;14021655600;12798705500;7407151232;","The capacity of the hydrological modeling for water resource assessment under the changing environment in semi-arid river Basins in China",2019,"10.3390/w11071328","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068573213&doi=10.3390%2fw11071328&partnerID=40&md5=9f6a7e2681ac850a725b8adb92d50b84","Conducting water resource assessment and forecasting at a basin scale requires effective and accurate simulation of the hydrological process. However, intensive, complex human activities and environmental changes are constraining and challenging the hydrological modeling development and application by complicating the hydrological cycle within its local contexts. Six sub-catchments of the Yellow River basin, the second-largest river in China, situated in a semi-arid climate zone, have been selected for this study, considering hydrological processes under a natural period (before 1970) and under intensive human disturbance (2000-2013). The study aims to assess the capacity and performance of the hydrological models in simulating the discharge under a changing environment. Four well-documented and applied hydrological models, i.e., the Xin'anjiang (XAJ) model, GR4J model, SIMHYD model, and RCCC-WBM (Water Balance Model developed by Research Center for Climate Change) model, were selected for this assessment. The results show that (1) the annual areal temperature of all sub-catchments presented a significant rising trend, and annual precipitation exhibited insignificant decline trend; (2) as a result of climate change and intensive human activities, the annual runoff series showed a declining trend with abrupt changes mostly occurring in the 1980s with the exception of the Tangnaihai station; (3) the four hydrological models generally performed well for runoff simulation for all sub-catchments under the natural period. In terms of Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient, the XAJ model worked better in comparison to other hydrological models due to its detailed representations and complicated mechanism in runoff generation and flow-routing scheme; (4) environmental changes have impacted the performance of the four hydrological models under all sub-catchments, in particularly the Pianguan River catchment, which is could be attributed to the various human activities that in turn represent more complexity for the regional hydrological cycle to some extent, and reduce the ability to predict the runoff series; (5) the RCCC-WBM model, well known for its simple structure and principles, is considered to be acceptable for runoff simulation for both natural and human disturbance periods, and is recommended for water resource assessment under changing environments for semi-arid regions. © 2019 by the authors."
"7202772927;7401701196;57213564464;","Latent heating from TRMM and GPM measurement",2018,"10.1109/IGARSS.2018.8517918","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063152841&doi=10.1109%2fIGARSS.2018.8517918&partnerID=40&md5=496df9f6afd5e1667fd0b40b7ed12938","The Goddard Convective-Stratiform Heating (CSH) algorithm, used to estimate cloud heating in support of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), is upgraded in support of the Global Precipitation Measurement mission (GPM). The algorithm is required to use look-up-tables (LUTs) from cloud-resolving model (CRM) simulations from the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble model (GCE). This paper will present the heating retrievals from the Goddard CSH algorithm in the TRMM and GPM using precipitation products (rainfall, radar reflectivity). © 2018 IEEE"
"7005606951;","Tropics: A distributed spacecraft mission for studying tropical storms",2018,"10.1109/IGARSS.2018.8517664","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063145568&doi=10.1109%2fIGARSS.2018.8517664&partnerID=40&md5=9a9327777c07f672c37553ca6a9a2ab4","The Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS) mission was selected by NASA as part of the Earth Venture Instrument (EVI-3) program. The overarching goal for TROPICS is to provide nearly all-weather observations of 3-D temperature and humidity, as well as cloud ice and precipitation horizontal structure, at high temporal resolution to conduct high-value science investigations of tropical cyclones, including: (1) relationships of rapidly evolving precipitation and upper cloud structures to upper-level warm-core intensity and associated storm intensity changes; (2) the evolution of precipitation structure and storm intensification in relationship to environmental humidity fields; and (3) the impact of rapid-update observations on numerical and statistical intensity forecasts of tropical cyclones. TROPICS will provide rapid-refresh microwave measurements (median refresh rate of 40 minutes for the baseline mission) over the tropics that can be used to observe the thermodynamics of the troposphere and precipitation structure for storm systems at the mesoscale and synoptic scale over the entire storm lifecycle. TROPICS comprises six CubeSats in three low-Earth orbital planes. Each CubeSat will host a high performance radiometer to provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75 GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using three channels near the 183 GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements (when combined with higher resolution water vapor channels), and a single channel at 206 GHz that is more sensitive to precipitation-sized ice particles. This observing system offers an unprecedented combination of horizontal and temporal resolution to measure environmental and inner-core conditions for tropical cyclones on a nearly global scale and is a major leap forward in the temporal resolution of several key parameters needed for assimilation into advanced data assimilation systems capable of utilizing rapid-update radiance or retrieval data. © 2018 IEEE"
"7005606951;","Design and performance of the tropics radiometer components",2018,"10.1109/IGARSS.2018.8518086","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063137336&doi=10.1109%2fIGARSS.2018.8518086&partnerID=40&md5=58a4df6acedcf0d28027a6c9d19cf41d","The Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS) mission was selected by NASA as part of the Earth Ven-tureInstrument (EVI-3) program and is now in development with planned launch readiness in late 2019. TROPICS comprises a constellation of six CubeSats in three low-Earth low-inclination orbital planes. Each CubeSat will host a high performance radiometer to provide temperature profiles using seven channels near the 118.75 GHz oxygen absorption line, water vapor profiles using three channels near the 183 GHz water vapor absorption line, imagery in a single channel near 90 GHz for precipitation measurements (when combined with higher resolution water vapor channels), and a single channel at 205 GHz that is more sensitive to precipitation-sized ice particles. Expected NEDTs range from approximately 0.5 to 1.0 K for an 8.333 msec integration time. Spatial resolution at nadir ranges from approximately 15 km for the G-band channels to 30 km for the W-band channels. © 2018 IEEE"
"23983423100;57201733749;7003995144;35095461100;57201737833;18133256900;6504524263;57194385572;57203217480;35863893500;","Analysis of heavy rainfall events occurred in Italy by using numerical weather prediction, microwave and infrared technique",2018,"10.1109/IGARSS.2018.8517353","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063129403&doi=10.1109%2fIGARSS.2018.8517353&partnerID=40&md5=2f9461c188eeaef1e5d1c6a886f85ac9","The extraordinary rainfall event that affected the center of Italy on 9 th and 10 th September 2017 was studied by examining the synoptic analysis, radar network and rain gauges' measurements. The main precipitation event took place in the area around Livorno, where more than 200 mm of precipitation was recorded in 24 hours. The case study is analyzed using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and two algorithms based on satellite observations: the Rain Class Evaluation from Infrared and Visible observation (RainCEIV) technique and the cloud Classification Mask Coupling of Statistical and Physics Methods (C-MACSP). The analysis shows that WRF is able to forecast the event, though with errors in actual structure, location, and time. For this reason, the combined use of different observational tools could support the WRF simulation to provide a better characterization of the event. © 2018 IEEE"
"49664585700;55995777500;57199728349;48762261800;12797849000;57204431754;57204431647;","Detecting snowfall events over mountainous areas using optical imagery",2018,"10.3390/w10111514","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85055491931&doi=10.3390%2fw10111514&partnerID=40&md5=6778207dbd8743bc715a288f6dddc95b","Snowfall over mountainous areas not only has important implications on the water cycle and the Earth's radiation balance, but also causes potentially hazardous weather. However, snowfall detection remains one of the most difficult problems in modern hydrometeorology. We present a method for detecting snowfall events from optical satellite data for seasonal snow in mountainous areas. The proposed methodology is based on identifying expanded snow cover or suddenly declined snow grain size using time series images, from which it is possible to detect the location and time of snowfall events. The methodology was tested with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) daily radiance data for an entire hydrologic year from July 2014 to June 2015 in the mountainous area of the Manas River Basin, Northwest China. The study evaluated the recordings of precipitation events at eighteen meteorological stations in the study area prove the effectiveness of the proposed method, showing that there was more liquid precipitation in the second and third quarter, and more solid precipitation in the first and fourth quarter. © 2018 by the authors."
"57208163278;7405972102;","Atmospheric boundary layer analysis using large eddy simulation",2018,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85064004890&partnerID=40&md5=8601076c2428019d990b79c15de89e17","The GEWEX Asian Monsoon Experiment (GAME) was started in 1996, as part of GEWEX (Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment) under WCRP (World Climate Research Program). The project purpose is to understand the role of the Asian Monsoon as major component of the global energy and water cycle. Human life and environment can be affected seriously by droughts or floods, associated with monsoon rainfall variability, which brings into the motive of GAME project. Under the project, radiosonde observation was implemented on summer season in Sukothai, Thailand. Vertical profile of atmosphere which affected strongly by land atmosphere situation and diurnal cycle can be observed from radiosonde data. The interaction between land's surface and atmosphere is an important key to understand the hydrological cycle. The interaction occurs in the lowest region of the atmosphere called Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) which works as channeling layer for fluxes from land to atmosphere. One of the important process helping the fluxes transfer in ABL is turbulence, which strength is related to the heating or cooling from the ground and directly from the solar activity. The more intense turbulence, for example during the daytime due to solar heating, will create thicker ABL situation. Based on GAME Thailand observation data, ABL height shows thick layer of atmospheric boundary approximately 3 km, resulted from intense turbulence causing instability situation which create good environment for strong convection cycle to occur. After investigating the ABL by Large Eddy Simulation, it is found that the diurnal cycle in the Thailand area is strong and therefore causing high fluctuation on turbulent intensity in ABL. © Proceeding of the 21st LAHR-APD Congress 2018. All rights reserved."
[No author id available],"15th Specialist Meeting on Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing of the Environment, MicroRad 2018 - Proceedings",2018,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85052914606&partnerID=40&md5=9c102692889a41d71b96086b51e6a33f","The proceedings contain 33 papers. The topics discussed include: improvement of vegetation water content estimation over the Tibetan plateau using field measurements; global precipitation measurement (GPM) microwave imager (GMI) after four years on-orbit; NOAA microwave integrated retrieval system (MIRS) cloud liquid water retrieval and assessment; geophysical model functions of ocean surface winds for the meteor-m no. 2 MTVZA-GY radiometer; predicting l-band emissivity of a wind-roughened sea with foam layers or whitecaps and overlying spray, using a finite-difference time domain model; an active/passive microwave retrieval algorithm for inferring ocean vector winds from TRMM; covariances of spectroscopic parameter uncertainties in microwave forward models and consequences for remote sensing; the radio frequency and calibration assembly for the METOP second generation microwave imager (MWI); RF spectrum management and the impact of RFI to science sensors; measured performance of improved cross frequency algorithm for detection of RFI from DTV; strong RFI impact mitigation in the synthetic aperture interferometric radiometer; validating enhanced resolution of microwave sounder imagery through fusion with infrared sensor data; preliminary test flight of a compact high altitude imager and sounding radiometer (CHAISR); and data processing and experimental performance of GIMS-II (geostationary interferometric microwave sounder-second generation) demonstrator."
"25627687800;","In this issue of Weather",2018,"10.1002/wea.3373","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85049328295&doi=10.1002%2fwea.3373&partnerID=40&md5=4b206c04545cd2477875eda362c4cc73","We begin this issue on p. 207 with an examination of heatwaves and their occurrence in Poland since 1950. In ‘The August 2015 mega-heatwave in Poland in the context of past events’ by Agniewska Krzyźewska and Jamie Dyer, the effects of high summer temperatures and the occurrence of heatwaves in this central European country with a high degree of continentality are discussed. On p. 215, Rodney Hale gives us a fascinating brief overview of unusual electrical phenomena in ‘Rare, anomalous non-transient lights associated with cumulonimbus Clouds’. Through much of the history of meteorological observation, recording instruments produced graphical charts (and this is still the case from some instruments). Tilting syphon rain gauges have been an important method of recording rainfall rates and quantities, but they use daily, weekly or monthly charts which have to be changed at these intervals and that do not provide a digital record that can be used and stored readily. ‘Open-source tool for interactive digitisation of pluviograph strip charts’ by Nejc Sušin and Peter Peer provides a description of freely available software that can be used to extract both rainfall amounts and their rates as digital records from these charts on p. 222. Although there is a well-established observations system for hurricanes in the Atlantic and eastern Pacific Oceans, this a developing science for typhoons in the North-West Pacific, even though this area is globally most active for these storms. Recently, the Chinese government has provided an aircraft to carry out typhoon observation from Hong Kong, as described in ‘The first complete dropsonde observation of a tropical cyclone over the South China Sea by the Hong Kong Observatory’ by Pak-Wai Chan, NG Wu, CZ Zhang, WJ Deng and KK Hon on p. 227. This final paper in our July 2018 issue describes the insights they gained into Tropical Storm Aere and its structure. © 2018 Royal Meteorological Society"
"57192308437;6603781218;","Challenges in calibrating hydrological models to simultaneously evaluate water resources and flood hazard: A case study of Zou basin, Benin",2018,"10.18814/epiiugs/2018/018010","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85049231939&doi=10.18814%2fepiiugs%2f2018%2f018010&partnerID=40&md5=4f4199c14ef862f2983ebfb1b986c3dd","Under climate and land use changes, water cycle is expected to be intensified. This will likely result in frequent hydrometeorological extremes events such as droughts and floods, and affect the water balance components. A distributed model (WaSiM) was calibrated and validated to evaluate water resources and flood hazard in the Zou catchment, Benin, for the period 1991-2009. The model was calibrated and validated at a threshold of 120 m3/s and its performance in simulating lower discharge was evaluated. The results show that the model was able to satisfactory simulate streamflow using different thresholds with the Kling and Gupta efficiency (KGE) between 0.5 and 0.85. The model performance decreases with increasing discharge threshold. The overall water balance predicted by the model is consistent with the hydroclimatic condition of the basin. The runoff coefficient varies between 15% and 18% (11% and 14% respectively) of the total annual rainfall during the calibration (validation) period. By considering the discharge above the threshold of 120 m3/s the model performances were acceptable with regards to the uncertainties in discharge measurement mainly in peak discharge. Hence, the model is able to reproduce satisfactorily the hydrological processes in the study area and could be used for impact assessment. © 2018 International Union of Geological Sciences. All rights reserved."
"15822739900;","Hydrological services of wetlands and global climate change",2018,"10.1007/978-90-481-9659-3_238","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054244131&doi=10.1007%2f978-90-481-9659-3_238&partnerID=40&md5=f4c4da0ce175fe556bcf13336ed70407","The presence of wetland habitats in the landscape can have a significant influence on the movement and storage of water at a range of scales. As seasonal or perennial wet areas, wetlands typically slow the passage of water from one place to another and this slowing can provide various benefits, for example, by temporarily storing flood waters or dissipating the energy of coastal storms. Worldwide, wetland hydrological services (including disturbance regulation, water regulation and water supply) are estimated to have an annual value of 2,757 × 10 9 US$. It is anticipated that global climate change will increase pressure on wetlands and their capacity to provide hydrological services may be affected. Prolonged drought may affect soil structure so that wetlands do not soak up water as readily, and increasingly intense storm events may simply overwhelm a wetlands ability to reduce flooding. Understanding the role of wetlands in the hydrological cycle enables us to work towards optimum delivery of hydrological services and how they should best be managed and valued. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer Nature 2018. All rights reserved."
"57195353007;11940329900;36840726900;36097134700;","Analyses of shallow convection over the amazon coastal region using satellite images, data observations and modeling [Análise da Convecção Rasa sobre a Região Costeira Amazônica Usando Imagens de Satélite, Dados Observacionais e Modelagem]",2018,"10.1590/0102-7786332009","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85050693521&doi=10.1590%2f0102-7786332009&partnerID=40&md5=d2452743139ee9cbc6d0ef270eb8a8c1","The Belem region of the state of Para, which is located in northern of Brazil and part of the Amazon biome is characterized by high temperatures, strong convection, unstable air conditions and high humidity favoring the formation of convective clouds. Shallow convection and deep convection are among the main components of the local energy balance. Typically a deep convection over the continents is preceded by a shallow convection. An analysis of the performance of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory / National Aeronautics and Space Administration (JPL/NASA) model of shallow convection parameterization in a framework of the single column model (SCM), in relation to the cluster of cumulus clouds formed in the coastal region of the Amazon forest due to squall lines, is provided. To achieve this purpose enhanced satellite images and infrared images from channels 2 and 4 from the GOES-12 satellite, and data obtained by the “Cloud processes of tHe main precipitation systems in Brazil: A contribUtion to cloud resolVing modeling and to the GPM (GlobAl Precipitation Measurement)” - CHUVA - campaign, during the month of June of 2011, were used. During that period, clusters of cumulus clouds penetrated the interior of the Amazon, causing heavy rains. Results demonstrated that the parameterizations performed well in the case where only a core of clouds was observed, such as at 18:00h on 14 June. This period of the day also presents the smallest bias and root mean square error (rmse) values for the relative humidity. For the potential temperature the smallest value of bias is at 12:00h on June 7th (0.18 K), the largest one is on June 11th (-2.32 K) and the rmse ranges from 0.59 to 2.99 K. © 2018, Sociedade Brasileira de Meteorologia. All rights reserved."
"57200448506;7004114883;6603431141;","Impacts of Assimilating Vertical Velocity, Latent Heating, or Hydrometeor Water Contents Retrieved From a Single Reflectivity Data Set",2018,"10.1002/2017JD027637","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85041361593&doi=10.1002%2f2017JD027637&partnerID=40&md5=01709c17f423318364fd96c285b637b9","Assimilation of observation data in cloudy regions has been challenging due to the unknown properties of clouds such as cloud depth or cloud drop size distributions (DSD). Attempts to assimilate data in cloudy regions generally assume a DSD, but most assimilation systems fail to maintain consistency between models and the observation data, as each has its own set of assumptions. This study tries to retain the consistency between the forecast model and the retrieved data by developing a Bayesian retrieval scheme that uses the forecast model itself for the a priori database. Through the retrieval algorithm, vertical profiles of three variables related to the development of tropical cyclones, including vertical velocity (VV), latent heating (LH), and hydrometeor water contents (HYDRO), are derived from the same reflectivity observation. Each retrieved variable is assimilated in the data assimilation system using a flow-dependent forecast error covariance matrix. The simulations are compared to evaluate the respective impact of each variable in the assimilation system. In this study, three assimilation experiments were conducted for two hurricane cases captured by the Global Precipitation Measurement satellite: Hurricane Pali (2016) and Hurricane Jimena (2015). Analyses from these two hurricane cases suggest that assimilating LH and HYDRO have similar impacts on the assimilation system while VV has less of an impact than the other two variables. Using these analyses as an initial condition for the forecast model reveals that the assimilations of retrieved LH and HYDRO were able to improve the track forecast as well. ©2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved."
"57202194723;8258613500;57211368189;57202192669;","Evidence of el niño-southem oscillation influence over the tropical glaciers in the santa river basin during the period 2001-2016",2018,"10.1109/R10-HTC.2017.8288900","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85047516764&doi=10.1109%2fR10-HTC.2017.8288900&partnerID=40&md5=a57684064c534979bad618f01fe84569","The Tropical Glaciers located in the Santa River Basin are reserves of fresh water, source of energy for hydroelectric plants and one of the main indicators of climate change. Their variation in glacial Snow Cover (SC) is related to hydrological cycle and mass balance that are affected by events of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The extreme events of ENSO also have consequences such as flood and drought with human and economic loss. Moreover the increase in global temperature during 2015 is also attributed to El Niño. The objective of this paper is to analyze SC in the Santa River Basin and determine its relationship with ENSO. The Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) and FSC data that belong to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor from satellite TERRA are used. The data is processed and analyzed using filters and Wavelet Analysis. The results of SC anomaly show a period of around 3.17 years. This is a new evidence of ENSO influence over the glaciers in Santa River Basin. This study provides information that can be useful for mitigating the effects of climate change that is intensified by El Niño phenomenon. © 2017 IEEE."
"6701639025;7005625425;55167255600;7004292938;7203065899;","An integrated approach to improving rural livelihoods: Examples from India and Bangladesh",2018,"10.5194/piahs-376-45-2018","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85047308946&doi=10.5194%2fpiahs-376-45-2018&partnerID=40&md5=5f66621f2220532fa83f3d687b0af798","This paper presents an overview of work in West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and SW Bangladesh through a series of projects from 2005 to the present, considering the impact of farming systems, water shed development and/or agricultural intensification on livelihoods in selected rural areas of India and Bangladesh. The projects spanned a range of scales spanning from the village scale (∼ 1 km2) to the meso-scale (∼ 100 km2), and considered social as well as biophysical aspects. They focused mainly on the food and water part of the food-water-energy nexus. These projects were in collaboration with a range of organisations in India and Bangladesh, including NGOs, universities, and government research organisations and departments. The projects were part funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, and built on other projects that have been undertaken within the region. An element of each of these projects was to understand how the hydrological cycle could be managed sustainably to improve agricultural systems and livelihoods of marginal groups. As such, they evaluated appropriate technology that is generally not dependent on high-energy inputs (mechanisation). This includes assessing the availability of water, and identifying potential water resources that have not been developed; understanding current agricultural systems and investigating ways of improving water use efficiency; and understanding social dynamics of the affected communities including the potential opportunities and negative impacts of watershed development and agricultural development. © Author(s) 2018."
"57192294975;7003656511;6505825442;","Energy implications of the millennium drought on urban water cycles in Southeast Australian cities",2018,"10.2166/ws.2017.110","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042175625&doi=10.2166%2fws.2017.110&partnerID=40&md5=dd98db88b50180d009e5f52aae919fbe","During the Millennium Drought in Australia, a wide range of supply-side and demand-side water management strategies were adopted in major southeast Australian cities. This study undertakes a time-series quantification (2001-2014) and comparative analysis of the energy use of the urban water supply systems and sewage systems in Melbourne and Sydney before, during and after the drought, and evaluates the energy implications of the drought and the implemented strategies. In addition, the energy implications of residential water use in Melbourne are estimated. The research highlights that large-scale adoption of water conservation strategies can have different impacts on energy use in different parts of the urban water cycle. In Melbourne, the per capita water-related energy use reduction in households related to showering and clothes-washing alone (46% reduction, 580 kWhth/p/yr) was far more substantial than that in the water supply system (32% reduction, 18 kWhth/p/yr). This historical case also demonstrates the importance of balancing supply-and demand-side strategies in managing long-term water security and related energy use. The significant energy saving in water supply systems and households from water conservation can offset the additional energy use from operating energy-intensive supply options such as inter-basin water transfers and seawater desalination during dry years. © IWA Publishing 2018."
"55481424200;24828269800;","Effect of changes in the utilization of agricultural land on the catchment water regime",2018,"10.5593/sgem2018/3.1/S12.028","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058879384&doi=10.5593%2fsgem2018%2f3.1%2fS12.028&partnerID=40&md5=70217fa46809429add5353978bf7d1e6","In the recent years, the terrestrial landscape of Slovakia has been affected by extreme climate events. Unpredictable heavy torrential rains and local floods that are alternated by shorter or longer droughts are outward manifestations of the situation. According to the scenarios, in the future, climate change will affect the hydrological cycle, as well as water resources and it will have major consequences for the national economy. Slovakia is predominantly agricultural country (about 40%), affected by collectivization and large-scale technologies used on intensively cultivated soils. In the past 40 years, forestation has declined same as the area of permanent grassland and due to the extensive urbanization, the area of impermeable surfaces has increased. The currently disturbed hydronic regime requires an analysis of the landscape water regime and proposals for an innovative approach to water management. Databases of long-term climate parameters (precipitation, temperature, drainage, and evapotranspiration), hydrological balance and changes in sowing processes on arable land were used in elaboration of the paper. The area under consideration was the Bodva river basin, while the documents from the Land Portal, hydrological, hydro meteorological data and geobotanic maps were used as sources of information. It was confirmed that the ability of the basin to receive, retain and distribute atmospheric precipitation to groundwater is disturbed. The water consumption in the catchment area is mainly affected by agriculture and forested areas. Changes in the land use affect the water balance of the river basin by disrupting the relationship between rainfalls, evapotranspiration and water drainage from the basin. Evapotranspiration is growing exponentially (data from 1951), while additional potential increase was extrapolated there for the next 30 years. Knowledge about the water regime of the area and its potential is a tool for river basin management that can be used to assess the need for water for the individual sectors of agricultural production, propose limits, and ensure the re-assessment of sowing processes and measures in the country to create better conditions for accumulation of precipitation water. © SGEM2018 All Rights Reserved."
"57016618900;54883991600;54782601200;57205169712;","Alternatives for water supply in populated centers in crisis situations or accidental pollution",2018,"10.5593/sgem2018/3.1/S12.003","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058878330&doi=10.5593%2fsgem2018%2f3.1%2fS12.003&partnerID=40&md5=cea711ed965e41c4717ba57f38064204","Climate change will lead to an intensification of the hydrological cycle and can have a major impact on regional water resources. A change in water volume and distribution will affect both groundwater and surface water reserves usable in industry, domestic activities, irrigation, navigation, aquatic ecosystems, hydropower and some recreational activities. Changes in the total amount of rainfall, in their frequency and intensity, directly affect the size and times of floods and droughts. The impacts of climate change will also depend on the basic conditions and the ability of water managers to respond to climate change, population growth and changing demand and technological, economic, social and legislative conditions. The paper presents an alternative for water supply in populated centers in situations of crisis or accidental pollution. Monitoring the public fountains from city has led to the finding that the underground water supplied by the public fountains keeps its quality throughout the year being better during the hot seasons of the year, which is highly appreciated by the consumers in the detriment of centralized water supply system. © SGEM2018 All Rights Reserved."
"15760219400;35612496200;","Reconstruction of past climatic events using oxygen isotopes in Washingtonia robusta growing in three anthropic oases in Baja California Sur",2018,"10.18268/BSGM2018v70n1a5","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85045105179&doi=10.18268%2fBSGM2018v70n1a5&partnerID=40&md5=8776f1ef111e47442c458a99f0855b95","The term Anthropocene has been suggested to describe the epoch in which changes in Earth systems can be clearly attributable to human activities. The oasis ecosystems of the Baja California Peninsula provide a good example of the transformations that human activities can produce in an ecosystem over centuries of use. These sites, which are located in the northwestern desert of Mexico, are a refuge for a great diversity of species. At the same time, they are important for human subsistence, which has exerted pressure on the water resources of these ecosystems since humans settled in these locations following the arrival on the American continent. To reconstruct the changes in hydrological conditions in these ecosystems and their relationship with climatic patterns and human activities during the last century, we measured δ18O isotopes in the stem cellulose of the longlived palm Washingtonia robusta in three Baja California Sur oases. Samples were collected at different heights from the base to the top (i.e., from the oldest part of the stem to the youngest) of each palm and from different water sources. The oxygen isotope values of W. robusta appear to be influenced mainly by intense climatic anomalies. Some El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events were recorded in the isotope signals of the palms, such as La Niña drought event that occurred between 1942 and 1957 and caused an evident increase in the δ18O of the palms of the San Ignacio oasis. However, other ENSO events did not produce isotope changes in the palms. We propose that the hydrological characteristics of the oases, as well as agricultural irrigation, likely maintained constant moisture conditions that caused the observed stability of the 18O/16O isotope ratios in the palms and limited the evidence of climatic anomalies that these palms provide. Although W. robusta can serve as a reasonable proxy for climate reconstructions, improvements in our understanding are needed; e.g., more accurate methods for estimating the ages of palms and more knowledge of the effects of other factors related to the hydrological cycles of oases. © 2018, Instituto de Geologã-a, Universidad Nacional Autãnoma de Mã ©xico."
"57188990212;","Effect of aerosols on different regime of clouds and their precipitation over Tehran city",2017,"10.30955/gnj.002249","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85041106788&doi=10.30955%2fgnj.002249&partnerID=40&md5=0ac7e0117683dcf61e35bf8410e30a00","In this study we investigate the impact of aerosols on different cloud regimes and amount of their precipitation over Tehran for the period of 2003-2014, utilizing data from Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and surface data from local synoptic stations. The regimes were determined using a k-means clustering method on retrieved cloud properties. The results indicate that in mixed clouds, increase in aerosols has led to increase in the mean cloud effective radius (CER), cloud height as well as lighting and precipitation amounts of weak and moderate convective cells which may be attributed to more freezing of cloud droplets above the 0 °C isotherm and its associated latent heat releases. Vice versa, warm clouds intensity in polluted air condition are weeker than clean air condition. The results also showed that, nimbostratus clouds thickness and their precipitation increase under high aerosol index (AI). Both TRMM and rain gauges data, however, showed that the average amount of precipitation has decreased during polluted episodes in comparison with clean episodes during the period of study. Elaborating on the observed overall changes in the amount of precipitation, it may be concluded that over Seeding was a critical factor in reducing the mean precipitation over Tehran. Also, observed differences on clouds microphysics over different parts of the city may be related to local pollutions, type of ambient air aerosols and topography conditions. © 2017 Global NEST."
"7003602972;57188838173;55075942300;7004108287;25654767900;35572640900;6504131597;","Intense drought and flooding events in the Rio Negro and relation with the tropical Pacific and Atlantic variability modes",2017,"10.1007/s00704-016-1790-1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84963718193&doi=10.1007%2fs00704-016-1790-1&partnerID=40&md5=ea9219f5935b9849f6ba6d5df94c03a5","The relationship of the hydrological variability of the Rio Negro in Manaus and the dominant large-scale climate variability patterns for the 1902–2007 period is investigated using the quantile method and composite analyses. Variations of the Rio Negro Level (RNL) during its 3-month high (May to July—MJJ) and low (October to December—OND) phases are examined separately. The El Niño (La Niña) related maximum warming (cooling) in the central tropical Pacific during its mature and decaying stages modulates the atmospheric circulation in the tropics and displaces the Walker circulation cell eastward (westward), so that its sinking (rising) branch occurs over western Amazon and causes negative (positive) precipitation anomalies in this region. These anomalous climate conditions occur before the Rio Negro high phase (MJJ) and contribute to reduce (increase) the RNL and lead to a very low (very high) event in the river. On the other hand, the SST variability modes in the tropical Atlantic mainly during the transition from wet to dry season modulate the precipitation variations over western Amazon in OND. The very high events are more frequent after the 1960’s decade and the very low events, before the 1930’s decade. Therefore, the occurrence of these events contains a multidecadal scale variability. The results also indicate that the variations in the rainfall in western Amazon occur up to 9 months in advance and modulate the RNL in Manaus. The results presented here might be useful for monitoring purposes of the RNL. © 2016, Springer-Verlag Wien."
"6506346350;55389998200;57191540760;","Planning water resources management in limpopo national park buffer zone",2017,"10.5593/sgem2017H/33/S12.038","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063103465&doi=10.5593%2fsgem2017H%2f33%2fS12.038&partnerID=40&md5=109663e92aeb3fd65bbc3e4b190b0a05","This paper deals with the results coming from the research activity of the SECOSUD Phase II, called “Conservation and equitable use of biological diversity in the SADC region (Southern African Development Community) a project supported by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the SADC [1]. In the framework of this project they have been investigated groundwater resources and shallow ones present in the buffer zone of National Limpopo Park, in the aim of better support water demand in the villages, rising in this area. At the mean time it has been carried out a hydrogeological budget, referring to the area of Limpopo National Park and its buffer zone. Geochemical characterization of groundwater, carried on more than 10 points of groundwater exploitation and some river banks, pointed out that groundwater present very high salinity, due to their long staying in the rock masses. On the other hand, results coming from the hydrogeological budget highlighted that in the area under study, most part of precipitations doesn’t infiltrate but, due to their hard intensity, runs on the surface and gives its large contribution to the seasonal flooding events, which affect, every year this area. The comparison of these two results let us suppose that exploited groundwater doesn’t come from seasonal hydrological cycle, and, it maybe, they are not the best for civil use purposes, while it could be plan a different management of surface water, coming from precipitations, in the aim of reducing damages due to flooding, and giving a better satisfaction to civil water demand. © SGEM2017."
"56641080800;6603171323;","Drought frequency characterization in spain by means of T analysis",2017,"10.1201/9781315404219","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85053172043&doi=10.1201%2f9781315404219&partnerID=40&md5=8d65420e6674e9aa4ac9f05ec6ef508a","There is a desire in Spain for the development of indicators to identify ongoing droughts. Drought characterization, that is, the understanding of the relationship between the duration, severity, and frequency of droughts, and the analysis of how a drought propagates through the hydrological cycle are prerequisites for mitigation strategies to alleviate drought impacts. Return periods have been intensively used in hydrology and their theoretical basis is accessible and ready for implementation in drought characterization. On the other hand, models are capable of estimating several hydrological variables, such as soil water content, direct runoff, and aquifer recharge and discharge over large areas. This facilitates the analysis of drought propagation. The authors describe an exercise in drought characterization in Spain with regard to the previous comments. © 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC."
"57202080826;55966434300;57217930316;","Assessment of hydrological drought characteristics in the Yarra River catchment: A case study",2017,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85047054669&partnerID=40&md5=853f9406b23c9bdde9768fbddad26afb","Hydrological drought is defined by the substantial reduction of water in the hydrological cycle. This study applied the Standardised Hydrological Drought Index (SHDI) to evaluate hydrological drought events at various timescales (3, 6, 9 and 12 months) using streamflow data from the Yarra River Catchment in southeast Victoria, Australia. The easy application of the SHDI across time and space makes it a useful index for monitoring and assessing drought events. Different analysis timescales identified a different number of drought events. The longest timescale (12 months) detected a higher number of extreme drought events compared to the shortest timescale (3 months). Drought durations also changed as function of analysis timescales for the selected stations. The results showed that the peak drought intensities were not necessarily associated with the longest duration droughts, but rather drought events with comparatively short duration. The onset and end times of the drought events also varied with timescales. Finally, the SHDI threshold values were transformed into mean monthly streamflow threshold values, which are easy to use in real-time conditions for managing droughts. The longest timescale analysed (12 months) exhibited a higher threshold value as it more likely to include both dry and wet periods. Therefore, the selection of an appropriate timescale for data analysis is essential, as drought characteristics are highly influenced by the timescale. The findings from this study will assist water managers in developing appropriate drought mitigation strategies. © New Zealand Hydrological Society (2017)."
"7003713584;","A republic of insects and grasses",2017,"10.1007/978-3-319-57237-6_4","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85024088012&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-319-57237-6_4&partnerID=40&md5=af5662223fb7ca1a3cd982b4ed9f483b","While insights into the nature of the world in the wake of warming by several degrees Celsius and a nuclear war cannot be reached in detail, a number of projections arise from paleoclimate science and from current observations and trends. The increased concentrations of CO2 above 405 ppm and CO2e (equivalent CO2 including methane) are tracking toward the stability threshold level of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets and sea levels many meters higher than at present. Given sea levels in the range of 25 ± 12 m during the Pliocene pre-2.6 million years ago, the world’s delta, low river valleys and coastal zones, the focus of much of human agriculture and civilization, will be flooded by sea water. As the Earth warms, the balance between increasing aridity in heated desert regions and enhanced hydrological cycle and precipitation in other regions would result in sharp climate gradients and intense storms. With a plutonium-239 half-life of approximately 20,000 years, the effects of radioactivity would decline. At this stage, large habitats vacated at the onset of the Plutocene due to climate tipping points and high radioactivity would be re-occupied by tropical flora and fauna, notably the Arthropods. Accelerated speciation is observed during rebounds from mass extinctions and pulses of speciation appear sometimes to be associated with climate change. © 2017, Springer International Publishing AG."
"57194633312;7003708056;20735296700;","A comparison of two techniques combining rain-gauge and radar measurements at high resolutions",2017,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85021333961&partnerID=40&md5=124e029d9eb7fc4a5602777ffdd9270d","In the last decades, many efforts were undertaken to simulate precipitation more realistically. The need for more truthful predictions leads to consider finer resolution both in time and space and to develop more complex cloud microphysical schemes. The results of such models are then verified using observations. Rain gauges are the traditional tool for rainfall measurement. They provide direct and precise estimates of rainfall but fail to capture the spatial variability. Weather radars provide a detailed representation of the spatial structure and the temporal evolution of precipitation over a large area. But, rainfall estimates are derived indirectly and are subject to a combination of errors which are most pronounced over complex terrain. Both observational systems are complementary, and the purpose of this study is to find the best way to combine them. In order to obtain reliable fields of rainfall estimate two different methods were applied for real rainfall events: the kriging with external drift (KED) and the conditional merging (MERG). Previous studies have al-ready demonstrated the good performances of those two methods. This paper presents an investigation for two catchments in the French Massif-Central with different spatial and temporal resolutions. In a second part, we checked the performances of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF). Some sensitivity tests were performed on real cases with different parameterizations and spatial resolutions. The quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPF) at ground level is compared to rain estimates determined by means of the KED or merging techniques."
"57190402942;36602773900;35387519800;56464315500;25639063800;","Analyses of meteorology information during malaysian flood disaster 2014",2016,"10.1166/asl.2016.7116","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85009062577&doi=10.1166%2fasl.2016.7116&partnerID=40&md5=dcc21bb3fd80f47a6269e68d6b17f4ff","In this paper, we analyze the rain gauge data and radar data in the duration of time, T over the area covered by meteorological radar and rain gauge. T can be the whole duration for the rain event before, during and after the flood tragedy. The procedure is applied to a set of data composed of Constant Altitude Plan Position (CAPPI) scans for the absolute size of cloud from weather radar and rainfall measurement provided by rain gauge data. The procedure was applied to 14 days precipitation phenomenon observed in Kota Bharu, Kelantan (Malaysia) from 13 December 2014 until 26 December 2014. The objective of the research is to derive the tropical flood estimation model. © 2016 American Scientific Publishers. All rights reserved."
"57191531422;6603368514;","Long-term trends in flood discharges of the Ulster and Upper Fulda (Germany): a statistical review",2016,"10.1007/s12665-016-6169-1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84991404863&doi=10.1007%2fs12665-016-6169-1&partnerID=40&md5=fa70b9890b3ef34b708852d64ea1a6fe","Intensifying processes in the hydrological cycle, induced by global warming, involve the danger of increasing flood discharges. Therefore, in the more recent past several large-scale studies on long-term trends within flood discharge datasets were conducted in Germany. The aim of this work is to supplement the existing findings with a focused, more detailed view on a region within the Central German Uplands as one of the flood generation areas. For this purpose, the catchments of Ulster and Upper Fulda in Eastern Hesse were chosen as study area. Datasets of three gauges, covering the period from 1961 to 2010 as well as datasets of five gauges from 1972 to 2010 were analyzed with statistical methods. Linear trends were calculated, verified and screened for change points. For selected time series, differences in long-term mean maximum discharges before and after these change points were examined with annual, semi-annual and monthly resolution. Results mainly showed upward, but non-significant trends. Most distinctive upward linear trends were detected in time series of the Ulster’s gauges. Change point analysis yielded a characteristic clustering around 1977. The examination of the long-term flood regimes’ dynamics, before and after a harmonized break between 1977 and 1978, revealed higher discharges for the sub-series after 1977, primarily during the winter half year. The results coincide with the findings of large-scale studies for Central, Western and Southern Germany in many ways. In particular long-term flow patterns in contiguous catchments bear a close resemblance to those of the Ulster and Fulda. © 2016, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg."
"36941575300;16029125200;53870351600;56725917100;","Evaluation of Doppler weather radar MEGHA-2700 observations using Gematronik Doppler weather radar and TRMM Precipitation Radar",2016,"10.1002/met.1571","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84978967333&doi=10.1002%2fmet.1571&partnerID=40&md5=88b03832b51fde22ae1cdf793e9bc09d","As a part of the MEGHA-2700 validation after programme, Doppler weather radar (DWR) at Sriharikota (13.66 ° N, 80.23 ° E) is validated with the Chennai (13.07 ° N, 80.28 ° E DWR) (hereafter CHENNAI-DWR) and simultaneous observations along with Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) measurements. Many simultaneous observations of weather systems were carried out using these two DWRs with an aim of validating the MEGHA-2700. During this validation period, a tropical cyclone ‘OGNI’ formed in the Bay of Bengal on 28 October 2006. Simultaneous observations from these two radars are used for the present study along with TRMM-PR measurements. A methodology is developed to interpolate two ground radars and PR volume scans into a fixed Cartesian grid box because the common volume observations minimize uncertainties associated with the sampling volumes and viewing angles. It is observed that MEGHA-2700 systematically underestimates CHENNAI-DWR reflectivity by ∼6.23 dB. The rainfall estimations from MEGHA-2700 show that the bias adjustment reduces the total rainfall differences significantly between radar estimates and rain gauges. The significance of the present study lies in validating the indigenously developed DWR, which will form the basis for further research on cloud microphysics. © 2016 Royal Meteorological Society"
"57209825860;57209826345;","Water incorporated in agricultural production: Water balance considerations",2016,"10.1007/978-3-319-32255-1_7","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068858055&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-319-32255-1_7&partnerID=40&md5=c2bd97556aa8485dcaf1a364d9ded910","The international market for food and non-food agricultural products is growing rapidly, as is the concentration of production that takes place at sectoral level due to merger and acquisition processes and the consolidation of spatial monopolies due to regional productive specialization, company consolidation, and intense competition patterns. These processes have a particularly great impact on the primary sectors of the economy, contributing to what is called the commoditization of agriculture, and in this respect, Brazil stands as a unique example. Big corporations aim to achieve the highest possible productivity in order to maximize profits. To this end, water, one of the most basic resources in agricultural production, is exploited to the extreme. An example of this is the use of deepwater aquifers as a major source of water for irrigation. These sources of water, which should be prioritized as strategic reserves, have often shown signs of depletion and scarcity in various key intensive farming areas of Brazil. The dynamics of water exploitation in such cases is what links the two processes examined in this text. First, the authors examine the effective use of resources in irrigated production from free or confined aquifers. Second, the study examines production standards arising from the concept of virtual water export and the use of green, blue, and grey water types. Demand for all these types of water is established in production processes, but there is also an effective extraction of the physical water reserves for incorporation into agricultural products, which we call consumptive use, and, consequently, for the material export of water. These two processes-namely consumptive and non-consumptive uses of water-play an important role in the hydrological cycle and need to be reflected in a new water balance model. © The Author(s) 2016."
"13408226700;56385018300;56991212600;55905651600;","Introduction",2016,"10.1007/978-981-10-1472-7_1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85018077660&doi=10.1007%2f978-981-10-1472-7_1&partnerID=40&md5=2497cc9c8d43a63070e2fd847aff7056","Water is required to ensure food security, feed livestock, and industrial production and to conserve the environment. Human population has always been dependent on the rivers for survival. Management of rivers has been attempted by humans since the ancient times as the civilizations developed in the vicinity of the rivers. As the world’s population grows, the demand for water mounts and pressure on finite water resources intensifies. But the importance of population is major factor to consider. However, the brutal challenge of climate change resulting in changes in rainfall regimes, threatening surface as well as groundwater, contributes to making water resource scarcity a reality. Changes in hydrological cycle will certainly alter the precipitation and evapo-transpiration patterns, resulting in significant changes in the discharge regime of rivers. Moreover, it may lead to greater unreliability of dry season flows that possess potentially serious risks to water and energy supplies in the lean season. Therefore, before planning and management of any long-term water resources, the assessment of climate change impacts on the hydrological resources is of prime importance. The two main policy responses to climate change are mitigation and adaptation which is necessary to deal with the impacts of climate change. Adaptation measures may be planned in advance or put in place spontaneously in response to a local pressure. Incidences of waterrelated disasters are showing an upward trend due to climate change impacts thereby increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme weather. These issues intensify the phenomenon of erosion, land-water degradation, and pollution which demand for river restoration and training, as rivers are the essential element for sediment transport from surface land to oceans. The complexity of implementing the Integrated Land and Water Resources Management (ILWRM) increases manifold when the river crosses political border, thus making it a transboundary in nature which are not regulated by ratified international laws. Hence the need for transboundary international water law is overwhelming, constant, and immediate. © 2017 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore."
"57204467637;56370004000;57191844987;56369359000;57159941600;","Numerical modeling of the intensification processes of groundwater treatment for hexavalent chromium using in situ technology",2016,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84997173202&partnerID=40&md5=1adb5b7f2934e5633cfbc4590f37eae8","The article reports the results of groundwater treatment for hexavalent chromium on the Ilek industrial site located at the Aktobe district in Kazakhstan. This study describes specific techniques, practices, and methodologies currently being employed on sites with the so-called “historical contamination” in Kazakhstan using in situ technology. The goal of this technology is to reduce Cr (VI) in groundwater and contaminated soil to the more thermodynamically stable Cr (III) by creation of reactive zones in the aquifer where migrating contaminants are intercepted and permanently immobilized or degraded into harmless end products. All work is performed by injecting reagent in a contaminated groundwater plume and allowing them to “react” with the contaminants. The main difference of the current work with the standard in situ treatment technology is in creating the so-called hydrocycles when after a period of reagent injection, a phase of water injection that starts to pressurize and enlarge the area of reagent delivery which is then followed by a period of pumping and reinjecting for the further intensification of the treatment process. The process of treatment is controlled based on a numerical model to add or exclude injection wells from the pumping net. Results from chemical reduction experiments on the contaminated zone shows a considerable decrease of hexavalent chromium from 53 mg/L to 0.05 mg/L, indicating that in situ treatment using hydrocycles may be an effective approach when deployed at the field scale. The results of successful treatment are proved by the absence of secondary contamination during three-year monitoring on a site after a period of work performed. © 2016, International Association for Environmental Hydrology. All rights reserved."
"57188725184;7006114701;24167374800;55567168500;7402536118;57188716481;","Terrestrial total water storage dynamics of Australia's recent dry and wet events",2015,"10.1109/IGARSS.2015.7325935","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84962578967&doi=10.1109%2fIGARSS.2015.7325935&partnerID=40&md5=d6db2b14c2026212fb25bf504cdff2fb","Australia recently experienced a long-term continental drought ('big dry', 2001-2009) followed by an anomalous wet two-year period ('big wet', 2010-2011). Despite the significance of the two extreme events, continental-wide information regarding the effects of the high and low precipitation conditions on the hydrological components, stress and recovery is not available. In this paper, we use terrestrial total water storage changes (ATWS) from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and precipitation data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) spanning from 2002 to 2013, where ATWS represents the main source of water available for human consumption, agriculture and natural ecosystems. We rely on a combination of temporal trend analysis and spatial statistics methods in order to evaluate the terrestrial total water storage (TWS) dynamics and the relationship between TWS and rainfall during the 'big dry' and 'big wet' events. Here we report the occurrence of hydrological cycle intensification during the study period in Australia which exhibited strong spatial variations: the wet areas (the northern and northeast regions) got wetter while the dry areas (the west and interior of the continent) became drier. By contrast, in southeastern Australia TWS changes over time showed sudden extreme responses to both events. Our results constitute a step beyond quantifying droughts/anomalous wet years that rely solely on precipitation data. This work demonstrates the ability of TWS observations as a significant indicator of hydrological system performance during hydroclimatic events and also an important tool for understanding continental-wide and regional spatial and temporal patterns of water availability. © 2015 IEEE."
"35551238800;6602176524;56212055700;7004881313;6505637161;35621058500;6603049815;","The radiative impact of desert dust on orographic rain in the Cevennes-Vivarais area: A case study from HyMeX",2015,"10.5194/acpd-15-22451-2015","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042578852&doi=10.5194%2facpd-15-22451-2015&partnerID=40&md5=cc30b4096cbd1a9b4946dd0bf8eadc61","The study is focused on Intensive Observation Period (IOP) 14 of the Hydrology Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment first Special Observing Period (HyMeX SOP 1) that took place from 17 to 19 October and was dedicated to the study of orographic rain in the Cevennes Vivarais (CV) target area. During this IOP a dense dust plume originating from North Africa (Maghreb and Sahara) was observed to be transported over the Balearic Islands towards the south of France. The plume was characterized by an aerosol optical depth between 0.2 and 0.8 at 550 nm, highly variable in time and space over the Western Mediterranean basin. The impact of this dust plume, the biggest event observed during the 2 month long HyMeX SOP 1, on the precipitation over the CV area has been analyzed using high resolution simulations from the convection permitting mesoscale model Meso-NH validated against measurements obtained from numerous instruments deployed specifically during SOP 1 (ground-based/airborne water vapor and aerosol lidars, airborne microphysics probes) as well as space-borne aerosol products. The 4 day simulation reproduced realistically the temporal and spatial variability (incl. vertical distribution) of the dust. The dust radiative impact led to an average 0.6 K heating at the altitude of the dust layer in the CV area (and up to +3 K locally) and an average 100 J kg-1 increase of most unstable convective available potential energy (and up to +900 J kg-1 locally) with respect to a simulation without prescribed dust aerosols. The rainfall amounts and location were only marginally affected by the dust radiative effect, even after 4 days of simulation. The transient nature of this radiative effect in dynamical environments such as those found in the vicinity of heavy precipitation events in the Mediterranean is not sufficient to impact 24 h accumulated rainfall in the dusty simulation. © Author(s) 2015."
"55792181500;57205568124;7601495034;37056524600;55754385900;57214947323;57211917117;","Variation characteristics of nitrogen concentrations through forest hydrologic subcycles in various forests across mainland China",2015,"10.1080/09593330.2015.1019573","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84929839574&doi=10.1080%2f09593330.2015.1019573&partnerID=40&md5=1ac8ba00789c97d9711a48611da992ba","Increased anthropogenic nitrogen emissions and more severe environmental issues (e.g. air pollution, soil acidification, and plant nutrient imbalances) are striking forest ecosystems. Data on NH4+ and NO3- concentrations in throughfall and stemflow were collected to estimate variation characteristics of nitrogen concentrations through forest hydrological processes across China. A typical study was carried out in the three forest types in the Jinyun Mountain region of Chongqing, from May to October 2012. Nitrogen concentrations in throughfall and stemflow are higher than those in atmospheric precipitation. DIN concentrations in atmospheric precipitation, throughfall, and stemflow, across China and in the Jinyun Mountain region, were 2.18 and 1.51, 3.19 and 3.88, and 5.14 and 3.92 mg N L-1, respectively. NH4+ concentration was higher than NO3- concentration, suggesting NH4+ is the dominant nitrogen component in China. Additionally, across China, a linear relationship existed between DIN and NH4+, and between DIN and NO3- in atmospheric precipitation. DIN concentrations in throughfall and stemflow changed with the observed changes in precipitation, and DIN concentrations in precipitation positively correlated with those in throughfall and in stemflow were also observed. Moreover, average DIN concentrations in throughfall and stemflow varied in different forest types, resulting from differences in forest canopy structures and tree species characteristics. In the Jinyun Mountain region, both throughfall and stemflow DIN concentrations were the highest in the mixed broadleaved/coniferous forest, followed by evergreen broadleaved forest, and the lowest in moso bamboo forest. Monthly variations of NH4+ and NO3- concentrations, in throughfall and stemflow, were observed in the Jinyun Mountain region. © 2015 Taylor & Francis."
"57193165179;","Preface",2015,"10.1017/CBO9781316178904.001","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85011321107&doi=10.1017%2fCBO9781316178904.001&partnerID=40&md5=8ba72b8d73c484eac8ae37d9f5c84049","Rapidly rising demand for food, raw materials, and energy is leading to intensifying human environmental footprints locally, nationally, and globally. This has consequences for the health of ecosystems and the services these provide. By considering the complex socio-economic interactions between the water, carbon-energy, food production, and climate cycles, UNESCO’s Natural Science Programme (principally through its International Hydrological Programme and the Man and Biosphere Programme) promotes trans-disciplinary approaches to help restore, enhance, and protect the sustainability of land and water systems. This new book, in the International Hydrology Series, is well aligned with the aims and objectives of UNESCO’s International Hydrological Programme by furthering the understanding and championing the potential of the ecosystem services-based approaches. Phase VIII (2014-2021) of the Programme is focused on ‘Water security: responses to local, regional, and global challenges’ and has a special theme on ‘Ecohydrology, engineering harmony for sustainable world’, to which this book is of direct relevance. The UNESCO Ecohydrology initiative involves the development of tools that integrate basin-wide human activities with hydrological cycles in order to sustain, improve, and restore the ecological functions of, and services in, river basins and coastal zones as a basis to support positive socio-economic development. Experiences gained through previous phases of the International Hydrological Programme, have shown that freshwater availability will become a major concern if no immediate action is taken to restore and enhance the associated ecosystems. Therefore, the knowledge presented in this book adds great value to inform global efforts on ensuring water security through UNESCO’s ongoing initiatives at the river basin level, such as the Hydrology for the Environment, Life and Policy, Ecohydrology and Integrated Water Resources Management Guidelines. The Hydrology for the Environment, Life and Policy in river basins initiative aims to deliver social, economic, and environmental benefits to stakeholders through research towards the sustainable use of water for human and environmental purposes. © UNESCO 2015. All rights reserved."
"6701820740;7006375921;25629878300;57208417996;56015471600;25633949200;7006522306;","Impact of climatic variability on crop production in mahanadi delta region of odisha",2015,"10.1007/978-81-322-2157-9_12","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84957008340&doi=10.1007%2f978-81-322-2157-9_12&partnerID=40&md5=939aeb783eae96d22e224c60e6672f27","The impact of climatic variability on crop production was studied in the Mahanadi delta area where upland, midland and lowland sites were selected covering Dhenkanal, Kendrapara, Nayagarh, Cuttack and Puri district. The monthly run-off (106m3) data of 19 gauging stations adequately representing the sub-basins of the Mahanadi River basin with a command area of 1,41,589km2 during the period 1972–2004 was analysed to investigate the run-off variability and trends of the basin. Analysis of hydroclimatic parameters using advanced statistical tools revealed that due to alteration in the hydrological cycle the severity of droughts and intensity of floods increased and the quantity of the available water resources also gets affected. The average annual result run-off during the period 1990–2004 exhibits an increased run-off, in comparison to the previous subseries 1972–1989 for all the stations. However, this increased run-off is also associated with an increase in the variability (standard deviation), suggesting that the wet period is more prone to uncertainty in comparison to the corresponding dry period. The rainfall status of the experimental sites on the Mahanadi delta showed occurrence of frequent drought and flood in the last 25 years (Table 1). Uneven distribution of rainfall affected the crop yield adversely. Increase in rainfall in May and September and severe drought in November and December affected the paddy yield. It has been observed that in spite of canal irrigation sources, water is unavailable during the critical stages of crop growth and moisture stress condition. To mitigate the vagaries caused by climate change, water harvesting structures for assured irrigation, microirrigation techniques to increase the water use efficiency, crop diversification and multiple use of water to improve water productivity are some of the technological interventions for resilience and sustainable identified production. © Springer India 2015."
"55280991400;10641207200;40361547300;56469654100;56910190100;57214582424;56469609500;","Evaluation and management of the risk of flooding river bank",2015,"10.1007/978-3-319-09054-2_95","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84944537823&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-319-09054-2_95&partnerID=40&md5=86db5d3fbe1036cbe60278554eeafce4","Climatic change caused by human activity will lead to intensification of hydrological cycle and will become a reason for extreme phenomena of even greater severity. Evaluation of flooding risk, their prediction and hydrological prevention are principal means to mitigate the outcomes of floods. Flooding risk means the probability of flood occurrence and outcomes of flood impact on natural and economic objects and population. A set of methods of theory of random processes and mathematical statistics allows obtaining a rational solution to this problem. There are three different problems occurring during the floods: reliability of hydraulic structures, overflowing and flooding the river floodplain (flooding risk) and washout of banks. The main task when exploring the flooding risk is determination of critical water level during the river overflow, determination of flooding areas at different levels and of different water discharges accordingly, and evaluation of damage in different situations. Peak discharges are usually calculated based on survey data of annual maximums. For evaluating the flooding risk, we propose to make the calculations of maximal discharges for individual months. In such cases, the genetic homogeneity of basic data is generally observed, and vaster information is processed and analyzed, seasonality of expected damages in agriculture is considered and most importantly, the maximums in different months are more predictable than seasonal and annual maximums. The prognostic models of monthly flows are developed for many rivers and work successfully. The performed calculations give a hope of designing a more efficient prognostic model of monthly maximum water discharges. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015."
"55831698500;55833084600;55832237900;55615148500;8305071000;","Terrestrial laser scanner for spatial snow depth and density measurements in mountain environment",2015,"10.3301/ROL.2015.94","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84930689810&doi=10.3301%2fROL.2015.94&partnerID=40&md5=dae13d702cb67a7aec9fe50810e201c3","Climate change is the main factor that induces alterations in the hydrological cycle. In this context, mountains represent the first indicators of climate change, because they respond rapidly and intensely to climatic and environmental modifications. Obtaining reliable scenarios on water resources availability is a prerequisite to planning management measures as a matter of fact snowfall and the resulting seasonal snow cover represent an important source of water, including surface and subsurface flows. The applicability of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) techniques to measure snow depth and snow cover was investigated in an area located in the Mascognaz Valley (Ayas municipality, Regione Autonoma Valle d'Aosta, Italy). First aim of this job is recognize the accumulation areas from melting areas through the generation of high dense digital snow elevation model. In this way is possible better understand the snowmelt process in mountain areas that contributes widely to the groundwater recharge. Secondly, the TLS was also used to analyze a snow cross section in order to define a correlation between the reflectance of laser signal and the density of snowpack. In fact, the snow density measure represents a crucial information for the snow water equivalent (S.W.E.) evaluation. Finally, analyzing the spatial snow-depth distribution is important to individuate the potential avalanche-starting zones. © Società Geologica Italiana, Roma 2015."
"11240644400;57202026995;56193289600;57217129105;","Lightning characteristics of severe storms in southern Brazil",2014,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086813932&partnerID=40&md5=2e4ac0a2c402f8e5d1d70f1e86fe20bf","Lightning activity is intense in the continent throughout the year, but mostly active during the warm season (spring and summer), generally associated to the occurrence of Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCS) in the area, with maximum activity in the subtropical region, between Paraguay, northern Argentina and the south of Brazil. This paper presents results of an analysis of 10 years of radar and lightning data, with the study of electrical characteristics of severe storms observed in the radar coverage area in the south of Brazil. A total of 42% of the days were identified with convective activity, 26% with Isolated Convective Systems (ICS) and 16% with MCS (larger then 100km). In general, the convective region is the most active (86%) in terms of lightning, even for the events with larger stratiform areas with predominance of positive lightning. However, peak current in the stratiform region is higher for both negative and positive lightning flashes when compared to the convective region. The MCS play an important role on the hydrological cycle and on the incidence of severe weather events in this region, highlighting the importance of improving the knowledge of those weather systems, with the goal of better forecasts. © International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, ICAE 2014"
"6602835531;7005619103;6506267500;","Warm season thunderstorm rainfall estimation on the Canadian Prairies using lightning and gridded model data",2014,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086812813&partnerID=40&md5=d5dd9e7394f3fc56e603a55d937765d9","Thunderstorms are an important component of the water cycle on the Canadian Prairies, because they represent one of the mechanisms responsible for cycling moisture in the warm season between May and September. The Prairie landscape is extensive and diverse, and is comprised of six eco-climatic regions. A broad swath of the Boreal and Taiga regions, where station data are sparse, lie outside radar coverage but within coverage of the Canadian Lightning Detection Network (CLDN). Can lightning data be used to estimate seasonal thunderstorm rainfall over these data sparse regions? This work estimates warm season thunderstorm rainfall using two methods. The first method derives thunderstorm rainfall from the gridded Canadian Precipitation Analysis (CaPA) product (6-hr temporal resolution and interpolated to a 0.2° x 0.2° grid) and concurrent cloud-to-ground lightning data from the CLDN. The second method derives rainfall amounts from previously developed rain-yield relationships constructed from a database of coincident 6-hrly rain gauge rainfall and cloud-to-ground lightning observations. Spatial patterns of thunderstorm rainfall from the two prediction schemes are assessed for three summers from 2009 to 2011. Additionally, several verification statistics over each eco-climatic region are calculated to assess the accuracy of the two approaches. © International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, ICAE 2014"
"56264868800;56428464700;56428342500;56428362400;","Sensitivity of vegetation toward precipitation in dry land of China using satellite images",2014,"10.1109/EORSA.2014.6927874","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84912144499&doi=10.1109%2fEORSA.2014.6927874&partnerID=40&md5=a31a1fd97be5c1b2265378452aef2ad2","There is a scientific need to present an objective, spatially explicit and quantitative measure for sensitivity of vegetation toward precipitation in dry land. It will be helpful to understand the spatial and temporal interaction between them. In the study, we used 1km-monthly MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer) NDVI time-series (2001-2013 year) as proxy to indicate temporal context of plant variation. Accordingly, a 5km-monthly precipitation dataset was also produced by EWBMS (Energy and Water Balance Monitoring system) model, which derived from more than 800 ground rain gauges and hourly cloud imagery from GMS (Geostationary Meteorological Satellite). The yearly green NDVI/precipitation was computed by computing monthly data during growing season. Sensitivity of vegetation toward precipitation was assessed in arid and semi-arid regions of China: (1) the vegetation variability was assessed for each pixel by the statistical value of multi-year green NDVI. (2) The relationship of vegetation and precipitation variation was tested by a linear regression model based on multi-year green NDVI/precipitation data. (3) GlobCoverV2.2 (GlobCover 200412 -200606 V2.2) map was collected and converted into 1km-pixel size. By overlaying each class layer, plant community in dry land of China varied with precipitation was discussed. The results indicate that plants located in agricultural and pastoral zone or arid oases have greater variability than other regions in yearly vegetation production. Land covers in these regions have GNDVI variation thresholds as 0.14-0.17, referring to the difference between maximum and minimum value of yearly green NDVI. The correlation coefficient R indicates that GNDVI is positive to precipitation in most of study area except for water, ice, forest, and some desert regions. The high value of R mostly occurs in southeast of study area, this is coincided with the high yearly variation of vegetation production. © 2014 IEEE."
"7003897223;6602256614;7202284590;","A model for the hydrological cycle of a forested catchment and assessment of the changes caused in water balance by cuttings",2013,"10.1134/S1995425513070147","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84891678009&doi=10.1134%2fS1995425513070147&partnerID=40&md5=58c1f95268b46a118e0b1dfb87fcbcf4","A physicomathematical model of the hydrological cycle in a forested catchment was constructed. This model describes the interception of liquid and solid precipitation by tree crowns; snow accumulation and melting; vertical transfer of moisture in soil and its evaporation; and surface, subsurface, and channeled runoffs. The model was calibrated and verified using the observation data for the completely forested Taezhnyi catchment within the area of the Valdai Water Balance Station. Then the model was used to assess possible changes in the hydrological cycle after clear cuttings in this catchment. The values of model parameters were compared to the corresponding soil characteristics in the adjacent treeless (field) Usad'evskii catchment. Modeling results demonstrate that the average water reserve in the snow cover before melting can increase by 15% after forest cutting in the Taezhnyi catchment. The losses for snow sublimation are reduced almost two-fold. The snow melting intensity increases by 30% and its duration decreases by 10 days. The annual runoff after cutting increases by 7-10%; however, the seasonal distribution of the runoff and the constituents of the water balance change to a greater degree. During spring flood, the maximal water discharge in the forested catchment is 50% smaller than after forest cutting. The duration of spring flood after cutting is reduced by 5-7 days. The changes in the hydrological cycle depending on the age-related alteration in leaf area index were also studied. © 2013 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd."
"23976731200;25626284700;","Estimation of groundwater quality from surface water quality variables of a tropical river basin by neurogenetic models",2013,"10.1007/978-94-007-5152-1_14","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84932605210&doi=10.1007%2f978-94-007-5152-1_14&partnerID=40&md5=8160d16d120cd9e990ea14d469633c9e","According to the hydrological cycle, after rainfall infiltration becomes high and once the soil pores become saturated, surface runoff begins. The infiltrated water is added to the groundwater and depressions and canals are utilized to store or drain out excess water. Because surface water and groundwater have the same source, their quality is related, but the physiochemical properties of the soil layers and geological characteristics of the catchments also influence the quality of water in the surface and ground. Many scientific studies have established that surface water is not as pure and fit for drinking as groundwater. Groundwater is free of turbidity, suspended impurities, and organic and inorganic micropollutants. This reactive nature of water is almost neutral. Although groundwater is affected by dissolved metals (like arsenic, iron, etc.), volatile organic compounds and toxic gases, but the intensity of groundwater pollutants varies with location and surrounding geophysical and ecological structures. In most of the places people use groundwater for drinking without adopting any means of purification. If the source is free of organic and inorganic pollutants and if the metal and gaseous concentrations are low, then the ground/surface water can easily be used for drinking or washing purposes without much threat to human health. But if the surface water contaminates the source through leakage or accidental removal of the impervious layers, then it may contaminate the source, and use of the contaminated groundwater could cause affect public health. The present study attempts to predict the quality of groundwater with the help of surface water quality parameters along with some climatic and geophysical parameters. The study utilized neurogenetic models for predicting the quality of groundwater. The results show that predictions of pH and chlorine levels based on the parameters was found to be more accurate and reliable than the prediction of any other quality variables. Thus it can be concluded that if surface water and groundwater are mixed, the pH and turbidity will undergo the most dramatic change among all other quality variables. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. All rights reserved."
"55702535700;7005602760;7003389892;7102689617;38760907800;","Retrieval of rainfall by combining rain gauge, ground-based radar and satellite measurements over Phimai, Thailand",2013,"10.2151/sola.2013-037","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84920828575&doi=10.2151%2fsola.2013-037&partnerID=40&md5=4dad122cc2aa17dbfb263c0b38e84765","A classification system for rain clouds was developed using ground-based radar reflectivity and infrared brightness temperature (TBB) data from multifunctional transport satellites (MTSAT) and applied to the Phimai radar station, Thailand. The proposed method can classify cloud types into convective rain, stratiform rain and non-rain for areas covered with cumulus and/or cirrus clouds by applying a statistical integration analysis of rain gauges, ground-based radar, and MTSAT data. The classified precipitation areas were used to estimate quantitative precipitation amounts over Phimai. To merge different rainfall data sets derived from these three sources, the bias among the data must be removed. A combined correction method was developed to estimate the spatially varying multiplicative biases in hourly rainfall obtained from the radar and MTSAT using the rain gauges. This consecutive analysis was applied to the rainy season (July to September) in 2009 to obtain the multiplicative bias correction and to combine the data sets. The correlation coefficient, root mean square error, and mean bias were used as indicators to evaluate the performance of our bias-correction method. The combined method is simple and useful. The combined rainfall data were more useful than the data of TRMM 3B42 V7 and ground-based radar estimates. © 2013, the Meteorological Society of Japan."
"57200289485;6602239759;57203078745;6506022279;","Rainfall retrieval using spinning enhanced visible and infrared imager (Seviri-MSG) and cloud physical properties (CPP) algorithm: Validation over Belgium and applications",2013,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84902262273&partnerID=40&md5=4c3d16e916d074af79b1192211066b4b","Precipitation is the main variable of the water cycle and a driving factor of the water resources availability. However, direct precipitation measurements are still too scarce to quantify the ongoing changes and to provide data for numerical models validation. Recently, Roebeling & Holleman (2009) have presented the Cloud Physical Properties (CPP) algorithm which is based on the solar channel from the SEVIRI instrument on board of the Meteosat Second Generation satellite. In this work, the authors have validated the algorithm over the Netherlands thanks to a 2-month comparison with weather radar data in summertime. The goal of the present study is to extend previous validations of the CPP and verify the algorithm performances throughout yearly and daily cycles over Belgium with the aim of identifying possible uses and applications as model validation. To do so, a seven-years data set of clouds and precipitation data over Western Europe has been generated using the CPP algorithm and analyzed. A comparison with weather radar data from the Belgian network has been performed. Results are encouraging for both precipitation areas delimitation and rain rates assessment. However, the rain rate estimation appears to be affected by the sun zenith angle with significant overestimation when this angle exceeds 60°. Systematic errors also affect the retrieval of cloud properties for thick clouds which leads to an overestimation of extreme precipitation events."
"56178281700;57217266371;7005492953;56177836900;","Decisions on land conservation practices in a semi-arid region considering hydrological and social drivers",2013,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84901326926&partnerID=40&md5=36ed94004fed17a75360a5258ea47999","In tropical regions, such as the Brazilian semi-arid zone, climatic and hydrological regimes are highly variable. This variability is a determinant for defining land occupation, but farmers' social and economic characteristics are also important. This paper presents results of an investigation of hydrological and sediment yield from one small catchment due to land-use changes, considering both climatic and human factors. The study analysed observed time series of rainfall, runoff and sediment yield from an experimental catchment, and information from farmer interviews. The results show that clusters of a few intense events in a year determine annual runoff and sediment yield. The selection of land conservation practices can be aided by hydrological modelling based on information about farmers' willingness to adopt land conservation practices and on their farms' production systems and location within the catchment. Copyright © 2013 IAHS Press."
"55323475700;56178371200;55566939500;57199943669;38861426800;","Feasibility of estimating groundwater storage changes in western Kansas using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data",2013,"10.1190/tle32070806.1","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84880123479&doi=10.1190%2ftle32070806.1&partnerID=40&md5=6851a44f5969c8663ac4473c5aa24002","Groundwater storage is a spatial and temporal variable that represents an essential part of the global hydrological cycle. Traditionally, many wells (i.e., a large number), spatially distributed across a basin, are measured annually to monitor changes in the groundwater (GW) level. It has been shown that invasive measuring of water levels in agricultural wells during winter months is most representative because the wells are normally not in use and have had sufficient time to rebound from seasonal use. However, traditional invasive measurements are inefficient, labor-intensive, and expensive with significant regional obstacles that can inhibit good spatial representation. Thus, satellite observations of the Earth's time-variable gravity field from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission provide a unique opportunity to monitor changes in groundwater storage from space (Rodell and Famiglietti, 2002; Tapley et al., 2004). © 2013 © 2013 by The Society of Exploration Geophysicists."
"55574935400;7005071296;","Recent updates on precipitation type classification and hydrometeor identification algorithm for GPM-DPR",2012,"10.1109/IGARSS.2012.6351569","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84873106488&doi=10.1109%2fIGARSS.2012.6351569&partnerID=40&md5=cc07771e60ffe1f52f7a45c099a1bf25","The dual precipitation radar (DPR) on board the GPM (Global precipitation measurement) core observatory satellite is expected to improve our knowledge of precipitation processes. DPR offers dual frequency observations (Ku and Ka band) along the vertical profiles which allow us to investigate the microphysics using the difference between two frequency observations (measured dual frequency ratio or DFRm). DFRm has been shown in the literature to be rich in information and can be used to perform precipitation type classification and hydrometeor type identification. This paper shows recent updates of the analysis on these two models. Analysis is focused on the availability of the algorithm to DPR vertical and horizontal resolution. The algorithm is also evaluated using off-nadir data from airborne precipitation radar (APR-2). © 2012 IEEE."
"14120371300;55204863800;54783001900;","Discussion on Soil and Water Conservation Activities hydrological effects simulation in the Loess Plateau",2012,"10.1109/CDCIEM.2012.63","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84860520035&doi=10.1109%2fCDCIEM.2012.63&partnerID=40&md5=d923eb5f92420ebcf3514e8689946d5f","The Loess Plateau is the main water collection and the sediment production area of the Yellow River. The water resource crisis and the heavy flood inducing soil erosion coexist in this area. As a result the eco-environment is deteriorating rapidly. The Soil and Water Conservation Activities (SWCA) have taking place almost on every hill slope in the Loess Plateau almost three decades. SWCA, however, can change hydrological cycle strongly by intensifying the infiltration and weakening the overland runoff. Therefore, the research on the hydrological effects of SWCA is important to forecast the longterm hydrological and sediment situation changes trend of the Yellow River. The paper presents the progresses and the problems about recent research on this issue. Due to the structure of distributed hydrological models and the Loess Plateau hydrological effects characteristics, the distributed hydrological models promised a good way to simulate the hydrological effects of SWCA. Moreover, this paper indicates that the distributed hydrological models determine the flow direction(s) and the overland runoff quantity distribution on the hillslope by single factor, gradient. In order to accurately simulate the hydrological effects of SWCA, the distributed hydrological models should consider the impact of flow resistance factors to be more physically based. © 2012 IEEE."
"6701696141;","Will there be enough water?",2012,"10.1007/978-3-642-25550-2_17","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84859762021&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-642-25550-2_17&partnerID=40&md5=ee0f82872dbcc1a2dfbc46c4c6c648a6","The hydrological cycle is by far the largest material cycle of the Earth. The intensity of this cycle varies considerably as a function of time and space. Its annual volume has been fairly constant, but climate change is going to enhance the cycle, at the same time redistributing the temporal and spatial variability. This may have tremendous consequences both for nature and mankind. The majority of global climate models suggest, unfortunately, that many areas with scarce water resources will get drier in the future. On the other hand, in high latitudes where there already is plenty of water, more abundant water resources may be anticipated. © 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg."
"55444564800;","Toward enhancing storage of soil water and agronomic productivity",2012,"10.1201/b12214","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85056496847&doi=10.1201%2fb12214&partnerID=40&md5=781cc5981a50f2df8cd5598c696ea8be","The renewable freshwater resources (RFWR) are limited (Table 21.1) and are determined by the global hydrological cycle (Oki and Kanae 2006). With the increase in population from 7 billion in 2011 to 9.2 billion in 2050, there will be a greater competition for water use by agriculture than for industrial and urban uses. There will also be additional water use for improving the environment (i.e., C sequestration) for nature conservancy (i.e., restoration of wetlands, and wildlife habitat) and for recreational purposes. Limiting and decreasing water resources must be judiciously managed for both people and nature (Postel and Richter 2003). The availability of freshwater resources will also be confounded by the projected climate change. The hydrological cycle is likely to be intensi’ed by climate warming (Huntington 2010), with possible adverse effects on the availability of fresh water for competing uses. Thus, sustainable management of water resources, using the strategies of integrated water management (IWM) (Bouwer 2002) and ecohydrological approach (Falkenmark and Rockström 2005) among others, is essential to meeting the growing demands. While agriculture currently uses about 70% of the total water withdrawal (Molden 2007), decline in its share of the scarce resource is inevitable because of numerous competing but essential uses. Estimates of calories produced per cubic meter of water range from 1000 to 7000 for corn, 1260 to 3360 for legumes, 500 to 2000 for rice, and 60 to 210 for beef (Molden et al. 2007). Therefore, understanding the hydrological processes in agricultural and related ecosystems is essential to improving the use ef’- ciency by decreasing the losses. The themes of Chapters 1-20 presented in this volume address the scienti’c processes, technological options, and policy interventions to enhance effective water use. This chapter is focused on addressing the research and development priorities in improving soil water storage for enhancing and sustaining agronomic productivity with the goal to advance the global food security, while improving the environment. © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC."
"11840367400;11839001400;","Forest fire and air quality monitoring from space",2012,"10.1201/b11702","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85056063202&doi=10.1201%2fb11702&partnerID=40&md5=9d72104f44f0f043ba9c9e58135f6440","Forest fire is an important natural process of global ecosystems. While wildfires are usually natural hazards impacting environment, air quality, public health, and human properties, prescribed burning is an effective approach for land management to maintain ecosystem health, control invasive species, and reduce the risk of potential large wildfires. According to fire activity statistics from the National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC 2011), in the year 2009 alone, there were 78,792 wildfires, 5,921,786 acres was burned, and 12,429 prescribed fires were reported. A summary of the number of wildfires and area burned during the past 25 years in the United States can be shown in Figure 19.1. Comparing the last 10 years with previous years, a remarkable increase in burned area can be seen, although no significant increase in the number of fires. This implies the increasing trend of fire intensity. Despite the complicated fire-climate interaction, many research works have demonstrated certain linkages between forest fires and climate change (Bevan et al. 2009; Kaufman et al. 2006; Lin et al. 2006; Liu et al. 2010; Martins et al. 2009; Procopio et al. 2004; Vendrasco et al. 2009; Zhang et al. 2008, 2009). Kaufman et al. (2006) found that smoke and pollution aerosols may affect regional cloud cover and have a profound effect on the hydrological cycle and climate. Lin et al. (2006) studied aerosols from forest fires in Amazon and demonstrated important radiative and hydrological effects on the regional climate system. Martins et al. (2009) and Vendrasco et al. (2009) investigated the complicated interaction between precipitation and aerosols from biomass burning. Zhang et al. (2008, 2009) studied smoke aerosol radiative forcing and impacts on moisture transport. Bevan et al. (2009) analyzed time series of aerosol optical depth and found positive feedback between aerosol and drought. Liu et al. (2010) investigated the impacts of climate warming on wildland fire potential and demonstrated that future fire potential may increase significantly in many regions. These results suggest the requirement of more research and management efforts on forest fire. It has become an urgent yet challenging task to develop technical approaches and operational systems to assess fire danger and monitor active fires more timely and accurately, and to investigate the linkages between fire activities and climate change. All these efforts may lead to the provision of effective decision supports to fire managers and government agencies in fire fighting and fuel management. © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC."
"9248514700;45261209200;9248514800;36461422600;","Model coupling for forecast of groundwater evolution under intensive human activities",2011,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84860591125&partnerID=40&md5=420756b86a784eb174b2ae426a4de1eb","Intensive human activities impact on the natural water cycle dramatically, making the natural water cycle comply with artificial features. But until now the driving forces of groundwater system evolution were not fully understood due to the complexity of the groundwater system structures and the uncertainty of affecting factors. This paper presents the analytic methodology to describe the relation of groundwater evolution and driving forces based on historical data analysis. It studies the general law of groundwater evolution based on a case study in the Haihe River basin, a typical area with dramatic groundwater change under natural precipitation attenuation and gradual increase in water demand. Copyright © 2011 IAHS Press."
"15838977800;8208801800;23670520100;","Modelling water flows in irrigated areas - A case study in Zhanghe Irrigation System, China",2011,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84860584144&partnerID=40&md5=2c6f93deb0a90e7344a35b87055b19db","Hydrological modelling faces great difficulties in irrigated areas due to the highly dynamic water cycling processes caused by irrigation and drainage practices. This paper describes a study on process-based water balance modelling integrated with remote sensing/GIS spatial analysis in the Zhanghe Irrigation System, southern China. Irrigation water re-use through local water storage was analysed based on remote sensing interpretations and GIS spatial modelling. Time series evapotranspiration is estimated using a Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) algorithm with Landsat ETM+ imagery. The results are then fed into an irrigation diagnosis and planning tool OASIS to assess the water balance in the irrigated areas and the impacts on irrigation performance. The results revealed that the intensive canal system and local storage with irrigation management practices have significantly altered the hydrological processes of the region. Local storage, including farm ponds, contributed significantly to improve water productivity and sustain high yields at times of main canal failure. The study suggests that, to better model water flows in irrigated systems, a balanced modelling approach is required between simulating the complex hydrological processes and accounting water budget components. Copyright © 2011 IAHS Press."
"6506289738;20733884700;7003559682;23476570200;55340010500;","Boundary Layer balloons in the MEDiterranean during HyMeX",2011,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84859891733&partnerID=40&md5=f08c5dc4a5fc822caae3dedcc56e4c45","The international and multidisciplinary HyMeX (Hydrological cYcIe in the Mediterranean Experiment) project aims at a better understanding and quantification of the hydrological cycle and related processes in the Mediterranean, with emphasis on high-impact weather events, inter-annual to decadal variability of the Mediterranean coupled system, and associated trends in the context of global change. HyMeX will focus on high impact weather events such as heavy precipitation, wind-storms or regional strong winds (e.g. Mistral) during special observing periods. The purpose of BAMED (BAlloons in the MEDiterranean) is to perform the deployment of drifting observing platforms on-board of pressurized balloons, during HyMeX observing periods. Two platforms are developed. The Boundary-Layer Pressurized Balloons (BLPBs) drifting above the sea and the surface drifting Aeroclipper that is a tethered balloon with a marine gondola dedicated to air-sea flux estimates. Both aerostats will be deployed upstream to heavy precipitation and during regional wind events, collecting crucial data that are currently lacking in operational weather and marine prediction systems. These aerostats are planned to disseminate, in near-real time, the in-situ measurements collected in the boundary layer. The data, when assimilated in numerical weather prediction systems, are expected to improve the knowledge and the prediction of the events of interest. Indeed, these aerostats could help controlling forecast uncertainties. For instance, some aspects of the weather phenomena are poorly predictable (e.g. location and intensity of highest precipitations). This predictability issue implies that it is crucial to consider aerostats as adaptive observing platforms: for each event, targets will be defined. Moreover, for both drifting platforms, the Mediterranean basin is closed; as a consequence, the trajectories will be short. The coastal location and, above all, the date/time of the launch, are critical parameters to guarantee the balloons' trajectories towards the areas of interest. Some possible launch sites in the North-West Mediterranean have been evaluated on a sample of typical HyMeX meteorological cases. To optimally schedule the launches, a balloon's observation simulator developed at LMD/IPSL and a targeting guidance tool, developed at the CNRM, will be used. The targeting tool allows, in particular, the calculation (today) of an area called sensitive where adding observations (in 1 or 2 days) would improve the prediction of a meteorological event (3 or 4 days ahead)."
"55628560629;","Observational study on diurnal precipitation cycle over indonesia using 1.3-GHz wind profiling radar network",2011,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-83655191115&partnerID=40&md5=22e07396e3719c053156394c2ac38f86","Yoshikazu Tabata, Laboratory of Radar Atmospheric Science, Japan, presents his thesis on the observational study on diurnal precipitation cycle over Indonesia using 1.3-GHz wind profiling radar network (WPR). At all three WPR sites, peak rain rate was detected during 1300-1500 LT by rain gauges. WPR observations showed that deep convective clouds were predominant during that period. There was a clear transition from the convective-type clouds to the stratiform-type clouds during 1500-2000 LT. The frequency of the stratiform-type clouds increased following the predominance of the deep convective type, and reached a peak during 1900-2000 LT. Diurnal cycle of rain rate and precipitation frequency at Pontianak as observed by WPR-gauge. Tbb (body brightness temperature) data showed that the horizontal scale of cloud systems differs from Pontianak to Manado and Biak. The diurnal precipitation cycle was also investigated using 11 years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data."
"24330191400;","Remote sensing of solar influence on antarctic terrestrial climate by GPS observations",2011,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84931361971&partnerID=40&md5=da05d2736c9c0585e60f4095565e7f8b","Water vapour is a key in the hydrological cycle and the main driver of atmospheric events. Precipitable water vapour (PWV), as a climate variable determined from the Global Positioning System (GPS) atmospheric delays errors is one key used to study recent solar-weather/climate relationships. It was proven that the tremendous capability of low-cost GPS technique has the major impact on the improvement of weather forecasts and offer essential tool in detecting global climate change. GPS sensing technique has also been widely used as a powerful tool to accurately measure the ionospheric total electron content (TEC). In this work, solar related events influence on terrestrial climate through PWV measurements is quantified and investigated. TEC variability in the upper atmosphere associated with the geomagnetic activity and solar flares originated from the Sun is used as a solar activity parameter. A new approach is proposed for determining and quantifying the solar influence on PWV by indirectly correlating the PWV and TEC variations in short-term analysis to enlighten solar-climate relationship issues. Besides PWV determination based on GPS sensing technique, this chapter describes the morphology of solar modulated geomagnetic activity during major storms to understand the impact of Sun-Earth interactions and discusses how solar variability during intense heliogeophysical disturbances exerts their influence on PWV. © 2011 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved."
"15765871600;","Impact of water degradation on ecosystem change and adaptation strategy for sustainable development",2011,"10.2495/WS110131","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84865746434&doi=10.2495%2fWS110131&partnerID=40&md5=2548525639c23935eac399c1470f2010","Environmental pollution is becoming intertwined with degradations of water environment, imbalance of the hydrologic cycle, thermal environment, and contamination. Water stress has intensified water use conflicts between upstream and downstream and between agriculture and municipal/industrial sectors. Here, the process-based National Integrated Catchment-based Eco-hydrology (NICE) model, which includes interactions between surface water, canopy, unsaturated water, aquifer, lake, and rivers, was applied to develop coupled human and natural systems and to assess the impact of water degradation on ecosystem change. Combinations of a numerical model, satellite image, and statistical analysis showed close relationship between water resource and economic growth, which has greatly affected ecosystem degradation and its serious burden on the environment. The author also presented a procedure to visualize the missing role of hydrothermal interactions in atmospheric, land and water areas, which would be effective to recover the sound hydrologic cycle and to create thermally-pleasing environments in an eco-conscious society. The procedure to construct an integrated assessment system for win-win solution would support decision-making on sustainable development and adaptation to climate change and urbanization in global scale. © 2011 WIT Press."
"36183144000;22935683600;7003683096;","Basin-scale evaluation of rcm bias using rainfall observation networks",2010,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78650230863&partnerID=40&md5=cbb9d4d01d1d349426a7d11ecffc3c2c","The local downscaling of rainfall predictions provided by climate models is crucial for the assessment of climate change impacts on most ecological processes related to the land/water cycle, such as vegetation dynamics, soilbacteria activity, and ecological response of water-bodies. In this study, we present a methodology to analyze the predictive performance of a Regional Climate Model (RCM) with regard to daily rainfall fields. A comparison between statistical properties of rainfall observations and model control simulations was performed through a robust and meaningful representation of the precipitation process. Our objectives were, first, to evaluate RCM bias data at basin-scale against daily rainfall records coming from a rain gauge network, and then to propose a simple framework to investigate possible alterations of the daily rainfall occurrence and intensity under climate change by way of a stochastic model suitable to investigate both ordinary regimes and extreme climate events. The RCM adopted for the study region produced a general underestimation of mean storm intensity for all seasons in the control run. From the bias analysis at daily scale, the RCM has shown a good capability to simulate the occurrence of wet periods being able to reproduce the winter storm systems, but a poor capability to simulate the orographic (relief) precipitation that are peculiar in the dry periods. The entity of the observed bias has clarified the need to operate a correction of the climate model output to obtain more realistic input data to be used in impact studies at the local scale. A further result of the adopted bias correction was the significant reduction of the effects of climate change on daily rainfall statistics corresponding to rainfall features much closer to the historical data than in the raw RCM output data. © by PSP."
"55880017100;","Combating disasters in forestry and its protection functions",2010,"10.1007/978-3-540-74698-0_47","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84885415229&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-540-74698-0_47&partnerID=40&md5=53fb720a35ef35c4c10cd12760dff624","Climate related disasters in forestry can take many forms, including the frequency of severe weather events (blow downs and lightning), the occurrence of disease and insect outbreaks, the intensity and duration of critical fire weather events. In the longer term we are talking about changes in optimal growing areas, the type of species that can be grown, and changes in the overall hydrological cycle of a region (Mote et al. 2003). © 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg."
"7103321545;","Intense rainfalls on august 17, 1968 over the kiso-hida and nagara river basin in Japan associated with intrusion of middle tropospheric dry airs over the low-level moist belt",2010,"10.2151/jmsj.2010-406","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77958135055&doi=10.2151%2fjmsj.2010-406&partnerID=40&md5=c509b251a24a5bdbbd57985e8859e243","The synoptic-scale condition related to the intense rainfalls on August 17, 1968, over the Kiso-Hida and Nagara River Basin in the central part of Japan is studied by using European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 40-year reanalysis data and upper, synoptic-surface, local rain-gauge observation data and satellite cloud images. The intense rainfalls occurred within a long cloud belt formed with a low-level moist belt (LMB), which had formed along the northwestern rim of the North Pacific subtropical anticyclone (NPSA). The LMB was sustained by large-scale moisture transport along the northern rim of the NPSA and mesoscale northward moisture transport along a small anticyclone embedded in the NPSA. In the lower and middle troposphere, dry air spread over the Japan Sea after the passage of a severe tropical storm (STS) over the Japan Sea owing to the prevailing westerlies to the southwest of the STS. The northern edge of the LMB was bounded by the dry air. The northern boundary of the LMB was signified as the dry front because of the strong moisture gradient and very weak thermal gradient. Intense rainfalls occurred in the cloud belt, at a distance of@1200 km south of the STS, over the river basin where the large-scale and the mesoscale moist flows converged in association with the orographic convergence. Intense convective rainfalls were accompanied by the increase in the convective instability due to the southeastward intrusion of the middle tropospheric dry air over the LMB. Significant low-level jet stream and mesoscale depression were not found around the intense rainfall area. © 2010, Meteorological Society of Japan."
"37861469800;36619287400;7401863116;13606751000;24280341200;","An NDVI-based precipitation interpolation to improve hydrology simulation in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River",2009,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78751651588&partnerID=40&md5=0738ccbdb4dee366c58c3deec9295227","Spatially interpolated rainfall estimates from raingauges are widely used as input to hydrological models, but there is no universally suitable interpolation method. In southwest China there are very few rain-gauges. Therefore, geographical information related to rainfall needs to be used in spatial interpolation methods. Among elevation, longitude, latitude, slope, and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), NDVI is found to be the most optimum geographical information indicator for precipitation in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in China, after carefully analysis. Accordingly, a gradient plus reverse distance squared method based on NDVI was developed and applied in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River from 1956 to 2000. The interpolation result was compared with the result of Countrywide Water Resources Planning. The difference was not too much and the result of the interpolation showed a reasonable precipitation distribution in the mountainous areas, which was greatly improved compared to the direct use of the inverse-distance weighted method (IDW). And then the interpolation result was input to the Water and Energy transfer Process (WEP) model to simulate the hydrological cycle of the basin. The simulation of the hydrologicalprocesses show that water quantity balance errors are less than 5% and the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient is above 0.7, which prove that the interpolation method presented in this paper is credible. copyright © 2009 IAHS press."
"7005523706;56216765600;7202530955;","Use of lightning and storms life cycle information in radar rainfall estimation",2009,"10.1061/41036(342)617","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70350176356&doi=10.1061%2f41036%28342%29617&partnerID=40&md5=2e74a245d7ecf8a6539acb7dac31fe95","Radar rainfall estimates derived from conversion of reflectivity are known to contain systematic and random errors (bias) that limit the quantitative use of radar rainfall in various applications. Enhancement of radar rainfall estimates is normally accomplished through gauge-adjustment procedures; however, those procedures require long integration periods to moderate sampling differences between the two sensors. To improve the efficiency of radar-gauge based adjustment techniques, classification based on storm microphysical information is needed. In this study, use of two auxiliary data derived from cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning measurements and a storm tracking algorithm was performed. This information was used to classify storms into thunderstorms (storms associated with CGs) vs. showers (storms without lightning) and according to the storm's maturity stage (i.e., growing, mature or decay stage). The radar rainfall data from South Florida Water Management District and for a period of twenty months were used. The radar rainfall estimates at 2-km resolution and 15-min time intervals, and corresponding rain gauge measurements from 120 gauges, and CG occurrences from the National Lightning Detection Network were used. Tracking was applied to the radar rainfall data to identify the storm families used in this analysis. The radar error analysis for different storm types and storm stages indicates that precipitation microphysical information is critical for improving radar rainfall estimation. It has shown that radar rain estimates tend to give stronger biases in storms of strong convective nature (both in terms of lightning occurrences and in terms of the growing stage of the storm), while showers and storms at mature stage tend to be better represented by the fixed climatological Z-R relation. Results from this study demonstrated that CG lightning and storm's maturity stage information could help reduce the variability in the Z-R conversion. Such classification may have a consequential effect on improving the efficiency of a mean-field bias-adjustment algorithm applied at higher temporal scales of aggregation (hourly, daily, etc.) for the radar rainfall estimate. © 2009 ASCE."
"6602243061;7006621313;","Atmospheric Water and Precipitation",2009,"10.1016/B978-012370626-3.00011-9","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85069601469&doi=10.1016%2fB978-012370626-3.00011-9&partnerID=40&md5=d6b1d91fb78e85f56873a95b17fffd24","Precipitation provides the main driving force for surface hydrologic processes and has a large influence on both the natural environment and humanity. The wide range of processes that are involved in the formation of precipitation, from initial evaporation from the surface to final formation of rain and snow in clouds, leads to a high degree of variability and structure over a large range of spatial and temporal scales. To capture this variability in its entirety, a number of different measurement techniques are required, including rain-gauges, ground-based radar, and satellite remote sensing. Similarly, to construct hydrologic or meteorological models that incorporate precipitation, requires the careful consideration of space-time scales, including the degree of variability at each scale and the effects of processes or structures at scales below the model's resolution. Scale-invariant statistical models provide an effective approach to many of these questions of the space-time structure of precipitation. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved."
"7004654985;55940572500;55999888800;","Implementing a multiplatform precipitation experiment",2008,"10.1007/978-3-540-77655-0_20","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84892280647&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-540-77655-0_20&partnerID=40&md5=bcebf9e85b895333dc0a0fbc32ceabd0","Knowledge of the quantitatively accurate amount and spatial distribution of precipitation fields is highly sought after in climate research, civil protection and weather forecasting. Unfortunately, precipitation is one of the most difficult atmospheric phenomena to measure and model, especially in mountainous terrain. Given the complexity of the Mediterranean area, an improvement in observational techniques is a prerequisite for precipitation estimates related, on the one hand, to the frequency of extreme rainfall events and, on the other hand, to droughts. Better estimates of precipitation may lead to a better understanding and forecasting of floods, which are one of the major natural hazards in Europe, especially in Mediterranean regions. The above issues were addressed within the VOLTAIRE project the scope of which was to build a European methodology for a more accurate precipitation monitoring in Mediterranean areas, taking into account the specific technological and dynamical problems related to such a composite region. The project was funded by the European Commission under its VI Framework Programme. VOLTAIRE stands for Validation Of muLTisensor precipitAtion fields and numerical modeling In mediterRanEan test sites. Why an acronym coincident with the nickname of the famous philosopher Franois Marie Arouet? Our motivations can be found in the paragraph below: When King Louis XVI, shut away in prison, saw the works by Voltaire that covered the walls of his cell, he exclaimed This man has destroyed France. He had destroyed much more: that way of being, of thinking and acting, that concept of life, that culture, that system that still today is known as ancient regime. In no period has there ever been a more modern intellectual in Europe. And he continues to be so, more than three centuries after his birth. It is impossible to think in a freer way than he did; it is not possible to write or communicate in a more penetrating way. He was, and remains, a master. Voltaire, though the result of a particular society and environment, interprets the requirements of eternal order. His battles against fanatism and intolerance are not out of date, as each and every era suffers from fanatism and intolerance. At his school, one becomes a free, independent and anticonformist spirit. Whatsoever society or community will always need someone like Voltaire who, with his accusations and reproaches, will protect them from their own abuses. Dynamical Meteorology, in fact, traditionally considered two extreme space-scales of cloud-cover and precipitation at extratropical latitudes: the cumulonimbus scale (a few kilometers) and the frontal scale (hundreds of kilometers). However, it has become clear, since the first application of remote sensing, that other scales of aggregation are dynamically relevant. The so-called wide precipitation bands - which develop in extratropical cyclones on a scale of approximately 50100 km across and a few hundred km along the band itself and are, surprisingly, stable, on average, with respect to ordinary vertical convection are, for example, of particular interest. These intermediate-scale phenomena are particularly significant in the Mediterranean area where the interaction of synoptic-scale perturbations with the complex orography and land-sea structures generates a whole series of quite complex meso-scale features. As far as precipitation fields are concerned, their complexity and high variability in time and space represents a challenge for both observations and numerical models: indeed, in current operational forecast models, precipitation represents a diagnostic and not a prognostic variable. Consequently, even the quality of modeled precipitation fields in the Mediterranean area needs to be verified; however, the possibility of their validation using ground truths is difficult due to measuring problems that originate from the same surface complexity which, in turn, is responsible for the numerical forecasting problems themselves. It is well known that the best way to remotely sense precipitation fields is by means of radar and, in fact, many ground-based Doppler radars have been installed in Europe over the last decade. Monitoring the meteorological phenomena in the tropical areas that are not covered by ground-based radars is now possible through the precipitation radar onboard the recent Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. The highly successful TRMM program motivated the designation of a future mission, the so-called Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM, see Chapter 6 in this book), which will be able to extend TRMM observations to higher latitudes than the present ones, which are limited at 35. As part of the plans to prepare for the future use of GPM, it is important to promote comparisons of TRMM radar with ground-radar data. In Europe, this is only possible in the southern part of Cyprus."
"56157072800;6603018179;7005793728;7005917593;35495958000;","Gewex hydrology",2007,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-55749104250&partnerID=40&md5=4701cdc9b330311ea140138dfba7900f","The Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX), of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) was initiated in 1988 and has coordinated the activities of the Continental Scale Experiments (CSEs), which are now known as Regional Hydroclimate Projects (RHPs) and other land surface research through the GEWEX Hydrometeorology Panel (GHP). The GHP was established in 1995 to contribute to the WCRP objective of ""developing the fundamental scientific understanding of the physical climate system and climate processes needed to determine to what extent climate can be predicted and the extent of man's influence on climate"". More specifically, the GHP contributed to the GEWEX objectives such as ""determining the hydrological cycle and energy fluxes, modelling the global hydrological cycle and its impact, developing a capability to predict variations in global and regional hydrological processes and fostering the development of observing techniques, data management and assimilation systems"". GHP activities included diagnosis, simulation and prediction of regional water balances by various process and modelling studies aimed at understanding and predicting the variability of the global water cycle, with anemphasis on regional coupled land-atmosphere processes. GHP efforts were central to providing a scientific basis for assessing critical science issues such as the consequences of climate change for the intensification of the global hydrological cycle and its potential impactson regional water resources. This paper discusses the more relevant scientific issues relating to hydrology addressed by the GHP in collaboration with the international science community, in particular the IAHS Predictions in Ungauged Basins (PUB) initiative. GHP activities have now been formally merged with the Coordinated Enhanced Observation Period (CEOP) I and II activities to form a new body, called the Coordinated Energy and water-cycle Observations Project (CEOP), which will continue to foster large-scale hydroclimate research. Within GHP and now within CEOP the Water Resources Applications Project (WRAP) was established in 2000 to facilitate the broader use of GEWEX products in water resource applications and initially promoted dialogue between the GEWEX community and the water resources community. With members from each of the RHPs, IAHS, UNESCO programmes, and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), this group provided a wide range of expertise related to water management. WRAP relied on the development of physically-based hydrology and ""application"" or decision support models, and the coupling of these models with regional climate models. Application studies require a capability to downscale largearea (model grid square) precipitation forecasts and observed averages, statistical analyses of the relationships between SST anomaliesandseasonal streamflow, and analysis of the value and utility of seasonal forecasts in water management decisions. WRAP is now evolving toward a Hydrologic Applications Project (HAP) which was defined in October 2006 together with the ""Roadmap"" for the remainder ofthe Second Phase of GEWEX (2006-2012). This paper summarises the achievements to date of GEWEX pertaining to hydrology and gives an indicationof the planned hydrological focus of the project over the next five years. It also discusses the more relevant scientific issues relating to IAHS hydrological issues to be addressed by CEOP, including the IAHS Predictions in Ungauged Basins (PUB) initiative. Copyright © 2007 IAHS Press."
"7404844056;8353025700;56169008600;","Application of BP neural network to predict rainfall interception loss in an arid region in China",2007,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-38549121871&partnerID=40&md5=095ec064684e9b0466b3bfdee3c1041a","In arid desert regions, rainfall interception loss (RIL) from the vegetation canopy is an important component of the water cycle. RIL will directly influence soil moisture from rainfall. The RIL process is not a simple physical process, and also not a simple stochastic process, but is a complicated composite process; RIL is affected by many factors, e.g. rainfall, rainfall intensity, leaf area index, etc., all of which make it difficult to predict and estimate accurately. In this paper, a four-layer back propagation (BP) neural network model for predicting RIL is constructed. Ejina Basin, an arid desert region in China, is chosen as our experimental region, where Populus euphratica (the dominant tree species) is chosen to construct the model. The model is trained and tested by field data. The result shows that the BP neural network can predict RIL with sufficient accuracy and can be used in practice. Copyright © 2007 IAHS Press."
"7201914101;7202181543;7103142686;7006508549;","Deforestation and dry season rainfall in northern Mesoamerica: Implications for forest sustainability",2006,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84868182194&partnerID=40&md5=47be44d311294598191660dee04076ea","The forest types in northern Mesoamerica generally are those that require dry season rainfall for their survival. However it is not clear whether the current rainfall amounts are sufficient to maintain existing forests and regenerate the pristine forests in the deforested patches. The climatological rainfall records at 266 stations in Guatemala and adjacent areas show statistically significant (t-values) higher dry season rainfall over forested areas than deforested areas of the major Holdridge life zones. Climatological cloud cover also is often statistically significantly higher over forested regions (ANOVAS were significant). The rainfall predicted from the correlation (R=0.68; standard error = 0.8) of these two records for March shows rainfall deficiencies >25mm in several Holdridge life zones compared to the climatological rainfall observed by the rain gauges over the forested regions. With the onset of the wet season however, from April through June the observed rain gauge rainfall differences between forested and deforested regions becomes statistically insignificant and the estimated rainfall deficiencies are slowly removed based on the Holdridge life zones. This suggests the climatic consequences of deforestation for forest regrowth on connecting corridors may vary by life zone. In particular, reduced dry season precipitation in deforested areas of northern Mesoamerica originally occupied by wet forests might become a two-fold problem for the many connecting corridors of the MBC that lie within these life zones. The data suggest that deforestation is locally intensifying the dry season, so that forest regeneration in some parts of the MBC, particularly in the central Peten of Guatemala, may not result in second-growth forest that is characteristic of that life zone but rather in forest regeneration more typical of drier conditions. The extent to which this would influence the conservation utility of any given corridor depends upon the ecological requirements of the organisms concerned."
"7102084129;6701922947;15318942300;","Aircraft measurements of the impacts of pollution aerosols on clouds and precipitation over the Sierra Nevada",2006,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-75149190998&partnerID=40&md5=687c36cd821528c542c997efb01d5e56","Satellite measurements in onshore-flowing clouds showed that they become more microphysically continental downwind of areas of major emissions of anthropogenic aerosols. Rain gauge analyses of orographic precipitation showed that the upslope precipitation in mountain ranges downwind was decreased with respect to the coastal precipitation during the 20th century along with the assumed increase in pollution aerosols. Following the publication of these findings a research effort called SUPRECIP (Suppression of Precipitation) was conducted to make in situ aircraft measurements of the polluting aerosols, the composition of the clouds ingesting them, and the way the precipitation forming processes are affected. Preliminary results of SUPRECIP Phase 2 2006 are reported here. The program is funded by the PIER (Public Interest Energy Research) Program of the California Energy Commission. The flights documented the aerosols and orographic clouds downwind of the densely populated areas in the central Sierra Nevada and contrasted them with the aerosols and clouds downwind of the sparsely-populated areas in the northern Sierra Nevada. The main results from the February 2005 campaign of SUPRECIP-1 are: 1. The in situ aircraft measurements of the cloud microstructure validated the satellite retrievals of cloud particle effective radius and microphysical phase. 2. Ample supercooled drizzle were found in the pristine orographic clouds with only few tens of drops cm-3, and no drizzle with small concentrations of graupel were found in clouds with drop number concentrations of ∼ 150 cm-3. 3. The pristine clouds occurred in air masses that were apparently decoupled from the boundary layer in the early morning, whereas the more microphysically continental clouds occurred during the afternoon, when the surface inversion over the Central Valley disappeared. Based on what was learned during the first season, a second field campaign was conducted in February and March 2006, called SUPRECIP-2. The cloud physics instruments were enhanced with another cloud drop spectrometer, and a second low level aerosol airplane was added. Two cloud physics aircraft were involved, making measurements of CCN, CN, cloud drop size distribution, hydrometeor images and size distribution, thermodynamic properties of the air and air 3-D winds. SUPRECIP-2 was augmented also by surface measurements of aerosols and chemical composition of the hydrometeors, made by collaborating research groups from the Desert Research Institute of the University of Nevada, The University of California Davis, and the SCRIPPS Oceanographic Institute of the University of California at San Diego. This provided coincident measurements of the low level aerosols and the properties of the clouds that ingest them. Preliminary results, reported here, confirm the link between anthropogenic aerosols and suppressing precipitation forming processes in the clouds in the context of California."
"55781745000;","Operational flood monitoring in tanzania using Cold Cloud Duration (CCD) from the meteosat satellite",2005,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84879724665&partnerID=40&md5=ef5dfc794c440c1bc907bad1165b40c3","Operational flood monitoring in Tanzania can be enhanced by use of remotely sensed information from Meteosat satellites. Flood occurrence in Tanzania during the EL-NINO 1997/1998 rain season devastated landscape other infrastructures were washed away leaving a trial of deaths and diseases. Tanzania Meteorological Agency responsible for monitoring atmospheric conditions has been applying numerical weather prediction models with a support of Meteosat satellite to forecast these disasters. Improving these activities an introduction of new models for daily weather forecast including floods has been imposed in our system. This paper aims at demonstrating the use of Cold Cloud Duration (CCD) model in simplification of rainfall estimation in tropics. Monthly mean rainfall data from the rain gauge stations per 1994-1998 were tested with data produced in real time images from Meteosat satellite. The model assumption as observed from the smoothed data pilots indicates that rainfall comes from the convective clouds, these clouds precipitate when their tops reach a certain threshold temperature height h t, cloud top height is identified by its temperature in the Thermal Infrared Image. At certain location the quantity of rain in a given time is linearly related to the length of time the cloud top has been colder than Tt. Thus R = ao + a1 D, where R is rainfall, D is duration and ao and a 1 are constants. The Primary Data User Station is ready for image capturing which could be observed as daily and ten days CCD images which are used to determine areas with convective clouds. CCD images illustrates the value of the calibrations produced from the satellite with day night imaging and obvious application in flood monitoring. Result of this work the government will be informed in advance to prepare itself to such disaster which could be dangerous to the people and the nation."
"6508224251;","The utilization of Equatorial Atmosphere Radar (EAR) and Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) in indicating of rainfall intensity over Kototabang, West Sumatera, Indonesia",2005,"10.1109/IGARSS.2005.1526320","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33745713364&doi=10.1109%2fIGARSS.2005.1526320&partnerID=40&md5=f018bd2426e3aa07074e8e92dffe9e77","This study is mainly concerned to the utilization of the Equatorial Atmosphere Radar (EAR) as one of the most important giant radar at the equatorial region. This radar is located at Kototabang, West Sumatera, Indonesia as a collaboration project between Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Japan and the Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN). There are many studies using this radar, one of them is indicating of rainfall intensity at Kototabang and surrounded area. We selected this region, since Kototabang as one of the most important site for the ground-truth of the upcoming of Global Precipitation Measurements (GPM) satellite next. The preliminary result of this radar is already done by Fukao et. all (2003). A similar study is also already done by Renggono et. all (2001), but they used the Boundary Layer Radar (BLR). Since, this radar is mainly used to observe wind velocity structure in three dimension, we wish strongly to give more attentions to the characteristics of horizontal-vertical wind velocity structure, especially during wet and dry season. Since we don't know exactly also when wet and dry season coming over this area, we applied the monthly of Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) data for twenty five years observation over Sumatera Island (1979-2004). Then, we found that wet and dry season over Sumatera Island, especially on the EAR site are occurred in November and July, respectively. Then, we analyzed the daily of EAR data set started from January to December 2002 with good time and spatial height resolution. We concentrated on November and July, 2002, respectively. In the same time, we analyzed the Optical Rain Gauge (ORG) also to investigate the rainfall intensity of this period. We found a good agreement between EAR and ORG data, especially on determining when the rainfall over Kototabang is started and finished. From those figures we can see that rainfall usually occurred when the horizontal-vertical wind velocity variations larger than normal condition. This is occurred not only in wet season, but in dry season also. We are still developing this study, since EAR could not distinguish definitely the differences between continued rainfall and dis-continued rainfall. We need more investigate the longer of EAR data analysis and most probably the BLR data also to obtain the significant statistical analysis since we assume that rainfall intensity over Kototabang is mainly coming from the convective cloud activities from this are a only. We neglect affects from another rainfall that mostly comes from the surrounded area of Kototabang station. © 2005 IEEE."
"55436052900;55386235300;19337087700;55946567900;7401795483;","Diurnal variations of snow precipitation in Wakasa Bay during winter",2004,"10.2151/jmsj.2004.1117","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-7244240712&doi=10.2151%2fjmsj.2004.1117&partnerID=40&md5=0451862dbba79e480eb75b30cf122f40","The diurnal variation of snow precipitation in the west coastal area near Wakasa Bay has been investigated for two winter seasons of 2001 and 2003 using surface precipitation radar, rain gauge, and satellite infrared data. Radar reflectivity-derived precipitation intensity shows a clear diurnal cycle within Wakasa Bay for both years, although the cycle is clearer in 2001 than in 2003. The precipitation maximum occurs in the early morning, and the minimum occurs in the evening. Using radar data collected during January 2003, the precipitation diurnal cycle within the Bay is compared with three nearby regions: offshore-open water region to the north, inland-land region to the northeast, and inshore-coastal region to the northeast. It appears that all the other three regions have the precipitation maximum during the day and the minimum during night, although the diurnal variation inland (over land) is very small. Additionally, in the offshore region, there exist two precipitation maxima and minima during a 24-hour day. Analysis of precipitation data from AMeDAS (Automatic Meteorological Data Acquisition System) rain gauge stations basically agrees with the radar observations. It shows that a similar diurnal cycle, found in the radar data within Wakasa Bay, can also be found for coastal stations, although the different patterns are shown depending on the location and time period in 2003. When averaging data from both January and February during 2001 and 2003, the diurnal cycle tends to be smoothed out. Cloud top temperature and cloud fraction derived from satellite infrared data do not show a clear diurnal cycle within Wakasa Bay, nearby inshore and inland regions, although the decreases of brightness temperatures are seen around noon in the offshore region for both cases of 2001 and 2003. Analysis using collocated satellite and radar data indicates that cloud top temperature has little skill in reflecting surface precipitation for the winter convective clouds associated with cold air outbreaks. Finally, possible causes of the diurnal variation are discussed, including local land-sea breeze and mountain wind effects, as well as the radiative cooling effect. © 2004, Meteorological Society of Japan."
"56250117600;6701394887;7006894989;7005320660;56999946500;7003877842;","Intercomparison of inversion techniques to retrieve surface rain-rate from SSM/I over the Mediterranean basin by using a 9-year validation set",2003,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0242627429&partnerID=40&md5=27fd3e641b11d496365895152a2d84ba","The skill of some algorithms, based on both a physical and an empirical approach, to estimate surface rain-rate in the Mediterranean region from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) data is analyzed. A reliable validation set consisting of rain-gauge data collected throughout 9 years is used to perform such analysis. We aim to confirm the validity of the physical approach adopted in previous works, showing that its behavior is similar to the one presented by the algorithms based on an empirical approach, but with the well-known advantage of an easy extension to zones different from the calibration one and to sensors operating at other frequencies. We also evaluate the improvement that can be obtained using local scale algorithms rather than global scale ones."
"6507516070;6601983917;7004110988;","Active Rain Gauge Concept for Moderate to Heavy Precipitation Using W-Band and S-Band Doppler Radars",2003,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0242542629&partnerID=40&md5=c25c4be8233977683443c23cf1fc6bb5","Previous research studies have used multi-frequency radar Doppler Spectra to study different aspects of precipitation, and have demonstrated its utility as an accurate profiling rain-gauge method. Recently this concept have been used to retrieve the drop size distribution (DSD) and vertical air motion in rain using a dual-frequency Cloud Profiling Radar System, operating at 33GHz (Ka-band) and 95GHz (W-band) for light to moderate rain-rates. As proposed, the use of a non-attenuating frequency, such as 2.8GHz, instead of the Ka-band, will provide measurements over a wider dynamic range of rain conditions, extending the active rain-gauge concept to heavier rain-rates. The use of the W-band signal will provide accurate measurement of the vertical air motion in rain. Considering the conditions of heavy rain in which case large non-spherical raindrops exist, the actual drop's shapes will be corrected. Data will be processed as suggested by Firda et al., 1999. This research's goal is to develop software to retrieve several cloud characterization parameters, such as drop size distribution and vertical air motion from collected data during November 2001 at the Cloud and Radiation Testbed (CART) site in Lamont, Oklahoma. Rain-rate estimates, drop size distributions and the vertical air motion retrieval used to study the inner processes of rain will be presented."
"7801622377;","Flood forecasting and management in Pakistan",2003,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0042769787&partnerID=40&md5=9030accc1b59ff09ac8e9ce88a5d5f9b","Meteorologically, there are two situations which may cause three types of floods in Pakistan: (i) meteorological situation for Category-I floods, the seasonal low is a semi-permanent weather system situated over southeastern Baluchistan, southwestern Punjab, adjoining parts of Sindh, which intensifies and causes moisture from the Arabian Sea to be brought up to the upper catchments of the Chenab and Jhelum rivers; (ii) the situation for the more severe Category-II and Category-III floods, is linked with the monsoon low/depression. Such monsoon systems originate in the Bay of Bengal region and then move across India in a general west/northwesterly direction to arrive over Rajasthan or the adjoining states of India. Flood management in Pakistan is a multi-functional process involving a number of different organizations. The first step in the process is issuance of a flood forecast/warning which is prepared by the Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) utilizing satellite cloud pictures and quantitative precipitation measurements using radar data, in addition to the conventional weather forecasting facilities. For quantitative flood forecasting, hydrological data is obtained through the Provincial Irrigation Department and WAPDA. Furthermore, improved rainfall-runoff and flood routing models have been developed to provide more reliable and explicit flood information to a flood prone population."
"7202899330;","CloudSat and the EOS constellation",2001,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035574762&partnerID=40&md5=bcea11ce9575fc1ec16a04297f9ca092","CloudSat is a multi-satellite experiment designed to utilize the opportunity provided by the EOS constellation to deliver, as directly as possible, information relevant for assessing the way cloud processes are parameterized in global weather prediction and climate models. Hence, CloudSat will provide a means for the critical evaluation of model prediction of clouds."
"7409529898;","Goddard DAAC Climatology Data Collection (CIDC)",2000,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033852457&partnerID=40&md5=5b6742a25ea6efa688d1908d28583e54","To facilitate the use of integrated, multiyear data sets related to the U.S. Global Change Program (http://www.usgcrp.gov), the Goddard Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) compiled a consistent summary of several important data sets. Select data (called the Goddard DAAC Climatology Interdisciplinary Data Collection (CIDC)) from the atmospheric, oceanic, and land use sciences were placed on a common global map grid. Most are on a uniform spatial and temporal scale (1 x 1 degree, monthly), but some larger meshes (2 x 2 degrees, etc.) do occur. Subjects and data sets included: 1. Atmospheric Dynamics and Atmospheric Soundings- a. Assimilation Atmospheric Dynamics Subset, GSFC DAO, b. Atmospheric Soundings, TOVS Subset, GSFC; 2. Radiation and Clouds- a. Outgoing Longwave Radiant Flux, ERBE, b. Total Solar Irradiance, c. Clouds, ISCCP C2, d. New Clouds, ISCCP D2, e. Surface Solar Irradiance, NASA/GISS, f. Surface Radiation Budget, NASA/Langley; 3. The Biosphere- a. Vegetation Index, AVHRR NDVI, Readme, b. Ocean Pigment Concentration, CZCS, c. Global Land Cover, ISLSCP; 4. Variable Atmospheric Constituents- a. Ozone, TOMS, b. Greenhouse Gases, CDIAC; 5. Measured Surface Temperatures and Pressures- a. Sea Surface Temperature, NOAA/NCEP, b. Temperature Deviations, U. East Anglia, c. Southern Oscillation Index, U. East Anglia, d. Global Temperatures Deviations, NASA/GISS, 6. Hydrology- a. Atmospheric Precipitable Water, SSMI, b. Snow Depth, SMMR, d. Sea Ice Concentration, SMMR, e. Global Rain Gauge Analysis, GPCC, f. Global Land and Ocean Precipitation Analysis, GPCP, g. Soil Characteristics, FAO, h. Monsoon Rain, SMMR; and 7. Remote Sensing Science- a. Cloud Absorption Anomaly, Cess, d. Angular Radiation Distribution Models, ERBE. The URL for this information is http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/CAMPAIGN_DOCS/FTP_SITE/inter_disc.html. Contact: Goddard DAAC Helpdesk, EOS Distributed Active Archive Center, Global Change Data Center, Code 902.2, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; tel: (301) 614-5224; fax: (301) 614 5268; e-mail: daacus@@@daac.gsfc.nasa.gov; internet: http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov (source: Global Change Master Directory, http://gcmd.nasa.gov)."
"7101938716;7005479766;","Model reproduction of the interannual variability of the thermodynamic and hydrologic cycles in the arctic basin",2000,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033828744&partnerID=40&md5=c7bebb956ab6c760432469965e7d4f57","A series of numerical experiments was performed using the thermodynamic sea-ice-ocean model supplemented by a snow cover description, which was used earlier in [1] to reproduce the seasonal variability of the Arctic Basin. Monthly mean values of the variables for water flows of rivers and the Bering Sea, and the atmosphere (precipitation, cloudiness, air temperature, and air humidity), estimated with the help of the 1951-1990 observational data, as well as climatic values of the variables for the water exchange with deepwater layers of the Atlantic and for other factors were given as external influences on the system. Seasonal dynamics and interannual fluctuation of the variables for the snow-ice cover and the upper layer of the Arctic Basin were reproduced indicating an agreement with available observational data. A considerable growth of the model detrainment of snow, ice, and meltwater from the Arctic Basin was revealed for the 1960s, when an intensive freshening in the northern North Atlantic was observed. It was demonstrated that the fluctuations of this detrainment are controlled mainly by air temperature and precipitation; the variations of salinity of the oceanic upper layer are controlled by the river water inflow as well."
"6602578899;6506953861;","Use of surface data on widespread precipitation intensity for reconstruction of the vertical profile of water content in clouds and in a subcloud layer",1999,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033496685&partnerID=40&md5=cfa6e62541d1a2a54e91b51ea047eb9a","A problem is considered on reconstruction of the vertical profiles of widespread precipitation by a numerical modeling method based on surface rain gauge measurements. The problem is solved by constructing a parametrized set of equations that takes into account major processes of precipitation (rainfall and snow) growth and evaporation. The equations include rain evaporation below a cloud base, coagulation growth of droplets in a nonsupercooled part of the cloud, and condensation-coagulation growth and evaporation of snow at negative temperatures. Results of the numerical experiment with the model are presented. Vertical profiles of the precipitation water content are obtained for different seasons for St. Petersburg."
"6602320405;7006499081;","Precipitation measurement using DMSP SSM/I data and the Third Precipitation Intercomparison Project (PIP-3)",1998,"10.1007/BF03026669","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84869814650&doi=10.1007%2fBF03026669&partnerID=40&md5=4f64ff93fa7a985c3e751ab2891366f0","The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) is described and information is provided about the spacecraft, its environment, ground data system, global visible and infrared cloud data. The third Precipitation Intercomparison Project (PIP-3) objectives, principles of operation, sensor specifications and calibration information of the SSM/I are discussed. Finally, some results of the Third Precipitation Intercomparison Project are presented."
"7103343384;6506879405;7801561589;6507553065;6602421589;57198235788;6507560631;57214703539;","A case study of cloud seeding over Moscow on 9 May 1995",1997,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-18744430253&partnerID=40&md5=4b855b163dd6b6e86d0296ad001db598","Results are reported on a case of cloud seeding on 9 May 1995 in order to dissipate clouds, to prevent them from precipitating, or to reduce substantially the amount of rain they would produce. Seven aircraft types of An-26, An-30, and An-12 were used for this purpose, being equipped to seed clounds with dry ice pellets and to release pyrotechnic flares containing 2% of silver iodide or roughly disperse powders made from alimina. The seeding effects were monitored by following the evolution of the treated clouds from aircraft, by making radar observation,s and by using data from a rain gauge network. For the period of cloud seeding the amount of rain measured in the Moscow area was 2-5 times as low as that fallen in its nearest surroundings, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of cloud seeding operations."
"7201365003;","Global warming and climate change -- scientific update",1997,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031419267&partnerID=40&md5=b404b5d1d13cf490e532acbd08e64e50","Global warming is a subject firmly on the national agenda. Politicians make speeches about it, scientists argue about it, the international Earth Summit at Rio in 1992 agreed action should be taken to counter it. But many people are not quite sure of the facts of global warming. The purpose of this article is to explain simply what is known, what we are uncertain about and what action might be taken. Regarding the science of global warming the basic principles are well established. Because of the increase in concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere resulting from human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels, the global average temperature near the surface is rising. It is also expected that the hydrological cycle will become more intense which means that the frequency and intensity of floods and droughts will tend to increase. Because, however, of the complex feedbacks which occur in the climate system, detailed regional projections of climate change remain very uncertain. Many actions can be taken, however, at little or no cost which can assist in reducing anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide. Plans also need to be made to achieve the more substantial reductions which will almost certainly be required in the longer term. Working towards a sustainable future presents large challenges to both governments and industry."
"7003529616;7004015094;7007114756;7201462545;","Rainfall rate measurement with a polarimetric radar at an attenuated wavelength",1997,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031344872&partnerID=40&md5=0e2b9c0d11a6eed1b30d4275b07417c0","The proposed attenuated polarimetric algorithm by Sauvageot for rain rate measurement is reviewed. Theoretical arguments and numerical simulation show that the algorithm is independent from a radar calibration; is poorly influenced by the shape of the drop size distribution, is not biased by the attenuation by water clouds, and is able to qualitatively detect the anomalous propagations and the presence of hail. The algorithm is tested by measuring rain rates and cumulative rain heights, using only a polarimetric radar, and comparing the results with independent data obtained at the ground with rain gauge network."
"7202693857;7003990413;","Model-estimated microwave emissions from rain systems for remote sensing applications",1996,"10.1029/96jd02244","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030357947&doi=10.1029%2f96jd02244&partnerID=40&md5=c864989389dc3ad739e2f6c812718a66","A simple model for estimating the upward and downward microwave emission from rain layer types above ground is presented. The emission properties of the rain layers are estimated from physical quantities such as the optical depth, the single-scattering albedo, the physical temperature, and a given drop size distribution for Mie scattering calculations. The underlying surface is characterized by the emissivity and the physical temperature. The transparency coefficient q and the reflection coefficient r of the rain layer are expressed by these physical quantities. The brightness temperature then is given by the physical temperature T, q, and r. The radiation transfer is estimated by the method of layer addition, described by Sobolev [1956], which avoids the necessity of solving the equation of radiation transfer. The accuracy of this simple model was estimated by comparisons with three-dimensional Monte Carlo calculations. The error is estimated to be less than 3 K for common situations and less than 8 K for unrealistic high optical depths. It is shown that any one of the quantities rain rate, rain layer depth, and physical temperature can be estimated with sufficient accuracy if the others are known. The basic model has been extended for application to inhomogeneous cloud layers and to include differences in brightness temperatures for horizontal and vertical polarizations for oblate raindrops. The main intended application of this model is rain rate estimation from space with low data processing efforts, especially for the Priroda mission. The model was tested for the downwelling emission during the field experiment CLEOPATRA by measurements with a polarimetric weather radar and rain gauges. The results verify the principles, and promising agreement was found at least for stratiform rain. The polarimetric extension of the model too showed promising results under quite different measurement conditions in Russia and southern Germany."
[No author id available],"The nature of precipitation [Sumner G.]",1996,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030449746&partnerID=40&md5=a953f63c137d6590575a35daf33c0158","The first of two complementary articles on precipitation. Their role is to extend what is usually covered in basic texts and to provide an overview of how the data collected may be used to develop knowledge about the events themselves. This article summarises cloud and precipitation generation, and examines precipitation measurement and describes known numerical relationships linking the three main measures of precipitation; amount, duration and spatial extent."
"7005397856;6603287881;6701636478;7201483914;","Diabatic initialization of stratiform precipitation for a mesoscale model",1996,"10.1175/1520-0450(1996)035<1111:DIOSPF>2.0.CO;2","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030425226&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0450%281996%29035%3c1111%3aDIOSPF%3e2.0.CO%3b2&partnerID=40&md5=6a3a51c6831ca794587cbdecc8a18445","A technique is described that adds diabatic forcing from stratiform precipitation to a vertical normal-mode initialization of a mesoscale model. The technique uses observed precipitation amounts and cloud-top height estimations with analyzed thermodynamic and kinematic fields to vertically distribute diabatic heating that arises from stratiform precipitation. Simulation experiments reveal the importance of incorporating this heating into the initialization. An adiabatic initialization recovered about 65%-75% of the maximum upward vertical motions, whereas a diabatic initialization, with respect to stratiform precipitation, recovered nearly all the original vertical motions. A real-data case study is presented using combined rain gauge-satellite precipitation analyses with cloud-top heights estimated from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite infrared brightness temperatures. The short-term precipitation forecasts from a diabatically initialized model, with respect to stratiform precipitation, demonstrate improvement over forecasts from an adiabatically initialized model."
"7003990413;6701685341;56277614200;","CLEOPATRA experiment",1994,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028492268&partnerID=40&md5=a2d5e6128bd4a674847c51c1bd30f403","The squall line event of July 21, 1992 has been observed in great detail because it fell on the second intense observation period of the CLEOPATRA experiment. It was performed in southern Germany north of the Alps, an area of known enhanced thunderstorm activity. The general goal was to quantify elements of the hydrological cycle on a regional scale with respect to precipitation events and vegetation state. The observational setup, including 10 research aircraft, four radar systems, and different ground-based networks, was operational from May 11 to July 31, 1992 to cover an essential period of the growing season."
"56636437400;6602633306;8542810400;","Numerical simulation of the northern Germany storm of 27–28 August 1989",1994,"10.1034/j.1600-0870.1994.t01-4-00006.x","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84981676723&doi=10.1034%2fj.1600-0870.1994.t01-4-00006.x&partnerID=40&md5=905d84645590a36eb8d8bec20247641e","On 27 August 1989, an unusual mesoscale storm struck the area between Hamburg and Kiel in Germany. Locally, more than 100 mm of precipitation fell in 24 h, and mean winds exceeding 25 m/s−1 were recorded. The operational models failed to predict both the development of the originally innocent‐looking low, and its track. Successful simulations have been performed for this situation by introducing the Sundqvist scheme for parameterization of the hydrological cycle into the Norwegian operational limited area model. The simulations show that latent heat release is the main driving mechanism in the intensification of the low. Comparison between simulations with and without released latent heat taken into account shows significant differences in the development and also in track, and clearly demonstrates the role of released latent heat in generation and clustering of the PV, and its subsequent importance for spinning up the mesoscale vortex. Copyright © 1994, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved"
"6507077014;7006689582;7102541803;","Estimation of the influence of characteristics of the hydrologic cycle on global climate sensitivity to anthropogenic effects",1992,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027028952&partnerID=40&md5=aa80d9ed07031b520752d9e7cfa0b3f8","The influence of the characteristics of the hydrologic cycle of the atmosphere and land on the sensitivity of a thermodynamic climate model to anthropogenic effects, including the variations in the carbon dioxide content qCO2 and the optical aerosol thickness τa in the atmosphere is estimated. Incorporation of the variable soil moisture content in the model leads to an increase in the sensitivity of the model to qCO2 and τa variations. An appreciable difference between the latitudinal boundaries of the zones with negative and positive variations in precipitation intensity and soil moisture content is noted. The dependence of the characteristics of the climate model sensitivity to a doubling of qCO2 on the correlation of clouds of different layers is estimated. -Journal summary"
"7103133591;","Monitoring of the warm pool of the western tropical Pacific",1991,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026373157&partnerID=40&md5=e19313de7f7d214e2fef3a5a1fbb8b59","Summary form only given. The western Pacific warm pool can be defined by the annual average position of the 29°C isotherm. Fluctuations in the intensity, size and position of the warm pool are linked through the hydrological cycle to the East Asian and Australian monsoons, and to the El Nino/Southern Oscillation phenomenon. In order to better assess the state of the warm pool system, and understand its role in the global climate, an enhancement of the tropical ocean/global atmosphere (TOGA) monitoring program is being undertaken in the western tropical Pacific as part of the coupled ocean atmosphere response experiment (COARE). The goals and methods of this enhanced monitoring are described."
"16185051500;","Summary of the Tenth International Cloud Physics Conference, 15-20 August 1988, Bad Homburg, Federal Republic of Germany",1989,"10.1175/1520-0477-70.3.286","https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0024799805&doi=10.1175%2f1520-0477-70.3.286&partnerID=40&md5=bed26256e3a4c0b97faf3aa395c70b5e","Brief summaries of some of the highlights of the presentations are given under the session they appeared in. These are: cloud microphysics - laboratory studies, field measurements and theory, entrainment and mixing and numerical modeling; clouds and radiation; cloud chemistry and acidic precipitation - measurements and numerical modeling; instrumentation; orographic clouds; cirrus clouds; boundary-layer processes, fogs and layer clouds; cyclones; fronts and rainbands; graupel and hail; convective clouds - measurements, and theory and numerical modeling; thunderstorms; satellite studies; severe storms and hurricanes; rounding off with poster sessions. -J.W.Cooper"
[No author id available],"10th international cloud physics conference preprints, for Bad Homburg, 15-20 August 1988. Two volumes",1988,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85040879098&partnerID=40&md5=54609e2a7026d5dcb774280aaf94610a","The two volumes contain 170 short papers and 79 poster papers, all in English, together with an author index.The arrangement is by session theme: cloud microphysics (laboratory studies; field measurements and theory; entrainment and mixing; numerical modeling); clouds and radiation; cloud chemistry and acidic precipitation (measurements; numerical modeling); instrumentation; orographic clouds; cirrus clouds; boundary-layer processes, fogs and layer clouds; cyclones, fronts and rainbands; graupel and hail; convective clouds (measurements; theory and numerical modeling); thunderstorms; satellite studies; severe storms and hurricanes. The poster papers cover: cloud microphysics and chemistry; cloud macrophysics. -M.A.Bass"
"7005865667;55457199100;","Observing atmospheric water in storms with the Nimbus 7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer.",1984,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021614637&partnerID=40&md5=e7172374318c8e7ba537bbf9e581373b","Employing data on integrated atmospheric water vapor, total cloud liquid water and rain rate obtainable from the Nimbus 7 SMMR, we study the frontal structure of several mid-latitude cyclones over the North Pacific Ocean as they approach the west coast of North America in the winter of 1979. The fronts, analyzed with all available independent data, are consistently located at the leading edge of the strongest gradient in integrated water vapor. The cloud liquid water content, which unfortunately has received very little in situ verification, has patterns which are consistent with the structure seen in visible and infrared imagery. The rain distribution is also a good indicator of frontal location and rain amounts are generally within a factor of two of what is observed with rain gauges on the coast.-from STAR, 22(17), 1984"
"7004420486;7103098185;","Precipitation measurements for Earth-space communications: accuracy requirements and ground-truth techniques.",1981,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0019646766&partnerID=40&md5=031cb00e9bfffaccc7a599018239f3ef","Ships could not provide the needed resolution of rainfall measurement nor could available radars provide the needed breadth of coverage. Microwave observations from the Nimbus-5 satellite offered some hope. Another possibility was suggested by the results of many comparisons between rainfall and the clouds seen in satellite pictures. -from STAR, 21(14), 1983"
"57217625086;","Raingage network sampling statistics ( Pacific).",1981,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0019645859&partnerID=40&md5=e9d3d94faa56e9e37ade6928b5f219b2","Sampling problems raise large difficulties for precipitation measurements from space. In the tropics rainfall processes are organized in scales which are hardly resolved by the microwave radiometers on board satellites. Our analysis of the cloud clusters over the W Pacific Ocean revealed that more than 50% of the area of a typical W Pacific cluster are without rain. -from STAR, 21(14), 1983"
"57217969199;","Desert convection clouds.",1980,,"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85040299025&partnerID=40&md5=f691fed0ac710defab4cb4fd88a0cdad","Equipment is being set up to measure various properties of desert clouds. The equipment includes a 3 cm radar, a 0.86 cm vertically pointing radar, a GMD-1 rawinsonde, 12 weighing bucket rain gauges, cameras for stereophotography of clouds. The measurements will include cloud base, cloud height, growth rate of clouds, cloud base radius, rainfall rates, liquid water content, ambient atmosphere temperature, humidity, wind. -from US Govt Reports Announcements, 17, 1980"