Funding provided by: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Crossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000038
Award Number: 2,613,927,312,355,490
Funding provided by: Fonds de recherche du Qu\u00e9bec \u2013 Nature et technologies
Crossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003151
Award Number: 167001
Funding provided by: Canada Research Chairs
Crossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001804
Award Number: CRC 229221
Natural selection has been studied for several decades, resulting in the computation of thousands of selection estimates. Although the importance of environmental conditions on selection has often been suggested, published estimates rarely take into account the effects of environmental heterogeneity on selection patterns. Here, we estimated linear and non\u2010linear viability selection gradients on morphological traits of 12 days\u2010old nestlings in a wild population of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) across a large\u2010scale heterogeneous study system in southern Qu\u00e9bec, Canada. We assessed the environmental drivers of nestling survival and evaluated their effects on strength and direction of selection gradients. Separate analyses of environmental variables showed that high temperatures and heavy rainfall caused stronger positive linear selection on morphological traits. Weaker linear selection was also measured in more extensively cultivated areas. Both strength and shape of non\u2010linear quadratic and correlational components of selection were modified by environmental variables. Considering all environmental variables revealed that precipitation since hatching affected patterns of linear selection on traits, while temperatures since hatching shaped nonlinear selection patterns. Our study underlines the importance of quantifying linear and non\u2010linear natural selection under various environmental conditions and how the evolutionary response of traits may be affected by ongoing human\u2010induced environmental changes.
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