Main text figures
Figure 1
Spatial distribution of survey responses. (A) Number of survey respondents reporting a school age student in the household by county. (B) Percentage of households with school age children reporting any in-person schooling by county, excluding counties with fewer than 10 responses (excluded counties in dark grey). (C) Percentage of households with a child in in-person schooling reporting full-time in-person schooling, excluding counties with fewer than 10 reporting in-person schooling, (D) Average number of school-based mitigation measures reported for children with in-person schooling, excluding counties with fewer than 10 reporting in-person schooling.
Figure 2
Risk from in-person schooling and distribution of mitigation measures by grade. (A) Odds ratio of COVID-19-related outcomes associated with full- and part-time in-person schooling by outcome and grade level, compared to individuals with children in their household not attending in-person schooling and adjusted for individual- and county-level covariates (but not number of mitigation measures) indicating that the strength of the association increases with grade level. (B) Distribution of mitigation measures by grade level and full- versus part-time in-person status across all grades.
Table S4:
Adjusted and unadjusted odds ratio (OR) of COVID-19 among those engaged in full- and part-time in-person schooling versus those engaged in virtual or homeschooling outcomes. All analyses adjust for survey weights. See methods for adjustment factors.
Schooling | Loss of taste/smell | COVID like illness | Test+ | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
adj. OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | adj OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | adj OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Overall | ||||||||||||
Full time in person | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Child_IP_full_binTRUE | 1.21 | 1.16–1.27 | 1.46 | 1.41–1.52 | 1.38 | 1.30–1.47 | 2.21 | 2.10–2.32 | 1.30 | 1.24–1.35 | 1.07 | 1.03–1.11 |
Part time in person | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Child_IP_part_binTRUE | 1.18 | 1.13–1.24 | 1.37 | 1.32–1.43 | 1.21 | 1.13–1.29 | 1.91 | 1.81–2.01 | 1.09 | 1.03–1.14 | 0.96 | 0.92–1.00 |
Grades K or under | ||||||||||||
Full time in person | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Child_IP_full_binTRUE | 1.11 | 0.97–1.27 | 0.93 | 0.83–1.04 | 1.16 | 0.95–1.42 | 1.15 | 0.96–1.38 | 1.21 | 1.06–1.38 | 0.87 | 0.78–0.98 |
Part time in person | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Child_IP_part_binTRUE | 0.95 | 0.80–1.12 | 0.84 | 0.72–0.98 | 0.90 | 0.70–1.16 | 0.84 | 0.66–1.07 | 1.06 | 0.90–1.25 | 0.80 | 0.69–0.93 |
Grades 1 to 5 | ||||||||||||
Full time in person | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Child_IP_full_binTRUE | 1.19 | 1.07–1.33 | 1.10 | 1.00–1.21 | 1.12 | 0.93–1.35 | 1.13 | 0.97–1.31 | 1.31 | 1.17–1.46 | 0.95 | 0.86–1.05 |
Part time in person | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Child_IP_part_binTRUE | 1.15 | 1.01–1.32 | 1.06 | 0.93–1.20 | 1.34 | 1.10–1.62 | 1.33 | 1.11–1.59 | 1.01 | 0.88–1.16 | 0.83 | 0.72–0.94 |
Grades 6 to 8 | ||||||||||||
Full time in person | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Child_IP_full_binTRUE | 1.30 | 1.12–1.52 | 1.20 | 1.05–1.37 | 1.42 | 1.14–1.78 | 1.41 | 1.16–1.72 | 1.38 | 1.19–1.61 | 1.14 | 1.00–1.30 |
Part time in person | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Child_IP_part_binTRUE | 1.24 | 1.04–1.48 | 1.09 | 0.93–1.28 | 1.43 | 1.10–1.87 | 1.30 | 1.03–1.65 | 1.05 | 0.88–1.27 | 0.88 | 0.74–1.03 |
Grades 9 to 12 | ||||||||||||
Full time in person | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Child_IP_full_binTRUE | 1.36 | 1.20–1.53 | 1.31 | 1.18–1.46 | 1.64 | 1.39–1.93 | 1.85 | 1.60–2.15 | 1.53 | 1.37–1.72 | 1.19 | 1.07–1.31 |
Part time in person | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Child_IP_part_binTRUE | 1.12 | 0.98–1.27 | 0.96 | 0.86–1.08 | 1.00 | 0.84–1.19 | 1.01 | 0.86–1.19 | 1.10 | 0.98–1.24 | 0.87 | 0.79–0.97 |
Figure 3
Impact of individual mitigation measures. (A) Relationship between number of mitigation measures and percent reporting COVID-19-related outcomes using a log-linear (solid) and spline (dashed) model. (B) Odds ratio of COVID-19-related outcomes by mitigation measure in multivariable model including all measures, versus the reduction due to a generic mitigation measure (dotted line).
Table S9
The association between mitigation measures and the odds-ratio of COVID-19-related outcomes in those engaged in in-person schooling compared to those engaged in virtual- or home-schooling, adjusted for county and individual level covariates.
Mitigatoin | Loss of taste/smell | COVID like illness | Test+ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
adj. OR | 95% CI | adj OR | 95% CI | adj OR | 95% CI | |
student mask mandate | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
sch_maskMand_stTRUE | 0.91 | 0.84–0.99 | 0.91 | 0.81–1.01 | 0.89 | 0.81–0.97 |
teacher mask mandate | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
sch_maskMand_tchTRUE | 0.82 | 0.76–0.89 | 0.66 | 0.59–0.74 | 0.91 | 0.83–0.99 |
same teacher all day | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
sch_sameTchTRUE | 1.05 | 0.97–1.13 | 0.94 | 0.84–1.06 | 1.00 | 0.93–1.08 |
same students all day | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
sch_sameStTRUE | 0.88 | 0.81–0.95 | 0.87 | 0.77–0.98 | 0.92 | 0.85–1.00 |
outdoor instruction | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
sch_outdoorInstrTRUE | 0.89 | 0.80–0.98 | 1.02 | 0.89–1.18 | 0.88 | 0.79–0.97 |
restricted entry | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
sch_restEntryTRUE | 0.94 | 0.88–1.02 | 0.92 | 0.82–1.03 | 0.88 | 0.81–0.95 |
reduced class size | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
sch_redClassSizeTRUE | 0.95 | 0.89–1.02 | 0.94 | 0.85–1.04 | 1.01 | 0.94–1.09 |
closed cafeteria | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
sch_closedCafeTRUE | 1.00 | 0.93–1.08 | 1.03 | 0.92–1.16 | 1.03 | 0.96–1.11 |
closed playground | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
sch_closedPlayTRUE | 1.01 | 0.92–1.10 | 1.12 | 0.99–1.27 | 1.01 | 0.92–1.10 |
desk shields | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
sch_deskShieldsTRUE | 1.07 | 0.99–1.15 | 1.29 | 1.15–1.44 | 1.13 | 1.04–1.22 |
extra desk space | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
sch_xdeskSpaceTRUE | 0.92 | 0.86–1.00 | 0.93 | 0.84–1.04 | 0.97 | 0.89–1.05 |
no extracurriculars | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
sch_noExtraCurrTRUE | 0.84 | 0.78–0.91 | 0.86 | 0.77–0.96 | 0.73 | 0.68–0.79 |
no sharing supplies | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
sch_noShareSuppTRUE | 0.89 | 0.83–0.96 | 0.90 | 0.81–1.01 | 0.93 | 0.86–1.00 |
daily symptom screen | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
sch_dailySymptScrTRUE | 0.82 | 0.76–0.87 | 0.75 | 0.68–0.83 | 0.78 | 0.73–0.84 |
partime in-person | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Child_IP_part_binTRUE | 1.12 | 1.05–1.19 | 1.08 | 0.99–1.18 | 0.97 | 0.91–1.03 |
Figure 4
Risk of in-person schooling by strata of number of reported mitigation measures. (A) Estimated risk associated with full- and part-time in-person schooling by outcome and number of mitigation measures implemented, adjusted for individual and county-level covariates. (B) Distribution of mitigation measures by total number of measures implemented.
Table S8:
Association between risk of full-time schooling and number of mitigation measures implemented after accounting for survey design and adjusting for county and individual level covariates.
Schooling | Loss of taste/smell | COVID like illness | Test+ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
adj. OR | 95% CI | adj OR | 95% CI | adj OR | 95% CI | |
Overall | ||||||
N mitigation measures | 0.92 | 0.91–0.93 | 0.91 | 0.89–0.92 | 0.93 | 0.92–0.94 |
Grades K or under | ||||||
N mitigation measures | 0.96 | 0.93–0.98 | 0.91 | 0.88–0.95 | 0.96 | 0.94–0.98 |
Grades 1 to 5 | ||||||
N mitigation measures | 0.94 | 0.93–0.96 | 0.94 | 0.91–0.96 | 0.97 | 0.95–0.99 |
Grades 6 to 8 | ||||||
N mitigation measures | 0.92 | 0.90–0.95 | 0.92 | 0.88–0.96 | 0.93 | 0.90–0.95 |
Grades 9 to 12 | ||||||
N mitigation measures | 0.93 | 0.91–0.95 | 0.91 | 0.88–0.94 | 0.94 | 0.92–0.96 |
Figure 5
Sub-group analysis of association between in-person schooling and COVID-19-related outcomes. Estimated odds ratio (versus those in strata not reporting in-person schooling) of COVID-19-related outcomes from full-time (circles, dashed lines) and part-time (triangles, dotted line) in-person schooling when data is stratified by (A) county population size and relation to metropolitan areas (metropolitan area, non-metropolitan area, adjacent to metropolitan area), (B) quintile of incidence (Q1 is lowest, Q5 is highest) and (C) propensity to report in-person schooling (Q5 most likely to have in-person schooling, Q1 least likely). Horizontal dashed and dotted lines show overall point estimates for full-time and part-time in-person instruction, respectively.