Primary functions
Here are examples of the main functions currently supported in ggstatsplot
.
Note: If you are reading this on GitHub
repository, the documentation below is for the development version of the package. So you may see some features available here that are not currently present in the stable version of this package on CRAN. For documentation relevant for the CRAN
version, see: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggstatsplot/readme/README.html
ggbetweenstats
This function creates either a violin plot, a box plot, or a mix of two for between-group or between-condition comparisons with results from statistical tests in the subtitle. The simplest function call looks like this-
# loading needed libraries
library(ggstatsplot)
# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)
# plot
ggstatsplot::ggbetweenstats(
data = iris,
x = Species,
y = Sepal.Length,
messages = FALSE
) + # further modification outside of ggstatsplot
ggplot2::coord_cartesian(ylim = c(3, 8)) +
ggplot2::scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(3, 8, by = 1))
Note that this function returns object of class ggplot
and thus can be further modified using ggplot2
functions.
A number of other arguments can be specified to make this plot even more informative or change some of the default options. Additionally, this time we will use a grouping variable that has only two levels. The function will automatically switch from carrying out an ANOVA analysis to a t-test.
The type
(of test) argument also accepts the following abbreviations: "p"
(for parametric) or "np"
(for nonparametric) or "r"
(for robust) or "bf"
(for Bayes Factor). Additionally, the type of plot to be displayed can also be modified ("box"
, "violin"
, or "boxviolin"
).
A number of other arguments can be specified to make this plot even more informative or change some of the default options.
library(ggplot2)
# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)
# let's leave out one of the factor levels and see if instead of anova, a t-test will be run
iris2 <- dplyr::filter(.data = iris, Species != "setosa")
# let's change the levels of our factors, a common routine in data analysis
# pipeline, to see if this function respects the new factor levels
iris2$Species <- factor(iris2$Species, levels = c("virginica", "versicolor"))
# plot
ggstatsplot::ggbetweenstats(
data = iris2,
x = Species,
y = Sepal.Length,
notch = TRUE, # show notched box plot
mean.plotting = TRUE, # whether mean for each group is to be displayed
mean.ci = TRUE, # whether to display confidence interval for means
type = "parametric", # which type of test is to be run
k = 3, # number of decimal places for statistical results
outlier.tagging = TRUE, # whether outliers need to be tagged
outlier.label = Sepal.Width, # variable to be used for the outlier tag
outlier.label.args = list(color = "darkgreen"), # changing the color for the text label
xlab = "Type of Species", # label for the x-axis variable
ylab = "Attribute: Sepal Length", # label for the y-axis variable
title = "Dataset: Iris flower data set", # title text for the plot
ggtheme = ggthemes::theme_fivethirtyeight(), # choosing a different theme
ggstatsplot.layer = FALSE, # turn off ggstatsplot theme layer
package = "wesanderson", # package from which color palette is to be taken
palette = "Darjeeling1", # choosing a different color palette
messages = FALSE
)
As can be seen from the plot, the function by default returns Bayes Factor for the test (here, Student’s t-test). If the null hypothesis can’t be rejected with the null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) approach, the Bayesian approach can help index evidence in favor of the null hypothesis (i.e., BF01).
By default, natural logarithms are shown because Bayes Factor values can sometimes be pretty large. Having values on logarithmic scale also makes it easy to compare evidence in favor alternative (BF10) versus null (BF01) hypotheses (since loge(BF01) = − loge(BF01)).
Additionally, there is also a grouped_
variant of this function that makes it easy to repeat the same operation across a single grouping variable:
# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)
# plot
ggstatsplot::grouped_ggbetweenstats(
data = dplyr::filter(
.data = ggstatsplot::movies_long,
genre %in% c("Action", "Action Comedy", "Action Drama", "Comedy")
),
x = mpaa,
y = length,
grouping.var = genre, # grouping variable
pairwise.comparisons = TRUE, # display significant pairwise comparisons
pairwise.annotation = "p.value", # how do you want to annotate the pairwise comparisons
p.adjust.method = "bonferroni", # method for adjusting p-values for multiple comparisons
conf.level = 0.99, # changing confidence level to 99%
# adding new components to `ggstatsplot` default
ggplot.component = list(ggplot2::scale_y_continuous(sec.axis = ggplot2::dup_axis())),
k = 3,
title.prefix = "Movie genre",
caption = substitute(paste(italic("Source"), ":IMDb (Internet Movie Database)")),
palette = "default_jama",
package = "ggsci",
messages = FALSE,
plotgrid.args = list(nrow = 2),
title.text = "Differences in movie length by mpaa ratings for different genres"
)
Summary of tests
Following (between-subjects) tests are carried out for each type of analyses-
Type | No. of groups | Test |
---|---|---|
Parametric | > 2 | Fisher’s or Welch’s one-way ANOVA |
Non-parametric | > 2 | Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA |
Robust | > 2 | Heteroscedastic one-way ANOVA for trimmed means |
Bayes Factor | > 2 | Fisher’s ANOVA |
Parametric | 2 | Student’s or Welch’s t-test |
Non-parametric | 2 | Mann–Whitney U test |
Robust | 2 | Yuen’s test for trimmed means |
Bayes Factor | 2 | Student’s t-test |
The omnibus effect in one-way ANOVA design can also be followed up with more focal pairwise comparison tests. Here is a summary of multiple pairwise comparison tests supported in ggbetweenstats-
Type | Equal variance? | Test | p-value adjustment? |
---|---|---|---|
Parametric | No | Games-Howell test | Yes |
Parametric | Yes | Student’s t-test | Yes |
Non-parametric | No | Dwass-Steel-Crichtlow-Fligner test | Yes |
Robust | No | Yuen’s trimmed means test | Yes |
Bayes Factor | No | No | No |
Bayes Factor | Yes | No | No |
For more, see the ggbetweenstats
vignette: https://indrajeetpatil.github.io/ggstatsplot/articles/web_only/ggbetweenstats.html
ggwithinstats
ggbetweenstats
function has an identical twin function ggwithinstats
for repeated measures designs that behaves in the same fashion with a few minor tweaks introduced to properly visualize the repeated measures design. As can be seen from an example below, the only difference between the plot structure is that now the group means are connected by paths to highlight the fact that these data are paired with each other.
# for reproducibility and data
set.seed(123)
library(WRS2)
# plot
ggstatsplot::ggwithinstats(
data = WRS2::WineTasting,
x = Wine,
y = Taste,
sort = "descending", # ordering groups along the x-axis based on
sort.fun = median, # values of `y` variable
pairwise.comparisons = TRUE, # show pairwise comparison test results
title = "Wine tasting",
caption = "Data from: `WRS2` R package",
ggtheme = ggthemes::theme_fivethirtyeight(),
ggstatsplot.layer = FALSE,
messages = FALSE
)
As with the ggbetweenstats
, this function also has a grouped_
variant that makes repeating the same analysis across a single grouping variable quicker. We will see an example with only repeated measurements-
# common setup
set.seed(123)
# getting data in tidy format
data_bugs <- ggstatsplot::bugs_long %>%
dplyr::filter(.data = ., region %in% c("Europe", "North America"))
# plot
ggstatsplot::grouped_ggwithinstats(
data = dplyr::filter(data_bugs, condition %in% c("LDLF", "LDHF")),
x = condition,
y = desire,
xlab = "Condition",
ylab = "Desire to kill an artrhopod",
grouping.var = region,
outlier.tagging = TRUE,
outlier.label = education,
ggtheme = hrbrthemes::theme_ipsum_tw(),
ggstatsplot.layer = FALSE,
messages = FALSE
)
Summary of tests
Following (within-subjects) tests are carried out for each type of analyses-
Type | No. of groups | Test |
---|---|---|
Parametric | > 2 | One-way repeated measures ANOVA |
Non-parametric | > 2 | Friedman test |
Robust | > 2 | Heteroscedastic one-way repeated measures ANOVA for trimmed means |
Bayes Factor | > 2 | One-way repeated measures ANOVA |
Parametric | 2 | Student’s t-test |
Non-parametric | 2 | Wilcoxon signed-rank test |
Robust | 2 | Yuen’s test on trimmed means for dependent samples |
Bayes Factor | 2 | Student’s t-test |
The omnibus effect in one-way ANOVA design can also be followed up with more focal pairwise comparison tests. Here is a summary of multiple pairwise comparison tests supported in ggwithinstats-
Type | Test | p-value adjustment? |
---|---|---|
Parametric | Student’s t-test | Yes |
Non-parametric | Durbin-Conover test | Yes |
Robust | Yuen’s trimmed means test | Yes |
Bayes Factor | No | No |
For more, see the ggwithinstats
vignette: https://indrajeetpatil.github.io/ggstatsplot/articles/web_only/ggwithinstats.html
ggscatterstats
This function creates a scatterplot with marginal distributions overlaid on the axes (from ggExtra::ggMarginal
) and results from statistical tests in the subtitle:
ggstatsplot::ggscatterstats(
data = ggplot2::msleep,
x = sleep_rem,
y = awake,
xlab = "REM sleep (in hours)",
ylab = "Amount of time spent awake (in hours)",
title = "Understanding mammalian sleep",
messages = FALSE
)
The available marginal distributions are-
- histograms
- boxplots
- density
- violin
- densigram (density + histogram)
Number of other arguments can be specified to modify this basic plot-
# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)
# plot
ggstatsplot::ggscatterstats(
data = dplyr::filter(.data = ggstatsplot::movies_long, genre == "Action"),
x = budget,
y = rating,
type = "robust", # type of test that needs to be run
conf.level = 0.99, # confidence level
xlab = "Movie budget (in million/ US$)", # label for x axis
ylab = "IMDB rating", # label for y axis
label.var = "title", # variable for labeling data points
label.expression = "rating < 5 & budget > 100", # expression that decides which points to label
line.color = "yellow", # changing regression line color line
title = "Movie budget and IMDB rating (action)", # title text for the plot
caption = expression( # caption text for the plot
paste(italic("Note"), ": IMDB stands for Internet Movie DataBase")
),
ggtheme = hrbrthemes::theme_ipsum_ps(), # choosing a different theme
ggstatsplot.layer = FALSE, # turn off ggstatsplot theme layer
marginal.type = "density", # type of marginal distribution to be displayed
xfill = "#0072B2", # color fill for x-axis marginal distribution
yfill = "#009E73", # color fill for y-axis marginal distribution
xalpha = 0.6, # transparency for x-axis marginal distribution
yalpha = 0.6, # transparency for y-axis marginal distribution
centrality.parameter = "median", # central tendency lines to be displayed
messages = FALSE # turn off messages and notes
)
Additionally, there is also a grouped_
variant of this function that makes it easy to repeat the same operation across a single grouping variable. Also, note that, as opposed to the other functions, this function does not return a ggplot
object and any modification you want to make can be made in advance using ggplot.component
argument (available for all functions, but especially useful for this particular function):
# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)
# plot
ggstatsplot::grouped_ggscatterstats(
data = dplyr::filter(
.data = ggstatsplot::movies_long,
genre %in% c("Action", "Action Comedy", "Action Drama", "Comedy")
),
x = rating,
y = length,
label.var = title,
label.expression = length > 200,
conf.level = 0.99,
k = 3, # no. of decimal places in the results
xfill = "#E69F00",
yfill = "#8b3058",
xlab = "IMDB rating",
grouping.var = genre, # grouping variable
title.prefix = "Movie genre",
ggtheme = ggplot2::theme_grey(),
ggplot.component = list(
ggplot2::scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(2, 9, 1), limits = (c(2, 9)))
),
messages = FALSE,
plotgrid.args = list(nrow = 2),
title.text = "Relationship between movie length by IMDB ratings for different genres"
)
Summary of tests
Following tests are carried out for each type of analyses. Additionally, the correlation coefficients (and their confidence intervals) are used as effect sizes-
Type | Test | CI? |
---|---|---|
Parametric | Pearson’s correlation coefficient | Yes |
Non-parametric | Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient | Yes |
Robust | Percentage bend correlation coefficient | Yes |
Bayes Factor | Pearson’s correlation coefficient | No |
For more, see the ggscatterstats
vignette: https://indrajeetpatil.github.io/ggstatsplot/articles/web_only/ggscatterstats.html
ggpiestats
This function creates a pie chart for categorical or nominal variables with results from contingency table analysis (Pearson’s χ2 test for between-subjects design and McNemar’s χ2 test for within-subjects design) included in the subtitle of the plot. If only one categorical variable is entered, results from one-sample proportion test (i.e., a χ2 goodness of fit test) will be displayed as a subtitle.
Here is an example of a case where the theoretical question is about proportions for different levels of a single nominal variable:
# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)
# plot
ggstatsplot::ggpiestats(
data = ggplot2::msleep,
x = vore,
title = "Composition of vore types among mammals",
messages = FALSE
)
This function can also be used to study an interaction between two categorical variables:
# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)
# plot
ggstatsplot::ggpiestats(
data = mtcars,
x = am,
y = cyl,
conf.level = 0.99, # confidence interval for effect size measure
title = "Dataset: Motor Trend Car Road Tests", # title for the plot
stat.title = "interaction: ", # title for the results
legend.title = "Transmission", # title for the legend
factor.levels = c("1 = manual", "0 = automatic"), # renaming the factor level names (`x`)
facet.wrap.name = "No. of cylinders", # name for the facetting variable
slice.label = "counts", # show counts data instead of percentages
package = "ggsci", # package from which color palette is to be taken
palette = "default_jama", # choosing a different color palette
caption = substitute( # text for the caption
paste(italic("Source"), ": 1974 Motor Trend US magazine")
),
messages = FALSE # turn off messages and notes
)
In case of repeated measures designs, setting paired = TRUE
will produce results from McNemar’s χ2 test-
# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)
# data
survey.data <-
data.frame(
`1st survey` = c("Approve", "Approve", "Disapprove", "Disapprove"),
`2nd survey` = c("Approve", "Disapprove", "Approve", "Disapprove"),
`Counts` = c(794, 150, 86, 570),
check.names = FALSE
)
# plot
ggstatsplot::ggpiestats(
data = survey.data,
x = `1st survey`,
y = `2nd survey`,
counts = Counts,
paired = TRUE, # within-subjects design
conf.level = 0.99, # confidence interval for effect size measure
package = "wesanderson",
palette = "Royal1"
)
#> Note: 99% CI for effect size estimate was computed with 100 bootstrap samples.
#> # A tibble: 2 x 11
#> `2nd survey` counts perc N Approve Disapprove statistic p.value
#> <fct> <int> <dbl> <chr> <chr> <chr> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 Disapprove 720 45 (n = 720) 20.83% 79.17% 245 3.20e- 55
#> 2 Approve 880 55. (n = 880) 90.23% 9.77% 570. 6.80e-126
#> parameter method significance
#> <dbl> <chr> <chr>
#> 1 1 Chi-squared test for given probabilities ***
#> 2 1 Chi-squared test for given probabilities ***
Additionally, there is also a grouped_
variant of this function that makes it easy to repeat the same operation across a single grouping variable:
# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)
# plot
ggstatsplot::grouped_ggpiestats(
dplyr::filter(
.data = ggstatsplot::movies_long,
genre %in% c("Action", "Action Comedy", "Action Drama", "Comedy")
),
x = mpaa,
grouping.var = genre, # grouping variable
title.prefix = "Movie genre", # prefix for the facetted title
label.text.size = 3, # text size for slice labels
slice.label = "both", # show both counts and percentage data
perc.k = 1, # no. of decimal places for percentages
messages = FALSE,
nrow = 2,
title.text = "Composition of MPAA ratings for different genres"
)
Summary of tests
Following tests are carried out for each type of analyses-
Type of data | Design | Test |
---|---|---|
Unpaired | n × p contingency table | Pearson’s χ2 test |
Paired | n × p contingency table | McNemar’s χ2 test |
Frequency | n × 1 contingency table | Goodness of fit (χ2) |
Following effect sizes (and confidence intervals/CI) are available for each type of test-
Type | Effect size | CI? |
---|---|---|
Pearson’s chi-squared test | Cramér’s V | Yes |
McNemar’s test | Cohen’s g | Yes |
Goodness of fit | Cramér’s V | Yes |
For more, see the ggpiestats
vignette: https://indrajeetpatil.github.io/ggstatsplot/articles/web_only/ggpiestats.html
ggbarstats
In case you are not a fan of pie charts (for very good reasons), you can alternatively use ggbarstats
function which has a similar syntax-
# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)
# plot
ggstatsplot::ggbarstats(
data = ggstatsplot::movies_long,
x = mpaa,
y = genre,
sampling.plan = "jointMulti",
title = "MPAA Ratings by Genre",
xlab = "movie genre",
perc.k = 1,
x.axis.orientation = "slant",
ggtheme = hrbrthemes::theme_modern_rc(),
ggstatsplot.layer = FALSE,
ggplot.component = ggplot2::theme(axis.text.x = ggplot2::element_text(face = "italic")),
palette = "Set2",
messages = FALSE
)
Note that p-values for results from one-sample proportion tests are displayed for each bar in the form of asterisks with the following convention:
- * * *: p < 0.001
- * *: p < 0.01
- *: p < 0.05
- ns: p > 0.05
And, needless to say, there is also a grouped_
variant of this function-
# setup
set.seed(123)
# smaller dataset
df <- dplyr::filter(
.data = forcats::gss_cat,
race %in% c("Black", "White"),
relig %in% c("Protestant", "Catholic", "None"),
!partyid %in% c("No answer", "Don't know", "Other party")
)
# plot
ggstatsplot::grouped_ggbarstats(
data = df,
x = relig,
y = partyid,
grouping.var = race,
title.prefix = "Race",
xlab = "Party affiliation",
ggtheme = ggthemes::theme_tufte(base_size = 12),
ggstatsplot.layer = FALSE,
messages = FALSE,
title.text = "Race, religion, and political affiliation",
plotgrid.args = list(nrow = 2)
)
gghistostats
To visualize the distribution of a single variable and check if its mean is significantly different from a specified value with a one-sample test, gghistostats
can be used.
# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)
# plot
ggstatsplot::gghistostats(
data = iris, # dataframe from which variable is to be taken
x = Sepal.Length, # numeric variable whose distribution is of interest
title = "Distribution of Iris sepal length", # title for the plot
caption = substitute(paste(italic("Source:"), "Ronald Fisher's Iris data set")),
type = "parametric", # one sample t-test
conf.level = 0.99, # changing confidence level for effect size
bar.measure = "mix", # what does the bar length denote
test.value = 5, # default value is 0
test.value.line = TRUE, # display a vertical line at test value
centrality.parameter = "mean", # which measure of central tendency is to be plotted
centrality.line.args = list(color = "darkred"), # aesthetics for central tendency line
binwidth = 0.10, # binwidth value (experiment)
bf.prior = 0.8, # prior width for computing bayes factor
messages = FALSE, # turn off the messages
ggtheme = hrbrthemes::theme_ipsum_tw(), # choosing a different theme
ggstatsplot.layer = FALSE # turn off ggstatsplot theme layer
)
As can be seen from the plot, bayes factor can be attached (bf.message = TRUE
) to assess evidence in favor of the null hypothesis.
Additionally, there is also a grouped_
variant of this function that makes it easy to repeat the same operation across a single grouping variable:
# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)
# plot
ggstatsplot::grouped_gghistostats(
data = dplyr::filter(
.data = ggstatsplot::movies_long,
genre %in% c("Action", "Action Comedy", "Action Drama", "Comedy")
),
x = budget,
xlab = "Movies budget (in million US$)",
type = "robust", # use robust location measure
grouping.var = genre, # grouping variable
normal.curve = TRUE, # superimpose a normal distribution curve
normal.curve.args = list(color = "red", size = 1),
title.prefix = "Movie genre",
ggtheme = ggthemes::theme_tufte(),
ggplot.component = list( # modify the defaults from `ggstatsplot` for each plot
ggplot2::scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(0, 200, 50), limits = (c(0, 200)))
),
messages = FALSE,
plotgrid.args = list(nrow = 2),
title.text = "Movies budgets for different genres"
)
Summary of tests
Following tests are carried out for each type of analyses-
Type | Test |
---|---|
Parametric | One-sample Student’s t-test |
Non-parametric | One-sample Wilcoxon test |
Robust | One-sample percentile bootstrap |
Bayes Factor | One-sample Student’s t-test |
Following effect sizes (and confidence intervals/CI) are available for each type of test-
Type | Effect size | CI? |
---|---|---|
Parametric | Cohen’s d, Hedge’s g (central-and noncentral-t distribution based) | Yes |
Non-parametric | r (computed as $Z/\sqrt{N_{obs}}$) | Yes |
Robust | Mrobust (Robust location measure) | Yes |
Bayes Factor | No | No |
For more, including information about the variant of this function grouped_gghistostats
, see the gghistostats
vignette: https://indrajeetpatil.github.io/ggstatsplot/articles/web_only/gghistostats.html
ggdotplotstats
This function is similar to gghistostats
, but is intended to be used when the numeric variable also has a label.
# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)
# plot
ggdotplotstats(
data = dplyr::filter(.data = gapminder::gapminder, continent == "Asia"),
y = country,
x = lifeExp,
test.value = 55,
test.value.line = TRUE,
test.value.line.args = list(color = "red"),
centrality.parameter = "median",
centrality.k = 0,
title = "Distribution of life expectancy in Asian continent",
xlab = "Life expectancy",
messages = FALSE,
caption = substitute(
paste(
italic("Source"),
": Gapminder dataset from https://www.gapminder.org/"
)
)
)
As with the rest of the functions in this package, there is also a grouped_
variant of this function to facilitate looping the same operation for all levels of a single grouping variable.
# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)
# removing factor level with very few no. of observations
df <- dplyr::filter(.data = ggplot2::mpg, cyl %in% c("4", "6"))
# plot
ggstatsplot::grouped_ggdotplotstats(
data = df,
x = cty,
y = manufacturer,
xlab = "city miles per gallon",
ylab = "car manufacturer",
type = "nonparametric", # non-parametric test
grouping.var = cyl, # grouping variable
test.value = 15.5,
title.prefix = "cylinder count",
point.color = "red",
point.size = 5,
point.shape = 13,
test.value.line = TRUE,
ggtheme = ggthemes::theme_par(),
messages = FALSE,
title.text = "Fuel economy data"
)
ggcorrmat
ggcorrmat
makes a correlalogram (a matrix of correlation coefficients) with minimal amount of code. Just sticking to the defaults itself produces publication-ready correlation matrices. But, for the sake of exploring the available options, let’s change some of the defaults. For example, multiple aesthetics-related arguments can be modified to change the appearance of the correlation matrix.
# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)
# as a default this function outputs a correlalogram plot
ggstatsplot::ggcorrmat(
data = ggplot2::msleep,
type = "robust", # correlation method
sig.level = 0.001, # threshold of significance
p.adjust.method = "holm", # p-value adjustment method for multiple comparisons
cor.vars = c(sleep_rem, awake:bodywt), # a range of variables can be selected
cor.vars.names = c(
"REM sleep", # variable names
"time awake",
"brain weight",
"body weight"
),
matrix.type = "upper", # type of visualization matrix
colors = c("#B2182B", "white", "#4D4D4D"),
title = "Correlalogram for mammals sleep dataset",
subtitle = "sleep units: hours; weight units: kilograms"
)
Note that if there are NA
s present in the selected variables, the legend will display minimum, median, and maximum number of pairs used for correlation tests.
Alternatively, you can use it just to get the correlation matrices and their corresponding p-values (in a tibble
format).
# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)
# show four digits in a tibble
options(pillar.sigfig = 4)
# getting the correlation coefficient matrix
ggstatsplot::ggcorrmat(
data = iris, # all numeric variables from data will be used
type = "robust",
output = "correlations", # specifying the needed output ("r" or "corr" will also work)
k = 3 # number of digits to be dispayed for correlation coefficient
)
#> # A tibble: 4 x 5
#> variable Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width
#> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 Sepal.Length 1 -0.143 0.878 0.837
#> 2 Sepal.Width -0.143 1 -0.426 -0.373
#> 3 Petal.Length 0.878 -0.426 1 0.966
#> 4 Petal.Width 0.837 -0.373 0.966 1
# getting the p-value matrix
ggstatsplot::ggcorrmat(
data = ggplot2::msleep,
cor.vars = sleep_total:bodywt,
type = "robust",
output = "p.values", # only "p" or "p-values" will also work
p.adjust.method = "holm"
)
#> # A tibble: 6 x 7
#> variable sleep_total sleep_rem sleep_cycle awake brainwt bodywt
#> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 sleep_total 0. 5.291e-12 9.138e- 3 0. 3.170e- 5 2.568e- 6
#> 2 sleep_rem 4.070e-13 0. 1.978e- 2 5.291e-12 9.698e- 3 3.762e- 3
#> 3 sleep_cycle 2.285e- 3 1.978e- 2 0. 9.138e- 3 1.637e- 9 1.696e- 5
#> 4 awake 0. 4.070e-13 2.285e- 3 0. 3.170e- 5 2.568e- 6
#> 5 brainwt 4.528e- 6 4.849e- 3 1.488e-10 4.528e- 6 0. 4.509e-17
#> 6 bodywt 2.568e- 7 7.524e- 4 2.120e- 6 2.568e- 7 3.221e-18 0.
# getting the confidence intervals for correlations
ggstatsplot::ggcorrmat(
data = ggplot2::msleep,
cor.vars = sleep_total:bodywt,
type = "spearman",
output = "ci",
p.adjust.method = "holm"
)
#> # A tibble: 15 x 5
#> pair lower r upper p
#> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 sleep_total-sleep_rem 0.6167 0.7518 0.8438 2.916e- 12
#> 2 sleep_total-sleep_cycle -0.7058 -0.4737 -0.1498 6.169e- 3
#> 3 sleep_total-awake -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 2.419e-226
#> 4 sleep_total-brainwt -0.5694 -0.3605 -0.1078 6.348e- 3
#> 5 sleep_total-bodywt -0.4944 -0.3120 -0.1033 4.085e- 3
#> 6 sleep_rem-sleep_cycle -0.6144 -0.3381 0.01198 5.839e- 2
#> 7 sleep_rem-awake -0.8438 -0.7518 -0.6167 2.911e- 12
#> 8 sleep_rem-brainwt -0.4756 -0.2213 0.06701 1.306e- 1
#> 9 sleep_rem-bodywt -0.5353 -0.3277 -0.08265 9.947e- 3
#> 10 sleep_cycle-awake 0.1498 0.4737 0.7058 6.169e- 3
#> 11 sleep_cycle-brainwt 0.7088 0.8516 0.9274 2.420e- 9
#> 12 sleep_cycle-bodywt 0.08089 0.4178 0.6690 1.734e- 2
#> 13 awake-brainwt 0.1078 0.3605 0.5694 6.348e- 3
#> 14 awake-bodywt 0.1032 0.3120 0.4944 4.089e- 3
#> 15 brainwt-bodywt 0.8892 0.9338 0.9608 9.155e- 26
# getting the sample sizes for all pairs
ggstatsplot::ggcorrmat(
data = ggplot2::msleep,
cor.vars = sleep_total:bodywt,
type = "robust",
output = "n" # note that n is different due to NAs
)
#> # A tibble: 6 x 7
#> variable sleep_total sleep_rem sleep_cycle awake brainwt bodywt
#> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 sleep_total 83 61 32 83 56 83
#> 2 sleep_rem 61 61 32 61 48 61
#> 3 sleep_cycle 32 32 32 32 30 32
#> 4 awake 83 61 32 83 56 83
#> 5 brainwt 56 48 30 56 56 56
#> 6 bodywt 83 61 32 83 56 83
Note that if cor.vars
are not specified, all numeric variables will be used.
There is a grouped_
variant of this function that makes it easy to repeat the same operation across a single grouping variable:
# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)
# plot
ggstatsplot::grouped_ggcorrmat(
data = dplyr::filter(
.data = ggstatsplot::movies_long,
genre %in% c("Action", "Action Comedy", "Action Drama", "Comedy")
),
cor.vars = length:votes,
type = "nonparametric",
colors = c("#cbac43", "white", "#550000"),
grouping.var = genre, # grouping variable
k = 3, # number of digits after decimal point
title.prefix = "Movie genre",
messages = FALSE,
plotgrid.args = list(nrow = 2)
)
Summary of tests
Following tests are carried out for each type of analyses. Additionally, the correlation coefficients (and their confidence intervals) are used as effect sizes-
Type | Test | CI? |
---|---|---|
Parametric | Pearson’s correlation coefficient | Yes |
Non-parametric | Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient | Yes |
Robust | Percentage bend correlation coefficient | No |
Bayes Factor | Pearson’s correlation coefficient | No |
For examples and more information, see the ggcorrmat
vignette: https://indrajeetpatil.github.io/ggstatsplot/articles/web_only/ggcorrmat.html
ggcoefstats
ggcoefstats
creates a dot-and-whisker plot for regression models. Although the statistical models displayed in the plot may differ based on the class of models being investigated, there are few aspects of the plot that will be invariant across models:
The dot-whisker plot contains a dot representing the estimate and their confidence intervals (
95%
is the default). The estimate can either be effect sizes (for tests that depend on theF
statistic) or regression coefficients (for tests witht
andz
statistic), etc. The function will, by default, display a helpfulx
-axis label that should clear up what estimates are being displayed. The confidence intervals can sometimes be asymmetric if bootstrapping was used.The caption will always contain diagnostic information, if available, about models that can be useful for model selection: The smaller the Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC) and the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) values, the “better” the model is. Additionally, the higher the log-likelihood value the “better” is the model fit.
The output of this function will be a
ggplot2
object and, thus, it can be further modified (e.g., change themes, etc.) withggplot2
functions.
# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)
# model
mod <- stats::lm(formula = mpg ~ am * cyl, data = mtcars)
# plot
ggstatsplot::ggcoefstats(x = mod)
This default plot can be further modified to one’s liking with additional arguments (also, let’s use a different model now):
# for reproducibility
set.seed(123)
# model
mod <- MASS::rlm(
formula = mpg ~ am * cyl,
data = mtcars
)
# plot
ggstatsplot::ggcoefstats(
x = mod,
point.color = "red",
point.shape = 15,
vline.args = list(size = 1, color = "#CC79A7", linetype = "dotdash"),
stats.label.color = c("#0072B2", "#D55E00", "darkgreen"),
title = "Car performance predicted by transmission & cylinder count",
subtitle = "Source: 1974 Motor Trend US magazine",
ggtheme = hrbrthemes::theme_ipsum_ps(),
ggstatsplot.layer = FALSE
) + # note the order in which the labels are entered
ggplot2::scale_y_discrete(labels = c("transmission", "cylinders", "interaction")) +
ggplot2::labs(x = "regression coefficient", y = NULL)
Most of the regression models that are supported in the broom
and broom.mixed
packages with tidy
and glance
methods are also supported by ggcoefstats
. For example-
aareg
, anova
, aov
, aovlist
, Arima
, BBreg
, bglmerMod
, bigglm
, biglm
, blavaan
, bmlm
, blmerMod
, bracl
, brglm2
, brmsfit
, btergm
, cch
, cgam
, cgamm
, cglm
, clm
, clmm
, coeftest
, confusionMatrix
, coxme
, coxph
, cpglm
, cpglmm
, complmrob
, DirichReg
, drc
, emmGrid
, epi.2by2
, ergm
, feis
, felm
, fitdistr
, flexsurvreg
, glmc
, glmerMod
, glmmTMB
, gls
, gam
, Gam
, gamlss
, garch
, glm
, glmmadmb
, glmmPQL
, glmRob
, glmrob
, glmx
, gmm
, hurdle
, ivreg
, iv_robust
, lavaan
, lm
, lm.beta
, lmerMod
, lmodel2
, lmRob
, lmrob
, mcmc
, MCMCglmm
, mclogit
, mmclogit
, mediate
, mixor
, mjoint
, mle2
, mlm
, multinom
, negbin
, nlmerMod
, nlrq
, nlreg
, nls
, orcutt
, plm
, polr
, ridgelm
, rjags
, rlm
, rlmerMod
, rq
, rqss
, slm
, speedglm
, speedlm
, stanfit
, stanreg
, survreg
, svyglm
, svyolr
, svyglm
, tobit
, truncreg
, vgam
, wbgee
, wblm
, zeroinfl
, etc.
Although not shown here, this function can also be used to carry out both frequentist and Bayesian random-effects meta-analysis.
For a more exhaustive account of this function, see the associated vignette- https://indrajeetpatil.github.io/ggstatsplot/articles/web_only/ggcoefstats.html
combine_plots
The full power of ggstatsplot
can be leveraged with a functional programming package like purrr
that replaces for
loops with code that is both more succinct and easier to read and, therefore, purrr
should be preferrred 😻. (Another old school option to do this effectively is using the plyr
package.)
In such cases, ggstatsplot
contains a helper function combine_plots
to combine multiple plots, which can be useful for combining a list of plots produced with purrr
. This is a wrapper around cowplot::plot_grid
and lets you combine multiple plots and add a combination of title, caption, and annotation texts with suitable defaults.
For examples (both with plyr
and purrr
), see the associated vignette- https://indrajeetpatil.github.io/ggstatsplot/articles/web_only/combine_plots.html
theme_ggstatsplot
All plots from ggstatsplot
have a default theme: theme_ggstatsplot
. You can change this theme by using the ggtheme
argument. It is important to note that irrespective of which ggplot
theme you choose, ggstatsplot
in the backdrop adds a new layer with its idiosyncratic theme settings, chosen to make the graphs more readable or aesthetically pleasing.
Let’s see an example with gghistostats
and see how a certain theme from hrbrthemes
package looks like with and without the ggstatsplot
layer.
# to use hrbrthemes themes, first make sure you have all the necessary fonts
library(hrbrthemes)
# extrafont::ttf_import()
# extrafont::font_import()
# try this yourself
ggstatsplot::combine_plots(
# with the ggstatsplot layer
ggstatsplot::gghistostats(
data = iris,
x = Sepal.Width,
messages = FALSE,
title = "Distribution of Sepal Width",
test.value = 5,
ggtheme = hrbrthemes::theme_ipsum(),
ggstatsplot.layer = TRUE
),
# without the ggstatsplot layer
ggstatsplot::gghistostats(
data = iris,
x = Sepal.Width,
messages = FALSE,
title = "Distribution of Sepal Width",
test.value = 5,
ggtheme = hrbrthemes::theme_ipsum_ps(),
ggstatsplot.layer = FALSE
),
nrow = 1,
labels = c("(a)", "(b)"),
title.text = "Behavior of ggstatsplot theme layer with and without chosen ggtheme"
)
For more on how to modify it, see the associated vignette- https://indrajeetpatil.github.io/ggstatsplot/articles/web_only/theme_ggstatsplot.html
Using ggstatsplot
statistical details with custom plots
Sometimes you may not like the default plots produced by ggstatsplot
. In such cases, you can use other custom plots (from ggplot2
or other plotting packages) and still use ggstatsplot
functions to display results from relevant statistical test.
For example, in the following chunk, we will create plot (ridgeplot) using ggridges
package and use ggstatsplot
function for extracting results.
set.seed(123)
# loading the needed libraries
library(ggridges)
library(ggplot2)
library(ggstatsplot)
# using `ggstatsplot` to get call with statistical results
stats_results <-
ggstatsplot::ggbetweenstats(
data = morley,
x = Expt,
y = Speed,
output = "subtitle",
messages = FALSE
)
# using `ggridges` to create plot
ggplot(morley, aes(x = Speed, y = as.factor(Expt), fill = as.factor(Expt))) +
geom_density_ridges(
jittered_points = TRUE,
quantile_lines = TRUE,
scale = 0.9,
alpha = 0.7,
vline_size = 1,
vline_color = "red",
point_size = 0.4,
point_alpha = 1,
position = position_raincloud(adjust_vlines = TRUE)
) + # adding annotations
labs(
title = "Michelson-Morley experiments",
subtitle = stats_results,
x = "Speed of light",
y = "Experiment number"
) + # remove the legend
theme(legend.position = "none")