Taxonomy. First record from Lebanon as Raïa clavata, L. by Gruvel (1931: 78); recently recorded as Raja clavata by Lteif (2015: 61).
Distribution. Baltic Sea, North Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, eastern Atlantic and southwestern Indian Ocean: Iceland and central Norway to South Africa, Madagascar and Mauritius (Mascarenes).
Conservation. IUCN: Global (NT: 3 October 2005); Med. (NT: 27 March 2016). Capture and threats: FIB, unknown. Occurrence: Very rare. Medium priority for conservation action.