Objectives: Air pollutant concentrations in many urban areas are still above the legal and recommended limits that are set to protect the citizens’ health. Madrid is one of the cities where traffic causes high NO2 levels. In this context, Madrid City Council launched the Air Quality and Climate Change Plan for the city of Madrid (Plan A), a local strategy approved by the previous government in 2017. The aim of this study was to conduct a quantitative health impact assessment to evaluate the number of premature deaths that could potentially be prevented by the implementation of Plan A in Madrid in 2020, at both citywide and within-city level. The main purpose was to support decision-making processes in order to maximize the positive health impacts from the implementation of Plan A measures.
\n\nMethods: The Regional Statistical Office provided information on population and daily mortality in Madrid. For exposure assessment, we estimated PM2.5, NO2 and O3 concentration levels for Madrid city in 2012 (baseline airquality scenario) and 2020 (projected air-quality scenario based on the implementation of Plan A), by means of an Eulerian chemical-transport model with a spatial resolution of 1 km × 1 km and 30 vertical levels. We used the concentration-response functions proposed by two relevant WHO projects to calculate the number of attributable annual deaths corresponding to all non-accidental causes (ICD-10: A00-R99) among all-ages and the adult population (>30 years old) for each district and for Madrid city overall. This health impact assessment was
\nconducted dependant on health-data availability.
Results: In 2020, the implementation of Plan A would imply a reduction in the Madrid citywide annual mean PM2.5 concentration of 0.6 μg/m3 and 4.0 μg/m3 for NO2. In contrast, an increase of 1 μg/m3 for O3 would be expected. The annual number of all-cause deaths from long-term exposure (95% CI) that could be postponed in the adult population by the expected air-pollutant concentration reduction was 88 (57–117) for PM2.5 and 519 (295–750) for NO2; short-term exposure accounted for 20 (7–32) for PM2.5 and 79 (47–111) for NO2 in the total population. According to the spatial distribution of air pollutants, the highest mortality change estimations were for the city centre – including Madrid Central and mainly within the M-30 ring road –, as compared to peripheral districts. The positive health impacts from the reductions in PM2.5 and NO2 far exceeded the adverse mortality effects expected from the increase in O3.
\n\nConclusions: Effective implementation of Plan A measures in Madrid city would bring about an appreciable decline in traffic-related air-pollutant concentrations and, in turn, would lead to significant health-related benefits.
", "funding": [ { "award": { "acronym": "ICARUS", "id": "00k4n6c32::690105", "identifiers": [ { "identifier": "https://cordis.europa.eu/projects/690105", "scheme": "url" } ], "number": "690105", "program": "H2020-EU.3.5.", "title": { "en": "Integrated Climate forcing and Air pollution Reduction in Urban Systems" } }, "funder": { "id": "00k4n6c32", "name": "European Commission" } } ], "languages": [ { "id": "eng", "title": { "en": "English" } } ], "publication_date": "2019-12-13", "publisher": "Zenodo", "resource_type": { "id": "publication-article", "title": { "de": "Zeitschriftenartikel", "en": "Journal article" } }, "rights": [ { "description": { "en": "The Creative Commons Attribution license allows re-distribution and re-use of a licensed work on the condition that the creator is appropriately credited." }, "icon": "cc-by-icon", "id": "cc-by-4.0", "props": { "scheme": "spdx", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode" }, "title": { "en": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International" } } ], "subjects": [ { "subject": "Health impact assessment" }, { "subject": "Air-quality policies" }, { "subject": "NO2" }, { "subject": "Mortality" }, { "subject": "Madrid central" }, { "subject": "Madrid" } ], "title": "Health impact assessment by the implementation of Madrid City air-quality plan in 2020" }, "parent": { "access": { "owned_by": { "user": "70110" } }, "communities": { "default": "b15c75ca-7729-47a5-b3b3-8489747e23a6", "entries": [ { "access": { "member_policy": "open", "members_visibility": "public", "record_submission_policy": "open", "review_policy": "open", "visibility": "public" }, "children": { "allow": false }, "created": "2019-06-21T14:41:43.544481+00:00", "custom_fields": {}, "deletion_status": { "is_deleted": false, "status": "P" }, "id": "b15c75ca-7729-47a5-b3b3-8489747e23a6", "links": {}, "metadata": { "curation_policy": "Upload should be related with the work within the EU ICARUS project
\r\n", "page": "ICARUS will develop innovative tools for urban impact assessment in support of air quality and climate change governance in the EU. This will lead to designing and implementing win-win strategies to improve the air quality and reduce the carbon footprint in European cities. An integrated approach will be used for air pollution monitoring and assessment combining ground-based measurements, atmospheric transport and chemical transformation modelling and air pollution indicators derived from satellite, airborne and personal remote sensing. The ICARUS methodology and toolkit will be applied in nine EU cities of variable size, socio-economic condition and history. Technological and non-technological measures and policy options will be analyzed and proposed to the responsible authorities for air pollution and/or climate change at the city level. Based on the advanced monitoring and assessment tools outlined above, a cloud-based solution will be developed to inform citizens of environment-conscious alternatives that may have a positive impact on air quality and carbon footprint and finally on their health and motivate them to adopt alternative behaviours. Agent-based modelling will be used to capture the interactions of population subgroups, industries and service providers in response to the policies considered in the project. Thus, social and cultural factors, socio-economic status (SES) and societal dynamics will be explicitly taken into account to assess overall policy impact. Our findings will be translated into a web-based guidebook for sustainable air pollution and climate change governance in all EU cities. ICARUS will develop a vision of a future green city: a visionary model that will seek to minimize environmental and health impacts. Transition pathways will be drawn that will demonstrate how current cities could be transformed towards cities with close to zero or negative carbon footprint and maximal wellbeing within the next 50 years.
", "title": "Scientific contributions of the ICARUS Project. H2020 - GA 690105" }, "revision_id": 0, "slug": "icarus-2020", "updated": "2019-11-14T13:41:36.505749+00:00" }, { "access": { "member_policy": "open", "members_visibility": "restricted", "record_submission_policy": "open", "review_policy": "closed", "visibility": "public" }, "children": { "allow": true }, "created": "2022-11-23T15:53:29.436323+00:00", "custom_fields": {}, "deletion_status": { "is_deleted": false, "status": "P" }, "id": "f0a8b890-f97a-4eb2-9eac-8b8a712d3a6c", "links": {}, "metadata": { "curation_policy": "The EU Open Research Repository serves as a repository for research outputs (data, software, posters, presentations, publications, etc) which have been funded under an EU research funding programme such as Horizon Europe, Euratom or earlier Framework Programmes.
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", "description": "Open repository for EU-funded research outputs from Horizon Europe, Euratom, and earlier Framework Programmes.", "funding": [ { "funder": { "id": "00k4n6c32" } } ], "organizations": [ { "id": "00k4n6c32" } ], "page": "The EU Open Research Repository is a Zenodo-community dedicated to fostering open science and enhancing the visibility and accessibility of research outputs funded by the European Union. The community is managed by CERN on behalf of the European Commission.
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